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TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,744 | Improve Project Euler problem 014 solution 2 | ### **Describe your change:**
Improve Project Euler problem 014 solution 2 - the top 1 slowest solution on Travis CI logs (under `slowest 10 durations`: `14.20s call scripts/validate_solutions.py::test_project_euler[problem_014/sol2.py]`):
* Improve solution (locally 10+ times - from 15+ seconds to ~1.5 seconds)
* Uncomment code that has been commented due to slow execution affecting Travis (now it should be quite fast execution and not affect Travis)
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| MaximSmolskiy | "2021-11-01T19:21:41Z" | "2021-11-04T16:01:22Z" | 7a605766fe7fe79a00ba1f30447877be4b77a6f2 | 729aaf64275c61b8bc864ef9138eed078dea9cb2 | Improve Project Euler problem 014 solution 2. ### **Describe your change:**
Improve Project Euler problem 014 solution 2 - the top 1 slowest solution on Travis CI logs (under `slowest 10 durations`: `14.20s call scripts/validate_solutions.py::test_project_euler[problem_014/sol2.py]`):
* Improve solution (locally 10+ times - from 15+ seconds to ~1.5 seconds)
* Uncomment code that has been commented due to slow execution affecting Travis (now it should be quite fast execution and not affect Travis)
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
* Binary Exponentiation with Multiplication
* This is a method to find a*b in a time complexity of O(log b)
* This is one of the most commonly used methods of finding result of multiplication.
* Also useful in cases where solution to (a*b)%c is required,
* where a,b,c can be numbers over the computers calculation limits.
* Done using iteration, can also be done using recursion
* @author chinmoy159
* @version 1.0 dated 10/08/2017
"""
def b_expo(a, b):
res = 0
while b > 0:
if b & 1:
res += a
a += a
b >>= 1
return res
def b_expo_mod(a, b, c):
res = 0
while b > 0:
if b & 1:
res = ((res % c) + (a % c)) % c
a += a
b >>= 1
return res
"""
* Wondering how this method works !
* It's pretty simple.
* Let's say you need to calculate a ^ b
* RULE 1 : a * b = (a+a) * (b/2) ---- example : 4 * 4 = (4+4) * (4/2) = 8 * 2
* RULE 2 : IF b is ODD, then ---- a * b = a + (a * (b - 1)) :: where (b - 1) is even.
* Once b is even, repeat the process to get a * b
* Repeat the process till b = 1 OR b = 0, because a*1 = a AND a*0 = 0
*
* As far as the modulo is concerned,
* the fact : (a+b) % c = ((a%c) + (b%c)) % c
* Now apply RULE 1 OR 2, whichever is required.
"""
| """
* Binary Exponentiation with Multiplication
* This is a method to find a*b in a time complexity of O(log b)
* This is one of the most commonly used methods of finding result of multiplication.
* Also useful in cases where solution to (a*b)%c is required,
* where a,b,c can be numbers over the computers calculation limits.
* Done using iteration, can also be done using recursion
* @author chinmoy159
* @version 1.0 dated 10/08/2017
"""
def b_expo(a, b):
res = 0
while b > 0:
if b & 1:
res += a
a += a
b >>= 1
return res
def b_expo_mod(a, b, c):
res = 0
while b > 0:
if b & 1:
res = ((res % c) + (a % c)) % c
a += a
b >>= 1
return res
"""
* Wondering how this method works !
* It's pretty simple.
* Let's say you need to calculate a ^ b
* RULE 1 : a * b = (a+a) * (b/2) ---- example : 4 * 4 = (4+4) * (4/2) = 8 * 2
* RULE 2 : IF b is ODD, then ---- a * b = a + (a * (b - 1)) :: where (b - 1) is even.
* Once b is even, repeat the process to get a * b
* Repeat the process till b = 1 OR b = 0, because a*1 = a AND a*0 = 0
*
* As far as the modulo is concerned,
* the fact : (a+b) % c = ((a%c) + (b%c)) % c
* Now apply RULE 1 OR 2, whichever is required.
"""
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,744 | Improve Project Euler problem 014 solution 2 | ### **Describe your change:**
Improve Project Euler problem 014 solution 2 - the top 1 slowest solution on Travis CI logs (under `slowest 10 durations`: `14.20s call scripts/validate_solutions.py::test_project_euler[problem_014/sol2.py]`):
* Improve solution (locally 10+ times - from 15+ seconds to ~1.5 seconds)
* Uncomment code that has been commented due to slow execution affecting Travis (now it should be quite fast execution and not affect Travis)
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| MaximSmolskiy | "2021-11-01T19:21:41Z" | "2021-11-04T16:01:22Z" | 7a605766fe7fe79a00ba1f30447877be4b77a6f2 | 729aaf64275c61b8bc864ef9138eed078dea9cb2 | Improve Project Euler problem 014 solution 2. ### **Describe your change:**
Improve Project Euler problem 014 solution 2 - the top 1 slowest solution on Travis CI logs (under `slowest 10 durations`: `14.20s call scripts/validate_solutions.py::test_project_euler[problem_014/sol2.py]`):
* Improve solution (locally 10+ times - from 15+ seconds to ~1.5 seconds)
* Uncomment code that has been commented due to slow execution affecting Travis (now it should be quite fast execution and not affect Travis)
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """Conway's Game Of Life, Author Anurag Kumar(mailto:[email protected])
Requirements:
- numpy
- random
- time
- matplotlib
Python:
- 3.5
Usage:
- $python3 game_o_life <canvas_size:int>
Game-Of-Life Rules:
1.
Any live cell with fewer than two live neighbours
dies, as if caused by under-population.
2.
Any live cell with two or three live neighbours lives
on to the next generation.
3.
Any live cell with more than three live neighbours
dies, as if by over-population.
4.
Any dead cell with exactly three live neighbours be-
comes a live cell, as if by reproduction.
"""
import random
import sys
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.colors import ListedColormap
usage_doc = "Usage of script: script_nama <size_of_canvas:int>"
choice = [0] * 100 + [1] * 10
random.shuffle(choice)
def create_canvas(size: int) -> list[list[bool]]:
canvas = [[False for i in range(size)] for j in range(size)]
return canvas
def seed(canvas: list[list[bool]]) -> None:
for i, row in enumerate(canvas):
for j, _ in enumerate(row):
canvas[i][j] = bool(random.getrandbits(1))
def run(canvas: list[list[bool]]) -> list[list[bool]]:
"""This function runs the rules of game through all points, and changes their
status accordingly.(in the same canvas)
@Args:
--
canvas : canvas of population to run the rules on.
