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TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,518 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree` | ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| shermanhui | "2021-10-22T04:43:40Z" | "2021-10-22T14:07:05Z" | d82cf5292fbd0ffe1764a1da5c96a39b244618eb | 629848e3721d9354d25fad6cb4729e6afdbbf799 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree`. ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,518 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree` | ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| shermanhui | "2021-10-22T04:43:40Z" | "2021-10-22T14:07:05Z" | d82cf5292fbd0ffe1764a1da5c96a39b244618eb | 629848e3721d9354d25fad6cb4729e6afdbbf799 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree`. ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
== Krishnamurthy Number ==
It is also known as Peterson Number
A Krishnamurthy Number is a number whose sum of the
factorial of the digits equals to the original
number itself.
For example: 145 = 1! + 4! + 5!
So, 145 is a Krishnamurthy Number
"""
def factorial(digit: int) -> int:
"""
>>> factorial(3)
6
>>> factorial(0)
1
>>> factorial(5)
120
"""
return 1 if digit in (0, 1) else (digit * factorial(digit - 1))
def krishnamurthy(number: int) -> bool:
"""
>>> krishnamurthy(145)
True
>>> krishnamurthy(240)
False
>>> krishnamurthy(1)
True
"""
factSum = 0
duplicate = number
while duplicate > 0:
duplicate, digit = divmod(duplicate, 10)
factSum += factorial(digit)
return factSum == number
if __name__ == "__main__":
print("Program to check whether a number is a Krisnamurthy Number or not.")
number = int(input("Enter number: ").strip())
print(
f"{number} is {'' if krishnamurthy(number) else 'not '}a Krishnamurthy Number."
)
| """
== Krishnamurthy Number ==
It is also known as Peterson Number
A Krishnamurthy Number is a number whose sum of the
factorial of the digits equals to the original
number itself.
For example: 145 = 1! + 4! + 5!
So, 145 is a Krishnamurthy Number
"""
def factorial(digit: int) -> int:
"""
>>> factorial(3)
6
>>> factorial(0)
1
>>> factorial(5)
120
"""
return 1 if digit in (0, 1) else (digit * factorial(digit - 1))
def krishnamurthy(number: int) -> bool:
"""
>>> krishnamurthy(145)
True
>>> krishnamurthy(240)
False
>>> krishnamurthy(1)
True
"""
factSum = 0
duplicate = number
while duplicate > 0:
duplicate, digit = divmod(duplicate, 10)
factSum += factorial(digit)
return factSum == number
if __name__ == "__main__":
print("Program to check whether a number is a Krisnamurthy Number or not.")
number = int(input("Enter number: ").strip())
print(
f"{number} is {'' if krishnamurthy(number) else 'not '}a Krishnamurthy Number."
)
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,518 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree` | ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| shermanhui | "2021-10-22T04:43:40Z" | "2021-10-22T14:07:05Z" | d82cf5292fbd0ffe1764a1da5c96a39b244618eb | 629848e3721d9354d25fad6cb4729e6afdbbf799 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree`. ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,518 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree` | ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| shermanhui | "2021-10-22T04:43:40Z" | "2021-10-22T14:07:05Z" | d82cf5292fbd0ffe1764a1da5c96a39b244618eb | 629848e3721d9354d25fad6cb4729e6afdbbf799 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree`. ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| def bailey_borwein_plouffe(digit_position: int, precision: int = 1000) -> str:
"""
Implement a popular pi-digit-extraction algorithm known as the
Bailey-Borwein-Plouffe (BBP) formula to calculate the nth hex digit of pi.
Wikipedia page:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey%E2%80%93Borwein%E2%80%93Plouffe_formula
@param digit_position: a positive integer representing the position of the digit to
extract.
The digit immediately after the decimal point is located at position 1.
@param precision: number of terms in the second summation to calculate.
A higher number reduces the chance of an error but increases the runtime.
@return: a hexadecimal digit representing the digit at the nth position
in pi's decimal expansion.
>>> "".join(bailey_borwein_plouffe(i) for i in range(1, 11))
'243f6a8885'
>>> bailey_borwein_plouffe(5, 10000)
'6'
>>> bailey_borwein_plouffe(-10)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Digit position must be a positive integer
>>> bailey_borwein_plouffe(0)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Digit position must be a positive integer
>>> bailey_borwein_plouffe(1.7)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Digit position must be a positive integer
>>> bailey_borwein_plouffe(2, -10)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Precision must be a nonnegative integer
>>> bailey_borwein_plouffe(2, 1.6)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Precision must be a nonnegative integer
"""
if (not isinstance(digit_position, int)) or (digit_position <= 0):
raise ValueError("Digit position must be a positive integer")
elif (not isinstance(precision, int)) or (precision < 0):
raise ValueError("Precision must be a nonnegative integer")
# compute an approximation of (16 ** (n - 1)) * pi whose fractional part is mostly
# accurate
sum_result = (
4 * _subsum(digit_position, 1, precision)
- 2 * _subsum(digit_position, 4, precision)
- _subsum(digit_position, 5, precision)
- _subsum(digit_position, 6, precision)
)
# return the first hex digit of the fractional part of the result
return hex(int((sum_result % 1) * 16))[2:]
def _subsum(
digit_pos_to_extract: int, denominator_addend: int, precision: int
) -> float:
# only care about first digit of fractional part; don't need decimal
"""
Private helper function to implement the summation
functionality.
@param digit_pos_to_extract: digit position to extract
@param denominator_addend: added to denominator of fractions in the formula
@param precision: same as precision in main function
@return: floating-point number whose integer part is not important
"""
sum = 0.0
for sum_index in range(digit_pos_to_extract + precision):
denominator = 8 * sum_index + denominator_addend
if sum_index < digit_pos_to_extract:
# if the exponential term is an integer and we mod it by the denominator
# before dividing, only the integer part of the sum will change;
# the fractional part will not
exponential_term = pow(
16, digit_pos_to_extract - 1 - sum_index, denominator
)
else:
exponential_term = pow(16, digit_pos_to_extract - 1 - sum_index)
sum += exponential_term / denominator
return sum
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| def bailey_borwein_plouffe(digit_position: int, precision: int = 1000) -> str:
"""
Implement a popular pi-digit-extraction algorithm known as the
Bailey-Borwein-Plouffe (BBP) formula to calculate the nth hex digit of pi.
Wikipedia page:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailey%E2%80%93Borwein%E2%80%93Plouffe_formula
@param digit_position: a positive integer representing the position of the digit to
extract.
The digit immediately after the decimal point is located at position 1.
@param precision: number of terms in the second summation to calculate.
A higher number reduces the chance of an error but increases the runtime.
@return: a hexadecimal digit representing the digit at the nth position
in pi's decimal expansion.
>>> "".join(bailey_borwein_plouffe(i) for i in range(1, 11))
'243f6a8885'
>>> bailey_borwein_plouffe(5, 10000)
'6'
>>> bailey_borwein_plouffe(-10)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Digit position must be a positive integer
>>> bailey_borwein_plouffe(0)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Digit position must be a positive integer
>>> bailey_borwein_plouffe(1.7)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Digit position must be a positive integer
>>> bailey_borwein_plouffe(2, -10)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Precision must be a nonnegative integer
>>> bailey_borwein_plouffe(2, 1.6)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Precision must be a nonnegative integer
"""
if (not isinstance(digit_position, int)) or (digit_position <= 0):
raise ValueError("Digit position must be a positive integer")
elif (not isinstance(precision, int)) or (precision < 0):
raise ValueError("Precision must be a nonnegative integer")
# compute an approximation of (16 ** (n - 1)) * pi whose fractional part is mostly
# accurate
sum_result = (
4 * _subsum(digit_position, 1, precision)
- 2 * _subsum(digit_position, 4, precision)
- _subsum(digit_position, 5, precision)
- _subsum(digit_position, 6, precision)
)
# return the first hex digit of the fractional part of the result
return hex(int((sum_result % 1) * 16))[2:]
def _subsum(
digit_pos_to_extract: int, denominator_addend: int, precision: int
) -> float:
# only care about first digit of fractional part; don't need decimal
"""
Private helper function to implement the summation
functionality.
@param digit_pos_to_extract: digit position to extract
@param denominator_addend: added to denominator of fractions in the formula
@param precision: same as precision in main function
@return: floating-point number whose integer part is not important
"""
sum = 0.0
for sum_index in range(digit_pos_to_extract + precision):
denominator = 8 * sum_index + denominator_addend
if sum_index < digit_pos_to_extract:
# if the exponential term is an integer and we mod it by the denominator
# before dividing, only the integer part of the sum will change;
# the fractional part will not
exponential_term = pow(
16, digit_pos_to_extract - 1 - sum_index, denominator
)
else:
exponential_term = pow(16, digit_pos_to_extract - 1 - sum_index)
sum += exponential_term / denominator
return sum
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,518 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree` | ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| shermanhui | "2021-10-22T04:43:40Z" | "2021-10-22T14:07:05Z" | d82cf5292fbd0ffe1764a1da5c96a39b244618eb | 629848e3721d9354d25fad6cb4729e6afdbbf799 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree`. ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Checks if a system of forces is in static equilibrium.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from numpy import array, cos, cross, ndarray, radians, sin
def polar_force(
magnitude: float, angle: float, radian_mode: bool = False
) -> list[float]:
"""
Resolves force along rectangular components.
(force, angle) => (force_x, force_y)
>>> polar_force(10, 45)
[7.0710678118654755, 7.071067811865475]
>>> polar_force(10, 3.14, radian_mode=True)
[-9.999987317275394, 0.01592652916486828]
"""
if radian_mode:
return [magnitude * cos(angle), magnitude * sin(angle)]
return [magnitude * cos(radians(angle)), magnitude * sin(radians(angle))]
def in_static_equilibrium(
forces: ndarray, location: ndarray, eps: float = 10 ** -1
) -> bool:
"""
Check if a system is in equilibrium.
It takes two numpy.array objects.
forces ==> [
[force1_x, force1_y],
[force2_x, force2_y],
....]
location ==> [
[x1, y1],
[x2, y2],
....]
>>> force = array([[1, 1], [-1, 2]])
>>> location = array([[1, 0], [10, 0]])
>>> in_static_equilibrium(force, location)
False
"""
# summation of moments is zero
moments: ndarray = cross(location, forces)
sum_moments: float = sum(moments)
return abs(sum_moments) < eps
if __name__ == "__main__":
# Test to check if it works
forces = array(
[polar_force(718.4, 180 - 30), polar_force(879.54, 45), polar_force(100, -90)]
)
location = array([[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]])
assert in_static_equilibrium(forces, location)
# Problem 1 in image_data/2D_problems.jpg
forces = array(
[
polar_force(30 * 9.81, 15),
polar_force(215, 180 - 45),
polar_force(264, 90 - 30),
]
)
location = array([[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]])
assert in_static_equilibrium(forces, location)
# Problem in image_data/2D_problems_1.jpg
forces = array([[0, -2000], [0, -1200], [0, 15600], [0, -12400]])
location = array([[0, 0], [6, 0], [10, 0], [12, 0]])
assert in_static_equilibrium(forces, location)
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| """
Checks if a system of forces is in static equilibrium.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from numpy import array, cos, cross, ndarray, radians, sin
def polar_force(
magnitude: float, angle: float, radian_mode: bool = False
) -> list[float]:
"""
Resolves force along rectangular components.
(force, angle) => (force_x, force_y)
>>> polar_force(10, 45)
[7.0710678118654755, 7.071067811865475]
>>> polar_force(10, 3.14, radian_mode=True)
[-9.999987317275394, 0.01592652916486828]
"""
if radian_mode:
return [magnitude * cos(angle), magnitude * sin(angle)]
return [magnitude * cos(radians(angle)), magnitude * sin(radians(angle))]
def in_static_equilibrium(
forces: ndarray, location: ndarray, eps: float = 10 ** -1
) -> bool:
"""
Check if a system is in equilibrium.
It takes two numpy.array objects.
forces ==> [
[force1_x, force1_y],
[force2_x, force2_y],
....]
location ==> [
[x1, y1],
[x2, y2],
....]
>>> force = array([[1, 1], [-1, 2]])
>>> location = array([[1, 0], [10, 0]])
>>> in_static_equilibrium(force, location)
False
"""
# summation of moments is zero
moments: ndarray = cross(location, forces)
sum_moments: float = sum(moments)
return abs(sum_moments) < eps
if __name__ == "__main__":
# Test to check if it works
forces = array(
[polar_force(718.4, 180 - 30), polar_force(879.54, 45), polar_force(100, -90)]
)
location = array([[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]])
assert in_static_equilibrium(forces, location)
# Problem 1 in image_data/2D_problems.jpg
forces = array(
[
polar_force(30 * 9.81, 15),
polar_force(215, 180 - 45),
polar_force(264, 90 - 30),
]
)
location = array([[0, 0], [0, 0], [0, 0]])
assert in_static_equilibrium(forces, location)
# Problem in image_data/2D_problems_1.jpg
forces = array([[0, -2000], [0, -1200], [0, 15600], [0, -12400]])
location = array([[0, 0], [6, 0], [10, 0], [12, 0]])
assert in_static_equilibrium(forces, location)
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,518 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree` | ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| shermanhui | "2021-10-22T04:43:40Z" | "2021-10-22T14:07:05Z" | d82cf5292fbd0ffe1764a1da5c96a39b244618eb | 629848e3721d9354d25fad6cb4729e6afdbbf799 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree`. ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| # Random Forest Classifier Example
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
from sklearn.metrics import plot_confusion_matrix
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
def main():
"""
Random Forest Classifier Example using sklearn function.
Iris type dataset is used to demonstrate algorithm.
"""
# Load Iris dataset
iris = load_iris()
# Split dataset into train and test data
X = iris["data"] # features
Y = iris["target"]
x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(
X, Y, test_size=0.3, random_state=1
)
# Random Forest Classifier
rand_for = RandomForestClassifier(random_state=42, n_estimators=100)
rand_for.fit(x_train, y_train)
# Display Confusion Matrix of Classifier
plot_confusion_matrix(
rand_for,
x_test,
y_test,
display_labels=iris["target_names"],
cmap="Blues",
normalize="true",
)
plt.title("Normalized Confusion Matrix - IRIS Dataset")
plt.show()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| # Random Forest Classifier Example
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
from sklearn.metrics import plot_confusion_matrix
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
def main():
"""
Random Forest Classifier Example using sklearn function.
Iris type dataset is used to demonstrate algorithm.
"""
# Load Iris dataset
iris = load_iris()
# Split dataset into train and test data
X = iris["data"] # features
Y = iris["target"]
x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(
X, Y, test_size=0.3, random_state=1
)
# Random Forest Classifier
rand_for = RandomForestClassifier(random_state=42, n_estimators=100)
rand_for.fit(x_train, y_train)
# Display Confusion Matrix of Classifier
plot_confusion_matrix(
rand_for,
x_test,
y_test,
display_labels=iris["target_names"],
cmap="Blues",
normalize="true",
)
plt.title("Normalized Confusion Matrix - IRIS Dataset")
plt.show()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,518 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree` | ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| shermanhui | "2021-10-22T04:43:40Z" | "2021-10-22T14:07:05Z" | d82cf5292fbd0ffe1764a1da5c96a39b244618eb | 629848e3721d9354d25fad6cb4729e6afdbbf799 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree`. ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
This is a pure Python implementation of the selection sort algorithm
For doctests run following command:
python -m doctest -v selection_sort.py
or
python3 -m doctest -v selection_sort.py
For manual testing run:
python selection_sort.py
"""
def selection_sort(collection):
"""Pure implementation of the selection sort algorithm in Python
:param collection: some mutable ordered collection with heterogeneous
comparable items inside
:return: the same collection ordered by ascending
Examples:
>>> selection_sort([0, 5, 3, 2, 2])
[0, 2, 2, 3, 5]
>>> selection_sort([])
[]
>>> selection_sort([-2, -5, -45])
[-45, -5, -2]
"""
length = len(collection)
for i in range(length - 1):
least = i
for k in range(i + 1, length):
if collection[k] < collection[least]:
least = k
if least != i:
collection[least], collection[i] = (collection[i], collection[least])
return collection
if __name__ == "__main__":
user_input = input("Enter numbers separated by a comma:\n").strip()
unsorted = [int(item) for item in user_input.split(",")]
print(selection_sort(unsorted))
| """
This is a pure Python implementation of the selection sort algorithm
For doctests run following command:
python -m doctest -v selection_sort.py
or
python3 -m doctest -v selection_sort.py
For manual testing run:
python selection_sort.py
"""
def selection_sort(collection):
"""Pure implementation of the selection sort algorithm in Python
:param collection: some mutable ordered collection with heterogeneous
comparable items inside
:return: the same collection ordered by ascending
Examples:
>>> selection_sort([0, 5, 3, 2, 2])
[0, 2, 2, 3, 5]
>>> selection_sort([])
[]
>>> selection_sort([-2, -5, -45])
[-45, -5, -2]
"""
length = len(collection)
for i in range(length - 1):
least = i
for k in range(i + 1, length):
if collection[k] < collection[least]:
least = k
if least != i:
collection[least], collection[i] = (collection[i], collection[least])
return collection
if __name__ == "__main__":
user_input = input("Enter numbers separated by a comma:\n").strip()
unsorted = [int(item) for item in user_input.split(",")]
print(selection_sort(unsorted))
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,518 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree` | ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| shermanhui | "2021-10-22T04:43:40Z" | "2021-10-22T14:07:05Z" | d82cf5292fbd0ffe1764a1da5c96a39b244618eb | 629848e3721d9354d25fad6cb4729e6afdbbf799 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree`. ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Convert International System of Units (SI) and Binary prefixes
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from enum import Enum
class SI_Unit(Enum):
yotta = 24
zetta = 21
exa = 18
peta = 15
tera = 12
giga = 9
mega = 6
kilo = 3
hecto = 2
deca = 1
deci = -1
centi = -2
milli = -3
micro = -6
nano = -9
pico = -12
femto = -15
atto = -18
zepto = -21
yocto = -24
class Binary_Unit(Enum):
yotta = 8
zetta = 7
exa = 6
peta = 5
tera = 4
giga = 3
mega = 2
kilo = 1
def convert_si_prefix(
known_amount: float,
known_prefix: str | SI_Unit,
unknown_prefix: str | SI_Unit,
) -> float:
"""
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_prefix
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units
>>> convert_si_prefix(1, SI_Unit.giga, SI_Unit.mega)
1000
>>> convert_si_prefix(1, SI_Unit.mega, SI_Unit.giga)
0.001
>>> convert_si_prefix(1, SI_Unit.kilo, SI_Unit.kilo)
1
>>> convert_si_prefix(1, 'giga', 'mega')
1000
>>> convert_si_prefix(1, 'gIGa', 'mEGa')
1000
"""
if isinstance(known_prefix, str):
known_prefix = SI_Unit[known_prefix.lower()]
if isinstance(unknown_prefix, str):
unknown_prefix = SI_Unit[unknown_prefix.lower()]
unknown_amount: float = known_amount * (
10 ** (known_prefix.value - unknown_prefix.value)
)
return unknown_amount
def convert_binary_prefix(
known_amount: float,
known_prefix: str | Binary_Unit,
unknown_prefix: str | Binary_Unit,
) -> float:
"""
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_prefix
>>> convert_binary_prefix(1, Binary_Unit.giga, Binary_Unit.mega)
1024
>>> convert_binary_prefix(1, Binary_Unit.mega, Binary_Unit.giga)
0.0009765625
>>> convert_binary_prefix(1, Binary_Unit.kilo, Binary_Unit.kilo)
1
>>> convert_binary_prefix(1, 'giga', 'mega')
1024
>>> convert_binary_prefix(1, 'gIGa', 'mEGa')
1024
"""
if isinstance(known_prefix, str):
known_prefix = Binary_Unit[known_prefix.lower()]
if isinstance(unknown_prefix, str):
unknown_prefix = Binary_Unit[unknown_prefix.lower()]
unknown_amount: float = known_amount * (
2 ** ((known_prefix.value - unknown_prefix.value) * 10)
)
return unknown_amount
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| """
Convert International System of Units (SI) and Binary prefixes
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from enum import Enum
class SI_Unit(Enum):
yotta = 24
zetta = 21
exa = 18
peta = 15
tera = 12
giga = 9
mega = 6
kilo = 3
hecto = 2
deca = 1
deci = -1
centi = -2
milli = -3
micro = -6
nano = -9
pico = -12
femto = -15
atto = -18
zepto = -21
yocto = -24
class Binary_Unit(Enum):
yotta = 8
zetta = 7
exa = 6
peta = 5
tera = 4
giga = 3
mega = 2
kilo = 1
def convert_si_prefix(
known_amount: float,
known_prefix: str | SI_Unit,
unknown_prefix: str | SI_Unit,
) -> float:
"""
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_prefix
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units
>>> convert_si_prefix(1, SI_Unit.giga, SI_Unit.mega)
1000
>>> convert_si_prefix(1, SI_Unit.mega, SI_Unit.giga)
0.001
>>> convert_si_prefix(1, SI_Unit.kilo, SI_Unit.kilo)
1
>>> convert_si_prefix(1, 'giga', 'mega')
1000
>>> convert_si_prefix(1, 'gIGa', 'mEGa')
1000
"""
if isinstance(known_prefix, str):
known_prefix = SI_Unit[known_prefix.lower()]
if isinstance(unknown_prefix, str):
unknown_prefix = SI_Unit[unknown_prefix.lower()]
unknown_amount: float = known_amount * (
10 ** (known_prefix.value - unknown_prefix.value)
)
return unknown_amount
def convert_binary_prefix(
known_amount: float,
known_prefix: str | Binary_Unit,
unknown_prefix: str | Binary_Unit,
) -> float:
"""
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_prefix
>>> convert_binary_prefix(1, Binary_Unit.giga, Binary_Unit.mega)
1024
>>> convert_binary_prefix(1, Binary_Unit.mega, Binary_Unit.giga)
0.0009765625
>>> convert_binary_prefix(1, Binary_Unit.kilo, Binary_Unit.kilo)
1
>>> convert_binary_prefix(1, 'giga', 'mega')
1024
>>> convert_binary_prefix(1, 'gIGa', 'mEGa')
1024
"""
if isinstance(known_prefix, str):
known_prefix = Binary_Unit[known_prefix.lower()]
if isinstance(unknown_prefix, str):
unknown_prefix = Binary_Unit[unknown_prefix.lower()]
unknown_amount: float = known_amount * (
2 ** ((known_prefix.value - unknown_prefix.value) * 10)
)
return unknown_amount
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,518 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree` | ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| shermanhui | "2021-10-22T04:43:40Z" | "2021-10-22T14:07:05Z" | d82cf5292fbd0ffe1764a1da5c96a39b244618eb | 629848e3721d9354d25fad6cb4729e6afdbbf799 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree`. ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| # flake8: noqa
"""
This is pure Python implementation of tree traversal algorithms
"""
from __future__ import annotations
import queue
class TreeNode:
def __init__(self, data):
self.data = data
self.right = None
self.left = None
def build_tree():
print("\n********Press N to stop entering at any point of time********\n")
check = input("Enter the value of the root node: ").strip().lower() or "n"
if check == "n":
return None
q: queue.Queue = queue.Queue()
tree_node = TreeNode(int(check))
q.put(tree_node)
while not q.empty():
node_found = q.get()
msg = "Enter the left node of %s: " % node_found.data
check = input(msg).strip().lower() or "n"
if check == "n":
return tree_node
left_node = TreeNode(int(check))
node_found.left = left_node
q.put(left_node)
msg = "Enter the right node of %s: " % node_found.data
check = input(msg).strip().lower() or "n"
if check == "n":
return tree_node
right_node = TreeNode(int(check))
node_found.right = right_node
q.put(right_node)
def pre_order(node: TreeNode) -> None:
"""
>>> root = TreeNode(1)
>>> tree_node2 = TreeNode(2)
>>> tree_node3 = TreeNode(3)
>>> tree_node4 = TreeNode(4)
>>> tree_node5 = TreeNode(5)
>>> tree_node6 = TreeNode(6)
>>> tree_node7 = TreeNode(7)
>>> root.left, root.right = tree_node2, tree_node3
>>> tree_node2.left, tree_node2.right = tree_node4 , tree_node5
>>> tree_node3.left, tree_node3.right = tree_node6 , tree_node7
>>> pre_order(root)
1,2,4,5,3,6,7,
"""
if not isinstance(node, TreeNode) or not node:
return
print(node.data, end=",")
pre_order(node.left)
pre_order(node.right)
def in_order(node: TreeNode) -> None:
"""
>>> root = TreeNode(1)
>>> tree_node2 = TreeNode(2)
>>> tree_node3 = TreeNode(3)
>>> tree_node4 = TreeNode(4)
>>> tree_node5 = TreeNode(5)
>>> tree_node6 = TreeNode(6)
>>> tree_node7 = TreeNode(7)
>>> root.left, root.right = tree_node2, tree_node3
>>> tree_node2.left, tree_node2.right = tree_node4 , tree_node5
>>> tree_node3.left, tree_node3.right = tree_node6 , tree_node7
>>> in_order(root)
4,2,5,1,6,3,7,
"""
if not isinstance(node, TreeNode) or not node:
return
in_order(node.left)
print(node.data, end=",")
in_order(node.right)
def post_order(node: TreeNode) -> None:
"""
>>> root = TreeNode(1)
>>> tree_node2 = TreeNode(2)
>>> tree_node3 = TreeNode(3)
>>> tree_node4 = TreeNode(4)
>>> tree_node5 = TreeNode(5)
>>> tree_node6 = TreeNode(6)
>>> tree_node7 = TreeNode(7)
>>> root.left, root.right = tree_node2, tree_node3
>>> tree_node2.left, tree_node2.right = tree_node4 , tree_node5
>>> tree_node3.left, tree_node3.right = tree_node6 , tree_node7
>>> post_order(root)
4,5,2,6,7,3,1,
"""
if not isinstance(node, TreeNode) or not node:
return
post_order(node.left)
post_order(node.right)
print(node.data, end=",")
def level_order(node: TreeNode) -> None:
"""
>>> root = TreeNode(1)
>>> tree_node2 = TreeNode(2)
>>> tree_node3 = TreeNode(3)
>>> tree_node4 = TreeNode(4)
>>> tree_node5 = TreeNode(5)
>>> tree_node6 = TreeNode(6)
>>> tree_node7 = TreeNode(7)
>>> root.left, root.right = tree_node2, tree_node3
>>> tree_node2.left, tree_node2.right = tree_node4 , tree_node5
>>> tree_node3.left, tree_node3.right = tree_node6 , tree_node7
>>> level_order(root)
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,
"""
if not isinstance(node, TreeNode) or not node:
return
q: queue.Queue = queue.Queue()
q.put(node)
while not q.empty():
node_dequeued = q.get()
print(node_dequeued.data, end=",")
if node_dequeued.left:
q.put(node_dequeued.left)
if node_dequeued.right:
q.put(node_dequeued.right)
def level_order_actual(node: TreeNode) -> None:
"""
>>> root = TreeNode(1)
>>> tree_node2 = TreeNode(2)
>>> tree_node3 = TreeNode(3)
>>> tree_node4 = TreeNode(4)
>>> tree_node5 = TreeNode(5)
>>> tree_node6 = TreeNode(6)
>>> tree_node7 = TreeNode(7)
>>> root.left, root.right = tree_node2, tree_node3
>>> tree_node2.left, tree_node2.right = tree_node4 , tree_node5
>>> tree_node3.left, tree_node3.right = tree_node6 , tree_node7
>>> level_order_actual(root)
1,
2,3,
4,5,6,7,
"""
if not isinstance(node, TreeNode) or not node:
return
q: queue.Queue = queue.Queue()
q.put(node)
while not q.empty():
list = []
while not q.empty():
node_dequeued = q.get()
print(node_dequeued.data, end=",")
if node_dequeued.left:
list.append(node_dequeued.left)
if node_dequeued.right:
list.append(node_dequeued.right)
print()
for node in list:
q.put(node)
# iteration version
def pre_order_iter(node: TreeNode) -> None:
"""
>>> root = TreeNode(1)
>>> tree_node2 = TreeNode(2)
>>> tree_node3 = TreeNode(3)
>>> tree_node4 = TreeNode(4)
>>> tree_node5 = TreeNode(5)
>>> tree_node6 = TreeNode(6)
>>> tree_node7 = TreeNode(7)
>>> root.left, root.right = tree_node2, tree_node3
>>> tree_node2.left, tree_node2.right = tree_node4 , tree_node5
>>> tree_node3.left, tree_node3.right = tree_node6 , tree_node7
>>> pre_order_iter(root)
1,2,4,5,3,6,7,
"""
if not isinstance(node, TreeNode) or not node:
return
stack: list[TreeNode] = []
n = node
while n or stack:
while n: # start from root node, find its left child
print(n.data, end=",")
stack.append(n)
n = n.left
# end of while means current node doesn't have left child
n = stack.pop()
# start to traverse its right child
n = n.right
def in_order_iter(node: TreeNode) -> None:
"""
>>> root = TreeNode(1)
>>> tree_node2 = TreeNode(2)
>>> tree_node3 = TreeNode(3)
>>> tree_node4 = TreeNode(4)
>>> tree_node5 = TreeNode(5)
>>> tree_node6 = TreeNode(6)
>>> tree_node7 = TreeNode(7)
>>> root.left, root.right = tree_node2, tree_node3
>>> tree_node2.left, tree_node2.right = tree_node4 , tree_node5
>>> tree_node3.left, tree_node3.right = tree_node6 , tree_node7
>>> in_order_iter(root)
4,2,5,1,6,3,7,
"""
if not isinstance(node, TreeNode) or not node:
return
stack: list[TreeNode] = []
n = node
while n or stack:
while n:
stack.append(n)
n = n.left
n = stack.pop()
print(n.data, end=",")
n = n.right
def post_order_iter(node: TreeNode) -> None:
"""
>>> root = TreeNode(1)
>>> tree_node2 = TreeNode(2)
>>> tree_node3 = TreeNode(3)
>>> tree_node4 = TreeNode(4)
>>> tree_node5 = TreeNode(5)
>>> tree_node6 = TreeNode(6)
>>> tree_node7 = TreeNode(7)
>>> root.left, root.right = tree_node2, tree_node3
>>> tree_node2.left, tree_node2.right = tree_node4 , tree_node5
>>> tree_node3.left, tree_node3.right = tree_node6 , tree_node7
>>> post_order_iter(root)
4,5,2,6,7,3,1,
"""
if not isinstance(node, TreeNode) or not node:
return
stack1, stack2 = [], []
n = node
stack1.append(n)
while stack1: # to find the reversed order of post order, store it in stack2
n = stack1.pop()
if n.left:
stack1.append(n.left)
if n.right:
stack1.append(n.right)
stack2.append(n)
while stack2: # pop up from stack2 will be the post order
print(stack2.pop().data, end=",")
def prompt(s: str = "", width=50, char="*") -> str:
if not s:
return "\n" + width * char
left, extra = divmod(width - len(s) - 2, 2)
return f"{left * char} {s} {(left + extra) * char}"
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
print(prompt("Binary Tree Traversals"))
node = build_tree()
print(prompt("Pre Order Traversal"))
pre_order(node)
print(prompt() + "\n")
print(prompt("In Order Traversal"))
in_order(node)
print(prompt() + "\n")
print(prompt("Post Order Traversal"))
post_order(node)
print(prompt() + "\n")
print(prompt("Level Order Traversal"))
level_order(node)
print(prompt() + "\n")
print(prompt("Actual Level Order Traversal"))
level_order_actual(node)
print("*" * 50 + "\n")
print(prompt("Pre Order Traversal - Iteration Version"))
pre_order_iter(node)
print(prompt() + "\n")
print(prompt("In Order Traversal - Iteration Version"))
in_order_iter(node)
print(prompt() + "\n")
print(prompt("Post Order Traversal - Iteration Version"))
post_order_iter(node)
print(prompt())
| # flake8: noqa
"""
This is pure Python implementation of tree traversal algorithms
"""
from __future__ import annotations
import queue
class TreeNode:
def __init__(self, data):
self.data = data
self.right = None
self.left = None
def build_tree():
print("\n********Press N to stop entering at any point of time********\n")
check = input("Enter the value of the root node: ").strip().lower() or "n"
if check == "n":
return None
q: queue.Queue = queue.Queue()
tree_node = TreeNode(int(check))
q.put(tree_node)
while not q.empty():
node_found = q.get()
msg = "Enter the left node of %s: " % node_found.data
check = input(msg).strip().lower() or "n"
if check == "n":
return tree_node
left_node = TreeNode(int(check))
node_found.left = left_node
q.put(left_node)
msg = "Enter the right node of %s: " % node_found.data
check = input(msg).strip().lower() or "n"
if check == "n":
return tree_node
right_node = TreeNode(int(check))
node_found.right = right_node
q.put(right_node)
def pre_order(node: TreeNode) -> None:
"""
>>> root = TreeNode(1)
>>> tree_node2 = TreeNode(2)
>>> tree_node3 = TreeNode(3)
>>> tree_node4 = TreeNode(4)
>>> tree_node5 = TreeNode(5)
>>> tree_node6 = TreeNode(6)
>>> tree_node7 = TreeNode(7)
>>> root.left, root.right = tree_node2, tree_node3
>>> tree_node2.left, tree_node2.right = tree_node4 , tree_node5
>>> tree_node3.left, tree_node3.right = tree_node6 , tree_node7
>>> pre_order(root)
1,2,4,5,3,6,7,
"""
if not isinstance(node, TreeNode) or not node:
return
print(node.data, end=",")
pre_order(node.left)
pre_order(node.right)
def in_order(node: TreeNode) -> None:
"""
>>> root = TreeNode(1)
>>> tree_node2 = TreeNode(2)
>>> tree_node3 = TreeNode(3)
>>> tree_node4 = TreeNode(4)
>>> tree_node5 = TreeNode(5)
>>> tree_node6 = TreeNode(6)
>>> tree_node7 = TreeNode(7)
>>> root.left, root.right = tree_node2, tree_node3
>>> tree_node2.left, tree_node2.right = tree_node4 , tree_node5
>>> tree_node3.left, tree_node3.right = tree_node6 , tree_node7
>>> in_order(root)
4,2,5,1,6,3,7,
"""
if not isinstance(node, TreeNode) or not node:
return
in_order(node.left)
print(node.data, end=",")
in_order(node.right)
def post_order(node: TreeNode) -> None:
"""
>>> root = TreeNode(1)
>>> tree_node2 = TreeNode(2)
>>> tree_node3 = TreeNode(3)
>>> tree_node4 = TreeNode(4)
>>> tree_node5 = TreeNode(5)
>>> tree_node6 = TreeNode(6)
>>> tree_node7 = TreeNode(7)
>>> root.left, root.right = tree_node2, tree_node3
>>> tree_node2.left, tree_node2.right = tree_node4 , tree_node5
>>> tree_node3.left, tree_node3.right = tree_node6 , tree_node7
>>> post_order(root)
4,5,2,6,7,3,1,
"""
if not isinstance(node, TreeNode) or not node:
return
post_order(node.left)
post_order(node.right)
print(node.data, end=",")
def level_order(node: TreeNode) -> None:
"""
>>> root = TreeNode(1)
>>> tree_node2 = TreeNode(2)
>>> tree_node3 = TreeNode(3)
>>> tree_node4 = TreeNode(4)
>>> tree_node5 = TreeNode(5)
>>> tree_node6 = TreeNode(6)
>>> tree_node7 = TreeNode(7)
>>> root.left, root.right = tree_node2, tree_node3
>>> tree_node2.left, tree_node2.right = tree_node4 , tree_node5
>>> tree_node3.left, tree_node3.right = tree_node6 , tree_node7
>>> level_order(root)
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,
"""
if not isinstance(node, TreeNode) or not node:
return
q: queue.Queue = queue.Queue()
q.put(node)
while not q.empty():
node_dequeued = q.get()
print(node_dequeued.data, end=",")
if node_dequeued.left:
q.put(node_dequeued.left)
if node_dequeued.right:
q.put(node_dequeued.right)
def level_order_actual(node: TreeNode) -> None:
"""
>>> root = TreeNode(1)
>>> tree_node2 = TreeNode(2)
>>> tree_node3 = TreeNode(3)
>>> tree_node4 = TreeNode(4)
>>> tree_node5 = TreeNode(5)
>>> tree_node6 = TreeNode(6)
>>> tree_node7 = TreeNode(7)
>>> root.left, root.right = tree_node2, tree_node3
>>> tree_node2.left, tree_node2.right = tree_node4 , tree_node5
>>> tree_node3.left, tree_node3.right = tree_node6 , tree_node7
>>> level_order_actual(root)
1,
2,3,
4,5,6,7,
"""
if not isinstance(node, TreeNode) or not node:
return
q: queue.Queue = queue.Queue()
q.put(node)
while not q.empty():
list = []
while not q.empty():
node_dequeued = q.get()
print(node_dequeued.data, end=",")
if node_dequeued.left:
list.append(node_dequeued.left)
if node_dequeued.right:
list.append(node_dequeued.right)
print()
for node in list:
q.put(node)
# iteration version
def pre_order_iter(node: TreeNode) -> None:
"""
>>> root = TreeNode(1)
>>> tree_node2 = TreeNode(2)
>>> tree_node3 = TreeNode(3)
>>> tree_node4 = TreeNode(4)
>>> tree_node5 = TreeNode(5)
>>> tree_node6 = TreeNode(6)
>>> tree_node7 = TreeNode(7)
>>> root.left, root.right = tree_node2, tree_node3
>>> tree_node2.left, tree_node2.right = tree_node4 , tree_node5
>>> tree_node3.left, tree_node3.right = tree_node6 , tree_node7
>>> pre_order_iter(root)
1,2,4,5,3,6,7,
"""
if not isinstance(node, TreeNode) or not node:
return
stack: list[TreeNode] = []
n = node
while n or stack:
while n: # start from root node, find its left child
print(n.data, end=",")
stack.append(n)
n = n.left
# end of while means current node doesn't have left child
n = stack.pop()
# start to traverse its right child
n = n.right
def in_order_iter(node: TreeNode) -> None:
"""
>>> root = TreeNode(1)
>>> tree_node2 = TreeNode(2)
>>> tree_node3 = TreeNode(3)
>>> tree_node4 = TreeNode(4)
>>> tree_node5 = TreeNode(5)
>>> tree_node6 = TreeNode(6)
>>> tree_node7 = TreeNode(7)
>>> root.left, root.right = tree_node2, tree_node3
>>> tree_node2.left, tree_node2.right = tree_node4 , tree_node5
>>> tree_node3.left, tree_node3.right = tree_node6 , tree_node7
>>> in_order_iter(root)
4,2,5,1,6,3,7,
"""
if not isinstance(node, TreeNode) or not node:
return
stack: list[TreeNode] = []
n = node
while n or stack:
while n:
stack.append(n)
n = n.left
n = stack.pop()
print(n.data, end=",")
n = n.right
def post_order_iter(node: TreeNode) -> None:
"""
>>> root = TreeNode(1)
>>> tree_node2 = TreeNode(2)
>>> tree_node3 = TreeNode(3)
>>> tree_node4 = TreeNode(4)
>>> tree_node5 = TreeNode(5)
>>> tree_node6 = TreeNode(6)
>>> tree_node7 = TreeNode(7)
>>> root.left, root.right = tree_node2, tree_node3
>>> tree_node2.left, tree_node2.right = tree_node4 , tree_node5
>>> tree_node3.left, tree_node3.right = tree_node6 , tree_node7
>>> post_order_iter(root)
4,5,2,6,7,3,1,
"""
if not isinstance(node, TreeNode) or not node:
return
stack1, stack2 = [], []
n = node
stack1.append(n)
while stack1: # to find the reversed order of post order, store it in stack2
n = stack1.pop()
if n.left:
stack1.append(n.left)
if n.right:
stack1.append(n.right)
stack2.append(n)
while stack2: # pop up from stack2 will be the post order
print(stack2.pop().data, end=",")
def prompt(s: str = "", width=50, char="*") -> str:
if not s:
return "\n" + width * char
left, extra = divmod(width - len(s) - 2, 2)
return f"{left * char} {s} {(left + extra) * char}"
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
print(prompt("Binary Tree Traversals"))
node = build_tree()
print(prompt("Pre Order Traversal"))
pre_order(node)
print(prompt() + "\n")
print(prompt("In Order Traversal"))
in_order(node)
print(prompt() + "\n")
print(prompt("Post Order Traversal"))
post_order(node)
print(prompt() + "\n")
print(prompt("Level Order Traversal"))
level_order(node)
print(prompt() + "\n")
print(prompt("Actual Level Order Traversal"))
level_order_actual(node)
print("*" * 50 + "\n")
print(prompt("Pre Order Traversal - Iteration Version"))
pre_order_iter(node)
print(prompt() + "\n")
print(prompt("In Order Traversal - Iteration Version"))
in_order_iter(node)
print(prompt() + "\n")
print(prompt("Post Order Traversal - Iteration Version"))
post_order_iter(node)
print(prompt())
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,518 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree` | ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| shermanhui | "2021-10-22T04:43:40Z" | "2021-10-22T14:07:05Z" | d82cf5292fbd0ffe1764a1da5c96a39b244618eb | 629848e3721d9354d25fad6cb4729e6afdbbf799 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree`. ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Pure Python implementations of a Fixed Priority Queue and an Element Priority Queue
using Python lists.
"""
class OverFlowError(Exception):
pass
class UnderFlowError(Exception):
pass
class FixedPriorityQueue:
"""
Tasks can be added to a Priority Queue at any time and in any order but when Tasks
are removed then the Task with the highest priority is removed in FIFO order. In
code we will use three levels of priority with priority zero Tasks being the most
urgent (high priority) and priority 2 tasks being the least urgent.
Examples
>>> fpq = FixedPriorityQueue()
>>> fpq.enqueue(0, 10)
>>> fpq.enqueue(1, 70)
>>> fpq.enqueue(0, 100)
>>> fpq.enqueue(2, 1)
>>> fpq.enqueue(2, 5)
>>> fpq.enqueue(1, 7)
>>> fpq.enqueue(2, 4)
>>> fpq.enqueue(1, 64)
>>> fpq.enqueue(0, 128)
>>> print(fpq)
Priority 0: [10, 100, 128]
Priority 1: [70, 7, 64]
Priority 2: [1, 5, 4]
>>> fpq.dequeue()
10
>>> fpq.dequeue()
100
>>> fpq.dequeue()
128
>>> fpq.dequeue()
70
>>> fpq.dequeue()
7
>>> print(fpq)
Priority 0: []
Priority 1: [64]
Priority 2: [1, 5, 4]
>>> fpq.dequeue()
64
>>> fpq.dequeue()
1
>>> fpq.dequeue()
5
>>> fpq.dequeue()
4
>>> fpq.dequeue()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
data_structures.queue.priority_queue_using_list.UnderFlowError: All queues are empty
>>> print(fpq)
Priority 0: []
Priority 1: []
Priority 2: []
"""
def __init__(self):
self.queues = [
[],
[],
[],
]
def enqueue(self, priority: int, data: int) -> None:
"""
Add an element to a queue based on its priority.
If the priority is invalid ValueError is raised.
If the queue is full an OverFlowError is raised.
"""
try:
if len(self.queues[priority]) >= 100:
raise OverflowError("Maximum queue size is 100")
self.queues[priority].append(data)
except IndexError:
raise ValueError("Valid priorities are 0, 1, and 2")
def dequeue(self) -> int:
"""
Return the highest priority element in FIFO order.
If the queue is empty then an under flow exception is raised.
"""
for queue in self.queues:
if queue:
return queue.pop(0)
raise UnderFlowError("All queues are empty")
def __str__(self) -> str:
return "\n".join(f"Priority {i}: {q}" for i, q in enumerate(self.queues))
class ElementPriorityQueue:
"""
Element Priority Queue is the same as Fixed Priority Queue except that the value of
the element itself is the priority. The rules for priorities are the same the as
Fixed Priority Queue.
>>> epq = ElementPriorityQueue()
>>> epq.enqueue(10)
>>> epq.enqueue(70)
>>> epq.enqueue(4)
>>> epq.enqueue(1)
>>> epq.enqueue(5)
>>> epq.enqueue(7)
>>> epq.enqueue(4)
>>> epq.enqueue(64)
>>> epq.enqueue(128)
>>> print(epq)
[10, 70, 4, 1, 5, 7, 4, 64, 128]
>>> epq.dequeue()
1
>>> epq.dequeue()
4
>>> epq.dequeue()
4
>>> epq.dequeue()
5
>>> epq.dequeue()
7
>>> epq.dequeue()
10
>>> print(epq)
[70, 64, 128]
>>> epq.dequeue()
64
>>> epq.dequeue()
70
>>> epq.dequeue()
128
>>> epq.dequeue()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
data_structures.queue.priority_queue_using_list.UnderFlowError: The queue is empty
>>> print(epq)
[]
"""
def __init__(self):
self.queue = []
def enqueue(self, data: int) -> None:
"""
This function enters the element into the queue
If the queue is full an Exception is raised saying Over Flow!
"""
if len(self.queue) == 100:
raise OverFlowError("Maximum queue size is 100")
self.queue.append(data)
def dequeue(self) -> int:
"""
Return the highest priority element in FIFO order.
If the queue is empty then an under flow exception is raised.
"""
if not self.queue:
raise UnderFlowError("The queue is empty")
else:
data = min(self.queue)
self.queue.remove(data)
return data
def __str__(self) -> str:
"""
Prints all the elements within the Element Priority Queue
"""
return str(self.queue)
def fixed_priority_queue():
fpq = FixedPriorityQueue()
fpq.enqueue(0, 10)
fpq.enqueue(1, 70)
fpq.enqueue(0, 100)
fpq.enqueue(2, 1)
fpq.enqueue(2, 5)
fpq.enqueue(1, 7)
fpq.enqueue(2, 4)
fpq.enqueue(1, 64)
fpq.enqueue(0, 128)
print(fpq)
print(fpq.dequeue())
print(fpq.dequeue())
print(fpq.dequeue())
print(fpq.dequeue())
print(fpq.dequeue())
print(fpq)
print(fpq.dequeue())
print(fpq.dequeue())
print(fpq.dequeue())
print(fpq.dequeue())
print(fpq.dequeue())
def element_priority_queue():
epq = ElementPriorityQueue()
epq.enqueue(10)
epq.enqueue(70)
epq.enqueue(100)
epq.enqueue(1)
epq.enqueue(5)
epq.enqueue(7)
epq.enqueue(4)
epq.enqueue(64)
epq.enqueue(128)
print(epq)
print(epq.dequeue())
print(epq.dequeue())
print(epq.dequeue())
print(epq.dequeue())
print(epq.dequeue())
print(epq)
print(epq.dequeue())
print(epq.dequeue())
print(epq.dequeue())
print(epq.dequeue())
print(epq.dequeue())
if __name__ == "__main__":
fixed_priority_queue()
element_priority_queue()
| """
Pure Python implementations of a Fixed Priority Queue and an Element Priority Queue
using Python lists.
"""
class OverFlowError(Exception):
pass
class UnderFlowError(Exception):
pass
class FixedPriorityQueue:
"""
Tasks can be added to a Priority Queue at any time and in any order but when Tasks
are removed then the Task with the highest priority is removed in FIFO order. In
code we will use three levels of priority with priority zero Tasks being the most
urgent (high priority) and priority 2 tasks being the least urgent.
Examples
>>> fpq = FixedPriorityQueue()
>>> fpq.enqueue(0, 10)
>>> fpq.enqueue(1, 70)
>>> fpq.enqueue(0, 100)
>>> fpq.enqueue(2, 1)
>>> fpq.enqueue(2, 5)
>>> fpq.enqueue(1, 7)
>>> fpq.enqueue(2, 4)
>>> fpq.enqueue(1, 64)
>>> fpq.enqueue(0, 128)
>>> print(fpq)
Priority 0: [10, 100, 128]
Priority 1: [70, 7, 64]
Priority 2: [1, 5, 4]
>>> fpq.dequeue()
10
>>> fpq.dequeue()
100
>>> fpq.dequeue()
128
>>> fpq.dequeue()
70
>>> fpq.dequeue()
7
>>> print(fpq)
Priority 0: []
Priority 1: [64]
Priority 2: [1, 5, 4]
>>> fpq.dequeue()
64
>>> fpq.dequeue()
1
>>> fpq.dequeue()
5
>>> fpq.dequeue()
4
>>> fpq.dequeue()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
data_structures.queue.priority_queue_using_list.UnderFlowError: All queues are empty
>>> print(fpq)
Priority 0: []
Priority 1: []
Priority 2: []
"""
def __init__(self):
self.queues = [
[],
[],
[],
]
def enqueue(self, priority: int, data: int) -> None:
"""
Add an element to a queue based on its priority.
If the priority is invalid ValueError is raised.
If the queue is full an OverFlowError is raised.
"""
try:
if len(self.queues[priority]) >= 100:
raise OverflowError("Maximum queue size is 100")
self.queues[priority].append(data)
except IndexError:
raise ValueError("Valid priorities are 0, 1, and 2")
def dequeue(self) -> int:
"""
Return the highest priority element in FIFO order.
If the queue is empty then an under flow exception is raised.
"""
for queue in self.queues:
if queue:
return queue.pop(0)
raise UnderFlowError("All queues are empty")
def __str__(self) -> str:
return "\n".join(f"Priority {i}: {q}" for i, q in enumerate(self.queues))
class ElementPriorityQueue:
"""
Element Priority Queue is the same as Fixed Priority Queue except that the value of
the element itself is the priority. The rules for priorities are the same the as
Fixed Priority Queue.
>>> epq = ElementPriorityQueue()
>>> epq.enqueue(10)
>>> epq.enqueue(70)
>>> epq.enqueue(4)
>>> epq.enqueue(1)
>>> epq.enqueue(5)
>>> epq.enqueue(7)
>>> epq.enqueue(4)
>>> epq.enqueue(64)
>>> epq.enqueue(128)
>>> print(epq)
[10, 70, 4, 1, 5, 7, 4, 64, 128]
>>> epq.dequeue()
1
>>> epq.dequeue()
4
>>> epq.dequeue()
4
>>> epq.dequeue()
5
>>> epq.dequeue()
7
>>> epq.dequeue()
10
>>> print(epq)
[70, 64, 128]
>>> epq.dequeue()
64
>>> epq.dequeue()
70
>>> epq.dequeue()
128
>>> epq.dequeue()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
data_structures.queue.priority_queue_using_list.UnderFlowError: The queue is empty
>>> print(epq)
[]
"""
def __init__(self):
self.queue = []
def enqueue(self, data: int) -> None:
"""
This function enters the element into the queue
If the queue is full an Exception is raised saying Over Flow!
"""
if len(self.queue) == 100:
raise OverFlowError("Maximum queue size is 100")
self.queue.append(data)
def dequeue(self) -> int:
"""
Return the highest priority element in FIFO order.
If the queue is empty then an under flow exception is raised.
"""
if not self.queue:
raise UnderFlowError("The queue is empty")
else:
data = min(self.queue)
self.queue.remove(data)
return data
def __str__(self) -> str:
"""
Prints all the elements within the Element Priority Queue
"""
return str(self.queue)
def fixed_priority_queue():
fpq = FixedPriorityQueue()
fpq.enqueue(0, 10)
fpq.enqueue(1, 70)
fpq.enqueue(0, 100)
fpq.enqueue(2, 1)
fpq.enqueue(2, 5)
fpq.enqueue(1, 7)
fpq.enqueue(2, 4)
fpq.enqueue(1, 64)
fpq.enqueue(0, 128)
print(fpq)
print(fpq.dequeue())
print(fpq.dequeue())
print(fpq.dequeue())
print(fpq.dequeue())
print(fpq.dequeue())
print(fpq)
print(fpq.dequeue())
print(fpq.dequeue())
print(fpq.dequeue())
print(fpq.dequeue())
print(fpq.dequeue())
def element_priority_queue():
epq = ElementPriorityQueue()
epq.enqueue(10)
epq.enqueue(70)
epq.enqueue(100)
epq.enqueue(1)
epq.enqueue(5)
epq.enqueue(7)
epq.enqueue(4)
epq.enqueue(64)
epq.enqueue(128)
print(epq)
print(epq.dequeue())
print(epq.dequeue())
print(epq.dequeue())
print(epq.dequeue())
print(epq.dequeue())
print(epq)
print(epq.dequeue())
print(epq.dequeue())
print(epq.dequeue())
print(epq.dequeue())
print(epq.dequeue())
if __name__ == "__main__":
fixed_priority_queue()
element_priority_queue()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,518 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree` | ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| shermanhui | "2021-10-22T04:43:40Z" | "2021-10-22T14:07:05Z" | d82cf5292fbd0ffe1764a1da5c96a39b244618eb | 629848e3721d9354d25fad6cb4729e6afdbbf799 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree`. ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,518 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree` | ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| shermanhui | "2021-10-22T04:43:40Z" | "2021-10-22T14:07:05Z" | d82cf5292fbd0ffe1764a1da5c96a39b244618eb | 629848e3721d9354d25fad6cb4729e6afdbbf799 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree`. ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| def stooge_sort(arr):
"""
Examples:
>>> stooge_sort([18.1, 0, -7.1, -1, 2, 2])
[-7.1, -1, 0, 2, 2, 18.1]
>>> stooge_sort([])
[]
"""
stooge(arr, 0, len(arr) - 1)
return arr
def stooge(arr, i, h):
if i >= h:
return
# If first element is smaller than the last then swap them
if arr[i] > arr[h]:
arr[i], arr[h] = arr[h], arr[i]
# If there are more than 2 elements in the array
if h - i + 1 > 2:
t = (int)((h - i + 1) / 3)
# Recursively sort first 2/3 elements
stooge(arr, i, (h - t))
# Recursively sort last 2/3 elements
stooge(arr, i + t, (h))
# Recursively sort first 2/3 elements
stooge(arr, i, (h - t))
if __name__ == "__main__":
user_input = input("Enter numbers separated by a comma:\n").strip()
unsorted = [int(item) for item in user_input.split(",")]
print(stooge_sort(unsorted))
| def stooge_sort(arr):
"""
Examples:
>>> stooge_sort([18.1, 0, -7.1, -1, 2, 2])
[-7.1, -1, 0, 2, 2, 18.1]
>>> stooge_sort([])
[]
"""
stooge(arr, 0, len(arr) - 1)
return arr
def stooge(arr, i, h):
if i >= h:
return
# If first element is smaller than the last then swap them
if arr[i] > arr[h]:
arr[i], arr[h] = arr[h], arr[i]
# If there are more than 2 elements in the array
if h - i + 1 > 2:
t = (int)((h - i + 1) / 3)
# Recursively sort first 2/3 elements
stooge(arr, i, (h - t))
# Recursively sort last 2/3 elements
stooge(arr, i + t, (h))
# Recursively sort first 2/3 elements
stooge(arr, i, (h - t))
if __name__ == "__main__":
user_input = input("Enter numbers separated by a comma:\n").strip()
unsorted = [int(item) for item in user_input.split(",")]
print(stooge_sort(unsorted))
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,518 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree` | ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| shermanhui | "2021-10-22T04:43:40Z" | "2021-10-22T14:07:05Z" | d82cf5292fbd0ffe1764a1da5c96a39b244618eb | 629848e3721d9354d25fad6cb4729e6afdbbf799 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree`. ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| def mode(input_list: list) -> list: # Defining function "mode."
"""This function returns the mode(Mode as in the measures of
central tendency) of the input data.
The input list may contain any Datastructure or any Datatype.
>>> input_list = [2, 3, 4, 5, 3, 4, 2, 5, 2, 2, 4, 2, 2, 2]
>>> mode(input_list)
[2]
>>> input_list = [3, 4, 5, 3, 4, 2, 5, 2, 2, 4, 4, 2, 2, 2]
>>> mode(input_list)
[2]
>>> input_list = [3, 4, 5, 3, 4, 2, 5, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 2, 2, 4, 2]
>>> mode(input_list)
[2, 4]
>>> input_list = ["x", "y", "y", "z"]
>>> mode(input_list)
['y']
>>> input_list = ["x", "x" , "y", "y", "z"]
>>> mode(input_list)
['x', 'y']
"""
result = list() # Empty list to store the counts of elements in input_list
for x in input_list:
result.append(input_list.count(x))
if not result:
return []
y = max(result) # Gets the maximum value in the result list.
# Gets values of modes
result = {input_list[i] for i, value in enumerate(result) if value == y}
return sorted(result)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| def mode(input_list: list) -> list: # Defining function "mode."
"""This function returns the mode(Mode as in the measures of
central tendency) of the input data.
The input list may contain any Datastructure or any Datatype.
>>> input_list = [2, 3, 4, 5, 3, 4, 2, 5, 2, 2, 4, 2, 2, 2]
>>> mode(input_list)
[2]
>>> input_list = [3, 4, 5, 3, 4, 2, 5, 2, 2, 4, 4, 2, 2, 2]
>>> mode(input_list)
[2]
>>> input_list = [3, 4, 5, 3, 4, 2, 5, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 2, 2, 4, 2]
>>> mode(input_list)
[2, 4]
>>> input_list = ["x", "y", "y", "z"]
>>> mode(input_list)
['y']
>>> input_list = ["x", "x" , "y", "y", "z"]
>>> mode(input_list)
['x', 'y']
"""
result = list() # Empty list to store the counts of elements in input_list
for x in input_list:
result.append(input_list.count(x))
if not result:
return []
y = max(result) # Gets the maximum value in the result list.
# Gets values of modes
result = {input_list[i] for i, value in enumerate(result) if value == y}
return sorted(result)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,518 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree` | ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| shermanhui | "2021-10-22T04:43:40Z" | "2021-10-22T14:07:05Z" | d82cf5292fbd0ffe1764a1da5c96a39b244618eb | 629848e3721d9354d25fad6cb4729e6afdbbf799 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree`. ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| from typing import Callable
import numpy as np
def euler_modified(
ode_func: Callable, y0: float, x0: float, step_size: float, x_end: float
) -> np.array:
"""
Calculate solution at each step to an ODE using Euler's Modified Method
The Euler Method is straightforward to implement, but can't give accurate solutions.
So, some changes were proposed to improve accuracy.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_method
Arguments:
ode_func -- The ode as a function of x and y
y0 -- the initial value for y
x0 -- the initial value for x
stepsize -- the increment value for x
x_end -- the end value for x
>>> # the exact solution is math.exp(x)
>>> def f1(x, y):
... return -2*x*(y**2)
>>> y = euler_modified(f1, 1.0, 0.0, 0.2, 1.0)
>>> y[-1]
0.503338255442106
>>> import math
>>> def f2(x, y):
... return -2*y + (x**3)*math.exp(-2*x)
>>> y = euler_modified(f2, 1.0, 0.0, 0.1, 0.3)
>>> y[-1]
0.5525976431951775
"""
N = int(np.ceil((x_end - x0) / step_size))
y = np.zeros((N + 1,))
y[0] = y0
x = x0
for k in range(N):
y_get = y[k] + step_size * ode_func(x, y[k])
y[k + 1] = y[k] + (
(step_size / 2) * (ode_func(x, y[k]) + ode_func(x + step_size, y_get))
)
x += step_size
return y
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| from typing import Callable
import numpy as np
def euler_modified(
ode_func: Callable, y0: float, x0: float, step_size: float, x_end: float
) -> np.array:
"""
Calculate solution at each step to an ODE using Euler's Modified Method
The Euler Method is straightforward to implement, but can't give accurate solutions.
So, some changes were proposed to improve accuracy.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_method
Arguments:
ode_func -- The ode as a function of x and y
y0 -- the initial value for y
x0 -- the initial value for x
stepsize -- the increment value for x
x_end -- the end value for x
>>> # the exact solution is math.exp(x)
>>> def f1(x, y):
... return -2*x*(y**2)
>>> y = euler_modified(f1, 1.0, 0.0, 0.2, 1.0)
>>> y[-1]
0.503338255442106
>>> import math
>>> def f2(x, y):
... return -2*y + (x**3)*math.exp(-2*x)
>>> y = euler_modified(f2, 1.0, 0.0, 0.1, 0.3)
>>> y[-1]
0.5525976431951775
"""
N = int(np.ceil((x_end - x0) / step_size))
y = np.zeros((N + 1,))
y[0] = y0
x = x0
for k in range(N):
y_get = y[k] + step_size * ode_func(x, y[k])
y[k + 1] = y[k] + (
(step_size / 2) * (ode_func(x, y[k]) + ode_func(x + step_size, y_get))
)
x += step_size
return y
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,518 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree` | ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| shermanhui | "2021-10-22T04:43:40Z" | "2021-10-22T14:07:05Z" | d82cf5292fbd0ffe1764a1da5c96a39b244618eb | 629848e3721d9354d25fad6cb4729e6afdbbf799 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree`. ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| from collections import deque
from .hash_table import HashTable
class HashTableWithLinkedList(HashTable):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
def _set_value(self, key, data):
self.values[key] = deque([]) if self.values[key] is None else self.values[key]
self.values[key].appendleft(data)
self._keys[key] = self.values[key]
def balanced_factor(self):
return (
sum(self.charge_factor - len(slot) for slot in self.values)
/ self.size_table
* self.charge_factor
)
def _collision_resolution(self, key, data=None):
if not (
len(self.values[key]) == self.charge_factor and self.values.count(None) == 0
):
return key
return super()._collision_resolution(key, data)
| from collections import deque
from .hash_table import HashTable
class HashTableWithLinkedList(HashTable):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
def _set_value(self, key, data):
self.values[key] = deque([]) if self.values[key] is None else self.values[key]
self.values[key].appendleft(data)
self._keys[key] = self.values[key]
def balanced_factor(self):
return (
sum(self.charge_factor - len(slot) for slot in self.values)
/ self.size_table
* self.charge_factor
)
def _collision_resolution(self, key, data=None):
if not (
len(self.values[key]) == self.charge_factor and self.values.count(None) == 0
):
return key
return super()._collision_resolution(key, data)
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,518 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree` | ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| shermanhui | "2021-10-22T04:43:40Z" | "2021-10-22T14:07:05Z" | d82cf5292fbd0ffe1764a1da5c96a39b244618eb | 629848e3721d9354d25fad6cb4729e6afdbbf799 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree`. ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
This is a pure Python implementation of the quick sort algorithm
For doctests run following command:
python -m doctest -v radix_sort.py
or
python3 -m doctest -v radix_sort.py
For manual testing run:
python radix_sort.py
"""
from __future__ import annotations
def radix_sort(list_of_ints: list[int]) -> list[int]:
"""
Examples:
>>> radix_sort([0, 5, 3, 2, 2])
[0, 2, 2, 3, 5]
>>> radix_sort(list(range(15))) == sorted(range(15))
True
>>> radix_sort(list(range(14,-1,-1))) == sorted(range(15))
True
>>> radix_sort([1,100,10,1000]) == sorted([1,100,10,1000])
True
"""
RADIX = 10
placement = 1
max_digit = max(list_of_ints)
while placement <= max_digit:
# declare and initialize empty buckets
buckets: list[list] = [list() for _ in range(RADIX)]
# split list_of_ints between the buckets
for i in list_of_ints:
tmp = int((i / placement) % RADIX)
buckets[tmp].append(i)
# put each buckets' contents into list_of_ints
a = 0
for b in range(RADIX):
for i in buckets[b]:
list_of_ints[a] = i
a += 1
# move to next
placement *= RADIX
return list_of_ints
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| """
This is a pure Python implementation of the quick sort algorithm
For doctests run following command:
python -m doctest -v radix_sort.py
or
python3 -m doctest -v radix_sort.py
For manual testing run:
python radix_sort.py
"""
from __future__ import annotations
def radix_sort(list_of_ints: list[int]) -> list[int]:
"""
Examples:
>>> radix_sort([0, 5, 3, 2, 2])
[0, 2, 2, 3, 5]
>>> radix_sort(list(range(15))) == sorted(range(15))
True
>>> radix_sort(list(range(14,-1,-1))) == sorted(range(15))
True
>>> radix_sort([1,100,10,1000]) == sorted([1,100,10,1000])
True
"""
RADIX = 10
placement = 1
max_digit = max(list_of_ints)
while placement <= max_digit:
# declare and initialize empty buckets
buckets: list[list] = [list() for _ in range(RADIX)]
# split list_of_ints between the buckets
for i in list_of_ints:
tmp = int((i / placement) % RADIX)
buckets[tmp].append(i)
# put each buckets' contents into list_of_ints
a = 0
for b in range(RADIX):
for i in buckets[b]:
list_of_ints[a] = i
a += 1
# move to next
placement *= RADIX
return list_of_ints
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,518 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree` | ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| shermanhui | "2021-10-22T04:43:40Z" | "2021-10-22T14:07:05Z" | d82cf5292fbd0ffe1764a1da5c96a39b244618eb | 629848e3721d9354d25fad6cb4729e6afdbbf799 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree`. ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
This is a pure Python implementation of the merge-insertion sort algorithm
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_scan
For doctests run following command:
python3 -m doctest -v graham_scan.py
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from collections import deque
from enum import Enum
from math import atan2, degrees
from sys import maxsize
def graham_scan(points: list[list[int, int]]) -> list[list[int, int]]:
"""Pure implementation of graham scan algorithm in Python
:param points: The unique points on coordinates.
:return: The points on convex hell.
Examples:
>>> graham_scan([(9, 6), (3, 1), (0, 0), (5, 5), (5, 2), (7, 0), (3, 3), (1, 4)])
[(0, 0), (7, 0), (9, 6), (5, 5), (1, 4)]
>>> graham_scan([(0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1), (0, 1)])
[(0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1), (0, 1)]
>>> graham_scan([(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (-1, 2)])
[(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (-1, 2)]
>>> graham_scan([(-100, 20), (99, 3), (1, 10000001), (5133186, -25), (-66, -4)])
[(5133186, -25), (1, 10000001), (-100, 20), (-66, -4)]
"""
if len(points) <= 2:
# There is no convex hull
raise ValueError("graham_scan: argument must contain more than 3 points.")
if len(points) == 3:
return points
# find the lowest and the most left point
minidx = 0
miny, minx = maxsize, maxsize
for i, point in enumerate(points):
x = point[0]
y = point[1]
if y < miny:
miny = y
minx = x
minidx = i
if y == miny:
if x < minx:
minx = x
minidx = i
# remove the lowest and the most left point from points for preparing for sort
points.pop(minidx)
def angle_comparer(point: list[int, int], minx: int, miny: int) -> float:
"""Return the angle toward to point from (minx, miny)
:param point: The target point
minx: The starting point's x
miny: The starting point's y
:return: the angle
Examples:
>>> angle_comparer([1,1], 0, 0)
45.0
>>> angle_comparer([100,1], 10, 10)
-5.710593137499642
>>> angle_comparer([5,5], 2, 3)
33.690067525979785
"""
# sort the points accorgind to the angle from the lowest and the most left point
x = point[0]
y = point[1]
angle = degrees(atan2(y - miny, x - minx))
return angle
sorted_points = sorted(points, key=lambda point: angle_comparer(point, minx, miny))
# This insert actually costs complexity,
# and you should insteadly add (minx, miny) into stack later.
# I'm using insert just for easy understanding.
sorted_points.insert(0, (minx, miny))
# traversal from the lowest and the most left point in anti-clockwise direction
# if direction gets right, the previous point is not the convex hull.
class Direction(Enum):
left = 1
straight = 2
right = 3
def check_direction(
starting: list[int, int], via: list[int, int], target: list[int, int]
) -> Direction:
"""Return the direction toward to the line from via to target from starting
:param starting: The starting point
via: The via point
target: The target point
:return: the Direction
Examples:
>>> check_direction([1,1], [2,2], [3,3])
Direction.straight
>>> check_direction([60,1], [-50,199], [30,2])
Direction.left
>>> check_direction([0,0], [5,5], [10,0])
Direction.right
"""
x0, y0 = starting
x1, y1 = via
x2, y2 = target
via_angle = degrees(atan2(y1 - y0, x1 - x0))
if via_angle < 0:
via_angle += 360
target_angle = degrees(atan2(y2 - y0, x2 - x0))
if target_angle < 0:
target_angle += 360
# t-
# \ \
# \ v
# \|
# s
# via_angle is always lower than target_angle, if direction is left.
# If they are same, it means they are on a same line of convex hull.
if target_angle > via_angle:
return Direction.left
if target_angle == via_angle:
return Direction.straight
if target_angle < via_angle:
return Direction.right
stack = deque()
stack.append(sorted_points[0])
stack.append(sorted_points[1])
stack.append(sorted_points[2])
# In any ways, the first 3 points line are towards left.
# Because we sort them the angle from minx, miny.
current_direction = Direction.left
for i in range(3, len(sorted_points)):
while True:
starting = stack[-2]
via = stack[-1]
target = sorted_points[i]
next_direction = check_direction(starting, via, target)
if next_direction == Direction.left:
current_direction = Direction.left
break
if next_direction == Direction.straight:
if current_direction == Direction.left:
# We keep current_direction as left.
# Because if the straight line keeps as straight,
# we want to know if this straight line is towards left.
break
elif current_direction == Direction.right:
# If the straight line is towards right,
# every previous points on those straigh line is not convex hull.
stack.pop()
if next_direction == Direction.right:
stack.pop()
stack.append(sorted_points[i])
return list(stack)
| """
This is a pure Python implementation of the merge-insertion sort algorithm
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_scan
For doctests run following command:
python3 -m doctest -v graham_scan.py
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from collections import deque
from enum import Enum
from math import atan2, degrees
from sys import maxsize
def graham_scan(points: list[list[int, int]]) -> list[list[int, int]]:
"""Pure implementation of graham scan algorithm in Python
:param points: The unique points on coordinates.
:return: The points on convex hell.
Examples:
>>> graham_scan([(9, 6), (3, 1), (0, 0), (5, 5), (5, 2), (7, 0), (3, 3), (1, 4)])
[(0, 0), (7, 0), (9, 6), (5, 5), (1, 4)]
>>> graham_scan([(0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1), (0, 1)])
[(0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1), (0, 1)]
>>> graham_scan([(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (-1, 2)])
[(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (-1, 2)]
>>> graham_scan([(-100, 20), (99, 3), (1, 10000001), (5133186, -25), (-66, -4)])
[(5133186, -25), (1, 10000001), (-100, 20), (-66, -4)]
"""
if len(points) <= 2:
# There is no convex hull
raise ValueError("graham_scan: argument must contain more than 3 points.")
if len(points) == 3:
return points
# find the lowest and the most left point
minidx = 0
miny, minx = maxsize, maxsize
for i, point in enumerate(points):
x = point[0]
y = point[1]
if y < miny:
miny = y
minx = x
minidx = i
if y == miny:
if x < minx:
minx = x
minidx = i
# remove the lowest and the most left point from points for preparing for sort
points.pop(minidx)
def angle_comparer(point: list[int, int], minx: int, miny: int) -> float:
"""Return the angle toward to point from (minx, miny)
:param point: The target point
minx: The starting point's x
miny: The starting point's y
:return: the angle
Examples:
>>> angle_comparer([1,1], 0, 0)
45.0
>>> angle_comparer([100,1], 10, 10)
-5.710593137499642
>>> angle_comparer([5,5], 2, 3)
33.690067525979785
"""
# sort the points accorgind to the angle from the lowest and the most left point
x = point[0]
y = point[1]
angle = degrees(atan2(y - miny, x - minx))
return angle
sorted_points = sorted(points, key=lambda point: angle_comparer(point, minx, miny))
# This insert actually costs complexity,
# and you should insteadly add (minx, miny) into stack later.
# I'm using insert just for easy understanding.
sorted_points.insert(0, (minx, miny))
# traversal from the lowest and the most left point in anti-clockwise direction
# if direction gets right, the previous point is not the convex hull.
class Direction(Enum):
left = 1
straight = 2
right = 3
def check_direction(
starting: list[int, int], via: list[int, int], target: list[int, int]
) -> Direction:
"""Return the direction toward to the line from via to target from starting
:param starting: The starting point
via: The via point
target: The target point
:return: the Direction
Examples:
>>> check_direction([1,1], [2,2], [3,3])
Direction.straight
>>> check_direction([60,1], [-50,199], [30,2])
Direction.left
>>> check_direction([0,0], [5,5], [10,0])
Direction.right
"""
x0, y0 = starting
x1, y1 = via
x2, y2 = target
via_angle = degrees(atan2(y1 - y0, x1 - x0))
if via_angle < 0:
via_angle += 360
target_angle = degrees(atan2(y2 - y0, x2 - x0))
if target_angle < 0:
target_angle += 360
# t-
# \ \
# \ v
# \|
# s
# via_angle is always lower than target_angle, if direction is left.
# If they are same, it means they are on a same line of convex hull.
if target_angle > via_angle:
return Direction.left
if target_angle == via_angle:
return Direction.straight
if target_angle < via_angle:
return Direction.right
stack = deque()
stack.append(sorted_points[0])
stack.append(sorted_points[1])
stack.append(sorted_points[2])
# In any ways, the first 3 points line are towards left.
# Because we sort them the angle from minx, miny.
current_direction = Direction.left
for i in range(3, len(sorted_points)):
while True:
starting = stack[-2]
via = stack[-1]
target = sorted_points[i]
next_direction = check_direction(starting, via, target)
if next_direction == Direction.left:
current_direction = Direction.left
break
if next_direction == Direction.straight:
if current_direction == Direction.left:
# We keep current_direction as left.
# Because if the straight line keeps as straight,
# we want to know if this straight line is towards left.
break
elif current_direction == Direction.right:
# If the straight line is towards right,
# every previous points on those straigh line is not convex hull.
stack.pop()
if next_direction == Direction.right:
stack.pop()
stack.append(sorted_points[i])
return list(stack)
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,518 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree` | ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| shermanhui | "2021-10-22T04:43:40Z" | "2021-10-22T14:07:05Z" | d82cf5292fbd0ffe1764a1da5c96a39b244618eb | 629848e3721d9354d25fad6cb4729e6afdbbf799 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree`. ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,518 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree` | ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| shermanhui | "2021-10-22T04:43:40Z" | "2021-10-22T14:07:05Z" | d82cf5292fbd0ffe1764a1da5c96a39b244618eb | 629848e3721d9354d25fad6cb4729e6afdbbf799 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree`. ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| from __future__ import annotations
import random
class Dice:
NUM_SIDES = 6
def __init__(self):
"""Initialize a six sided dice"""
self.sides = list(range(1, Dice.NUM_SIDES + 1))
def roll(self):
return random.choice(self.sides)
def _str_(self):
return "Fair Dice"
def throw_dice(num_throws: int, num_dice: int = 2) -> list[float]:
"""
Return probability list of all possible sums when throwing dice.
>>> random.seed(0)
>>> throw_dice(10, 1)
[10.0, 0.0, 30.0, 50.0, 10.0, 0.0]
>>> throw_dice(100, 1)
[19.0, 17.0, 17.0, 11.0, 23.0, 13.0]
>>> throw_dice(1000, 1)
[18.8, 15.5, 16.3, 17.6, 14.2, 17.6]
>>> throw_dice(10000, 1)
[16.35, 16.89, 16.93, 16.6, 16.52, 16.71]
>>> throw_dice(10000, 2)
[2.74, 5.6, 7.99, 11.26, 13.92, 16.7, 14.44, 10.63, 8.05, 5.92, 2.75]
"""
dices = [Dice() for i in range(num_dice)]
count_of_sum = [0] * (len(dices) * Dice.NUM_SIDES + 1)
for i in range(num_throws):
count_of_sum[sum(dice.roll() for dice in dices)] += 1
probability = [round((count * 100) / num_throws, 2) for count in count_of_sum]
return probability[num_dice:] # remove probability of sums that never appear
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| from __future__ import annotations
import random
class Dice:
NUM_SIDES = 6
def __init__(self):
"""Initialize a six sided dice"""
self.sides = list(range(1, Dice.NUM_SIDES + 1))
def roll(self):
return random.choice(self.sides)
def _str_(self):
return "Fair Dice"
def throw_dice(num_throws: int, num_dice: int = 2) -> list[float]:
"""
Return probability list of all possible sums when throwing dice.
>>> random.seed(0)
>>> throw_dice(10, 1)
[10.0, 0.0, 30.0, 50.0, 10.0, 0.0]
>>> throw_dice(100, 1)
[19.0, 17.0, 17.0, 11.0, 23.0, 13.0]
>>> throw_dice(1000, 1)
[18.8, 15.5, 16.3, 17.6, 14.2, 17.6]
>>> throw_dice(10000, 1)
[16.35, 16.89, 16.93, 16.6, 16.52, 16.71]
>>> throw_dice(10000, 2)
[2.74, 5.6, 7.99, 11.26, 13.92, 16.7, 14.44, 10.63, 8.05, 5.92, 2.75]
"""
dices = [Dice() for i in range(num_dice)]
count_of_sum = [0] * (len(dices) * Dice.NUM_SIDES + 1)
for i in range(num_throws):
count_of_sum[sum(dice.roll() for dice in dices)] += 1
probability = [round((count * 100) / num_throws, 2) for count in count_of_sum]
return probability[num_dice:] # remove probability of sums that never appear
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,518 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree` | ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| shermanhui | "2021-10-22T04:43:40Z" | "2021-10-22T14:07:05Z" | d82cf5292fbd0ffe1764a1da5c96a39b244618eb | 629848e3721d9354d25fad6cb4729e6afdbbf799 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree`. ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
This is pure Python implementation of Tabu search algorithm for a Travelling Salesman
Problem, that the distances between the cities are symmetric (the distance between city
'a' and city 'b' is the same between city 'b' and city 'a').
The TSP can be represented into a graph. The cities are represented by nodes and the
distance between them is represented by the weight of the ark between the nodes.
The .txt file with the graph has the form:
node1 node2 distance_between_node1_and_node2
node1 node3 distance_between_node1_and_node3
...
Be careful node1, node2 and the distance between them, must exist only once. This means
in the .txt file should not exist:
node1 node2 distance_between_node1_and_node2
node2 node1 distance_between_node2_and_node1
For pytests run following command:
pytest
For manual testing run:
python tabu_search.py -f your_file_name.txt -number_of_iterations_of_tabu_search \
-s size_of_tabu_search
e.g. python tabu_search.py -f tabudata2.txt -i 4 -s 3
"""
import argparse
import copy
def generate_neighbours(path):
"""
Pure implementation of generating a dictionary of neighbors and the cost with each
neighbor, given a path file that includes a graph.
:param path: The path to the .txt file that includes the graph (e.g.tabudata2.txt)
:return dict_of_neighbours: Dictionary with key each node and value a list of lists
with the neighbors of the node and the cost (distance) for each neighbor.
Example of dict_of_neighbours:
>>) dict_of_neighbours[a]
[[b,20],[c,18],[d,22],[e,26]]
This indicates the neighbors of node (city) 'a', which has neighbor the node 'b'
with distance 20, the node 'c' with distance 18, the node 'd' with distance 22 and
the node 'e' with distance 26.
"""
dict_of_neighbours = {}
with open(path) as f:
for line in f:
if line.split()[0] not in dict_of_neighbours:
_list = list()
_list.append([line.split()[1], line.split()[2]])
dict_of_neighbours[line.split()[0]] = _list
else:
dict_of_neighbours[line.split()[0]].append(
[line.split()[1], line.split()[2]]
)
if line.split()[1] not in dict_of_neighbours:
_list = list()
_list.append([line.split()[0], line.split()[2]])
dict_of_neighbours[line.split()[1]] = _list
else:
dict_of_neighbours[line.split()[1]].append(
[line.split()[0], line.split()[2]]
)
return dict_of_neighbours
def generate_first_solution(path, dict_of_neighbours):
"""
Pure implementation of generating the first solution for the Tabu search to start,
with the redundant resolution strategy. That means that we start from the starting
node (e.g. node 'a'), then we go to the city nearest (lowest distance) to this node
(let's assume is node 'c'), then we go to the nearest city of the node 'c', etc.
till we have visited all cities and return to the starting node.
:param path: The path to the .txt file that includes the graph (e.g.tabudata2.txt)
:param dict_of_neighbours: Dictionary with key each node and value a list of lists
with the neighbors of the node and the cost (distance) for each neighbor.
:return first_solution: The solution for the first iteration of Tabu search using
the redundant resolution strategy in a list.
:return distance_of_first_solution: The total distance that Travelling Salesman
will travel, if he follows the path in first_solution.
"""
with open(path) as f:
start_node = f.read(1)
end_node = start_node
first_solution = []
visiting = start_node
distance_of_first_solution = 0
while visiting not in first_solution:
minim = 10000
for k in dict_of_neighbours[visiting]:
if int(k[1]) < int(minim) and k[0] not in first_solution:
minim = k[1]
best_node = k[0]
first_solution.append(visiting)
distance_of_first_solution = distance_of_first_solution + int(minim)
visiting = best_node
first_solution.append(end_node)
position = 0
for k in dict_of_neighbours[first_solution[-2]]:
if k[0] == start_node:
break
position += 1
distance_of_first_solution = (
distance_of_first_solution
+ int(dict_of_neighbours[first_solution[-2]][position][1])
- 10000
)
return first_solution, distance_of_first_solution
def find_neighborhood(solution, dict_of_neighbours):
"""
Pure implementation of generating the neighborhood (sorted by total distance of
each solution from lowest to highest) of a solution with 1-1 exchange method, that
means we exchange each node in a solution with each other node and generating a
number of solution named neighborhood.
:param solution: The solution in which we want to find the neighborhood.
:param dict_of_neighbours: Dictionary with key each node and value a list of lists
with the neighbors of the node and the cost (distance) for each neighbor.
:return neighborhood_of_solution: A list that includes the solutions and the total
distance of each solution (in form of list) that are produced with 1-1 exchange
from the solution that the method took as an input
Example:
>>> find_neighborhood(['a', 'c', 'b', 'd', 'e', 'a'],
... {'a': [['b', '20'], ['c', '18'], ['d', '22'], ['e', '26']],
... 'c': [['a', '18'], ['b', '10'], ['d', '23'], ['e', '24']],
... 'b': [['a', '20'], ['c', '10'], ['d', '11'], ['e', '12']],
... 'e': [['a', '26'], ['b', '12'], ['c', '24'], ['d', '40']],
... 'd': [['a', '22'], ['b', '11'], ['c', '23'], ['e', '40']]}
... ) # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
[['a', 'e', 'b', 'd', 'c', 'a', 90],
['a', 'c', 'd', 'b', 'e', 'a', 90],
['a', 'd', 'b', 'c', 'e', 'a', 93],
['a', 'c', 'b', 'e', 'd', 'a', 102],
['a', 'c', 'e', 'd', 'b', 'a', 113],
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'a', 119]]
"""
neighborhood_of_solution = []
for n in solution[1:-1]:
idx1 = solution.index(n)
for kn in solution[1:-1]:
idx2 = solution.index(kn)
if n == kn:
continue
_tmp = copy.deepcopy(solution)
_tmp[idx1] = kn
_tmp[idx2] = n
distance = 0
for k in _tmp[:-1]:
next_node = _tmp[_tmp.index(k) + 1]
for i in dict_of_neighbours[k]:
if i[0] == next_node:
distance = distance + int(i[1])
_tmp.append(distance)
if _tmp not in neighborhood_of_solution:
neighborhood_of_solution.append(_tmp)
indexOfLastItemInTheList = len(neighborhood_of_solution[0]) - 1
neighborhood_of_solution.sort(key=lambda x: x[indexOfLastItemInTheList])
return neighborhood_of_solution
def tabu_search(
first_solution, distance_of_first_solution, dict_of_neighbours, iters, size
):
"""
Pure implementation of Tabu search algorithm for a Travelling Salesman Problem in
Python.
:param first_solution: The solution for the first iteration of Tabu search using
the redundant resolution strategy in a list.
:param distance_of_first_solution: The total distance that Travelling Salesman will
travel, if he follows the path in first_solution.
:param dict_of_neighbours: Dictionary with key each node and value a list of lists
with the neighbors of the node and the cost (distance) for each neighbor.
:param iters: The number of iterations that Tabu search will execute.
:param size: The size of Tabu List.
:return best_solution_ever: The solution with the lowest distance that occurred
during the execution of Tabu search.
:return best_cost: The total distance that Travelling Salesman will travel, if he
follows the path in best_solution ever.
"""
count = 1
solution = first_solution
tabu_list = list()
best_cost = distance_of_first_solution
best_solution_ever = solution
while count <= iters:
neighborhood = find_neighborhood(solution, dict_of_neighbours)
index_of_best_solution = 0
best_solution = neighborhood[index_of_best_solution]
best_cost_index = len(best_solution) - 1
found = False
while not found:
i = 0
while i < len(best_solution):
if best_solution[i] != solution[i]:
first_exchange_node = best_solution[i]
second_exchange_node = solution[i]
break
i = i + 1
if [first_exchange_node, second_exchange_node] not in tabu_list and [
second_exchange_node,
first_exchange_node,
] not in tabu_list:
tabu_list.append([first_exchange_node, second_exchange_node])
found = True
solution = best_solution[:-1]
cost = neighborhood[index_of_best_solution][best_cost_index]
if cost < best_cost:
best_cost = cost
best_solution_ever = solution
else:
index_of_best_solution = index_of_best_solution + 1
best_solution = neighborhood[index_of_best_solution]
if len(tabu_list) >= size:
tabu_list.pop(0)
count = count + 1
return best_solution_ever, best_cost
def main(args=None):
dict_of_neighbours = generate_neighbours(args.File)
first_solution, distance_of_first_solution = generate_first_solution(
args.File, dict_of_neighbours
)
best_sol, best_cost = tabu_search(
first_solution,
distance_of_first_solution,
dict_of_neighbours,
args.Iterations,
args.Size,
)
print(f"Best solution: {best_sol}, with total distance: {best_cost}.")
if __name__ == "__main__":
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Tabu Search")
parser.add_argument(
"-f",
"--File",
type=str,
help="Path to the file containing the data",
required=True,
)
parser.add_argument(
"-i",
"--Iterations",
type=int,
help="How many iterations the algorithm should perform",
required=True,
)
parser.add_argument(
"-s", "--Size", type=int, help="Size of the tabu list", required=True
)
# Pass the arguments to main method
main(parser.parse_args())
| """
This is pure Python implementation of Tabu search algorithm for a Travelling Salesman
Problem, that the distances between the cities are symmetric (the distance between city
'a' and city 'b' is the same between city 'b' and city 'a').
The TSP can be represented into a graph. The cities are represented by nodes and the
distance between them is represented by the weight of the ark between the nodes.
The .txt file with the graph has the form:
node1 node2 distance_between_node1_and_node2
node1 node3 distance_between_node1_and_node3
...
Be careful node1, node2 and the distance between them, must exist only once. This means
in the .txt file should not exist:
node1 node2 distance_between_node1_and_node2
node2 node1 distance_between_node2_and_node1
For pytests run following command:
pytest
For manual testing run:
python tabu_search.py -f your_file_name.txt -number_of_iterations_of_tabu_search \
-s size_of_tabu_search
e.g. python tabu_search.py -f tabudata2.txt -i 4 -s 3
"""
import argparse
import copy
def generate_neighbours(path):
"""
Pure implementation of generating a dictionary of neighbors and the cost with each
neighbor, given a path file that includes a graph.
:param path: The path to the .txt file that includes the graph (e.g.tabudata2.txt)
:return dict_of_neighbours: Dictionary with key each node and value a list of lists
with the neighbors of the node and the cost (distance) for each neighbor.
Example of dict_of_neighbours:
>>) dict_of_neighbours[a]
[[b,20],[c,18],[d,22],[e,26]]
This indicates the neighbors of node (city) 'a', which has neighbor the node 'b'
with distance 20, the node 'c' with distance 18, the node 'd' with distance 22 and
the node 'e' with distance 26.
"""
dict_of_neighbours = {}
with open(path) as f:
for line in f:
if line.split()[0] not in dict_of_neighbours:
_list = list()
_list.append([line.split()[1], line.split()[2]])
dict_of_neighbours[line.split()[0]] = _list
else:
dict_of_neighbours[line.split()[0]].append(
[line.split()[1], line.split()[2]]
)
if line.split()[1] not in dict_of_neighbours:
_list = list()
_list.append([line.split()[0], line.split()[2]])
dict_of_neighbours[line.split()[1]] = _list
else:
dict_of_neighbours[line.split()[1]].append(
[line.split()[0], line.split()[2]]
)
return dict_of_neighbours
def generate_first_solution(path, dict_of_neighbours):
"""
Pure implementation of generating the first solution for the Tabu search to start,
with the redundant resolution strategy. That means that we start from the starting
node (e.g. node 'a'), then we go to the city nearest (lowest distance) to this node
(let's assume is node 'c'), then we go to the nearest city of the node 'c', etc.
till we have visited all cities and return to the starting node.
:param path: The path to the .txt file that includes the graph (e.g.tabudata2.txt)
:param dict_of_neighbours: Dictionary with key each node and value a list of lists
with the neighbors of the node and the cost (distance) for each neighbor.
:return first_solution: The solution for the first iteration of Tabu search using
the redundant resolution strategy in a list.
:return distance_of_first_solution: The total distance that Travelling Salesman
will travel, if he follows the path in first_solution.
"""
with open(path) as f:
start_node = f.read(1)
end_node = start_node
first_solution = []
visiting = start_node
distance_of_first_solution = 0
while visiting not in first_solution:
minim = 10000
for k in dict_of_neighbours[visiting]:
if int(k[1]) < int(minim) and k[0] not in first_solution:
minim = k[1]
best_node = k[0]
first_solution.append(visiting)
distance_of_first_solution = distance_of_first_solution + int(minim)
visiting = best_node
first_solution.append(end_node)
position = 0
for k in dict_of_neighbours[first_solution[-2]]:
if k[0] == start_node:
break
position += 1
distance_of_first_solution = (
distance_of_first_solution
+ int(dict_of_neighbours[first_solution[-2]][position][1])
- 10000
)
return first_solution, distance_of_first_solution
def find_neighborhood(solution, dict_of_neighbours):
"""
Pure implementation of generating the neighborhood (sorted by total distance of
each solution from lowest to highest) of a solution with 1-1 exchange method, that
means we exchange each node in a solution with each other node and generating a
number of solution named neighborhood.
:param solution: The solution in which we want to find the neighborhood.
:param dict_of_neighbours: Dictionary with key each node and value a list of lists
with the neighbors of the node and the cost (distance) for each neighbor.
:return neighborhood_of_solution: A list that includes the solutions and the total
distance of each solution (in form of list) that are produced with 1-1 exchange
from the solution that the method took as an input
Example:
>>> find_neighborhood(['a', 'c', 'b', 'd', 'e', 'a'],
... {'a': [['b', '20'], ['c', '18'], ['d', '22'], ['e', '26']],
... 'c': [['a', '18'], ['b', '10'], ['d', '23'], ['e', '24']],
... 'b': [['a', '20'], ['c', '10'], ['d', '11'], ['e', '12']],
... 'e': [['a', '26'], ['b', '12'], ['c', '24'], ['d', '40']],
... 'd': [['a', '22'], ['b', '11'], ['c', '23'], ['e', '40']]}
... ) # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
[['a', 'e', 'b', 'd', 'c', 'a', 90],
['a', 'c', 'd', 'b', 'e', 'a', 90],
['a', 'd', 'b', 'c', 'e', 'a', 93],
['a', 'c', 'b', 'e', 'd', 'a', 102],
['a', 'c', 'e', 'd', 'b', 'a', 113],
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'a', 119]]
"""
neighborhood_of_solution = []
for n in solution[1:-1]:
idx1 = solution.index(n)
for kn in solution[1:-1]:
idx2 = solution.index(kn)
if n == kn:
continue
_tmp = copy.deepcopy(solution)
_tmp[idx1] = kn
_tmp[idx2] = n
distance = 0
for k in _tmp[:-1]:
next_node = _tmp[_tmp.index(k) + 1]
for i in dict_of_neighbours[k]:
if i[0] == next_node:
distance = distance + int(i[1])
_tmp.append(distance)
if _tmp not in neighborhood_of_solution:
neighborhood_of_solution.append(_tmp)
indexOfLastItemInTheList = len(neighborhood_of_solution[0]) - 1
neighborhood_of_solution.sort(key=lambda x: x[indexOfLastItemInTheList])
return neighborhood_of_solution
def tabu_search(
first_solution, distance_of_first_solution, dict_of_neighbours, iters, size
):
"""
Pure implementation of Tabu search algorithm for a Travelling Salesman Problem in
Python.
:param first_solution: The solution for the first iteration of Tabu search using
the redundant resolution strategy in a list.
:param distance_of_first_solution: The total distance that Travelling Salesman will
travel, if he follows the path in first_solution.
:param dict_of_neighbours: Dictionary with key each node and value a list of lists
with the neighbors of the node and the cost (distance) for each neighbor.
:param iters: The number of iterations that Tabu search will execute.
:param size: The size of Tabu List.
:return best_solution_ever: The solution with the lowest distance that occurred
during the execution of Tabu search.
:return best_cost: The total distance that Travelling Salesman will travel, if he
follows the path in best_solution ever.
"""
count = 1
solution = first_solution
tabu_list = list()
best_cost = distance_of_first_solution
best_solution_ever = solution
while count <= iters:
neighborhood = find_neighborhood(solution, dict_of_neighbours)
index_of_best_solution = 0
best_solution = neighborhood[index_of_best_solution]
best_cost_index = len(best_solution) - 1
found = False
while not found:
i = 0
while i < len(best_solution):
if best_solution[i] != solution[i]:
first_exchange_node = best_solution[i]
second_exchange_node = solution[i]
break
i = i + 1
if [first_exchange_node, second_exchange_node] not in tabu_list and [
second_exchange_node,
first_exchange_node,
] not in tabu_list:
tabu_list.append([first_exchange_node, second_exchange_node])
found = True
solution = best_solution[:-1]
cost = neighborhood[index_of_best_solution][best_cost_index]
if cost < best_cost:
best_cost = cost
best_solution_ever = solution
else:
index_of_best_solution = index_of_best_solution + 1
best_solution = neighborhood[index_of_best_solution]
if len(tabu_list) >= size:
tabu_list.pop(0)
count = count + 1
return best_solution_ever, best_cost
def main(args=None):
dict_of_neighbours = generate_neighbours(args.File)
first_solution, distance_of_first_solution = generate_first_solution(
args.File, dict_of_neighbours
)
best_sol, best_cost = tabu_search(
first_solution,
distance_of_first_solution,
dict_of_neighbours,
args.Iterations,
args.Size,
)
print(f"Best solution: {best_sol}, with total distance: {best_cost}.")
if __name__ == "__main__":
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Tabu Search")
parser.add_argument(
"-f",
"--File",
type=str,
help="Path to the file containing the data",
required=True,
)
parser.add_argument(
"-i",
"--Iterations",
type=int,
help="How many iterations the algorithm should perform",
required=True,
)
parser.add_argument(
"-s", "--Size", type=int, help="Size of the tabu list", required=True
)
# Pass the arguments to main method
main(parser.parse_args())
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,518 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree` | ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| shermanhui | "2021-10-22T04:43:40Z" | "2021-10-22T14:07:05Z" | d82cf5292fbd0ffe1764a1da5c96a39b244618eb | 629848e3721d9354d25fad6cb4729e6afdbbf799 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree`. ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| 9caf4784aada17dc75348f77cc8c356df503c0f3 https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python
| 9caf4784aada17dc75348f77cc8c356df503c0f3 https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,518 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree` | ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| shermanhui | "2021-10-22T04:43:40Z" | "2021-10-22T14:07:05Z" | d82cf5292fbd0ffe1764a1da5c96a39b244618eb | 629848e3721d9354d25fad6cb4729e6afdbbf799 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree`. ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| import os
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
from fake_useragent import UserAgent
headers = {"UserAgent": UserAgent().random}
URL = "https://www.mywaifulist.moe/random"
def save_image(image_url: str, image_title: str) -> None:
"""
Saves the image of anime character
"""
image = requests.get(image_url, headers=headers)
with open(image_title, "wb") as file:
file.write(image.content)
def random_anime_character() -> tuple[str, str, str]:
"""
Returns the Title, Description, and Image Title of a random anime character .
"""
soup = BeautifulSoup(requests.get(URL, headers=headers).text, "html.parser")
title = soup.find("meta", attrs={"property": "og:title"}).attrs["content"]
image_url = soup.find("meta", attrs={"property": "og:image"}).attrs["content"]
description = soup.find("p", id="description").get_text()
_, image_extension = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(image_url))
image_title = title.strip().replace(" ", "_")
image_title = f"{image_title}{image_extension}"
save_image(image_url, image_title)
return (title, description, image_title)
if __name__ == "__main__":
title, desc, image_title = random_anime_character()
print(f"{title}\n\n{desc}\n\nImage saved : {image_title}")
| import os
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
from fake_useragent import UserAgent
headers = {"UserAgent": UserAgent().random}
URL = "https://www.mywaifulist.moe/random"
def save_image(image_url: str, image_title: str) -> None:
"""
Saves the image of anime character
"""
image = requests.get(image_url, headers=headers)
with open(image_title, "wb") as file:
file.write(image.content)
def random_anime_character() -> tuple[str, str, str]:
"""
Returns the Title, Description, and Image Title of a random anime character .
"""
soup = BeautifulSoup(requests.get(URL, headers=headers).text, "html.parser")
title = soup.find("meta", attrs={"property": "og:title"}).attrs["content"]
image_url = soup.find("meta", attrs={"property": "og:image"}).attrs["content"]
description = soup.find("p", id="description").get_text()
_, image_extension = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(image_url))
image_title = title.strip().replace(" ", "_")
image_title = f"{image_title}{image_extension}"
save_image(image_url, image_title)
return (title, description, image_title)
if __name__ == "__main__":
title, desc, image_title = random_anime_character()
print(f"{title}\n\n{desc}\n\nImage saved : {image_title}")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,518 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree` | ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| shermanhui | "2021-10-22T04:43:40Z" | "2021-10-22T14:07:05Z" | d82cf5292fbd0ffe1764a1da5c96a39b244618eb | 629848e3721d9354d25fad6cb4729e6afdbbf799 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree`. ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| def binomial_coefficient(n, r):
"""
Find binomial coefficient using pascals triangle.
>>> binomial_coefficient(10, 5)
252
"""
C = [0 for i in range(r + 1)]
# nc0 = 1
C[0] = 1
for i in range(1, n + 1):
# to compute current row from previous row.
j = min(i, r)
while j > 0:
C[j] += C[j - 1]
j -= 1
return C[r]
print(binomial_coefficient(n=10, r=5))
| def binomial_coefficient(n, r):
"""
Find binomial coefficient using pascals triangle.
>>> binomial_coefficient(10, 5)
252
"""
C = [0 for i in range(r + 1)]
# nc0 = 1
C[0] = 1
for i in range(1, n + 1):
# to compute current row from previous row.
j = min(i, r)
while j > 0:
C[j] += C[j - 1]
j -= 1
return C[r]
print(binomial_coefficient(n=10, r=5))
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,518 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree` | ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| shermanhui | "2021-10-22T04:43:40Z" | "2021-10-22T14:07:05Z" | d82cf5292fbd0ffe1764a1da5c96a39b244618eb | 629848e3721d9354d25fad6cb4729e6afdbbf799 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree`. ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Greatest Common Divisor.
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_common_divisor
gcd(a, b) = gcd(a, -b) = gcd(-a, b) = gcd(-a, -b) by definition of divisibility
"""
def greatest_common_divisor(a: int, b: int) -> int:
"""
Calculate Greatest Common Divisor (GCD).
>>> greatest_common_divisor(24, 40)
8
>>> greatest_common_divisor(1, 1)
1
>>> greatest_common_divisor(1, 800)
1
>>> greatest_common_divisor(11, 37)
1
>>> greatest_common_divisor(3, 5)
1
>>> greatest_common_divisor(16, 4)
4
>>> greatest_common_divisor(-3, 9)
3
>>> greatest_common_divisor(9, -3)
3
>>> greatest_common_divisor(3, -9)
3
>>> greatest_common_divisor(-3, -9)
3
"""
return abs(b) if a == 0 else greatest_common_divisor(b % a, a)
def gcd_by_iterative(x: int, y: int) -> int:
"""
Below method is more memory efficient because it does not create additional
stack frames for recursive functions calls (as done in the above method).
>>> gcd_by_iterative(24, 40)
8
>>> greatest_common_divisor(24, 40) == gcd_by_iterative(24, 40)
True
>>> gcd_by_iterative(-3, -9)
3
>>> gcd_by_iterative(3, -9)
3
>>> gcd_by_iterative(1, -800)
1
>>> gcd_by_iterative(11, 37)
1
"""
while y: # --> when y=0 then loop will terminate and return x as final GCD.
x, y = y, x % y
return abs(x)
def main():
"""
Call Greatest Common Divisor function.
"""
try:
nums = input("Enter two integers separated by comma (,): ").split(",")
num_1 = int(nums[0])
num_2 = int(nums[1])
print(
f"greatest_common_divisor({num_1}, {num_2}) = "
f"{greatest_common_divisor(num_1, num_2)}"
)
print(f"By iterative gcd({num_1}, {num_2}) = {gcd_by_iterative(num_1, num_2)}")
except (IndexError, UnboundLocalError, ValueError):
print("Wrong input")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| """
Greatest Common Divisor.
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_common_divisor
gcd(a, b) = gcd(a, -b) = gcd(-a, b) = gcd(-a, -b) by definition of divisibility
"""
def greatest_common_divisor(a: int, b: int) -> int:
"""
Calculate Greatest Common Divisor (GCD).
>>> greatest_common_divisor(24, 40)
8
>>> greatest_common_divisor(1, 1)
1
>>> greatest_common_divisor(1, 800)
1
>>> greatest_common_divisor(11, 37)
1
>>> greatest_common_divisor(3, 5)
1
>>> greatest_common_divisor(16, 4)
4
>>> greatest_common_divisor(-3, 9)
3
>>> greatest_common_divisor(9, -3)
3
>>> greatest_common_divisor(3, -9)
3
>>> greatest_common_divisor(-3, -9)
3
"""
return abs(b) if a == 0 else greatest_common_divisor(b % a, a)
def gcd_by_iterative(x: int, y: int) -> int:
"""
Below method is more memory efficient because it does not create additional
stack frames for recursive functions calls (as done in the above method).
>>> gcd_by_iterative(24, 40)
8
>>> greatest_common_divisor(24, 40) == gcd_by_iterative(24, 40)
True
>>> gcd_by_iterative(-3, -9)
3
>>> gcd_by_iterative(3, -9)
3
>>> gcd_by_iterative(1, -800)
1
>>> gcd_by_iterative(11, 37)
1
"""
while y: # --> when y=0 then loop will terminate and return x as final GCD.
x, y = y, x % y
return abs(x)
def main():
"""
Call Greatest Common Divisor function.
"""
try:
nums = input("Enter two integers separated by comma (,): ").split(",")
num_1 = int(nums[0])
num_2 = int(nums[1])
print(
f"greatest_common_divisor({num_1}, {num_2}) = "
f"{greatest_common_divisor(num_1, num_2)}"
)
print(f"By iterative gcd({num_1}, {num_2}) = {gcd_by_iterative(num_1, num_2)}")
except (IndexError, UnboundLocalError, ValueError):
print("Wrong input")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,518 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree` | ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| shermanhui | "2021-10-22T04:43:40Z" | "2021-10-22T14:07:05Z" | d82cf5292fbd0ffe1764a1da5c96a39b244618eb | 629848e3721d9354d25fad6cb4729e6afdbbf799 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree`. ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| # Created by sarathkaul on 12/11/19
import requests
def send_slack_message(message_body: str, slack_url: str) -> None:
headers = {"Content-Type": "application/json"}
response = requests.post(slack_url, json={"text": message_body}, headers=headers)
if response.status_code != 200:
raise ValueError(
f"Request to slack returned an error {response.status_code}, "
f"the response is:\n{response.text}"
)
if __name__ == "__main__":
# Set the slack url to the one provided by Slack when you create the webhook at
# https://my.slack.com/services/new/incoming-webhook/
send_slack_message("<YOUR MESSAGE BODY>", "<SLACK CHANNEL URL>")
| # Created by sarathkaul on 12/11/19
import requests
def send_slack_message(message_body: str, slack_url: str) -> None:
headers = {"Content-Type": "application/json"}
response = requests.post(slack_url, json={"text": message_body}, headers=headers)
if response.status_code != 200:
raise ValueError(
f"Request to slack returned an error {response.status_code}, "
f"the response is:\n{response.text}"
)
if __name__ == "__main__":
# Set the slack url to the one provided by Slack when you create the webhook at
# https://my.slack.com/services/new/incoming-webhook/
send_slack_message("<YOUR MESSAGE BODY>", "<SLACK CHANNEL URL>")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,518 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree` | ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| shermanhui | "2021-10-22T04:43:40Z" | "2021-10-22T14:07:05Z" | d82cf5292fbd0ffe1764a1da5c96a39b244618eb | 629848e3721d9354d25fad6cb4729e6afdbbf799 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree`. ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| #!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
A Polybius Square is a table that allows someone to translate letters into numbers.
https://www.braingle.com/brainteasers/codes/polybius.php
"""
import numpy as np
class PolybiusCipher:
def __init__(self) -> None:
SQUARE = [
["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"],
["f", "g", "h", "i", "k"],
["l", "m", "n", "o", "p"],
["q", "r", "s", "t", "u"],
["v", "w", "x", "y", "z"],
]
self.SQUARE = np.array(SQUARE)
def letter_to_numbers(self, letter: str) -> np.ndarray:
"""
Return the pair of numbers that represents the given letter in the
polybius square
>>> np.array_equal(PolybiusCipher().letter_to_numbers('a'), [1,1])
True
>>> np.array_equal(PolybiusCipher().letter_to_numbers('u'), [4,5])
True
"""
index1, index2 = np.where(self.SQUARE == letter)
indexes = np.concatenate([index1 + 1, index2 + 1])
return indexes
def numbers_to_letter(self, index1: int, index2: int) -> str:
"""
Return the letter corresponding to the position [index1, index2] in
the polybius square
>>> PolybiusCipher().numbers_to_letter(4, 5) == "u"
True
>>> PolybiusCipher().numbers_to_letter(1, 1) == "a"
True
"""
letter = self.SQUARE[index1 - 1, index2 - 1]
return letter
def encode(self, message: str) -> str:
"""
Return the encoded version of message according to the polybius cipher
>>> PolybiusCipher().encode("test message") == "44154344 32154343112215"
True
>>> PolybiusCipher().encode("Test Message") == "44154344 32154343112215"
True
"""
message = message.lower()
message = message.replace("j", "i")
encoded_message = ""
for letter_index in range(len(message)):
if message[letter_index] != " ":
numbers = self.letter_to_numbers(message[letter_index])
encoded_message = encoded_message + str(numbers[0]) + str(numbers[1])
elif message[letter_index] == " ":
encoded_message = encoded_message + " "
return encoded_message
def decode(self, message: str) -> str:
"""
Return the decoded version of message according to the polybius cipher
>>> PolybiusCipher().decode("44154344 32154343112215") == "test message"
True
>>> PolybiusCipher().decode("4415434432154343112215") == "testmessage"
True
"""
message = message.replace(" ", " ")
decoded_message = ""
for numbers_index in range(int(len(message) / 2)):
if message[numbers_index * 2] != " ":
index1 = message[numbers_index * 2]
index2 = message[numbers_index * 2 + 1]
letter = self.numbers_to_letter(int(index1), int(index2))
decoded_message = decoded_message + letter
elif message[numbers_index * 2] == " ":
decoded_message = decoded_message + " "
return decoded_message
| #!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
A Polybius Square is a table that allows someone to translate letters into numbers.
https://www.braingle.com/brainteasers/codes/polybius.php
"""
import numpy as np
class PolybiusCipher:
def __init__(self) -> None:
SQUARE = [
["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"],
["f", "g", "h", "i", "k"],
["l", "m", "n", "o", "p"],
["q", "r", "s", "t", "u"],
["v", "w", "x", "y", "z"],
]
self.SQUARE = np.array(SQUARE)
def letter_to_numbers(self, letter: str) -> np.ndarray:
"""
Return the pair of numbers that represents the given letter in the
polybius square
>>> np.array_equal(PolybiusCipher().letter_to_numbers('a'), [1,1])
True
>>> np.array_equal(PolybiusCipher().letter_to_numbers('u'), [4,5])
True
"""
index1, index2 = np.where(self.SQUARE == letter)
indexes = np.concatenate([index1 + 1, index2 + 1])
return indexes
def numbers_to_letter(self, index1: int, index2: int) -> str:
"""
Return the letter corresponding to the position [index1, index2] in
the polybius square
>>> PolybiusCipher().numbers_to_letter(4, 5) == "u"
True
>>> PolybiusCipher().numbers_to_letter(1, 1) == "a"
True
"""
letter = self.SQUARE[index1 - 1, index2 - 1]
return letter
def encode(self, message: str) -> str:
"""
Return the encoded version of message according to the polybius cipher
>>> PolybiusCipher().encode("test message") == "44154344 32154343112215"
True
>>> PolybiusCipher().encode("Test Message") == "44154344 32154343112215"
True
"""
message = message.lower()
message = message.replace("j", "i")
encoded_message = ""
for letter_index in range(len(message)):
if message[letter_index] != " ":
numbers = self.letter_to_numbers(message[letter_index])
encoded_message = encoded_message + str(numbers[0]) + str(numbers[1])
elif message[letter_index] == " ":
encoded_message = encoded_message + " "
return encoded_message
def decode(self, message: str) -> str:
"""
Return the decoded version of message according to the polybius cipher
>>> PolybiusCipher().decode("44154344 32154343112215") == "test message"
True
>>> PolybiusCipher().decode("4415434432154343112215") == "testmessage"
True
"""
message = message.replace(" ", " ")
decoded_message = ""
for numbers_index in range(int(len(message) / 2)):
if message[numbers_index * 2] != " ":
index1 = message[numbers_index * 2]
index2 = message[numbers_index * 2 + 1]
letter = self.numbers_to_letter(int(index1), int(index2))
decoded_message = decoded_message + letter
elif message[numbers_index * 2] == " ":
decoded_message = decoded_message + " "
return decoded_message
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,518 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree` | ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| shermanhui | "2021-10-22T04:43:40Z" | "2021-10-22T14:07:05Z" | d82cf5292fbd0ffe1764a1da5c96a39b244618eb | 629848e3721d9354d25fad6cb4729e6afdbbf799 | [mypy] Fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree`. ### fix type annotations in `data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py` and `data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py`
My contribution to fixing the `mypy` errors identified in #4052
Update binary_search_tree `arr` argument to be typed as a list
within `find_kth_smallest` function
Update return type of `merge_two_binary_trees` as both inputs can
be None which means that a None type value can be returned from
this function
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
This is pure Python implementation of fibonacci search.
Resources used:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_search_technique
For doctests run following command:
python3 -m doctest -v fibonacci_search.py
For manual testing run:
python3 fibonacci_search.py
"""
from functools import lru_cache
@lru_cache
def fibonacci(k: int) -> int:
"""Finds fibonacci number in index k.
Parameters
----------
k :
Index of fibonacci.
Returns
-------
int
Fibonacci number in position k.
>>> fibonacci(0)
0
>>> fibonacci(2)
1
>>> fibonacci(5)
5
>>> fibonacci(15)
610
>>> fibonacci('a')
Traceback (most recent call last):
TypeError: k must be an integer.
>>> fibonacci(-5)
Traceback (most recent call last):
ValueError: k integer must be greater or equal to zero.
"""
if not isinstance(k, int):
raise TypeError("k must be an integer.")
if k < 0:
raise ValueError("k integer must be greater or equal to zero.")
if k == 0:
return 0
elif k == 1:
return 1
else:
return fibonacci(k - 1) + fibonacci(k - 2)
def fibonacci_search(arr: list, val: int) -> int:
"""A pure Python implementation of a fibonacci search algorithm.
Parameters
----------
arr
List of sorted elements.
val
Element to search in list.
Returns
-------
int
The index of the element in the array.
-1 if the element is not found.
>>> fibonacci_search([4, 5, 6, 7], 4)
0
>>> fibonacci_search([4, 5, 6, 7], -10)
-1
>>> fibonacci_search([-18, 2], -18)
0
>>> fibonacci_search([5], 5)
0
>>> fibonacci_search(['a', 'c', 'd'], 'c')
1
>>> fibonacci_search(['a', 'c', 'd'], 'f')
-1
>>> fibonacci_search([], 1)
-1
>>> fibonacci_search([.1, .4 , 7], .4)
1
>>> fibonacci_search([], 9)
-1
>>> fibonacci_search(list(range(100)), 63)
63
>>> fibonacci_search(list(range(100)), 99)
99
>>> fibonacci_search(list(range(-100, 100, 3)), -97)
1
>>> fibonacci_search(list(range(-100, 100, 3)), 0)
-1
>>> fibonacci_search(list(range(-100, 100, 5)), 0)
20
>>> fibonacci_search(list(range(-100, 100, 5)), 95)
39
"""
len_list = len(arr)
# Find m such that F_m >= n where F_i is the i_th fibonacci number.
i = 0
while True:
if fibonacci(i) >= len_list:
fibb_k = i
break
i += 1
offset = 0
while fibb_k > 0:
index_k = min(
offset + fibonacci(fibb_k - 1), len_list - 1
) # Prevent out of range
item_k_1 = arr[index_k]
if item_k_1 == val:
return index_k
elif val < item_k_1:
fibb_k -= 1
elif val > item_k_1:
offset += fibonacci(fibb_k - 1)
fibb_k -= 2
else:
return -1
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| """
This is pure Python implementation of fibonacci search.
Resources used:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_search_technique
For doctests run following command:
python3 -m doctest -v fibonacci_search.py
For manual testing run:
python3 fibonacci_search.py
"""
from functools import lru_cache
@lru_cache
def fibonacci(k: int) -> int:
"""Finds fibonacci number in index k.
Parameters
----------
k :
Index of fibonacci.
Returns
-------
int
Fibonacci number in position k.
>>> fibonacci(0)
0
>>> fibonacci(2)
1
>>> fibonacci(5)
5
>>> fibonacci(15)
610
>>> fibonacci('a')
Traceback (most recent call last):
TypeError: k must be an integer.
>>> fibonacci(-5)
Traceback (most recent call last):
ValueError: k integer must be greater or equal to zero.
"""
if not isinstance(k, int):
raise TypeError("k must be an integer.")
if k < 0:
raise ValueError("k integer must be greater or equal to zero.")
if k == 0:
return 0
elif k == 1:
return 1
else:
return fibonacci(k - 1) + fibonacci(k - 2)
def fibonacci_search(arr: list, val: int) -> int:
"""A pure Python implementation of a fibonacci search algorithm.
Parameters
----------
arr
List of sorted elements.
val
Element to search in list.
Returns
-------
int
The index of the element in the array.
-1 if the element is not found.
>>> fibonacci_search([4, 5, 6, 7], 4)
0
>>> fibonacci_search([4, 5, 6, 7], -10)
-1
>>> fibonacci_search([-18, 2], -18)
0
>>> fibonacci_search([5], 5)
0
>>> fibonacci_search(['a', 'c', 'd'], 'c')
1
>>> fibonacci_search(['a', 'c', 'd'], 'f')
-1
>>> fibonacci_search([], 1)
-1
>>> fibonacci_search([.1, .4 , 7], .4)
1
>>> fibonacci_search([], 9)
-1
>>> fibonacci_search(list(range(100)), 63)
63
>>> fibonacci_search(list(range(100)), 99)
99
>>> fibonacci_search(list(range(-100, 100, 3)), -97)
1
>>> fibonacci_search(list(range(-100, 100, 3)), 0)
-1
>>> fibonacci_search(list(range(-100, 100, 5)), 0)
20
>>> fibonacci_search(list(range(-100, 100, 5)), 95)
39
"""
len_list = len(arr)