@returns:
--
None
"""
current_canvas = np.array(canvas)
next_gen_canvas = np.array(create_canvas(current_canvas.shape[0]))
for r, row in enumerate(current_canvas):
for c, pt in enumerate(row):
# print(r-1,r+2,c-1,c+2)
next_gen_canvas[r][c] = __judge_point(
pt, current_canvas[r - 1 : r + 2, c - 1 : c + 2]
)
current_canvas = next_gen_canvas
del next_gen_canvas # cleaning memory as we move on.
return_canvas: list[list[bool]] = current_canvas.tolist()
return return_canvas
def __judge_point(pt: bool, neighbours: list[list[bool]]) -> bool:
dead = 0
alive = 0
# finding dead or alive neighbours count.
for i in neighbours:
for status in i:
if status:
alive += 1
else:
dead += 1
# handling duplicate entry for focus pt.
if pt:
alive -= 1
else:
dead -= 1
# running the rules of game here.
state = pt
if pt:
if alive < 2:
state = False
elif alive == 2 or alive == 3:
state = True
elif alive > 3:
state = False
else:
if alive == 3:
state = True
return state
if __name__ == "__main__":
if len(sys.argv) != 2:
raise Exception(usage_doc)
canvas_size = int(sys.argv[1])
# main working structure of this module.
c = create_canvas(canvas_size)
seed(c)
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
fig.show()
cmap = ListedColormap(["w", "k"])
try:
while True:
c = run(c)
ax.matshow(c, cmap=cmap)
fig.canvas.draw()
ax.cla()
except KeyboardInterrupt:
# do nothing.
pass
| """Conway's Game Of Life, Author Anurag Kumar(mailto:[email protected])
Requirements:
- numpy
- random
- time
- matplotlib
Python:
- 3.5
Usage:
- $python3 game_o_life <canvas_size:int>
Game-Of-Life Rules:
1.
Any live cell with fewer than two live neighbours
dies, as if caused by under-population.
2.
Any live cell with two or three live neighbours lives
on to the next generation.
3.
Any live cell with more than three live neighbours
dies, as if by over-population.
4.
Any dead cell with exactly three live neighbours be-
comes a live cell, as if by reproduction.
"""
import random
import sys
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.colors import ListedColormap
usage_doc = "Usage of script: script_nama <size_of_canvas:int>"
choice = [0] * 100 + [1] * 10
random.shuffle(choice)
def create_canvas(size: int) -> list[list[bool]]:
canvas = [[False for i in range(size)] for j in range(size)]
return canvas
def seed(canvas: list[list[bool]]) -> None:
for i, row in enumerate(canvas):
for j, _ in enumerate(row):
canvas[i][j] = bool(random.getrandbits(1))
def run(canvas: list[list[bool]]) -> list[list[bool]]:
"""This function runs the rules of game through all points, and changes their
status accordingly.(in the same canvas)
@Args:
--
canvas : canvas of population to run the rules on.
@returns:
--
None
"""
current_canvas = np.array(canvas)
next_gen_canvas = np.array(create_canvas(current_canvas.shape[0]))
for r, row in enumerate(current_canvas):
for c, pt in enumerate(row):
# print(r-1,r+2,c-1,c+2)
next_gen_canvas[r][c] = __judge_point(
pt, current_canvas[r - 1 : r + 2, c - 1 : c + 2]
)
current_canvas = next_gen_canvas
del next_gen_canvas # cleaning memory as we move on.
return_canvas: list[list[bool]] = current_canvas.tolist()
return return_canvas
def __judge_point(pt: bool, neighbours: list[list[bool]]) -> bool:
dead = 0
alive = 0
# finding dead or alive neighbours count.
for i in neighbours:
for status in i:
if status:
alive += 1
else:
dead += 1
# handling duplicate entry for focus pt.
if pt:
alive -= 1
else:
dead -= 1
# running the rules of game here.
state = pt
if pt:
if alive < 2:
state = False
elif alive == 2 or alive == 3:
state = True
elif alive > 3:
state = False
else:
if alive == 3:
state = True
return state
if __name__ == "__main__":
if len(sys.argv) != 2:
raise Exception(usage_doc)
canvas_size = int(sys.argv[1])
# main working structure of this module.
c = create_canvas(canvas_size)
seed(c)
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
fig.show()
cmap = ListedColormap(["w", "k"])
try:
while True:
c = run(c)
ax.matshow(c, cmap=cmap)
fig.canvas.draw()
ax.cla()
except KeyboardInterrupt:
# do nothing.
pass
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,744 | Improve Project Euler problem 014 solution 2 | ### **Describe your change:**
Improve Project Euler problem 014 solution 2 - the top 1 slowest solution on Travis CI logs (under `slowest 10 durations`: `14.20s call scripts/validate_solutions.py::test_project_euler[problem_014/sol2.py]`):
* Improve solution (locally 10+ times - from 15+ seconds to ~1.5 seconds)
* Uncomment code that has been commented due to slow execution affecting Travis (now it should be quite fast execution and not affect Travis)
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| MaximSmolskiy | "2021-11-01T19:21:41Z" | "2021-11-04T16:01:22Z" | 7a605766fe7fe79a00ba1f30447877be4b77a6f2 | 729aaf64275c61b8bc864ef9138eed078dea9cb2 | Improve Project Euler problem 014 solution 2. ### **Describe your change:**
Improve Project Euler problem 014 solution 2 - the top 1 slowest solution on Travis CI logs (under `slowest 10 durations`: `14.20s call scripts/validate_solutions.py::test_project_euler[problem_014/sol2.py]`):
* Improve solution (locally 10+ times - from 15+ seconds to ~1.5 seconds)
* Uncomment code that has been commented due to slow execution affecting Travis (now it should be quite fast execution and not affect Travis)
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| def bin_exp_mod(a, n, b):
"""
>>> bin_exp_mod(3, 4, 5)
1
>>> bin_exp_mod(7, 13, 10)
7
"""
# mod b
assert not (b == 0), "This cannot accept modulo that is == 0"
if n == 0:
return 1
if n % 2 == 1:
return (bin_exp_mod(a, n - 1, b) * a) % b
r = bin_exp_mod(a, n / 2, b)
return (r * r) % b
if __name__ == "__main__":
try:
BASE = int(input("Enter Base : ").strip())
POWER = int(input("Enter Power : ").strip())
MODULO = int(input("Enter Modulo : ").strip())
except ValueError:
print("Invalid literal for integer")
print(bin_exp_mod(BASE, POWER, MODULO))
| def bin_exp_mod(a, n, b):
"""
>>> bin_exp_mod(3, 4, 5)
1
>>> bin_exp_mod(7, 13, 10)
7
"""
# mod b
assert not (b == 0), "This cannot accept modulo that is == 0"
if n == 0:
return 1
if n % 2 == 1:
return (bin_exp_mod(a, n - 1, b) * a) % b
r = bin_exp_mod(a, n / 2, b)
return (r * r) % b
if __name__ == "__main__":
try:
BASE = int(input("Enter Base : ").strip())
POWER = int(input("Enter Power : ").strip())
MODULO = int(input("Enter Modulo : ").strip())
except ValueError:
print("Invalid literal for integer")
print(bin_exp_mod(BASE, POWER, MODULO))
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,744 | Improve Project Euler problem 014 solution 2 | ### **Describe your change:**
Improve Project Euler problem 014 solution 2 - the top 1 slowest solution on Travis CI logs (under `slowest 10 durations`: `14.20s call scripts/validate_solutions.py::test_project_euler[problem_014/sol2.py]`):
* Improve solution (locally 10+ times - from 15+ seconds to ~1.5 seconds)
* Uncomment code that has been commented due to slow execution affecting Travis (now it should be quite fast execution and not affect Travis)
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| MaximSmolskiy | "2021-11-01T19:21:41Z" | "2021-11-04T16:01:22Z" | 7a605766fe7fe79a00ba1f30447877be4b77a6f2 | 729aaf64275c61b8bc864ef9138eed078dea9cb2 | Improve Project Euler problem 014 solution 2. ### **Describe your change:**