# Find m such that F_m >= n where F_i is the i_th fibonacci number.
i = 0
while True:
if fibonacci(i) >= len_list:
fibb_k = i
break
i += 1
offset = 0
while fibb_k > 0:
index_k = min(
offset + fibonacci(fibb_k - 1), len_list - 1
) # Prevent out of range
item_k_1 = arr[index_k]
if item_k_1 == val:
return index_k
elif val < item_k_1:
fibb_k -= 1
elif val > item_k_1:
offset += fibonacci(fibb_k - 1)
fibb_k -= 2
else:
return -1
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,496 | Fix factorial issues | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| poyea | "2021-10-21T03:50:11Z" | "2021-10-21T07:06:32Z" | 2e955aea460d6ac173d5bfeab0c71db0658e2bcb | c0acfd46cbd6b29847d9e0e226431ab6004b8e9b | Fix factorial issues. https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
|
## Arithmetic Analysis
* [Bisection](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/bisection.py)
* [Gaussian Elimination](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/gaussian_elimination.py)
* [In Static Equilibrium](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/in_static_equilibrium.py)
* [Intersection](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/intersection.py)
* [Lu Decomposition](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/lu_decomposition.py)
* [Newton Forward Interpolation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/newton_forward_interpolation.py)
* [Newton Method](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/newton_method.py)
* [Newton Raphson](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/newton_raphson.py)
* [Secant Method](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/secant_method.py)
## Backtracking
* [All Combinations](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/all_combinations.py)
* [All Permutations](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/all_permutations.py)
* [All Subsequences](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/all_subsequences.py)
* [Coloring](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/coloring.py)
* [Hamiltonian Cycle](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/hamiltonian_cycle.py)
* [Knight Tour](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/knight_tour.py)
* [Minimax](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/minimax.py)
* [N Queens](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/n_queens.py)
* [N Queens Math](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/n_queens_math.py)
* [Rat In Maze](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/rat_in_maze.py)
* [Sudoku](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/sudoku.py)
* [Sum Of Subsets](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/sum_of_subsets.py)
## Bit Manipulation
* [Binary And Operator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/binary_and_operator.py)
* [Binary Count Setbits](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/binary_count_setbits.py)
* [Binary Count Trailing Zeros](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/binary_count_trailing_zeros.py)
* [Binary Or Operator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/binary_or_operator.py)
* [Binary Shifts](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/binary_shifts.py)
* [Binary Twos Complement](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/binary_twos_complement.py)
* [Binary Xor Operator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/binary_xor_operator.py)
* [Count 1S Brian Kernighan Method](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/count_1s_brian_kernighan_method.py)
* [Count Number Of One Bits](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/count_number_of_one_bits.py)
* [Reverse Bits](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/reverse_bits.py)
* [Single Bit Manipulation Operations](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/single_bit_manipulation_operations.py)
## Blockchain
* [Chinese Remainder Theorem](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/blockchain/chinese_remainder_theorem.py)
* [Diophantine Equation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/blockchain/diophantine_equation.py)
* [Modular Division](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/blockchain/modular_division.py)
## Boolean Algebra
* [Quine Mc Cluskey](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/boolean_algebra/quine_mc_cluskey.py)
## Cellular Automata
* [Conways Game Of Life](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/cellular_automata/conways_game_of_life.py)
* [Game Of Life](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/cellular_automata/game_of_life.py)
* [One Dimensional](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/cellular_automata/one_dimensional.py)
## Ciphers
* [A1Z26](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/a1z26.py)
* [Affine Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/affine_cipher.py)
* [Atbash](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/atbash.py)
* [Baconian Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/baconian_cipher.py)
* [Base16](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/base16.py)
* [Base32](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/base32.py)
* [Base64 Encoding](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/base64_encoding.py)
* [Base85](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/base85.py)
* [Beaufort Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/beaufort_cipher.py)
* [Brute Force Caesar Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/brute_force_caesar_cipher.py)
* [Caesar Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/caesar_cipher.py)
* [Cryptomath Module](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/cryptomath_module.py)
* [Decrypt Caesar With Chi Squared](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/decrypt_caesar_with_chi_squared.py)
* [Deterministic Miller Rabin](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/deterministic_miller_rabin.py)
* [Diffie](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/diffie.py)
* [Diffie Hellman](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/diffie_hellman.py)
* [Elgamal Key Generator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/elgamal_key_generator.py)
* [Enigma Machine2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/enigma_machine2.py)
* [Hill Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/hill_cipher.py)
* [Mixed Keyword Cypher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/mixed_keyword_cypher.py)
* [Mono Alphabetic Ciphers](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/mono_alphabetic_ciphers.py)
* [Morse Code](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/morse_code.py)
* [Onepad Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/onepad_cipher.py)
* [Playfair Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/playfair_cipher.py)
* [Porta Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/porta_cipher.py)
* [Rabin Miller](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/rabin_miller.py)
* [Rail Fence Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/rail_fence_cipher.py)
* [Rot13](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/rot13.py)
* [Rsa Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/rsa_cipher.py)
* [Rsa Factorization](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/rsa_factorization.py)
* [Rsa Key Generator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/rsa_key_generator.py)
* [Shuffled Shift Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/shuffled_shift_cipher.py)
* [Simple Keyword Cypher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/simple_keyword_cypher.py)
* [Simple Substitution Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/simple_substitution_cipher.py)
* [Trafid Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/trafid_cipher.py)
* [Transposition Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/transposition_cipher.py)
* [Transposition Cipher Encrypt Decrypt File](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/transposition_cipher_encrypt_decrypt_file.py)
* [Vigenere Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/vigenere_cipher.py)
* [Xor Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/xor_cipher.py)
## Compression
* [Burrows Wheeler](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression/burrows_wheeler.py)
* [Huffman](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression/huffman.py)
* [Lempel Ziv](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression/lempel_ziv.py)
* [Lempel Ziv Decompress](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression/lempel_ziv_decompress.py)
* [Peak Signal To Noise Ratio](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression/peak_signal_to_noise_ratio.py)
## Computer Vision
* [Cnn Classification](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/computer_vision/cnn_classification.py)
* [Harris Corner](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/computer_vision/harris_corner.py)
* [Mean Threshold](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/computer_vision/mean_threshold.py)
## Conversions
* [Binary To Decimal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/binary_to_decimal.py)
* [Binary To Octal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/binary_to_octal.py)
* [Decimal To Any](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/decimal_to_any.py)
* [Decimal To Binary](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/decimal_to_binary.py)
* [Decimal To Binary Recursion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/decimal_to_binary_recursion.py)
* [Decimal To Hexadecimal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/decimal_to_hexadecimal.py)
* [Decimal To Octal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/decimal_to_octal.py)
* [Hex To Bin](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/hex_to_bin.py)
* [Hexadecimal To Decimal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/hexadecimal_to_decimal.py)
* [Length Conversion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/length_conversion.py)
* [Molecular Chemistry](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/molecular_chemistry.py)
* [Octal To Decimal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/octal_to_decimal.py)
* [Prefix Conversions](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/prefix_conversions.py)
* [Rgb Hsv Conversion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/rgb_hsv_conversion.py)
* [Roman Numerals](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/roman_numerals.py)
* [Temperature Conversions](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/temperature_conversions.py)
* [Weight Conversion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/weight_conversion.py)
## Data Structures
* Binary Tree
* [Avl Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/avl_tree.py)
* [Basic Binary Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/basic_binary_tree.py)
* [Binary Search Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py)
* [Binary Search Tree Recursive](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree_recursive.py)
* [Binary Tree Mirror](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/binary_tree_mirror.py)
* [Binary Tree Traversals](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/binary_tree_traversals.py)
* [Fenwick Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/fenwick_tree.py)
* [Lazy Segment Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/lazy_segment_tree.py)
* [Lowest Common Ancestor](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/lowest_common_ancestor.py)
* [Merge Two Binary Trees](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py)
* [Non Recursive Segment Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/non_recursive_segment_tree.py)
* [Number Of Possible Binary Trees](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/number_of_possible_binary_trees.py)
* [Red Black Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/red_black_tree.py)
* [Segment Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/segment_tree.py)
* [Segment Tree Other](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/segment_tree_other.py)
* [Treap](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/treap.py)
* [Wavelet Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/wavelet_tree.py)
* Disjoint Set
* [Alternate Disjoint Set](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/disjoint_set/alternate_disjoint_set.py)
* [Disjoint Set](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/disjoint_set/disjoint_set.py)
* Hashing
* [Double Hash](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/hashing/double_hash.py)
* [Hash Table](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/hashing/hash_table.py)
* [Hash Table With Linked List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/hashing/hash_table_with_linked_list.py)
* Number Theory
* [Prime Numbers](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/hashing/number_theory/prime_numbers.py)
* [Quadratic Probing](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/hashing/quadratic_probing.py)
* Heap
* [Binomial Heap](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/heap/binomial_heap.py)
* [Heap](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/heap/heap.py)
* [Heap Generic](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/heap/heap_generic.py)
* [Max Heap](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/heap/max_heap.py)
* [Min Heap](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/heap/min_heap.py)
* [Randomized Heap](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/heap/randomized_heap.py)
* [Skew Heap](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/heap/skew_heap.py)
* Linked List
* [Circular Linked List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/circular_linked_list.py)
* [Deque Doubly](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/deque_doubly.py)
* [Doubly Linked List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/doubly_linked_list.py)
* [Doubly Linked List Two](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/doubly_linked_list_two.py)
* [From Sequence](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/from_sequence.py)
* [Has Loop](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/has_loop.py)
* [Is Palindrome](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/is_palindrome.py)
* [Merge Two Lists](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/merge_two_lists.py)
* [Middle Element Of Linked List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/middle_element_of_linked_list.py)
* [Print Reverse](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/print_reverse.py)
* [Singly Linked List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/singly_linked_list.py)
* [Skip List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/skip_list.py)
* [Swap Nodes](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/swap_nodes.py)
* Queue
* [Circular Queue](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/queue/circular_queue.py)
* [Double Ended Queue](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/queue/double_ended_queue.py)
* [Linked Queue](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/queue/linked_queue.py)
* [Priority Queue Using List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/queue/priority_queue_using_list.py)
* [Queue On List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/queue/queue_on_list.py)
* [Queue On Pseudo Stack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/queue/queue_on_pseudo_stack.py)
* Stacks
* [Balanced Parentheses](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/balanced_parentheses.py)
* [Dijkstras Two Stack Algorithm](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py)
* [Evaluate Postfix Notations](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/evaluate_postfix_notations.py)
* [Infix To Postfix Conversion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py)
* [Infix To Prefix Conversion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/infix_to_prefix_conversion.py)
* [Linked Stack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/linked_stack.py)
* [Next Greater Element](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/next_greater_element.py)
* [Postfix Evaluation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/postfix_evaluation.py)
* [Prefix Evaluation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/prefix_evaluation.py)
* [Stack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/stack.py)
* [Stack Using Dll](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/stack_using_dll.py)
* [Stock Span Problem](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/stock_span_problem.py)
* Trie
* [Trie](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/trie/trie.py)
## Digital Image Processing
* [Change Brightness](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/change_brightness.py)
* [Change Contrast](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/change_contrast.py)
* [Convert To Negative](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/convert_to_negative.py)
* Dithering
* [Burkes](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/dithering/burkes.py)
* Edge Detection
* [Canny](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/edge_detection/canny.py)
* Filters
* [Bilateral Filter](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/filters/bilateral_filter.py)
* [Convolve](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/filters/convolve.py)
* [Gaussian Filter](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/filters/gaussian_filter.py)
* [Median Filter](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/filters/median_filter.py)
* [Sobel Filter](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/filters/sobel_filter.py)
* Histogram Equalization
* [Histogram Stretch](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/histogram_equalization/histogram_stretch.py)
* [Index Calculation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/index_calculation.py)
* Morphological Operations
* [Dilation Operation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/morphological_operations/dilation_operation.py)
* [Erosion Operation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/morphological_operations/erosion_operation.py)
* Resize
* [Resize](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/resize/resize.py)
* Rotation
* [Rotation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/rotation/rotation.py)
* [Sepia](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/sepia.py)
* [Test Digital Image Processing](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/test_digital_image_processing.py)
## Divide And Conquer
* [Closest Pair Of Points](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/closest_pair_of_points.py)
* [Convex Hull](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/convex_hull.py)
* [Heaps Algorithm](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/heaps_algorithm.py)
* [Heaps Algorithm Iterative](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/heaps_algorithm_iterative.py)
* [Inversions](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/inversions.py)
* [Kth Order Statistic](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/kth_order_statistic.py)
* [Max Difference Pair](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/max_difference_pair.py)
* [Max Subarray Sum](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/max_subarray_sum.py)
* [Mergesort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/mergesort.py)
* [Peak](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/peak.py)
* [Power](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/power.py)
* [Strassen Matrix Multiplication](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/strassen_matrix_multiplication.py)
## Dynamic Programming
* [Abbreviation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/abbreviation.py)
* [Bitmask](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/bitmask.py)
* [Catalan Numbers](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/catalan_numbers.py)
* [Climbing Stairs](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/climbing_stairs.py)
* [Edit Distance](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/edit_distance.py)
* [Factorial](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/factorial.py)
* [Fast Fibonacci](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/fast_fibonacci.py)
* [Fibonacci](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/fibonacci.py)
* [Floyd Warshall](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/floyd_warshall.py)
* [Fractional Knapsack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/fractional_knapsack.py)
* [Fractional Knapsack 2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/fractional_knapsack_2.py)
* [Integer Partition](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/integer_partition.py)
* [Iterating Through Submasks](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/iterating_through_submasks.py)
* [Knapsack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/knapsack.py)
* [Longest Common Subsequence](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/longest_common_subsequence.py)
* [Longest Increasing Subsequence](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/longest_increasing_subsequence.py)
* [Longest Increasing Subsequence O(Nlogn)](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/longest_increasing_subsequence_o(nlogn).py)
* [Longest Sub Array](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/longest_sub_array.py)
* [Matrix Chain Order](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/matrix_chain_order.py)
* [Max Non Adjacent Sum](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/max_non_adjacent_sum.py)
* [Max Sub Array](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/max_sub_array.py)
* [Max Sum Contiguous Subsequence](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/max_sum_contiguous_subsequence.py)
* [Minimum Coin Change](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/minimum_coin_change.py)
* [Minimum Cost Path](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/minimum_cost_path.py)
* [Minimum Partition](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/minimum_partition.py)
* [Minimum Steps To One](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/minimum_steps_to_one.py)
* [Optimal Binary Search Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/optimal_binary_search_tree.py)
* [Rod Cutting](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/rod_cutting.py)
* [Subset Generation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/subset_generation.py)
* [Sum Of Subset](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/sum_of_subset.py)
## Electronics
* [Carrier Concentration](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/electronics/carrier_concentration.py)
* [Electric Power](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/electronics/electric_power.py)
* [Ohms Law](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/electronics/ohms_law.py)
## File Transfer
* [Receive File](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/file_transfer/receive_file.py)
* [Send File](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/file_transfer/send_file.py)
* Tests
* [Test Send File](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/file_transfer/tests/test_send_file.py)
## Fractals
* [Julia Sets](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/fractals/julia_sets.py)
* [Koch Snowflake](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/fractals/koch_snowflake.py)
* [Mandelbrot](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/fractals/mandelbrot.py)
* [Sierpinski Triangle](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/fractals/sierpinski_triangle.py)
## Fuzzy Logic
* [Fuzzy Operations](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/fuzzy_logic/fuzzy_operations.py)
## Genetic Algorithm
* [Basic String](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/genetic_algorithm/basic_string.py)
## Geodesy
* [Haversine Distance](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/geodesy/haversine_distance.py)
* [Lamberts Ellipsoidal Distance](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/geodesy/lamberts_ellipsoidal_distance.py)
## Graphics
* [Bezier Curve](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphics/bezier_curve.py)
* [Vector3 For 2D Rendering](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphics/vector3_for_2d_rendering.py)
## Graphs
* [A Star](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/a_star.py)
* [Articulation Points](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/articulation_points.py)
* [Basic Graphs](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/basic_graphs.py)
* [Bellman Ford](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/bellman_ford.py)
* [Bfs Shortest Path](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/bfs_shortest_path.py)
* [Bfs Zero One Shortest Path](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/bfs_zero_one_shortest_path.py)
* [Bidirectional A Star](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/bidirectional_a_star.py)
* [Bidirectional Breadth First Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/bidirectional_breadth_first_search.py)
* [Boruvka](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/boruvka.py)
* [Breadth First Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/breadth_first_search.py)
* [Breadth First Search 2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/breadth_first_search_2.py)
* [Breadth First Search Shortest Path](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/breadth_first_search_shortest_path.py)
* [Check Bipartite Graph Bfs](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/check_bipartite_graph_bfs.py)
* [Check Bipartite Graph Dfs](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/check_bipartite_graph_dfs.py)
* [Connected Components](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/connected_components.py)
* [Depth First Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/depth_first_search.py)
* [Depth First Search 2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/depth_first_search_2.py)
* [Dijkstra](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/dijkstra.py)
* [Dijkstra 2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/dijkstra_2.py)
* [Dijkstra Algorithm](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/dijkstra_algorithm.py)
* [Dinic](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/dinic.py)
* [Directed And Undirected (Weighted) Graph](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/directed_and_undirected_(weighted)_graph.py)
* [Edmonds Karp Multiple Source And Sink](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/edmonds_karp_multiple_source_and_sink.py)
* [Eulerian Path And Circuit For Undirected Graph](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/eulerian_path_and_circuit_for_undirected_graph.py)
* [Even Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/even_tree.py)
* [Finding Bridges](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/finding_bridges.py)
* [Frequent Pattern Graph Miner](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py)
* [G Topological Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/g_topological_sort.py)
* [Gale Shapley Bigraph](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/gale_shapley_bigraph.py)
* [Graph List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/graph_list.py)
* [Graph Matrix](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/graph_matrix.py)
* [Graphs Floyd Warshall](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/graphs_floyd_warshall.py)
* [Greedy Best First](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/greedy_best_first.py)
* [Greedy Min Vertex Cover](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/greedy_min_vertex_cover.py)
* [Kahns Algorithm Long](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/kahns_algorithm_long.py)
* [Kahns Algorithm Topo](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/kahns_algorithm_topo.py)
* [Karger](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/karger.py)
* [Markov Chain](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/markov_chain.py)
* [Matching Min Vertex Cover](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/matching_min_vertex_cover.py)
* [Minimum Spanning Tree Boruvka](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/minimum_spanning_tree_boruvka.py)
* [Minimum Spanning Tree Kruskal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/minimum_spanning_tree_kruskal.py)
* [Minimum Spanning Tree Kruskal2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/minimum_spanning_tree_kruskal2.py)
* [Minimum Spanning Tree Prims](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/minimum_spanning_tree_prims.py)
* [Minimum Spanning Tree Prims2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/minimum_spanning_tree_prims2.py)
* [Multi Heuristic Astar](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/multi_heuristic_astar.py)
* [Page Rank](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/page_rank.py)
* [Prim](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/prim.py)
* [Scc Kosaraju](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/scc_kosaraju.py)
* [Strongly Connected Components](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/strongly_connected_components.py)
* [Tarjans Scc](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/tarjans_scc.py)
* Tests
* [Test Min Spanning Tree Kruskal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/tests/test_min_spanning_tree_kruskal.py)
* [Test Min Spanning Tree Prim](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/tests/test_min_spanning_tree_prim.py)
## Greedy Methods
* [Optimal Merge Pattern](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/greedy_methods/optimal_merge_pattern.py)
## Hashes
* [Adler32](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/adler32.py)
* [Chaos Machine](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/chaos_machine.py)
* [Djb2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/djb2.py)
* [Enigma Machine](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/enigma_machine.py)
* [Hamming Code](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/hamming_code.py)
* [Luhn](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/luhn.py)
* [Md5](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/md5.py)
* [Sdbm](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/sdbm.py)
* [Sha1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/sha1.py)
## Knapsack
* [Greedy Knapsack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/knapsack/greedy_knapsack.py)
* [Knapsack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/knapsack/knapsack.py)
* Tests
* [Test Greedy Knapsack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/knapsack/tests/test_greedy_knapsack.py)
* [Test Knapsack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/knapsack/tests/test_knapsack.py)
## Linear Algebra
* Src
* [Conjugate Gradient](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/conjugate_gradient.py)
* [Lib](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/lib.py)
* [Polynom For Points](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/polynom_for_points.py)
* [Power Iteration](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/power_iteration.py)
* [Rayleigh Quotient](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/rayleigh_quotient.py)
* [Schur Complement](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/schur_complement.py)
* [Test Linear Algebra](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/test_linear_algebra.py)
* [Transformations 2D](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/transformations_2d.py)
## Machine Learning
* [Astar](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/astar.py)
* [Data Transformations](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/data_transformations.py)
* [Decision Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/decision_tree.py)
* Forecasting
* [Run](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/forecasting/run.py)
* [Gaussian Naive Bayes](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/gaussian_naive_bayes.py)
* [Gradient Boosting Regressor](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/gradient_boosting_regressor.py)
* [Gradient Descent](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/gradient_descent.py)
* [K Means Clust](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/k_means_clust.py)
* [K Nearest Neighbours](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/k_nearest_neighbours.py)
* [Knn Sklearn](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/knn_sklearn.py)
* [Linear Discriminant Analysis](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/linear_discriminant_analysis.py)
* [Linear Regression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/linear_regression.py)
* [Logistic Regression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/logistic_regression.py)
* Lstm
* [Lstm Prediction](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/lstm/lstm_prediction.py)
* [Multilayer Perceptron Classifier](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/multilayer_perceptron_classifier.py)
* [Polymonial Regression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/polymonial_regression.py)
* [Random Forest Classifier](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/random_forest_classifier.py)
* [Random Forest Regressor](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/random_forest_regressor.py)
* [Scoring Functions](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/scoring_functions.py)
* [Sequential Minimum Optimization](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/sequential_minimum_optimization.py)
* [Similarity Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/similarity_search.py)
* [Support Vector Machines](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/support_vector_machines.py)
* [Word Frequency Functions](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/word_frequency_functions.py)
## Maths
* [3N Plus 1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/3n_plus_1.py)
* [Abs](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/abs.py)
* [Abs Max](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/abs_max.py)
* [Abs Min](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/abs_min.py)
* [Add](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/add.py)
* [Aliquot Sum](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/aliquot_sum.py)
* [Allocation Number](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/allocation_number.py)
* [Area](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/area.py)
* [Area Under Curve](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/area_under_curve.py)
* [Armstrong Numbers](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/armstrong_numbers.py)
* [Average Mean](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/average_mean.py)
* [Average Median](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/average_median.py)
* [Average Mode](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/average_mode.py)
* [Bailey Borwein Plouffe](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/bailey_borwein_plouffe.py)
* [Basic Maths](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/basic_maths.py)
* [Binary Exp Mod](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/binary_exp_mod.py)
* [Binary Exponentiation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/binary_exponentiation.py)
* [Binary Exponentiation 2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/binary_exponentiation_2.py)
* [Binary Exponentiation 3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/binary_exponentiation_3.py)
* [Binomial Coefficient](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/binomial_coefficient.py)
* [Binomial Distribution](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/binomial_distribution.py)
* [Bisection](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/bisection.py)
* [Ceil](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/ceil.py)
* [Check Polygon](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/check_polygon.py)
* [Chudnovsky Algorithm](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/chudnovsky_algorithm.py)
* [Collatz Sequence](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/collatz_sequence.py)
* [Combinations](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/combinations.py)
* [Decimal Isolate](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/decimal_isolate.py)
* [Double Factorial Iterative](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/double_factorial_iterative.py)
* [Double Factorial Recursive](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/double_factorial_recursive.py)
* [Entropy](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/entropy.py)
* [Euclidean Distance](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/euclidean_distance.py)
* [Euclidean Gcd](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/euclidean_gcd.py)
* [Euler Method](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/euler_method.py)
* [Euler Modified](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/euler_modified.py)
* [Eulers Totient](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/eulers_totient.py)
* [Extended Euclidean Algorithm](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/extended_euclidean_algorithm.py)
* [Factorial Iterative](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/factorial_iterative.py)
* [Factorial Python](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/factorial_python.py)
* [Factorial Recursive](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/factorial_recursive.py)
* [Factors](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/factors.py)
* [Fermat Little Theorem](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/fermat_little_theorem.py)
* [Fibonacci](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/fibonacci.py)
* [Fibonacci Sequence Recursion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/fibonacci_sequence_recursion.py)
* [Find Max](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/find_max.py)
* [Find Max Recursion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/find_max_recursion.py)
* [Find Min](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/find_min.py)
* [Find Min Recursion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/find_min_recursion.py)
* [Floor](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/floor.py)
* [Gamma](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/gamma.py)
* [Gamma Recursive](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/gamma_recursive.py)
* [Gaussian](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/gaussian.py)
* [Greatest Common Divisor](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/greatest_common_divisor.py)
* [Greedy Coin Change](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/greedy_coin_change.py)
* [Hardy Ramanujanalgo](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/hardy_ramanujanalgo.py)
* [Integration By Simpson Approx](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/integration_by_simpson_approx.py)
* [Is Ip V4 Address Valid](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/is_ip_v4_address_valid.py)
* [Is Square Free](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/is_square_free.py)
* [Jaccard Similarity](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/jaccard_similarity.py)
* [Kadanes](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/kadanes.py)
* [Karatsuba](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/karatsuba.py)
* [Krishnamurthy Number](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/krishnamurthy_number.py)
* [Kth Lexicographic Permutation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/kth_lexicographic_permutation.py)
* [Largest Of Very Large Numbers](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/largest_of_very_large_numbers.py)
* [Largest Subarray Sum](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/largest_subarray_sum.py)
* [Least Common Multiple](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/least_common_multiple.py)
* [Line Length](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/line_length.py)
* [Lucas Lehmer Primality Test](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/lucas_lehmer_primality_test.py)
* [Lucas Series](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/lucas_series.py)
* [Matrix Exponentiation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/matrix_exponentiation.py)
* [Max Sum Sliding Window](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/max_sum_sliding_window.py)
* [Median Of Two Arrays](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/median_of_two_arrays.py)
* [Miller Rabin](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/miller_rabin.py)
* [Mobius Function](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/mobius_function.py)
* [Modular Exponential](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/modular_exponential.py)
* [Monte Carlo](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/monte_carlo.py)
* [Monte Carlo Dice](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/monte_carlo_dice.py)
* [Newton Raphson](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/newton_raphson.py)
* [Number Of Digits](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/number_of_digits.py)
* [Numerical Integration](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/numerical_integration.py)
* [Perfect Cube](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/perfect_cube.py)
* [Perfect Number](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/perfect_number.py)
* [Perfect Square](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/perfect_square.py)
* [Pi Monte Carlo Estimation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/pi_monte_carlo_estimation.py)
* [Polynomial Evaluation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/polynomial_evaluation.py)
* [Power Using Recursion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/power_using_recursion.py)
* [Prime Check](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/prime_check.py)
* [Prime Factors](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/prime_factors.py)
* [Prime Numbers](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/prime_numbers.py)
* [Prime Sieve Eratosthenes](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/prime_sieve_eratosthenes.py)
* [Primelib](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/primelib.py)
* [Proth Number](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/proth_number.py)
* [Pythagoras](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/pythagoras.py)
* [Qr Decomposition](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/qr_decomposition.py)
* [Quadratic Equations Complex Numbers](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/quadratic_equations_complex_numbers.py)
* [Radians](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/radians.py)
* [Radix2 Fft](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/radix2_fft.py)
* [Relu](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/relu.py)
* [Runge Kutta](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/runge_kutta.py)
* [Segmented Sieve](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/segmented_sieve.py)
* Series
* [Arithmetic](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/series/arithmetic.py)
* [Geometric](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/series/geometric.py)
* [Geometric Series](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/series/geometric_series.py)
* [Harmonic](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/series/harmonic.py)
* [Harmonic Series](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/series/harmonic_series.py)
* [P Series](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/series/p_series.py)
* [Sieve Of Eratosthenes](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/sieve_of_eratosthenes.py)
* [Sigmoid](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/sigmoid.py)
* [Simpson Rule](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/simpson_rule.py)
* [Softmax](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/softmax.py)
* [Square Root](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/square_root.py)
* [Sum Of Arithmetic Series](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/sum_of_arithmetic_series.py)
* [Sum Of Digits](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/sum_of_digits.py)
* [Sum Of Geometric Progression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/sum_of_geometric_progression.py)
* [Sylvester Sequence](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/sylvester_sequence.py)
* [Test Prime Check](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/test_prime_check.py)
* [Trapezoidal Rule](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/trapezoidal_rule.py)
* [Triplet Sum](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/triplet_sum.py)
* [Two Pointer](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/two_pointer.py)
* [Two Sum](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/two_sum.py)
* [Ugly Numbers](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/ugly_numbers.py)
* [Volume](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/volume.py)
* [Zellers Congruence](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/zellers_congruence.py)
## Matrix
* [Count Islands In Matrix](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/count_islands_in_matrix.py)
* [Inverse Of Matrix](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/inverse_of_matrix.py)
* [Matrix Class](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/matrix_class.py)
* [Matrix Operation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/matrix_operation.py)
* [Nth Fibonacci Using Matrix Exponentiation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/nth_fibonacci_using_matrix_exponentiation.py)
* [Rotate Matrix](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/rotate_matrix.py)
* [Searching In Sorted Matrix](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/searching_in_sorted_matrix.py)
* [Sherman Morrison](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/sherman_morrison.py)
* [Spiral Print](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/spiral_print.py)
* Tests
* [Test Matrix Operation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/tests/test_matrix_operation.py)
## Networking Flow
* [Ford Fulkerson](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/networking_flow/ford_fulkerson.py)
* [Minimum Cut](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/networking_flow/minimum_cut.py)
## Neural Network
* [2 Hidden Layers Neural Network](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/neural_network/2_hidden_layers_neural_network.py)
* [Back Propagation Neural Network](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/neural_network/back_propagation_neural_network.py)
* [Convolution Neural Network](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/neural_network/convolution_neural_network.py)
* [Perceptron](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/neural_network/perceptron.py)
## Other
* [Activity Selection](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/activity_selection.py)
* [Date To Weekday](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/date_to_weekday.py)
* [Davisb Putnamb Logemannb Loveland](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/davisb_putnamb_logemannb_loveland.py)
* [Dijkstra Bankers Algorithm](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/dijkstra_bankers_algorithm.py)
* [Doomsday](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/doomsday.py)
* [Fischer Yates Shuffle](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/fischer_yates_shuffle.py)
* [Gauss Easter](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/gauss_easter.py)
* [Graham Scan](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/graham_scan.py)
* [Greedy](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/greedy.py)
* [Least Recently Used](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/least_recently_used.py)
* [Lfu Cache](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/lfu_cache.py)
* [Linear Congruential Generator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/linear_congruential_generator.py)
* [Lru Cache](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/lru_cache.py)
* [Magicdiamondpattern](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/magicdiamondpattern.py)
* [Nested Brackets](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/nested_brackets.py)
* [Password Generator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/password_generator.py)
* [Scoring Algorithm](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/scoring_algorithm.py)
* [Sdes](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/sdes.py)
* [Tower Of Hanoi](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/tower_of_hanoi.py)
## Physics
* [N Body Simulation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/physics/n_body_simulation.py)
## Project Euler
* Problem 001
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_001/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_001/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_001/sol3.py)
* [Sol4](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_001/sol4.py)
* [Sol5](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_001/sol5.py)
* [Sol6](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_001/sol6.py)
* [Sol7](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_001/sol7.py)
* Problem 002
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_002/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_002/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_002/sol3.py)
* [Sol4](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_002/sol4.py)
* [Sol5](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_002/sol5.py)
* Problem 003
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_003/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_003/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_003/sol3.py)
* Problem 004
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_004/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_004/sol2.py)
* Problem 005
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_005/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_005/sol2.py)
* Problem 006
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_006/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_006/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_006/sol3.py)
* [Sol4](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_006/sol4.py)
* Problem 007
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_007/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_007/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_007/sol3.py)
* Problem 008
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_008/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_008/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_008/sol3.py)
* Problem 009
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_009/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_009/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_009/sol3.py)
* Problem 010
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_010/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_010/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_010/sol3.py)
* Problem 011
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_011/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_011/sol2.py)
* Problem 012
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_012/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_012/sol2.py)
* Problem 013
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_013/sol1.py)
* Problem 014
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_014/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_014/sol2.py)
* Problem 015
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_015/sol1.py)
* Problem 016
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_016/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_016/sol2.py)
* Problem 017
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_017/sol1.py)
* Problem 018
* [Solution](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_018/solution.py)
* Problem 019
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_019/sol1.py)
* Problem 020
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_020/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_020/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_020/sol3.py)
* [Sol4](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_020/sol4.py)
* Problem 021
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_021/sol1.py)
* Problem 022
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_022/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_022/sol2.py)
* Problem 023
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_023/sol1.py)
* Problem 024
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_024/sol1.py)
* Problem 025
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_025/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_025/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_025/sol3.py)
* Problem 026
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_026/sol1.py)
* Problem 027
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_027/sol1.py)
* Problem 028
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_028/sol1.py)
* Problem 029
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_029/sol1.py)
* Problem 030
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_030/sol1.py)
* Problem 031
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_031/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_031/sol2.py)
* Problem 032
* [Sol32](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_032/sol32.py)
* Problem 033
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_033/sol1.py)
* Problem 034
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_034/sol1.py)
* Problem 035
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_035/sol1.py)
* Problem 036
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_036/sol1.py)
* Problem 037
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_037/sol1.py)
* Problem 038
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_038/sol1.py)
* Problem 039
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_039/sol1.py)
* Problem 040
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_040/sol1.py)
* Problem 041
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_041/sol1.py)
* Problem 042
* [Solution42](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_042/solution42.py)
* Problem 043
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_043/sol1.py)
* Problem 044
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_044/sol1.py)
* Problem 045
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_045/sol1.py)
* Problem 046
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_046/sol1.py)
* Problem 047
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_047/sol1.py)
* Problem 048
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_048/sol1.py)
* Problem 049
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_049/sol1.py)
* Problem 050
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_050/sol1.py)
* Problem 051
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_051/sol1.py)
* Problem 052
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_052/sol1.py)
* Problem 053
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_053/sol1.py)
* Problem 054
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_054/sol1.py)
* [Test Poker Hand](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_054/test_poker_hand.py)
* Problem 055
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_055/sol1.py)
* Problem 056
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_056/sol1.py)
* Problem 057
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_057/sol1.py)
* Problem 058
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_058/sol1.py)
* Problem 059
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_059/sol1.py)
* Problem 062
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_062/sol1.py)
* Problem 063
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_063/sol1.py)
* Problem 064
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_064/sol1.py)
* Problem 065
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_065/sol1.py)
* Problem 067
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_067/sol1.py)
* Problem 069
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_069/sol1.py)
* Problem 070
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_070/sol1.py)
* Problem 071
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_071/sol1.py)
* Problem 072
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_072/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_072/sol2.py)
* Problem 074
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_074/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_074/sol2.py)
* Problem 075
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_075/sol1.py)
* Problem 076
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_076/sol1.py)
* Problem 077
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_077/sol1.py)
* Problem 080
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_080/sol1.py)
* Problem 081
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_081/sol1.py)
* Problem 085
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_085/sol1.py)
* Problem 086
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_086/sol1.py)
* Problem 087
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_087/sol1.py)
* Problem 089
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_089/sol1.py)
* Problem 091
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_091/sol1.py)
* Problem 092
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_092/sol1.py)
* Problem 097
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_097/sol1.py)
* Problem 099
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_099/sol1.py)
* Problem 101
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_101/sol1.py)
* Problem 102
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_102/sol1.py)
* Problem 107
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_107/sol1.py)
* Problem 109
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_109/sol1.py)
* Problem 112
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_112/sol1.py)
* Problem 113
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_113/sol1.py)
* Problem 119
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_119/sol1.py)
* Problem 120
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_120/sol1.py)
* Problem 121
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_121/sol1.py)
* Problem 123
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_123/sol1.py)
* Problem 125
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_125/sol1.py)
* Problem 129
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_129/sol1.py)
* Problem 135
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_135/sol1.py)
* Problem 144
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_144/sol1.py)
* Problem 173
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_173/sol1.py)
* Problem 174
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_174/sol1.py)
* Problem 180
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_180/sol1.py)
* Problem 188
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_188/sol1.py)
* Problem 191
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_191/sol1.py)
* Problem 203
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_203/sol1.py)
* Problem 206
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_206/sol1.py)
* Problem 207
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_207/sol1.py)
* Problem 234
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_234/sol1.py)
* Problem 301
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_301/sol1.py)
* Problem 551
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_551/sol1.py)
## Quantum
* [Deutsch Jozsa](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/quantum/deutsch_jozsa.py)
* [Half Adder](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/quantum/half_adder.py)
* [Not Gate](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/quantum/not_gate.py)
* [Quantum Entanglement](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/quantum/quantum_entanglement.py)
* [Ripple Adder Classic](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/quantum/ripple_adder_classic.py)
* [Single Qubit Measure](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/quantum/single_qubit_measure.py)
## Scheduling
* [First Come First Served](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/scheduling/first_come_first_served.py)
* [Round Robin](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/scheduling/round_robin.py)
* [Shortest Job First](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/scheduling/shortest_job_first.py)
## Searches
* [Binary Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/binary_search.py)
* [Binary Tree Traversal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/binary_tree_traversal.py)
* [Double Linear Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/double_linear_search.py)
* [Double Linear Search Recursion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/double_linear_search_recursion.py)
* [Fibonacci Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/fibonacci_search.py)
* [Hill Climbing](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/hill_climbing.py)
* [Interpolation Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/interpolation_search.py)
* [Jump Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/jump_search.py)
* [Linear Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/linear_search.py)
* [Quick Select](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/quick_select.py)
* [Sentinel Linear Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/sentinel_linear_search.py)
* [Simple Binary Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/simple_binary_search.py)
* [Simulated Annealing](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/simulated_annealing.py)
* [Tabu Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/tabu_search.py)
* [Ternary Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/ternary_search.py)
## Sorts
* [Bead Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/bead_sort.py)
* [Bitonic Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/bitonic_sort.py)
* [Bogo Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/bogo_sort.py)
* [Bubble Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/bubble_sort.py)
* [Bucket Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/bucket_sort.py)
* [Cocktail Shaker Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/cocktail_shaker_sort.py)
* [Comb Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/comb_sort.py)
* [Counting Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/counting_sort.py)
* [Cycle Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/cycle_sort.py)
* [Double Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/double_sort.py)
* [Dutch National Flag Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/dutch_national_flag_sort.py)
* [Exchange Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/exchange_sort.py)
* [External Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/external_sort.py)
* [Gnome Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/gnome_sort.py)
* [Heap Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/heap_sort.py)
* [Insertion Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/insertion_sort.py)
* [Intro Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/intro_sort.py)
* [Iterative Merge Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/iterative_merge_sort.py)
* [Merge Insertion Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/merge_insertion_sort.py)
* [Merge Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/merge_sort.py)
* [Msd Radix Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/msd_radix_sort.py)
* [Natural Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/natural_sort.py)
* [Odd Even Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/odd_even_sort.py)
* [Odd Even Transposition Parallel](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/odd_even_transposition_parallel.py)
* [Odd Even Transposition Single Threaded](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/odd_even_transposition_single_threaded.py)
* [Pancake Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/pancake_sort.py)
* [Patience Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/patience_sort.py)
* [Pigeon Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/pigeon_sort.py)
* [Pigeonhole Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/pigeonhole_sort.py)
* [Quick Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/quick_sort.py)
* [Quick Sort 3 Partition](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/quick_sort_3_partition.py)
* [Radix Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/radix_sort.py)
* [Random Normal Distribution Quicksort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/random_normal_distribution_quicksort.py)
* [Random Pivot Quick Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/random_pivot_quick_sort.py)
* [Recursive Bubble Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/recursive_bubble_sort.py)
* [Recursive Insertion Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/recursive_insertion_sort.py)
* [Recursive Mergesort Array](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/recursive_mergesort_array.py)
* [Recursive Quick Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/recursive_quick_sort.py)
* [Selection Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/selection_sort.py)
* [Shell Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/shell_sort.py)
* [Slowsort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/slowsort.py)
* [Stooge Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/stooge_sort.py)
* [Strand Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/strand_sort.py)
* [Tim Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/tim_sort.py)
* [Topological Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/topological_sort.py)
* [Tree Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/tree_sort.py)
* [Unknown Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/unknown_sort.py)
* [Wiggle Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/wiggle_sort.py)
## Strings
* [Aho Corasick](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/aho_corasick.py)
* [Alternative String Arrange](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/alternative_string_arrange.py)
* [Anagrams](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/anagrams.py)
* [Autocomplete Using Trie](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/autocomplete_using_trie.py)
* [Boyer Moore Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/boyer_moore_search.py)
* [Can String Be Rearranged As Palindrome](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/can_string_be_rearranged_as_palindrome.py)
* [Capitalize](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/capitalize.py)
* [Check Anagrams](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/check_anagrams.py)
* [Check Pangram](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/check_pangram.py)
* [Detecting English Programmatically](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/detecting_english_programmatically.py)
* [Frequency Finder](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/frequency_finder.py)
* [Indian Phone Validator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/indian_phone_validator.py)
* [Is Palindrome](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/is_palindrome.py)
* [Jaro Winkler](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/jaro_winkler.py)
* [Join](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/join.py)
* [Knuth Morris Pratt](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/knuth_morris_pratt.py)
* [Levenshtein Distance](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/levenshtein_distance.py)
* [Lower](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/lower.py)
* [Manacher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/manacher.py)
* [Min Cost String Conversion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/min_cost_string_conversion.py)
* [Naive String Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/naive_string_search.py)
* [Palindrome](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/palindrome.py)
* [Prefix Function](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/prefix_function.py)
* [Rabin Karp](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/rabin_karp.py)
* [Remove Duplicate](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/remove_duplicate.py)
* [Reverse Letters](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/reverse_letters.py)
* [Reverse Words](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/reverse_words.py)
* [Split](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/split.py)
* [Upper](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/upper.py)
* [Word Occurrence](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/word_occurrence.py)
* [Word Patterns](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/word_patterns.py)
* [Z Function](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/z_function.py)
## Web Programming
* [Co2 Emission](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/co2_emission.py)
* [Covid Stats Via Xpath](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/covid_stats_via_xpath.py)
* [Crawl Google Results](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/crawl_google_results.py)
* [Crawl Google Scholar Citation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/crawl_google_scholar_citation.py)
* [Currency Converter](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/currency_converter.py)
* [Current Stock Price](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/current_stock_price.py)
* [Current Weather](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/current_weather.py)
* [Daily Horoscope](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/daily_horoscope.py)
* [Download Images From Google Query](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/download_images_from_google_query.py)
* [Emails From Url](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/emails_from_url.py)
* [Fetch Bbc News](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/fetch_bbc_news.py)
* [Fetch Github Info](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/fetch_github_info.py)
* [Fetch Jobs](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/fetch_jobs.py)
* [Get Imdb Top 250 Movies Csv](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/get_imdb_top_250_movies_csv.py)
* [Get Imdbtop](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/get_imdbtop.py)
* [Giphy](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/giphy.py)
* [Instagram Crawler](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/instagram_crawler.py)
* [Instagram Pic](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/instagram_pic.py)
* [Instagram Video](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/instagram_video.py)
* [Random Anime Character](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/random_anime_character.py)
* [Recaptcha Verification](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/recaptcha_verification.py)
* [Slack Message](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/slack_message.py)
* [Test Fetch Github Info](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/test_fetch_github_info.py)
* [World Covid19 Stats](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/world_covid19_stats.py)
|
## Arithmetic Analysis
* [Bisection](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/bisection.py)
* [Gaussian Elimination](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/gaussian_elimination.py)
* [In Static Equilibrium](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/in_static_equilibrium.py)
* [Intersection](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/intersection.py)
* [Lu Decomposition](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/lu_decomposition.py)
* [Newton Forward Interpolation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/newton_forward_interpolation.py)
* [Newton Method](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/newton_method.py)
* [Newton Raphson](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/newton_raphson.py)
* [Secant Method](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/secant_method.py)
## Backtracking
* [All Combinations](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/all_combinations.py)
* [All Permutations](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/all_permutations.py)
* [All Subsequences](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/all_subsequences.py)
* [Coloring](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/coloring.py)
* [Hamiltonian Cycle](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/hamiltonian_cycle.py)
* [Knight Tour](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/knight_tour.py)
* [Minimax](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/minimax.py)
* [N Queens](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/n_queens.py)
* [N Queens Math](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/n_queens_math.py)
* [Rat In Maze](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/rat_in_maze.py)
* [Sudoku](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/sudoku.py)
* [Sum Of Subsets](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/sum_of_subsets.py)
## Bit Manipulation
* [Binary And Operator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/binary_and_operator.py)
* [Binary Count Setbits](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/binary_count_setbits.py)
* [Binary Count Trailing Zeros](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/binary_count_trailing_zeros.py)
* [Binary Or Operator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/binary_or_operator.py)
* [Binary Shifts](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/binary_shifts.py)
* [Binary Twos Complement](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/binary_twos_complement.py)
* [Binary Xor Operator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/binary_xor_operator.py)
* [Count 1S Brian Kernighan Method](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/count_1s_brian_kernighan_method.py)
* [Count Number Of One Bits](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/count_number_of_one_bits.py)
* [Reverse Bits](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/reverse_bits.py)
* [Single Bit Manipulation Operations](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/single_bit_manipulation_operations.py)
## Blockchain
* [Chinese Remainder Theorem](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/blockchain/chinese_remainder_theorem.py)
* [Diophantine Equation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/blockchain/diophantine_equation.py)
* [Modular Division](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/blockchain/modular_division.py)
## Boolean Algebra
* [Quine Mc Cluskey](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/boolean_algebra/quine_mc_cluskey.py)
## Cellular Automata
* [Conways Game Of Life](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/cellular_automata/conways_game_of_life.py)
* [Game Of Life](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/cellular_automata/game_of_life.py)
* [One Dimensional](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/cellular_automata/one_dimensional.py)
## Ciphers
* [A1Z26](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/a1z26.py)
* [Affine Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/affine_cipher.py)
* [Atbash](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/atbash.py)
* [Baconian Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/baconian_cipher.py)
* [Base16](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/base16.py)
* [Base32](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/base32.py)
* [Base64 Encoding](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/base64_encoding.py)
* [Base85](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/base85.py)
* [Beaufort Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/beaufort_cipher.py)
* [Brute Force Caesar Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/brute_force_caesar_cipher.py)
* [Caesar Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/caesar_cipher.py)
* [Cryptomath Module](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/cryptomath_module.py)
* [Decrypt Caesar With Chi Squared](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/decrypt_caesar_with_chi_squared.py)
* [Deterministic Miller Rabin](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/deterministic_miller_rabin.py)
* [Diffie](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/diffie.py)
* [Diffie Hellman](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/diffie_hellman.py)
* [Elgamal Key Generator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/elgamal_key_generator.py)
* [Enigma Machine2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/enigma_machine2.py)
* [Hill Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/hill_cipher.py)
* [Mixed Keyword Cypher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/mixed_keyword_cypher.py)
* [Mono Alphabetic Ciphers](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/mono_alphabetic_ciphers.py)
* [Morse Code](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/morse_code.py)
* [Onepad Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/onepad_cipher.py)
* [Playfair Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/playfair_cipher.py)
* [Polybius](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/polybius.py)
* [Porta Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/porta_cipher.py)
* [Rabin Miller](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/rabin_miller.py)
* [Rail Fence Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/rail_fence_cipher.py)
* [Rot13](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/rot13.py)
* [Rsa Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/rsa_cipher.py)
* [Rsa Factorization](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/rsa_factorization.py)
* [Rsa Key Generator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/rsa_key_generator.py)
* [Shuffled Shift Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/shuffled_shift_cipher.py)
* [Simple Keyword Cypher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/simple_keyword_cypher.py)
* [Simple Substitution Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/simple_substitution_cipher.py)
* [Trafid Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/trafid_cipher.py)
* [Transposition Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/transposition_cipher.py)
* [Transposition Cipher Encrypt Decrypt File](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/transposition_cipher_encrypt_decrypt_file.py)
* [Vigenere Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/vigenere_cipher.py)
* [Xor Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/xor_cipher.py)
## Compression
* [Burrows Wheeler](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression/burrows_wheeler.py)
* [Huffman](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression/huffman.py)
* [Lempel Ziv](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression/lempel_ziv.py)
* [Lempel Ziv Decompress](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression/lempel_ziv_decompress.py)
* [Peak Signal To Noise Ratio](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression/peak_signal_to_noise_ratio.py)
## Computer Vision
* [Cnn Classification](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/computer_vision/cnn_classification.py)
* [Harris Corner](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/computer_vision/harris_corner.py)
* [Mean Threshold](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/computer_vision/mean_threshold.py)
## Conversions
* [Binary To Decimal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/binary_to_decimal.py)
* [Binary To Octal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/binary_to_octal.py)
* [Decimal To Any](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/decimal_to_any.py)
* [Decimal To Binary](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/decimal_to_binary.py)
* [Decimal To Binary Recursion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/decimal_to_binary_recursion.py)
* [Decimal To Hexadecimal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/decimal_to_hexadecimal.py)
* [Decimal To Octal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/decimal_to_octal.py)
* [Hex To Bin](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/hex_to_bin.py)
* [Hexadecimal To Decimal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/hexadecimal_to_decimal.py)
* [Length Conversion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/length_conversion.py)
* [Molecular Chemistry](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/molecular_chemistry.py)
* [Octal To Decimal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/octal_to_decimal.py)
* [Prefix Conversions](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/prefix_conversions.py)
* [Rgb Hsv Conversion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/rgb_hsv_conversion.py)
* [Roman Numerals](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/roman_numerals.py)
* [Temperature Conversions](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/temperature_conversions.py)
* [Weight Conversion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/weight_conversion.py)
## Data Structures
* Binary Tree
* [Avl Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/avl_tree.py)
* [Basic Binary Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/basic_binary_tree.py)
* [Binary Search Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py)
* [Binary Search Tree Recursive](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree_recursive.py)
* [Binary Tree Mirror](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/binary_tree_mirror.py)
* [Binary Tree Traversals](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/binary_tree_traversals.py)
* [Fenwick Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/fenwick_tree.py)
* [Lazy Segment Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/lazy_segment_tree.py)
* [Lowest Common Ancestor](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/lowest_common_ancestor.py)
* [Merge Two Binary Trees](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py)
* [Non Recursive Segment Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/non_recursive_segment_tree.py)
* [Number Of Possible Binary Trees](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/number_of_possible_binary_trees.py)
* [Red Black Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/red_black_tree.py)
* [Segment Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/segment_tree.py)
* [Segment Tree Other](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/segment_tree_other.py)
* [Treap](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/treap.py)
* [Wavelet Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/wavelet_tree.py)
* Disjoint Set
* [Alternate Disjoint Set](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/disjoint_set/alternate_disjoint_set.py)
* [Disjoint Set](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/disjoint_set/disjoint_set.py)
* Hashing
* [Double Hash](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/hashing/double_hash.py)
* [Hash Table](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/hashing/hash_table.py)
* [Hash Table With Linked List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/hashing/hash_table_with_linked_list.py)
* Number Theory
* [Prime Numbers](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/hashing/number_theory/prime_numbers.py)
* [Quadratic Probing](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/hashing/quadratic_probing.py)
* Heap
* [Binomial Heap](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/heap/binomial_heap.py)
* [Heap](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/heap/heap.py)
* [Heap Generic](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/heap/heap_generic.py)
* [Max Heap](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/heap/max_heap.py)
* [Min Heap](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/heap/min_heap.py)
* [Randomized Heap](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/heap/randomized_heap.py)
* [Skew Heap](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/heap/skew_heap.py)
* Linked List
* [Circular Linked List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/circular_linked_list.py)
* [Deque Doubly](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/deque_doubly.py)
* [Doubly Linked List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/doubly_linked_list.py)
* [Doubly Linked List Two](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/doubly_linked_list_two.py)
* [From Sequence](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/from_sequence.py)
* [Has Loop](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/has_loop.py)
* [Is Palindrome](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/is_palindrome.py)
* [Merge Two Lists](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/merge_two_lists.py)
* [Middle Element Of Linked List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/middle_element_of_linked_list.py)
* [Print Reverse](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/print_reverse.py)
* [Singly Linked List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/singly_linked_list.py)
* [Skip List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/skip_list.py)
* [Swap Nodes](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/swap_nodes.py)
* Queue
* [Circular Queue](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/queue/circular_queue.py)
* [Double Ended Queue](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/queue/double_ended_queue.py)
* [Linked Queue](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/queue/linked_queue.py)
* [Priority Queue Using List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/queue/priority_queue_using_list.py)
* [Queue On List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/queue/queue_on_list.py)
* [Queue On Pseudo Stack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/queue/queue_on_pseudo_stack.py)
* Stacks
* [Balanced Parentheses](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/balanced_parentheses.py)
* [Dijkstras Two Stack Algorithm](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py)
* [Evaluate Postfix Notations](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/evaluate_postfix_notations.py)
* [Infix To Postfix Conversion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py)
* [Infix To Prefix Conversion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/infix_to_prefix_conversion.py)
* [Linked Stack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/linked_stack.py)
* [Next Greater Element](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/next_greater_element.py)
* [Postfix Evaluation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/postfix_evaluation.py)
* [Prefix Evaluation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/prefix_evaluation.py)
* [Stack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/stack.py)
* [Stack Using Dll](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/stack_using_dll.py)
* [Stock Span Problem](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/stock_span_problem.py)
* Trie
* [Trie](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/trie/trie.py)
## Digital Image Processing
* [Change Brightness](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/change_brightness.py)
* [Change Contrast](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/change_contrast.py)
* [Convert To Negative](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/convert_to_negative.py)
* Dithering
* [Burkes](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/dithering/burkes.py)
* Edge Detection
* [Canny](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/edge_detection/canny.py)
* Filters
* [Bilateral Filter](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/filters/bilateral_filter.py)
* [Convolve](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/filters/convolve.py)
* [Gaussian Filter](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/filters/gaussian_filter.py)
* [Median Filter](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/filters/median_filter.py)
* [Sobel Filter](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/filters/sobel_filter.py)
* Histogram Equalization
* [Histogram Stretch](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/histogram_equalization/histogram_stretch.py)
* [Index Calculation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/index_calculation.py)
* Morphological Operations
* [Dilation Operation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/morphological_operations/dilation_operation.py)
* [Erosion Operation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/morphological_operations/erosion_operation.py)
* Resize
* [Resize](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/resize/resize.py)
* Rotation
* [Rotation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/rotation/rotation.py)
* [Sepia](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/sepia.py)
* [Test Digital Image Processing](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/test_digital_image_processing.py)
## Divide And Conquer
* [Closest Pair Of Points](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/closest_pair_of_points.py)
* [Convex Hull](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/convex_hull.py)
* [Heaps Algorithm](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/heaps_algorithm.py)
* [Heaps Algorithm Iterative](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/heaps_algorithm_iterative.py)
* [Inversions](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/inversions.py)
* [Kth Order Statistic](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/kth_order_statistic.py)
* [Max Difference Pair](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/max_difference_pair.py)
* [Max Subarray Sum](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/max_subarray_sum.py)
* [Mergesort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/mergesort.py)
* [Peak](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/peak.py)
* [Power](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/power.py)
* [Strassen Matrix Multiplication](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/strassen_matrix_multiplication.py)
## Dynamic Programming
* [Abbreviation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/abbreviation.py)
* [Bitmask](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/bitmask.py)
* [Catalan Numbers](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/catalan_numbers.py)
* [Climbing Stairs](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/climbing_stairs.py)
* [Edit Distance](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/edit_distance.py)
* [Factorial](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/factorial.py)
* [Fast Fibonacci](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/fast_fibonacci.py)
* [Fibonacci](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/fibonacci.py)
* [Floyd Warshall](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/floyd_warshall.py)
* [Fractional Knapsack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/fractional_knapsack.py)
* [Fractional Knapsack 2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/fractional_knapsack_2.py)
* [Integer Partition](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/integer_partition.py)
* [Iterating Through Submasks](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/iterating_through_submasks.py)
* [Knapsack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/knapsack.py)
* [Longest Common Subsequence](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/longest_common_subsequence.py)
* [Longest Increasing Subsequence](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/longest_increasing_subsequence.py)
* [Longest Increasing Subsequence O(Nlogn)](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/longest_increasing_subsequence_o(nlogn).py)
* [Longest Sub Array](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/longest_sub_array.py)
* [Matrix Chain Order](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/matrix_chain_order.py)
* [Max Non Adjacent Sum](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/max_non_adjacent_sum.py)
* [Max Sub Array](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/max_sub_array.py)
* [Max Sum Contiguous Subsequence](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/max_sum_contiguous_subsequence.py)
* [Minimum Coin Change](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/minimum_coin_change.py)
* [Minimum Cost Path](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/minimum_cost_path.py)
* [Minimum Partition](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/minimum_partition.py)
* [Minimum Steps To One](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/minimum_steps_to_one.py)
* [Optimal Binary Search Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/optimal_binary_search_tree.py)
* [Rod Cutting](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/rod_cutting.py)
* [Subset Generation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/subset_generation.py)
* [Sum Of Subset](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/sum_of_subset.py)
## Electronics
* [Carrier Concentration](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/electronics/carrier_concentration.py)
* [Electric Power](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/electronics/electric_power.py)
* [Ohms Law](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/electronics/ohms_law.py)
## File Transfer
* [Receive File](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/file_transfer/receive_file.py)
* [Send File](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/file_transfer/send_file.py)
* Tests
* [Test Send File](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/file_transfer/tests/test_send_file.py)
## Fractals
* [Julia Sets](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/fractals/julia_sets.py)
* [Koch Snowflake](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/fractals/koch_snowflake.py)
* [Mandelbrot](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/fractals/mandelbrot.py)
* [Sierpinski Triangle](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/fractals/sierpinski_triangle.py)
## Fuzzy Logic
* [Fuzzy Operations](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/fuzzy_logic/fuzzy_operations.py)
## Genetic Algorithm
* [Basic String](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/genetic_algorithm/basic_string.py)
## Geodesy
* [Haversine Distance](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/geodesy/haversine_distance.py)
* [Lamberts Ellipsoidal Distance](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/geodesy/lamberts_ellipsoidal_distance.py)
## Graphics
* [Bezier Curve](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphics/bezier_curve.py)
* [Vector3 For 2D Rendering](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphics/vector3_for_2d_rendering.py)
## Graphs
* [A Star](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/a_star.py)
* [Articulation Points](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/articulation_points.py)
* [Basic Graphs](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/basic_graphs.py)
* [Bellman Ford](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/bellman_ford.py)
* [Bfs Shortest Path](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/bfs_shortest_path.py)
* [Bfs Zero One Shortest Path](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/bfs_zero_one_shortest_path.py)
* [Bidirectional A Star](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/bidirectional_a_star.py)
* [Bidirectional Breadth First Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/bidirectional_breadth_first_search.py)
* [Boruvka](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/boruvka.py)
* [Breadth First Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/breadth_first_search.py)
* [Breadth First Search 2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/breadth_first_search_2.py)
* [Breadth First Search Shortest Path](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/breadth_first_search_shortest_path.py)
* [Check Bipartite Graph Bfs](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/check_bipartite_graph_bfs.py)
* [Check Bipartite Graph Dfs](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/check_bipartite_graph_dfs.py)
* [Connected Components](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/connected_components.py)
* [Depth First Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/depth_first_search.py)
* [Depth First Search 2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/depth_first_search_2.py)
* [Dijkstra](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/dijkstra.py)
* [Dijkstra 2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/dijkstra_2.py)
* [Dijkstra Algorithm](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/dijkstra_algorithm.py)
* [Dinic](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/dinic.py)
* [Directed And Undirected (Weighted) Graph](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/directed_and_undirected_(weighted)_graph.py)
* [Edmonds Karp Multiple Source And Sink](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/edmonds_karp_multiple_source_and_sink.py)
* [Eulerian Path And Circuit For Undirected Graph](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/eulerian_path_and_circuit_for_undirected_graph.py)
* [Even Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/even_tree.py)
* [Finding Bridges](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/finding_bridges.py)
* [Frequent Pattern Graph Miner](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py)
* [G Topological Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/g_topological_sort.py)
* [Gale Shapley Bigraph](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/gale_shapley_bigraph.py)
* [Graph List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/graph_list.py)
* [Graph Matrix](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/graph_matrix.py)
* [Graphs Floyd Warshall](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/graphs_floyd_warshall.py)
* [Greedy Best First](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/greedy_best_first.py)
* [Greedy Min Vertex Cover](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/greedy_min_vertex_cover.py)
* [Kahns Algorithm Long](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/kahns_algorithm_long.py)
* [Kahns Algorithm Topo](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/kahns_algorithm_topo.py)
* [Karger](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/karger.py)
* [Markov Chain](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/markov_chain.py)
* [Matching Min Vertex Cover](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/matching_min_vertex_cover.py)
* [Minimum Spanning Tree Boruvka](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/minimum_spanning_tree_boruvka.py)
* [Minimum Spanning Tree Kruskal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/minimum_spanning_tree_kruskal.py)
* [Minimum Spanning Tree Kruskal2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/minimum_spanning_tree_kruskal2.py)
* [Minimum Spanning Tree Prims](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/minimum_spanning_tree_prims.py)
* [Minimum Spanning Tree Prims2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/minimum_spanning_tree_prims2.py)
* [Multi Heuristic Astar](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/multi_heuristic_astar.py)
* [Page Rank](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/page_rank.py)
* [Prim](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/prim.py)
* [Scc Kosaraju](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/scc_kosaraju.py)
* [Strongly Connected Components](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/strongly_connected_components.py)
* [Tarjans Scc](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/tarjans_scc.py)
* Tests
* [Test Min Spanning Tree Kruskal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/tests/test_min_spanning_tree_kruskal.py)
* [Test Min Spanning Tree Prim](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/tests/test_min_spanning_tree_prim.py)
## Greedy Methods
* [Optimal Merge Pattern](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/greedy_methods/optimal_merge_pattern.py)
## Hashes
* [Adler32](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/adler32.py)
* [Chaos Machine](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/chaos_machine.py)
* [Djb2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/djb2.py)
* [Enigma Machine](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/enigma_machine.py)
* [Hamming Code](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/hamming_code.py)
* [Luhn](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/luhn.py)
* [Md5](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/md5.py)
* [Sdbm](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/sdbm.py)
* [Sha1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/sha1.py)
## Knapsack
* [Greedy Knapsack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/knapsack/greedy_knapsack.py)
* [Knapsack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/knapsack/knapsack.py)
* Tests
* [Test Greedy Knapsack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/knapsack/tests/test_greedy_knapsack.py)
* [Test Knapsack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/knapsack/tests/test_knapsack.py)
## Linear Algebra
* Src
* [Conjugate Gradient](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/conjugate_gradient.py)
* [Lib](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/lib.py)
* [Polynom For Points](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/polynom_for_points.py)
* [Power Iteration](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/power_iteration.py)
* [Rayleigh Quotient](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/rayleigh_quotient.py)
* [Schur Complement](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/schur_complement.py)
* [Test Linear Algebra](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/test_linear_algebra.py)
* [Transformations 2D](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/transformations_2d.py)
## Machine Learning
* [Astar](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/astar.py)
* [Data Transformations](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/data_transformations.py)
* [Decision Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/decision_tree.py)
* Forecasting
* [Run](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/forecasting/run.py)
* [Gaussian Naive Bayes](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/gaussian_naive_bayes.py)
* [Gradient Boosting Regressor](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/gradient_boosting_regressor.py)
* [Gradient Descent](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/gradient_descent.py)
* [K Means Clust](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/k_means_clust.py)
* [K Nearest Neighbours](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/k_nearest_neighbours.py)
* [Knn Sklearn](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/knn_sklearn.py)
* [Linear Discriminant Analysis](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/linear_discriminant_analysis.py)
* [Linear Regression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/linear_regression.py)
* [Logistic Regression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/logistic_regression.py)
* Lstm
* [Lstm Prediction](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/lstm/lstm_prediction.py)
* [Multilayer Perceptron Classifier](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/multilayer_perceptron_classifier.py)
* [Polymonial Regression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/polymonial_regression.py)
* [Random Forest Classifier](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/random_forest_classifier.py)
* [Random Forest Regressor](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/random_forest_regressor.py)
* [Scoring Functions](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/scoring_functions.py)
* [Sequential Minimum Optimization](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/sequential_minimum_optimization.py)
* [Similarity Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/similarity_search.py)
* [Support Vector Machines](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/support_vector_machines.py)
* [Word Frequency Functions](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/word_frequency_functions.py)
## Maths
* [3N Plus 1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/3n_plus_1.py)
* [Abs](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/abs.py)
* [Abs Max](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/abs_max.py)
* [Abs Min](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/abs_min.py)
* [Add](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/add.py)
* [Aliquot Sum](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/aliquot_sum.py)
* [Allocation Number](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/allocation_number.py)
* [Area](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/area.py)
* [Area Under Curve](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/area_under_curve.py)
* [Armstrong Numbers](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/armstrong_numbers.py)
* [Average Mean](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/average_mean.py)
* [Average Median](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/average_median.py)
* [Average Mode](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/average_mode.py)
* [Bailey Borwein Plouffe](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/bailey_borwein_plouffe.py)
* [Basic Maths](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/basic_maths.py)
* [Binary Exp Mod](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/binary_exp_mod.py)
* [Binary Exponentiation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/binary_exponentiation.py)
* [Binary Exponentiation 2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/binary_exponentiation_2.py)
* [Binary Exponentiation 3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/binary_exponentiation_3.py)
* [Binomial Coefficient](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/binomial_coefficient.py)
* [Binomial Distribution](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/binomial_distribution.py)
* [Bisection](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/bisection.py)
* [Ceil](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/ceil.py)
* [Check Polygon](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/check_polygon.py)
* [Chudnovsky Algorithm](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/chudnovsky_algorithm.py)
* [Collatz Sequence](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/collatz_sequence.py)
* [Combinations](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/combinations.py)
* [Decimal Isolate](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/decimal_isolate.py)
* [Double Factorial Iterative](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/double_factorial_iterative.py)
* [Double Factorial Recursive](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/double_factorial_recursive.py)
* [Entropy](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/entropy.py)
* [Euclidean Distance](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/euclidean_distance.py)
* [Euclidean Gcd](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/euclidean_gcd.py)
* [Euler Method](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/euler_method.py)
* [Euler Modified](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/euler_modified.py)
* [Eulers Totient](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/eulers_totient.py)
* [Extended Euclidean Algorithm](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/extended_euclidean_algorithm.py)
* [Factorial Iterative](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/factorial_iterative.py)
* [Factorial Recursive](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/factorial_recursive.py)
* [Factors](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/factors.py)
* [Fermat Little Theorem](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/fermat_little_theorem.py)
* [Fibonacci](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/fibonacci.py)
* [Fibonacci Sequence Recursion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/fibonacci_sequence_recursion.py)
* [Find Max](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/find_max.py)
* [Find Max Recursion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/find_max_recursion.py)
* [Find Min](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/find_min.py)
* [Find Min Recursion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/find_min_recursion.py)
* [Floor](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/floor.py)
* [Gamma](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/gamma.py)
* [Gamma Recursive](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/gamma_recursive.py)
* [Gaussian](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/gaussian.py)
* [Greatest Common Divisor](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/greatest_common_divisor.py)
* [Greedy Coin Change](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/greedy_coin_change.py)
* [Hardy Ramanujanalgo](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/hardy_ramanujanalgo.py)
* [Integration By Simpson Approx](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/integration_by_simpson_approx.py)
* [Is Ip V4 Address Valid](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/is_ip_v4_address_valid.py)
* [Is Square Free](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/is_square_free.py)
* [Jaccard Similarity](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/jaccard_similarity.py)
* [Kadanes](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/kadanes.py)
* [Karatsuba](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/karatsuba.py)
* [Krishnamurthy Number](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/krishnamurthy_number.py)
* [Kth Lexicographic Permutation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/kth_lexicographic_permutation.py)
* [Largest Of Very Large Numbers](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/largest_of_very_large_numbers.py)
* [Largest Subarray Sum](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/largest_subarray_sum.py)
* [Least Common Multiple](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/least_common_multiple.py)
* [Line Length](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/line_length.py)
* [Lucas Lehmer Primality Test](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/lucas_lehmer_primality_test.py)
* [Lucas Series](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/lucas_series.py)
* [Matrix Exponentiation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/matrix_exponentiation.py)
* [Max Sum Sliding Window](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/max_sum_sliding_window.py)
* [Median Of Two Arrays](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/median_of_two_arrays.py)
* [Miller Rabin](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/miller_rabin.py)
* [Mobius Function](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/mobius_function.py)
* [Modular Exponential](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/modular_exponential.py)
* [Monte Carlo](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/monte_carlo.py)
* [Monte Carlo Dice](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/monte_carlo_dice.py)
* [Newton Raphson](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/newton_raphson.py)
* [Number Of Digits](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/number_of_digits.py)
* [Numerical Integration](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/numerical_integration.py)
* [Perfect Cube](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/perfect_cube.py)
* [Perfect Number](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/perfect_number.py)
* [Perfect Square](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/perfect_square.py)
* [Pi Monte Carlo Estimation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/pi_monte_carlo_estimation.py)
* [Polynomial Evaluation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/polynomial_evaluation.py)
* [Power Using Recursion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/power_using_recursion.py)
* [Prime Check](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/prime_check.py)
* [Prime Factors](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/prime_factors.py)
* [Prime Numbers](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/prime_numbers.py)
* [Prime Sieve Eratosthenes](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/prime_sieve_eratosthenes.py)
* [Primelib](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/primelib.py)
* [Proth Number](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/proth_number.py)
* [Pythagoras](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/pythagoras.py)
* [Qr Decomposition](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/qr_decomposition.py)
* [Quadratic Equations Complex Numbers](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/quadratic_equations_complex_numbers.py)
* [Radians](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/radians.py)
* [Radix2 Fft](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/radix2_fft.py)
* [Relu](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/relu.py)
* [Runge Kutta](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/runge_kutta.py)
* [Segmented Sieve](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/segmented_sieve.py)
* Series
* [Arithmetic](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/series/arithmetic.py)
* [Geometric](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/series/geometric.py)
* [Geometric Series](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/series/geometric_series.py)
* [Harmonic](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/series/harmonic.py)
* [Harmonic Series](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/series/harmonic_series.py)
* [P Series](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/series/p_series.py)
* [Sieve Of Eratosthenes](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/sieve_of_eratosthenes.py)
* [Sigmoid](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/sigmoid.py)
* [Simpson Rule](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/simpson_rule.py)
* [Softmax](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/softmax.py)
* [Square Root](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/square_root.py)
* [Sum Of Arithmetic Series](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/sum_of_arithmetic_series.py)
* [Sum Of Digits](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/sum_of_digits.py)
* [Sum Of Geometric Progression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/sum_of_geometric_progression.py)
* [Sylvester Sequence](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/sylvester_sequence.py)
* [Test Prime Check](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/test_prime_check.py)
* [Trapezoidal Rule](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/trapezoidal_rule.py)
* [Triplet Sum](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/triplet_sum.py)
* [Two Pointer](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/two_pointer.py)
* [Two Sum](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/two_sum.py)
* [Ugly Numbers](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/ugly_numbers.py)
* [Volume](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/volume.py)
* [Zellers Congruence](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/zellers_congruence.py)
## Matrix
* [Count Islands In Matrix](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/count_islands_in_matrix.py)
* [Inverse Of Matrix](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/inverse_of_matrix.py)
* [Matrix Class](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/matrix_class.py)
* [Matrix Operation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/matrix_operation.py)
* [Nth Fibonacci Using Matrix Exponentiation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/nth_fibonacci_using_matrix_exponentiation.py)
* [Rotate Matrix](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/rotate_matrix.py)
* [Searching In Sorted Matrix](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/searching_in_sorted_matrix.py)
* [Sherman Morrison](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/sherman_morrison.py)
* [Spiral Print](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/spiral_print.py)
* Tests
* [Test Matrix Operation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/tests/test_matrix_operation.py)
## Networking Flow
* [Ford Fulkerson](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/networking_flow/ford_fulkerson.py)
* [Minimum Cut](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/networking_flow/minimum_cut.py)
## Neural Network
* [2 Hidden Layers Neural Network](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/neural_network/2_hidden_layers_neural_network.py)
* [Back Propagation Neural Network](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/neural_network/back_propagation_neural_network.py)
* [Convolution Neural Network](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/neural_network/convolution_neural_network.py)
* [Perceptron](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/neural_network/perceptron.py)
## Other
* [Activity Selection](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/activity_selection.py)
* [Check Strong Password](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/check_strong_password.py)
* [Date To Weekday](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/date_to_weekday.py)
* [Davisb Putnamb Logemannb Loveland](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/davisb_putnamb_logemannb_loveland.py)
* [Dijkstra Bankers Algorithm](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/dijkstra_bankers_algorithm.py)
* [Doomsday](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/doomsday.py)
* [Fischer Yates Shuffle](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/fischer_yates_shuffle.py)
* [Gauss Easter](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/gauss_easter.py)
* [Graham Scan](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/graham_scan.py)
* [Greedy](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/greedy.py)
* [Least Recently Used](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/least_recently_used.py)
* [Lfu Cache](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/lfu_cache.py)
* [Linear Congruential Generator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/linear_congruential_generator.py)
* [Lru Cache](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/lru_cache.py)
* [Magicdiamondpattern](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/magicdiamondpattern.py)
* [Nested Brackets](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/nested_brackets.py)
* [Password Generator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/password_generator.py)
* [Scoring Algorithm](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/scoring_algorithm.py)
* [Sdes](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/sdes.py)
* [Tower Of Hanoi](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/tower_of_hanoi.py)
## Physics
* [N Body Simulation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/physics/n_body_simulation.py)
## Project Euler
* Problem 001
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_001/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_001/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_001/sol3.py)
* [Sol4](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_001/sol4.py)
* [Sol5](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_001/sol5.py)
* [Sol6](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_001/sol6.py)
* [Sol7](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_001/sol7.py)
* Problem 002
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_002/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_002/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_002/sol3.py)
* [Sol4](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_002/sol4.py)
* [Sol5](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_002/sol5.py)
* Problem 003
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_003/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_003/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_003/sol3.py)
* Problem 004
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_004/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_004/sol2.py)
* Problem 005
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_005/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_005/sol2.py)
* Problem 006
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_006/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_006/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_006/sol3.py)
* [Sol4](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_006/sol4.py)
* Problem 007
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_007/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_007/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_007/sol3.py)
* Problem 008
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_008/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_008/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_008/sol3.py)
* Problem 009
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_009/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_009/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_009/sol3.py)
* Problem 010
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_010/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_010/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_010/sol3.py)
* Problem 011
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_011/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_011/sol2.py)
* Problem 012
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_012/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_012/sol2.py)
* Problem 013
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_013/sol1.py)
* Problem 014
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_014/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_014/sol2.py)
* Problem 015
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_015/sol1.py)
* Problem 016
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_016/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_016/sol2.py)
* Problem 017
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_017/sol1.py)
* Problem 018
* [Solution](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_018/solution.py)
* Problem 019
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_019/sol1.py)
* Problem 020
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_020/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_020/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_020/sol3.py)
* [Sol4](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_020/sol4.py)
* Problem 021
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_021/sol1.py)
* Problem 022
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_022/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_022/sol2.py)
* Problem 023
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_023/sol1.py)
* Problem 024
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_024/sol1.py)
* Problem 025
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_025/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_025/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_025/sol3.py)
* Problem 026
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_026/sol1.py)
* Problem 027
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_027/sol1.py)
* Problem 028
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_028/sol1.py)
* Problem 029
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_029/sol1.py)
* Problem 030
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_030/sol1.py)
* Problem 031
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_031/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_031/sol2.py)
* Problem 032
* [Sol32](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_032/sol32.py)
* Problem 033
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_033/sol1.py)
* Problem 034
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_034/sol1.py)
* Problem 035
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_035/sol1.py)
* Problem 036
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_036/sol1.py)
* Problem 037
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_037/sol1.py)
* Problem 038
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_038/sol1.py)
* Problem 039
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_039/sol1.py)
* Problem 040
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_040/sol1.py)
* Problem 041
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_041/sol1.py)
* Problem 042
* [Solution42](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_042/solution42.py)
* Problem 043
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_043/sol1.py)
* Problem 044
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_044/sol1.py)
* Problem 045
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_045/sol1.py)
* Problem 046
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_046/sol1.py)
* Problem 047
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_047/sol1.py)
* Problem 048
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_048/sol1.py)
* Problem 049
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_049/sol1.py)
* Problem 050
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_050/sol1.py)
* Problem 051
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_051/sol1.py)
* Problem 052
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_052/sol1.py)
* Problem 053
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_053/sol1.py)
* Problem 054
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_054/sol1.py)
* [Test Poker Hand](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_054/test_poker_hand.py)
* Problem 055
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_055/sol1.py)
* Problem 056
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_056/sol1.py)
* Problem 057
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_057/sol1.py)
* Problem 058
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_058/sol1.py)
* Problem 059
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_059/sol1.py)
* Problem 062
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_062/sol1.py)
* Problem 063
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_063/sol1.py)
* Problem 064
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_064/sol1.py)
* Problem 065
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_065/sol1.py)
* Problem 067
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_067/sol1.py)
* Problem 069
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_069/sol1.py)
* Problem 070
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_070/sol1.py)
* Problem 071
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_071/sol1.py)
* Problem 072
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_072/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_072/sol2.py)
* Problem 074
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_074/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_074/sol2.py)
* Problem 075
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_075/sol1.py)
* Problem 076
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_076/sol1.py)
* Problem 077
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_077/sol1.py)
* Problem 080
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_080/sol1.py)
* Problem 081
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_081/sol1.py)
* Problem 085
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_085/sol1.py)
* Problem 086
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_086/sol1.py)
* Problem 087
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_087/sol1.py)
* Problem 089
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_089/sol1.py)
* Problem 091
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_091/sol1.py)
* Problem 092
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_092/sol1.py)
* Problem 097
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_097/sol1.py)
* Problem 099
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_099/sol1.py)
* Problem 101
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_101/sol1.py)
* Problem 102
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_102/sol1.py)
* Problem 107
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_107/sol1.py)
* Problem 109
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_109/sol1.py)
* Problem 112
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_112/sol1.py)
* Problem 113
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_113/sol1.py)
* Problem 119
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_119/sol1.py)
* Problem 120
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_120/sol1.py)
* Problem 121
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_121/sol1.py)
* Problem 123
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_123/sol1.py)
* Problem 125
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_125/sol1.py)
* Problem 129
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_129/sol1.py)
* Problem 135
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_135/sol1.py)
* Problem 144
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_144/sol1.py)
* Problem 173
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_173/sol1.py)
* Problem 174
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_174/sol1.py)
* Problem 180
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_180/sol1.py)
* Problem 188
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_188/sol1.py)
* Problem 191
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_191/sol1.py)
* Problem 203
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_203/sol1.py)
* Problem 206
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_206/sol1.py)
* Problem 207
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_207/sol1.py)
* Problem 234
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_234/sol1.py)
* Problem 301
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_301/sol1.py)
* Problem 551
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_551/sol1.py)
## Quantum
* [Deutsch Jozsa](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/quantum/deutsch_jozsa.py)
* [Half Adder](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/quantum/half_adder.py)
* [Not Gate](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/quantum/not_gate.py)
* [Quantum Entanglement](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/quantum/quantum_entanglement.py)
* [Ripple Adder Classic](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/quantum/ripple_adder_classic.py)
* [Single Qubit Measure](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/quantum/single_qubit_measure.py)
## Scheduling
* [First Come First Served](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/scheduling/first_come_first_served.py)
* [Round Robin](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/scheduling/round_robin.py)
* [Shortest Job First](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/scheduling/shortest_job_first.py)
## Searches
* [Binary Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/binary_search.py)
* [Binary Tree Traversal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/binary_tree_traversal.py)
* [Double Linear Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/double_linear_search.py)
* [Double Linear Search Recursion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/double_linear_search_recursion.py)
* [Fibonacci Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/fibonacci_search.py)
* [Hill Climbing](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/hill_climbing.py)
* [Interpolation Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/interpolation_search.py)
* [Jump Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/jump_search.py)
* [Linear Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/linear_search.py)
* [Quick Select](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/quick_select.py)
* [Sentinel Linear Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/sentinel_linear_search.py)
* [Simple Binary Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/simple_binary_search.py)
* [Simulated Annealing](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/simulated_annealing.py)
* [Tabu Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/tabu_search.py)
* [Ternary Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/ternary_search.py)
## Sorts
* [Bead Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/bead_sort.py)
* [Bitonic Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/bitonic_sort.py)
* [Bogo Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/bogo_sort.py)
* [Bubble Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/bubble_sort.py)
* [Bucket Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/bucket_sort.py)
* [Cocktail Shaker Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/cocktail_shaker_sort.py)
* [Comb Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/comb_sort.py)
* [Counting Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/counting_sort.py)
* [Cycle Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/cycle_sort.py)
* [Double Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/double_sort.py)
* [Dutch National Flag Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/dutch_national_flag_sort.py)
* [Exchange Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/exchange_sort.py)
* [External Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/external_sort.py)
* [Gnome Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/gnome_sort.py)
* [Heap Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/heap_sort.py)
* [Insertion Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/insertion_sort.py)
* [Intro Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/intro_sort.py)
* [Iterative Merge Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/iterative_merge_sort.py)
* [Merge Insertion Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/merge_insertion_sort.py)
* [Merge Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/merge_sort.py)
* [Msd Radix Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/msd_radix_sort.py)
* [Natural Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/natural_sort.py)
* [Odd Even Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/odd_even_sort.py)
* [Odd Even Transposition Parallel](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/odd_even_transposition_parallel.py)
* [Odd Even Transposition Single Threaded](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/odd_even_transposition_single_threaded.py)
* [Pancake Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/pancake_sort.py)
* [Patience Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/patience_sort.py)
* [Pigeon Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/pigeon_sort.py)
* [Pigeonhole Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/pigeonhole_sort.py)
* [Quick Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/quick_sort.py)
* [Quick Sort 3 Partition](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/quick_sort_3_partition.py)
* [Radix Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/radix_sort.py)
* [Random Normal Distribution Quicksort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/random_normal_distribution_quicksort.py)
* [Random Pivot Quick Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/random_pivot_quick_sort.py)
* [Recursive Bubble Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/recursive_bubble_sort.py)
* [Recursive Insertion Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/recursive_insertion_sort.py)
* [Recursive Mergesort Array](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/recursive_mergesort_array.py)
* [Recursive Quick Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/recursive_quick_sort.py)
* [Selection Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/selection_sort.py)
* [Shell Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/shell_sort.py)
* [Slowsort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/slowsort.py)
* [Stooge Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/stooge_sort.py)
* [Strand Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/strand_sort.py)
* [Tim Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/tim_sort.py)
* [Topological Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/topological_sort.py)
* [Tree Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/tree_sort.py)
* [Unknown Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/unknown_sort.py)
* [Wiggle Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/wiggle_sort.py)
## Strings
* [Aho Corasick](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/aho_corasick.py)
* [Alternative String Arrange](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/alternative_string_arrange.py)
* [Anagrams](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/anagrams.py)
* [Autocomplete Using Trie](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/autocomplete_using_trie.py)
* [Boyer Moore Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/boyer_moore_search.py)
* [Can String Be Rearranged As Palindrome](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/can_string_be_rearranged_as_palindrome.py)
* [Capitalize](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/capitalize.py)
* [Check Anagrams](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/check_anagrams.py)
* [Check Pangram](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/check_pangram.py)
* [Detecting English Programmatically](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/detecting_english_programmatically.py)
* [Frequency Finder](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/frequency_finder.py)
* [Indian Phone Validator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/indian_phone_validator.py)
* [Is Palindrome](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/is_palindrome.py)
* [Jaro Winkler](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/jaro_winkler.py)
* [Join](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/join.py)
* [Knuth Morris Pratt](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/knuth_morris_pratt.py)
* [Levenshtein Distance](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/levenshtein_distance.py)
* [Lower](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/lower.py)
* [Manacher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/manacher.py)
* [Min Cost String Conversion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/min_cost_string_conversion.py)
* [Naive String Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/naive_string_search.py)
* [Palindrome](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/palindrome.py)
* [Prefix Function](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/prefix_function.py)
* [Rabin Karp](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/rabin_karp.py)
* [Remove Duplicate](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/remove_duplicate.py)
* [Reverse Letters](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/reverse_letters.py)
* [Reverse Words](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/reverse_words.py)
* [Split](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/split.py)
* [Upper](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/upper.py)
* [Wildcard Pattern Matching](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/wildcard_pattern_matching.py)
* [Word Occurrence](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/word_occurrence.py)
* [Word Patterns](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/word_patterns.py)
* [Z Function](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/z_function.py)
## Web Programming
* [Co2 Emission](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/co2_emission.py)
* [Covid Stats Via Xpath](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/covid_stats_via_xpath.py)
* [Crawl Google Results](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/crawl_google_results.py)
* [Crawl Google Scholar Citation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/crawl_google_scholar_citation.py)
* [Currency Converter](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/currency_converter.py)
* [Current Stock Price](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/current_stock_price.py)
* [Current Weather](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/current_weather.py)
* [Daily Horoscope](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/daily_horoscope.py)
* [Download Images From Google Query](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/download_images_from_google_query.py)
* [Emails From Url](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/emails_from_url.py)
* [Fetch Bbc News](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/fetch_bbc_news.py)
* [Fetch Github Info](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/fetch_github_info.py)
* [Fetch Jobs](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/fetch_jobs.py)
* [Get Imdb Top 250 Movies Csv](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/get_imdb_top_250_movies_csv.py)
* [Get Imdbtop](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/get_imdbtop.py)
* [Giphy](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/giphy.py)
* [Instagram Crawler](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/instagram_crawler.py)
* [Instagram Pic](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/instagram_pic.py)
* [Instagram Video](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/instagram_video.py)
* [Random Anime Character](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/random_anime_character.py)
* [Recaptcha Verification](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/recaptcha_verification.py)
* [Slack Message](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/slack_message.py)
* [Test Fetch Github Info](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/test_fetch_github_info.py)
* [World Covid19 Stats](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/world_covid19_stats.py)
| 1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,496 | Fix factorial issues | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| poyea | "2021-10-21T03:50:11Z" | "2021-10-21T07:06:32Z" | 2e955aea460d6ac173d5bfeab0c71db0658e2bcb | c0acfd46cbd6b29847d9e0e226431ab6004b8e9b | Fix factorial issues. https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| # factorial of a positive integer -- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factorial
def factorial(n: int) -> int:
"""
>>> import math
>>> all(factorial(i) == math.factorial(i) for i in range(20))
True
>>> factorial(0.1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: factorial() only accepts integral values
>>> factorial(-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: factorial() not defined for negative values
"""
if n != int(n):
raise ValueError("factorial() only accepts integral values")
if n < 0:
raise ValueError("factorial() not defined for negative values")
value = 1
for i in range(1, n + 1):
value *= i
return value
if __name__ == "__main__":
n = int(input("Enter a positive integer: ").strip() or 0)
print(f"factorial{n} is {factorial(n)}")
| """Factorial of a positive integer -- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factorial
"""
def factorial(number: int) -> int:
"""
Calculate the factorial of specified number (n!).
>>> import math
>>> all(factorial(i) == math.factorial(i) for i in range(20))
True
>>> factorial(0.1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: factorial() only accepts integral values
>>> factorial(-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: factorial() not defined for negative values
>>> factorial(1)
1
>>> factorial(6)
720
>>> factorial(0)
1
"""
if number != int(number):
raise ValueError("factorial() only accepts integral values")
if number < 0:
raise ValueError("factorial() not defined for negative values")
value = 1
for i in range(1, number + 1):
value *= i
return value
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
n = int(input("Enter a positive integer: ").strip() or 0)
print(f"factorial{n} is {factorial(n)}")
| 1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,496 | Fix factorial issues | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| poyea | "2021-10-21T03:50:11Z" | "2021-10-21T07:06:32Z" | 2e955aea460d6ac173d5bfeab0c71db0658e2bcb | c0acfd46cbd6b29847d9e0e226431ab6004b8e9b | Fix factorial issues. https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Problem 15: https://projecteuler.net/problem=15
Starting in the top left corner of a 2×2 grid, and only being able to move to
the right and down, there are exactly 6 routes to the bottom right corner.
How many such routes are there through a 20×20 grid?
"""
from math import factorial
def solution(n: int = 20) -> int:
"""
Returns the number of paths possible in a n x n grid starting at top left
corner going to bottom right corner and being able to move right and down
only.
>>> solution(25)
126410606437752
>>> solution(23)
8233430727600
>>> solution(20)
137846528820
>>> solution(15)
155117520
>>> solution(1)
2
"""
n = 2 * n # middle entry of odd rows starting at row 3 is the solution for n = 1,
# 2, 3,...
k = n / 2
return int(factorial(n) / (factorial(k) * factorial(n - k)))
if __name__ == "__main__":
import sys
if len(sys.argv) == 1:
print(solution(20))
else:
try:
n = int(sys.argv[1])
print(solution(n))
except ValueError:
print("Invalid entry - please enter a number.")
| """
Problem 15: https://projecteuler.net/problem=15
Starting in the top left corner of a 2×2 grid, and only being able to move to
the right and down, there are exactly 6 routes to the bottom right corner.
How many such routes are there through a 20×20 grid?
"""
from math import factorial
def solution(n: int = 20) -> int:
"""
Returns the number of paths possible in a n x n grid starting at top left
corner going to bottom right corner and being able to move right and down
only.
>>> solution(25)
126410606437752
>>> solution(23)
8233430727600
>>> solution(20)
137846528820
>>> solution(15)
155117520
>>> solution(1)
2
"""
n = 2 * n # middle entry of odd rows starting at row 3 is the solution for n = 1,
# 2, 3,...
k = n // 2
return int(factorial(n) / (factorial(k) * factorial(n - k)))
if __name__ == "__main__":
import sys
if len(sys.argv) == 1:
print(solution(20))
else:
try:
n = int(sys.argv[1])
print(solution(n))
except ValueError:
print("Invalid entry - please enter a number.")
| 1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,496 | Fix factorial issues | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| poyea | "2021-10-21T03:50:11Z" | "2021-10-21T07:06:32Z" | 2e955aea460d6ac173d5bfeab0c71db0658e2bcb | c0acfd46cbd6b29847d9e0e226431ab6004b8e9b | Fix factorial issues. https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| def is_palindrome(head):
if not head:
return True
# split the list to two parts
fast, slow = head.next, head
while fast and fast.next:
fast = fast.next.next
slow = slow.next
second = slow.next
slow.next = None # Don't forget here! But forget still works!
# reverse the second part
node = None
while second:
nxt = second.next
second.next = node
node = second
second = nxt
# compare two parts
# second part has the same or one less node
while node:
if node.val != head.val:
return False
node = node.next
head = head.next
return True
def is_palindrome_stack(head):
if not head or not head.next:
return True
# 1. Get the midpoint (slow)
slow = fast = cur = head
while fast and fast.next:
fast, slow = fast.next.next, slow.next
# 2. Push the second half into the stack
stack = [slow.val]
while slow.next:
slow = slow.next
stack.append(slow.val)
# 3. Comparison
while stack:
if stack.pop() != cur.val:
return False
cur = cur.next
return True
def is_palindrome_dict(head):
if not head or not head.next:
return True
d = {}
pos = 0
while head:
if head.val in d.keys():
d[head.val].append(pos)
else:
d[head.val] = [pos]
head = head.next
pos += 1
checksum = pos - 1
middle = 0
for v in d.values():
if len(v) % 2 != 0:
middle += 1
else:
step = 0
for i in range(0, len(v)):
if v[i] + v[len(v) - 1 - step] != checksum:
return False
step += 1
if middle > 1:
return False
return True
| def is_palindrome(head):
if not head:
return True
# split the list to two parts
fast, slow = head.next, head
while fast and fast.next:
fast = fast.next.next
slow = slow.next
second = slow.next
slow.next = None # Don't forget here! But forget still works!
# reverse the second part
node = None
while second:
nxt = second.next
second.next = node
node = second
second = nxt
# compare two parts
# second part has the same or one less node
while node:
if node.val != head.val:
return False
node = node.next
head = head.next
return True
def is_palindrome_stack(head):
if not head or not head.next:
return True
# 1. Get the midpoint (slow)
slow = fast = cur = head
while fast and fast.next:
fast, slow = fast.next.next, slow.next
# 2. Push the second half into the stack
stack = [slow.val]
while slow.next:
slow = slow.next
stack.append(slow.val)
# 3. Comparison
while stack:
if stack.pop() != cur.val:
return False
cur = cur.next
return True
def is_palindrome_dict(head):
if not head or not head.next:
return True
d = {}
pos = 0
while head:
if head.val in d.keys():
d[head.val].append(pos)
else:
d[head.val] = [pos]
head = head.next
pos += 1
checksum = pos - 1
middle = 0
for v in d.values():
if len(v) % 2 != 0:
middle += 1
else:
step = 0
for i in range(0, len(v)):
if v[i] + v[len(v) - 1 - step] != checksum:
return False
step += 1
if middle > 1:
return False
return True
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,496 | Fix factorial issues | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| poyea | "2021-10-21T03:50:11Z" | "2021-10-21T07:06:32Z" | 2e955aea460d6ac173d5bfeab0c71db0658e2bcb | c0acfd46cbd6b29847d9e0e226431ab6004b8e9b | Fix factorial issues. https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
This is a pure Python implementation of the Geometric Series algorithm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_series
Run the doctests with the following command:
python3 -m doctest -v geometric_series.py
or
python -m doctest -v geometric_series.py
For manual testing run:
python3 geometric_series.py
"""
def geometric_series(nth_term: int, start_term_a: int, common_ratio_r: int) -> list:
"""Pure Python implementation of Geometric Series algorithm
:param nth_term: The last term (nth term of Geometric Series)
:param start_term_a : The first term of Geometric Series
:param common_ratio_r : The common ratio between all the terms
:return: The Geometric Series starting from first term a and multiple of common
ration with first term with increase in power till last term (nth term)
Examples:
>>> geometric_series(4, 2, 2)
[2, '4.0', '8.0', '16.0']
>>> geometric_series(4.0, 2.0, 2.0)
[2.0, '4.0', '8.0', '16.0']
>>> geometric_series(4.1, 2.1, 2.1)
[2.1, '4.41', '9.261000000000001', '19.448100000000004']
>>> geometric_series(4, 2, -2)
[2, '-4.0', '8.0', '-16.0']
>>> geometric_series(4, -2, 2)
[-2, '-4.0', '-8.0', '-16.0']
>>> geometric_series(-4, 2, 2)
[]
>>> geometric_series(0, 100, 500)
[]
>>> geometric_series(1, 1, 1)
[1]
>>> geometric_series(0, 0, 0)
[]
"""
if "" in (nth_term, start_term_a, common_ratio_r):
return ""
series = []
power = 1
multiple = common_ratio_r
for _ in range(int(nth_term)):
if series == []:
series.append(start_term_a)
else:
power += 1
series.append(str(float(start_term_a) * float(multiple)))
multiple = pow(float(common_ratio_r), power)
return series
if __name__ == "__main__":
nth_term = input("Enter the last number (n term) of the Geometric Series")
start_term_a = input("Enter the starting term (a) of the Geometric Series")
common_ratio_r = input(
"Enter the common ratio between two terms (r) of the Geometric Series"
)
print("Formula of Geometric Series => a + ar + ar^2 ... +ar^n")
print(geometric_series(nth_term, start_term_a, common_ratio_r))
| """
This is a pure Python implementation of the Geometric Series algorithm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_series
Run the doctests with the following command:
python3 -m doctest -v geometric_series.py
or
python -m doctest -v geometric_series.py
For manual testing run:
python3 geometric_series.py
"""
def geometric_series(nth_term: int, start_term_a: int, common_ratio_r: int) -> list:
"""Pure Python implementation of Geometric Series algorithm
:param nth_term: The last term (nth term of Geometric Series)
:param start_term_a : The first term of Geometric Series
:param common_ratio_r : The common ratio between all the terms
:return: The Geometric Series starting from first term a and multiple of common
ration with first term with increase in power till last term (nth term)
Examples:
>>> geometric_series(4, 2, 2)
[2, '4.0', '8.0', '16.0']
>>> geometric_series(4.0, 2.0, 2.0)
[2.0, '4.0', '8.0', '16.0']
>>> geometric_series(4.1, 2.1, 2.1)
[2.1, '4.41', '9.261000000000001', '19.448100000000004']
>>> geometric_series(4, 2, -2)
[2, '-4.0', '8.0', '-16.0']
>>> geometric_series(4, -2, 2)
[-2, '-4.0', '-8.0', '-16.0']
>>> geometric_series(-4, 2, 2)
[]
>>> geometric_series(0, 100, 500)
[]
>>> geometric_series(1, 1, 1)
[1]
>>> geometric_series(0, 0, 0)
[]
"""
if "" in (nth_term, start_term_a, common_ratio_r):
return ""
series = []
power = 1
multiple = common_ratio_r
for _ in range(int(nth_term)):
if series == []:
series.append(start_term_a)
else:
power += 1
series.append(str(float(start_term_a) * float(multiple)))
multiple = pow(float(common_ratio_r), power)
return series
if __name__ == "__main__":
nth_term = input("Enter the last number (n term) of the Geometric Series")
start_term_a = input("Enter the starting term (a) of the Geometric Series")
common_ratio_r = input(
"Enter the common ratio between two terms (r) of the Geometric Series"
)
print("Formula of Geometric Series => a + ar + ar^2 ... +ar^n")
print(geometric_series(nth_term, start_term_a, common_ratio_r))
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,496 | Fix factorial issues | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| poyea | "2021-10-21T03:50:11Z" | "2021-10-21T07:06:32Z" | 2e955aea460d6ac173d5bfeab0c71db0658e2bcb | c0acfd46cbd6b29847d9e0e226431ab6004b8e9b | Fix factorial issues. https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| #!/usr/bin/env python3
from __future__ import annotations
import json
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
from fake_useragent import UserAgent
headers = {"UserAgent": UserAgent().random}
def extract_user_profile(script) -> dict:
"""
May raise json.decoder.JSONDecodeError
"""
data = script.contents[0]
info = json.loads(data[data.find('{"config"') : -1])
return info["entry_data"]["ProfilePage"][0]["graphql"]["user"]
class InstagramUser:
"""
Class Instagram crawl instagram user information
Usage: (doctest failing on GitHub Actions)
# >>> instagram_user = InstagramUser("github")
# >>> instagram_user.is_verified
True
# >>> instagram_user.biography
'Built for developers.'
"""
def __init__(self, username):
self.url = f"https://www.instagram.com/{username}/"
self.user_data = self.get_json()
def get_json(self) -> dict:
"""
Return a dict of user information
"""
html = requests.get(self.url, headers=headers).text
scripts = BeautifulSoup(html, "html.parser").find_all("script")
try:
return extract_user_profile(scripts[4])
except (json.decoder.JSONDecodeError, KeyError):
return extract_user_profile(scripts[3])
def __repr__(self) -> str:
return f"{self.__class__.__name__}('{self.username}')"
def __str__(self) -> str:
return f"{self.fullname} ({self.username}) is {self.biography}"
@property
def username(self) -> str:
return self.user_data["username"]
@property
def fullname(self) -> str:
return self.user_data["full_name"]
@property
def biography(self) -> str:
return self.user_data["biography"]
@property
def email(self) -> str:
return self.user_data["business_email"]
@property
def website(self) -> str:
return self.user_data["external_url"]
@property
def number_of_followers(self) -> int:
return self.user_data["edge_followed_by"]["count"]
@property
def number_of_followings(self) -> int:
return self.user_data["edge_follow"]["count"]
@property
def number_of_posts(self) -> int:
return self.user_data["edge_owner_to_timeline_media"]["count"]
@property
def profile_picture_url(self) -> str:
return self.user_data["profile_pic_url_hd"]
@property
def is_verified(self) -> bool:
return self.user_data["is_verified"]
@property
def is_private(self) -> bool:
return self.user_data["is_private"]
def test_instagram_user(username: str = "github") -> None:
"""
A self running doctest
>>> test_instagram_user()
"""
import os
if os.environ.get("CI"):
return None # test failing on GitHub Actions
instagram_user = InstagramUser(username)
assert instagram_user.user_data
assert isinstance(instagram_user.user_data, dict)
assert instagram_user.username == username
if username != "github":
return
assert instagram_user.fullname == "GitHub"
assert instagram_user.biography == "Built for developers."
assert instagram_user.number_of_posts > 150
assert instagram_user.number_of_followers > 120000
assert instagram_user.number_of_followings > 15
assert instagram_user.email == "[email protected]"
assert instagram_user.website == "https://github.com/readme"
assert instagram_user.profile_picture_url.startswith("https://instagram.")
assert instagram_user.is_verified is True
assert instagram_user.is_private is False
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
instagram_user = InstagramUser("github")
print(instagram_user)
print(f"{instagram_user.number_of_posts = }")
print(f"{instagram_user.number_of_followers = }")
print(f"{instagram_user.number_of_followings = }")
print(f"{instagram_user.email = }")
print(f"{instagram_user.website = }")
print(f"{instagram_user.profile_picture_url = }")
print(f"{instagram_user.is_verified = }")
print(f"{instagram_user.is_private = }")
| #!/usr/bin/env python3
from __future__ import annotations
import json
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
from fake_useragent import UserAgent
headers = {"UserAgent": UserAgent().random}
def extract_user_profile(script) -> dict:
"""
May raise json.decoder.JSONDecodeError
"""
data = script.contents[0]
info = json.loads(data[data.find('{"config"') : -1])
return info["entry_data"]["ProfilePage"][0]["graphql"]["user"]
class InstagramUser:
"""
Class Instagram crawl instagram user information
Usage: (doctest failing on GitHub Actions)
# >>> instagram_user = InstagramUser("github")
# >>> instagram_user.is_verified
True
# >>> instagram_user.biography
'Built for developers.'
"""
def __init__(self, username):
self.url = f"https://www.instagram.com/{username}/"
self.user_data = self.get_json()
def get_json(self) -> dict:
"""
Return a dict of user information
"""
html = requests.get(self.url, headers=headers).text
scripts = BeautifulSoup(html, "html.parser").find_all("script")
try:
return extract_user_profile(scripts[4])
except (json.decoder.JSONDecodeError, KeyError):
return extract_user_profile(scripts[3])
def __repr__(self) -> str:
return f"{self.__class__.__name__}('{self.username}')"
def __str__(self) -> str:
return f"{self.fullname} ({self.username}) is {self.biography}"
@property
def username(self) -> str:
return self.user_data["username"]
@property
def fullname(self) -> str:
return self.user_data["full_name"]
@property
def biography(self) -> str:
return self.user_data["biography"]
@property
def email(self) -> str:
return self.user_data["business_email"]
@property
def website(self) -> str:
return self.user_data["external_url"]
@property
def number_of_followers(self) -> int:
return self.user_data["edge_followed_by"]["count"]
@property
def number_of_followings(self) -> int:
return self.user_data["edge_follow"]["count"]
@property
def number_of_posts(self) -> int:
return self.user_data["edge_owner_to_timeline_media"]["count"]
@property
def profile_picture_url(self) -> str:
return self.user_data["profile_pic_url_hd"]
@property
def is_verified(self) -> bool:
return self.user_data["is_verified"]
@property
def is_private(self) -> bool:
return self.user_data["is_private"]
def test_instagram_user(username: str = "github") -> None:
"""
A self running doctest
>>> test_instagram_user()
"""
import os
if os.environ.get("CI"):
return None # test failing on GitHub Actions
instagram_user = InstagramUser(username)
assert instagram_user.user_data
assert isinstance(instagram_user.user_data, dict)
assert instagram_user.username == username
if username != "github":
return
assert instagram_user.fullname == "GitHub"
assert instagram_user.biography == "Built for developers."
assert instagram_user.number_of_posts > 150
assert instagram_user.number_of_followers > 120000
assert instagram_user.number_of_followings > 15
assert instagram_user.email == "[email protected]"
assert instagram_user.website == "https://github.com/readme"
assert instagram_user.profile_picture_url.startswith("https://instagram.")
assert instagram_user.is_verified is True
assert instagram_user.is_private is False
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
instagram_user = InstagramUser("github")
print(instagram_user)
print(f"{instagram_user.number_of_posts = }")
print(f"{instagram_user.number_of_followers = }")
print(f"{instagram_user.number_of_followings = }")
print(f"{instagram_user.email = }")
print(f"{instagram_user.website = }")
print(f"{instagram_user.profile_picture_url = }")
print(f"{instagram_user.is_verified = }")
print(f"{instagram_user.is_private = }")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,496 | Fix factorial issues | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| poyea | "2021-10-21T03:50:11Z" | "2021-10-21T07:06:32Z" | 2e955aea460d6ac173d5bfeab0c71db0658e2bcb | c0acfd46cbd6b29847d9e0e226431ab6004b8e9b | Fix factorial issues. https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongly_connected_component
Finding strongly connected components in directed graph
"""
test_graph_1 = {0: [2, 3], 1: [0], 2: [1], 3: [4], 4: []}
test_graph_2 = {0: [1, 2, 3], 1: [2], 2: [0], 3: [4], 4: [5], 5: [3]}
def topology_sort(
graph: dict[int, list[int]], vert: int, visited: list[bool]
) -> list[int]:
"""
Use depth first search to sort graph
At this time graph is the same as input
>>> topology_sort(test_graph_1, 0, 5 * [False])
[1, 2, 4, 3, 0]
>>> topology_sort(test_graph_2, 0, 6 * [False])
[2, 1, 5, 4, 3, 0]
"""
visited[vert] = True
order = []
for neighbour in graph[vert]:
if not visited[neighbour]:
order += topology_sort(graph, neighbour, visited)
order.append(vert)
return order
def find_components(
reversed_graph: dict[int, list[int]], vert: int, visited: list[bool]
) -> list[int]:
"""
Use depth first search to find strongliy connected
vertices. Now graph is reversed
>>> find_components({0: [1], 1: [2], 2: [0]}, 0, 5 * [False])
[0, 1, 2]
>>> find_components({0: [2], 1: [0], 2: [0, 1]}, 0, 6 * [False])
[0, 2, 1]
"""
visited[vert] = True
component = [vert]
for neighbour in reversed_graph[vert]:
if not visited[neighbour]:
component += find_components(reversed_graph, neighbour, visited)
return component
def strongly_connected_components(graph: dict[int, list[int]]) -> list[list[int]]:
"""
This function takes graph as a parameter
and then returns the list of strongly connected components
>>> strongly_connected_components(test_graph_1)
[[0, 1, 2], [3], [4]]
>>> strongly_connected_components(test_graph_2)
[[0, 2, 1], [3, 5, 4]]
"""
visited = len(graph) * [False]
reversed_graph: dict[int, list[int]] = {vert: [] for vert in range(len(graph))}
for vert, neighbours in graph.items():
for neighbour in neighbours:
reversed_graph[neighbour].append(vert)
order = []
for i, was_visited in enumerate(visited):
if not was_visited:
order += topology_sort(graph, i, visited)
components_list = []
visited = len(graph) * [False]
for i in range(len(graph)):
vert = order[len(graph) - i - 1]
if not visited[vert]:
component = find_components(reversed_graph, vert, visited)
components_list.append(component)
return components_list
| """
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongly_connected_component
Finding strongly connected components in directed graph
"""
test_graph_1 = {0: [2, 3], 1: [0], 2: [1], 3: [4], 4: []}
test_graph_2 = {0: [1, 2, 3], 1: [2], 2: [0], 3: [4], 4: [5], 5: [3]}
def topology_sort(
graph: dict[int, list[int]], vert: int, visited: list[bool]
) -> list[int]:
"""
Use depth first search to sort graph
At this time graph is the same as input
>>> topology_sort(test_graph_1, 0, 5 * [False])
[1, 2, 4, 3, 0]
>>> topology_sort(test_graph_2, 0, 6 * [False])
[2, 1, 5, 4, 3, 0]
"""
visited[vert] = True
order = []
for neighbour in graph[vert]:
if not visited[neighbour]:
order += topology_sort(graph, neighbour, visited)
order.append(vert)
return order
def find_components(
reversed_graph: dict[int, list[int]], vert: int, visited: list[bool]
) -> list[int]:
"""
Use depth first search to find strongliy connected
vertices. Now graph is reversed
>>> find_components({0: [1], 1: [2], 2: [0]}, 0, 5 * [False])
[0, 1, 2]
>>> find_components({0: [2], 1: [0], 2: [0, 1]}, 0, 6 * [False])
[0, 2, 1]
"""
visited[vert] = True
component = [vert]
for neighbour in reversed_graph[vert]:
if not visited[neighbour]:
component += find_components(reversed_graph, neighbour, visited)
return component
def strongly_connected_components(graph: dict[int, list[int]]) -> list[list[int]]:
"""
This function takes graph as a parameter
and then returns the list of strongly connected components
>>> strongly_connected_components(test_graph_1)
[[0, 1, 2], [3], [4]]
>>> strongly_connected_components(test_graph_2)
[[0, 2, 1], [3, 5, 4]]
"""
visited = len(graph) * [False]
reversed_graph: dict[int, list[int]] = {vert: [] for vert in range(len(graph))}
for vert, neighbours in graph.items():
for neighbour in neighbours:
reversed_graph[neighbour].append(vert)
order = []
for i, was_visited in enumerate(visited):
if not was_visited:
order += topology_sort(graph, i, visited)
components_list = []
visited = len(graph) * [False]
for i in range(len(graph)):
vert = order[len(graph) - i - 1]
if not visited[vert]:
component = find_components(reversed_graph, vert, visited)
components_list.append(component)
return components_list
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,496 | Fix factorial issues | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| poyea | "2021-10-21T03:50:11Z" | "2021-10-21T07:06:32Z" | 2e955aea460d6ac173d5bfeab0c71db0658e2bcb | c0acfd46cbd6b29847d9e0e226431ab6004b8e9b | Fix factorial issues. https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_carrier_density
# https://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/pn-junctions/equilibrium-carrier-concentration
# http://www.ece.utep.edu/courses/ee3329/ee3329/Studyguide/ToC/Fundamentals/Carriers/concentrations.html
from __future__ import annotations
def carrier_concentration(
electron_conc: float,
hole_conc: float,
intrinsic_conc: float,
) -> tuple:
"""
This function can calculate any one of the three -
1. Electron Concentration
2, Hole Concentration
3. Intrinsic Concentration
given the other two.
Examples -
>>> carrier_concentration(electron_conc=25, hole_conc=100, intrinsic_conc=0)
('intrinsic_conc', 50.0)
>>> carrier_concentration(electron_conc=0, hole_conc=1600, intrinsic_conc=200)
('electron_conc', 25.0)
>>> carrier_concentration(electron_conc=1000, hole_conc=0, intrinsic_conc=1200)
('hole_conc', 1440.0)
>>> carrier_concentration(electron_conc=1000, hole_conc=400, intrinsic_conc=1200)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 37, in <module>
ValueError: You cannot supply more or less than 2 values
>>> carrier_concentration(electron_conc=-1000, hole_conc=0, intrinsic_conc=1200)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 40, in <module>
ValueError: Electron concentration cannot be negative in a semiconductor
>>> carrier_concentration(electron_conc=0, hole_conc=-400, intrinsic_conc=1200)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 44, in <module>
ValueError: Hole concentration cannot be negative in a semiconductor
>>> carrier_concentration(electron_conc=0, hole_conc=400, intrinsic_conc=-1200)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 48, in <module>
ValueError: Intrinsic concentration cannot be negative in a semiconductor
"""
if (electron_conc, hole_conc, intrinsic_conc).count(0) != 1:
raise ValueError("You cannot supply more or less than 2 values")
elif electron_conc < 0:
raise ValueError("Electron concentration cannot be negative in a semiconductor")
elif hole_conc < 0:
raise ValueError("Hole concentration cannot be negative in a semiconductor")
elif intrinsic_conc < 0:
raise ValueError(
"Intrinsic concentration cannot be negative in a semiconductor"
)
elif electron_conc == 0:
return (
"electron_conc",
intrinsic_conc ** 2 / hole_conc,
)
elif hole_conc == 0:
return (
"hole_conc",
intrinsic_conc ** 2 / electron_conc,
)
elif intrinsic_conc == 0:
return (
"intrinsic_conc",
(electron_conc * hole_conc) ** 0.5,
)
else:
return (-1, -1)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| # https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_carrier_density
# https://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/pn-junctions/equilibrium-carrier-concentration
# http://www.ece.utep.edu/courses/ee3329/ee3329/Studyguide/ToC/Fundamentals/Carriers/concentrations.html
from __future__ import annotations
def carrier_concentration(
electron_conc: float,
hole_conc: float,
intrinsic_conc: float,
) -> tuple:
"""
This function can calculate any one of the three -
1. Electron Concentration
2, Hole Concentration
3. Intrinsic Concentration
given the other two.
Examples -
>>> carrier_concentration(electron_conc=25, hole_conc=100, intrinsic_conc=0)
('intrinsic_conc', 50.0)
>>> carrier_concentration(electron_conc=0, hole_conc=1600, intrinsic_conc=200)
('electron_conc', 25.0)
>>> carrier_concentration(electron_conc=1000, hole_conc=0, intrinsic_conc=1200)
('hole_conc', 1440.0)
>>> carrier_concentration(electron_conc=1000, hole_conc=400, intrinsic_conc=1200)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 37, in <module>
ValueError: You cannot supply more or less than 2 values
>>> carrier_concentration(electron_conc=-1000, hole_conc=0, intrinsic_conc=1200)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 40, in <module>
ValueError: Electron concentration cannot be negative in a semiconductor
>>> carrier_concentration(electron_conc=0, hole_conc=-400, intrinsic_conc=1200)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 44, in <module>
ValueError: Hole concentration cannot be negative in a semiconductor
>>> carrier_concentration(electron_conc=0, hole_conc=400, intrinsic_conc=-1200)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 48, in <module>
ValueError: Intrinsic concentration cannot be negative in a semiconductor
"""
if (electron_conc, hole_conc, intrinsic_conc).count(0) != 1:
raise ValueError("You cannot supply more or less than 2 values")
elif electron_conc < 0:
raise ValueError("Electron concentration cannot be negative in a semiconductor")
elif hole_conc < 0:
raise ValueError("Hole concentration cannot be negative in a semiconductor")
elif intrinsic_conc < 0:
raise ValueError(
"Intrinsic concentration cannot be negative in a semiconductor"
)
elif electron_conc == 0:
return (
"electron_conc",
intrinsic_conc ** 2 / hole_conc,
)
elif hole_conc == 0:
return (
"hole_conc",
intrinsic_conc ** 2 / electron_conc,
)
elif intrinsic_conc == 0:
return (
"intrinsic_conc",
(electron_conc * hole_conc) ** 0.5,
)
else:
return (-1, -1)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,496 | Fix factorial issues | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| poyea | "2021-10-21T03:50:11Z" | "2021-10-21T07:06:32Z" | 2e955aea460d6ac173d5bfeab0c71db0658e2bcb | c0acfd46cbd6b29847d9e0e226431ab6004b8e9b | Fix factorial issues. https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| #
| #
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,496 | Fix factorial issues | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| poyea | "2021-10-21T03:50:11Z" | "2021-10-21T07:06:32Z" | 2e955aea460d6ac173d5bfeab0c71db0658e2bcb | c0acfd46cbd6b29847d9e0e226431ab6004b8e9b | Fix factorial issues. https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """Queue represented by a Python list"""
class Queue:
def __init__(self):
self.entries = []
self.length = 0
self.front = 0
def __str__(self):
printed = "<" + str(self.entries)[1:-1] + ">"
return printed
"""Enqueues {@code item}
@param item
item to enqueue"""
def put(self, item):
self.entries.append(item)
self.length = self.length + 1
"""Dequeues {@code item}
@requirement: |self.length| > 0
@return dequeued
item that was dequeued"""
def get(self):
self.length = self.length - 1
dequeued = self.entries[self.front]
# self.front-=1
# self.entries = self.entries[self.front:]
self.entries = self.entries[1:]
return dequeued
"""Rotates the queue {@code rotation} times
@param rotation
number of times to rotate queue"""
def rotate(self, rotation):
for i in range(rotation):
self.put(self.get())
"""Enqueues {@code item}
@return item at front of self.entries"""
def get_front(self):
return self.entries[0]
"""Returns the length of this.entries"""
def size(self):
return self.length
| """Queue represented by a Python list"""
class Queue:
def __init__(self):
self.entries = []
self.length = 0
self.front = 0
def __str__(self):
printed = "<" + str(self.entries)[1:-1] + ">"
return printed
"""Enqueues {@code item}
@param item
item to enqueue"""
def put(self, item):
self.entries.append(item)
self.length = self.length + 1
"""Dequeues {@code item}
@requirement: |self.length| > 0
@return dequeued
item that was dequeued"""
def get(self):
self.length = self.length - 1
dequeued = self.entries[self.front]
# self.front-=1
# self.entries = self.entries[self.front:]
self.entries = self.entries[1:]
return dequeued
"""Rotates the queue {@code rotation} times
@param rotation
number of times to rotate queue"""
def rotate(self, rotation):
for i in range(rotation):
self.put(self.get())
"""Enqueues {@code item}
@return item at front of self.entries"""
def get_front(self):
return self.entries[0]
"""Returns the length of this.entries"""
def size(self):
return self.length
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,496 | Fix factorial issues | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| poyea | "2021-10-21T03:50:11Z" | "2021-10-21T07:06:32Z" | 2e955aea460d6ac173d5bfeab0c71db0658e2bcb | c0acfd46cbd6b29847d9e0e226431ab6004b8e9b | Fix factorial issues. https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Problem Description:
Given a binary tree, return its mirror.
"""
def binary_tree_mirror_dict(binary_tree_mirror_dictionary: dict, root: int):
if not root or root not in binary_tree_mirror_dictionary:
return
left_child, right_child = binary_tree_mirror_dictionary[root][:2]
binary_tree_mirror_dictionary[root] = [right_child, left_child]
binary_tree_mirror_dict(binary_tree_mirror_dictionary, left_child)
binary_tree_mirror_dict(binary_tree_mirror_dictionary, right_child)
def binary_tree_mirror(binary_tree: dict, root: int = 1) -> dict:
"""
>>> binary_tree_mirror({ 1: [2,3], 2: [4,5], 3: [6,7], 7: [8,9]}, 1)
{1: [3, 2], 2: [5, 4], 3: [7, 6], 7: [9, 8]}
>>> binary_tree_mirror({ 1: [2,3], 2: [4,5], 3: [6,7], 4: [10,11]}, 1)
{1: [3, 2], 2: [5, 4], 3: [7, 6], 4: [11, 10]}
>>> binary_tree_mirror({ 1: [2,3], 2: [4,5], 3: [6,7], 4: [10,11]}, 5)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: root 5 is not present in the binary_tree
>>> binary_tree_mirror({}, 5)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: binary tree cannot be empty
"""
if not binary_tree:
raise ValueError("binary tree cannot be empty")
if root not in binary_tree:
raise ValueError(f"root {root} is not present in the binary_tree")
binary_tree_mirror_dictionary = dict(binary_tree)
binary_tree_mirror_dict(binary_tree_mirror_dictionary, root)
return binary_tree_mirror_dictionary
if __name__ == "__main__":
binary_tree = {1: [2, 3], 2: [4, 5], 3: [6, 7], 7: [8, 9]}
print(f"Binary tree: {binary_tree}")
binary_tree_mirror_dictionary = binary_tree_mirror(binary_tree, 5)
print(f"Binary tree mirror: {binary_tree_mirror_dictionary}")
| """
Problem Description:
Given a binary tree, return its mirror.
"""
def binary_tree_mirror_dict(binary_tree_mirror_dictionary: dict, root: int):
if not root or root not in binary_tree_mirror_dictionary:
return
left_child, right_child = binary_tree_mirror_dictionary[root][:2]
binary_tree_mirror_dictionary[root] = [right_child, left_child]
binary_tree_mirror_dict(binary_tree_mirror_dictionary, left_child)
binary_tree_mirror_dict(binary_tree_mirror_dictionary, right_child)
def binary_tree_mirror(binary_tree: dict, root: int = 1) -> dict:
"""
>>> binary_tree_mirror({ 1: [2,3], 2: [4,5], 3: [6,7], 7: [8,9]}, 1)
{1: [3, 2], 2: [5, 4], 3: [7, 6], 7: [9, 8]}
>>> binary_tree_mirror({ 1: [2,3], 2: [4,5], 3: [6,7], 4: [10,11]}, 1)
{1: [3, 2], 2: [5, 4], 3: [7, 6], 4: [11, 10]}
>>> binary_tree_mirror({ 1: [2,3], 2: [4,5], 3: [6,7], 4: [10,11]}, 5)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: root 5 is not present in the binary_tree
>>> binary_tree_mirror({}, 5)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: binary tree cannot be empty
"""
if not binary_tree:
raise ValueError("binary tree cannot be empty")
if root not in binary_tree:
raise ValueError(f"root {root} is not present in the binary_tree")
binary_tree_mirror_dictionary = dict(binary_tree)
binary_tree_mirror_dict(binary_tree_mirror_dictionary, root)
return binary_tree_mirror_dictionary
if __name__ == "__main__":
binary_tree = {1: [2, 3], 2: [4, 5], 3: [6, 7], 7: [8, 9]}
print(f"Binary tree: {binary_tree}")
binary_tree_mirror_dictionary = binary_tree_mirror(binary_tree, 5)
print(f"Binary tree mirror: {binary_tree_mirror_dictionary}")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,496 | Fix factorial issues | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| poyea | "2021-10-21T03:50:11Z" | "2021-10-21T07:06:32Z" | 2e955aea460d6ac173d5bfeab0c71db0658e2bcb | c0acfd46cbd6b29847d9e0e226431ab6004b8e9b | Fix factorial issues. https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| # DarkCoder
def sum_of_series(first_term, common_diff, num_of_terms):
"""
Find the sum of n terms in an arithmetic progression.
>>> sum_of_series(1, 1, 10)
55.0
>>> sum_of_series(1, 10, 100)
49600.0
"""
sum = (num_of_terms / 2) * (2 * first_term + (num_of_terms - 1) * common_diff)
# formula for sum of series
return sum
def main():
print(sum_of_series(1, 1, 10))
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| # DarkCoder
def sum_of_series(first_term, common_diff, num_of_terms):
"""
Find the sum of n terms in an arithmetic progression.
>>> sum_of_series(1, 1, 10)
55.0
>>> sum_of_series(1, 10, 100)
49600.0
"""
sum = (num_of_terms / 2) * (2 * first_term + (num_of_terms - 1) * common_diff)
# formula for sum of series
return sum
def main():
print(sum_of_series(1, 1, 10))
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,496 | Fix factorial issues | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| poyea | "2021-10-21T03:50:11Z" | "2021-10-21T07:06:32Z" | 2e955aea460d6ac173d5bfeab0c71db0658e2bcb | c0acfd46cbd6b29847d9e0e226431ab6004b8e9b | Fix factorial issues. https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| def printDist(dist, V):
print("\nVertex Distance")
for i in range(V):
if dist[i] != float("inf"):
print(i, "\t", int(dist[i]), end="\t")
else:
print(i, "\t", "INF", end="\t")
print()
def minDist(mdist, vset, V):
minVal = float("inf")
minInd = -1
for i in range(V):
if (not vset[i]) and mdist[i] < minVal:
minInd = i
minVal = mdist[i]
return minInd
def Dijkstra(graph, V, src):
mdist = [float("inf") for i in range(V)]
vset = [False for i in range(V)]
mdist[src] = 0.0
for i in range(V - 1):
u = minDist(mdist, vset, V)
vset[u] = True
for v in range(V):
if (
(not vset[v])
and graph[u][v] != float("inf")
and mdist[u] + graph[u][v] < mdist[v]
):
mdist[v] = mdist[u] + graph[u][v]
printDist(mdist, V)
if __name__ == "__main__":
V = int(input("Enter number of vertices: ").strip())
E = int(input("Enter number of edges: ").strip())
graph = [[float("inf") for i in range(V)] for j in range(V)]
for i in range(V):
graph[i][i] = 0.0
for i in range(E):
print("\nEdge ", i + 1)
src = int(input("Enter source:").strip())
dst = int(input("Enter destination:").strip())
weight = float(input("Enter weight:").strip())
graph[src][dst] = weight
gsrc = int(input("\nEnter shortest path source:").strip())
Dijkstra(graph, V, gsrc)
| def printDist(dist, V):
print("\nVertex Distance")
for i in range(V):
if dist[i] != float("inf"):
print(i, "\t", int(dist[i]), end="\t")
else:
print(i, "\t", "INF", end="\t")
print()
def minDist(mdist, vset, V):
minVal = float("inf")
minInd = -1
for i in range(V):
if (not vset[i]) and mdist[i] < minVal:
minInd = i
minVal = mdist[i]
return minInd
def Dijkstra(graph, V, src):
mdist = [float("inf") for i in range(V)]
vset = [False for i in range(V)]
mdist[src] = 0.0
for i in range(V - 1):
u = minDist(mdist, vset, V)
vset[u] = True
for v in range(V):
if (
(not vset[v])
and graph[u][v] != float("inf")
and mdist[u] + graph[u][v] < mdist[v]
):
mdist[v] = mdist[u] + graph[u][v]
printDist(mdist, V)
if __name__ == "__main__":
V = int(input("Enter number of vertices: ").strip())
E = int(input("Enter number of edges: ").strip())
graph = [[float("inf") for i in range(V)] for j in range(V)]
for i in range(V):
graph[i][i] = 0.0
for i in range(E):
print("\nEdge ", i + 1)
src = int(input("Enter source:").strip())
dst = int(input("Enter destination:").strip())
weight = float(input("Enter weight:").strip())
graph[src][dst] = weight
gsrc = int(input("\nEnter shortest path source:").strip())
Dijkstra(graph, V, gsrc)
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,496 | Fix factorial issues | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| poyea | "2021-10-21T03:50:11Z" | "2021-10-21T07:06:32Z" | 2e955aea460d6ac173d5bfeab0c71db0658e2bcb | c0acfd46cbd6b29847d9e0e226431ab6004b8e9b | Fix factorial issues. https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Sieve of Eratosthones
The sieve of Eratosthenes is an algorithm used to find prime numbers, less than or
equal to a given value.
Illustration:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Sieve_of_Eratosthenes_animation.gif
Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve_of_Eratosthenes
doctest provider: Bruno Simas Hadlich (https://github.com/brunohadlich)
Also thanks to Dmitry (https://github.com/LizardWizzard) for finding the problem
"""
from __future__ import annotations
import math
def prime_sieve(num: int) -> list[int]:
"""
Returns a list with all prime numbers up to n.
>>> prime_sieve(50)
[2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47]
>>> prime_sieve(25)
[2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23]
>>> prime_sieve(10)
[2, 3, 5, 7]
>>> prime_sieve(9)
[2, 3, 5, 7]
>>> prime_sieve(2)
[2]
>>> prime_sieve(1)
[]
"""
if num <= 0:
raise ValueError(f"{num}: Invalid input, please enter a positive integer.")
sieve = [True] * (num + 1)
prime = []
start = 2
end = int(math.sqrt(num))
while start <= end:
# If start is a prime
if sieve[start] is True:
prime.append(start)
# Set multiples of start be False
for i in range(start * start, num + 1, start):
if sieve[i] is True:
sieve[i] = False
start += 1
for j in range(end + 1, num + 1):
if sieve[j] is True:
prime.append(j)
return prime
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(prime_sieve(int(input("Enter a positive integer: ").strip())))
| """
Sieve of Eratosthones
The sieve of Eratosthenes is an algorithm used to find prime numbers, less than or
equal to a given value.
Illustration:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Sieve_of_Eratosthenes_animation.gif
Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve_of_Eratosthenes
doctest provider: Bruno Simas Hadlich (https://github.com/brunohadlich)
Also thanks to Dmitry (https://github.com/LizardWizzard) for finding the problem
"""
from __future__ import annotations
import math
def prime_sieve(num: int) -> list[int]:
"""
Returns a list with all prime numbers up to n.
>>> prime_sieve(50)
[2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47]
>>> prime_sieve(25)
[2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23]
>>> prime_sieve(10)
[2, 3, 5, 7]
>>> prime_sieve(9)
[2, 3, 5, 7]
>>> prime_sieve(2)
[2]
>>> prime_sieve(1)
[]
"""
if num <= 0:
raise ValueError(f"{num}: Invalid input, please enter a positive integer.")
sieve = [True] * (num + 1)
prime = []
start = 2
end = int(math.sqrt(num))
while start <= end:
# If start is a prime
if sieve[start] is True:
prime.append(start)
# Set multiples of start be False
for i in range(start * start, num + 1, start):
if sieve[i] is True:
sieve[i] = False
start += 1
for j in range(end + 1, num + 1):
if sieve[j] is True:
prime.append(j)
return prime
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(prime_sieve(int(input("Enter a positive integer: ").strip())))
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,496 | Fix factorial issues | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| poyea | "2021-10-21T03:50:11Z" | "2021-10-21T07:06:32Z" | 2e955aea460d6ac173d5bfeab0c71db0658e2bcb | c0acfd46cbd6b29847d9e0e226431ab6004b8e9b | Fix factorial issues. https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| from __future__ import annotations
def modular_division(a: int, b: int, n: int) -> int:
"""
Modular Division :
An efficient algorithm for dividing b by a modulo n.
GCD ( Greatest Common Divisor ) or HCF ( Highest Common Factor )
Given three integers a, b, and n, such that gcd(a,n)=1 and n>1, the algorithm should
return an integer x such that 0≤x≤n−1, and b/a=x(modn) (that is, b=ax(modn)).
Theorem:
a has a multiplicative inverse modulo n iff gcd(a,n) = 1
This find x = b*a^(-1) mod n
Uses ExtendedEuclid to find the inverse of a
>>> modular_division(4,8,5)
2
>>> modular_division(3,8,5)
1
>>> modular_division(4, 11, 5)
4
"""
assert n > 1 and a > 0 and greatest_common_divisor(a, n) == 1
(d, t, s) = extended_gcd(n, a) # Implemented below
x = (b * s) % n
return x
def invert_modulo(a: int, n: int) -> int:
"""
This function find the inverses of a i.e., a^(-1)
>>> invert_modulo(2, 5)
3
>>> invert_modulo(8,7)
1
"""
(b, x) = extended_euclid(a, n) # Implemented below
if b < 0:
b = (b % n + n) % n
return b
# ------------------ Finding Modular division using invert_modulo -------------------
def modular_division2(a: int, b: int, n: int) -> int:
"""
This function used the above inversion of a to find x = (b*a^(-1))mod n
>>> modular_division2(4,8,5)
2
>>> modular_division2(3,8,5)
1
>>> modular_division2(4, 11, 5)
4
"""
s = invert_modulo(a, n)
x = (b * s) % n
return x
def extended_gcd(a: int, b: int) -> tuple[int, int, int]:
"""
Extended Euclid's Algorithm : If d divides a and b and d = a*x + b*y for integers x
and y, then d = gcd(a,b)
>>> extended_gcd(10, 6)
(2, -1, 2)
>>> extended_gcd(7, 5)
(1, -2, 3)
** extended_gcd function is used when d = gcd(a,b) is required in output
"""
assert a >= 0 and b >= 0
if b == 0:
d, x, y = a, 1, 0
else:
(d, p, q) = extended_gcd(b, a % b)
x = q
y = p - q * (a // b)
assert a % d == 0 and b % d == 0
assert d == a * x + b * y
return (d, x, y)
def extended_euclid(a: int, b: int) -> tuple[int, int]:
"""
Extended Euclid
>>> extended_euclid(10, 6)
(-1, 2)
>>> extended_euclid(7, 5)
(-2, 3)
"""
if b == 0:
return (1, 0)
(x, y) = extended_euclid(b, a % b)
k = a // b
return (y, x - k * y)
def greatest_common_divisor(a: int, b: int) -> int:
"""
Euclid's Lemma : d divides a and b, if and only if d divides a-b and b
Euclid's Algorithm
>>> greatest_common_divisor(7,5)
1
Note : In number theory, two integers a and b are said to be relatively prime,
mutually prime, or co-prime if the only positive integer (factor) that divides
both of them is 1 i.e., gcd(a,b) = 1.
>>> greatest_common_divisor(121, 11)
11
"""
if a < b:
a, b = b, a
while a % b != 0:
a, b = b, a % b
return b
if __name__ == "__main__":
from doctest import testmod
testmod(name="modular_division", verbose=True)
testmod(name="modular_division2", verbose=True)
testmod(name="invert_modulo", verbose=True)
testmod(name="extended_gcd", verbose=True)
testmod(name="extended_euclid", verbose=True)
testmod(name="greatest_common_divisor", verbose=True)
| from __future__ import annotations
def modular_division(a: int, b: int, n: int) -> int:
"""
Modular Division :
An efficient algorithm for dividing b by a modulo n.
GCD ( Greatest Common Divisor ) or HCF ( Highest Common Factor )
Given three integers a, b, and n, such that gcd(a,n)=1 and n>1, the algorithm should
return an integer x such that 0≤x≤n−1, and b/a=x(modn) (that is, b=ax(modn)).
Theorem:
a has a multiplicative inverse modulo n iff gcd(a,n) = 1
This find x = b*a^(-1) mod n
Uses ExtendedEuclid to find the inverse of a
>>> modular_division(4,8,5)
2
>>> modular_division(3,8,5)
1
>>> modular_division(4, 11, 5)
4
"""
assert n > 1 and a > 0 and greatest_common_divisor(a, n) == 1
(d, t, s) = extended_gcd(n, a) # Implemented below
x = (b * s) % n
return x
def invert_modulo(a: int, n: int) -> int:
"""
This function find the inverses of a i.e., a^(-1)
>>> invert_modulo(2, 5)
3
>>> invert_modulo(8,7)
1
"""
(b, x) = extended_euclid(a, n) # Implemented below
if b < 0:
b = (b % n + n) % n
return b
# ------------------ Finding Modular division using invert_modulo -------------------
def modular_division2(a: int, b: int, n: int) -> int:
"""
This function used the above inversion of a to find x = (b*a^(-1))mod n
>>> modular_division2(4,8,5)
2
>>> modular_division2(3,8,5)
1
>>> modular_division2(4, 11, 5)
4
"""
s = invert_modulo(a, n)
x = (b * s) % n
return x
def extended_gcd(a: int, b: int) -> tuple[int, int, int]:
"""
Extended Euclid's Algorithm : If d divides a and b and d = a*x + b*y for integers x
and y, then d = gcd(a,b)
>>> extended_gcd(10, 6)
(2, -1, 2)
>>> extended_gcd(7, 5)
(1, -2, 3)
** extended_gcd function is used when d = gcd(a,b) is required in output
"""
assert a >= 0 and b >= 0
if b == 0:
d, x, y = a, 1, 0
else:
(d, p, q) = extended_gcd(b, a % b)
x = q
y = p - q * (a // b)
assert a % d == 0 and b % d == 0
assert d == a * x + b * y
return (d, x, y)
def extended_euclid(a: int, b: int) -> tuple[int, int]:
"""
Extended Euclid
>>> extended_euclid(10, 6)
(-1, 2)
>>> extended_euclid(7, 5)
(-2, 3)
"""
if b == 0:
return (1, 0)
(x, y) = extended_euclid(b, a % b)
k = a // b
return (y, x - k * y)
def greatest_common_divisor(a: int, b: int) -> int:
"""
Euclid's Lemma : d divides a and b, if and only if d divides a-b and b
Euclid's Algorithm
>>> greatest_common_divisor(7,5)
1
Note : In number theory, two integers a and b are said to be relatively prime,
mutually prime, or co-prime if the only positive integer (factor) that divides
both of them is 1 i.e., gcd(a,b) = 1.
>>> greatest_common_divisor(121, 11)
11
"""
if a < b:
a, b = b, a
while a % b != 0:
a, b = b, a % b
return b
if __name__ == "__main__":
from doctest import testmod
testmod(name="modular_division", verbose=True)
testmod(name="modular_division2", verbose=True)
testmod(name="invert_modulo", verbose=True)
testmod(name="extended_gcd", verbose=True)
testmod(name="extended_euclid", verbose=True)
testmod(name="greatest_common_divisor", verbose=True)
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,496 | Fix factorial issues | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| poyea | "2021-10-21T03:50:11Z" | "2021-10-21T07:06:32Z" | 2e955aea460d6ac173d5bfeab0c71db0658e2bcb | c0acfd46cbd6b29847d9e0e226431ab6004b8e9b | Fix factorial issues. https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| #!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
Created by sarathkaul on 14/11/19
Updated by lawric1 on 24/11/20
Authentication will be made via access token.
To generate your personal access token visit https://github.com/settings/tokens.
NOTE:
Never hardcode any credential information in the code. Always use an environment
file to store the private information and use the `os` module to get the information
during runtime.
Create a ".env" file in the root directory and write these two lines in that file
with your token::
#!/usr/bin/env bash
export USER_TOKEN=""
"""
from __future__ import annotations
import os
from typing import Any
import requests
BASE_URL = "https://api.github.com"
# https://docs.github.com/en/free-pro-team@latest/rest/reference/users#get-the-authenticated-user
AUTHENTICATED_USER_ENDPOINT = BASE_URL + "/user"
# https://github.com/settings/tokens
USER_TOKEN = os.environ.get("USER_TOKEN", "")
def fetch_github_info(auth_token: str) -> dict[Any, Any]:
"""
Fetch GitHub info of a user using the requests module
"""
headers = {
"Authorization": f"token {auth_token}",
"Accept": "application/vnd.github.v3+json",
}
return requests.get(AUTHENTICATED_USER_ENDPOINT, headers=headers).json()
if __name__ == "__main__": # pragma: no cover
if USER_TOKEN:
for key, value in fetch_github_info(USER_TOKEN).items():
print(f"{key}: {value}")
else:
raise ValueError("'USER_TOKEN' field cannot be empty.")
| #!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
Created by sarathkaul on 14/11/19
Updated by lawric1 on 24/11/20
Authentication will be made via access token.
To generate your personal access token visit https://github.com/settings/tokens.
NOTE:
Never hardcode any credential information in the code. Always use an environment
file to store the private information and use the `os` module to get the information
during runtime.
Create a ".env" file in the root directory and write these two lines in that file
with your token::
#!/usr/bin/env bash
export USER_TOKEN=""
"""
from __future__ import annotations
import os
from typing import Any
import requests
BASE_URL = "https://api.github.com"
# https://docs.github.com/en/free-pro-team@latest/rest/reference/users#get-the-authenticated-user
AUTHENTICATED_USER_ENDPOINT = BASE_URL + "/user"
# https://github.com/settings/tokens
USER_TOKEN = os.environ.get("USER_TOKEN", "")
def fetch_github_info(auth_token: str) -> dict[Any, Any]:
"""
Fetch GitHub info of a user using the requests module
"""
headers = {
"Authorization": f"token {auth_token}",
"Accept": "application/vnd.github.v3+json",
}
return requests.get(AUTHENTICATED_USER_ENDPOINT, headers=headers).json()
if __name__ == "__main__": # pragma: no cover
if USER_TOKEN:
for key, value in fetch_github_info(USER_TOKEN).items():
print(f"{key}: {value}")
else:
raise ValueError("'USER_TOKEN' field cannot be empty.")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,496 | Fix factorial issues | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| poyea | "2021-10-21T03:50:11Z" | "2021-10-21T07:06:32Z" | 2e955aea460d6ac173d5bfeab0c71db0658e2bcb | c0acfd46cbd6b29847d9e0e226431ab6004b8e9b | Fix factorial issues. https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Find the area of various geometric shapes
"""
from math import pi, sqrt
def surface_area_cube(side_length: float) -> float:
"""
Calculate the Surface Area of a Cube.
>>> surface_area_cube(1)
6
>>> surface_area_cube(3)
54
>>> surface_area_cube(-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: surface_area_cube() only accepts non-negative values
"""
if side_length < 0:
raise ValueError("surface_area_cube() only accepts non-negative values")
return 6 * side_length ** 2
def surface_area_sphere(radius: float) -> float:
"""
Calculate the Surface Area of a Sphere.
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere
Formula: 4 * pi * r^2
>>> surface_area_sphere(5)
314.1592653589793
>>> surface_area_sphere(1)
12.566370614359172
>>> surface_area_sphere(-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: surface_area_sphere() only accepts non-negative values
"""
if radius < 0:
raise ValueError("surface_area_sphere() only accepts non-negative values")
return 4 * pi * radius ** 2
def surface_area_hemisphere(radius: float) -> float:
"""
Calculate the Surface Area of a Hemisphere.
Formula: 3 * pi * r^2
>>> surface_area_hemisphere(5)
235.61944901923448
>>> surface_area_hemisphere(1)
9.42477796076938
>>> surface_area_hemisphere(0)
0.0
>>> surface_area_hemisphere(1.1)
11.40398133253095
>>> surface_area_hemisphere(-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: surface_area_hemisphere() only accepts non-negative values
"""
if radius < 0:
raise ValueError("surface_area_hemisphere() only accepts non-negative values")
return 3 * pi * radius ** 2
def surface_area_cone(radius: float, height: float) -> float:
"""
Calculate the Surface Area of a Cone.
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone
Formula: pi * r * (r + (h ** 2 + r ** 2) ** 0.5)
>>> surface_area_cone(10, 24)
1130.9733552923256
>>> surface_area_cone(6, 8)
301.59289474462014
>>> surface_area_cone(-1, -2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: surface_area_cone() only accepts non-negative values
>>> surface_area_cone(1, -2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: surface_area_cone() only accepts non-negative values
>>> surface_area_cone(-1, 2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: surface_area_cone() only accepts non-negative values
"""
if radius < 0 or height < 0:
raise ValueError("surface_area_cone() only accepts non-negative values")
return pi * radius * (radius + (height ** 2 + radius ** 2) ** 0.5)
def surface_area_cylinder(radius: float, height: float) -> float:
"""
Calculate the Surface Area of a Cylinder.
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder
Formula: 2 * pi * r * (h + r)
>>> surface_area_cylinder(7, 10)
747.6990515543707
>>> surface_area_cylinder(6, 8)
527.7875658030853
>>> surface_area_cylinder(-1, -2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: surface_area_cylinder() only accepts non-negative values
>>> surface_area_cylinder(1, -2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: surface_area_cylinder() only accepts non-negative values
>>> surface_area_cylinder(-1, 2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: surface_area_cylinder() only accepts non-negative values
"""
if radius < 0 or height < 0:
raise ValueError("surface_area_cylinder() only accepts non-negative values")
return 2 * pi * radius * (height + radius)
def area_rectangle(length: float, width: float) -> float:
"""
Calculate the area of a rectangle.
>>> area_rectangle(10, 20)
200
>>> area_rectangle(-1, -2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_rectangle() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_rectangle(1, -2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_rectangle() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_rectangle(-1, 2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_rectangle() only accepts non-negative values
"""
if length < 0 or width < 0:
raise ValueError("area_rectangle() only accepts non-negative values")
return length * width
def area_square(side_length: float) -> float:
"""
Calculate the area of a square.
>>> area_square(10)
100
>>> area_square(-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_square() only accepts non-negative values
"""
if side_length < 0:
raise ValueError("area_square() only accepts non-negative values")
return side_length ** 2
def area_triangle(base: float, height: float) -> float:
"""
Calculate the area of a triangle given the base and height.
>>> area_triangle(10, 10)
50.0
>>> area_triangle(-1, -2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_triangle() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_triangle(1, -2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_triangle() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_triangle(-1, 2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_triangle() only accepts non-negative values
"""
if base < 0 or height < 0:
raise ValueError("area_triangle() only accepts non-negative values")
return (base * height) / 2
def area_triangle_three_sides(side1: float, side2: float, side3: float) -> float:
"""
Calculate area of triangle when the length of 3 sides are known.
This function uses Heron's formula: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron%27s_formula
>>> area_triangle_three_sides(5, 12, 13)
30.0
>>> area_triangle_three_sides(10, 11, 12)
51.521233486786784
>>> area_triangle_three_sides(-1, -2, -1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_triangle_three_sides() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_triangle_three_sides(1, -2, 1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_triangle_three_sides() only accepts non-negative values
"""
if side1 < 0 or side2 < 0 or side3 < 0:
raise ValueError("area_triangle_three_sides() only accepts non-negative values")
elif side1 + side2 < side3 or side1 + side3 < side2 or side2 + side3 < side1:
raise ValueError("Given three sides do not form a triangle")
semi_perimeter = (side1 + side2 + side3) / 2
area = sqrt(
semi_perimeter
* (semi_perimeter - side1)
* (semi_perimeter - side2)
* (semi_perimeter - side3)
)
return area
def area_parallelogram(base: float, height: float) -> float:
"""
Calculate the area of a parallelogram.
>>> area_parallelogram(10, 20)
200
>>> area_parallelogram(-1, -2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_parallelogram() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_parallelogram(1, -2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_parallelogram() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_parallelogram(-1, 2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_parallelogram() only accepts non-negative values
"""
if base < 0 or height < 0:
raise ValueError("area_parallelogram() only accepts non-negative values")
return base * height
def area_trapezium(base1: float, base2: float, height: float) -> float:
"""
Calculate the area of a trapezium.
>>> area_trapezium(10, 20, 30)
450.0
>>> area_trapezium(-1, -2, -3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_trapezium() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_trapezium(-1, 2, 3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_trapezium() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_trapezium(1, -2, 3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_trapezium() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_trapezium(1, 2, -3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_trapezium() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_trapezium(-1, -2, 3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_trapezium() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_trapezium(1, -2, -3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_trapezium() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_trapezium(-1, 2, -3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_trapezium() only accepts non-negative values
"""
if base1 < 0 or base2 < 0 or height < 0:
raise ValueError("area_trapezium() only accepts non-negative values")
return 1 / 2 * (base1 + base2) * height
def area_circle(radius: float) -> float:
"""
Calculate the area of a circle.
>>> area_circle(20)
1256.6370614359173
>>> area_circle(-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_circle() only accepts non-negative values
"""
if radius < 0:
raise ValueError("area_circle() only accepts non-negative values")
return pi * radius ** 2
def area_ellipse(radius_x: float, radius_y: float) -> float:
"""
Calculate the area of a ellipse.