Improve Project Euler problem 014 solution 2 - the top 1 slowest solution on Travis CI logs (under `slowest 10 durations`: `14.20s call scripts/validate_solutions.py::test_project_euler[problem_014/sol2.py]`):
* Improve solution (locally 10+ times - from 15+ seconds to ~1.5 seconds)
* Uncomment code that has been commented due to slow execution affecting Travis (now it should be quite fast execution and not affect Travis)
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,744 | Improve Project Euler problem 014 solution 2 | ### **Describe your change:**
Improve Project Euler problem 014 solution 2 - the top 1 slowest solution on Travis CI logs (under `slowest 10 durations`: `14.20s call scripts/validate_solutions.py::test_project_euler[problem_014/sol2.py]`):
* Improve solution (locally 10+ times - from 15+ seconds to ~1.5 seconds)
* Uncomment code that has been commented due to slow execution affecting Travis (now it should be quite fast execution and not affect Travis)
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| MaximSmolskiy | "2021-11-01T19:21:41Z" | "2021-11-04T16:01:22Z" | 7a605766fe7fe79a00ba1f30447877be4b77a6f2 | 729aaf64275c61b8bc864ef9138eed078dea9cb2 | Improve Project Euler problem 014 solution 2. ### **Describe your change:**
Improve Project Euler problem 014 solution 2 - the top 1 slowest solution on Travis CI logs (under `slowest 10 durations`: `14.20s call scripts/validate_solutions.py::test_project_euler[problem_014/sol2.py]`):
* Improve solution (locally 10+ times - from 15+ seconds to ~1.5 seconds)
* Uncomment code that has been commented due to slow execution affecting Travis (now it should be quite fast execution and not affect Travis)
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| from __future__ import annotations
import math
from typing import Callable
def line_length(
fnc: Callable[[int | float], int | float],
x_start: int | float,
x_end: int | float,
steps: int = 100,
) -> float:
"""
Approximates the arc length of a line segment by treating the curve as a
sequence of linear lines and summing their lengths
:param fnc: a function which defines a curve
:param x_start: left end point to indicate the start of line segment
:param x_end: right end point to indicate end of line segment
:param steps: an accuracy gauge; more steps increases accuracy
:return: a float representing the length of the curve
>>> def f(x):
... return x
>>> f"{line_length(f, 0, 1, 10):.6f}"
'1.414214'
>>> def f(x):
... return 1
>>> f"{line_length(f, -5.5, 4.5):.6f}"
'10.000000'
>>> def f(x):
... return math.sin(5 * x) + math.cos(10 * x) + x * x/10
>>> f"{line_length(f, 0.0, 10.0, 10000):.6f}"
'69.534930'
"""
x1 = x_start
fx1 = fnc(x_start)
length = 0.0
for i in range(steps):
# Approximates curve as a sequence of linear lines and sums their length
x2 = (x_end - x_start) / steps + x1
fx2 = fnc(x2)
length += math.hypot(x2 - x1, fx2 - fx1)
# Increment step
x1 = x2
fx1 = fx2
return length
if __name__ == "__main__":
def f(x):
return math.sin(10 * x)
print("f(x) = sin(10 * x)")
print("The length of the curve from x = -10 to x = 10 is:")
i = 10
while i <= 100000:
print(f"With {i} steps: {line_length(f, -10, 10, i)}")
i *= 10
| from __future__ import annotations
import math
from typing import Callable
def line_length(
fnc: Callable[[int | float], int | float],
x_start: int | float,
x_end: int | float,
steps: int = 100,
) -> float:
"""
Approximates the arc length of a line segment by treating the curve as a
sequence of linear lines and summing their lengths
:param fnc: a function which defines a curve
:param x_start: left end point to indicate the start of line segment
:param x_end: right end point to indicate end of line segment
:param steps: an accuracy gauge; more steps increases accuracy
:return: a float representing the length of the curve
>>> def f(x):
... return x
>>> f"{line_length(f, 0, 1, 10):.6f}"
'1.414214'
>>> def f(x):
... return 1
>>> f"{line_length(f, -5.5, 4.5):.6f}"
'10.000000'
>>> def f(x):
... return math.sin(5 * x) + math.cos(10 * x) + x * x/10
>>> f"{line_length(f, 0.0, 10.0, 10000):.6f}"
'69.534930'
"""
x1 = x_start
fx1 = fnc(x_start)
length = 0.0
for i in range(steps):
# Approximates curve as a sequence of linear lines and sums their length
x2 = (x_end - x_start) / steps + x1
fx2 = fnc(x2)
length += math.hypot(x2 - x1, fx2 - fx1)
# Increment step
x1 = x2
fx1 = fx2
return length
if __name__ == "__main__":
def f(x):
return math.sin(10 * x)
print("f(x) = sin(10 * x)")
print("The length of the curve from x = -10 to x = 10 is:")
i = 10
while i <= 100000:
print(f"With {i} steps: {line_length(f, -10, 10, i)}")
i *= 10
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,744 | Improve Project Euler problem 014 solution 2 | ### **Describe your change:**
Improve Project Euler problem 014 solution 2 - the top 1 slowest solution on Travis CI logs (under `slowest 10 durations`: `14.20s call scripts/validate_solutions.py::test_project_euler[problem_014/sol2.py]`):
* Improve solution (locally 10+ times - from 15+ seconds to ~1.5 seconds)
* Uncomment code that has been commented due to slow execution affecting Travis (now it should be quite fast execution and not affect Travis)
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| MaximSmolskiy | "2021-11-01T19:21:41Z" | "2021-11-04T16:01:22Z" | 7a605766fe7fe79a00ba1f30447877be4b77a6f2 | 729aaf64275c61b8bc864ef9138eed078dea9cb2 | Improve Project Euler problem 014 solution 2. ### **Describe your change:**
Improve Project Euler problem 014 solution 2 - the top 1 slowest solution on Travis CI logs (under `slowest 10 durations`: `14.20s call scripts/validate_solutions.py::test_project_euler[problem_014/sol2.py]`):
* Improve solution (locally 10+ times - from 15+ seconds to ~1.5 seconds)
* Uncomment code that has been commented due to slow execution affecting Travis (now it should be quite fast execution and not affect Travis)
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,744 | Improve Project Euler problem 014 solution 2 | ### **Describe your change:**
Improve Project Euler problem 014 solution 2 - the top 1 slowest solution on Travis CI logs (under `slowest 10 durations`: `14.20s call scripts/validate_solutions.py::test_project_euler[problem_014/sol2.py]`):
* Improve solution (locally 10+ times - from 15+ seconds to ~1.5 seconds)
* Uncomment code that has been commented due to slow execution affecting Travis (now it should be quite fast execution and not affect Travis)
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| MaximSmolskiy | "2021-11-01T19:21:41Z" | "2021-11-04T16:01:22Z" | 7a605766fe7fe79a00ba1f30447877be4b77a6f2 | 729aaf64275c61b8bc864ef9138eed078dea9cb2 | Improve Project Euler problem 014 solution 2. ### **Describe your change:**
Improve Project Euler problem 014 solution 2 - the top 1 slowest solution on Travis CI logs (under `slowest 10 durations`: `14.20s call scripts/validate_solutions.py::test_project_euler[problem_014/sol2.py]`):
* Improve solution (locally 10+ times - from 15+ seconds to ~1.5 seconds)
* Uncomment code that has been commented due to slow execution affecting Travis (now it should be quite fast execution and not affect Travis)
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
If we are presented with the first k terms of a sequence it is impossible to say with
certainty the value of the next term, as there are infinitely many polynomial functions
that can model the sequence.