>>> area_ellipse(10, 10)
314.1592653589793
>>> area_ellipse(10, 20)
628.3185307179587
>>> area_ellipse(-10, 20)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_ellipse() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_ellipse(10, -20)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_ellipse() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_ellipse(-10, -20)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_ellipse() only accepts non-negative values
"""
if radius_x < 0 or radius_y < 0:
raise ValueError("area_ellipse() only accepts non-negative values")
return pi * radius_x * radius_y
def area_rhombus(diagonal_1: float, diagonal_2: float) -> float:
"""
Calculate the area of a rhombus.
>>> area_rhombus(10, 20)
100.0
>>> area_rhombus(-1, -2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_rhombus() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_rhombus(1, -2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_rhombus() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_rhombus(-1, 2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_rhombus() only accepts non-negative values
"""
if diagonal_1 < 0 or diagonal_2 < 0:
raise ValueError("area_rhombus() only accepts non-negative values")
return 1 / 2 * diagonal_1 * diagonal_2
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod(verbose=True) # verbose so we can see methods missing tests
print("[DEMO] Areas of various geometric shapes: \n")
print(f"Rectangle: {area_rectangle(10, 20) = }")
print(f"Square: {area_square(10) = }")
print(f"Triangle: {area_triangle(10, 10) = }")
print(f"Triangle: {area_triangle_three_sides(5, 12, 13) = }")
print(f"Parallelogram: {area_parallelogram(10, 20) = }")
print(f"Rhombus: {area_rhombus(10, 20) = }")
print(f"Trapezium: {area_trapezium(10, 20, 30) = }")
print(f"Circle: {area_circle(20) = }")
print("\nSurface Areas of various geometric shapes: \n")
print(f"Cube: {surface_area_cube(20) = }")
print(f"Sphere: {surface_area_sphere(20) = }")
print(f"Hemisphere: {surface_area_hemisphere(20) = }")
print(f"Cone: {surface_area_cone(10, 20) = }")
print(f"Cylinder: {surface_area_cylinder(10, 20) = }")
| """
Find the area of various geometric shapes
"""
from math import pi, sqrt
def surface_area_cube(side_length: float) -> float:
"""
Calculate the Surface Area of a Cube.
>>> surface_area_cube(1)
6
>>> surface_area_cube(3)
54
>>> surface_area_cube(-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: surface_area_cube() only accepts non-negative values
"""
if side_length < 0:
raise ValueError("surface_area_cube() only accepts non-negative values")
return 6 * side_length ** 2
def surface_area_sphere(radius: float) -> float:
"""
Calculate the Surface Area of a Sphere.
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere
Formula: 4 * pi * r^2
>>> surface_area_sphere(5)
314.1592653589793
>>> surface_area_sphere(1)
12.566370614359172
>>> surface_area_sphere(-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: surface_area_sphere() only accepts non-negative values
"""
if radius < 0:
raise ValueError("surface_area_sphere() only accepts non-negative values")
return 4 * pi * radius ** 2
def surface_area_hemisphere(radius: float) -> float:
"""
Calculate the Surface Area of a Hemisphere.
Formula: 3 * pi * r^2
>>> surface_area_hemisphere(5)
235.61944901923448
>>> surface_area_hemisphere(1)
9.42477796076938
>>> surface_area_hemisphere(0)
0.0
>>> surface_area_hemisphere(1.1)
11.40398133253095
>>> surface_area_hemisphere(-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: surface_area_hemisphere() only accepts non-negative values
"""
if radius < 0:
raise ValueError("surface_area_hemisphere() only accepts non-negative values")
return 3 * pi * radius ** 2
def surface_area_cone(radius: float, height: float) -> float:
"""
Calculate the Surface Area of a Cone.
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone
Formula: pi * r * (r + (h ** 2 + r ** 2) ** 0.5)
>>> surface_area_cone(10, 24)
1130.9733552923256
>>> surface_area_cone(6, 8)
301.59289474462014
>>> surface_area_cone(-1, -2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: surface_area_cone() only accepts non-negative values
>>> surface_area_cone(1, -2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: surface_area_cone() only accepts non-negative values
>>> surface_area_cone(-1, 2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: surface_area_cone() only accepts non-negative values
"""
if radius < 0 or height < 0:
raise ValueError("surface_area_cone() only accepts non-negative values")
return pi * radius * (radius + (height ** 2 + radius ** 2) ** 0.5)
def surface_area_cylinder(radius: float, height: float) -> float:
"""
Calculate the Surface Area of a Cylinder.
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder
Formula: 2 * pi * r * (h + r)
>>> surface_area_cylinder(7, 10)
747.6990515543707
>>> surface_area_cylinder(6, 8)
527.7875658030853
>>> surface_area_cylinder(-1, -2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: surface_area_cylinder() only accepts non-negative values
>>> surface_area_cylinder(1, -2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: surface_area_cylinder() only accepts non-negative values
>>> surface_area_cylinder(-1, 2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: surface_area_cylinder() only accepts non-negative values
"""
if radius < 0 or height < 0:
raise ValueError("surface_area_cylinder() only accepts non-negative values")
return 2 * pi * radius * (height + radius)
def area_rectangle(length: float, width: float) -> float:
"""
Calculate the area of a rectangle.
>>> area_rectangle(10, 20)
200
>>> area_rectangle(-1, -2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_rectangle() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_rectangle(1, -2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_rectangle() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_rectangle(-1, 2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_rectangle() only accepts non-negative values
"""
if length < 0 or width < 0:
raise ValueError("area_rectangle() only accepts non-negative values")
return length * width
def area_square(side_length: float) -> float:
"""
Calculate the area of a square.
>>> area_square(10)
100
>>> area_square(-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_square() only accepts non-negative values
"""
if side_length < 0:
raise ValueError("area_square() only accepts non-negative values")
return side_length ** 2
def area_triangle(base: float, height: float) -> float:
"""
Calculate the area of a triangle given the base and height.
>>> area_triangle(10, 10)
50.0
>>> area_triangle(-1, -2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_triangle() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_triangle(1, -2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_triangle() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_triangle(-1, 2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_triangle() only accepts non-negative values
"""
if base < 0 or height < 0:
raise ValueError("area_triangle() only accepts non-negative values")
return (base * height) / 2
def area_triangle_three_sides(side1: float, side2: float, side3: float) -> float:
"""
Calculate area of triangle when the length of 3 sides are known.
This function uses Heron's formula: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron%27s_formula
>>> area_triangle_three_sides(5, 12, 13)
30.0
>>> area_triangle_three_sides(10, 11, 12)
51.521233486786784
>>> area_triangle_three_sides(-1, -2, -1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_triangle_three_sides() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_triangle_three_sides(1, -2, 1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_triangle_three_sides() only accepts non-negative values
"""
if side1 < 0 or side2 < 0 or side3 < 0:
raise ValueError("area_triangle_three_sides() only accepts non-negative values")
elif side1 + side2 < side3 or side1 + side3 < side2 or side2 + side3 < side1:
raise ValueError("Given three sides do not form a triangle")
semi_perimeter = (side1 + side2 + side3) / 2
area = sqrt(
semi_perimeter
* (semi_perimeter - side1)
* (semi_perimeter - side2)
* (semi_perimeter - side3)
)
return area
def area_parallelogram(base: float, height: float) -> float:
"""
Calculate the area of a parallelogram.
>>> area_parallelogram(10, 20)
200
>>> area_parallelogram(-1, -2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_parallelogram() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_parallelogram(1, -2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_parallelogram() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_parallelogram(-1, 2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_parallelogram() only accepts non-negative values
"""
if base < 0 or height < 0:
raise ValueError("area_parallelogram() only accepts non-negative values")
return base * height
def area_trapezium(base1: float, base2: float, height: float) -> float:
"""
Calculate the area of a trapezium.
>>> area_trapezium(10, 20, 30)
450.0
>>> area_trapezium(-1, -2, -3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_trapezium() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_trapezium(-1, 2, 3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_trapezium() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_trapezium(1, -2, 3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_trapezium() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_trapezium(1, 2, -3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_trapezium() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_trapezium(-1, -2, 3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_trapezium() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_trapezium(1, -2, -3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_trapezium() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_trapezium(-1, 2, -3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_trapezium() only accepts non-negative values
"""
if base1 < 0 or base2 < 0 or height < 0:
raise ValueError("area_trapezium() only accepts non-negative values")
return 1 / 2 * (base1 + base2) * height
def area_circle(radius: float) -> float:
"""
Calculate the area of a circle.
>>> area_circle(20)
1256.6370614359173
>>> area_circle(-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_circle() only accepts non-negative values
"""
if radius < 0:
raise ValueError("area_circle() only accepts non-negative values")
return pi * radius ** 2
def area_ellipse(radius_x: float, radius_y: float) -> float:
"""
Calculate the area of a ellipse.
>>> area_ellipse(10, 10)
314.1592653589793
>>> area_ellipse(10, 20)
628.3185307179587
>>> area_ellipse(-10, 20)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_ellipse() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_ellipse(10, -20)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_ellipse() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_ellipse(-10, -20)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_ellipse() only accepts non-negative values
"""
if radius_x < 0 or radius_y < 0:
raise ValueError("area_ellipse() only accepts non-negative values")
return pi * radius_x * radius_y
def area_rhombus(diagonal_1: float, diagonal_2: float) -> float:
"""
Calculate the area of a rhombus.
>>> area_rhombus(10, 20)
100.0
>>> area_rhombus(-1, -2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_rhombus() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_rhombus(1, -2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_rhombus() only accepts non-negative values
>>> area_rhombus(-1, 2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: area_rhombus() only accepts non-negative values
"""
if diagonal_1 < 0 or diagonal_2 < 0:
raise ValueError("area_rhombus() only accepts non-negative values")
return 1 / 2 * diagonal_1 * diagonal_2
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod(verbose=True) # verbose so we can see methods missing tests
print("[DEMO] Areas of various geometric shapes: \n")
print(f"Rectangle: {area_rectangle(10, 20) = }")
print(f"Square: {area_square(10) = }")
print(f"Triangle: {area_triangle(10, 10) = }")
print(f"Triangle: {area_triangle_three_sides(5, 12, 13) = }")
print(f"Parallelogram: {area_parallelogram(10, 20) = }")
print(f"Rhombus: {area_rhombus(10, 20) = }")
print(f"Trapezium: {area_trapezium(10, 20, 30) = }")
print(f"Circle: {area_circle(20) = }")
print("\nSurface Areas of various geometric shapes: \n")
print(f"Cube: {surface_area_cube(20) = }")
print(f"Sphere: {surface_area_sphere(20) = }")
print(f"Hemisphere: {surface_area_hemisphere(20) = }")
print(f"Cone: {surface_area_cone(10, 20) = }")
print(f"Cylinder: {surface_area_cylinder(10, 20) = }")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,496 | Fix factorial issues | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| poyea | "2021-10-21T03:50:11Z" | "2021-10-21T07:06:32Z" | 2e955aea460d6ac173d5bfeab0c71db0658e2bcb | c0acfd46cbd6b29847d9e0e226431ab6004b8e9b | Fix factorial issues. https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| def get_reverse_bit_string(number: int) -> str:
"""
return the bit string of an integer
>>> get_reverse_bit_string(9)
'10010000000000000000000000000000'
>>> get_reverse_bit_string(43)
'11010100000000000000000000000000'
>>> get_reverse_bit_string(2873)
'10011100110100000000000000000000'
>>> get_reverse_bit_string("this is not a number")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: operation can not be conducted on a object of type str
"""
if not isinstance(number, int):
raise TypeError(
"operation can not be conducted on a object of type "
f"{type(number).__name__}"
)
bit_string = ""
for _ in range(0, 32):
bit_string += str(number % 2)
number = number >> 1
return bit_string
def reverse_bit(number: int) -> str:
"""
Take in an 32 bit integer, reverse its bits,
return a string of reverse bits
result of a reverse_bit and operation on the integer provided.
>>> reverse_bit(25)
'00000000000000000000000000011001'
>>> reverse_bit(37)
'00000000000000000000000000100101'
>>> reverse_bit(21)
'00000000000000000000000000010101'
>>> reverse_bit(58)
'00000000000000000000000000111010'
>>> reverse_bit(0)
'00000000000000000000000000000000'
>>> reverse_bit(256)
'00000000000000000000000100000000'
>>> reverse_bit(-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: the value of input must be positive
>>> reverse_bit(1.1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: Input value must be a 'int' type
>>> reverse_bit("0")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'int'
"""
if number < 0:
raise ValueError("the value of input must be positive")
elif isinstance(number, float):
raise TypeError("Input value must be a 'int' type")
elif isinstance(number, str):
raise TypeError("'<' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'int'")
result = 0
# iterator over [1 to 32],since we are dealing with 32 bit integer
for _ in range(1, 33):
# left shift the bits by unity
result = result << 1
# get the end bit
end_bit = number % 2
# right shift the bits by unity
number = number >> 1
# add that bit to our ans
result = result | end_bit
return get_reverse_bit_string(result)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| def get_reverse_bit_string(number: int) -> str:
"""
return the bit string of an integer
>>> get_reverse_bit_string(9)
'10010000000000000000000000000000'
>>> get_reverse_bit_string(43)
'11010100000000000000000000000000'
>>> get_reverse_bit_string(2873)
'10011100110100000000000000000000'
>>> get_reverse_bit_string("this is not a number")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: operation can not be conducted on a object of type str
"""
if not isinstance(number, int):
raise TypeError(
"operation can not be conducted on a object of type "
f"{type(number).__name__}"
)
bit_string = ""
for _ in range(0, 32):
bit_string += str(number % 2)
number = number >> 1
return bit_string
def reverse_bit(number: int) -> str:
"""
Take in an 32 bit integer, reverse its bits,
return a string of reverse bits
result of a reverse_bit and operation on the integer provided.
>>> reverse_bit(25)
'00000000000000000000000000011001'
>>> reverse_bit(37)
'00000000000000000000000000100101'
>>> reverse_bit(21)
'00000000000000000000000000010101'
>>> reverse_bit(58)
'00000000000000000000000000111010'
>>> reverse_bit(0)
'00000000000000000000000000000000'
>>> reverse_bit(256)
'00000000000000000000000100000000'
>>> reverse_bit(-1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: the value of input must be positive
>>> reverse_bit(1.1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: Input value must be a 'int' type
>>> reverse_bit("0")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'int'
"""
if number < 0:
raise ValueError("the value of input must be positive")
elif isinstance(number, float):
raise TypeError("Input value must be a 'int' type")
elif isinstance(number, str):
raise TypeError("'<' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'int'")
result = 0
# iterator over [1 to 32],since we are dealing with 32 bit integer
for _ in range(1, 33):
# left shift the bits by unity
result = result << 1
# get the end bit
end_bit = number % 2
# right shift the bits by unity
number = number >> 1
# add that bit to our ans
result = result | end_bit
return get_reverse_bit_string(result)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,496 | Fix factorial issues | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| poyea | "2021-10-21T03:50:11Z" | "2021-10-21T07:06:32Z" | 2e955aea460d6ac173d5bfeab0c71db0658e2bcb | c0acfd46cbd6b29847d9e0e226431ab6004b8e9b | Fix factorial issues. https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,496 | Fix factorial issues | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| poyea | "2021-10-21T03:50:11Z" | "2021-10-21T07:06:32Z" | 2e955aea460d6ac173d5bfeab0c71db0658e2bcb | c0acfd46cbd6b29847d9e0e226431ab6004b8e9b | Fix factorial issues. https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Project Euler Problem 4: https://projecteuler.net/problem=4
Largest palindrome product
A palindromic number reads the same both ways. The largest palindrome made
from the product of two 2-digit numbers is 9009 = 91 × 99.
Find the largest palindrome made from the product of two 3-digit numbers.
References:
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palindromic_number
"""
def solution(n: int = 998001) -> int:
"""
Returns the largest palindrome made from the product of two 3-digit
numbers which is less than n.
>>> solution(20000)
19591
>>> solution(30000)
29992
>>> solution(40000)
39893
>>> solution(10000)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: That number is larger than our acceptable range.
"""
# fetches the next number
for number in range(n - 1, 9999, -1):
str_number = str(number)
# checks whether 'str_number' is a palindrome.
if str_number == str_number[::-1]:
divisor = 999
# if 'number' is a product of two 3-digit numbers
# then number is the answer otherwise fetch next number.
while divisor != 99:
if (number % divisor == 0) and (len(str(number // divisor)) == 3.0):
return number
divisor -= 1
raise ValueError("That number is larger than our acceptable range.")
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| """
Project Euler Problem 4: https://projecteuler.net/problem=4
Largest palindrome product
A palindromic number reads the same both ways. The largest palindrome made
from the product of two 2-digit numbers is 9009 = 91 × 99.
Find the largest palindrome made from the product of two 3-digit numbers.
References:
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palindromic_number
"""
def solution(n: int = 998001) -> int:
"""
Returns the largest palindrome made from the product of two 3-digit
numbers which is less than n.
>>> solution(20000)
19591
>>> solution(30000)
29992
>>> solution(40000)
39893
>>> solution(10000)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: That number is larger than our acceptable range.
"""
# fetches the next number
for number in range(n - 1, 9999, -1):
str_number = str(number)
# checks whether 'str_number' is a palindrome.
if str_number == str_number[::-1]:
divisor = 999
# if 'number' is a product of two 3-digit numbers
# then number is the answer otherwise fetch next number.
while divisor != 99:
if (number % divisor == 0) and (len(str(number // divisor)) == 3.0):
return number
divisor -= 1
raise ValueError("That number is larger than our acceptable range.")
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,496 | Fix factorial issues | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| poyea | "2021-10-21T03:50:11Z" | "2021-10-21T07:06:32Z" | 2e955aea460d6ac173d5bfeab0c71db0658e2bcb | c0acfd46cbd6b29847d9e0e226431ab6004b8e9b | Fix factorial issues. https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| import sys
import webbrowser
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
from fake_useragent import UserAgent
if __name__ == "__main__":
print("Googling.....")
url = "https://www.google.com/search?q=" + " ".join(sys.argv[1:])
res = requests.get(url, headers={"UserAgent": UserAgent().random})
# res.raise_for_status()
with open("project1a.html", "wb") as out_file: # only for knowing the class
for data in res.iter_content(10000):
out_file.write(data)
soup = BeautifulSoup(res.text, "html.parser")
links = list(soup.select(".eZt8xd"))[:5]
print(len(links))
for link in links:
if link.text == "Maps":
webbrowser.open(link.get("href"))
else:
webbrowser.open(f"http://google.com{link.get('href')}")
| import sys
import webbrowser
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
from fake_useragent import UserAgent
if __name__ == "__main__":
print("Googling.....")
url = "https://www.google.com/search?q=" + " ".join(sys.argv[1:])
res = requests.get(url, headers={"UserAgent": UserAgent().random})
# res.raise_for_status()
with open("project1a.html", "wb") as out_file: # only for knowing the class
for data in res.iter_content(10000):
out_file.write(data)
soup = BeautifulSoup(res.text, "html.parser")
links = list(soup.select(".eZt8xd"))[:5]
print(len(links))
for link in links:
if link.text == "Maps":
webbrowser.open(link.get("href"))
else:
webbrowser.open(f"http://google.com{link.get('href')}")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,496 | Fix factorial issues | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| poyea | "2021-10-21T03:50:11Z" | "2021-10-21T07:06:32Z" | 2e955aea460d6ac173d5bfeab0c71db0658e2bcb | c0acfd46cbd6b29847d9e0e226431ab6004b8e9b | Fix factorial issues. https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,496 | Fix factorial issues | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| poyea | "2021-10-21T03:50:11Z" | "2021-10-21T07:06:32Z" | 2e955aea460d6ac173d5bfeab0c71db0658e2bcb | c0acfd46cbd6b29847d9e0e226431ab6004b8e9b | Fix factorial issues. https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Project Euler Problem 10: https://projecteuler.net/problem=10
Summation of primes
The sum of the primes below 10 is 2 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 17.
Find the sum of all the primes below two million.
References:
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve_of_Eratosthenes
"""
def solution(n: int = 2000000) -> int:
"""
Returns the sum of all the primes below n using Sieve of Eratosthenes:
The sieve of Eratosthenes is one of the most efficient ways to find all primes
smaller than n when n is smaller than 10 million. Only for positive numbers.
>>> solution(1000)
76127
>>> solution(5000)
1548136
>>> solution(10000)
5736396
>>> solution(7)
10
>>> solution(7.1) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: 'float' object cannot be interpreted as an integer
>>> solution(-7) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: list assignment index out of range
>>> solution("seven") # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "int") to str
"""
primality_list = [0 for i in range(n + 1)]
primality_list[0] = 1
primality_list[1] = 1
for i in range(2, int(n ** 0.5) + 1):
if primality_list[i] == 0:
for j in range(i * i, n + 1, i):
primality_list[j] = 1
sum_of_primes = 0
for i in range(n):
if primality_list[i] == 0:
sum_of_primes += i
return sum_of_primes
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| """
Project Euler Problem 10: https://projecteuler.net/problem=10
Summation of primes
The sum of the primes below 10 is 2 + 3 + 5 + 7 = 17.
Find the sum of all the primes below two million.
References:
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve_of_Eratosthenes
"""
def solution(n: int = 2000000) -> int:
"""
Returns the sum of all the primes below n using Sieve of Eratosthenes:
The sieve of Eratosthenes is one of the most efficient ways to find all primes
smaller than n when n is smaller than 10 million. Only for positive numbers.
>>> solution(1000)
76127
>>> solution(5000)
1548136
>>> solution(10000)
5736396
>>> solution(7)
10
>>> solution(7.1) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: 'float' object cannot be interpreted as an integer
>>> solution(-7) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
IndexError: list assignment index out of range
>>> solution("seven") # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "int") to str
"""
primality_list = [0 for i in range(n + 1)]
primality_list[0] = 1
primality_list[1] = 1
for i in range(2, int(n ** 0.5) + 1):
if primality_list[i] == 0:
for j in range(i * i, n + 1, i):
primality_list[j] = 1
sum_of_primes = 0
for i in range(n):
if primality_list[i] == 0:
sum_of_primes += i
return sum_of_primes
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,496 | Fix factorial issues | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| poyea | "2021-10-21T03:50:11Z" | "2021-10-21T07:06:32Z" | 2e955aea460d6ac173d5bfeab0c71db0658e2bcb | c0acfd46cbd6b29847d9e0e226431ab6004b8e9b | Fix factorial issues. https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,496 | Fix factorial issues | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| poyea | "2021-10-21T03:50:11Z" | "2021-10-21T07:06:32Z" | 2e955aea460d6ac173d5bfeab0c71db0658e2bcb | c0acfd46cbd6b29847d9e0e226431ab6004b8e9b | Fix factorial issues. https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| import tensorflow as tf
from random import shuffle
from numpy import array
def TFKMeansCluster(vectors, noofclusters):
"""
K-Means Clustering using TensorFlow.
'vectors' should be a n*k 2-D NumPy array, where n is the number
of vectors of dimensionality k.
'noofclusters' should be an integer.
"""
noofclusters = int(noofclusters)
assert noofclusters < len(vectors)
# Find out the dimensionality
dim = len(vectors[0])
# Will help select random centroids from among the available vectors
vector_indices = list(range(len(vectors)))
shuffle(vector_indices)
# GRAPH OF COMPUTATION
# We initialize a new graph and set it as the default during each run
# of this algorithm. This ensures that as this function is called
# multiple times, the default graph doesn't keep getting crowded with
# unused ops and Variables from previous function calls.
graph = tf.Graph()
with graph.as_default():
# SESSION OF COMPUTATION
sess = tf.Session()
##CONSTRUCTING THE ELEMENTS OF COMPUTATION
##First lets ensure we have a Variable vector for each centroid,
##initialized to one of the vectors from the available data points
centroids = [
tf.Variable(vectors[vector_indices[i]]) for i in range(noofclusters)
]
##These nodes will assign the centroid Variables the appropriate
##values
centroid_value = tf.placeholder("float64", [dim])
cent_assigns = []
for centroid in centroids:
cent_assigns.append(tf.assign(centroid, centroid_value))
##Variables for cluster assignments of individual vectors(initialized
##to 0 at first)
assignments = [tf.Variable(0) for i in range(len(vectors))]
##These nodes will assign an assignment Variable the appropriate
##value
assignment_value = tf.placeholder("int32")
cluster_assigns = []
for assignment in assignments:
cluster_assigns.append(tf.assign(assignment, assignment_value))
##Now lets construct the node that will compute the mean
# The placeholder for the input
mean_input = tf.placeholder("float", [None, dim])
# The Node/op takes the input and computes a mean along the 0th
# dimension, i.e. the list of input vectors
mean_op = tf.reduce_mean(mean_input, 0)
##Node for computing Euclidean distances
# Placeholders for input
v1 = tf.placeholder("float", [dim])
v2 = tf.placeholder("float", [dim])
euclid_dist = tf.sqrt(tf.reduce_sum(tf.pow(tf.sub(v1, v2), 2)))
##This node will figure out which cluster to assign a vector to,
##based on Euclidean distances of the vector from the centroids.
# Placeholder for input
centroid_distances = tf.placeholder("float", [noofclusters])
cluster_assignment = tf.argmin(centroid_distances, 0)
##INITIALIZING STATE VARIABLES
##This will help initialization of all Variables defined with respect
##to the graph. The Variable-initializer should be defined after
##all the Variables have been constructed, so that each of them
##will be included in the initialization.
init_op = tf.initialize_all_variables()
# Initialize all variables
sess.run(init_op)
##CLUSTERING ITERATIONS
# Now perform the Expectation-Maximization steps of K-Means clustering
# iterations. To keep things simple, we will only do a set number of
# iterations, instead of using a Stopping Criterion.
noofiterations = 100
for iteration_n in range(noofiterations):
##EXPECTATION STEP
##Based on the centroid locations till last iteration, compute
##the _expected_ centroid assignments.
# Iterate over each vector
for vector_n in range(len(vectors)):
vect = vectors[vector_n]
# Compute Euclidean distance between this vector and each
# centroid. Remember that this list cannot be named
#'centroid_distances', since that is the input to the
# cluster assignment node.
distances = [
sess.run(euclid_dist, feed_dict={v1: vect, v2: sess.run(centroid)})
for centroid in centroids
]
# Now use the cluster assignment node, with the distances
# as the input
assignment = sess.run(
cluster_assignment, feed_dict={centroid_distances: distances}
)
# Now assign the value to the appropriate state variable
sess.run(
cluster_assigns[vector_n], feed_dict={assignment_value: assignment}
)
##MAXIMIZATION STEP
# Based on the expected state computed from the Expectation Step,
# compute the locations of the centroids so as to maximize the
# overall objective of minimizing within-cluster Sum-of-Squares
for cluster_n in range(noofclusters):
# Collect all the vectors assigned to this cluster
assigned_vects = [
vectors[i]
for i in range(len(vectors))
if sess.run(assignments[i]) == cluster_n
]
# Compute new centroid location
new_location = sess.run(
mean_op, feed_dict={mean_input: array(assigned_vects)}
)
# Assign value to appropriate variable
sess.run(
cent_assigns[cluster_n], feed_dict={centroid_value: new_location}
)
# Return centroids and assignments
centroids = sess.run(centroids)
assignments = sess.run(assignments)
return centroids, assignments
| import tensorflow as tf
from random import shuffle
from numpy import array
def TFKMeansCluster(vectors, noofclusters):
"""
K-Means Clustering using TensorFlow.
'vectors' should be a n*k 2-D NumPy array, where n is the number
of vectors of dimensionality k.
'noofclusters' should be an integer.
"""
noofclusters = int(noofclusters)
assert noofclusters < len(vectors)
# Find out the dimensionality
dim = len(vectors[0])
# Will help select random centroids from among the available vectors
vector_indices = list(range(len(vectors)))
shuffle(vector_indices)
# GRAPH OF COMPUTATION
# We initialize a new graph and set it as the default during each run
# of this algorithm. This ensures that as this function is called
# multiple times, the default graph doesn't keep getting crowded with
# unused ops and Variables from previous function calls.
graph = tf.Graph()
with graph.as_default():
# SESSION OF COMPUTATION
sess = tf.Session()
##CONSTRUCTING THE ELEMENTS OF COMPUTATION
##First lets ensure we have a Variable vector for each centroid,
##initialized to one of the vectors from the available data points
centroids = [
tf.Variable(vectors[vector_indices[i]]) for i in range(noofclusters)
]
##These nodes will assign the centroid Variables the appropriate
##values
centroid_value = tf.placeholder("float64", [dim])
cent_assigns = []
for centroid in centroids:
cent_assigns.append(tf.assign(centroid, centroid_value))
##Variables for cluster assignments of individual vectors(initialized
##to 0 at first)
assignments = [tf.Variable(0) for i in range(len(vectors))]
##These nodes will assign an assignment Variable the appropriate
##value
assignment_value = tf.placeholder("int32")
cluster_assigns = []
for assignment in assignments:
cluster_assigns.append(tf.assign(assignment, assignment_value))
##Now lets construct the node that will compute the mean
# The placeholder for the input
mean_input = tf.placeholder("float", [None, dim])
# The Node/op takes the input and computes a mean along the 0th
# dimension, i.e. the list of input vectors
mean_op = tf.reduce_mean(mean_input, 0)
##Node for computing Euclidean distances
# Placeholders for input
v1 = tf.placeholder("float", [dim])
v2 = tf.placeholder("float", [dim])
euclid_dist = tf.sqrt(tf.reduce_sum(tf.pow(tf.sub(v1, v2), 2)))
##This node will figure out which cluster to assign a vector to,
##based on Euclidean distances of the vector from the centroids.
# Placeholder for input
centroid_distances = tf.placeholder("float", [noofclusters])
cluster_assignment = tf.argmin(centroid_distances, 0)
##INITIALIZING STATE VARIABLES
##This will help initialization of all Variables defined with respect
##to the graph. The Variable-initializer should be defined after
##all the Variables have been constructed, so that each of them
##will be included in the initialization.
init_op = tf.initialize_all_variables()
# Initialize all variables
sess.run(init_op)
##CLUSTERING ITERATIONS
# Now perform the Expectation-Maximization steps of K-Means clustering
# iterations. To keep things simple, we will only do a set number of
# iterations, instead of using a Stopping Criterion.
noofiterations = 100
for iteration_n in range(noofiterations):
##EXPECTATION STEP
##Based on the centroid locations till last iteration, compute
##the _expected_ centroid assignments.
# Iterate over each vector
for vector_n in range(len(vectors)):
vect = vectors[vector_n]
# Compute Euclidean distance between this vector and each
# centroid. Remember that this list cannot be named
#'centroid_distances', since that is the input to the
# cluster assignment node.
distances = [
sess.run(euclid_dist, feed_dict={v1: vect, v2: sess.run(centroid)})
for centroid in centroids
]
# Now use the cluster assignment node, with the distances
# as the input
assignment = sess.run(
cluster_assignment, feed_dict={centroid_distances: distances}
)
# Now assign the value to the appropriate state variable
sess.run(
cluster_assigns[vector_n], feed_dict={assignment_value: assignment}
)
##MAXIMIZATION STEP
# Based on the expected state computed from the Expectation Step,
# compute the locations of the centroids so as to maximize the
# overall objective of minimizing within-cluster Sum-of-Squares
for cluster_n in range(noofclusters):
# Collect all the vectors assigned to this cluster
assigned_vects = [
vectors[i]
for i in range(len(vectors))
if sess.run(assignments[i]) == cluster_n
]
# Compute new centroid location
new_location = sess.run(
mean_op, feed_dict={mean_input: array(assigned_vects)}
)
# Assign value to appropriate variable
sess.run(
cent_assigns[cluster_n], feed_dict={centroid_value: new_location}
)
# Return centroids and assignments
centroids = sess.run(centroids)
assignments = sess.run(assignments)
return centroids, assignments
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,496 | Fix factorial issues | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| poyea | "2021-10-21T03:50:11Z" | "2021-10-21T07:06:32Z" | 2e955aea460d6ac173d5bfeab0c71db0658e2bcb | c0acfd46cbd6b29847d9e0e226431ab6004b8e9b | Fix factorial issues. https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Project Euler Problem 8: https://projecteuler.net/problem=8
Largest product in a series
The four adjacent digits in the 1000-digit number that have the greatest
product are 9 × 9 × 8 × 9 = 5832.
73167176531330624919225119674426574742355349194934
96983520312774506326239578318016984801869478851843
85861560789112949495459501737958331952853208805511
12540698747158523863050715693290963295227443043557
66896648950445244523161731856403098711121722383113
62229893423380308135336276614282806444486645238749
30358907296290491560440772390713810515859307960866
70172427121883998797908792274921901699720888093776
65727333001053367881220235421809751254540594752243
52584907711670556013604839586446706324415722155397
53697817977846174064955149290862569321978468622482
83972241375657056057490261407972968652414535100474
82166370484403199890008895243450658541227588666881
16427171479924442928230863465674813919123162824586
17866458359124566529476545682848912883142607690042
24219022671055626321111109370544217506941658960408
07198403850962455444362981230987879927244284909188
84580156166097919133875499200524063689912560717606
05886116467109405077541002256983155200055935729725
71636269561882670428252483600823257530420752963450
Find the thirteen adjacent digits in the 1000-digit number that have the
greatest product. What is the value of this product?
"""
import sys
N = """73167176531330624919225119674426574742355349194934\
96983520312774506326239578318016984801869478851843\
85861560789112949495459501737958331952853208805511\
12540698747158523863050715693290963295227443043557\
66896648950445244523161731856403098711121722383113\
62229893423380308135336276614282806444486645238749\
30358907296290491560440772390713810515859307960866\
70172427121883998797908792274921901699720888093776\
65727333001053367881220235421809751254540594752243\
52584907711670556013604839586446706324415722155397\
53697817977846174064955149290862569321978468622482\
83972241375657056057490261407972968652414535100474\
82166370484403199890008895243450658541227588666881\
16427171479924442928230863465674813919123162824586\
17866458359124566529476545682848912883142607690042\
24219022671055626321111109370544217506941658960408\
07198403850962455444362981230987879927244284909188\
84580156166097919133875499200524063689912560717606\
05886116467109405077541002256983155200055935729725\
71636269561882670428252483600823257530420752963450"""
def solution(n: str = N) -> int:
"""
Find the thirteen adjacent digits in the 1000-digit number n that have
the greatest product and returns it.
>>> solution("13978431290823798458352374")
609638400
>>> solution("13978431295823798458352374")
2612736000
>>> solution("1397843129582379841238352374")
209018880
"""
largest_product = -sys.maxsize - 1
for i in range(len(n) - 12):
product = 1
for j in range(13):
product *= int(n[i + j])
if product > largest_product:
largest_product = product
return largest_product
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| """
Project Euler Problem 8: https://projecteuler.net/problem=8
Largest product in a series
The four adjacent digits in the 1000-digit number that have the greatest
product are 9 × 9 × 8 × 9 = 5832.
73167176531330624919225119674426574742355349194934
96983520312774506326239578318016984801869478851843
85861560789112949495459501737958331952853208805511
12540698747158523863050715693290963295227443043557
66896648950445244523161731856403098711121722383113
62229893423380308135336276614282806444486645238749
30358907296290491560440772390713810515859307960866
70172427121883998797908792274921901699720888093776
65727333001053367881220235421809751254540594752243
52584907711670556013604839586446706324415722155397
53697817977846174064955149290862569321978468622482
83972241375657056057490261407972968652414535100474
82166370484403199890008895243450658541227588666881
16427171479924442928230863465674813919123162824586
17866458359124566529476545682848912883142607690042
24219022671055626321111109370544217506941658960408
07198403850962455444362981230987879927244284909188
84580156166097919133875499200524063689912560717606
05886116467109405077541002256983155200055935729725
71636269561882670428252483600823257530420752963450
Find the thirteen adjacent digits in the 1000-digit number that have the
greatest product. What is the value of this product?
"""
import sys
N = """73167176531330624919225119674426574742355349194934\
96983520312774506326239578318016984801869478851843\
85861560789112949495459501737958331952853208805511\
12540698747158523863050715693290963295227443043557\
66896648950445244523161731856403098711121722383113\
62229893423380308135336276614282806444486645238749\
30358907296290491560440772390713810515859307960866\
70172427121883998797908792274921901699720888093776\
65727333001053367881220235421809751254540594752243\
52584907711670556013604839586446706324415722155397\
53697817977846174064955149290862569321978468622482\
83972241375657056057490261407972968652414535100474\
82166370484403199890008895243450658541227588666881\
16427171479924442928230863465674813919123162824586\
17866458359124566529476545682848912883142607690042\
24219022671055626321111109370544217506941658960408\
07198403850962455444362981230987879927244284909188\
84580156166097919133875499200524063689912560717606\
05886116467109405077541002256983155200055935729725\
71636269561882670428252483600823257530420752963450"""
def solution(n: str = N) -> int:
"""
Find the thirteen adjacent digits in the 1000-digit number n that have
the greatest product and returns it.
>>> solution("13978431290823798458352374")
609638400
>>> solution("13978431295823798458352374")
2612736000
>>> solution("1397843129582379841238352374")
209018880
"""
largest_product = -sys.maxsize - 1
for i in range(len(n) - 12):
product = 1
for j in range(13):
product *= int(n[i + j])
if product > largest_product:
largest_product = product
return largest_product
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,496 | Fix factorial issues | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| poyea | "2021-10-21T03:50:11Z" | "2021-10-21T07:06:32Z" | 2e955aea460d6ac173d5bfeab0c71db0658e2bcb | c0acfd46cbd6b29847d9e0e226431ab6004b8e9b | Fix factorial issues. https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,496 | Fix factorial issues | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| poyea | "2021-10-21T03:50:11Z" | "2021-10-21T07:06:32Z" | 2e955aea460d6ac173d5bfeab0c71db0658e2bcb | c0acfd46cbd6b29847d9e0e226431ab6004b8e9b | Fix factorial issues. https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 9caf4784aada17dc75348f77cc8c356df503c0f3 jupyter <[email protected]> 1704811012 +0000 clone: from https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python.git
| 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 9caf4784aada17dc75348f77cc8c356df503c0f3 jupyter <[email protected]> 1704811012 +0000 clone: from https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python.git
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,496 | Fix factorial issues | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| poyea | "2021-10-21T03:50:11Z" | "2021-10-21T07:06:32Z" | 2e955aea460d6ac173d5bfeab0c71db0658e2bcb | c0acfd46cbd6b29847d9e0e226431ab6004b8e9b | Fix factorial issues. https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,496 | Fix factorial issues | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| poyea | "2021-10-21T03:50:11Z" | "2021-10-21T07:06:32Z" | 2e955aea460d6ac173d5bfeab0c71db0658e2bcb | c0acfd46cbd6b29847d9e0e226431ab6004b8e9b | Fix factorial issues. https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| # https://www.tutorialspoint.com/python3/bitwise_operators_example.htm
def binary_or(a: int, b: int) -> str:
"""
Take in 2 integers, convert them to binary, and return a binary number that is the
result of a binary or operation on the integers provided.
>>> binary_or(25, 32)
'0b111001'
>>> binary_or(37, 50)
'0b110111'
>>> binary_or(21, 30)
'0b11111'
>>> binary_or(58, 73)
'0b1111011'
>>> binary_or(0, 255)
'0b11111111'
>>> binary_or(0, 256)
'0b100000000'
>>> binary_or(0, -1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: the value of both inputs must be positive
>>> binary_or(0, 1.1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: 'float' object cannot be interpreted as an integer
>>> binary_or("0", "1")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'int'
"""
if a < 0 or b < 0:
raise ValueError("the value of both inputs must be positive")
a_binary = str(bin(a))[2:] # remove the leading "0b"
b_binary = str(bin(b))[2:]
max_len = max(len(a_binary), len(b_binary))
return "0b" + "".join(
str(int("1" in (char_a, char_b)))
for char_a, char_b in zip(a_binary.zfill(max_len), b_binary.zfill(max_len))
)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| # https://www.tutorialspoint.com/python3/bitwise_operators_example.htm
def binary_or(a: int, b: int) -> str:
"""
Take in 2 integers, convert them to binary, and return a binary number that is the
result of a binary or operation on the integers provided.
>>> binary_or(25, 32)
'0b111001'
>>> binary_or(37, 50)
'0b110111'
>>> binary_or(21, 30)
'0b11111'
>>> binary_or(58, 73)
'0b1111011'
>>> binary_or(0, 255)
'0b11111111'
>>> binary_or(0, 256)
'0b100000000'
>>> binary_or(0, -1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: the value of both inputs must be positive
>>> binary_or(0, 1.1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: 'float' object cannot be interpreted as an integer
>>> binary_or("0", "1")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: '<' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'int'
"""
if a < 0 or b < 0:
raise ValueError("the value of both inputs must be positive")
a_binary = str(bin(a))[2:] # remove the leading "0b"
b_binary = str(bin(b))[2:]
max_len = max(len(a_binary), len(b_binary))
return "0b" + "".join(
str(int("1" in (char_a, char_b)))
for char_a, char_b in zip(a_binary.zfill(max_len), b_binary.zfill(max_len))
)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,496 | Fix factorial issues | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| poyea | "2021-10-21T03:50:11Z" | "2021-10-21T07:06:32Z" | 2e955aea460d6ac173d5bfeab0c71db0658e2bcb | c0acfd46cbd6b29847d9e0e226431ab6004b8e9b | Fix factorial issues. https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| from __future__ import annotations
import math
from typing import Callable
def line_length(
fnc: Callable[[int | float], int | float],
x_start: int | float,
x_end: int | float,
steps: int = 100,
) -> float:
"""
Approximates the arc length of a line segment by treating the curve as a
sequence of linear lines and summing their lengths
:param fnc: a function which defines a curve
:param x_start: left end point to indicate the start of line segment
:param x_end: right end point to indicate end of line segment
:param steps: an accuracy gauge; more steps increases accuracy
:return: a float representing the length of the curve
>>> def f(x):
... return x
>>> f"{line_length(f, 0, 1, 10):.6f}"
'1.414214'
>>> def f(x):
... return 1
>>> f"{line_length(f, -5.5, 4.5):.6f}"
'10.000000'
>>> def f(x):
... return math.sin(5 * x) + math.cos(10 * x) + x * x/10
>>> f"{line_length(f, 0.0, 10.0, 10000):.6f}"
'69.534930'
"""
x1 = x_start
fx1 = fnc(x_start)
length = 0.0
for i in range(steps):
# Approximates curve as a sequence of linear lines and sums their length
x2 = (x_end - x_start) / steps + x1
fx2 = fnc(x2)
length += math.hypot(x2 - x1, fx2 - fx1)
# Increment step
x1 = x2
fx1 = fx2
return length
if __name__ == "__main__":
def f(x):
return math.sin(10 * x)
print("f(x) = sin(10 * x)")
print("The length of the curve from x = -10 to x = 10 is:")
i = 10
while i <= 100000:
print(f"With {i} steps: {line_length(f, -10, 10, i)}")
i *= 10
| from __future__ import annotations
import math
from typing import Callable
def line_length(
fnc: Callable[[int | float], int | float],
x_start: int | float,
x_end: int | float,
steps: int = 100,
) -> float:
"""
Approximates the arc length of a line segment by treating the curve as a
sequence of linear lines and summing their lengths
:param fnc: a function which defines a curve
:param x_start: left end point to indicate the start of line segment
:param x_end: right end point to indicate end of line segment
:param steps: an accuracy gauge; more steps increases accuracy
:return: a float representing the length of the curve
>>> def f(x):
... return x
>>> f"{line_length(f, 0, 1, 10):.6f}"
'1.414214'
>>> def f(x):
... return 1
>>> f"{line_length(f, -5.5, 4.5):.6f}"
'10.000000'
>>> def f(x):
... return math.sin(5 * x) + math.cos(10 * x) + x * x/10
>>> f"{line_length(f, 0.0, 10.0, 10000):.6f}"
'69.534930'
"""
x1 = x_start
fx1 = fnc(x_start)
length = 0.0
for i in range(steps):
# Approximates curve as a sequence of linear lines and sums their length
x2 = (x_end - x_start) / steps + x1
fx2 = fnc(x2)
length += math.hypot(x2 - x1, fx2 - fx1)
# Increment step
x1 = x2
fx1 = fx2
return length
if __name__ == "__main__":
def f(x):
return math.sin(10 * x)
print("f(x) = sin(10 * x)")
print("The length of the curve from x = -10 to x = 10 is:")
i = 10
while i <= 100000:
print(f"With {i} steps: {line_length(f, -10, 10, i)}")
i *= 10
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,496 | Fix factorial issues | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| poyea | "2021-10-21T03:50:11Z" | "2021-10-21T07:06:32Z" | 2e955aea460d6ac173d5bfeab0c71db0658e2bcb | c0acfd46cbd6b29847d9e0e226431ab6004b8e9b | Fix factorial issues. https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Convolutional Neural Network
Objective : To train a CNN model detect if TB is present in Lung X-ray or not.
Resources CNN Theory :
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network
Resources Tensorflow : https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/images/cnn
Download dataset from :
https://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/LHC-publications/pubs/TuberculosisChestXrayImageDataSets.html
1. Download the dataset folder and create two folder training set and test set
in the parent dataste folder
2. Move 30-40 image from both TB positive and TB Negative folder
in the test set folder
3. The labels of the iamges will be extracted from the folder name
the image is present in.
"""
# Part 1 - Building the CNN
import numpy as np
# Importing the Keras libraries and packages
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.keras import layers, models
if __name__ == "__main__":
# Initialising the CNN
classifier = models.Sequential()
# Step 1 - Convolution
classifier.add(
layers.Conv2D(32, (3, 3), input_shape=(64, 64, 3), activation="relu")
)
# Step 2 - Pooling
classifier.add(layers.MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2)))
# Adding a second convolutional layer
classifier.add(layers.Conv2D(32, (3, 3), activation="relu"))
classifier.add(layers.MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2)))
# Step 3 - Flattening
classifier.add(layers.Flatten())
# Step 4 - Full connection
classifier.add(layers.Dense(units=128, activation="relu"))
classifier.add(layers.Dense(units=1, activation="sigmoid"))
# Compiling the CNN
classifier.compile(
optimizer="adam", loss="binary_crossentropy", metrics=["accuracy"]
)
# Part 2 - Fitting the CNN to the images
# Load Trained model weights
# from keras.models import load_model
# regressor=load_model('cnn.h5')
train_datagen = tf.keras.preprocessing.image.ImageDataGenerator(
rescale=1.0 / 255, shear_range=0.2, zoom_range=0.2, horizontal_flip=True
)
test_datagen = tf.keras.preprocessing.image.ImageDataGenerator(rescale=1.0 / 255)
training_set = train_datagen.flow_from_directory(
"dataset/training_set", target_size=(64, 64), batch_size=32, class_mode="binary"
)
test_set = test_datagen.flow_from_directory(
"dataset/test_set", target_size=(64, 64), batch_size=32, class_mode="binary"
)
classifier.fit_generator(
training_set, steps_per_epoch=5, epochs=30, validation_data=test_set
)
classifier.save("cnn.h5")
# Part 3 - Making new predictions
test_image = tf.keras.preprocessing.image.load_img(
"dataset/single_prediction/image.png", target_size=(64, 64)
)
test_image = tf.keras.preprocessing.image.img_to_array(test_image)
test_image = np.expand_dims(test_image, axis=0)
result = classifier.predict(test_image)
training_set.class_indices
if result[0][0] == 0:
prediction = "Normal"
if result[0][0] == 1:
prediction = "Abnormality detected"
| """
Convolutional Neural Network
Objective : To train a CNN model detect if TB is present in Lung X-ray or not.
Resources CNN Theory :
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network
Resources Tensorflow : https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/images/cnn
Download dataset from :
https://lhncbc.nlm.nih.gov/LHC-publications/pubs/TuberculosisChestXrayImageDataSets.html
1. Download the dataset folder and create two folder training set and test set
in the parent dataste folder
2. Move 30-40 image from both TB positive and TB Negative folder
in the test set folder
3. The labels of the iamges will be extracted from the folder name
the image is present in.
"""
# Part 1 - Building the CNN
import numpy as np
# Importing the Keras libraries and packages
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.keras import layers, models
if __name__ == "__main__":
# Initialising the CNN
classifier = models.Sequential()
# Step 1 - Convolution
classifier.add(
layers.Conv2D(32, (3, 3), input_shape=(64, 64, 3), activation="relu")
)
# Step 2 - Pooling
classifier.add(layers.MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2)))
# Adding a second convolutional layer
classifier.add(layers.Conv2D(32, (3, 3), activation="relu"))
classifier.add(layers.MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2)))
# Step 3 - Flattening
classifier.add(layers.Flatten())
# Step 4 - Full connection
classifier.add(layers.Dense(units=128, activation="relu"))
classifier.add(layers.Dense(units=1, activation="sigmoid"))
# Compiling the CNN
classifier.compile(
optimizer="adam", loss="binary_crossentropy", metrics=["accuracy"]
)
# Part 2 - Fitting the CNN to the images
# Load Trained model weights
# from keras.models import load_model
# regressor=load_model('cnn.h5')
train_datagen = tf.keras.preprocessing.image.ImageDataGenerator(
rescale=1.0 / 255, shear_range=0.2, zoom_range=0.2, horizontal_flip=True
)
test_datagen = tf.keras.preprocessing.image.ImageDataGenerator(rescale=1.0 / 255)
training_set = train_datagen.flow_from_directory(
"dataset/training_set", target_size=(64, 64), batch_size=32, class_mode="binary"
)
test_set = test_datagen.flow_from_directory(
"dataset/test_set", target_size=(64, 64), batch_size=32, class_mode="binary"
)
classifier.fit_generator(
training_set, steps_per_epoch=5, epochs=30, validation_data=test_set
)
classifier.save("cnn.h5")
# Part 3 - Making new predictions
test_image = tf.keras.preprocessing.image.load_img(
"dataset/single_prediction/image.png", target_size=(64, 64)
)
test_image = tf.keras.preprocessing.image.img_to_array(test_image)
test_image = np.expand_dims(test_image, axis=0)
result = classifier.predict(test_image)
training_set.class_indices
if result[0][0] == 0:
prediction = "Normal"
if result[0][0] == 1:
prediction = "Abnormality detected"
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,496 | Fix factorial issues | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| poyea | "2021-10-21T03:50:11Z" | "2021-10-21T07:06:32Z" | 2e955aea460d6ac173d5bfeab0c71db0658e2bcb | c0acfd46cbd6b29847d9e0e226431ab6004b8e9b | Fix factorial issues. https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/runs/3958162685?check_suite_focus=true#step:3:5
In [Python 3.10](https://docs.python.org/3/library/math.html#math.factorial)
```
math.factorial(x)
Return x factorial as an integer. Raises ValueError if x is not integral or is negative.
```
---
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """Author Alexandre De Zotti
Draws Julia sets of quadratic polynomials and exponential maps.
More specifically, this iterates the function a fixed number of times
then plots whether the absolute value of the last iterate is greater than
a fixed threshold (named "escape radius"). For the exponential map this is not
really an escape radius but rather a convenient way to approximate the Julia
set with bounded orbits.
The examples presented here are:
- The Cauliflower Julia set, see e.g.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Julia_z2%2B0,25.png
- Other examples from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_set
- An exponential map Julia set, ambiantly homeomorphic to the examples in
http://www.math.univ-toulouse.fr/~cheritat/GalII/galery.html
and
https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/pubmat/02141493v43n1/02141493v43n1p27.pdf
Remark: Some overflow runtime warnings are suppressed. This is because of the
way the iteration loop is implemented, using numpy's efficient computations.
Overflows and infinites are replaced after each step by a large number.
"""
import warnings
from typing import Any, Callable
import numpy
from matplotlib import pyplot
c_cauliflower = 0.25 + 0.0j
c_polynomial_1 = -0.4 + 0.6j
c_polynomial_2 = -0.1 + 0.651j
c_exponential = -2.0
nb_iterations = 56
window_size = 2.0
nb_pixels = 666
def eval_exponential(c_parameter: complex, z_values: numpy.ndarray) -> numpy.ndarray:
"""
Evaluate $e^z + c$.
>>> eval_exponential(0, 0)
1.0
>>> abs(eval_exponential(1, numpy.pi*1.j)) < 1e-15
True
>>> abs(eval_exponential(1.j, 0)-1-1.j) < 1e-15
True
"""
return numpy.exp(z_values) + c_parameter
def eval_quadratic_polynomial(
c_parameter: complex, z_values: numpy.ndarray
) -> numpy.ndarray:
"""
>>> eval_quadratic_polynomial(0, 2)
4
>>> eval_quadratic_polynomial(-1, 1)
0
>>> round(eval_quadratic_polynomial(1.j, 0).imag)
1
>>> round(eval_quadratic_polynomial(1.j, 0).real)
0
"""
return z_values * z_values + c_parameter
def prepare_grid(window_size: float, nb_pixels: int) -> numpy.ndarray:
"""
Create a grid of complex values of size nb_pixels*nb_pixels with real and
imaginary parts ranging from -window_size to window_size (inclusive).
Returns a numpy array.
>>> prepare_grid(1,3)
array([[-1.-1.j, -1.+0.j, -1.+1.j],
[ 0.-1.j, 0.+0.j, 0.+1.j],
[ 1.-1.j, 1.+0.j, 1.+1.j]])
"""
x = numpy.linspace(-window_size, window_size, nb_pixels)
x = x.reshape((nb_pixels, 1))
y = numpy.linspace(-window_size, window_size, nb_pixels)
y = y.reshape((1, nb_pixels))
return x + 1.0j * y
def iterate_function(
eval_function: Callable[[Any, numpy.ndarray], numpy.ndarray],
function_params: Any,
nb_iterations: int,
z_0: numpy.ndarray,
infinity: float = None,
) -> numpy.ndarray:
"""
Iterate the function "eval_function" exactly nb_iterations times.
The first argument of the function is a parameter which is contained in
function_params. The variable z_0 is an array that contains the initial
values to iterate from.
This function returns the final iterates.
>>> iterate_function(eval_quadratic_polynomial, 0, 3, numpy.array([0,1,2])).shape
(3,)
>>> numpy.round(iterate_function(eval_quadratic_polynomial,
... 0,
... 3,
... numpy.array([0,1,2]))[0])
0j
>>> numpy.round(iterate_function(eval_quadratic_polynomial,
... 0,
... 3,
... numpy.array([0,1,2]))[1])
(1+0j)
>>> numpy.round(iterate_function(eval_quadratic_polynomial,
... 0,
... 3,
... numpy.array([0,1,2]))[2])
(256+0j)
"""
z_n = z_0.astype("complex64")
for i in range(nb_iterations):
z_n = eval_function(function_params, z_n)
if infinity is not None:
numpy.nan_to_num(z_n, copy=False, nan=infinity)
z_n[abs(z_n) == numpy.inf] = infinity
return z_n
def show_results(
function_label: str,
function_params: Any,
escape_radius: float,
z_final: numpy.ndarray,
) -> None:
"""
Plots of whether the absolute value of z_final is greater than
the value of escape_radius. Adds the function_label and function_params to
the title.
>>> show_results('80', 0, 1, numpy.array([[0,1,.5],[.4,2,1.1],[.2,1,1.3]]))
"""
abs_z_final = (abs(z_final)).transpose()
abs_z_final[:, :] = abs_z_final[::-1, :]
pyplot.matshow(abs_z_final < escape_radius)
pyplot.title(f"Julia set of ${function_label}$, $c={function_params}$")
pyplot.show()
def ignore_overflow_warnings() -> None:
"""
Ignore some overflow and invalid value warnings.
>>> ignore_overflow_warnings()
"""
warnings.filterwarnings(
"ignore", category=RuntimeWarning, message="overflow encountered in multiply"
)
warnings.filterwarnings(
"ignore",
category=RuntimeWarning,
message="invalid value encountered in multiply",
)
warnings.filterwarnings(
"ignore", category=RuntimeWarning, message="overflow encountered in absolute"
)
warnings.filterwarnings(
"ignore", category=RuntimeWarning, message="overflow encountered in exp"
)
if __name__ == "__main__":
z_0 = prepare_grid(window_size, nb_pixels)
ignore_overflow_warnings() # See file header for explanations
nb_iterations = 24
escape_radius = 2 * abs(c_cauliflower) + 1
z_final = iterate_function(
eval_quadratic_polynomial,
c_cauliflower,
nb_iterations,
z_0,
infinity=1.1 * escape_radius,
)
show_results("z^2+c", c_cauliflower, escape_radius, z_final)
nb_iterations = 64
escape_radius = 2 * abs(c_polynomial_1) + 1
z_final = iterate_function(
eval_quadratic_polynomial,
c_polynomial_1,
nb_iterations,
z_0,
infinity=1.1 * escape_radius,
)
show_results("z^2+c", c_polynomial_1, escape_radius, z_final)
nb_iterations = 161
escape_radius = 2 * abs(c_polynomial_2) + 1
z_final = iterate_function(
eval_quadratic_polynomial,
c_polynomial_2,
nb_iterations,
z_0,
infinity=1.1 * escape_radius,
)
show_results("z^2+c", c_polynomial_2, escape_radius, z_final)
nb_iterations = 12
escape_radius = 10000.0
z_final = iterate_function(
eval_exponential,
c_exponential,
nb_iterations,
z_0 + 2,
infinity=1.0e10,
)
show_results("e^z+c", c_exponential, escape_radius, z_final)
| """Author Alexandre De Zotti
Draws Julia sets of quadratic polynomials and exponential maps.
More specifically, this iterates the function a fixed number of times
then plots whether the absolute value of the last iterate is greater than
a fixed threshold (named "escape radius"). For the exponential map this is not
really an escape radius but rather a convenient way to approximate the Julia
set with bounded orbits.
The examples presented here are:
- The Cauliflower Julia set, see e.g.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Julia_z2%2B0,25.png
- Other examples from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_set
- An exponential map Julia set, ambiantly homeomorphic to the examples in
http://www.math.univ-toulouse.fr/~cheritat/GalII/galery.html
and
https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/pubmat/02141493v43n1/02141493v43n1p27.pdf
Remark: Some overflow runtime warnings are suppressed. This is because of the
way the iteration loop is implemented, using numpy's efficient computations.
Overflows and infinites are replaced after each step by a large number.
"""
import warnings
from typing import Any, Callable
import numpy
from matplotlib import pyplot
c_cauliflower = 0.25 + 0.0j
c_polynomial_1 = -0.4 + 0.6j
c_polynomial_2 = -0.1 + 0.651j
c_exponential = -2.0
nb_iterations = 56
window_size = 2.0
nb_pixels = 666
def eval_exponential(c_parameter: complex, z_values: numpy.ndarray) -> numpy.ndarray:
"""
Evaluate $e^z + c$.
>>> eval_exponential(0, 0)
1.0
>>> abs(eval_exponential(1, numpy.pi*1.j)) < 1e-15
True
>>> abs(eval_exponential(1.j, 0)-1-1.j) < 1e-15
True
"""
return numpy.exp(z_values) + c_parameter
def eval_quadratic_polynomial(
c_parameter: complex, z_values: numpy.ndarray
) -> numpy.ndarray:
"""
>>> eval_quadratic_polynomial(0, 2)
4
>>> eval_quadratic_polynomial(-1, 1)
0
>>> round(eval_quadratic_polynomial(1.j, 0).imag)
1
>>> round(eval_quadratic_polynomial(1.j, 0).real)
0
"""
return z_values * z_values + c_parameter
def prepare_grid(window_size: float, nb_pixels: int) -> numpy.ndarray:
"""
Create a grid of complex values of size nb_pixels*nb_pixels with real and
imaginary parts ranging from -window_size to window_size (inclusive).
Returns a numpy array.
>>> prepare_grid(1,3)
array([[-1.-1.j, -1.+0.j, -1.+1.j],
[ 0.-1.j, 0.+0.j, 0.+1.j],
[ 1.-1.j, 1.+0.j, 1.+1.j]])
"""
x = numpy.linspace(-window_size, window_size, nb_pixels)
x = x.reshape((nb_pixels, 1))
y = numpy.linspace(-window_size, window_size, nb_pixels)
y = y.reshape((1, nb_pixels))
return x + 1.0j * y
def iterate_function(
eval_function: Callable[[Any, numpy.ndarray], numpy.ndarray],
function_params: Any,
nb_iterations: int,
z_0: numpy.ndarray,
infinity: float = None,
) -> numpy.ndarray:
"""
Iterate the function "eval_function" exactly nb_iterations times.
The first argument of the function is a parameter which is contained in
function_params. The variable z_0 is an array that contains the initial
values to iterate from.
This function returns the final iterates.
>>> iterate_function(eval_quadratic_polynomial, 0, 3, numpy.array([0,1,2])).shape
(3,)
>>> numpy.round(iterate_function(eval_quadratic_polynomial,
... 0,
... 3,
... numpy.array([0,1,2]))[0])
0j
>>> numpy.round(iterate_function(eval_quadratic_polynomial,
... 0,
... 3,
... numpy.array([0,1,2]))[1])
(1+0j)
>>> numpy.round(iterate_function(eval_quadratic_polynomial,
... 0,
... 3,
... numpy.array([0,1,2]))[2])
(256+0j)
"""
z_n = z_0.astype("complex64")
for i in range(nb_iterations):
z_n = eval_function(function_params, z_n)
if infinity is not None:
numpy.nan_to_num(z_n, copy=False, nan=infinity)
z_n[abs(z_n) == numpy.inf] = infinity
return z_n
def show_results(
function_label: str,
function_params: Any,
escape_radius: float,
z_final: numpy.ndarray,
) -> None:
"""
Plots of whether the absolute value of z_final is greater than
the value of escape_radius. Adds the function_label and function_params to
the title.
>>> show_results('80', 0, 1, numpy.array([[0,1,.5],[.4,2,1.1],[.2,1,1.3]]))
"""
abs_z_final = (abs(z_final)).transpose()
abs_z_final[:, :] = abs_z_final[::-1, :]
pyplot.matshow(abs_z_final < escape_radius)
pyplot.title(f"Julia set of ${function_label}$, $c={function_params}$")
pyplot.show()
def ignore_overflow_warnings() -> None:
"""
Ignore some overflow and invalid value warnings.
>>> ignore_overflow_warnings()
"""
warnings.filterwarnings(
"ignore", category=RuntimeWarning, message="overflow encountered in multiply"
)
warnings.filterwarnings(
"ignore",
category=RuntimeWarning,
message="invalid value encountered in multiply",
)
warnings.filterwarnings(
"ignore", category=RuntimeWarning, message="overflow encountered in absolute"
)
warnings.filterwarnings(
"ignore", category=RuntimeWarning, message="overflow encountered in exp"
)
if __name__ == "__main__":
z_0 = prepare_grid(window_size, nb_pixels)
ignore_overflow_warnings() # See file header for explanations
nb_iterations = 24
escape_radius = 2 * abs(c_cauliflower) + 1
z_final = iterate_function(
eval_quadratic_polynomial,
c_cauliflower,
nb_iterations,
z_0,
infinity=1.1 * escape_radius,
)
show_results("z^2+c", c_cauliflower, escape_radius, z_final)
nb_iterations = 64
escape_radius = 2 * abs(c_polynomial_1) + 1
z_final = iterate_function(
eval_quadratic_polynomial,
c_polynomial_1,
nb_iterations,
z_0,
infinity=1.1 * escape_radius,
)
show_results("z^2+c", c_polynomial_1, escape_radius, z_final)
nb_iterations = 161
escape_radius = 2 * abs(c_polynomial_2) + 1
z_final = iterate_function(
eval_quadratic_polynomial,
c_polynomial_2,
nb_iterations,
z_0,
infinity=1.1 * escape_radius,
)
show_results("z^2+c", c_polynomial_2, escape_radius, z_final)
nb_iterations = 12
escape_radius = 10000.0
z_final = iterate_function(
eval_exponential,
c_exponential,
nb_iterations,
z_0 + 2,
infinity=1.0e10,
)
show_results("e^z+c", c_exponential, escape_radius, z_final)
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,388 | Update queue implementation | Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Crowton | "2021-10-17T19:50:26Z" | "2021-10-30T11:06:25Z" | 3a4cc7e31084e15cf2cce24038957c686d41a1b3 | e6cf13cc03475b3a5e7e3d3bf4723c37c3063dde | Update queue implementation. Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| #!/usr/bin/python
""" Author: OMKAR PATHAK """
from __future__ import annotations
class Graph:
def __init__(self) -> None:
self.vertices: dict[int, list[int]] = {}
def print_graph(self) -> None:
"""
prints adjacency list representation of graaph
>>> g = Graph()
>>> g.print_graph()
>>> g.add_edge(0, 1)
>>> g.print_graph()
0 : 1
"""
for i in self.vertices:
print(i, " : ", " -> ".join([str(j) for j in self.vertices[i]]))
def add_edge(self, from_vertex: int, to_vertex: int) -> None:
"""
adding the edge between two vertices
>>> g = Graph()
>>> g.print_graph()
>>> g.add_edge(0, 1)
>>> g.print_graph()
0 : 1
"""
if from_vertex in self.vertices:
self.vertices[from_vertex].append(to_vertex)
else:
self.vertices[from_vertex] = [to_vertex]
def bfs(self, start_vertex: int) -> set[int]:
"""
>>> g = Graph()
>>> g.add_edge(0, 1)
>>> g.add_edge(0, 1)
>>> g.add_edge(0, 2)
>>> g.add_edge(1, 2)
>>> g.add_edge(2, 0)
>>> g.add_edge(2, 3)
>>> g.add_edge(3, 3)
>>> sorted(g.bfs(2))
[0, 1, 2, 3]
"""
# initialize set for storing already visited vertices
visited = set()
# create a first in first out queue to store all the vertices for BFS
queue = []
# mark the source node as visited and enqueue it
visited.add(start_vertex)
queue.append(start_vertex)
while queue:
vertex = queue.pop(0)
# loop through all adjacent vertex and enqueue it if not yet visited
for adjacent_vertex in self.vertices[vertex]:
if adjacent_vertex not in visited:
queue.append(adjacent_vertex)
visited.add(adjacent_vertex)
return visited
if __name__ == "__main__":
from doctest import testmod
testmod(verbose=True)
g = Graph()
g.add_edge(0, 1)
g.add_edge(0, 2)
g.add_edge(1, 2)
g.add_edge(2, 0)
g.add_edge(2, 3)
g.add_edge(3, 3)
g.print_graph()
# 0 : 1 -> 2
# 1 : 2
# 2 : 0 -> 3
# 3 : 3
assert sorted(g.bfs(2)) == [0, 1, 2, 3]
| #!/usr/bin/python
""" Author: OMKAR PATHAK """
from __future__ import annotations
from queue import Queue
class Graph:
def __init__(self) -> None:
self.vertices: dict[int, list[int]] = {}
def print_graph(self) -> None:
"""
prints adjacency list representation of graaph
>>> g = Graph()
>>> g.print_graph()
>>> g.add_edge(0, 1)
>>> g.print_graph()
0 : 1
"""
for i in self.vertices:
print(i, " : ", " -> ".join([str(j) for j in self.vertices[i]]))
def add_edge(self, from_vertex: int, to_vertex: int) -> None:
"""
adding the edge between two vertices
>>> g = Graph()
>>> g.print_graph()
>>> g.add_edge(0, 1)
>>> g.print_graph()
0 : 1
"""
if from_vertex in self.vertices:
self.vertices[from_vertex].append(to_vertex)
else:
self.vertices[from_vertex] = [to_vertex]
def bfs(self, start_vertex: int) -> set[int]:
"""
>>> g = Graph()
>>> g.add_edge(0, 1)
>>> g.add_edge(0, 1)
>>> g.add_edge(0, 2)
>>> g.add_edge(1, 2)
>>> g.add_edge(2, 0)
>>> g.add_edge(2, 3)
>>> g.add_edge(3, 3)
>>> sorted(g.bfs(2))
[0, 1, 2, 3]
"""
# initialize set for storing already visited vertices
visited = set()
# create a first in first out queue to store all the vertices for BFS
queue = Queue()
# mark the source node as visited and enqueue it
visited.add(start_vertex)
queue.put(start_vertex)
while not queue.empty():
vertex = queue.get()
# loop through all adjacent vertex and enqueue it if not yet visited
for adjacent_vertex in self.vertices[vertex]:
if adjacent_vertex not in visited:
queue.put(adjacent_vertex)
visited.add(adjacent_vertex)
return visited
if __name__ == "__main__":
from doctest import testmod
testmod(verbose=True)
g = Graph()
g.add_edge(0, 1)
g.add_edge(0, 2)
g.add_edge(1, 2)
g.add_edge(2, 0)
g.add_edge(2, 3)
g.add_edge(3, 3)
g.print_graph()
# 0 : 1 -> 2
# 1 : 2
# 2 : 0 -> 3
# 3 : 3
assert sorted(g.bfs(2)) == [0, 1, 2, 3]
| 1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,388 | Update queue implementation | Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Crowton | "2021-10-17T19:50:26Z" | "2021-10-30T11:06:25Z" | 3a4cc7e31084e15cf2cce24038957c686d41a1b3 | e6cf13cc03475b3a5e7e3d3bf4723c37c3063dde | Update queue implementation. Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadth-first_search
pseudo-code:
breadth_first_search(graph G, start vertex s):
// all nodes initially unexplored
mark s as explored
let Q = queue data structure, initialized with s
while Q is non-empty:
remove the first node of Q, call it v
for each edge(v, w): // for w in graph[v]
if w unexplored:
mark w as explored
add w to Q (at the end)
"""
from __future__ import annotations
G = {
"A": ["B", "C"],
"B": ["A", "D", "E"],
"C": ["A", "F"],
"D": ["B"],
"E": ["B", "F"],
"F": ["C", "E"],
}
def breadth_first_search(graph: dict, start: str) -> set[str]:
"""
>>> ''.join(sorted(breadth_first_search(G, 'A')))
'ABCDEF'
"""
explored = {start}
queue = [start]
while queue:
v = queue.pop(0) # queue.popleft()
for w in graph[v]:
if w not in explored:
explored.add(w)
queue.append(w)
return explored
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(breadth_first_search(G, "A"))
| """
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadth-first_search
pseudo-code:
breadth_first_search(graph G, start vertex s):
// all nodes initially unexplored
mark s as explored
let Q = queue data structure, initialized with s
while Q is non-empty:
remove the first node of Q, call it v
for each edge(v, w): // for w in graph[v]
if w unexplored:
mark w as explored
add w to Q (at the end)
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from queue import Queue
G = {
"A": ["B", "C"],
"B": ["A", "D", "E"],
"C": ["A", "F"],
"D": ["B"],
"E": ["B", "F"],
"F": ["C", "E"],
}
def breadth_first_search(graph: dict, start: str) -> set[str]:
"""
>>> ''.join(sorted(breadth_first_search(G, 'A')))
'ABCDEF'
"""
explored = {start}
queue = Queue()
queue.put(start)
while not queue.empty():
v = queue.get()
for w in graph[v]:
if w not in explored:
explored.add(w)
queue.put(w)
return explored
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(breadth_first_search(G, "A"))
| 1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,388 | Update queue implementation | Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Crowton | "2021-10-17T19:50:26Z" | "2021-10-30T11:06:25Z" | 3a4cc7e31084e15cf2cce24038957c686d41a1b3 | e6cf13cc03475b3a5e7e3d3bf4723c37c3063dde | Update queue implementation. Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| # Check whether Graph is Bipartite or Not using BFS
# A Bipartite Graph is a graph whose vertices can be divided into two independent sets,
# U and V such that every edge (u, v) either connects a vertex from U to V or a vertex
# from V to U. In other words, for every edge (u, v), either u belongs to U and v to V,
# or u belongs to V and v to U. We can also say that there is no edge that connects
# vertices of same set.
def checkBipartite(graph):
queue = []
visited = [False] * len(graph)
color = [-1] * len(graph)
def bfs():
while queue:
u = queue.pop(0)
visited[u] = True
for neighbour in graph[u]:
if neighbour == u:
return False
if color[neighbour] == -1:
color[neighbour] = 1 - color[u]
queue.append(neighbour)
elif color[neighbour] == color[u]:
return False
return True
for i in range(len(graph)):
if not visited[i]:
queue.append(i)
color[i] = 0
if bfs() is False:
return False
return True
if __name__ == "__main__":
# Adjacency List of graph
print(checkBipartite({0: [1, 3], 1: [0, 2], 2: [1, 3], 3: [0, 2]}))
| # Check whether Graph is Bipartite or Not using BFS
# A Bipartite Graph is a graph whose vertices can be divided into two independent sets,
# U and V such that every edge (u, v) either connects a vertex from U to V or a vertex
# from V to U. In other words, for every edge (u, v), either u belongs to U and v to V,
# or u belongs to V and v to U. We can also say that there is no edge that connects
# vertices of same set.
from queue import Queue
def checkBipartite(graph):
queue = Queue()
visited = [False] * len(graph)
color = [-1] * len(graph)
def bfs():
while not queue.empty():
u = queue.get()
visited[u] = True
for neighbour in graph[u]:
if neighbour == u:
return False
if color[neighbour] == -1:
color[neighbour] = 1 - color[u]
queue.put(neighbour)
elif color[neighbour] == color[u]:
return False
return True
for i in range(len(graph)):
if not visited[i]:
queue.put(i)
color[i] = 0
if bfs() is False:
return False
return True
if __name__ == "__main__":
# Adjacency List of graph
print(checkBipartite({0: [1, 3], 1: [0, 2], 2: [1, 3], 3: [0, 2]}))
| 1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,388 | Update queue implementation | Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Crowton | "2021-10-17T19:50:26Z" | "2021-10-30T11:06:25Z" | 3a4cc7e31084e15cf2cce24038957c686d41a1b3 | e6cf13cc03475b3a5e7e3d3bf4723c37c3063dde | Update queue implementation. Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| def reverse_words(input_str: str) -> str:
"""
Reverses words in a given string
>>> reverse_words("I love Python")
'Python love I'
>>> reverse_words("I Love Python")
'Python Love I'
"""
return " ".join(input_str.split()[::-1])
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| def reverse_words(input_str: str) -> str:
"""
Reverses words in a given string
>>> reverse_words("I love Python")
'Python love I'
>>> reverse_words("I Love Python")
'Python Love I'
"""
return " ".join(input_str.split()[::-1])
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,388 | Update queue implementation | Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Crowton | "2021-10-17T19:50:26Z" | "2021-10-30T11:06:25Z" | 3a4cc7e31084e15cf2cce24038957c686d41a1b3 | e6cf13cc03475b3a5e7e3d3bf4723c37c3063dde | Update queue implementation. Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| # Created by sarathkaul on 12/11/19
import requests
_NEWS_API = "https://newsapi.org/v1/articles?source=bbc-news&sortBy=top&apiKey="
def fetch_bbc_news(bbc_news_api_key: str) -> None:
# fetching a list of articles in json format
bbc_news_page = requests.get(_NEWS_API + bbc_news_api_key).json()
# each article in the list is a dict
for i, article in enumerate(bbc_news_page["articles"], 1):
print(f"{i}.) {article['title']}")
if __name__ == "__main__":
fetch_bbc_news(bbc_news_api_key="<Your BBC News API key goes here>")
| # Created by sarathkaul on 12/11/19
import requests
_NEWS_API = "https://newsapi.org/v1/articles?source=bbc-news&sortBy=top&apiKey="
def fetch_bbc_news(bbc_news_api_key: str) -> None:
# fetching a list of articles in json format
bbc_news_page = requests.get(_NEWS_API + bbc_news_api_key).json()
# each article in the list is a dict
for i, article in enumerate(bbc_news_page["articles"], 1):
print(f"{i}.) {article['title']}")
if __name__ == "__main__":
fetch_bbc_news(bbc_news_api_key="<Your BBC News API key goes here>")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,388 | Update queue implementation | Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Crowton | "2021-10-17T19:50:26Z" | "2021-10-30T11:06:25Z" | 3a4cc7e31084e15cf2cce24038957c686d41a1b3 | e6cf13cc03475b3a5e7e3d3bf4723c37c3063dde | Update queue implementation. Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Return an image of 16 generations of one-dimensional cellular automata based on a given
ruleset number
https://mathworld.wolfram.com/ElementaryCellularAutomaton.html
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from PIL import Image
# Define the first generation of cells
# fmt: off
CELLS = [[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]]
# fmt: on
def format_ruleset(ruleset: int) -> list[int]:
"""
>>> format_ruleset(11100)
[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0]
>>> format_ruleset(0)
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
>>> format_ruleset(11111111)
[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
"""
return [int(c) for c in f"{ruleset:08}"[:8]]
def new_generation(cells: list[list[int]], rule: list[int], time: int) -> list[int]:
population = len(cells[0]) # 31
next_generation = []
for i in range(population):
# Get the neighbors of each cell
# Handle neighbours outside bounds by using 0 as their value
left_neighbor = 0 if i == 0 else cells[time][i - 1]
right_neighbor = 0 if i == population - 1 else cells[time][i + 1]
# Define a new cell and add it to the new generation
situation = 7 - int(f"{left_neighbor}{cells[time][i]}{right_neighbor}", 2)
next_generation.append(rule[situation])
return next_generation
def generate_image(cells: list[list[int]]) -> Image.Image:
"""
Convert the cells into a greyscale PIL.Image.Image and return it to the caller.
>>> from random import random
>>> cells = [[random() for w in range(31)] for h in range(16)]
>>> img = generate_image(cells)
>>> isinstance(img, Image.Image)
True
>>> img.width, img.height
(31, 16)
"""
# Create the output image
img = Image.new("RGB", (len(cells[0]), len(cells)))
pixels = img.load()
# Generates image
for w in range(img.width):
for h in range(img.height):
color = 255 - int(255 * cells[h][w])
pixels[w, h] = (color, color, color)
return img
if __name__ == "__main__":
rule_num = bin(int(input("Rule:\n").strip()))[2:]
rule = format_ruleset(int(rule_num))
for time in range(16):
CELLS.append(new_generation(CELLS, rule, time))
img = generate_image(CELLS)
# Uncomment to save the image
# img.save(f"rule_{rule_num}.png")
img.show()
| """
Return an image of 16 generations of one-dimensional cellular automata based on a given
ruleset number
https://mathworld.wolfram.com/ElementaryCellularAutomaton.html
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from PIL import Image
# Define the first generation of cells
# fmt: off
CELLS = [[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]]
# fmt: on
def format_ruleset(ruleset: int) -> list[int]:
"""
>>> format_ruleset(11100)
[0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0]
>>> format_ruleset(0)
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]
>>> format_ruleset(11111111)
[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
"""
return [int(c) for c in f"{ruleset:08}"[:8]]
def new_generation(cells: list[list[int]], rule: list[int], time: int) -> list[int]:
population = len(cells[0]) # 31
next_generation = []
for i in range(population):
# Get the neighbors of each cell
# Handle neighbours outside bounds by using 0 as their value
left_neighbor = 0 if i == 0 else cells[time][i - 1]
right_neighbor = 0 if i == population - 1 else cells[time][i + 1]
# Define a new cell and add it to the new generation
situation = 7 - int(f"{left_neighbor}{cells[time][i]}{right_neighbor}", 2)
next_generation.append(rule[situation])
return next_generation
def generate_image(cells: list[list[int]]) -> Image.Image:
"""
Convert the cells into a greyscale PIL.Image.Image and return it to the caller.
>>> from random import random
>>> cells = [[random() for w in range(31)] for h in range(16)]
>>> img = generate_image(cells)
>>> isinstance(img, Image.Image)
True
>>> img.width, img.height
(31, 16)
"""
# Create the output image
img = Image.new("RGB", (len(cells[0]), len(cells)))
pixels = img.load()
# Generates image
for w in range(img.width):
for h in range(img.height):
color = 255 - int(255 * cells[h][w])
pixels[w, h] = (color, color, color)
return img
if __name__ == "__main__":
rule_num = bin(int(input("Rule:\n").strip()))[2:]
rule = format_ruleset(int(rule_num))
for time in range(16):
CELLS.append(new_generation(CELLS, rule, time))
img = generate_image(CELLS)
# Uncomment to save the image
# img.save(f"rule_{rule_num}.png")
img.show()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,388 | Update queue implementation | Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Crowton | "2021-10-17T19:50:26Z" | "2021-10-30T11:06:25Z" | 3a4cc7e31084e15cf2cce24038957c686d41a1b3 | e6cf13cc03475b3a5e7e3d3bf4723c37c3063dde | Update queue implementation. Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """Implementation of GradientBoostingRegressor in sklearn using the
boston dataset which is very popular for regression problem to
predict house price.
"""
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd
from sklearn.datasets import load_boston
from sklearn.ensemble import GradientBoostingRegressor
from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error, r2_score
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
def main():
# loading the dataset from the sklearn
df = load_boston()
print(df.keys())
# now let construct a data frame
df_boston = pd.DataFrame(df.data, columns=df.feature_names)
# let add the target to the dataframe
df_boston["Price"] = df.target
# print the first five rows using the head function
print(df_boston.head())
# Summary statistics
print(df_boston.describe().T)
# Feature selection
X = df_boston.iloc[:, :-1]
y = df_boston.iloc[:, -1] # target variable
# split the data with 75% train and 25% test sets.
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(
X, y, random_state=0, test_size=0.25
)
model = GradientBoostingRegressor(
n_estimators=500, max_depth=5, min_samples_split=4, learning_rate=0.01
)
# training the model
model.fit(X_train, y_train)
# to see how good the model fit the data
training_score = model.score(X_train, y_train).round(3)
test_score = model.score(X_test, y_test).round(3)
print("Training score of GradientBoosting is :", training_score)
print("The test score of GradientBoosting is :", test_score)
# Let us evaluation the model by finding the errors
y_pred = model.predict(X_test)
# The mean squared error
print("Mean squared error: %.2f" % mean_squared_error(y_test, y_pred))
# Explained variance score: 1 is perfect prediction
print("Test Variance score: %.2f" % r2_score(y_test, y_pred))
# So let's run the model against the test data
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.scatter(y_test, y_pred, edgecolors=(0, 0, 0))
ax.plot([y_test.min(), y_test.max()], [y_test.min(), y_test.max()], "k--", lw=4)
ax.set_xlabel("Actual")
ax.set_ylabel("Predicted")
ax.set_title("Truth vs Predicted")
# this show function will display the plotting
plt.show()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| """Implementation of GradientBoostingRegressor in sklearn using the
boston dataset which is very popular for regression problem to
predict house price.
"""
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd
from sklearn.datasets import load_boston
from sklearn.ensemble import GradientBoostingRegressor
from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error, r2_score
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
def main():
# loading the dataset from the sklearn
df = load_boston()
print(df.keys())
# now let construct a data frame
df_boston = pd.DataFrame(df.data, columns=df.feature_names)
# let add the target to the dataframe
df_boston["Price"] = df.target
# print the first five rows using the head function
print(df_boston.head())
# Summary statistics
print(df_boston.describe().T)
# Feature selection
X = df_boston.iloc[:, :-1]
y = df_boston.iloc[:, -1] # target variable
# split the data with 75% train and 25% test sets.
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(
X, y, random_state=0, test_size=0.25
)
model = GradientBoostingRegressor(
n_estimators=500, max_depth=5, min_samples_split=4, learning_rate=0.01
)
# training the model
model.fit(X_train, y_train)
# to see how good the model fit the data
training_score = model.score(X_train, y_train).round(3)
test_score = model.score(X_test, y_test).round(3)
print("Training score of GradientBoosting is :", training_score)
print("The test score of GradientBoosting is :", test_score)
# Let us evaluation the model by finding the errors
y_pred = model.predict(X_test)
# The mean squared error
print("Mean squared error: %.2f" % mean_squared_error(y_test, y_pred))
# Explained variance score: 1 is perfect prediction
print("Test Variance score: %.2f" % r2_score(y_test, y_pred))
# So let's run the model against the test data
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.scatter(y_test, y_pred, edgecolors=(0, 0, 0))
ax.plot([y_test.min(), y_test.max()], [y_test.min(), y_test.max()], "k--", lw=4)
ax.set_xlabel("Actual")
ax.set_ylabel("Predicted")
ax.set_title("Truth vs Predicted")
# this show function will display the plotting
plt.show()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,388 | Update queue implementation | Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Crowton | "2021-10-17T19:50:26Z" | "2021-10-30T11:06:25Z" | 3a4cc7e31084e15cf2cce24038957c686d41a1b3 | e6cf13cc03475b3a5e7e3d3bf4723c37c3063dde | Update queue implementation. Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Heap's (iterative) algorithm returns the list of all permutations possible from a list.
It minimizes movement by generating each permutation from the previous one
by swapping only two elements.
More information:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heap%27s_algorithm.
"""
def heaps(arr: list) -> list:
"""
Pure python implementation of the iterative Heap's algorithm,
returning all permutations of a list.
>>> heaps([])
[()]
>>> heaps([0])
[(0,)]
>>> heaps([-1, 1])
[(-1, 1), (1, -1)]
>>> heaps([1, 2, 3])
[(1, 2, 3), (2, 1, 3), (3, 1, 2), (1, 3, 2), (2, 3, 1), (3, 2, 1)]
>>> from itertools import permutations
>>> sorted(heaps([1,2,3])) == sorted(permutations([1,2,3]))
True
>>> all(sorted(heaps(x)) == sorted(permutations(x))
... for x in ([], [0], [-1, 1], [1, 2, 3]))
True
"""
if len(arr) <= 1:
return [tuple(arr)]
res = []
def generate(n: int, arr: list):
c = [0] * n
res.append(tuple(arr))
i = 0
while i < n:
if c[i] < i:
if i % 2 == 0:
arr[0], arr[i] = arr[i], arr[0]
else:
arr[c[i]], arr[i] = arr[i], arr[c[i]]
res.append(tuple(arr))
c[i] += 1
i = 0
else:
c[i] = 0
i += 1
generate(len(arr), arr)
return res
if __name__ == "__main__":
user_input = input("Enter numbers separated by a comma:\n").strip()
arr = [int(item) for item in user_input.split(",")]
print(heaps(arr))
| """
Heap's (iterative) algorithm returns the list of all permutations possible from a list.
It minimizes movement by generating each permutation from the previous one
by swapping only two elements.
More information:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heap%27s_algorithm.
"""
def heaps(arr: list) -> list:
"""
Pure python implementation of the iterative Heap's algorithm,
returning all permutations of a list.
>>> heaps([])
[()]
>>> heaps([0])
[(0,)]
>>> heaps([-1, 1])
[(-1, 1), (1, -1)]
>>> heaps([1, 2, 3])
[(1, 2, 3), (2, 1, 3), (3, 1, 2), (1, 3, 2), (2, 3, 1), (3, 2, 1)]
>>> from itertools import permutations
>>> sorted(heaps([1,2,3])) == sorted(permutations([1,2,3]))
True
>>> all(sorted(heaps(x)) == sorted(permutations(x))
... for x in ([], [0], [-1, 1], [1, 2, 3]))
True
"""
if len(arr) <= 1:
return [tuple(arr)]
res = []
def generate(n: int, arr: list):
c = [0] * n
res.append(tuple(arr))
i = 0
while i < n:
if c[i] < i:
if i % 2 == 0:
arr[0], arr[i] = arr[i], arr[0]
else:
arr[c[i]], arr[i] = arr[i], arr[c[i]]
res.append(tuple(arr))
c[i] += 1
i = 0
else:
c[i] = 0
i += 1
generate(len(arr), arr)
return res
if __name__ == "__main__":
user_input = input("Enter numbers separated by a comma:\n").strip()
arr = [int(item) for item in user_input.split(",")]
print(heaps(arr))
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,388 | Update queue implementation | Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Crowton | "2021-10-17T19:50:26Z" | "2021-10-30T11:06:25Z" | 3a4cc7e31084e15cf2cce24038957c686d41a1b3 | e6cf13cc03475b3a5e7e3d3bf4723c37c3063dde | Update queue implementation. Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| import math
def perfect_square(num: int) -> bool:
"""
Check if a number is perfect square number or not
:param num: the number to be checked
:return: True if number is square number, otherwise False
>>> perfect_square(9)
True
>>> perfect_square(16)
True
>>> perfect_square(1)
True
>>> perfect_square(0)
True
>>> perfect_square(10)
False
"""
return math.sqrt(num) * math.sqrt(num) == num
def perfect_square_binary_search(n: int) -> bool:
"""
Check if a number is perfect square using binary search.
Time complexity : O(Log(n))
Space complexity: O(1)
>>> perfect_square_binary_search(9)
True
>>> perfect_square_binary_search(16)
True
>>> perfect_square_binary_search(1)
True
>>> perfect_square_binary_search(0)
True
>>> perfect_square_binary_search(10)
False
>>> perfect_square_binary_search(-1)
False
>>> perfect_square_binary_search(1.1)
False
>>> perfect_square_binary_search("a")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: '<=' not supported between instances of 'int' and 'str'
>>> perfect_square_binary_search(None)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: '<=' not supported between instances of 'int' and 'NoneType'
>>> perfect_square_binary_search([])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: '<=' not supported between instances of 'int' and 'list'
"""
left = 0
right = n
while left <= right:
mid = (left + right) // 2
if mid ** 2 == n:
return True
elif mid ** 2 > n:
right = mid - 1
else:
left = mid + 1
return False
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| import math
def perfect_square(num: int) -> bool:
"""
Check if a number is perfect square number or not
:param num: the number to be checked
:return: True if number is square number, otherwise False
>>> perfect_square(9)
True
>>> perfect_square(16)
True
>>> perfect_square(1)
True
>>> perfect_square(0)
True
>>> perfect_square(10)
False
"""
return math.sqrt(num) * math.sqrt(num) == num
def perfect_square_binary_search(n: int) -> bool:
"""
Check if a number is perfect square using binary search.
Time complexity : O(Log(n))
Space complexity: O(1)
>>> perfect_square_binary_search(9)
True
>>> perfect_square_binary_search(16)
True
>>> perfect_square_binary_search(1)
True
>>> perfect_square_binary_search(0)
True
>>> perfect_square_binary_search(10)
False
>>> perfect_square_binary_search(-1)
False
>>> perfect_square_binary_search(1.1)
False
>>> perfect_square_binary_search("a")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: '<=' not supported between instances of 'int' and 'str'
>>> perfect_square_binary_search(None)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: '<=' not supported between instances of 'int' and 'NoneType'
>>> perfect_square_binary_search([])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: '<=' not supported between instances of 'int' and 'list'
"""
left = 0
right = n
while left <= right:
mid = (left + right) // 2
if mid ** 2 == n:
return True
elif mid ** 2 > n:
right = mid - 1
else:
left = mid + 1
return False
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,388 | Update queue implementation | Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Crowton | "2021-10-17T19:50:26Z" | "2021-10-30T11:06:25Z" | 3a4cc7e31084e15cf2cce24038957c686d41a1b3 | e6cf13cc03475b3a5e7e3d3bf4723c37c3063dde | Update queue implementation. Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Project Euler Problem 5: https://projecteuler.net/problem=5
Smallest multiple
2520 is the smallest number that can be divided by each of the numbers
from 1 to 10 without any remainder.
What is the smallest positive number that is _evenly divisible_ by all
of the numbers from 1 to 20?
References:
- https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/evenly_divisible
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_algorithm
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_common_multiple
"""
def gcd(x: int, y: int) -> int:
"""
Euclidean GCD algorithm (Greatest Common Divisor)
>>> gcd(0, 0)
0
>>> gcd(23, 42)
1
>>> gcd(15, 33)
3
>>> gcd(12345, 67890)
15
"""
return x if y == 0 else gcd(y, x % y)
def lcm(x: int, y: int) -> int:
"""
Least Common Multiple.
Using the property that lcm(a, b) * gcd(a, b) = a*b
>>> lcm(3, 15)
15
>>> lcm(1, 27)
27
>>> lcm(13, 27)
351
>>> lcm(64, 48)
192
"""
return (x * y) // gcd(x, y)
def solution(n: int = 20) -> int:
"""
Returns the smallest positive number that is evenly divisible (divisible
with no remainder) by all of the numbers from 1 to n.
>>> solution(10)
2520
>>> solution(15)
360360
>>> solution(22)
232792560
"""
g = 1
for i in range(1, n + 1):
g = lcm(g, i)
return g
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| """
Project Euler Problem 5: https://projecteuler.net/problem=5
Smallest multiple
2520 is the smallest number that can be divided by each of the numbers
from 1 to 10 without any remainder.
What is the smallest positive number that is _evenly divisible_ by all
of the numbers from 1 to 20?
References:
- https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/evenly_divisible
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_algorithm
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_common_multiple
"""
def gcd(x: int, y: int) -> int:
"""
Euclidean GCD algorithm (Greatest Common Divisor)
>>> gcd(0, 0)
0
>>> gcd(23, 42)
1
>>> gcd(15, 33)
3
>>> gcd(12345, 67890)
15
"""
return x if y == 0 else gcd(y, x % y)
def lcm(x: int, y: int) -> int:
"""
Least Common Multiple.
Using the property that lcm(a, b) * gcd(a, b) = a*b
>>> lcm(3, 15)
15
>>> lcm(1, 27)
27
>>> lcm(13, 27)
351
>>> lcm(64, 48)
192
"""
return (x * y) // gcd(x, y)
def solution(n: int = 20) -> int:
"""
Returns the smallest positive number that is evenly divisible (divisible
with no remainder) by all of the numbers from 1 to n.
>>> solution(10)
2520
>>> solution(15)
360360
>>> solution(22)
232792560
"""
g = 1
for i in range(1, n + 1):
g = lcm(g, i)
return g
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,388 | Update queue implementation | Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Crowton | "2021-10-17T19:50:26Z" | "2021-10-30T11:06:25Z" | 3a4cc7e31084e15cf2cce24038957c686d41a1b3 | e6cf13cc03475b3a5e7e3d3bf4723c37c3063dde | Update queue implementation. Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Problem 78
Url: https://projecteuler.net/problem=78
Statement:
Let p(n) represent the number of different ways in which n coins
can be separated into piles. For example, five coins can be separated
into piles in exactly seven different ways, so p(5)=7.
OOOOO
OOOO O
OOO OO
OOO O O
OO OO O
OO O O O
O O O O O
Find the least value of n for which p(n) is divisible by one million.
"""
import itertools
def solution(number: int = 1000000) -> int:
"""
>>> solution()
55374
"""
partitions = [1]
for i in itertools.count(len(partitions)):
item = 0
for j in itertools.count(1):
sign = -1 if j % 2 == 0 else +1
index = (j * j * 3 - j) // 2
if index > i:
break
item += partitions[i - index] * sign
index += j
if index > i:
break
item += partitions[i - index] * sign
item %= number
if item == 0:
return i
partitions.append(item)
return 0
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
print(f"{solution() = }")
| """
Problem 78
Url: https://projecteuler.net/problem=78
Statement:
Let p(n) represent the number of different ways in which n coins
can be separated into piles. For example, five coins can be separated
into piles in exactly seven different ways, so p(5)=7.
OOOOO
OOOO O
OOO OO
OOO O O
OO OO O
OO O O O
O O O O O
Find the least value of n for which p(n) is divisible by one million.
"""
import itertools
def solution(number: int = 1000000) -> int:
"""
>>> solution()
55374
"""
partitions = [1]
for i in itertools.count(len(partitions)):
item = 0
for j in itertools.count(1):
sign = -1 if j % 2 == 0 else +1
index = (j * j * 3 - j) // 2
if index > i:
break
item += partitions[i - index] * sign
index += j
if index > i:
break
item += partitions[i - index] * sign
item %= number
if item == 0:
return i
partitions.append(item)
return 0
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
print(f"{solution() = }")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,388 | Update queue implementation | Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Crowton | "2021-10-17T19:50:26Z" | "2021-10-30T11:06:25Z" | 3a4cc7e31084e15cf2cce24038957c686d41a1b3 | e6cf13cc03475b3a5e7e3d3bf4723c37c3063dde | Update queue implementation. Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Conversion of weight units.
__author__ = "Anubhav Solanki"
__license__ = "MIT"
__version__ = "1.0.0"
__maintainer__ = "Anubhav Solanki"
__email__ = "[email protected]"
USAGE :
-> Import this file into their respective project.
-> Use the function weight_conversion() for conversion of weight units.
-> Parameters :
-> from_type : From which type you want to convert
-> to_type : To which type you want to convert
-> value : the value which you want to convert
REFERENCES :
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millimetre
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_ton
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ounce
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fineness#Karat
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton_(unit)
"""
KILOGRAM_CHART: dict[str, float] = {
"kilogram": 1,
"gram": pow(10, 3),
"milligram": pow(10, 6),
"metric-ton": pow(10, -3),
"long-ton": 0.0009842073,
"short-ton": 0.0011023122,
"pound": 2.2046244202,
"ounce": 35.273990723,
"carrat": 5000,
"atomic-mass-unit": 6.022136652e26,
}
WEIGHT_TYPE_CHART: dict[str, float] = {
"kilogram": 1,
"gram": pow(10, -3),
"milligram": pow(10, -6),
"metric-ton": pow(10, 3),
"long-ton": 1016.04608,
"short-ton": 907.184,
"pound": 0.453592,
"ounce": 0.0283495,
"carrat": 0.0002,
"atomic-mass-unit": 1.660540199e-27,
}
def weight_conversion(from_type: str, to_type: str, value: float) -> float:
"""
Conversion of weight unit with the help of KILOGRAM_CHART
"kilogram" : 1,
"gram" : pow(10, 3),
"milligram" : pow(10, 6),
"metric-ton" : pow(10, -3),
"long-ton" : 0.0009842073,
"short-ton" : 0.0011023122,
"pound" : 2.2046244202,
"ounce" : 35.273990723,
"carrat" : 5000,
"atomic-mass-unit" : 6.022136652E+26
>>> weight_conversion("kilogram","kilogram",4)
4
>>> weight_conversion("kilogram","gram",1)
1000
>>> weight_conversion("kilogram","milligram",4)
4000000
>>> weight_conversion("kilogram","metric-ton",4)
0.004
>>> weight_conversion("kilogram","long-ton",3)
0.0029526219
>>> weight_conversion("kilogram","short-ton",1)
0.0011023122
>>> weight_conversion("kilogram","pound",4)
8.8184976808
>>> weight_conversion("kilogram","ounce",4)
141.095962892
>>> weight_conversion("kilogram","carrat",3)
15000
>>> weight_conversion("kilogram","atomic-mass-unit",1)
6.022136652e+26
>>> weight_conversion("gram","kilogram",1)
0.001
>>> weight_conversion("gram","gram",3)
3.0
>>> weight_conversion("gram","milligram",2)
2000.0
>>> weight_conversion("gram","metric-ton",4)
4e-06
>>> weight_conversion("gram","long-ton",3)
2.9526219e-06
>>> weight_conversion("gram","short-ton",3)
3.3069366000000003e-06
>>> weight_conversion("gram","pound",3)
0.0066138732606
>>> weight_conversion("gram","ounce",1)
0.035273990723
>>> weight_conversion("gram","carrat",2)
10.0
>>> weight_conversion("gram","atomic-mass-unit",1)
6.022136652e+23
>>> weight_conversion("milligram","kilogram",1)
1e-06
>>> weight_conversion("milligram","gram",2)
0.002
>>> weight_conversion("milligram","milligram",3)
3.0
>>> weight_conversion("milligram","metric-ton",3)
3e-09
>>> weight_conversion("milligram","long-ton",3)
2.9526219e-09
>>> weight_conversion("milligram","short-ton",1)
1.1023122e-09
>>> weight_conversion("milligram","pound",3)
6.6138732605999995e-06
>>> weight_conversion("milligram","ounce",2)
7.054798144599999e-05
>>> weight_conversion("milligram","carrat",1)
0.005
>>> weight_conversion("milligram","atomic-mass-unit",1)
6.022136652e+20
>>> weight_conversion("metric-ton","kilogram",2)
2000
>>> weight_conversion("metric-ton","gram",2)
2000000
>>> weight_conversion("metric-ton","milligram",3)
3000000000
>>> weight_conversion("metric-ton","metric-ton",2)
2.0
>>> weight_conversion("metric-ton","long-ton",3)
2.9526219
>>> weight_conversion("metric-ton","short-ton",2)
2.2046244
>>> weight_conversion("metric-ton","pound",3)
6613.8732606
>>> weight_conversion("metric-ton","ounce",4)
141095.96289199998
>>> weight_conversion("metric-ton","carrat",4)
20000000
>>> weight_conversion("metric-ton","atomic-mass-unit",1)
6.022136652e+29
>>> weight_conversion("long-ton","kilogram",4)
4064.18432
>>> weight_conversion("long-ton","gram",4)
4064184.32
>>> weight_conversion("long-ton","milligram",3)
3048138240.0
>>> weight_conversion("long-ton","metric-ton",4)
4.06418432
>>> weight_conversion("long-ton","long-ton",3)
2.999999907217152
>>> weight_conversion("long-ton","short-ton",1)
1.119999989746176
>>> weight_conversion("long-ton","pound",3)
6720.000000049448
>>> weight_conversion("long-ton","ounce",1)
35840.000000060514
>>> weight_conversion("long-ton","carrat",4)
20320921.599999998
>>> weight_conversion("long-ton","atomic-mass-unit",4)
2.4475073353955697e+30
>>> weight_conversion("short-ton","kilogram",3)
2721.5519999999997
>>> weight_conversion("short-ton","gram",3)
2721552.0
>>> weight_conversion("short-ton","milligram",1)
907184000.0
>>> weight_conversion("short-ton","metric-ton",4)
3.628736
>>> weight_conversion("short-ton","long-ton",3)
2.6785713457296
>>> weight_conversion("short-ton","short-ton",3)
2.9999999725344
>>> weight_conversion("short-ton","pound",2)
4000.0000000294335
>>> weight_conversion("short-ton","ounce",4)
128000.00000021611
>>> weight_conversion("short-ton","carrat",4)
18143680.0
>>> weight_conversion("short-ton","atomic-mass-unit",1)
5.463186016507968e+29
>>> weight_conversion("pound","kilogram",4)
1.814368
>>> weight_conversion("pound","gram",2)
907.184
>>> weight_conversion("pound","milligram",3)
1360776.0
>>> weight_conversion("pound","metric-ton",3)
0.001360776
>>> weight_conversion("pound","long-ton",2)
0.0008928571152432
>>> weight_conversion("pound","short-ton",1)
0.0004999999954224
>>> weight_conversion("pound","pound",3)
3.0000000000220752
>>> weight_conversion("pound","ounce",1)
16.000000000027015
>>> weight_conversion("pound","carrat",1)
2267.96
>>> weight_conversion("pound","atomic-mass-unit",4)
1.0926372033015936e+27
>>> weight_conversion("ounce","kilogram",3)
0.0850485
>>> weight_conversion("ounce","gram",3)
85.0485
>>> weight_conversion("ounce","milligram",4)
113398.0
>>> weight_conversion("ounce","metric-ton",4)
0.000113398
>>> weight_conversion("ounce","long-ton",4)
0.0001116071394054
>>> weight_conversion("ounce","short-ton",4)
0.0001249999988556
>>> weight_conversion("ounce","pound",1)
0.0625000000004599
>>> weight_conversion("ounce","ounce",2)
2.000000000003377
>>> weight_conversion("ounce","carrat",1)
141.7475
>>> weight_conversion("ounce","atomic-mass-unit",1)
1.70724563015874e+25
>>> weight_conversion("carrat","kilogram",1)
0.0002
>>> weight_conversion("carrat","gram",4)
0.8
>>> weight_conversion("carrat","milligram",2)
400.0
>>> weight_conversion("carrat","metric-ton",2)
4.0000000000000003e-07
>>> weight_conversion("carrat","long-ton",3)
5.9052438e-07
>>> weight_conversion("carrat","short-ton",4)
8.818497600000002e-07
>>> weight_conversion("carrat","pound",1)
0.00044092488404000004
>>> weight_conversion("carrat","ounce",2)
0.0141095962892
>>> weight_conversion("carrat","carrat",4)
4.0
>>> weight_conversion("carrat","atomic-mass-unit",4)
4.8177093216e+23
>>> weight_conversion("atomic-mass-unit","kilogram",4)
6.642160796e-27
>>> weight_conversion("atomic-mass-unit","gram",2)
3.321080398e-24
>>> weight_conversion("atomic-mass-unit","milligram",2)
3.3210803980000002e-21
>>> weight_conversion("atomic-mass-unit","metric-ton",3)
4.9816205970000004e-30
>>> weight_conversion("atomic-mass-unit","long-ton",3)
4.9029473573977584e-30
>>> weight_conversion("atomic-mass-unit","short-ton",1)
1.830433719948128e-30
>>> weight_conversion("atomic-mass-unit","pound",3)
1.0982602420317504e-26
>>> weight_conversion("atomic-mass-unit","ounce",2)
1.1714775914938915e-25
>>> weight_conversion("atomic-mass-unit","carrat",2)
1.660540199e-23
>>> weight_conversion("atomic-mass-unit","atomic-mass-unit",2)
1.999999998903455
"""
if to_type not in KILOGRAM_CHART or from_type not in WEIGHT_TYPE_CHART:
raise ValueError(
f"Invalid 'from_type' or 'to_type' value: {from_type!r}, {to_type!r}\n"
f"Supported values are: {', '.join(WEIGHT_TYPE_CHART)}"
)
return value * KILOGRAM_CHART[to_type] * WEIGHT_TYPE_CHART[from_type]
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| """
Conversion of weight units.
__author__ = "Anubhav Solanki"
__license__ = "MIT"
__version__ = "1.0.0"
__maintainer__ = "Anubhav Solanki"
__email__ = "[email protected]"
USAGE :
-> Import this file into their respective project.
-> Use the function weight_conversion() for conversion of weight units.
-> Parameters :
-> from_type : From which type you want to convert
-> to_type : To which type you want to convert
-> value : the value which you want to convert
REFERENCES :
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millimetre
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_ton
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ounce
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fineness#Karat
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton_(unit)
"""
KILOGRAM_CHART: dict[str, float] = {
"kilogram": 1,
"gram": pow(10, 3),
"milligram": pow(10, 6),
"metric-ton": pow(10, -3),
"long-ton": 0.0009842073,
"short-ton": 0.0011023122,
"pound": 2.2046244202,
"ounce": 35.273990723,
"carrat": 5000,
"atomic-mass-unit": 6.022136652e26,
}
WEIGHT_TYPE_CHART: dict[str, float] = {
"kilogram": 1,
"gram": pow(10, -3),
"milligram": pow(10, -6),
"metric-ton": pow(10, 3),
"long-ton": 1016.04608,
"short-ton": 907.184,
"pound": 0.453592,
"ounce": 0.0283495,
"carrat": 0.0002,
"atomic-mass-unit": 1.660540199e-27,
}
def weight_conversion(from_type: str, to_type: str, value: float) -> float:
"""
Conversion of weight unit with the help of KILOGRAM_CHART
"kilogram" : 1,
"gram" : pow(10, 3),
"milligram" : pow(10, 6),
"metric-ton" : pow(10, -3),
"long-ton" : 0.0009842073,
"short-ton" : 0.0011023122,
"pound" : 2.2046244202,
"ounce" : 35.273990723,
"carrat" : 5000,
"atomic-mass-unit" : 6.022136652E+26
>>> weight_conversion("kilogram","kilogram",4)
4
>>> weight_conversion("kilogram","gram",1)
1000
>>> weight_conversion("kilogram","milligram",4)
4000000
>>> weight_conversion("kilogram","metric-ton",4)
0.004
>>> weight_conversion("kilogram","long-ton",3)
0.0029526219
>>> weight_conversion("kilogram","short-ton",1)
0.0011023122
>>> weight_conversion("kilogram","pound",4)
8.8184976808
>>> weight_conversion("kilogram","ounce",4)
141.095962892
>>> weight_conversion("kilogram","carrat",3)
15000
>>> weight_conversion("kilogram","atomic-mass-unit",1)
6.022136652e+26
>>> weight_conversion("gram","kilogram",1)
0.001
>>> weight_conversion("gram","gram",3)
3.0
>>> weight_conversion("gram","milligram",2)
2000.0
>>> weight_conversion("gram","metric-ton",4)
4e-06
>>> weight_conversion("gram","long-ton",3)
2.9526219e-06
>>> weight_conversion("gram","short-ton",3)
3.3069366000000003e-06
>>> weight_conversion("gram","pound",3)
0.0066138732606
>>> weight_conversion("gram","ounce",1)
0.035273990723
>>> weight_conversion("gram","carrat",2)
10.0
>>> weight_conversion("gram","atomic-mass-unit",1)
6.022136652e+23
>>> weight_conversion("milligram","kilogram",1)
1e-06
>>> weight_conversion("milligram","gram",2)
0.002
>>> weight_conversion("milligram","milligram",3)
3.0
>>> weight_conversion("milligram","metric-ton",3)
3e-09
>>> weight_conversion("milligram","long-ton",3)
2.9526219e-09
>>> weight_conversion("milligram","short-ton",1)
1.1023122e-09
>>> weight_conversion("milligram","pound",3)
6.6138732605999995e-06
>>> weight_conversion("milligram","ounce",2)
7.054798144599999e-05
>>> weight_conversion("milligram","carrat",1)
0.005
>>> weight_conversion("milligram","atomic-mass-unit",1)
6.022136652e+20
>>> weight_conversion("metric-ton","kilogram",2)
2000
>>> weight_conversion("metric-ton","gram",2)
2000000
>>> weight_conversion("metric-ton","milligram",3)
3000000000
>>> weight_conversion("metric-ton","metric-ton",2)
2.0
>>> weight_conversion("metric-ton","long-ton",3)
2.9526219
>>> weight_conversion("metric-ton","short-ton",2)
2.2046244
>>> weight_conversion("metric-ton","pound",3)
6613.8732606
>>> weight_conversion("metric-ton","ounce",4)
141095.96289199998
>>> weight_conversion("metric-ton","carrat",4)
20000000
>>> weight_conversion("metric-ton","atomic-mass-unit",1)
6.022136652e+29
>>> weight_conversion("long-ton","kilogram",4)
4064.18432
>>> weight_conversion("long-ton","gram",4)
4064184.32
>>> weight_conversion("long-ton","milligram",3)
3048138240.0
>>> weight_conversion("long-ton","metric-ton",4)
4.06418432
>>> weight_conversion("long-ton","long-ton",3)
2.999999907217152
>>> weight_conversion("long-ton","short-ton",1)
1.119999989746176
>>> weight_conversion("long-ton","pound",3)
6720.000000049448
>>> weight_conversion("long-ton","ounce",1)
35840.000000060514
>>> weight_conversion("long-ton","carrat",4)
20320921.599999998
>>> weight_conversion("long-ton","atomic-mass-unit",4)
2.4475073353955697e+30
>>> weight_conversion("short-ton","kilogram",3)
2721.5519999999997
>>> weight_conversion("short-ton","gram",3)
2721552.0
>>> weight_conversion("short-ton","milligram",1)
907184000.0
>>> weight_conversion("short-ton","metric-ton",4)
3.628736
>>> weight_conversion("short-ton","long-ton",3)
2.6785713457296
>>> weight_conversion("short-ton","short-ton",3)
2.9999999725344
>>> weight_conversion("short-ton","pound",2)
4000.0000000294335
>>> weight_conversion("short-ton","ounce",4)
128000.00000021611
>>> weight_conversion("short-ton","carrat",4)
18143680.0
>>> weight_conversion("short-ton","atomic-mass-unit",1)
5.463186016507968e+29
>>> weight_conversion("pound","kilogram",4)
1.814368
>>> weight_conversion("pound","gram",2)
907.184
>>> weight_conversion("pound","milligram",3)
1360776.0
>>> weight_conversion("pound","metric-ton",3)
0.001360776
>>> weight_conversion("pound","long-ton",2)
0.0008928571152432
>>> weight_conversion("pound","short-ton",1)
0.0004999999954224
>>> weight_conversion("pound","pound",3)
3.0000000000220752
>>> weight_conversion("pound","ounce",1)
16.000000000027015
>>> weight_conversion("pound","carrat",1)
2267.96
>>> weight_conversion("pound","atomic-mass-unit",4)
1.0926372033015936e+27
>>> weight_conversion("ounce","kilogram",3)
0.0850485
>>> weight_conversion("ounce","gram",3)
85.0485
>>> weight_conversion("ounce","milligram",4)
113398.0
>>> weight_conversion("ounce","metric-ton",4)
0.000113398
>>> weight_conversion("ounce","long-ton",4)
0.0001116071394054
>>> weight_conversion("ounce","short-ton",4)
0.0001249999988556
>>> weight_conversion("ounce","pound",1)
0.0625000000004599
>>> weight_conversion("ounce","ounce",2)
2.000000000003377
>>> weight_conversion("ounce","carrat",1)
141.7475
>>> weight_conversion("ounce","atomic-mass-unit",1)
1.70724563015874e+25
>>> weight_conversion("carrat","kilogram",1)
0.0002
>>> weight_conversion("carrat","gram",4)
0.8
>>> weight_conversion("carrat","milligram",2)
400.0
>>> weight_conversion("carrat","metric-ton",2)
4.0000000000000003e-07
>>> weight_conversion("carrat","long-ton",3)
5.9052438e-07
>>> weight_conversion("carrat","short-ton",4)
8.818497600000002e-07
>>> weight_conversion("carrat","pound",1)
0.00044092488404000004
>>> weight_conversion("carrat","ounce",2)
0.0141095962892
>>> weight_conversion("carrat","carrat",4)
4.0
>>> weight_conversion("carrat","atomic-mass-unit",4)
4.8177093216e+23
>>> weight_conversion("atomic-mass-unit","kilogram",4)
6.642160796e-27
>>> weight_conversion("atomic-mass-unit","gram",2)
3.321080398e-24
>>> weight_conversion("atomic-mass-unit","milligram",2)
3.3210803980000002e-21
>>> weight_conversion("atomic-mass-unit","metric-ton",3)
4.9816205970000004e-30
>>> weight_conversion("atomic-mass-unit","long-ton",3)
4.9029473573977584e-30
>>> weight_conversion("atomic-mass-unit","short-ton",1)
1.830433719948128e-30
>>> weight_conversion("atomic-mass-unit","pound",3)
1.0982602420317504e-26
>>> weight_conversion("atomic-mass-unit","ounce",2)
1.1714775914938915e-25
>>> weight_conversion("atomic-mass-unit","carrat",2)
1.660540199e-23
>>> weight_conversion("atomic-mass-unit","atomic-mass-unit",2)
1.999999998903455
"""
if to_type not in KILOGRAM_CHART or from_type not in WEIGHT_TYPE_CHART:
raise ValueError(
f"Invalid 'from_type' or 'to_type' value: {from_type!r}, {to_type!r}\n"
f"Supported values are: {', '.join(WEIGHT_TYPE_CHART)}"
)
return value * KILOGRAM_CHART[to_type] * WEIGHT_TYPE_CHART[from_type]
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,388 | Update queue implementation | Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Crowton | "2021-10-17T19:50:26Z" | "2021-10-30T11:06:25Z" | 3a4cc7e31084e15cf2cce24038957c686d41a1b3 | e6cf13cc03475b3a5e7e3d3bf4723c37c3063dde | Update queue implementation. Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Finding the shortest path in 0-1-graph in O(E + V) which is faster than dijkstra.
0-1-graph is the weighted graph with the weights equal to 0 or 1.
Link: https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/22276
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from collections import deque
from collections.abc import Iterator
from dataclasses import dataclass
@dataclass
class Edge:
"""Weighted directed graph edge."""
destination_vertex: int
weight: int
class AdjacencyList:
"""Graph adjacency list."""
def __init__(self, size: int):
self._graph: list[list[Edge]] = [[] for _ in range(size)]
self._size = size
def __getitem__(self, vertex: int) -> Iterator[Edge]:
"""Get all the vertices adjacent to the given one."""
return iter(self._graph[vertex])
@property
def size(self):
return self._size
def add_edge(self, from_vertex: int, to_vertex: int, weight: int):
"""
>>> g = AdjacencyList(2)
>>> g.add_edge(0, 1, 0)
>>> g.add_edge(1, 0, 1)
>>> list(g[0])
[Edge(destination_vertex=1, weight=0)]
>>> list(g[1])
[Edge(destination_vertex=0, weight=1)]
>>> g.add_edge(0, 1, 2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Edge weight must be either 0 or 1.
>>> g.add_edge(0, 2, 1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Vertex indexes must be in [0; size).
"""
if weight not in (0, 1):
raise ValueError("Edge weight must be either 0 or 1.")
if to_vertex < 0 or to_vertex >= self.size:
raise ValueError("Vertex indexes must be in [0; size).")
self._graph[from_vertex].append(Edge(to_vertex, weight))
def get_shortest_path(self, start_vertex: int, finish_vertex: int) -> int | None:
"""
Return the shortest distance from start_vertex to finish_vertex in 0-1-graph.
1 1 1
0--------->3 6--------7>------->8
| ^ ^ ^ |1
| | | |0 v
0| |0 1| 9-------->10
| | | ^ 1
v | | |0
1--------->2<-------4------->5
0 1 1
>>> g = AdjacencyList(11)
>>> g.add_edge(0, 1, 0)
>>> g.add_edge(0, 3, 1)
>>> g.add_edge(1, 2, 0)
>>> g.add_edge(2, 3, 0)
>>> g.add_edge(4, 2, 1)
>>> g.add_edge(4, 5, 1)
>>> g.add_edge(4, 6, 1)
>>> g.add_edge(5, 9, 0)
>>> g.add_edge(6, 7, 1)
>>> g.add_edge(7, 8, 1)
>>> g.add_edge(8, 10, 1)
>>> g.add_edge(9, 7, 0)
>>> g.add_edge(9, 10, 1)
>>> g.add_edge(1, 2, 2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Edge weight must be either 0 or 1.
>>> g.get_shortest_path(0, 3)
0
>>> g.get_shortest_path(0, 4)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: No path from start_vertex to finish_vertex.
>>> g.get_shortest_path(4, 10)
2
>>> g.get_shortest_path(4, 8)
2
>>> g.get_shortest_path(0, 1)
0
>>> g.get_shortest_path(1, 0)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: No path from start_vertex to finish_vertex.
"""
queue = deque([start_vertex])
distances: list[int | None] = [None] * self.size
distances[start_vertex] = 0
while queue:
current_vertex = queue.popleft()
current_distance = distances[current_vertex]
if current_distance is None:
continue
for edge in self[current_vertex]:
new_distance = current_distance + edge.weight
dest_vertex_distance = distances[edge.destination_vertex]
if (
isinstance(dest_vertex_distance, int)
and new_distance >= dest_vertex_distance
):
continue
distances[edge.destination_vertex] = new_distance
if edge.weight == 0:
queue.appendleft(edge.destination_vertex)
else:
queue.append(edge.destination_vertex)
if distances[finish_vertex] is None:
raise ValueError("No path from start_vertex to finish_vertex.")
return distances[finish_vertex]
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| """
Finding the shortest path in 0-1-graph in O(E + V) which is faster than dijkstra.
0-1-graph is the weighted graph with the weights equal to 0 or 1.
Link: https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/22276
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from collections import deque
from collections.abc import Iterator
from dataclasses import dataclass
@dataclass
class Edge:
"""Weighted directed graph edge."""
destination_vertex: int
weight: int
class AdjacencyList:
"""Graph adjacency list."""
def __init__(self, size: int):
self._graph: list[list[Edge]] = [[] for _ in range(size)]
self._size = size
def __getitem__(self, vertex: int) -> Iterator[Edge]:
"""Get all the vertices adjacent to the given one."""
return iter(self._graph[vertex])
@property
def size(self):
return self._size
def add_edge(self, from_vertex: int, to_vertex: int, weight: int):
"""
>>> g = AdjacencyList(2)
>>> g.add_edge(0, 1, 0)
>>> g.add_edge(1, 0, 1)
>>> list(g[0])
[Edge(destination_vertex=1, weight=0)]
>>> list(g[1])
[Edge(destination_vertex=0, weight=1)]
>>> g.add_edge(0, 1, 2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Edge weight must be either 0 or 1.
>>> g.add_edge(0, 2, 1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Vertex indexes must be in [0; size).
"""
if weight not in (0, 1):
raise ValueError("Edge weight must be either 0 or 1.")
if to_vertex < 0 or to_vertex >= self.size:
raise ValueError("Vertex indexes must be in [0; size).")
self._graph[from_vertex].append(Edge(to_vertex, weight))
def get_shortest_path(self, start_vertex: int, finish_vertex: int) -> int | None:
"""
Return the shortest distance from start_vertex to finish_vertex in 0-1-graph.
1 1 1
0--------->3 6--------7>------->8
| ^ ^ ^ |1
| | | |0 v
0| |0 1| 9-------->10
| | | ^ 1
v | | |0
1--------->2<-------4------->5
0 1 1
>>> g = AdjacencyList(11)
>>> g.add_edge(0, 1, 0)
>>> g.add_edge(0, 3, 1)
>>> g.add_edge(1, 2, 0)
>>> g.add_edge(2, 3, 0)
>>> g.add_edge(4, 2, 1)
>>> g.add_edge(4, 5, 1)
>>> g.add_edge(4, 6, 1)
>>> g.add_edge(5, 9, 0)
>>> g.add_edge(6, 7, 1)
>>> g.add_edge(7, 8, 1)
>>> g.add_edge(8, 10, 1)
>>> g.add_edge(9, 7, 0)
>>> g.add_edge(9, 10, 1)
>>> g.add_edge(1, 2, 2)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Edge weight must be either 0 or 1.
>>> g.get_shortest_path(0, 3)
0
>>> g.get_shortest_path(0, 4)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: No path from start_vertex to finish_vertex.
>>> g.get_shortest_path(4, 10)
2
>>> g.get_shortest_path(4, 8)
2
>>> g.get_shortest_path(0, 1)
0
>>> g.get_shortest_path(1, 0)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: No path from start_vertex to finish_vertex.
"""
queue = deque([start_vertex])
distances: list[int | None] = [None] * self.size
distances[start_vertex] = 0
while queue:
current_vertex = queue.popleft()
current_distance = distances[current_vertex]
if current_distance is None:
continue
for edge in self[current_vertex]:
new_distance = current_distance + edge.weight
dest_vertex_distance = distances[edge.destination_vertex]
if (
isinstance(dest_vertex_distance, int)
and new_distance >= dest_vertex_distance
):
continue
distances[edge.destination_vertex] = new_distance
if edge.weight == 0:
queue.appendleft(edge.destination_vertex)
else:
queue.append(edge.destination_vertex)
if distances[finish_vertex] is None:
raise ValueError("No path from start_vertex to finish_vertex.")
return distances[finish_vertex]
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,388 | Update queue implementation | Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Crowton | "2021-10-17T19:50:26Z" | "2021-10-30T11:06:25Z" | 3a4cc7e31084e15cf2cce24038957c686d41a1b3 | e6cf13cc03475b3a5e7e3d3bf4723c37c3063dde | Update queue implementation. Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,388 | Update queue implementation | Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Crowton | "2021-10-17T19:50:26Z" | "2021-10-30T11:06:25Z" | 3a4cc7e31084e15cf2cce24038957c686d41a1b3 | e6cf13cc03475b3a5e7e3d3bf4723c37c3063dde | Update queue implementation. Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Implementation of gradient descent algorithm for minimizing cost of a linear hypothesis
function.
"""
import numpy
# List of input, output pairs
train_data = (
((5, 2, 3), 15),
((6, 5, 9), 25),
((11, 12, 13), 41),
((1, 1, 1), 8),
((11, 12, 13), 41),
)
test_data = (((515, 22, 13), 555), ((61, 35, 49), 150))
parameter_vector = [2, 4, 1, 5]
m = len(train_data)
LEARNING_RATE = 0.009
def _error(example_no, data_set="train"):
"""
:param data_set: train data or test data
:param example_no: example number whose error has to be checked
:return: error in example pointed by example number.
"""
return calculate_hypothesis_value(example_no, data_set) - output(
example_no, data_set
)
def _hypothesis_value(data_input_tuple):
"""
Calculates hypothesis function value for a given input
:param data_input_tuple: Input tuple of a particular example
:return: Value of hypothesis function at that point.
Note that there is an 'biased input' whose value is fixed as 1.
It is not explicitly mentioned in input data.. But, ML hypothesis functions use it.
So, we have to take care of it separately. Line 36 takes care of it.
"""
hyp_val = 0
for i in range(len(parameter_vector) - 1):
hyp_val += data_input_tuple[i] * parameter_vector[i + 1]
hyp_val += parameter_vector[0]
return hyp_val
def output(example_no, data_set):
"""
:param data_set: test data or train data
:param example_no: example whose output is to be fetched
:return: output for that example
"""
if data_set == "train":
return train_data[example_no][1]
elif data_set == "test":
return test_data[example_no][1]
def calculate_hypothesis_value(example_no, data_set):
"""
Calculates hypothesis value for a given example
:param data_set: test data or train_data
:param example_no: example whose hypothesis value is to be calculated
:return: hypothesis value for that example
"""
if data_set == "train":
return _hypothesis_value(train_data[example_no][0])
elif data_set == "test":
return _hypothesis_value(test_data[example_no][0])
def summation_of_cost_derivative(index, end=m):
"""
Calculates the sum of cost function derivative
:param index: index wrt derivative is being calculated
:param end: value where summation ends, default is m, number of examples
:return: Returns the summation of cost derivative
Note: If index is -1, this means we are calculating summation wrt to biased
parameter.
"""
summation_value = 0
for i in range(end):
if index == -1:
summation_value += _error(i)
else:
summation_value += _error(i) * train_data[i][0][index]
return summation_value
def get_cost_derivative(index):
"""
:param index: index of the parameter vector wrt to derivative is to be calculated
:return: derivative wrt to that index
Note: If index is -1, this means we are calculating summation wrt to biased
parameter.
"""
cost_derivative_value = summation_of_cost_derivative(index, m) / m
return cost_derivative_value
def run_gradient_descent():
global parameter_vector
# Tune these values to set a tolerance value for predicted output
absolute_error_limit = 0.000002
relative_error_limit = 0
j = 0
while True:
j += 1
temp_parameter_vector = [0, 0, 0, 0]
for i in range(0, len(parameter_vector)):
cost_derivative = get_cost_derivative(i - 1)
temp_parameter_vector[i] = (
parameter_vector[i] - LEARNING_RATE * cost_derivative
)
if numpy.allclose(
parameter_vector,
temp_parameter_vector,
atol=absolute_error_limit,
rtol=relative_error_limit,
):
break
parameter_vector = temp_parameter_vector
print(("Number of iterations:", j))
def test_gradient_descent():
for i in range(len(test_data)):
print(("Actual output value:", output(i, "test")))
print(("Hypothesis output:", calculate_hypothesis_value(i, "test")))
if __name__ == "__main__":
run_gradient_descent()
print("\nTesting gradient descent for a linear hypothesis function.\n")
test_gradient_descent()
| """
Implementation of gradient descent algorithm for minimizing cost of a linear hypothesis
function.
"""
import numpy
# List of input, output pairs
train_data = (
((5, 2, 3), 15),
((6, 5, 9), 25),
((11, 12, 13), 41),
((1, 1, 1), 8),
((11, 12, 13), 41),
)
test_data = (((515, 22, 13), 555), ((61, 35, 49), 150))
parameter_vector = [2, 4, 1, 5]
m = len(train_data)
LEARNING_RATE = 0.009
def _error(example_no, data_set="train"):
"""
:param data_set: train data or test data
:param example_no: example number whose error has to be checked
:return: error in example pointed by example number.
"""
return calculate_hypothesis_value(example_no, data_set) - output(
example_no, data_set
)
def _hypothesis_value(data_input_tuple):
"""
Calculates hypothesis function value for a given input
:param data_input_tuple: Input tuple of a particular example
:return: Value of hypothesis function at that point.
Note that there is an 'biased input' whose value is fixed as 1.
It is not explicitly mentioned in input data.. But, ML hypothesis functions use it.
So, we have to take care of it separately. Line 36 takes care of it.
"""
hyp_val = 0
for i in range(len(parameter_vector) - 1):
hyp_val += data_input_tuple[i] * parameter_vector[i + 1]
hyp_val += parameter_vector[0]
return hyp_val
def output(example_no, data_set):
"""
:param data_set: test data or train data
:param example_no: example whose output is to be fetched
:return: output for that example
"""
if data_set == "train":
return train_data[example_no][1]
elif data_set == "test":
return test_data[example_no][1]
def calculate_hypothesis_value(example_no, data_set):
"""
Calculates hypothesis value for a given example
:param data_set: test data or train_data
:param example_no: example whose hypothesis value is to be calculated
:return: hypothesis value for that example
"""
if data_set == "train":
return _hypothesis_value(train_data[example_no][0])
elif data_set == "test":
return _hypothesis_value(test_data[example_no][0])
def summation_of_cost_derivative(index, end=m):
"""
Calculates the sum of cost function derivative
:param index: index wrt derivative is being calculated
:param end: value where summation ends, default is m, number of examples
:return: Returns the summation of cost derivative
Note: If index is -1, this means we are calculating summation wrt to biased
parameter.
"""
summation_value = 0
for i in range(end):
if index == -1:
summation_value += _error(i)
else:
summation_value += _error(i) * train_data[i][0][index]
return summation_value
def get_cost_derivative(index):
"""
:param index: index of the parameter vector wrt to derivative is to be calculated
:return: derivative wrt to that index
Note: If index is -1, this means we are calculating summation wrt to biased
parameter.