As an example, let us consider the sequence of cube
numbers. This is defined by the generating function,
u(n) = n3: 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, ...
Suppose we were only given the first two terms of this sequence. Working on the
principle that "simple is best" we should assume a linear relationship and predict the
next term to be 15 (common difference 7). Even if we were presented with the first three
terms, by the same principle of simplicity, a quadratic relationship should be
assumed.
We shall define OP(k, n) to be the nth term of the optimum polynomial
generating function for the first k terms of a sequence. It should be clear that
OP(k, n) will accurately generate the terms of the sequence for n ≤ k, and potentially
the first incorrect term (FIT) will be OP(k, k+1); in which case we shall call it a
bad OP (BOP).
As a basis, if we were only given the first term of sequence, it would be most
sensible to assume constancy; that is, for n ≥ 2, OP(1, n) = u(1).
Hence we obtain the
following OPs for the cubic sequence:
OP(1, n) = 1 1, 1, 1, 1, ...
OP(2, n) = 7n-6 1, 8, 15, ...
OP(3, n) = 6n^2-11n+6 1, 8, 27, 58, ...
OP(4, n) = n^3 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, ...
Clearly no BOPs exist for k ≥ 4.
By considering the sum of FITs generated by the BOPs (indicated in red above), we
obtain 1 + 15 + 58 = 74.
Consider the following tenth degree polynomial generating function:
1 - n + n^2 - n^3 + n^4 - n^5 + n^6 - n^7 + n^8 - n^9 + n^10
Find the sum of FITs for the BOPs.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from typing import Callable, Union
Matrix = list[list[Union[float, int]]]
def solve(matrix: Matrix, vector: Matrix) -> Matrix:
"""
Solve the linear system of equations Ax = b (A = "matrix", b = "vector")
for x using Gaussian elimination and back substitution. We assume that A
is an invertible square matrix and that b is a column vector of the
same height.
>>> solve([[1, 0], [0, 1]], [[1],[2]])
[[1.0], [2.0]]
>>> solve([[2, 1, -1],[-3, -1, 2],[-2, 1, 2]],[[8], [-11],[-3]])
[[2.0], [3.0], [-1.0]]
"""
size: int = len(matrix)
augmented: Matrix = [[0 for _ in range(size + 1)] for _ in range(size)]
row: int
row2: int
col: int
col2: int
pivot_row: int
ratio: float
for row in range(size):
for col in range(size):
augmented[row][col] = matrix[row][col]
augmented[row][size] = vector[row][0]
row = 0
col = 0
while row < size and col < size:
# pivoting
pivot_row = max((abs(augmented[row2][col]), row2) for row2 in range(col, size))[
1
]
if augmented[pivot_row][col] == 0:
col += 1
continue
else:
augmented[row], augmented[pivot_row] = augmented[pivot_row], augmented[row]
for row2 in range(row + 1, size):
ratio = augmented[row2][col] / augmented[row][col]
augmented[row2][col] = 0
for col2 in range(col + 1, size + 1):
augmented[row2][col2] -= augmented[row][col2] * ratio
row += 1
col += 1
# back substitution
for col in range(1, size):
for row in range(col):
ratio = augmented[row][col] / augmented[col][col]
for col2 in range(col, size + 1):
augmented[row][col2] -= augmented[col][col2] * ratio
# round to get rid of numbers like 2.000000000000004
return [
[round(augmented[row][size] / augmented[row][row], 10)] for row in range(size)
]
def interpolate(y_list: list[int]) -> Callable[[int], int]:
"""
Given a list of data points (1,y0),(2,y1), ..., return a function that
interpolates the data points. We find the coefficients of the interpolating
polynomial by solving a system of linear equations corresponding to
x = 1, 2, 3...
>>> interpolate([1])(3)
1
>>> interpolate([1, 8])(3)
15
>>> interpolate([1, 8, 27])(4)
58
>>> interpolate([1, 8, 27, 64])(6)
216
"""
size: int = len(y_list)
matrix: Matrix = [[0 for _ in range(size)] for _ in range(size)]
vector: Matrix = [[0] for _ in range(size)]
coeffs: Matrix
x_val: int
y_val: int
col: int
for x_val, y_val in enumerate(y_list):
for col in range(size):
matrix[x_val][col] = (x_val + 1) ** (size - col - 1)
vector[x_val][0] = y_val
coeffs = solve(matrix, vector)
def interpolated_func(var: int) -> int:
"""
>>> interpolate([1])(3)
1
>>> interpolate([1, 8])(3)
15
>>> interpolate([1, 8, 27])(4)
58
>>> interpolate([1, 8, 27, 64])(6)
216
"""
return sum(
round(coeffs[x_val][0]) * (var ** (size - x_val - 1))
for x_val in range(size)
)
return interpolated_func
def question_function(variable: int) -> int:
"""
The generating function u as specified in the question.
>>> question_function(0)
1
>>> question_function(1)
1
>>> question_function(5)
8138021
>>> question_function(10)
9090909091
"""
return (
1
- variable
+ variable ** 2
- variable ** 3
+ variable ** 4
- variable ** 5
+ variable ** 6
- variable ** 7
+ variable ** 8
- variable ** 9
+ variable ** 10
)
def solution(func: Callable[[int], int] = question_function, order: int = 10) -> int:
"""
Find the sum of the FITs of the BOPS. For each interpolating polynomial of order
1, 2, ... , 10, find the first x such that the value of the polynomial at x does
not equal u(x).
>>> solution(lambda n: n ** 3, 3)
74
"""
data_points: list[int] = [func(x_val) for x_val in range(1, order + 1)]
polynomials: list[Callable[[int], int]] = [
interpolate(data_points[:max_coeff]) for max_coeff in range(1, order + 1)
]
ret: int = 0
poly: Callable[[int], int]
x_val: int
for poly in polynomials:
x_val = 1
while func(x_val) == poly(x_val):
x_val += 1
ret += poly(x_val)
return ret
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| """
If we are presented with the first k terms of a sequence it is impossible to say with
certainty the value of the next term, as there are infinitely many polynomial functions
that can model the sequence.