"""
cost_derivative_value = summation_of_cost_derivative(index, m) / m
return cost_derivative_value
def run_gradient_descent():
global parameter_vector
# Tune these values to set a tolerance value for predicted output
absolute_error_limit = 0.000002
relative_error_limit = 0
j = 0
while True:
j += 1
temp_parameter_vector = [0, 0, 0, 0]
for i in range(0, len(parameter_vector)):
cost_derivative = get_cost_derivative(i - 1)
temp_parameter_vector[i] = (
parameter_vector[i] - LEARNING_RATE * cost_derivative
)
if numpy.allclose(
parameter_vector,
temp_parameter_vector,
atol=absolute_error_limit,
rtol=relative_error_limit,
):
break
parameter_vector = temp_parameter_vector
print(("Number of iterations:", j))
def test_gradient_descent():
for i in range(len(test_data)):
print(("Actual output value:", output(i, "test")))
print(("Hypothesis output:", calculate_hypothesis_value(i, "test")))
if __name__ == "__main__":
run_gradient_descent()
print("\nTesting gradient descent for a linear hypothesis function.\n")
test_gradient_descent()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,388 | Update queue implementation | Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Crowton | "2021-10-17T19:50:26Z" | "2021-10-30T11:06:25Z" | 3a4cc7e31084e15cf2cce24038957c686d41a1b3 | e6cf13cc03475b3a5e7e3d3bf4723c37c3063dde | Update queue implementation. Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """Segmented Sieve."""
import math
def sieve(n):
"""Segmented Sieve."""
in_prime = []
start = 2
end = int(math.sqrt(n)) # Size of every segment
temp = [True] * (end + 1)
prime = []
while start <= end:
if temp[start] is True:
in_prime.append(start)
for i in range(start * start, end + 1, start):
if temp[i] is True:
temp[i] = False
start += 1
prime += in_prime
low = end + 1
high = low + end - 1
if high > n:
high = n
while low <= n:
temp = [True] * (high - low + 1)
for each in in_prime:
t = math.floor(low / each) * each
if t < low:
t += each
for j in range(t, high + 1, each):
temp[j - low] = False
for j in range(len(temp)):
if temp[j] is True:
prime.append(j + low)
low = high + 1
high = low + end - 1
if high > n:
high = n
return prime
print(sieve(10 ** 6))
| """Segmented Sieve."""
import math
def sieve(n):
"""Segmented Sieve."""
in_prime = []
start = 2
end = int(math.sqrt(n)) # Size of every segment
temp = [True] * (end + 1)
prime = []
while start <= end:
if temp[start] is True:
in_prime.append(start)
for i in range(start * start, end + 1, start):
if temp[i] is True:
temp[i] = False
start += 1
prime += in_prime
low = end + 1
high = low + end - 1
if high > n:
high = n
while low <= n:
temp = [True] * (high - low + 1)
for each in in_prime:
t = math.floor(low / each) * each
if t < low:
t += each
for j in range(t, high + 1, each):
temp[j - low] = False
for j in range(len(temp)):
if temp[j] is True:
prime.append(j + low)
low = high + 1
high = low + end - 1
if high > n:
high = n
return prime
print(sieve(10 ** 6))
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,388 | Update queue implementation | Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Crowton | "2021-10-17T19:50:26Z" | "2021-10-30T11:06:25Z" | 3a4cc7e31084e15cf2cce24038957c686d41a1b3 | e6cf13cc03475b3a5e7e3d3bf4723c37c3063dde | Update queue implementation. Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| # Gaussian Naive Bayes Example
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn.metrics import plot_confusion_matrix
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.naive_bayes import GaussianNB
def main():
"""
Gaussian Naive Bayes Example using sklearn function.
Iris type dataset is used to demonstrate algorithm.
"""
# Load Iris dataset
iris = load_iris()
# Split dataset into train and test data
X = iris["data"] # features
Y = iris["target"]
x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(
X, Y, test_size=0.3, random_state=1
)
# Gaussian Naive Bayes
NB_model = GaussianNB()
NB_model.fit(x_train, y_train)
# Display Confusion Matrix
plot_confusion_matrix(
NB_model,
x_test,
y_test,
display_labels=iris["target_names"],
cmap="Blues",
normalize="true",
)
plt.title("Normalized Confusion Matrix - IRIS Dataset")
plt.show()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| # Gaussian Naive Bayes Example
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn.metrics import plot_confusion_matrix
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.naive_bayes import GaussianNB
def main():
"""
Gaussian Naive Bayes Example using sklearn function.
Iris type dataset is used to demonstrate algorithm.
"""
# Load Iris dataset
iris = load_iris()
# Split dataset into train and test data
X = iris["data"] # features
Y = iris["target"]
x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(
X, Y, test_size=0.3, random_state=1
)
# Gaussian Naive Bayes
NB_model = GaussianNB()
NB_model.fit(x_train, y_train)
# Display Confusion Matrix
plot_confusion_matrix(
NB_model,
x_test,
y_test,
display_labels=iris["target_names"],
cmap="Blues",
normalize="true",
)
plt.title("Normalized Confusion Matrix - IRIS Dataset")
plt.show()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,388 | Update queue implementation | Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Crowton | "2021-10-17T19:50:26Z" | "2021-10-30T11:06:25Z" | 3a4cc7e31084e15cf2cce24038957c686d41a1b3 | e6cf13cc03475b3a5e7e3d3bf4723c37c3063dde | Update queue implementation. Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| #
| #
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,388 | Update queue implementation | Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Crowton | "2021-10-17T19:50:26Z" | "2021-10-30T11:06:25Z" | 3a4cc7e31084e15cf2cce24038957c686d41a1b3 | e6cf13cc03475b3a5e7e3d3bf4723c37c3063dde | Update queue implementation. Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| import numpy as np
def qr_householder(A):
"""Return a QR-decomposition of the matrix A using Householder reflection.
The QR-decomposition decomposes the matrix A of shape (m, n) into an
orthogonal matrix Q of shape (m, m) and an upper triangular matrix R of
shape (m, n). Note that the matrix A does not have to be square. This
method of decomposing A uses the Householder reflection, which is
numerically stable and of complexity O(n^3).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QR_decomposition#Using_Householder_reflections
Arguments:
A -- a numpy.ndarray of shape (m, n)
Note: several optimizations can be made for numeric efficiency, but this is
intended to demonstrate how it would be represented in a mathematics
textbook. In cases where efficiency is particularly important, an optimized
version from BLAS should be used.
>>> A = np.array([[12, -51, 4], [6, 167, -68], [-4, 24, -41]], dtype=float)
>>> Q, R = qr_householder(A)
>>> # check that the decomposition is correct
>>> np.allclose(Q@R, A)
True
>>> # check that Q is orthogonal
>>> np.allclose([email protected], np.eye(A.shape[0]))
True
>>> np.allclose(Q.T@Q, np.eye(A.shape[0]))
True
>>> # check that R is upper triangular
>>> np.allclose(np.triu(R), R)
True
"""
m, n = A.shape
t = min(m, n)
Q = np.eye(m)
R = A.copy()
for k in range(t - 1):
# select a column of modified matrix A':
x = R[k:, [k]]
# construct first basis vector
e1 = np.zeros_like(x)
e1[0] = 1.0
# determine scaling factor
alpha = np.linalg.norm(x)
# construct vector v for Householder reflection
v = x + np.sign(x[0]) * alpha * e1
v /= np.linalg.norm(v)
# construct the Householder matrix
Q_k = np.eye(m - k) - 2.0 * v @ v.T
# pad with ones and zeros as necessary
Q_k = np.block([[np.eye(k), np.zeros((k, m - k))], [np.zeros((m - k, k)), Q_k]])
Q = Q @ Q_k.T
R = Q_k @ R
return Q, R
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| import numpy as np
def qr_householder(A):
"""Return a QR-decomposition of the matrix A using Householder reflection.
The QR-decomposition decomposes the matrix A of shape (m, n) into an
orthogonal matrix Q of shape (m, m) and an upper triangular matrix R of
shape (m, n). Note that the matrix A does not have to be square. This
method of decomposing A uses the Householder reflection, which is
numerically stable and of complexity O(n^3).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QR_decomposition#Using_Householder_reflections
Arguments:
A -- a numpy.ndarray of shape (m, n)
Note: several optimizations can be made for numeric efficiency, but this is
intended to demonstrate how it would be represented in a mathematics
textbook. In cases where efficiency is particularly important, an optimized
version from BLAS should be used.
>>> A = np.array([[12, -51, 4], [6, 167, -68], [-4, 24, -41]], dtype=float)
>>> Q, R = qr_householder(A)
>>> # check that the decomposition is correct
>>> np.allclose(Q@R, A)
True
>>> # check that Q is orthogonal
>>> np.allclose([email protected], np.eye(A.shape[0]))
True
>>> np.allclose(Q.T@Q, np.eye(A.shape[0]))
True
>>> # check that R is upper triangular
>>> np.allclose(np.triu(R), R)
True
"""
m, n = A.shape
t = min(m, n)
Q = np.eye(m)
R = A.copy()
for k in range(t - 1):
# select a column of modified matrix A':
x = R[k:, [k]]
# construct first basis vector
e1 = np.zeros_like(x)
e1[0] = 1.0
# determine scaling factor
alpha = np.linalg.norm(x)
# construct vector v for Householder reflection
v = x + np.sign(x[0]) * alpha * e1
v /= np.linalg.norm(v)
# construct the Householder matrix
Q_k = np.eye(m - k) - 2.0 * v @ v.T
# pad with ones and zeros as necessary
Q_k = np.block([[np.eye(k), np.zeros((k, m - k))], [np.zeros((m - k, k)), Q_k]])
Q = Q @ Q_k.T
R = Q_k @ R
return Q, R
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,388 | Update queue implementation | Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Crowton | "2021-10-17T19:50:26Z" | "2021-10-30T11:06:25Z" | 3a4cc7e31084e15cf2cce24038957c686d41a1b3 | e6cf13cc03475b3a5e7e3d3bf4723c37c3063dde | Update queue implementation. Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Self Powers
Problem 48
The series, 1^1 + 2^2 + 3^3 + ... + 10^10 = 10405071317.
Find the last ten digits of the series, 1^1 + 2^2 + 3^3 + ... + 1000^1000.
"""
def solution():
"""
Returns the last 10 digits of the series, 1^1 + 2^2 + 3^3 + ... + 1000^1000.
>>> solution()
'9110846700'
"""
total = 0
for i in range(1, 1001):
total += i ** i
return str(total)[-10:]
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(solution())
| """
Self Powers
Problem 48
The series, 1^1 + 2^2 + 3^3 + ... + 10^10 = 10405071317.
Find the last ten digits of the series, 1^1 + 2^2 + 3^3 + ... + 1000^1000.
"""
def solution():
"""
Returns the last 10 digits of the series, 1^1 + 2^2 + 3^3 + ... + 1000^1000.
>>> solution()
'9110846700'
"""
total = 0
for i in range(1, 1001):
total += i ** i
return str(total)[-10:]
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(solution())
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,388 | Update queue implementation | Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Crowton | "2021-10-17T19:50:26Z" | "2021-10-30T11:06:25Z" | 3a4cc7e31084e15cf2cce24038957c686d41a1b3 | e6cf13cc03475b3a5e7e3d3bf4723c37c3063dde | Update queue implementation. Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| from __future__ import annotations
def find_primitive(n: int) -> int | None:
for r in range(1, n):
li = []
for x in range(n - 1):
val = pow(r, x, n)
if val in li:
break
li.append(val)
else:
return r
return None
if __name__ == "__main__":
q = int(input("Enter a prime number q: "))
a = find_primitive(q)
if a is None:
print(f"Cannot find the primitive for the value: {a!r}")
else:
a_private = int(input("Enter private key of A: "))
a_public = pow(a, a_private, q)
b_private = int(input("Enter private key of B: "))
b_public = pow(a, b_private, q)
a_secret = pow(b_public, a_private, q)
b_secret = pow(a_public, b_private, q)
print("The key value generated by A is: ", a_secret)
print("The key value generated by B is: ", b_secret)
| from __future__ import annotations
def find_primitive(n: int) -> int | None:
for r in range(1, n):
li = []
for x in range(n - 1):
val = pow(r, x, n)
if val in li:
break
li.append(val)
else:
return r
return None
if __name__ == "__main__":
q = int(input("Enter a prime number q: "))
a = find_primitive(q)
if a is None:
print(f"Cannot find the primitive for the value: {a!r}")
else:
a_private = int(input("Enter private key of A: "))
a_public = pow(a, a_private, q)
b_private = int(input("Enter private key of B: "))
b_public = pow(a, b_private, q)
a_secret = pow(b_public, a_private, q)
b_secret = pow(a_public, b_private, q)
print("The key value generated by A is: ", a_secret)
print("The key value generated by B is: ", b_secret)
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,388 | Update queue implementation | Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Crowton | "2021-10-17T19:50:26Z" | "2021-10-30T11:06:25Z" | 3a4cc7e31084e15cf2cce24038957c686d41a1b3 | e6cf13cc03475b3a5e7e3d3bf4723c37c3063dde | Update queue implementation. Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| #############################
# Author: Aravind Kashyap
# File: lis.py
# comments: This programme outputs the Longest Strictly Increasing Subsequence in
# O(NLogN) Where N is the Number of elements in the list
#############################
from __future__ import annotations
def CeilIndex(v, l, r, key): # noqa: E741
while r - l > 1:
m = (l + r) // 2
if v[m] >= key:
r = m
else:
l = m # noqa: E741
return r
def LongestIncreasingSubsequenceLength(v: list[int]) -> int:
"""
>>> LongestIncreasingSubsequenceLength([2, 5, 3, 7, 11, 8, 10, 13, 6])
6
>>> LongestIncreasingSubsequenceLength([])
0
>>> LongestIncreasingSubsequenceLength([0, 8, 4, 12, 2, 10, 6, 14, 1, 9, 5, 13, 3,
... 11, 7, 15])
6
>>> LongestIncreasingSubsequenceLength([5, 4, 3, 2, 1])
1
"""
if len(v) == 0:
return 0
tail = [0] * len(v)
length = 1
tail[0] = v[0]
for i in range(1, len(v)):
if v[i] < tail[0]:
tail[0] = v[i]
elif v[i] > tail[length - 1]:
tail[length] = v[i]
length += 1
else:
tail[CeilIndex(tail, -1, length - 1, v[i])] = v[i]
return length
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| #############################
# Author: Aravind Kashyap
# File: lis.py
# comments: This programme outputs the Longest Strictly Increasing Subsequence in
# O(NLogN) Where N is the Number of elements in the list
#############################
from __future__ import annotations
def CeilIndex(v, l, r, key): # noqa: E741
while r - l > 1:
m = (l + r) // 2
if v[m] >= key:
r = m
else:
l = m # noqa: E741
return r
def LongestIncreasingSubsequenceLength(v: list[int]) -> int:
"""
>>> LongestIncreasingSubsequenceLength([2, 5, 3, 7, 11, 8, 10, 13, 6])
6
>>> LongestIncreasingSubsequenceLength([])
0
>>> LongestIncreasingSubsequenceLength([0, 8, 4, 12, 2, 10, 6, 14, 1, 9, 5, 13, 3,
... 11, 7, 15])
6
>>> LongestIncreasingSubsequenceLength([5, 4, 3, 2, 1])
1
"""
if len(v) == 0:
return 0
tail = [0] * len(v)
length = 1
tail[0] = v[0]
for i in range(1, len(v)):
if v[i] < tail[0]:
tail[0] = v[i]
elif v[i] > tail[length - 1]:
tail[length] = v[i]
length += 1
else:
tail[CeilIndex(tail, -1, length - 1, v[i])] = v[i]
return length
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,388 | Update queue implementation | Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Crowton | "2021-10-17T19:50:26Z" | "2021-10-30T11:06:25Z" | 3a4cc7e31084e15cf2cce24038957c686d41a1b3 | e6cf13cc03475b3a5e7e3d3bf4723c37c3063dde | Update queue implementation. Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| import os
import random
import sys
from . import cryptomath_module as cryptoMath
from . import rabin_miller as rabinMiller
def main() -> None:
print("Making key files...")
makeKeyFiles("rsa", 1024)
print("Key files generation successful.")
def generateKey(keySize: int) -> tuple[tuple[int, int], tuple[int, int]]:
print("Generating prime p...")
p = rabinMiller.generateLargePrime(keySize)
print("Generating prime q...")
q = rabinMiller.generateLargePrime(keySize)
n = p * q
print("Generating e that is relatively prime to (p - 1) * (q - 1)...")
while True:
e = random.randrange(2 ** (keySize - 1), 2 ** (keySize))
if cryptoMath.gcd(e, (p - 1) * (q - 1)) == 1:
break
print("Calculating d that is mod inverse of e...")
d = cryptoMath.find_mod_inverse(e, (p - 1) * (q - 1))
publicKey = (n, e)
privateKey = (n, d)
return (publicKey, privateKey)
def makeKeyFiles(name: str, keySize: int) -> None:
if os.path.exists("%s_pubkey.txt" % (name)) or os.path.exists(
"%s_privkey.txt" % (name)
):
print("\nWARNING:")
print(
'"%s_pubkey.txt" or "%s_privkey.txt" already exists. \n'
"Use a different name or delete these files and re-run this program."
% (name, name)
)
sys.exit()
publicKey, privateKey = generateKey(keySize)
print("\nWriting public key to file %s_pubkey.txt..." % name)
with open("%s_pubkey.txt" % name, "w") as out_file:
out_file.write(f"{keySize},{publicKey[0]},{publicKey[1]}")
print("Writing private key to file %s_privkey.txt..." % name)
with open("%s_privkey.txt" % name, "w") as out_file:
out_file.write(f"{keySize},{privateKey[0]},{privateKey[1]}")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| import os
import random
import sys
from . import cryptomath_module as cryptoMath
from . import rabin_miller as rabinMiller
def main() -> None:
print("Making key files...")
makeKeyFiles("rsa", 1024)
print("Key files generation successful.")
def generateKey(keySize: int) -> tuple[tuple[int, int], tuple[int, int]]:
print("Generating prime p...")
p = rabinMiller.generateLargePrime(keySize)
print("Generating prime q...")
q = rabinMiller.generateLargePrime(keySize)
n = p * q
print("Generating e that is relatively prime to (p - 1) * (q - 1)...")
while True:
e = random.randrange(2 ** (keySize - 1), 2 ** (keySize))
if cryptoMath.gcd(e, (p - 1) * (q - 1)) == 1:
break
print("Calculating d that is mod inverse of e...")
d = cryptoMath.find_mod_inverse(e, (p - 1) * (q - 1))
publicKey = (n, e)
privateKey = (n, d)
return (publicKey, privateKey)
def makeKeyFiles(name: str, keySize: int) -> None:
if os.path.exists("%s_pubkey.txt" % (name)) or os.path.exists(
"%s_privkey.txt" % (name)
):
print("\nWARNING:")
print(
'"%s_pubkey.txt" or "%s_privkey.txt" already exists. \n'
"Use a different name or delete these files and re-run this program."
% (name, name)
)
sys.exit()
publicKey, privateKey = generateKey(keySize)
print("\nWriting public key to file %s_pubkey.txt..." % name)
with open("%s_pubkey.txt" % name, "w") as out_file:
out_file.write(f"{keySize},{publicKey[0]},{publicKey[1]}")
print("Writing private key to file %s_privkey.txt..." % name)
with open("%s_privkey.txt" % name, "w") as out_file:
out_file.write(f"{keySize},{privateKey[0]},{privateKey[1]}")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,388 | Update queue implementation | Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Crowton | "2021-10-17T19:50:26Z" | "2021-10-30T11:06:25Z" | 3a4cc7e31084e15cf2cce24038957c686d41a1b3 | e6cf13cc03475b3a5e7e3d3bf4723c37c3063dde | Update queue implementation. Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
The Fibonacci sequence is defined by the recurrence relation:
Fn = Fn−1 + Fn−2, where F1 = 1 and F2 = 1.
Hence the first 12 terms will be:
F1 = 1
F2 = 1
F3 = 2
F4 = 3
F5 = 5
F6 = 8
F7 = 13
F8 = 21
F9 = 34
F10 = 55
F11 = 89
F12 = 144
The 12th term, F12, is the first term to contain three digits.
What is the index of the first term in the Fibonacci sequence to contain 1000
digits?
"""
def fibonacci(n: int) -> int:
"""
Computes the Fibonacci number for input n by iterating through n numbers
and creating an array of ints using the Fibonacci formula.
Returns the nth element of the array.
>>> fibonacci(2)
1
>>> fibonacci(3)
2
>>> fibonacci(5)
5
>>> fibonacci(10)
55
>>> fibonacci(12)
144
"""
if n == 1 or type(n) is not int:
return 0
elif n == 2:
return 1
else:
sequence = [0, 1]
for i in range(2, n + 1):
sequence.append(sequence[i - 1] + sequence[i - 2])
return sequence[n]
def fibonacci_digits_index(n: int) -> int:
"""
Computes incrementing Fibonacci numbers starting from 3 until the length
of the resulting Fibonacci result is the input value n. Returns the term
of the Fibonacci sequence where this occurs.
>>> fibonacci_digits_index(1000)
4782
>>> fibonacci_digits_index(100)
476
>>> fibonacci_digits_index(50)
237
>>> fibonacci_digits_index(3)
12
"""
digits = 0
index = 2
while digits < n:
index += 1
digits = len(str(fibonacci(index)))
return index
def solution(n: int = 1000) -> int:
"""
Returns the index of the first term in the Fibonacci sequence to contain
n digits.
>>> solution(1000)
4782
>>> solution(100)
476
>>> solution(50)
237
>>> solution(3)
12
"""
return fibonacci_digits_index(n)
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(solution(int(str(input()).strip())))
| """
The Fibonacci sequence is defined by the recurrence relation:
Fn = Fn−1 + Fn−2, where F1 = 1 and F2 = 1.
Hence the first 12 terms will be:
F1 = 1
F2 = 1
F3 = 2
F4 = 3
F5 = 5
F6 = 8
F7 = 13
F8 = 21
F9 = 34
F10 = 55
F11 = 89
F12 = 144
The 12th term, F12, is the first term to contain three digits.
What is the index of the first term in the Fibonacci sequence to contain 1000
digits?
"""
def fibonacci(n: int) -> int:
"""
Computes the Fibonacci number for input n by iterating through n numbers
and creating an array of ints using the Fibonacci formula.
Returns the nth element of the array.
>>> fibonacci(2)
1
>>> fibonacci(3)
2
>>> fibonacci(5)
5
>>> fibonacci(10)
55
>>> fibonacci(12)
144
"""
if n == 1 or type(n) is not int:
return 0
elif n == 2:
return 1
else:
sequence = [0, 1]
for i in range(2, n + 1):
sequence.append(sequence[i - 1] + sequence[i - 2])
return sequence[n]
def fibonacci_digits_index(n: int) -> int:
"""
Computes incrementing Fibonacci numbers starting from 3 until the length
of the resulting Fibonacci result is the input value n. Returns the term
of the Fibonacci sequence where this occurs.
>>> fibonacci_digits_index(1000)
4782
>>> fibonacci_digits_index(100)
476
>>> fibonacci_digits_index(50)
237
>>> fibonacci_digits_index(3)
12
"""
digits = 0
index = 2
while digits < n:
index += 1
digits = len(str(fibonacci(index)))
return index
def solution(n: int = 1000) -> int:
"""
Returns the index of the first term in the Fibonacci sequence to contain
n digits.
>>> solution(1000)
4782
>>> solution(100)
476
>>> solution(50)
237
>>> solution(3)
12
"""
return fibonacci_digits_index(n)
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(solution(int(str(input()).strip())))
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,388 | Update queue implementation | Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Crowton | "2021-10-17T19:50:26Z" | "2021-10-30T11:06:25Z" | 3a4cc7e31084e15cf2cce24038957c686d41a1b3 | e6cf13cc03475b3a5e7e3d3bf4723c37c3063dde | Update queue implementation. Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Totient maximum
Problem 69: https://projecteuler.net/problem=69
Euler's Totient function, φ(n) [sometimes called the phi function],
is used to determine the number of numbers less than n which are relatively prime to n.
For example, as 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, and 8,
are all less than nine and relatively prime to nine, φ(9)=6.
n Relatively Prime φ(n) n/φ(n)
2 1 1 2
3 1,2 2 1.5
4 1,3 2 2
5 1,2,3,4 4 1.25
6 1,5 2 3
7 1,2,3,4,5,6 6 1.1666...
8 1,3,5,7 4 2
9 1,2,4,5,7,8 6 1.5
10 1,3,7,9 4 2.5
It can be seen that n=6 produces a maximum n/φ(n) for n ≤ 10.
Find the value of n ≤ 1,000,000 for which n/φ(n) is a maximum.
"""
def solution(n: int = 10 ** 6) -> int:
"""
Returns solution to problem.
Algorithm:
1. Precompute φ(k) for all natural k, k <= n using product formula (wikilink below)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s_totient_function#Euler's_product_formula
2. Find k/φ(k) for all k ≤ n and return the k that attains maximum
>>> solution(10)
6
>>> solution(100)
30
>>> solution(9973)
2310
"""
if n <= 0:
raise ValueError("Please enter an integer greater than 0")
phi = list(range(n + 1))
for number in range(2, n + 1):
if phi[number] == number:
phi[number] -= 1
for multiple in range(number * 2, n + 1, number):
phi[multiple] = (phi[multiple] // number) * (number - 1)
answer = 1
for number in range(1, n + 1):
if (answer / phi[answer]) < (number / phi[number]):
answer = number
return answer
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(solution())
| """
Totient maximum
Problem 69: https://projecteuler.net/problem=69
Euler's Totient function, φ(n) [sometimes called the phi function],
is used to determine the number of numbers less than n which are relatively prime to n.
For example, as 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, and 8,
are all less than nine and relatively prime to nine, φ(9)=6.
n Relatively Prime φ(n) n/φ(n)
2 1 1 2
3 1,2 2 1.5
4 1,3 2 2
5 1,2,3,4 4 1.25
6 1,5 2 3
7 1,2,3,4,5,6 6 1.1666...
8 1,3,5,7 4 2
9 1,2,4,5,7,8 6 1.5
10 1,3,7,9 4 2.5
It can be seen that n=6 produces a maximum n/φ(n) for n ≤ 10.
Find the value of n ≤ 1,000,000 for which n/φ(n) is a maximum.
"""
def solution(n: int = 10 ** 6) -> int:
"""
Returns solution to problem.
Algorithm:
1. Precompute φ(k) for all natural k, k <= n using product formula (wikilink below)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s_totient_function#Euler's_product_formula
2. Find k/φ(k) for all k ≤ n and return the k that attains maximum
>>> solution(10)
6
>>> solution(100)
30
>>> solution(9973)
2310
"""
if n <= 0:
raise ValueError("Please enter an integer greater than 0")
phi = list(range(n + 1))
for number in range(2, n + 1):
if phi[number] == number:
phi[number] -= 1
for multiple in range(number * 2, n + 1, number):
phi[multiple] = (phi[multiple] // number) * (number - 1)
answer = 1
for number in range(1, n + 1):
if (answer / phi[answer]) < (number / phi[number]):
answer = number
return answer
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(solution())
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,388 | Update queue implementation | Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Crowton | "2021-10-17T19:50:26Z" | "2021-10-30T11:06:25Z" | 3a4cc7e31084e15cf2cce24038957c686d41a1b3 | e6cf13cc03475b3a5e7e3d3bf4723c37c3063dde | Update queue implementation. Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| #!/usr/bin/env python3
def climb_stairs(n: int) -> int:
"""
LeetCdoe No.70: Climbing Stairs
Distinct ways to climb a n step staircase where
each time you can either climb 1 or 2 steps.
Args:
n: number of steps of staircase
Returns:
Distinct ways to climb a n step staircase
Raises:
AssertionError: n not positive integer
>>> climb_stairs(3)
3
>>> climb_stairs(1)
1
>>> climb_stairs(-7) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AssertionError: n needs to be positive integer, your input -7
"""
assert (
isinstance(n, int) and n > 0
), f"n needs to be positive integer, your input {n}"
if n == 1:
return 1
dp = [0] * (n + 1)
dp[0], dp[1] = (1, 1)
for i in range(2, n + 1):
dp[i] = dp[i - 1] + dp[i - 2]
return dp[n]
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| #!/usr/bin/env python3
def climb_stairs(n: int) -> int:
"""
LeetCdoe No.70: Climbing Stairs
Distinct ways to climb a n step staircase where
each time you can either climb 1 or 2 steps.
Args:
n: number of steps of staircase
Returns:
Distinct ways to climb a n step staircase
Raises:
AssertionError: n not positive integer
>>> climb_stairs(3)
3
>>> climb_stairs(1)
1
>>> climb_stairs(-7) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AssertionError: n needs to be positive integer, your input -7
"""
assert (
isinstance(n, int) and n > 0
), f"n needs to be positive integer, your input {n}"
if n == 1:
return 1
dp = [0] * (n + 1)
dp[0], dp[1] = (1, 1)
for i in range(2, n + 1):
dp[i] = dp[i - 1] + dp[i - 2]
return dp[n]
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,388 | Update queue implementation | Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Crowton | "2021-10-17T19:50:26Z" | "2021-10-30T11:06:25Z" | 3a4cc7e31084e15cf2cce24038957c686d41a1b3 | e6cf13cc03475b3a5e7e3d3bf4723c37c3063dde | Update queue implementation. Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Wiggle Sort.
Given an unsorted array nums, reorder it such
that nums[0] < nums[1] > nums[2] < nums[3]....
For example:
if input numbers = [3, 5, 2, 1, 6, 4]
one possible Wiggle Sorted answer is [3, 5, 1, 6, 2, 4].
"""
def wiggle_sort(nums: list) -> list:
"""
Python implementation of wiggle.
Example:
>>> wiggle_sort([0, 5, 3, 2, 2])
[0, 5, 2, 3, 2]
>>> wiggle_sort([])
[]
>>> wiggle_sort([-2, -5, -45])
[-45, -2, -5]
>>> wiggle_sort([-2.1, -5.68, -45.11])
[-45.11, -2.1, -5.68]
"""
for i, _ in enumerate(nums):
if (i % 2 == 1) == (nums[i - 1] > nums[i]):
nums[i - 1], nums[i] = nums[i], nums[i - 1]
return nums
if __name__ == "__main__":
print("Enter the array elements:")
array = list(map(int, input().split()))
print("The unsorted array is:")
print(array)
print("Array after Wiggle sort:")
print(wiggle_sort(array))
| """
Wiggle Sort.
Given an unsorted array nums, reorder it such
that nums[0] < nums[1] > nums[2] < nums[3]....
For example:
if input numbers = [3, 5, 2, 1, 6, 4]
one possible Wiggle Sorted answer is [3, 5, 1, 6, 2, 4].
"""
def wiggle_sort(nums: list) -> list:
"""
Python implementation of wiggle.
Example:
>>> wiggle_sort([0, 5, 3, 2, 2])
[0, 5, 2, 3, 2]
>>> wiggle_sort([])
[]
>>> wiggle_sort([-2, -5, -45])
[-45, -2, -5]
>>> wiggle_sort([-2.1, -5.68, -45.11])
[-45.11, -2.1, -5.68]
"""
for i, _ in enumerate(nums):
if (i % 2 == 1) == (nums[i - 1] > nums[i]):
nums[i - 1], nums[i] = nums[i], nums[i - 1]
return nums
if __name__ == "__main__":
print("Enter the array elements:")
array = list(map(int, input().split()))
print("The unsorted array is:")
print(array)
print("Array after Wiggle sort:")
print(wiggle_sort(array))
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,388 | Update queue implementation | Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Crowton | "2021-10-17T19:50:26Z" | "2021-10-30T11:06:25Z" | 3a4cc7e31084e15cf2cce24038957c686d41a1b3 | e6cf13cc03475b3a5e7e3d3bf4723c37c3063dde | Update queue implementation. Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """Get the site emails from URL."""
from __future__ import annotations
__author__ = "Muhammad Umer Farooq"
__license__ = "MIT"
__version__ = "1.0.0"
__maintainer__ = "Muhammad Umer Farooq"
__email__ = "[email protected]"
__status__ = "Alpha"
import re
from html.parser import HTMLParser
from urllib import parse
import requests
class Parser(HTMLParser):
def __init__(self, domain: str) -> None:
super().__init__()
self.urls: list[str] = []
self.domain = domain
def handle_starttag(self, tag: str, attrs: list[tuple[str, str | None]]) -> None:
"""
This function parse html to take takes url from tags
"""
# Only parse the 'anchor' tag.
if tag == "a":
# Check the list of defined attributes.
for name, value in attrs:
# If href is defined, and not empty nor # print it.
if name == "href" and value != "#" and value != "":
# If not already in urls.
if value not in self.urls:
url = parse.urljoin(self.domain, value)
self.urls.append(url)
# Get main domain name (example.com)
def get_domain_name(url: str) -> str:
"""
This function get the main domain name
>>> get_domain_name("https://a.b.c.d/e/f?g=h,i=j#k")
'c.d'
>>> get_domain_name("Not a URL!")
''
"""
return ".".join(get_sub_domain_name(url).split(".")[-2:])
# Get sub domain name (sub.example.com)
def get_sub_domain_name(url: str) -> str:
"""
>>> get_sub_domain_name("https://a.b.c.d/e/f?g=h,i=j#k")
'a.b.c.d'
>>> get_sub_domain_name("Not a URL!")
''
"""
return parse.urlparse(url).netloc
def emails_from_url(url: str = "https://github.com") -> list[str]:
"""
This function takes url and return all valid urls
"""
# Get the base domain from the url
domain = get_domain_name(url)
# Initialize the parser
parser = Parser(domain)
try:
# Open URL
r = requests.get(url)
# pass the raw HTML to the parser to get links
parser.feed(r.text)
# Get links and loop through
valid_emails = set()
for link in parser.urls:
# open URL.
# read = requests.get(link)
try:
read = requests.get(link)
# Get the valid email.
emails = re.findall("[a-zA-Z0-9]+@" + domain, read.text)
# If not in list then append it.
for email in emails:
valid_emails.add(email)
except ValueError:
pass
except ValueError:
exit(-1)
# Finally return a sorted list of email addresses with no duplicates.
return sorted(valid_emails)
if __name__ == "__main__":
emails = emails_from_url("https://github.com")
print(f"{len(emails)} emails found:")
print("\n".join(sorted(emails)))
| """Get the site emails from URL."""
from __future__ import annotations
__author__ = "Muhammad Umer Farooq"
__license__ = "MIT"
__version__ = "1.0.0"
__maintainer__ = "Muhammad Umer Farooq"
__email__ = "[email protected]"
__status__ = "Alpha"
import re
from html.parser import HTMLParser
from urllib import parse
import requests
class Parser(HTMLParser):
def __init__(self, domain: str) -> None:
super().__init__()
self.urls: list[str] = []
self.domain = domain
def handle_starttag(self, tag: str, attrs: list[tuple[str, str | None]]) -> None:
"""
This function parse html to take takes url from tags
"""
# Only parse the 'anchor' tag.
if tag == "a":
# Check the list of defined attributes.
for name, value in attrs:
# If href is defined, and not empty nor # print it.
if name == "href" and value != "#" and value != "":
# If not already in urls.
if value not in self.urls:
url = parse.urljoin(self.domain, value)
self.urls.append(url)
# Get main domain name (example.com)
def get_domain_name(url: str) -> str:
"""
This function get the main domain name
>>> get_domain_name("https://a.b.c.d/e/f?g=h,i=j#k")
'c.d'
>>> get_domain_name("Not a URL!")
''
"""
return ".".join(get_sub_domain_name(url).split(".")[-2:])
# Get sub domain name (sub.example.com)
def get_sub_domain_name(url: str) -> str:
"""
>>> get_sub_domain_name("https://a.b.c.d/e/f?g=h,i=j#k")
'a.b.c.d'
>>> get_sub_domain_name("Not a URL!")
''
"""
return parse.urlparse(url).netloc
def emails_from_url(url: str = "https://github.com") -> list[str]:
"""
This function takes url and return all valid urls
"""
# Get the base domain from the url
domain = get_domain_name(url)
# Initialize the parser
parser = Parser(domain)
try:
# Open URL
r = requests.get(url)
# pass the raw HTML to the parser to get links
parser.feed(r.text)
# Get links and loop through
valid_emails = set()
for link in parser.urls:
# open URL.
# read = requests.get(link)
try:
read = requests.get(link)
# Get the valid email.
emails = re.findall("[a-zA-Z0-9]+@" + domain, read.text)
# If not in list then append it.
for email in emails:
valid_emails.add(email)
except ValueError:
pass
except ValueError:
exit(-1)
# Finally return a sorted list of email addresses with no duplicates.
return sorted(valid_emails)
if __name__ == "__main__":
emails = emails_from_url("https://github.com")
print(f"{len(emails)} emails found:")
print("\n".join(sorted(emails)))
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,388 | Update queue implementation | Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Crowton | "2021-10-17T19:50:26Z" | "2021-10-30T11:06:25Z" | 3a4cc7e31084e15cf2cce24038957c686d41a1b3 | e6cf13cc03475b3a5e7e3d3bf4723c37c3063dde | Update queue implementation. Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| from __future__ import annotations
from typing import Callable
class DoubleLinkedListNode:
"""
Double Linked List Node built specifically for LFU Cache
"""
def __init__(self, key: int, val: int):
self.key = key
self.val = val
self.freq = 0
self.next = None
self.prev = None
class DoubleLinkedList:
"""
Double Linked List built specifically for LFU Cache
"""
def __init__(self):
self.head = DoubleLinkedListNode(None, None)
self.rear = DoubleLinkedListNode(None, None)
self.head.next, self.rear.prev = self.rear, self.head
def add(self, node: DoubleLinkedListNode) -> None:
"""
Adds the given node at the head of the list and shifting it to proper position
"""
temp = self.rear.prev
self.rear.prev, node.next = node, self.rear
temp.next, node.prev = node, temp
node.freq += 1
self._position_node(node)
def _position_node(self, node: DoubleLinkedListNode) -> None:
while node.prev.key and node.prev.freq > node.freq:
node1, node2 = node, node.prev
node1.prev, node2.next = node2.prev, node1.prev
node1.next, node2.prev = node2, node1
def remove(self, node: DoubleLinkedListNode) -> DoubleLinkedListNode:
"""
Removes and returns the given node from the list
"""
temp_last, temp_next = node.prev, node.next
node.prev, node.next = None, None
temp_last.next, temp_next.prev = temp_next, temp_last
return node
class LFUCache:
"""
LFU Cache to store a given capacity of data. Can be used as a stand-alone object
or as a function decorator.
>>> cache = LFUCache(2)
>>> cache.set(1, 1)
>>> cache.set(2, 2)
>>> cache.get(1)
1
>>> cache.set(3, 3)
>>> cache.get(2) # None is returned
>>> cache.set(4, 4)
>>> cache.get(1) # None is returned
>>> cache.get(3)
3
>>> cache.get(4)
4
>>> cache
CacheInfo(hits=3, misses=2, capacity=2, current_size=2)
>>> @LFUCache.decorator(100)
... def fib(num):
... if num in (1, 2):
... return 1
... return fib(num - 1) + fib(num - 2)
>>> for i in range(1, 101):
... res = fib(i)
>>> fib.cache_info()
CacheInfo(hits=196, misses=100, capacity=100, current_size=100)
"""
# class variable to map the decorator functions to their respective instance
decorator_function_to_instance_map = {}
def __init__(self, capacity: int):
self.list = DoubleLinkedList()
self.capacity = capacity
self.num_keys = 0
self.hits = 0
self.miss = 0
self.cache = {}
def __repr__(self) -> str:
"""
Return the details for the cache instance
[hits, misses, capacity, current_size]
"""
return (
f"CacheInfo(hits={self.hits}, misses={self.miss}, "
f"capacity={self.capacity}, current_size={self.num_keys})"
)
def __contains__(self, key: int) -> bool:
"""
>>> cache = LFUCache(1)
>>> 1 in cache
False
>>> cache.set(1, 1)
>>> 1 in cache
True
"""
return key in self.cache
def get(self, key: int) -> int | None:
"""
Returns the value for the input key and updates the Double Linked List. Returns
None if key is not present in cache
"""
if key in self.cache:
self.hits += 1
self.list.add(self.list.remove(self.cache[key]))
return self.cache[key].val
self.miss += 1
return None
def set(self, key: int, value: int) -> None:
"""
Sets the value for the input key and updates the Double Linked List
"""
if key not in self.cache:
if self.num_keys >= self.capacity:
key_to_delete = self.list.head.next.key
self.list.remove(self.cache[key_to_delete])
del self.cache[key_to_delete]
self.num_keys -= 1
self.cache[key] = DoubleLinkedListNode(key, value)
self.list.add(self.cache[key])
self.num_keys += 1
else:
node = self.list.remove(self.cache[key])
node.val = value
self.list.add(node)
@staticmethod
def decorator(size: int = 128):
"""
Decorator version of LFU Cache
"""
def cache_decorator_inner(func: Callable):
def cache_decorator_wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
if func not in LFUCache.decorator_function_to_instance_map:
LFUCache.decorator_function_to_instance_map[func] = LFUCache(size)
result = LFUCache.decorator_function_to_instance_map[func].get(args[0])
if result is None:
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
LFUCache.decorator_function_to_instance_map[func].set(
args[0], result
)
return result
def cache_info():
return LFUCache.decorator_function_to_instance_map[func]
cache_decorator_wrapper.cache_info = cache_info
return cache_decorator_wrapper
return cache_decorator_inner
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| from __future__ import annotations
from typing import Callable
class DoubleLinkedListNode:
"""
Double Linked List Node built specifically for LFU Cache
"""
def __init__(self, key: int, val: int):
self.key = key
self.val = val
self.freq = 0
self.next = None
self.prev = None
class DoubleLinkedList:
"""
Double Linked List built specifically for LFU Cache
"""
def __init__(self):
self.head = DoubleLinkedListNode(None, None)
self.rear = DoubleLinkedListNode(None, None)
self.head.next, self.rear.prev = self.rear, self.head
def add(self, node: DoubleLinkedListNode) -> None:
"""
Adds the given node at the head of the list and shifting it to proper position
"""
temp = self.rear.prev
self.rear.prev, node.next = node, self.rear
temp.next, node.prev = node, temp
node.freq += 1
self._position_node(node)
def _position_node(self, node: DoubleLinkedListNode) -> None:
while node.prev.key and node.prev.freq > node.freq:
node1, node2 = node, node.prev
node1.prev, node2.next = node2.prev, node1.prev
node1.next, node2.prev = node2, node1
def remove(self, node: DoubleLinkedListNode) -> DoubleLinkedListNode:
"""
Removes and returns the given node from the list
"""
temp_last, temp_next = node.prev, node.next
node.prev, node.next = None, None
temp_last.next, temp_next.prev = temp_next, temp_last
return node
class LFUCache:
"""
LFU Cache to store a given capacity of data. Can be used as a stand-alone object
or as a function decorator.
>>> cache = LFUCache(2)
>>> cache.set(1, 1)
>>> cache.set(2, 2)
>>> cache.get(1)
1
>>> cache.set(3, 3)
>>> cache.get(2) # None is returned
>>> cache.set(4, 4)
>>> cache.get(1) # None is returned
>>> cache.get(3)
3
>>> cache.get(4)
4
>>> cache
CacheInfo(hits=3, misses=2, capacity=2, current_size=2)
>>> @LFUCache.decorator(100)
... def fib(num):
... if num in (1, 2):
... return 1
... return fib(num - 1) + fib(num - 2)
>>> for i in range(1, 101):
... res = fib(i)
>>> fib.cache_info()
CacheInfo(hits=196, misses=100, capacity=100, current_size=100)
"""
# class variable to map the decorator functions to their respective instance
decorator_function_to_instance_map = {}
def __init__(self, capacity: int):
self.list = DoubleLinkedList()
self.capacity = capacity
self.num_keys = 0
self.hits = 0
self.miss = 0
self.cache = {}
def __repr__(self) -> str:
"""
Return the details for the cache instance
[hits, misses, capacity, current_size]
"""
return (
f"CacheInfo(hits={self.hits}, misses={self.miss}, "
f"capacity={self.capacity}, current_size={self.num_keys})"
)
def __contains__(self, key: int) -> bool:
"""
>>> cache = LFUCache(1)
>>> 1 in cache
False
>>> cache.set(1, 1)
>>> 1 in cache
True
"""
return key in self.cache
def get(self, key: int) -> int | None:
"""
Returns the value for the input key and updates the Double Linked List. Returns
None if key is not present in cache
"""
if key in self.cache:
self.hits += 1
self.list.add(self.list.remove(self.cache[key]))
return self.cache[key].val
self.miss += 1
return None
def set(self, key: int, value: int) -> None:
"""
Sets the value for the input key and updates the Double Linked List
"""
if key not in self.cache:
if self.num_keys >= self.capacity:
key_to_delete = self.list.head.next.key
self.list.remove(self.cache[key_to_delete])
del self.cache[key_to_delete]
self.num_keys -= 1
self.cache[key] = DoubleLinkedListNode(key, value)
self.list.add(self.cache[key])
self.num_keys += 1
else:
node = self.list.remove(self.cache[key])
node.val = value
self.list.add(node)
@staticmethod
def decorator(size: int = 128):
"""
Decorator version of LFU Cache
"""
def cache_decorator_inner(func: Callable):
def cache_decorator_wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
if func not in LFUCache.decorator_function_to_instance_map:
LFUCache.decorator_function_to_instance_map[func] = LFUCache(size)
result = LFUCache.decorator_function_to_instance_map[func].get(args[0])
if result is None:
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
LFUCache.decorator_function_to_instance_map[func].set(
args[0], result
)
return result
def cache_info():
return LFUCache.decorator_function_to_instance_map[func]
cache_decorator_wrapper.cache_info = cache_info
return cache_decorator_wrapper
return cache_decorator_inner
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,388 | Update queue implementation | Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Crowton | "2021-10-17T19:50:26Z" | "2021-10-30T11:06:25Z" | 3a4cc7e31084e15cf2cce24038957c686d41a1b3 | e6cf13cc03475b3a5e7e3d3bf4723c37c3063dde | Update queue implementation. Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Project Euler Problem 75: https://projecteuler.net/problem=75
It turns out that 12 cm is the smallest length of wire that can be bent to form an
integer sided right angle triangle in exactly one way, but there are many more examples.
12 cm: (3,4,5)
24 cm: (6,8,10)
30 cm: (5,12,13)
36 cm: (9,12,15)
40 cm: (8,15,17)
48 cm: (12,16,20)
In contrast, some lengths of wire, like 20 cm, cannot be bent to form an integer sided
right angle triangle, and other lengths allow more than one solution to be found; for
example, using 120 cm it is possible to form exactly three different integer sided
right angle triangles.
120 cm: (30,40,50), (20,48,52), (24,45,51)
Given that L is the length of the wire, for how many values of L ≤ 1,500,000 can
exactly one integer sided right angle triangle be formed?
Solution: we generate all pythagorean triples using Euclid's formula and
keep track of the frequencies of the perimeters.
Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_triple#Generating_a_triple
"""
from collections import defaultdict
from math import gcd
from typing import DefaultDict
def solution(limit: int = 1500000) -> int:
"""
Return the number of values of L <= limit such that a wire of length L can be
formmed into an integer sided right angle triangle in exactly one way.
>>> solution(50)
6
>>> solution(1000)
112
>>> solution(50000)
5502
"""
frequencies: DefaultDict = defaultdict(int)
euclid_m = 2
while 2 * euclid_m * (euclid_m + 1) <= limit:
for euclid_n in range((euclid_m % 2) + 1, euclid_m, 2):
if gcd(euclid_m, euclid_n) > 1:
continue
primitive_perimeter = 2 * euclid_m * (euclid_m + euclid_n)
for perimeter in range(primitive_perimeter, limit + 1, primitive_perimeter):
frequencies[perimeter] += 1
euclid_m += 1
return sum(1 for frequency in frequencies.values() if frequency == 1)
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| """
Project Euler Problem 75: https://projecteuler.net/problem=75
It turns out that 12 cm is the smallest length of wire that can be bent to form an
integer sided right angle triangle in exactly one way, but there are many more examples.
12 cm: (3,4,5)
24 cm: (6,8,10)
30 cm: (5,12,13)
36 cm: (9,12,15)
40 cm: (8,15,17)
48 cm: (12,16,20)
In contrast, some lengths of wire, like 20 cm, cannot be bent to form an integer sided
right angle triangle, and other lengths allow more than one solution to be found; for
example, using 120 cm it is possible to form exactly three different integer sided
right angle triangles.
120 cm: (30,40,50), (20,48,52), (24,45,51)
Given that L is the length of the wire, for how many values of L ≤ 1,500,000 can
exactly one integer sided right angle triangle be formed?
Solution: we generate all pythagorean triples using Euclid's formula and
keep track of the frequencies of the perimeters.
Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_triple#Generating_a_triple
"""
from collections import defaultdict
from math import gcd
from typing import DefaultDict
def solution(limit: int = 1500000) -> int:
"""
Return the number of values of L <= limit such that a wire of length L can be
formmed into an integer sided right angle triangle in exactly one way.
>>> solution(50)
6
>>> solution(1000)
112
>>> solution(50000)
5502
"""
frequencies: DefaultDict = defaultdict(int)
euclid_m = 2
while 2 * euclid_m * (euclid_m + 1) <= limit:
for euclid_n in range((euclid_m % 2) + 1, euclid_m, 2):
if gcd(euclid_m, euclid_n) > 1:
continue
primitive_perimeter = 2 * euclid_m * (euclid_m + euclid_n)
for perimeter in range(primitive_perimeter, limit + 1, primitive_perimeter):
frequencies[perimeter] += 1
euclid_m += 1
return sum(1 for frequency in frequencies.values() if frequency == 1)
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,388 | Update queue implementation | Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Crowton | "2021-10-17T19:50:26Z" | "2021-10-30T11:06:25Z" | 3a4cc7e31084e15cf2cce24038957c686d41a1b3 | e6cf13cc03475b3a5e7e3d3bf4723c37c3063dde | Update queue implementation. Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
You are given a tree(a simple connected graph with no cycles). The tree has N
nodes numbered from 1 to N and is rooted at node 1.
Find the maximum number of edges you can remove from the tree to get a forest
such that each connected component of the forest contains an even number of
nodes.
Constraints
2 <= 2 <= 100
Note: The tree input will be such that it can always be decomposed into
components containing an even number of nodes.
"""
# pylint: disable=invalid-name
from collections import defaultdict
def dfs(start: int) -> int:
"""DFS traversal"""
# pylint: disable=redefined-outer-name
ret = 1
visited[start] = True
for v in tree[start]:
if v not in visited:
ret += dfs(v)
if ret % 2 == 0:
cuts.append(start)
return ret
def even_tree():
"""
2 1
3 1
4 3
5 2
6 1
7 2
8 6
9 8
10 8
On removing edges (1,3) and (1,6), we can get the desired result 2.
"""
dfs(1)
if __name__ == "__main__":
n, m = 10, 9
tree = defaultdict(list)
visited: dict[int, bool] = {}
cuts: list[int] = []
count = 0
edges = [(2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1), (7, 2), (8, 6), (9, 8), (10, 8)]
for u, v in edges:
tree[u].append(v)
tree[v].append(u)
even_tree()
print(len(cuts) - 1)
| """
You are given a tree(a simple connected graph with no cycles). The tree has N
nodes numbered from 1 to N and is rooted at node 1.
Find the maximum number of edges you can remove from the tree to get a forest
such that each connected component of the forest contains an even number of
nodes.
Constraints
2 <= 2 <= 100
Note: The tree input will be such that it can always be decomposed into
components containing an even number of nodes.
"""
# pylint: disable=invalid-name
from collections import defaultdict
def dfs(start: int) -> int:
"""DFS traversal"""
# pylint: disable=redefined-outer-name
ret = 1
visited[start] = True
for v in tree[start]:
if v not in visited:
ret += dfs(v)
if ret % 2 == 0:
cuts.append(start)
return ret
def even_tree():
"""
2 1
3 1
4 3
5 2
6 1
7 2
8 6
9 8
10 8
On removing edges (1,3) and (1,6), we can get the desired result 2.
"""
dfs(1)
if __name__ == "__main__":
n, m = 10, 9
tree = defaultdict(list)
visited: dict[int, bool] = {}
cuts: list[int] = []
count = 0
edges = [(2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1), (7, 2), (8, 6), (9, 8), (10, 8)]
for u, v in edges:
tree[u].append(v)
tree[v].append(u)
even_tree()
print(len(cuts) - 1)
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,388 | Update queue implementation | Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Crowton | "2021-10-17T19:50:26Z" | "2021-10-30T11:06:25Z" | 3a4cc7e31084e15cf2cce24038957c686d41a1b3 | e6cf13cc03475b3a5e7e3d3bf4723c37c3063dde | Update queue implementation. Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| <div align="center">
<!-- Title: -->
<a href="https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/">
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/TheAlgorithms/website/1cd824df116b27029f17c2d1b42d81731f28a920/public/logo.svg" height="100">
</a>
<h1><a href="https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/">The Algorithms</a> - Python</h1>
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<img src="https://img.shields.io/static/v1.svg?label=Contributions&message=Welcome&color=0059b3&style=flat-square" height="20" alt="Contributions Welcome">
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</a>
<!-- Short description: -->
<h3>All algorithms implemented in Python - for education</h3>
</div>
Implementations are for learning purposes only. As they may be less efficient than the implementations in the Python standard library, use them at your discretion.
## Getting Started
Read through our [Contribution Guidelines](CONTRIBUTING.md) before you contribute.
## Community Channels
We're on [Discord](https://discord.gg/c7MnfGFGa6) and [Gitter](https://gitter.im/TheAlgorithms)! Community channels are great for you to ask questions and get help. Please join us!
## List of Algorithms
See our [directory](DIRECTORY.md) for easier navigation and better overview of the project.
| <div align="center">
<!-- Title: -->
<a href="https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/">
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/TheAlgorithms/website/1cd824df116b27029f17c2d1b42d81731f28a920/public/logo.svg" height="100">
</a>
<h1><a href="https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/">The Algorithms</a> - Python</h1>
<!-- Labels: -->
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<img src="https://img.shields.io/static/v1.svg?label=Contributions&message=Welcome&color=0059b3&style=flat-square" height="20" alt="Contributions Welcome">
</a>
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</a>
<!-- Short description: -->
<h3>All algorithms implemented in Python - for education</h3>
</div>
Implementations are for learning purposes only. As they may be less efficient than the implementations in the Python standard library, use them at your discretion.
## Getting Started
Read through our [Contribution Guidelines](CONTRIBUTING.md) before you contribute.
## Community Channels
We're on [Discord](https://discord.gg/c7MnfGFGa6) and [Gitter](https://gitter.im/TheAlgorithms)! Community channels are great for you to ask questions and get help. Please join us!
## List of Algorithms
See our [directory](DIRECTORY.md) for easier navigation and better overview of the project.
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,388 | Update queue implementation | Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Crowton | "2021-10-17T19:50:26Z" | "2021-10-30T11:06:25Z" | 3a4cc7e31084e15cf2cce24038957c686d41a1b3 | e6cf13cc03475b3a5e7e3d3bf4723c37c3063dde | Update queue implementation. Popping the first element of a list takes O(n) time.
Using a cyclic queue takes O(1) time.
### **Describe your change:**
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| import os
import random
import sys
from . import cryptomath_module as cryptomath
from . import rabin_miller
min_primitive_root = 3
# I have written my code naively same as definition of primitive root
# however every time I run this program, memory exceeded...
# so I used 4.80 Algorithm in
# Handbook of Applied Cryptography(CRC Press, ISBN : 0-8493-8523-7, October 1996)
# and it seems to run nicely!
def primitive_root(p_val: int) -> int:
print("Generating primitive root of p")
while True:
g = random.randrange(3, p_val)
if pow(g, 2, p_val) == 1:
continue
if pow(g, p_val, p_val) == 1:
continue
return g
def generate_key(key_size: int) -> tuple[tuple[int, int, int, int], tuple[int, int]]:
print("Generating prime p...")
p = rabin_miller.generateLargePrime(key_size) # select large prime number.
e_1 = primitive_root(p) # one primitive root on modulo p.
d = random.randrange(3, p) # private_key -> have to be greater than 2 for safety.
e_2 = cryptomath.find_mod_inverse(pow(e_1, d, p), p)
public_key = (key_size, e_1, e_2, p)
private_key = (key_size, d)
return public_key, private_key
def make_key_files(name: str, keySize: int) -> None:
if os.path.exists("%s_pubkey.txt" % name) or os.path.exists(
"%s_privkey.txt" % name
):
print("\nWARNING:")
print(
'"%s_pubkey.txt" or "%s_privkey.txt" already exists. \n'
"Use a different name or delete these files and re-run this program."
% (name, name)
)
sys.exit()
publicKey, privateKey = generate_key(keySize)
print("\nWriting public key to file %s_pubkey.txt..." % name)
with open("%s_pubkey.txt" % name, "w") as fo:
fo.write(
"%d,%d,%d,%d" % (publicKey[0], publicKey[1], publicKey[2], publicKey[3])
)
print("Writing private key to file %s_privkey.txt..." % name)
with open("%s_privkey.txt" % name, "w") as fo:
fo.write("%d,%d" % (privateKey[0], privateKey[1]))
def main() -> None:
print("Making key files...")
make_key_files("elgamal", 2048)
print("Key files generation successful")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| import os
import random
import sys
from . import cryptomath_module as cryptomath
from . import rabin_miller
min_primitive_root = 3
# I have written my code naively same as definition of primitive root
# however every time I run this program, memory exceeded...
# so I used 4.80 Algorithm in
# Handbook of Applied Cryptography(CRC Press, ISBN : 0-8493-8523-7, October 1996)
# and it seems to run nicely!
def primitive_root(p_val: int) -> int:
print("Generating primitive root of p")
while True:
g = random.randrange(3, p_val)
if pow(g, 2, p_val) == 1:
continue
if pow(g, p_val, p_val) == 1:
continue
return g
def generate_key(key_size: int) -> tuple[tuple[int, int, int, int], tuple[int, int]]:
print("Generating prime p...")
p = rabin_miller.generateLargePrime(key_size) # select large prime number.
e_1 = primitive_root(p) # one primitive root on modulo p.
d = random.randrange(3, p) # private_key -> have to be greater than 2 for safety.
e_2 = cryptomath.find_mod_inverse(pow(e_1, d, p), p)
public_key = (key_size, e_1, e_2, p)
private_key = (key_size, d)
return public_key, private_key
def make_key_files(name: str, keySize: int) -> None:
if os.path.exists("%s_pubkey.txt" % name) or os.path.exists(
"%s_privkey.txt" % name
):
print("\nWARNING:")
print(
'"%s_pubkey.txt" or "%s_privkey.txt" already exists. \n'
"Use a different name or delete these files and re-run this program."
% (name, name)
)
sys.exit()
publicKey, privateKey = generate_key(keySize)
print("\nWriting public key to file %s_pubkey.txt..." % name)
with open("%s_pubkey.txt" % name, "w") as fo:
fo.write(
"%d,%d,%d,%d" % (publicKey[0], publicKey[1], publicKey[2], publicKey[3])
)
print("Writing private key to file %s_privkey.txt..." % name)
with open("%s_privkey.txt" % name, "w") as fo:
fo.write("%d,%d" % (privateKey[0], privateKey[1]))
def main() -> None:
print("Making key files...")
make_key_files("elgamal", 2048)
print("Key files generation successful")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,362 | Rewrite parts of Vector and Matrix | ### **Describe your change:**
Rewrote parts of Vector and Matrix and added unit tests as needed
* [x] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [x] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| tianyizheng02 | "2021-10-16T22:20:43Z" | "2021-10-27T03:48:43Z" | 8285913e81fb8f46b90d0e19da233862964c07dc | fe5c711ce68cb1d410d13d8c8a02ee7bfd49b1d3 | Rewrite parts of Vector and Matrix. ### **Describe your change:**
Rewrote parts of Vector and Matrix and added unit tests as needed
* [x] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [x] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| # A naive recursive implementation of 0-1 Knapsack Problem
This overview is taken from:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knapsack_problem
---
## Overview
The knapsack problem is a problem in combinatorial optimization: Given a set of items, each with a weight and a value, determine the number of each item to include in a collection so that the total weight is less than or equal to a given limit and the total value is as large as possible. It derives its name from the problem faced by someone who is constrained by a fixed-size knapsack and must fill it with the most valuable items. The problem often arises in resource allocation where the decision makers have to choose from a set of non-divisible projects or tasks under a fixed budget or time constraint, respectively.
The knapsack problem has been studied for more than a century, with early works dating as far back as 1897 The name "knapsack problem" dates back to the early works of mathematician Tobias Dantzig (1884–1956), and refers to the commonplace problem of packing the most valuable or useful items without overloading the luggage.
---
## Documentation
This module uses docstrings to enable the use of Python's in-built `help(...)` function.
For instance, try `help(Vector)`, `help(unitBasisVector)`, and `help(CLASSNAME.METHODNAME)`.
---
## Usage
Import the module `knapsack.py` from the **.** directory into your project.
---
## Tests
`.` contains Python unit tests which can be run with `python3 -m unittest -v`.
| # A naive recursive implementation of 0-1 Knapsack Problem
This overview is taken from:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knapsack_problem
---
## Overview
The knapsack problem is a problem in combinatorial optimization: Given a set of items, each with a weight and a value, determine the number of each item to include in a collection so that the total weight is less than or equal to a given limit and the total value is as large as possible. It derives its name from the problem faced by someone who is constrained by a fixed-size knapsack and must fill it with the most valuable items. The problem often arises in resource allocation where the decision makers have to choose from a set of non-divisible projects or tasks under a fixed budget or time constraint, respectively.
The knapsack problem has been studied for more than a century, with early works dating as far back as 1897 The name "knapsack problem" dates back to the early works of mathematician Tobias Dantzig (1884–1956), and refers to the commonplace problem of packing the most valuable or useful items without overloading the luggage.
---
## Documentation
This module uses docstrings to enable the use of Python's in-built `help(...)` function.
For instance, try `help(Vector)`, `help(unit_basis_vector)`, and `help(CLASSNAME.METHODNAME)`.
---
## Usage
Import the module `knapsack.py` from the **.** directory into your project.
---
## Tests
`.` contains Python unit tests which can be run with `python3 -m unittest -v`.
| 1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,362 | Rewrite parts of Vector and Matrix | ### **Describe your change:**
Rewrote parts of Vector and Matrix and added unit tests as needed
* [x] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [x] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| tianyizheng02 | "2021-10-16T22:20:43Z" | "2021-10-27T03:48:43Z" | 8285913e81fb8f46b90d0e19da233862964c07dc | fe5c711ce68cb1d410d13d8c8a02ee7bfd49b1d3 | Rewrite parts of Vector and Matrix. ### **Describe your change:**
Rewrote parts of Vector and Matrix and added unit tests as needed
* [x] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [x] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| # Linear algebra library for Python
This module contains classes and functions for doing linear algebra.
---
## Overview
### class Vector
-
- This class represents a vector of arbitrary size and related operations.
**Overview about the methods:**
- constructor(components : list) : init the vector
- set(components : list) : changes the vector components.
- \_\_str\_\_() : toString method
- component(i : int): gets the i-th component (start by 0)
- \_\_len\_\_() : gets the size / length of the vector (number of components)
- euclidLength() : returns the eulidean length of the vector.
- operator + : vector addition
- operator - : vector subtraction
- operator * : scalar multiplication and dot product
- copy() : copies this vector and returns it.
- changeComponent(pos,value) : changes the specified component.
- function zeroVector(dimension)
- returns a zero vector of 'dimension'
- function unitBasisVector(dimension,pos)
- returns a unit basis vector with a One at index 'pos' (indexing at 0)
- function axpy(scalar,vector1,vector2)
- computes the axpy operation
- function randomVector(N,a,b)
- returns a random vector of size N, with random integer components between 'a' and 'b'.
### class Matrix
-
- This class represents a matrix of arbitrary size and operations on it.
**Overview about the methods:**
- \_\_str\_\_() : returns a string representation
- operator * : implements the matrix vector multiplication
implements the matrix-scalar multiplication.
- changeComponent(x,y,value) : changes the specified component.
- component(x,y) : returns the specified component.
- width() : returns the width of the matrix
- height() : returns the height of the matrix
- determinate() : returns the determinate of the matrix if it is square
- operator + : implements the matrix-addition.
- operator - _ implements the matrix-subtraction
- function squareZeroMatrix(N)
- returns a square zero-matrix of dimension NxN
- function randomMatrix(W,H,a,b)
- returns a random matrix WxH with integer components between 'a' and 'b'
---
## Documentation
This module uses docstrings to enable the use of Python's in-built `help(...)` function.
For instance, try `help(Vector)`, `help(unitBasisVector)`, and `help(CLASSNAME.METHODNAME)`.
---
## Usage
Import the module `lib.py` from the **src** directory into your project.
Alternatively, you can directly use the Python bytecode file `lib.pyc`.
---
## Tests
`src/tests.py` contains Python unit tests which can be run with `python3 -m unittest -v`.
| # Linear algebra library for Python
This module contains classes and functions for doing linear algebra.
---
## Overview
### class Vector
-
- This class represents a vector of arbitrary size and related operations.
**Overview of the methods:**
- constructor(components) : init the vector
- set(components) : changes the vector components.
- \_\_str\_\_() : toString method
- component(i): gets the i-th component (0-indexed)
- \_\_len\_\_() : gets the size / length of the vector (number of components)
- euclidean_length() : returns the eulidean length of the vector
- operator + : vector addition
- operator - : vector subtraction
- operator * : scalar multiplication and dot product
- copy() : copies this vector and returns it
- change_component(pos,value) : changes the specified component
- function zero_vector(dimension)
- returns a zero vector of 'dimension'
- function unit_basis_vector(dimension, pos)
- returns a unit basis vector with a one at index 'pos' (0-indexed)
- function axpy(scalar, vector1, vector2)
- computes the axpy operation
- function random_vector(N, a, b)
- returns a random vector of size N, with random integer components between 'a' and 'b' inclusive
### class Matrix
-
- This class represents a matrix of arbitrary size and operations on it.
**Overview of the methods:**
- \_\_str\_\_() : returns a string representation
- operator * : implements the matrix vector multiplication
implements the matrix-scalar multiplication.
- change_component(x, y, value) : changes the specified component.
- component(x, y) : returns the specified component.
- width() : returns the width of the matrix
- height() : returns the height of the matrix
- determinant() : returns the determinant of the matrix if it is square
- operator + : implements the matrix-addition.
- operator - : implements the matrix-subtraction
- function square_zero_matrix(N)
- returns a square zero-matrix of dimension NxN
- function random_matrix(W, H, a, b)
- returns a random matrix WxH with integer components between 'a' and 'b' inclusive
---
## Documentation
This module uses docstrings to enable the use of Python's in-built `help(...)` function.
For instance, try `help(Vector)`, `help(unit_basis_vector)`, and `help(CLASSNAME.METHODNAME)`.
---
## Usage
Import the module `lib.py` from the **src** directory into your project.
Alternatively, you can directly use the Python bytecode file `lib.pyc`.