As an example, let us consider the sequence of cube
numbers. This is defined by the generating function,
u(n) = n3: 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, ...
Suppose we were only given the first two terms of this sequence. Working on the
principle that "simple is best" we should assume a linear relationship and predict the
next term to be 15 (common difference 7). Even if we were presented with the first three
terms, by the same principle of simplicity, a quadratic relationship should be
assumed.
We shall define OP(k, n) to be the nth term of the optimum polynomial
generating function for the first k terms of a sequence. It should be clear that
OP(k, n) will accurately generate the terms of the sequence for n ≤ k, and potentially
the first incorrect term (FIT) will be OP(k, k+1); in which case we shall call it a
bad OP (BOP).
As a basis, if we were only given the first term of sequence, it would be most
sensible to assume constancy; that is, for n ≥ 2, OP(1, n) = u(1).
Hence we obtain the
following OPs for the cubic sequence:
OP(1, n) = 1 1, 1, 1, 1, ...
OP(2, n) = 7n-6 1, 8, 15, ...
OP(3, n) = 6n^2-11n+6 1, 8, 27, 58, ...
OP(4, n) = n^3 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, ...
Clearly no BOPs exist for k ≥ 4.
By considering the sum of FITs generated by the BOPs (indicated in red above), we
obtain 1 + 15 + 58 = 74.
Consider the following tenth degree polynomial generating function:
1 - n + n^2 - n^3 + n^4 - n^5 + n^6 - n^7 + n^8 - n^9 + n^10
Find the sum of FITs for the BOPs.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from typing import Callable, Union
Matrix = list[list[Union[float, int]]]
def solve(matrix: Matrix, vector: Matrix) -> Matrix:
"""
Solve the linear system of equations Ax = b (A = "matrix", b = "vector")
for x using Gaussian elimination and back substitution. We assume that A
is an invertible square matrix and that b is a column vector of the
same height.
>>> solve([[1, 0], [0, 1]], [[1],[2]])
[[1.0], [2.0]]
>>> solve([[2, 1, -1],[-3, -1, 2],[-2, 1, 2]],[[8], [-11],[-3]])
[[2.0], [3.0], [-1.0]]
"""
size: int = len(matrix)
augmented: Matrix = [[0 for _ in range(size + 1)] for _ in range(size)]
row: int
row2: int
col: int
col2: int
pivot_row: int
ratio: float
for row in range(size):
for col in range(size):
augmented[row][col] = matrix[row][col]
augmented[row][size] = vector[row][0]
row = 0
col = 0
while row < size and col < size:
# pivoting
pivot_row = max((abs(augmented[row2][col]), row2) for row2 in range(col, size))[
1
]
if augmented[pivot_row][col] == 0:
col += 1
continue
else:
augmented[row], augmented[pivot_row] = augmented[pivot_row], augmented[row]
for row2 in range(row + 1, size):
ratio = augmented[row2][col] / augmented[row][col]
augmented[row2][col] = 0
for col2 in range(col + 1, size + 1):
augmented[row2][col2] -= augmented[row][col2] * ratio
row += 1
col += 1
# back substitution
for col in range(1, size):
for row in range(col):
ratio = augmented[row][col] / augmented[col][col]
for col2 in range(col, size + 1):
augmented[row][col2] -= augmented[col][col2] * ratio
# round to get rid of numbers like 2.000000000000004
return [
[round(augmented[row][size] / augmented[row][row], 10)] for row in range(size)
]
def interpolate(y_list: list[int]) -> Callable[[int], int]:
"""
Given a list of data points (1,y0),(2,y1), ..., return a function that
interpolates the data points. We find the coefficients of the interpolating
polynomial by solving a system of linear equations corresponding to
x = 1, 2, 3...
>>> interpolate([1])(3)
1
>>> interpolate([1, 8])(3)
15
>>> interpolate([1, 8, 27])(4)
58
>>> interpolate([1, 8, 27, 64])(6)
216
"""
size: int = len(y_list)
matrix: Matrix = [[0 for _ in range(size)] for _ in range(size)]
vector: Matrix = [[0] for _ in range(size)]
coeffs: Matrix
x_val: int
y_val: int
col: int
for x_val, y_val in enumerate(y_list):
for col in range(size):
matrix[x_val][col] = (x_val + 1) ** (size - col - 1)
vector[x_val][0] = y_val
coeffs = solve(matrix, vector)
def interpolated_func(var: int) -> int:
"""
>>> interpolate([1])(3)
1
>>> interpolate([1, 8])(3)
15
>>> interpolate([1, 8, 27])(4)
58
>>> interpolate([1, 8, 27, 64])(6)
216
"""
return sum(
round(coeffs[x_val][0]) * (var ** (size - x_val - 1))
for x_val in range(size)
)
return interpolated_func
def question_function(variable: int) -> int:
"""
The generating function u as specified in the question.
>>> question_function(0)
1
>>> question_function(1)
1
>>> question_function(5)
8138021
>>> question_function(10)
9090909091
"""
return (
1
- variable
+ variable ** 2
- variable ** 3
+ variable ** 4
- variable ** 5
+ variable ** 6
- variable ** 7
+ variable ** 8
- variable ** 9
+ variable ** 10
)
def solution(func: Callable[[int], int] = question_function, order: int = 10) -> int:
"""
Find the sum of the FITs of the BOPS. For each interpolating polynomial of order
1, 2, ... , 10, find the first x such that the value of the polynomial at x does
not equal u(x).
>>> solution(lambda n: n ** 3, 3)
74
"""
data_points: list[int] = [func(x_val) for x_val in range(1, order + 1)]
polynomials: list[Callable[[int], int]] = [
interpolate(data_points[:max_coeff]) for max_coeff in range(1, order + 1)
]
ret: int = 0
poly: Callable[[int], int]
x_val: int
for poly in polynomials:
x_val = 1
while func(x_val) == poly(x_val):
x_val += 1
ret += poly(x_val)
return ret
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| repos:
- repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
rev: v3.4.0
hooks:
- id: check-executables-have-shebangs
- id: check-yaml
- id: end-of-file-fixer
types: [python]
- id: trailing-whitespace
exclude: |
(?x)^(
data_structures/heap/binomial_heap.py
)$
- id: requirements-txt-fixer
- repo: https://github.com/psf/black
rev: 21.4b0
hooks:
- id: black
- repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/isort
rev: 5.8.0
hooks:
- id: isort
args:
- --profile=black
- repo: https://gitlab.com/pycqa/flake8
rev: 3.9.1
hooks:
- id: flake8
args:
- --ignore=E203,W503
- --max-complexity=25
- --max-line-length=88
# FIXME: fix mypy errors and then uncomment this
# - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
# rev: v0.782
# hooks:
# - id: mypy
# args:
# - --ignore-missing-imports
- repo: https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell
rev: v2.0.0
hooks:
- id: codespell
args:
- --ignore-words-list=ans,crate,fo,followings,hist,iff,mater,secant,som,tim
- --skip="./.*,./strings/dictionary.txt,./strings/words.txt,./project_euler/problem_022/p022_names.txt"
- --quiet-level=2
exclude: |
(?x)^(
strings/dictionary.txt |
strings/words.txt |
project_euler/problem_022/p022_names.txt
)$
- repo: local
hooks:
- id: validate-filenames
name: Validate filenames
entry: ./scripts/validate_filenames.py
language: script
pass_filenames: false
| repos:
- repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
rev: v3.4.0
hooks:
- id: check-executables-have-shebangs
- id: check-yaml
- id: end-of-file-fixer
types: [python]
- id: trailing-whitespace
exclude: |
(?x)^(
data_structures/heap/binomial_heap.py
)$
- id: requirements-txt-fixer
- repo: https://github.com/psf/black
rev: 21.4b0
hooks:
- id: black
- repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/isort
rev: 5.8.0
hooks:
- id: isort
args:
- --profile=black
- repo: https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade
rev: v2.29.0
hooks:
- id: pyupgrade
args:
- --py39-plus
- repo: https://gitlab.com/pycqa/flake8
rev: 3.9.1
hooks:
- id: flake8
args:
- --ignore=E203,W503
- --max-complexity=25
- --max-line-length=88
# FIXME: fix mypy errors and then uncomment this
# - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
# rev: v0.782
# hooks:
# - id: mypy
# args:
# - --ignore-missing-imports
- repo: https://github.com/codespell-project/codespell
rev: v2.0.0
hooks:
- id: codespell
args:
- --ignore-words-list=ans,crate,fo,followings,hist,iff,mater,secant,som,tim
- --skip="./.*,./strings/dictionary.txt,./strings/words.txt,./project_euler/problem_022/p022_names.txt"
- --quiet-level=2
exclude: |
(?x)^(
strings/dictionary.txt |
strings/words.txt |
project_euler/problem_022/p022_names.txt
)$
- repo: local
hooks:
- id: validate-filenames
name: Validate filenames
entry: ./scripts/validate_filenames.py
language: script
pass_filenames: false
| 1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
|
## Arithmetic Analysis
* [Bisection](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/bisection.py)
* [Gaussian Elimination](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/gaussian_elimination.py)
* [In Static Equilibrium](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/in_static_equilibrium.py)
* [Intersection](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/intersection.py)
* [Lu Decomposition](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/lu_decomposition.py)
* [Newton Forward Interpolation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/newton_forward_interpolation.py)
* [Newton Method](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/newton_method.py)
* [Newton Raphson](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/newton_raphson.py)
* [Secant Method](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/secant_method.py)
## Audio Filters
* [Butterworth Filter](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/audio_filters/butterworth_filter.py)
* [Iir Filter](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/audio_filters/iir_filter.py)
* [Show Response](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/audio_filters/show_response.py)
## Backtracking
* [All Combinations](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/all_combinations.py)
* [All Permutations](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/all_permutations.py)
* [All Subsequences](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/all_subsequences.py)
* [Coloring](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/coloring.py)
* [Hamiltonian Cycle](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/hamiltonian_cycle.py)
* [Knight Tour](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/knight_tour.py)
* [Minimax](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/minimax.py)
* [N Queens](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/n_queens.py)
* [N Queens Math](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/n_queens_math.py)
* [Rat In Maze](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/rat_in_maze.py)
* [Sudoku](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/sudoku.py)
* [Sum Of Subsets](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/sum_of_subsets.py)
## Bit Manipulation
* [Binary And Operator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/binary_and_operator.py)
* [Binary Count Setbits](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/binary_count_setbits.py)
* [Binary Count Trailing Zeros](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/binary_count_trailing_zeros.py)
* [Binary Or Operator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/binary_or_operator.py)
* [Binary Shifts](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/binary_shifts.py)
* [Binary Twos Complement](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/binary_twos_complement.py)
* [Binary Xor Operator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/binary_xor_operator.py)
* [Count 1S Brian Kernighan Method](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/count_1s_brian_kernighan_method.py)
* [Count Number Of One Bits](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/count_number_of_one_bits.py)
* [Reverse Bits](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/reverse_bits.py)
* [Single Bit Manipulation Operations](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/single_bit_manipulation_operations.py)
## Blockchain
* [Chinese Remainder Theorem](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/blockchain/chinese_remainder_theorem.py)
* [Diophantine Equation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/blockchain/diophantine_equation.py)
* [Modular Division](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/blockchain/modular_division.py)
## Boolean Algebra
* [Quine Mc Cluskey](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/boolean_algebra/quine_mc_cluskey.py)
## Cellular Automata
* [Conways Game Of Life](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/cellular_automata/conways_game_of_life.py)
* [Game Of Life](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/cellular_automata/game_of_life.py)
* [Nagel Schrekenberg](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/cellular_automata/nagel_schrekenberg.py)
* [One Dimensional](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/cellular_automata/one_dimensional.py)
## Ciphers
* [A1Z26](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/a1z26.py)
* [Affine Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/affine_cipher.py)
* [Atbash](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/atbash.py)
* [Baconian Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/baconian_cipher.py)
* [Base16](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/base16.py)
* [Base32](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/base32.py)
* [Base64 Encoding](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/base64_encoding.py)
* [Base85](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/base85.py)
* [Beaufort Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/beaufort_cipher.py)
* [Bifid](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/bifid.py)
* [Brute Force Caesar Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/brute_force_caesar_cipher.py)
* [Caesar Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/caesar_cipher.py)
* [Cryptomath Module](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/cryptomath_module.py)
* [Decrypt Caesar With Chi Squared](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/decrypt_caesar_with_chi_squared.py)
* [Deterministic Miller Rabin](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/deterministic_miller_rabin.py)
* [Diffie](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/diffie.py)
* [Diffie Hellman](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/diffie_hellman.py)
* [Elgamal Key Generator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/elgamal_key_generator.py)
* [Enigma Machine2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/enigma_machine2.py)
* [Hill Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/hill_cipher.py)
* [Mixed Keyword Cypher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/mixed_keyword_cypher.py)
* [Mono Alphabetic Ciphers](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/mono_alphabetic_ciphers.py)
* [Morse Code](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/morse_code.py)
* [Onepad Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/onepad_cipher.py)
* [Playfair Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/playfair_cipher.py)
* [Polybius](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/polybius.py)
* [Porta Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/porta_cipher.py)
* [Rabin Miller](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/rabin_miller.py)
* [Rail Fence Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/rail_fence_cipher.py)
* [Rot13](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/rot13.py)
* [Rsa Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/rsa_cipher.py)
* [Rsa Factorization](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/rsa_factorization.py)
* [Rsa Key Generator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/rsa_key_generator.py)
* [Shuffled Shift Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/shuffled_shift_cipher.py)
* [Simple Keyword Cypher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/simple_keyword_cypher.py)
* [Simple Substitution Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/simple_substitution_cipher.py)
* [Trafid Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/trafid_cipher.py)
* [Transposition Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/transposition_cipher.py)