---
## Tests
`src/tests.py` contains Python unit tests which can be run with `python3 -m unittest -v`.
| 1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,362 | Rewrite parts of Vector and Matrix | ### **Describe your change:**
Rewrote parts of Vector and Matrix and added unit tests as needed
* [x] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [x] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| tianyizheng02 | "2021-10-16T22:20:43Z" | "2021-10-27T03:48:43Z" | 8285913e81fb8f46b90d0e19da233862964c07dc | fe5c711ce68cb1d410d13d8c8a02ee7bfd49b1d3 | Rewrite parts of Vector and Matrix. ### **Describe your change:**
Rewrote parts of Vector and Matrix and added unit tests as needed
* [x] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [x] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Created on Mon Feb 26 14:29:11 2018
@author: Christian Bender
@license: MIT-license
This module contains some useful classes and functions for dealing
with linear algebra in python.
Overview:
- class Vector
- function zeroVector(dimension)
- function unitBasisVector(dimension,pos)
- function axpy(scalar,vector1,vector2)
- function randomVector(N,a,b)
- class Matrix
- function squareZeroMatrix(N)
- function randomMatrix(W,H,a,b)
"""
from __future__ import annotations
import math
import random
from typing import Collection, overload
class Vector:
"""
This class represents a vector of arbitrary size.
You need to give the vector components.
Overview about the methods:
constructor(components : list) : init the vector
set(components : list) : changes the vector components.
__str__() : toString method
component(i : int): gets the i-th component (start by 0)
__len__() : gets the size of the vector (number of components)
euclidLength() : returns the euclidean length of the vector.
operator + : vector addition
operator - : vector subtraction
operator * : scalar multiplication and dot product
copy() : copies this vector and returns it.
changeComponent(pos,value) : changes the specified component.
TODO: compare-operator
"""
def __init__(self, components: Collection[float] | None = None) -> None:
"""
input: components or nothing
simple constructor for init the vector
"""
if components is None:
components = []
self.__components = list(components)
def set(self, components: Collection[float]) -> None:
"""
input: new components
changes the components of the vector.
replace the components with newer one.
"""
if len(components) > 0:
self.__components = list(components)
else:
raise Exception("please give any vector")
def __str__(self) -> str:
"""
returns a string representation of the vector
"""
return "(" + ",".join(map(str, self.__components)) + ")"
def component(self, i: int) -> float:
"""
input: index (start at 0)
output: the i-th component of the vector.
"""
if type(i) is int and -len(self.__components) <= i < len(self.__components):
return self.__components[i]
else:
raise Exception("index out of range")
def __len__(self) -> int:
"""
returns the size of the vector
"""
return len(self.__components)
def euclidLength(self) -> float:
"""
returns the euclidean length of the vector
"""
summe: float = 0
for c in self.__components:
summe += c ** 2
return math.sqrt(summe)
def __add__(self, other: Vector) -> Vector:
"""
input: other vector
assumes: other vector has the same size
returns a new vector that represents the sum.
"""
size = len(self)
if size == len(other):
result = [self.__components[i] + other.component(i) for i in range(size)]
return Vector(result)
else:
raise Exception("must have the same size")
def __sub__(self, other: Vector) -> Vector:
"""
input: other vector
assumes: other vector has the same size
returns a new vector that represents the difference.
"""
size = len(self)
if size == len(other):
result = [self.__components[i] - other.component(i) for i in range(size)]
return Vector(result)
else: # error case
raise Exception("must have the same size")
@overload
def __mul__(self, other: float) -> Vector:
...
@overload
def __mul__(self, other: Vector) -> float:
...
def __mul__(self, other: float | Vector) -> float | Vector:
"""
mul implements the scalar multiplication
and the dot-product
"""
if isinstance(other, float) or isinstance(other, int):
ans = [c * other for c in self.__components]
return Vector(ans)
elif isinstance(other, Vector) and (len(self) == len(other)):
size = len(self)
summe: float = 0
for i in range(size):
summe += self.__components[i] * other.component(i)
return summe
else: # error case
raise Exception("invalid operand!")
def magnitude(self) -> float:
"""
Magnitude of a Vector
>>> Vector([2, 3, 4]).magnitude()
5.385164807134504
"""
return sum([i ** 2 for i in self.__components]) ** (1 / 2)
def angle(self, other: Vector, deg: bool = False) -> float:
"""
find angle between two Vector (self, Vector)
>>> Vector([3, 4, -1]).angle(Vector([2, -1, 1]))
1.4906464636572374
>>> Vector([3, 4, -1]).angle(Vector([2, -1, 1]), deg = True)
85.40775111366095
>>> Vector([3, 4, -1]).angle(Vector([2, -1]))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
Exception: invalid operand!
"""
num = self * other
den = self.magnitude() * other.magnitude()
if deg:
return math.degrees(math.acos(num / den))
else:
return math.acos(num / den)
def copy(self) -> Vector:
"""
copies this vector and returns it.
"""
return Vector(self.__components)
def changeComponent(self, pos: int, value: float) -> None:
"""
input: an index (pos) and a value
changes the specified component (pos) with the
'value'
"""
# precondition
assert -len(self.__components) <= pos < len(self.__components)
self.__components[pos] = value
def zeroVector(dimension: int) -> Vector:
"""
returns a zero-vector of size 'dimension'
"""
# precondition
assert isinstance(dimension, int)
return Vector([0] * dimension)
def unitBasisVector(dimension: int, pos: int) -> Vector:
"""
returns a unit basis vector with a One
at index 'pos' (indexing at 0)
"""
# precondition
assert isinstance(dimension, int) and (isinstance(pos, int))
ans = [0] * dimension
ans[pos] = 1
return Vector(ans)
def axpy(scalar: float, x: Vector, y: Vector) -> Vector:
"""
input: a 'scalar' and two vectors 'x' and 'y'
output: a vector
computes the axpy operation
"""
# precondition
assert (
isinstance(x, Vector)
and (isinstance(y, Vector))
and (isinstance(scalar, int) or isinstance(scalar, float))
)
return x * scalar + y
def randomVector(N: int, a: int, b: int) -> Vector:
"""
input: size (N) of the vector.
random range (a,b)
output: returns a random vector of size N, with
random integer components between 'a' and 'b'.
"""
random.seed(None)
ans = [random.randint(a, b) for _ in range(N)]
return Vector(ans)
class Matrix:
"""
class: Matrix
This class represents a arbitrary matrix.
Overview about the methods:
__str__() : returns a string representation
operator * : implements the matrix vector multiplication
implements the matrix-scalar multiplication.
changeComponent(x,y,value) : changes the specified component.
component(x,y) : returns the specified component.
width() : returns the width of the matrix
height() : returns the height of the matrix
operator + : implements the matrix-addition.
operator - _ implements the matrix-subtraction
"""
def __init__(self, matrix: list[list[float]], w: int, h: int) -> None:
"""
simple constructor for initializing
the matrix with components.
"""
self.__matrix = matrix
self.__width = w
self.__height = h
def __str__(self) -> str:
"""
returns a string representation of this
matrix.
"""
ans = ""
for i in range(self.__height):
ans += "|"
for j in range(self.__width):
if j < self.__width - 1:
ans += str(self.__matrix[i][j]) + ","
else:
ans += str(self.__matrix[i][j]) + "|\n"
return ans
def changeComponent(self, x: int, y: int, value: float) -> None:
"""
changes the x-y component of this matrix
"""
if 0 <= x < self.__height and 0 <= y < self.__width:
self.__matrix[x][y] = value
else:
raise Exception("changeComponent: indices out of bounds")
def component(self, x: int, y: int) -> float:
"""
returns the specified (x,y) component
"""
if 0 <= x < self.__height and 0 <= y < self.__width:
return self.__matrix[x][y]
else:
raise Exception("changeComponent: indices out of bounds")
def width(self) -> int:
"""
getter for the width
"""
return self.__width
def height(self) -> int:
"""
getter for the height
"""
return self.__height
def determinate(self) -> float:
"""
returns the determinate of an nxn matrix using Laplace expansion
"""
if self.__height == self.__width and self.__width >= 2:
total = 0
if self.__width > 2:
for x in range(0, self.__width):
for y in range(0, self.__height):
total += (
self.__matrix[x][y]
* (-1) ** (x + y)
* Matrix(
self.__matrix[0:x] + self.__matrix[x + 1 :],
self.__width - 1,
self.__height - 1,
).determinate()
)
else:
return (
self.__matrix[0][0] * self.__matrix[1][1]
- self.__matrix[0][1] * self.__matrix[1][0]
)
return total
else:
raise Exception("matrix is not square")
@overload
def __mul__(self, other: float) -> Matrix:
...
@overload
def __mul__(self, other: Vector) -> Vector:
...
def __mul__(self, other: float | Vector) -> Vector | Matrix:
"""
implements the matrix-vector multiplication.
implements the matrix-scalar multiplication
"""
if isinstance(other, Vector): # vector-matrix
if len(other) == self.__width:
ans = zeroVector(self.__height)
for i in range(self.__height):
summe: float = 0
for j in range(self.__width):
summe += other.component(j) * self.__matrix[i][j]
ans.changeComponent(i, summe)
summe = 0
return ans
else:
raise Exception(
"vector must have the same size as the "
+ "number of columns of the matrix!"
)
elif isinstance(other, int) or isinstance(other, float): # matrix-scalar
matrix = [
[self.__matrix[i][j] * other for j in range(self.__width)]
for i in range(self.__height)
]
return Matrix(matrix, self.__width, self.__height)
def __add__(self, other: Matrix) -> Matrix:
"""
implements the matrix-addition.
"""
if self.__width == other.width() and self.__height == other.height():
matrix = []
for i in range(self.__height):
row = []
for j in range(self.__width):
row.append(self.__matrix[i][j] + other.component(i, j))
matrix.append(row)
return Matrix(matrix, self.__width, self.__height)
else:
raise Exception("matrix must have the same dimension!")
def __sub__(self, other: Matrix) -> Matrix:
"""
implements the matrix-subtraction.
"""
if self.__width == other.width() and self.__height == other.height():
matrix = []
for i in range(self.__height):
row = []
for j in range(self.__width):
row.append(self.__matrix[i][j] - other.component(i, j))
matrix.append(row)
return Matrix(matrix, self.__width, self.__height)
else:
raise Exception("matrix must have the same dimension!")
def squareZeroMatrix(N: int) -> Matrix:
"""
returns a square zero-matrix of dimension NxN
"""
ans: list[list[float]] = [[0] * N for _ in range(N)]
return Matrix(ans, N, N)
def randomMatrix(W: int, H: int, a: int, b: int) -> Matrix:
"""
returns a random matrix WxH with integer components
between 'a' and 'b'
"""
random.seed(None)
matrix: list[list[float]] = [
[random.randint(a, b) for _ in range(W)] for _ in range(H)
]
return Matrix(matrix, W, H)
| """
Created on Mon Feb 26 14:29:11 2018
@author: Christian Bender
@license: MIT-license
This module contains some useful classes and functions for dealing
with linear algebra in python.
Overview:
- class Vector
- function zero_vector(dimension)
- function unit_basis_vector(dimension, pos)
- function axpy(scalar, vector1, vector2)
- function random_vector(N, a, b)
- class Matrix
- function square_zero_matrix(N)
- function random_matrix(W, H, a, b)
"""
from __future__ import annotations
import math
import random
from typing import Collection, overload
class Vector:
"""
This class represents a vector of arbitrary size.
You need to give the vector components.
Overview of the methods:
__init__(components: Collection[float] | None): init the vector
__len__(): gets the size of the vector (number of components)
__str__(): returns a string representation
__add__(other: Vector): vector addition
__sub__(other: Vector): vector subtraction
__mul__(other: float): scalar multiplication
__mul__(other: Vector): dot product
set(components: Collection[float]): changes the vector components
copy(): copies this vector and returns it
component(i): gets the i-th component (0-indexed)
change_component(pos: int, value: float): changes specified component
euclidean_length(): returns the euclidean length of the vector
magnitude(): returns the magnitude of the vector
angle(other: Vector, deg: bool): returns the angle between two vectors
TODO: compare-operator
"""
def __init__(self, components: Collection[float] | None = None) -> None:
"""
input: components or nothing
simple constructor for init the vector
"""
if components is None:
components = []
self.__components = list(components)
def __len__(self) -> int:
"""
returns the size of the vector
"""
return len(self.__components)
def __str__(self) -> str:
"""
returns a string representation of the vector
"""
return "(" + ",".join(map(str, self.__components)) + ")"
def __add__(self, other: Vector) -> Vector:
"""
input: other vector
assumes: other vector has the same size
returns a new vector that represents the sum.
"""
size = len(self)
if size == len(other):
result = [self.__components[i] + other.component(i) for i in range(size)]
return Vector(result)
else:
raise Exception("must have the same size")
def __sub__(self, other: Vector) -> Vector:
"""
input: other vector
assumes: other vector has the same size
returns a new vector that represents the difference.
"""
size = len(self)
if size == len(other):
result = [self.__components[i] - other.component(i) for i in range(size)]
return Vector(result)
else: # error case
raise Exception("must have the same size")
@overload
def __mul__(self, other: float) -> Vector:
...
@overload
def __mul__(self, other: Vector) -> float:
...
def __mul__(self, other: float | Vector) -> float | Vector:
"""
mul implements the scalar multiplication
and the dot-product
"""
if isinstance(other, float) or isinstance(other, int):
ans = [c * other for c in self.__components]
return Vector(ans)
elif isinstance(other, Vector) and len(self) == len(other):
size = len(self)
prods = [self.__components[i] * other.component(i) for i in range(size)]
return sum(prods)
else: # error case
raise Exception("invalid operand!")
def set(self, components: Collection[float]) -> None:
"""
input: new components
changes the components of the vector.
replaces the components with newer one.
"""
if len(components) > 0:
self.__components = list(components)
else:
raise Exception("please give any vector")
def copy(self) -> Vector:
"""
copies this vector and returns it.
"""
return Vector(self.__components)
def component(self, i: int) -> float:
"""
input: index (0-indexed)
output: the i-th component of the vector.
"""
if type(i) is int and -len(self.__components) <= i < len(self.__components):
return self.__components[i]
else:
raise Exception("index out of range")
def change_component(self, pos: int, value: float) -> None:
"""
input: an index (pos) and a value
changes the specified component (pos) with the
'value'
"""
# precondition
assert -len(self.__components) <= pos < len(self.__components)
self.__components[pos] = value
def euclidean_length(self) -> float:
"""
returns the euclidean length of the vector
"""
squares = [c ** 2 for c in self.__components]
return math.sqrt(sum(squares))
def magnitude(self) -> float:
"""
Magnitude of a Vector
>>> Vector([2, 3, 4]).magnitude()
5.385164807134504
"""
squares = [c ** 2 for c in self.__components]
return math.sqrt(sum(squares))
def angle(self, other: Vector, deg: bool = False) -> float:
"""
find angle between two Vector (self, Vector)
>>> Vector([3, 4, -1]).angle(Vector([2, -1, 1]))
1.4906464636572374
>>> Vector([3, 4, -1]).angle(Vector([2, -1, 1]), deg = True)
85.40775111366095
>>> Vector([3, 4, -1]).angle(Vector([2, -1]))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
Exception: invalid operand!
"""
num = self * other
den = self.magnitude() * other.magnitude()
if deg:
return math.degrees(math.acos(num / den))
else:
return math.acos(num / den)
def zero_vector(dimension: int) -> Vector:
"""
returns a zero-vector of size 'dimension'
"""
# precondition
assert isinstance(dimension, int)
return Vector([0] * dimension)
def unit_basis_vector(dimension: int, pos: int) -> Vector:
"""
returns a unit basis vector with a One
at index 'pos' (indexing at 0)
"""
# precondition
assert isinstance(dimension, int) and (isinstance(pos, int))
ans = [0] * dimension
ans[pos] = 1
return Vector(ans)
def axpy(scalar: float, x: Vector, y: Vector) -> Vector:
"""
input: a 'scalar' and two vectors 'x' and 'y'
output: a vector
computes the axpy operation
"""
# precondition
assert (
isinstance(x, Vector)
and isinstance(y, Vector)
and (isinstance(scalar, int) or isinstance(scalar, float))
)
return x * scalar + y
def random_vector(n: int, a: int, b: int) -> Vector:
"""
input: size (N) of the vector.
random range (a,b)
output: returns a random vector of size N, with
random integer components between 'a' and 'b'.
"""
random.seed(None)
ans = [random.randint(a, b) for _ in range(n)]
return Vector(ans)
class Matrix:
"""
class: Matrix
This class represents an arbitrary matrix.
Overview of the methods:
__init__():
__str__(): returns a string representation
__add__(other: Matrix): matrix addition
__sub__(other: Matrix): matrix subtraction
__mul__(other: float): scalar multiplication
__mul__(other: Vector): vector multiplication
height() : returns height
width() : returns width
component(x: int, y: int): returns specified component
change_component(x: int, y: int, value: float): changes specified component
minor(x: int, y: int): returns minor along (x, y)
cofactor(x: int, y: int): returns cofactor along (x, y)
determinant() : returns determinant
"""
def __init__(self, matrix: list[list[float]], w: int, h: int) -> None:
"""
simple constructor for initializing
the matrix with components.
"""
self.__matrix = matrix
self.__width = w
self.__height = h
def __str__(self) -> str:
"""
returns a string representation of this
matrix.
"""
ans = ""
for i in range(self.__height):
ans += "|"
for j in range(self.__width):
if j < self.__width - 1:
ans += str(self.__matrix[i][j]) + ","
else:
ans += str(self.__matrix[i][j]) + "|\n"
return ans
def __add__(self, other: Matrix) -> Matrix:
"""
implements the matrix-addition.
"""
if self.__width == other.width() and self.__height == other.height():
matrix = []
for i in range(self.__height):
row = [
self.__matrix[i][j] + other.component(i, j)
for j in range(self.__width)
]
matrix.append(row)
return Matrix(matrix, self.__width, self.__height)
else:
raise Exception("matrix must have the same dimension!")
def __sub__(self, other: Matrix) -> Matrix:
"""
implements the matrix-subtraction.
"""
if self.__width == other.width() and self.__height == other.height():
matrix = []
for i in range(self.__height):
row = [
self.__matrix[i][j] - other.component(i, j)
for j in range(self.__width)
]
matrix.append(row)
return Matrix(matrix, self.__width, self.__height)
else:
raise Exception("matrices must have the same dimension!")
@overload
def __mul__(self, other: float) -> Matrix:
...
@overload
def __mul__(self, other: Vector) -> Vector:
...
def __mul__(self, other: float | Vector) -> Vector | Matrix:
"""
implements the matrix-vector multiplication.
implements the matrix-scalar multiplication
"""
if isinstance(other, Vector): # matrix-vector
if len(other) == self.__width:
ans = zero_vector(self.__height)
for i in range(self.__height):
prods = [
self.__matrix[i][j] * other.component(j)
for j in range(self.__width)
]
ans.change_component(i, sum(prods))
return ans
else:
raise Exception(
"vector must have the same size as the "
"number of columns of the matrix!"
)
elif isinstance(other, int) or isinstance(other, float): # matrix-scalar
matrix = [
[self.__matrix[i][j] * other for j in range(self.__width)]
for i in range(self.__height)
]
return Matrix(matrix, self.__width, self.__height)
def height(self) -> int:
"""
getter for the height
"""
return self.__height
def width(self) -> int:
"""
getter for the width
"""
return self.__width
def component(self, x: int, y: int) -> float:
"""
returns the specified (x,y) component
"""
if 0 <= x < self.__height and 0 <= y < self.__width:
return self.__matrix[x][y]
else:
raise Exception("change_component: indices out of bounds")
def change_component(self, x: int, y: int, value: float) -> None:
"""
changes the x-y component of this matrix
"""
if 0 <= x < self.__height and 0 <= y < self.__width:
self.__matrix[x][y] = value
else:
raise Exception("change_component: indices out of bounds")
def minor(self, x: int, y: int) -> float:
"""
returns the minor along (x, y)
"""
if self.__height != self.__width:
raise Exception("Matrix is not square")
minor = self.__matrix[:x] + self.__matrix[x + 1 :]
for i in range(len(minor)):
minor[i] = minor[i][:y] + minor[i][y + 1 :]
return Matrix(minor, self.__width - 1, self.__height - 1).determinant()
def cofactor(self, x: int, y: int) -> float:
"""
returns the cofactor (signed minor) along (x, y)
"""
if self.__height != self.__width:
raise Exception("Matrix is not square")
if 0 <= x < self.__height and 0 <= y < self.__width:
return (-1) ** (x + y) * self.minor(x, y)
else:
raise Exception("Indices out of bounds")
def determinant(self) -> float:
"""
returns the determinant of an nxn matrix using Laplace expansion
"""
if self.__height != self.__width:
raise Exception("Matrix is not square")
if self.__height < 1:
raise Exception("Matrix has no element")
elif self.__height == 1:
return self.__matrix[0][0]
elif self.__height == 2:
return (
self.__matrix[0][0] * self.__matrix[1][1]
- self.__matrix[0][1] * self.__matrix[1][0]
)
else:
cofactor_prods = [
self.__matrix[0][y] * self.cofactor(0, y) for y in range(self.__width)
]
return sum(cofactor_prods)
def square_zero_matrix(n: int) -> Matrix:
"""
returns a square zero-matrix of dimension NxN
"""
ans: list[list[float]] = [[0] * n for _ in range(n)]
return Matrix(ans, n, n)
def random_matrix(width: int, height: int, a: int, b: int) -> Matrix:
"""
returns a random matrix WxH with integer components
between 'a' and 'b'
"""
random.seed(None)
matrix: list[list[float]] = [
[random.randint(a, b) for _ in range(width)] for _ in range(height)
]
return Matrix(matrix, width, height)
| 1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,362 | Rewrite parts of Vector and Matrix | ### **Describe your change:**
Rewrote parts of Vector and Matrix and added unit tests as needed
* [x] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [x] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| tianyizheng02 | "2021-10-16T22:20:43Z" | "2021-10-27T03:48:43Z" | 8285913e81fb8f46b90d0e19da233862964c07dc | fe5c711ce68cb1d410d13d8c8a02ee7bfd49b1d3 | Rewrite parts of Vector and Matrix. ### **Describe your change:**
Rewrote parts of Vector and Matrix and added unit tests as needed
* [x] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [x] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Created on Mon Feb 26 15:40:07 2018
@author: Christian Bender
@license: MIT-license
This file contains the test-suite for the linear algebra library.
"""
import unittest
from .lib import Matrix, Vector, axpy, squareZeroMatrix, unitBasisVector, zeroVector
class Test(unittest.TestCase):
def test_component(self) -> None:
"""
test for method component
"""
x = Vector([1, 2, 3])
self.assertEqual(x.component(0), 1)
self.assertEqual(x.component(2), 3)
_ = Vector()
def test_str(self) -> None:
"""
test for toString() method
"""
x = Vector([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1])
self.assertEqual(str(x), "(0,0,0,0,0,1)")
def test_size(self) -> None:
"""
test for size()-method
"""
x = Vector([1, 2, 3, 4])
self.assertEqual(len(x), 4)
def test_euclidLength(self) -> None:
"""
test for the eulidean length
"""
x = Vector([1, 2])
self.assertAlmostEqual(x.euclidLength(), 2.236, 3)
def test_add(self) -> None:
"""
test for + operator
"""
x = Vector([1, 2, 3])
y = Vector([1, 1, 1])
self.assertEqual((x + y).component(0), 2)
self.assertEqual((x + y).component(1), 3)
self.assertEqual((x + y).component(2), 4)
def test_sub(self) -> None:
"""
test for - operator
"""
x = Vector([1, 2, 3])
y = Vector([1, 1, 1])
self.assertEqual((x - y).component(0), 0)
self.assertEqual((x - y).component(1), 1)
self.assertEqual((x - y).component(2), 2)
def test_mul(self) -> None:
"""
test for * operator
"""
x = Vector([1, 2, 3])
a = Vector([2, -1, 4]) # for test of dot-product
b = Vector([1, -2, -1])
self.assertEqual(str(x * 3.0), "(3.0,6.0,9.0)")
self.assertEqual((a * b), 0)
def test_zeroVector(self) -> None:
"""
test for the global function zeroVector(...)
"""
self.assertTrue(str(zeroVector(10)).count("0") == 10)
def test_unitBasisVector(self) -> None:
"""
test for the global function unitBasisVector(...)
"""
self.assertEqual(str(unitBasisVector(3, 1)), "(0,1,0)")
def test_axpy(self) -> None:
"""
test for the global function axpy(...) (operation)
"""
x = Vector([1, 2, 3])
y = Vector([1, 0, 1])
self.assertEqual(str(axpy(2, x, y)), "(3,4,7)")
def test_copy(self) -> None:
"""
test for the copy()-method
"""
x = Vector([1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0])
y = x.copy()
self.assertEqual(str(x), str(y))
def test_changeComponent(self) -> None:
"""
test for the changeComponent(...)-method
"""
x = Vector([1, 0, 0])
x.changeComponent(0, 0)
x.changeComponent(1, 1)
self.assertEqual(str(x), "(0,1,0)")
def test_str_matrix(self) -> None:
A = Matrix([[1, 2, 3], [2, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]], 3, 3)
self.assertEqual("|1,2,3|\n|2,4,5|\n|6,7,8|\n", str(A))
def test_determinate(self) -> None:
"""
test for determinate()
"""
A = Matrix([[1, 1, 4, 5], [3, 3, 3, 2], [5, 1, 9, 0], [9, 7, 7, 9]], 4, 4)
self.assertEqual(-376, A.determinate())
def test__mul__matrix(self) -> None:
A = Matrix([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]], 3, 3)
x = Vector([1, 2, 3])
self.assertEqual("(14,32,50)", str(A * x))
self.assertEqual("|2,4,6|\n|8,10,12|\n|14,16,18|\n", str(A * 2))
def test_changeComponent_matrix(self) -> None:
A = Matrix([[1, 2, 3], [2, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]], 3, 3)
A.changeComponent(0, 2, 5)
self.assertEqual("|1,2,5|\n|2,4,5|\n|6,7,8|\n", str(A))
def test_component_matrix(self) -> None:
A = Matrix([[1, 2, 3], [2, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]], 3, 3)
self.assertEqual(7, A.component(2, 1), 0.01)
def test__add__matrix(self) -> None:
A = Matrix([[1, 2, 3], [2, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]], 3, 3)
B = Matrix([[1, 2, 7], [2, 4, 5], [6, 7, 10]], 3, 3)
self.assertEqual("|2,4,10|\n|4,8,10|\n|12,14,18|\n", str(A + B))
def test__sub__matrix(self) -> None:
A = Matrix([[1, 2, 3], [2, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]], 3, 3)
B = Matrix([[1, 2, 7], [2, 4, 5], [6, 7, 10]], 3, 3)
self.assertEqual("|0,0,-4|\n|0,0,0|\n|0,0,-2|\n", str(A - B))
def test_squareZeroMatrix(self) -> None:
self.assertEqual(
"|0,0,0,0,0|\n|0,0,0,0,0|\n|0,0,0,0,0|\n|0,0,0,0,0|" + "\n|0,0,0,0,0|\n",
str(squareZeroMatrix(5)),
)
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()
| """
Created on Mon Feb 26 15:40:07 2018
@author: Christian Bender
@license: MIT-license
This file contains the test-suite for the linear algebra library.
"""
import unittest
from .lib import (
Matrix,
Vector,
axpy,
square_zero_matrix,
unit_basis_vector,
zero_vector,
)
class Test(unittest.TestCase):
def test_component(self) -> None:
"""
test for method component()
"""
x = Vector([1, 2, 3])
self.assertEqual(x.component(0), 1)
self.assertEqual(x.component(2), 3)
_ = Vector()
def test_str(self) -> None:
"""
test for method toString()
"""
x = Vector([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1])
self.assertEqual(str(x), "(0,0,0,0,0,1)")
def test_size(self) -> None:
"""
test for method size()
"""
x = Vector([1, 2, 3, 4])
self.assertEqual(len(x), 4)
def test_euclidLength(self) -> None:
"""
test for method euclidean_length()
"""
x = Vector([1, 2])
self.assertAlmostEqual(x.euclidean_length(), 2.236, 3)
def test_add(self) -> None:
"""
test for + operator
"""
x = Vector([1, 2, 3])
y = Vector([1, 1, 1])
self.assertEqual((x + y).component(0), 2)
self.assertEqual((x + y).component(1), 3)
self.assertEqual((x + y).component(2), 4)
def test_sub(self) -> None:
"""
test for - operator
"""
x = Vector([1, 2, 3])
y = Vector([1, 1, 1])
self.assertEqual((x - y).component(0), 0)
self.assertEqual((x - y).component(1), 1)
self.assertEqual((x - y).component(2), 2)
def test_mul(self) -> None:
"""
test for * operator
"""
x = Vector([1, 2, 3])
a = Vector([2, -1, 4]) # for test of dot product
b = Vector([1, -2, -1])
self.assertEqual(str(x * 3.0), "(3.0,6.0,9.0)")
self.assertEqual((a * b), 0)
def test_zeroVector(self) -> None:
"""
test for global function zero_vector()
"""
self.assertTrue(str(zero_vector(10)).count("0") == 10)
def test_unitBasisVector(self) -> None:
"""
test for global function unit_basis_vector()
"""
self.assertEqual(str(unit_basis_vector(3, 1)), "(0,1,0)")
def test_axpy(self) -> None:
"""
test for global function axpy() (operation)
"""
x = Vector([1, 2, 3])
y = Vector([1, 0, 1])
self.assertEqual(str(axpy(2, x, y)), "(3,4,7)")
def test_copy(self) -> None:
"""
test for method copy()
"""
x = Vector([1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0])
y = x.copy()
self.assertEqual(str(x), str(y))
def test_changeComponent(self) -> None:
"""
test for method change_component()
"""
x = Vector([1, 0, 0])
x.change_component(0, 0)
x.change_component(1, 1)
self.assertEqual(str(x), "(0,1,0)")
def test_str_matrix(self) -> None:
"""
test for Matrix method str()
"""
A = Matrix([[1, 2, 3], [2, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]], 3, 3)
self.assertEqual("|1,2,3|\n|2,4,5|\n|6,7,8|\n", str(A))
def test_minor(self) -> None:
"""
test for Matrix method minor()
"""
A = Matrix([[1, 2, 3], [2, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]], 3, 3)
minors = [[-3, -14, -10], [-5, -10, -5], [-2, -1, 0]]
for x in range(A.height()):
for y in range(A.width()):
self.assertEqual(minors[x][y], A.minor(x, y))
def test_cofactor(self) -> None:
"""
test for Matrix method cofactor()
"""
A = Matrix([[1, 2, 3], [2, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]], 3, 3)
cofactors = [[-3, 14, -10], [5, -10, 5], [-2, 1, 0]]
for x in range(A.height()):
for y in range(A.width()):
self.assertEqual(cofactors[x][y], A.cofactor(x, y))
def test_determinant(self) -> None:
"""
test for Matrix method determinant()
"""
A = Matrix([[1, 2, 3], [2, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]], 3, 3)
self.assertEqual(-5, A.determinant())
def test__mul__matrix(self) -> None:
"""
test for Matrix * operator
"""
A = Matrix([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]], 3, 3)
x = Vector([1, 2, 3])
self.assertEqual("(14,32,50)", str(A * x))
self.assertEqual("|2,4,6|\n|8,10,12|\n|14,16,18|\n", str(A * 2))
def test_change_component_matrix(self) -> None:
"""
test for Matrix method change_component()
"""
A = Matrix([[1, 2, 3], [2, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]], 3, 3)
A.change_component(0, 2, 5)
self.assertEqual("|1,2,5|\n|2,4,5|\n|6,7,8|\n", str(A))
def test_component_matrix(self) -> None:
"""
test for Matrix method component()
"""
A = Matrix([[1, 2, 3], [2, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]], 3, 3)
self.assertEqual(7, A.component(2, 1), 0.01)
def test__add__matrix(self) -> None:
"""
test for Matrix + operator
"""
A = Matrix([[1, 2, 3], [2, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]], 3, 3)
B = Matrix([[1, 2, 7], [2, 4, 5], [6, 7, 10]], 3, 3)
self.assertEqual("|2,4,10|\n|4,8,10|\n|12,14,18|\n", str(A + B))
def test__sub__matrix(self) -> None:
"""
test for Matrix - operator
"""
A = Matrix([[1, 2, 3], [2, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8]], 3, 3)
B = Matrix([[1, 2, 7], [2, 4, 5], [6, 7, 10]], 3, 3)
self.assertEqual("|0,0,-4|\n|0,0,0|\n|0,0,-2|\n", str(A - B))
def test_squareZeroMatrix(self) -> None:
"""
test for global function square_zero_matrix()
"""
self.assertEqual(
"|0,0,0,0,0|\n|0,0,0,0,0|\n|0,0,0,0,0|\n|0,0,0,0,0|\n|0,0,0,0,0|\n",
str(square_zero_matrix(5)),
)
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()
| 1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,362 | Rewrite parts of Vector and Matrix | ### **Describe your change:**
Rewrote parts of Vector and Matrix and added unit tests as needed
* [x] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [x] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| tianyizheng02 | "2021-10-16T22:20:43Z" | "2021-10-27T03:48:43Z" | 8285913e81fb8f46b90d0e19da233862964c07dc | fe5c711ce68cb1d410d13d8c8a02ee7bfd49b1d3 | Rewrite parts of Vector and Matrix. ### **Describe your change:**
Rewrote parts of Vector and Matrix and added unit tests as needed
* [x] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [x] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| from __future__ import annotations
from typing import Callable
class DoubleLinkedListNode:
"""
Double Linked List Node built specifically for LRU Cache
"""
def __init__(self, key: int, val: int):
self.key = key
self.val = val
self.next = None
self.prev = None
class DoubleLinkedList:
"""
Double Linked List built specifically for LRU Cache
"""
def __init__(self):
self.head = DoubleLinkedListNode(None, None)
self.rear = DoubleLinkedListNode(None, None)
self.head.next, self.rear.prev = self.rear, self.head
def add(self, node: DoubleLinkedListNode) -> None:
"""
Adds the given node to the end of the list (before rear)
"""
temp = self.rear.prev
temp.next, node.prev = node, temp
self.rear.prev, node.next = node, self.rear
def remove(self, node: DoubleLinkedListNode) -> DoubleLinkedListNode:
"""
Removes and returns the given node from the list
"""
temp_last, temp_next = node.prev, node.next
node.prev, node.next = None, None
temp_last.next, temp_next.prev = temp_next, temp_last
return node
class LRUCache:
"""
LRU Cache to store a given capacity of data. Can be used as a stand-alone object
or as a function decorator.
>>> cache = LRUCache(2)
>>> cache.set(1, 1)
>>> cache.set(2, 2)
>>> cache.get(1)
1
>>> cache.set(3, 3)
>>> cache.get(2) # None returned
>>> cache.set(4, 4)
>>> cache.get(1) # None returned
>>> cache.get(3)
3
>>> cache.get(4)
4
>>> cache
CacheInfo(hits=3, misses=2, capacity=2, current size=2)
>>> @LRUCache.decorator(100)
... def fib(num):
... if num in (1, 2):
... return 1
... return fib(num - 1) + fib(num - 2)
>>> for i in range(1, 100):
... res = fib(i)
>>> fib.cache_info()
CacheInfo(hits=194, misses=99, capacity=100, current size=99)
"""
# class variable to map the decorator functions to their respective instance
decorator_function_to_instance_map = {}
def __init__(self, capacity: int):
self.list = DoubleLinkedList()
self.capacity = capacity
self.num_keys = 0
self.hits = 0
self.miss = 0
self.cache = {}
def __repr__(self) -> str:
"""
Return the details for the cache instance
[hits, misses, capacity, current_size]
"""
return (
f"CacheInfo(hits={self.hits}, misses={self.miss}, "
f"capacity={self.capacity}, current size={self.num_keys})"
)
def __contains__(self, key: int) -> bool:
"""
>>> cache = LRUCache(1)
>>> 1 in cache
False
>>> cache.set(1, 1)
>>> 1 in cache
True
"""
return key in self.cache
def get(self, key: int) -> int | None:
"""
Returns the value for the input key and updates the Double Linked List. Returns
None if key is not present in cache
"""
if key in self.cache:
self.hits += 1
self.list.add(self.list.remove(self.cache[key]))
return self.cache[key].val
self.miss += 1
return None
def set(self, key: int, value: int) -> None:
"""
Sets the value for the input key and updates the Double Linked List
"""
if key not in self.cache:
if self.num_keys >= self.capacity:
key_to_delete = self.list.head.next.key
self.list.remove(self.cache[key_to_delete])
del self.cache[key_to_delete]
self.num_keys -= 1
self.cache[key] = DoubleLinkedListNode(key, value)
self.list.add(self.cache[key])
self.num_keys += 1
else:
node = self.list.remove(self.cache[key])
node.val = value
self.list.add(node)
@staticmethod
def decorator(size: int = 128):
"""
Decorator version of LRU Cache
"""
def cache_decorator_inner(func: Callable):
def cache_decorator_wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
if func not in LRUCache.decorator_function_to_instance_map:
LRUCache.decorator_function_to_instance_map[func] = LRUCache(size)
result = LRUCache.decorator_function_to_instance_map[func].get(args[0])
if result is None:
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
LRUCache.decorator_function_to_instance_map[func].set(
args[0], result
)
return result
def cache_info():
return LRUCache.decorator_function_to_instance_map[func]
cache_decorator_wrapper.cache_info = cache_info
return cache_decorator_wrapper
return cache_decorator_inner
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| from __future__ import annotations
from typing import Callable
class DoubleLinkedListNode:
"""
Double Linked List Node built specifically for LRU Cache
"""
def __init__(self, key: int, val: int):
self.key = key
self.val = val
self.next = None
self.prev = None
class DoubleLinkedList:
"""
Double Linked List built specifically for LRU Cache
"""
def __init__(self):
self.head = DoubleLinkedListNode(None, None)
self.rear = DoubleLinkedListNode(None, None)
self.head.next, self.rear.prev = self.rear, self.head
def add(self, node: DoubleLinkedListNode) -> None:
"""
Adds the given node to the end of the list (before rear)
"""
temp = self.rear.prev
temp.next, node.prev = node, temp
self.rear.prev, node.next = node, self.rear
def remove(self, node: DoubleLinkedListNode) -> DoubleLinkedListNode:
"""
Removes and returns the given node from the list
"""
temp_last, temp_next = node.prev, node.next
node.prev, node.next = None, None
temp_last.next, temp_next.prev = temp_next, temp_last
return node
class LRUCache:
"""
LRU Cache to store a given capacity of data. Can be used as a stand-alone object
or as a function decorator.
>>> cache = LRUCache(2)
>>> cache.set(1, 1)
>>> cache.set(2, 2)
>>> cache.get(1)
1
>>> cache.set(3, 3)
>>> cache.get(2) # None returned
>>> cache.set(4, 4)
>>> cache.get(1) # None returned
>>> cache.get(3)
3
>>> cache.get(4)
4
>>> cache
CacheInfo(hits=3, misses=2, capacity=2, current size=2)
>>> @LRUCache.decorator(100)
... def fib(num):
... if num in (1, 2):
... return 1
... return fib(num - 1) + fib(num - 2)
>>> for i in range(1, 100):
... res = fib(i)
>>> fib.cache_info()
CacheInfo(hits=194, misses=99, capacity=100, current size=99)
"""
# class variable to map the decorator functions to their respective instance
decorator_function_to_instance_map = {}
def __init__(self, capacity: int):
self.list = DoubleLinkedList()
self.capacity = capacity
self.num_keys = 0
self.hits = 0
self.miss = 0
self.cache = {}
def __repr__(self) -> str:
"""
Return the details for the cache instance
[hits, misses, capacity, current_size]
"""
return (
f"CacheInfo(hits={self.hits}, misses={self.miss}, "
f"capacity={self.capacity}, current size={self.num_keys})"
)
def __contains__(self, key: int) -> bool:
"""
>>> cache = LRUCache(1)
>>> 1 in cache
False
>>> cache.set(1, 1)
>>> 1 in cache
True
"""
return key in self.cache
def get(self, key: int) -> int | None:
"""
Returns the value for the input key and updates the Double Linked List. Returns
None if key is not present in cache
"""
if key in self.cache:
self.hits += 1
self.list.add(self.list.remove(self.cache[key]))
return self.cache[key].val
self.miss += 1
return None
def set(self, key: int, value: int) -> None:
"""
Sets the value for the input key and updates the Double Linked List
"""
if key not in self.cache:
if self.num_keys >= self.capacity:
key_to_delete = self.list.head.next.key
self.list.remove(self.cache[key_to_delete])
del self.cache[key_to_delete]
self.num_keys -= 1
self.cache[key] = DoubleLinkedListNode(key, value)
self.list.add(self.cache[key])
self.num_keys += 1
else:
node = self.list.remove(self.cache[key])
node.val = value
self.list.add(node)
@staticmethod
def decorator(size: int = 128):
"""
Decorator version of LRU Cache
"""
def cache_decorator_inner(func: Callable):
def cache_decorator_wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
if func not in LRUCache.decorator_function_to_instance_map:
LRUCache.decorator_function_to_instance_map[func] = LRUCache(size)
result = LRUCache.decorator_function_to_instance_map[func].get(args[0])
if result is None:
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
LRUCache.decorator_function_to_instance_map[func].set(
args[0], result
)
return result
def cache_info():
return LRUCache.decorator_function_to_instance_map[func]
cache_decorator_wrapper.cache_info = cache_info
return cache_decorator_wrapper
return cache_decorator_inner
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,362 | Rewrite parts of Vector and Matrix | ### **Describe your change:**
Rewrote parts of Vector and Matrix and added unit tests as needed
* [x] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [x] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| tianyizheng02 | "2021-10-16T22:20:43Z" | "2021-10-27T03:48:43Z" | 8285913e81fb8f46b90d0e19da233862964c07dc | fe5c711ce68cb1d410d13d8c8a02ee7bfd49b1d3 | Rewrite parts of Vector and Matrix. ### **Describe your change:**
Rewrote parts of Vector and Matrix and added unit tests as needed
* [x] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [x] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Coin sums
Problem 31: https://projecteuler.net/problem=31
In England the currency is made up of pound, £, and pence, p, and there are
eight coins in general circulation:
1p, 2p, 5p, 10p, 20p, 50p, £1 (100p) and £2 (200p).
It is possible to make £2 in the following way:
1×£1 + 1×50p + 2×20p + 1×5p + 1×2p + 3×1p
How many different ways can £2 be made using any number of coins?
"""
def one_pence() -> int:
return 1
def two_pence(x: int) -> int:
return 0 if x < 0 else two_pence(x - 2) + one_pence()
def five_pence(x: int) -> int:
return 0 if x < 0 else five_pence(x - 5) + two_pence(x)
def ten_pence(x: int) -> int:
return 0 if x < 0 else ten_pence(x - 10) + five_pence(x)
def twenty_pence(x: int) -> int:
return 0 if x < 0 else twenty_pence(x - 20) + ten_pence(x)
def fifty_pence(x: int) -> int:
return 0 if x < 0 else fifty_pence(x - 50) + twenty_pence(x)
def one_pound(x: int) -> int:
return 0 if x < 0 else one_pound(x - 100) + fifty_pence(x)
def two_pound(x: int) -> int:
return 0 if x < 0 else two_pound(x - 200) + one_pound(x)
def solution(n: int = 200) -> int:
"""Returns the number of different ways can n pence be made using any number of
coins?
>>> solution(500)
6295434
>>> solution(200)
73682
>>> solution(50)
451
>>> solution(10)
11
"""
return two_pound(n)
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(solution(int(input().strip())))
| """
Coin sums
Problem 31: https://projecteuler.net/problem=31
In England the currency is made up of pound, £, and pence, p, and there are
eight coins in general circulation:
1p, 2p, 5p, 10p, 20p, 50p, £1 (100p) and £2 (200p).
It is possible to make £2 in the following way:
1×£1 + 1×50p + 2×20p + 1×5p + 1×2p + 3×1p
How many different ways can £2 be made using any number of coins?
"""
def one_pence() -> int:
return 1
def two_pence(x: int) -> int:
return 0 if x < 0 else two_pence(x - 2) + one_pence()
def five_pence(x: int) -> int:
return 0 if x < 0 else five_pence(x - 5) + two_pence(x)
def ten_pence(x: int) -> int:
return 0 if x < 0 else ten_pence(x - 10) + five_pence(x)
def twenty_pence(x: int) -> int:
return 0 if x < 0 else twenty_pence(x - 20) + ten_pence(x)
def fifty_pence(x: int) -> int:
return 0 if x < 0 else fifty_pence(x - 50) + twenty_pence(x)
def one_pound(x: int) -> int:
return 0 if x < 0 else one_pound(x - 100) + fifty_pence(x)
def two_pound(x: int) -> int:
return 0 if x < 0 else two_pound(x - 200) + one_pound(x)
def solution(n: int = 200) -> int:
"""Returns the number of different ways can n pence be made using any number of
coins?
>>> solution(500)
6295434
>>> solution(200)
73682
>>> solution(50)
451
>>> solution(10)
11
"""
return two_pound(n)
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(solution(int(input().strip())))
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,362 | Rewrite parts of Vector and Matrix | ### **Describe your change:**
Rewrote parts of Vector and Matrix and added unit tests as needed
* [x] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [x] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| tianyizheng02 | "2021-10-16T22:20:43Z" | "2021-10-27T03:48:43Z" | 8285913e81fb8f46b90d0e19da233862964c07dc | fe5c711ce68cb1d410d13d8c8a02ee7bfd49b1d3 | Rewrite parts of Vector and Matrix. ### **Describe your change:**
Rewrote parts of Vector and Matrix and added unit tests as needed
* [x] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [x] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| import os
from itertools import chain
from random import randrange, shuffle
import pytest
from .sol1 import PokerHand
SORTED_HANDS = (
"4S 3H 2C 7S 5H",
"9D 8H 2C 6S 7H",
"2D 6D 9D TH 7D",
"TC 8C 2S JH 6C",
"JH 8S TH AH QH",
"TS KS 5S 9S AC",
"KD 6S 9D TH AD",
"KS 8D 4D 9S 4S", # pair
"8C 4S KH JS 4D", # pair
"QH 8H KD JH 8S", # pair
"KC 4H KS 2H 8D", # pair
"KD 4S KC 3H 8S", # pair
"AH 8S AS KC JH", # pair
"3H 4C 4H 3S 2H", # 2 pairs
"5S 5D 2C KH KH", # 2 pairs
"3C KH 5D 5S KH", # 2 pairs
"AS 3C KH AD KH", # 2 pairs
"7C 7S 3S 7H 5S", # 3 of a kind
"7C 7S KH 2H 7H", # 3 of a kind
"AC KH QH AH AS", # 3 of a kind
"2H 4D 3C AS 5S", # straight (low ace)
"3C 5C 4C 2C 6H", # straight
"6S 8S 7S 5H 9H", # straight
"JS QS 9H TS KH", # straight
"QC KH TS JS AH", # straight (high ace)
"8C 9C 5C 3C TC", # flush
"3S 8S 9S 5S KS", # flush
"4C 5C 9C 8C KC", # flush
"JH 8H AH KH QH", # flush
"3D 2H 3H 2C 2D", # full house
"2H 2C 3S 3H 3D", # full house
"KH KC 3S 3H 3D", # full house
"JC 6H JS JD JH", # 4 of a kind
"JC 7H JS JD JH", # 4 of a kind
"JC KH JS JD JH", # 4 of a kind
"2S AS 4S 5S 3S", # straight flush (low ace)
"2D 6D 3D 4D 5D", # straight flush
"5C 6C 3C 7C 4C", # straight flush
"JH 9H TH KH QH", # straight flush
"JH AH TH KH QH", # royal flush (high ace straight flush)
)
TEST_COMPARE = (
("2H 3H 4H 5H 6H", "KS AS TS QS JS", "Loss"),
("2H 3H 4H 5H 6H", "AS AD AC AH JD", "Win"),
("AS AH 2H AD AC", "JS JD JC JH 3D", "Win"),
("2S AH 2H AS AC", "JS JD JC JH AD", "Loss"),
("2S AH 2H AS AC", "2H 3H 5H 6H 7H", "Win"),
("AS 3S 4S 8S 2S", "2H 3H 5H 6H 7H", "Win"),
("2H 3H 5H 6H 7H", "2S 3H 4H 5S 6C", "Win"),
("2S 3H 4H 5S 6C", "3D 4C 5H 6H 2S", "Tie"),
("2S 3H 4H 5S 6C", "AH AC 5H 6H AS", "Win"),
("2S 2H 4H 5S 4C", "AH AC 5H 6H AS", "Loss"),
("2S 2H 4H 5S 4C", "AH AC 5H 6H 7S", "Win"),
("6S AD 7H 4S AS", "AH AC 5H 6H 7S", "Loss"),
("2S AH 4H 5S KC", "AH AC 5H 6H 7S", "Loss"),
("2S 3H 6H 7S 9C", "7H 3C TH 6H 9S", "Loss"),
("4S 5H 6H TS AC", "3S 5H 6H TS AC", "Win"),
("2S AH 4H 5S 6C", "AD 4C 5H 6H 2C", "Tie"),
("AS AH 3H AD AC", "AS AH 2H AD AC", "Win"),
("AH AC 5H 5C QS", "AH AC 5H 5C KS", "Loss"),
("AH AC 5H 5C QS", "KH KC 5H 5C QS", "Win"),
("7C 7S KH 2H 7H", "3C 3S AH 2H 3H", "Win"),
("3C 3S AH 2H 3H", "7C 7S KH 2H 7H", "Loss"),
("6H 5H 4H 3H 2H", "5H 4H 3H 2H AH", "Win"),
("5H 4H 3H 2H AH", "5H 4H 3H 2H AH", "Tie"),
("5H 4H 3H 2H AH", "6H 5H 4H 3H 2H", "Loss"),
("AH AD KS KC AC", "AH KD KH AC KC", "Win"),
("2H 4D 3C AS 5S", "2H 4D 3C 6S 5S", "Loss"),
("2H 3S 3C 3H 2S", "3S 3C 2S 2H 2D", "Win"),
("4D 6D 5D 2D JH", "3S 8S 3H TC KH", "Loss"),
("4S 6C 8S 3S 7S", "AD KS 2D 7D 7C", "Loss"),
("6S 4C 7H 8C 3H", "5H JC AH 9D 9C", "Loss"),
("9D 9H JH TC QH", "3C 2S JS 5C 7H", "Win"),
("2H TC 8S AD 9S", "4H TS 7H 2C 5C", "Win"),
("9D 3S 2C 7S 7C", "JC TD 3C TC 9H", "Loss"),
)
TEST_FLUSH = (
("2H 3H 4H 5H 6H", True),
("AS AH 2H AD AC", False),
("2H 3H 5H 6H 7H", True),
("KS AS TS QS JS", True),
("8H 9H QS JS TH", False),
("AS 3S 4S 8S 2S", True),
)
TEST_STRAIGHT = (
("2H 3H 4H 5H 6H", True),
("AS AH 2H AD AC", False),
("2H 3H 5H 6H 7H", False),
("KS AS TS QS JS", True),
("8H 9H QS JS TH", True),
)
TEST_FIVE_HIGH_STRAIGHT = (
("2H 4D 3C AS 5S", True, [5, 4, 3, 2, 14]),
("2H 5D 3C AS 5S", False, [14, 5, 5, 3, 2]),
("JH QD KC AS TS", False, [14, 13, 12, 11, 10]),
("9D 3S 2C 7S 7C", False, [9, 7, 7, 3, 2]),
)
TEST_KIND = (
("JH AH TH KH QH", 0),
("JH 9H TH KH QH", 0),
("JC KH JS JD JH", 7),
("KH KC 3S 3H 3D", 6),
("8C 9C 5C 3C TC", 0),
("JS QS 9H TS KH", 0),
("7C 7S KH 2H 7H", 3),
("3C KH 5D 5S KH", 2),
("QH 8H KD JH 8S", 1),
("2D 6D 9D TH 7D", 0),
)
TEST_TYPES = (
("JH AH TH KH QH", 23),
("JH 9H TH KH QH", 22),
("JC KH JS JD JH", 21),
("KH KC 3S 3H 3D", 20),
("8C 9C 5C 3C TC", 19),
("JS QS 9H TS KH", 18),
("7C 7S KH 2H 7H", 17),
("3C KH 5D 5S KH", 16),
("QH 8H KD JH 8S", 15),
("2D 6D 9D TH 7D", 14),
)
def generate_random_hand():
play, oppo = randrange(len(SORTED_HANDS)), randrange(len(SORTED_HANDS))
expected = ["Loss", "Tie", "Win"][(play >= oppo) + (play > oppo)]
hand, other = SORTED_HANDS[play], SORTED_HANDS[oppo]
return hand, other, expected
def generate_random_hands(number_of_hands: int = 100):
return (generate_random_hand() for _ in range(number_of_hands))
@pytest.mark.parametrize("hand, expected", TEST_FLUSH)
def test_hand_is_flush(hand, expected):
assert PokerHand(hand)._is_flush() == expected
@pytest.mark.parametrize("hand, expected", TEST_STRAIGHT)
def test_hand_is_straight(hand, expected):
assert PokerHand(hand)._is_straight() == expected
@pytest.mark.parametrize("hand, expected, card_values", TEST_FIVE_HIGH_STRAIGHT)
def test_hand_is_five_high_straight(hand, expected, card_values):
player = PokerHand(hand)
assert player._is_five_high_straight() == expected
assert player._card_values == card_values
@pytest.mark.parametrize("hand, expected", TEST_KIND)
def test_hand_is_same_kind(hand, expected):
assert PokerHand(hand)._is_same_kind() == expected
@pytest.mark.parametrize("hand, expected", TEST_TYPES)
def test_hand_values(hand, expected):
assert PokerHand(hand)._hand_type == expected
@pytest.mark.parametrize("hand, other, expected", TEST_COMPARE)
def test_compare_simple(hand, other, expected):
assert PokerHand(hand).compare_with(PokerHand(other)) == expected
@pytest.mark.parametrize("hand, other, expected", generate_random_hands())
def test_compare_random(hand, other, expected):
assert PokerHand(hand).compare_with(PokerHand(other)) == expected
def test_hand_sorted():
POKER_HANDS = [PokerHand(hand) for hand in SORTED_HANDS]
list_copy = POKER_HANDS.copy()
shuffle(list_copy)
user_sorted = chain(sorted(list_copy))
for index, hand in enumerate(user_sorted):
assert hand == POKER_HANDS[index]
def test_custom_sort_five_high_straight():
# Test that five high straights are compared correctly.
pokerhands = [PokerHand("2D AC 3H 4H 5S"), PokerHand("2S 3H 4H 5S 6C")]
pokerhands.sort(reverse=True)
assert pokerhands[0].__str__() == "2S 3H 4H 5S 6C"
def test_multiple_calls_five_high_straight():
# Multiple calls to five_high_straight function should still return True
# and shouldn't mutate the list in every call other than the first.
pokerhand = PokerHand("2C 4S AS 3D 5C")
expected = True
expected_card_values = [5, 4, 3, 2, 14]
for _ in range(10):
assert pokerhand._is_five_high_straight() == expected
assert pokerhand._card_values == expected_card_values
def test_euler_project():
# Problem number 54 from Project Euler
# Testing from poker_hands.txt file
answer = 0
script_dir = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
poker_hands = os.path.join(script_dir, "poker_hands.txt")
with open(poker_hands) as file_hand:
for line in file_hand:
player_hand = line[:14].strip()
opponent_hand = line[15:].strip()
player, opponent = PokerHand(player_hand), PokerHand(opponent_hand)
output = player.compare_with(opponent)
if output == "Win":
answer += 1
assert answer == 376
| import os
from itertools import chain
from random import randrange, shuffle
import pytest
from .sol1 import PokerHand
SORTED_HANDS = (
"4S 3H 2C 7S 5H",
"9D 8H 2C 6S 7H",
"2D 6D 9D TH 7D",
"TC 8C 2S JH 6C",
"JH 8S TH AH QH",
"TS KS 5S 9S AC",
"KD 6S 9D TH AD",
"KS 8D 4D 9S 4S", # pair
"8C 4S KH JS 4D", # pair
"QH 8H KD JH 8S", # pair
"KC 4H KS 2H 8D", # pair
"KD 4S KC 3H 8S", # pair
"AH 8S AS KC JH", # pair
"3H 4C 4H 3S 2H", # 2 pairs
"5S 5D 2C KH KH", # 2 pairs
"3C KH 5D 5S KH", # 2 pairs
"AS 3C KH AD KH", # 2 pairs
"7C 7S 3S 7H 5S", # 3 of a kind
"7C 7S KH 2H 7H", # 3 of a kind
"AC KH QH AH AS", # 3 of a kind
"2H 4D 3C AS 5S", # straight (low ace)
"3C 5C 4C 2C 6H", # straight
"6S 8S 7S 5H 9H", # straight
"JS QS 9H TS KH", # straight
"QC KH TS JS AH", # straight (high ace)
"8C 9C 5C 3C TC", # flush
"3S 8S 9S 5S KS", # flush
"4C 5C 9C 8C KC", # flush
"JH 8H AH KH QH", # flush
"3D 2H 3H 2C 2D", # full house
"2H 2C 3S 3H 3D", # full house
"KH KC 3S 3H 3D", # full house
"JC 6H JS JD JH", # 4 of a kind
"JC 7H JS JD JH", # 4 of a kind
"JC KH JS JD JH", # 4 of a kind
"2S AS 4S 5S 3S", # straight flush (low ace)
"2D 6D 3D 4D 5D", # straight flush
"5C 6C 3C 7C 4C", # straight flush
"JH 9H TH KH QH", # straight flush
"JH AH TH KH QH", # royal flush (high ace straight flush)
)
TEST_COMPARE = (
("2H 3H 4H 5H 6H", "KS AS TS QS JS", "Loss"),
("2H 3H 4H 5H 6H", "AS AD AC AH JD", "Win"),
("AS AH 2H AD AC", "JS JD JC JH 3D", "Win"),
("2S AH 2H AS AC", "JS JD JC JH AD", "Loss"),
("2S AH 2H AS AC", "2H 3H 5H 6H 7H", "Win"),
("AS 3S 4S 8S 2S", "2H 3H 5H 6H 7H", "Win"),
("2H 3H 5H 6H 7H", "2S 3H 4H 5S 6C", "Win"),
("2S 3H 4H 5S 6C", "3D 4C 5H 6H 2S", "Tie"),
("2S 3H 4H 5S 6C", "AH AC 5H 6H AS", "Win"),
("2S 2H 4H 5S 4C", "AH AC 5H 6H AS", "Loss"),
("2S 2H 4H 5S 4C", "AH AC 5H 6H 7S", "Win"),
("6S AD 7H 4S AS", "AH AC 5H 6H 7S", "Loss"),
("2S AH 4H 5S KC", "AH AC 5H 6H 7S", "Loss"),
("2S 3H 6H 7S 9C", "7H 3C TH 6H 9S", "Loss"),
("4S 5H 6H TS AC", "3S 5H 6H TS AC", "Win"),
("2S AH 4H 5S 6C", "AD 4C 5H 6H 2C", "Tie"),
("AS AH 3H AD AC", "AS AH 2H AD AC", "Win"),
("AH AC 5H 5C QS", "AH AC 5H 5C KS", "Loss"),
("AH AC 5H 5C QS", "KH KC 5H 5C QS", "Win"),
("7C 7S KH 2H 7H", "3C 3S AH 2H 3H", "Win"),
("3C 3S AH 2H 3H", "7C 7S KH 2H 7H", "Loss"),
("6H 5H 4H 3H 2H", "5H 4H 3H 2H AH", "Win"),
("5H 4H 3H 2H AH", "5H 4H 3H 2H AH", "Tie"),
("5H 4H 3H 2H AH", "6H 5H 4H 3H 2H", "Loss"),
("AH AD KS KC AC", "AH KD KH AC KC", "Win"),
("2H 4D 3C AS 5S", "2H 4D 3C 6S 5S", "Loss"),
("2H 3S 3C 3H 2S", "3S 3C 2S 2H 2D", "Win"),
("4D 6D 5D 2D JH", "3S 8S 3H TC KH", "Loss"),
("4S 6C 8S 3S 7S", "AD KS 2D 7D 7C", "Loss"),
("6S 4C 7H 8C 3H", "5H JC AH 9D 9C", "Loss"),
("9D 9H JH TC QH", "3C 2S JS 5C 7H", "Win"),
("2H TC 8S AD 9S", "4H TS 7H 2C 5C", "Win"),
("9D 3S 2C 7S 7C", "JC TD 3C TC 9H", "Loss"),
)
TEST_FLUSH = (
("2H 3H 4H 5H 6H", True),
("AS AH 2H AD AC", False),
("2H 3H 5H 6H 7H", True),
("KS AS TS QS JS", True),
("8H 9H QS JS TH", False),
("AS 3S 4S 8S 2S", True),
)
TEST_STRAIGHT = (
("2H 3H 4H 5H 6H", True),
("AS AH 2H AD AC", False),
("2H 3H 5H 6H 7H", False),
("KS AS TS QS JS", True),
("8H 9H QS JS TH", True),
)
TEST_FIVE_HIGH_STRAIGHT = (
("2H 4D 3C AS 5S", True, [5, 4, 3, 2, 14]),
("2H 5D 3C AS 5S", False, [14, 5, 5, 3, 2]),
("JH QD KC AS TS", False, [14, 13, 12, 11, 10]),
("9D 3S 2C 7S 7C", False, [9, 7, 7, 3, 2]),
)
TEST_KIND = (
("JH AH TH KH QH", 0),
("JH 9H TH KH QH", 0),
("JC KH JS JD JH", 7),
("KH KC 3S 3H 3D", 6),
("8C 9C 5C 3C TC", 0),
("JS QS 9H TS KH", 0),
("7C 7S KH 2H 7H", 3),
("3C KH 5D 5S KH", 2),
("QH 8H KD JH 8S", 1),
("2D 6D 9D TH 7D", 0),
)
TEST_TYPES = (
("JH AH TH KH QH", 23),
("JH 9H TH KH QH", 22),
("JC KH JS JD JH", 21),
("KH KC 3S 3H 3D", 20),
("8C 9C 5C 3C TC", 19),
("JS QS 9H TS KH", 18),
("7C 7S KH 2H 7H", 17),
("3C KH 5D 5S KH", 16),
("QH 8H KD JH 8S", 15),
("2D 6D 9D TH 7D", 14),
)
def generate_random_hand():
play, oppo = randrange(len(SORTED_HANDS)), randrange(len(SORTED_HANDS))
expected = ["Loss", "Tie", "Win"][(play >= oppo) + (play > oppo)]
hand, other = SORTED_HANDS[play], SORTED_HANDS[oppo]
return hand, other, expected
def generate_random_hands(number_of_hands: int = 100):
return (generate_random_hand() for _ in range(number_of_hands))
@pytest.mark.parametrize("hand, expected", TEST_FLUSH)
def test_hand_is_flush(hand, expected):
assert PokerHand(hand)._is_flush() == expected
@pytest.mark.parametrize("hand, expected", TEST_STRAIGHT)
def test_hand_is_straight(hand, expected):
assert PokerHand(hand)._is_straight() == expected
@pytest.mark.parametrize("hand, expected, card_values", TEST_FIVE_HIGH_STRAIGHT)
def test_hand_is_five_high_straight(hand, expected, card_values):
player = PokerHand(hand)
assert player._is_five_high_straight() == expected
assert player._card_values == card_values
@pytest.mark.parametrize("hand, expected", TEST_KIND)
def test_hand_is_same_kind(hand, expected):
assert PokerHand(hand)._is_same_kind() == expected
@pytest.mark.parametrize("hand, expected", TEST_TYPES)
def test_hand_values(hand, expected):
assert PokerHand(hand)._hand_type == expected
@pytest.mark.parametrize("hand, other, expected", TEST_COMPARE)
def test_compare_simple(hand, other, expected):
assert PokerHand(hand).compare_with(PokerHand(other)) == expected
@pytest.mark.parametrize("hand, other, expected", generate_random_hands())
def test_compare_random(hand, other, expected):
assert PokerHand(hand).compare_with(PokerHand(other)) == expected
def test_hand_sorted():
POKER_HANDS = [PokerHand(hand) for hand in SORTED_HANDS]
list_copy = POKER_HANDS.copy()
shuffle(list_copy)
user_sorted = chain(sorted(list_copy))
for index, hand in enumerate(user_sorted):
assert hand == POKER_HANDS[index]
def test_custom_sort_five_high_straight():
# Test that five high straights are compared correctly.
pokerhands = [PokerHand("2D AC 3H 4H 5S"), PokerHand("2S 3H 4H 5S 6C")]
pokerhands.sort(reverse=True)
assert pokerhands[0].__str__() == "2S 3H 4H 5S 6C"
def test_multiple_calls_five_high_straight():
# Multiple calls to five_high_straight function should still return True
# and shouldn't mutate the list in every call other than the first.
pokerhand = PokerHand("2C 4S AS 3D 5C")
expected = True
expected_card_values = [5, 4, 3, 2, 14]
for _ in range(10):
assert pokerhand._is_five_high_straight() == expected
assert pokerhand._card_values == expected_card_values
def test_euler_project():
# Problem number 54 from Project Euler
# Testing from poker_hands.txt file
answer = 0
script_dir = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
poker_hands = os.path.join(script_dir, "poker_hands.txt")
with open(poker_hands) as file_hand:
for line in file_hand:
player_hand = line[:14].strip()
opponent_hand = line[15:].strip()
player, opponent = PokerHand(player_hand), PokerHand(opponent_hand)
output = player.compare_with(opponent)
if output == "Win":
answer += 1
assert answer == 376
| -1 |
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