* [Transposition Cipher Encrypt Decrypt File](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/transposition_cipher_encrypt_decrypt_file.py)
* [Vigenere Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/vigenere_cipher.py)
* [Xor Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/xor_cipher.py)
## Compression
* [Burrows Wheeler](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression/burrows_wheeler.py)
* [Huffman](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression/huffman.py)
* [Lempel Ziv](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression/lempel_ziv.py)
* [Lempel Ziv Decompress](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression/lempel_ziv_decompress.py)
* [Peak Signal To Noise Ratio](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression/peak_signal_to_noise_ratio.py)
## Computer Vision
* [Cnn Classification](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/computer_vision/cnn_classification.py)
* [Harris Corner](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/computer_vision/harris_corner.py)
* [Mean Threshold](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/computer_vision/mean_threshold.py)
## Conversions
* [Binary To Decimal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/binary_to_decimal.py)
* [Binary To Hexadecimal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/binary_to_hexadecimal.py)
* [Binary To Octal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/binary_to_octal.py)
* [Decimal To Any](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/decimal_to_any.py)
* [Decimal To Binary](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/decimal_to_binary.py)
* [Decimal To Binary Recursion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/decimal_to_binary_recursion.py)
* [Decimal To Hexadecimal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/decimal_to_hexadecimal.py)
* [Decimal To Octal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/decimal_to_octal.py)
* [Hex To Bin](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/hex_to_bin.py)
* [Hexadecimal To Decimal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/hexadecimal_to_decimal.py)
* [Length Conversion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/length_conversion.py)
* [Molecular Chemistry](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/molecular_chemistry.py)
* [Octal To Decimal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/octal_to_decimal.py)
* [Prefix Conversions](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/prefix_conversions.py)
* [Rgb Hsv Conversion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/rgb_hsv_conversion.py)
* [Roman Numerals](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/roman_numerals.py)
* [Temperature Conversions](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/temperature_conversions.py)
* [Volume Conversions](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/volume_conversions.py)
* [Weight Conversion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/weight_conversion.py)
## Data Structures
* Binary Tree
* [Avl Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/avl_tree.py)
* [Basic Binary Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/basic_binary_tree.py)
* [Binary Search Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py)
* [Binary Search Tree Recursive](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree_recursive.py)
* [Binary Tree Mirror](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/binary_tree_mirror.py)
* [Binary Tree Traversals](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/binary_tree_traversals.py)
* [Fenwick Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/fenwick_tree.py)
* [Lazy Segment Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/lazy_segment_tree.py)
* [Lowest Common Ancestor](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/lowest_common_ancestor.py)
* [Merge Two Binary Trees](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py)
* [Non Recursive Segment Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/non_recursive_segment_tree.py)
* [Number Of Possible Binary Trees](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/number_of_possible_binary_trees.py)
* [Red Black Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/red_black_tree.py)
* [Segment Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/segment_tree.py)
* [Segment Tree Other](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/segment_tree_other.py)
* [Treap](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/treap.py)
* [Wavelet Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/wavelet_tree.py)
* Disjoint Set
* [Alternate Disjoint Set](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/disjoint_set/alternate_disjoint_set.py)
* [Disjoint Set](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/disjoint_set/disjoint_set.py)
* Hashing
* [Double Hash](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/hashing/double_hash.py)
* [Hash Table](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/hashing/hash_table.py)
* [Hash Table With Linked List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/hashing/hash_table_with_linked_list.py)
* Number Theory
* [Prime Numbers](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/hashing/number_theory/prime_numbers.py)
* [Quadratic Probing](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/hashing/quadratic_probing.py)
* Heap
* [Binomial Heap](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/heap/binomial_heap.py)
* [Heap](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/heap/heap.py)
* [Heap Generic](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/heap/heap_generic.py)
* [Max Heap](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/heap/max_heap.py)
* [Min Heap](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/heap/min_heap.py)
* [Randomized Heap](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/heap/randomized_heap.py)
* [Skew Heap](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/heap/skew_heap.py)
* Linked List
* [Circular Linked List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/circular_linked_list.py)
* [Deque Doubly](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/deque_doubly.py)
* [Doubly Linked List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/doubly_linked_list.py)
* [Doubly Linked List Two](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/doubly_linked_list_two.py)
* [From Sequence](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/from_sequence.py)
* [Has Loop](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/has_loop.py)
* [Is Palindrome](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/is_palindrome.py)
* [Merge Two Lists](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/merge_two_lists.py)
* [Middle Element Of Linked List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/middle_element_of_linked_list.py)
* [Print Reverse](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/print_reverse.py)
* [Singly Linked List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/singly_linked_list.py)
* [Skip List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/skip_list.py)
* [Swap Nodes](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/swap_nodes.py)
* Queue
* [Circular Queue](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/queue/circular_queue.py)
* [Double Ended Queue](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/queue/double_ended_queue.py)
* [Linked Queue](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/queue/linked_queue.py)
* [Priority Queue Using List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/queue/priority_queue_using_list.py)
* [Queue On List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/queue/queue_on_list.py)
* [Queue On Pseudo Stack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/queue/queue_on_pseudo_stack.py)
* Stacks
* [Balanced Parentheses](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/balanced_parentheses.py)
* [Dijkstras Two Stack Algorithm](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py)
* [Evaluate Postfix Notations](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/evaluate_postfix_notations.py)
* [Infix To Postfix Conversion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py)
* [Infix To Prefix Conversion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/infix_to_prefix_conversion.py)
* [Linked Stack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/linked_stack.py)
* [Next Greater Element](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/next_greater_element.py)
* [Postfix Evaluation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/postfix_evaluation.py)
* [Prefix Evaluation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/prefix_evaluation.py)
* [Stack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/stack.py)
* [Stack Using Dll](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/stack_using_dll.py)
* [Stock Span Problem](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/stock_span_problem.py)
* Trie
* [Trie](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/trie/trie.py)
## Digital Image Processing
* [Change Brightness](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/change_brightness.py)
* [Change Contrast](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/change_contrast.py)
* [Convert To Negative](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/convert_to_negative.py)
* Dithering
* [Burkes](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/dithering/burkes.py)
* Edge Detection
* [Canny](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/edge_detection/canny.py)
* Filters
* [Bilateral Filter](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/filters/bilateral_filter.py)
* [Convolve](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/filters/convolve.py)
* [Gaussian Filter](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/filters/gaussian_filter.py)
* [Median Filter](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/filters/median_filter.py)
* [Sobel Filter](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/filters/sobel_filter.py)
* Histogram Equalization
* [Histogram Stretch](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/histogram_equalization/histogram_stretch.py)
* [Index Calculation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/index_calculation.py)
* Morphological Operations
* [Dilation Operation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/morphological_operations/dilation_operation.py)
* [Erosion Operation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/morphological_operations/erosion_operation.py)
* Resize
* [Resize](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/resize/resize.py)
* Rotation
* [Rotation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/rotation/rotation.py)
* [Sepia](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/sepia.py)
* [Test Digital Image Processing](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/test_digital_image_processing.py)
## Divide And Conquer
* [Closest Pair Of Points](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/closest_pair_of_points.py)
* [Convex Hull](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/convex_hull.py)
* [Heaps Algorithm](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/heaps_algorithm.py)
* [Heaps Algorithm Iterative](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/heaps_algorithm_iterative.py)
* [Inversions](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/inversions.py)
* [Kth Order Statistic](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/kth_order_statistic.py)
* [Max Difference Pair](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/max_difference_pair.py)
* [Max Subarray Sum](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/max_subarray_sum.py)
* [Mergesort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/mergesort.py)
* [Peak](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/peak.py)
* [Power](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/power.py)
* [Strassen Matrix Multiplication](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/strassen_matrix_multiplication.py)
## Dynamic Programming
* [Abbreviation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/abbreviation.py)
* [Bitmask](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/bitmask.py)
* [Catalan Numbers](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/catalan_numbers.py)
* [Climbing Stairs](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/climbing_stairs.py)
* [Edit Distance](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/edit_distance.py)
* [Factorial](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/factorial.py)
* [Fast Fibonacci](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/fast_fibonacci.py)
* [Fibonacci](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/fibonacci.py)
* [Floyd Warshall](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/floyd_warshall.py)
* [Fractional Knapsack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/fractional_knapsack.py)
* [Fractional Knapsack 2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/fractional_knapsack_2.py)
* [Integer Partition](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/integer_partition.py)
* [Iterating Through Submasks](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/iterating_through_submasks.py)
* [Knapsack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/knapsack.py)
* [Longest Common Subsequence](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/longest_common_subsequence.py)
* [Longest Increasing Subsequence](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/longest_increasing_subsequence.py)
* [Longest Increasing Subsequence O(Nlogn)](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/longest_increasing_subsequence_o(nlogn).py)
* [Longest Sub Array](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/longest_sub_array.py)
* [Matrix Chain Order](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/matrix_chain_order.py)
* [Max Non Adjacent Sum](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/max_non_adjacent_sum.py)
* [Max Sub Array](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/max_sub_array.py)
* [Max Sum Contiguous Subsequence](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/max_sum_contiguous_subsequence.py)
* [Minimum Coin Change](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/minimum_coin_change.py)
* [Minimum Cost Path](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/minimum_cost_path.py)
* [Minimum Partition](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/minimum_partition.py)
* [Minimum Steps To One](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/minimum_steps_to_one.py)
* [Optimal Binary Search Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/optimal_binary_search_tree.py)
* [Rod Cutting](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/rod_cutting.py)
* [Subset Generation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/subset_generation.py)
* [Sum Of Subset](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/sum_of_subset.py)
## Electronics
* [Carrier Concentration](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/electronics/carrier_concentration.py)
* [Coulombs Law](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/electronics/coulombs_law.py)
* [Electric Power](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/electronics/electric_power.py)
* [Ohms Law](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/electronics/ohms_law.py)
## File Transfer
* [Receive File](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/file_transfer/receive_file.py)
* [Send File](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/file_transfer/send_file.py)
* Tests
* [Test Send File](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/file_transfer/tests/test_send_file.py)
## Financial
* [Interest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/financial/interest.py)
## Fractals
* [Julia Sets](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/fractals/julia_sets.py)
* [Koch Snowflake](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/fractals/koch_snowflake.py)
* [Mandelbrot](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/fractals/mandelbrot.py)
* [Sierpinski Triangle](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/fractals/sierpinski_triangle.py)
## Fuzzy Logic
* [Fuzzy Operations](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/fuzzy_logic/fuzzy_operations.py)
## Genetic Algorithm
* [Basic String](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/genetic_algorithm/basic_string.py)
## Geodesy
* [Haversine Distance](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/geodesy/haversine_distance.py)
* [Lamberts Ellipsoidal Distance](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/geodesy/lamberts_ellipsoidal_distance.py)
## Graphics
* [Bezier Curve](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphics/bezier_curve.py)
* [Vector3 For 2D Rendering](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphics/vector3_for_2d_rendering.py)
## Graphs
* [A Star](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/a_star.py)
* [Articulation Points](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/articulation_points.py)
* [Basic Graphs](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/basic_graphs.py)
* [Bellman Ford](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/bellman_ford.py)
* [Bfs Shortest Path](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/bfs_shortest_path.py)
* [Bfs Zero One Shortest Path](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/bfs_zero_one_shortest_path.py)
* [Bidirectional A Star](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/bidirectional_a_star.py)
* [Bidirectional Breadth First Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/bidirectional_breadth_first_search.py)
* [Boruvka](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/boruvka.py)
* [Breadth First Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/breadth_first_search.py)
* [Breadth First Search 2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/breadth_first_search_2.py)
* [Breadth First Search Shortest Path](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/breadth_first_search_shortest_path.py)
* [Check Bipartite Graph Bfs](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/check_bipartite_graph_bfs.py)
* [Check Bipartite Graph Dfs](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/check_bipartite_graph_dfs.py)
* [Check Cycle](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/check_cycle.py)
* [Connected Components](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/connected_components.py)
* [Depth First Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/depth_first_search.py)
* [Depth First Search 2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/depth_first_search_2.py)
* [Dijkstra](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/dijkstra.py)
* [Dijkstra 2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/dijkstra_2.py)
* [Dijkstra Algorithm](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/dijkstra_algorithm.py)
* [Dinic](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/dinic.py)
* [Directed And Undirected (Weighted) Graph](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/directed_and_undirected_(weighted)_graph.py)
* [Edmonds Karp Multiple Source And Sink](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/edmonds_karp_multiple_source_and_sink.py)
* [Eulerian Path And Circuit For Undirected Graph](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/eulerian_path_and_circuit_for_undirected_graph.py)
* [Even Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/even_tree.py)
* [Finding Bridges](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/finding_bridges.py)
* [Frequent Pattern Graph Miner](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py)
* [G Topological Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/g_topological_sort.py)
* [Gale Shapley Bigraph](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/gale_shapley_bigraph.py)
* [Graph List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/graph_list.py)
* [Graph Matrix](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/graph_matrix.py)
* [Graphs Floyd Warshall](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/graphs_floyd_warshall.py)
* [Greedy Best First](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/greedy_best_first.py)
* [Greedy Min Vertex Cover](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/greedy_min_vertex_cover.py)
* [Kahns Algorithm Long](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/kahns_algorithm_long.py)
* [Kahns Algorithm Topo](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/kahns_algorithm_topo.py)
* [Karger](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/karger.py)
* [Markov Chain](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/markov_chain.py)
* [Matching Min Vertex Cover](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/matching_min_vertex_cover.py)
* [Minimum Spanning Tree Boruvka](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/minimum_spanning_tree_boruvka.py)
* [Minimum Spanning Tree Kruskal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/minimum_spanning_tree_kruskal.py)
* [Minimum Spanning Tree Kruskal2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/minimum_spanning_tree_kruskal2.py)
* [Minimum Spanning Tree Prims](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/minimum_spanning_tree_prims.py)
* [Minimum Spanning Tree Prims2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/minimum_spanning_tree_prims2.py)
* [Multi Heuristic Astar](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/multi_heuristic_astar.py)
* [Page Rank](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/page_rank.py)
* [Prim](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/prim.py)
* [Random Graph Generator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/random_graph_generator.py)
* [Scc Kosaraju](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/scc_kosaraju.py)
* [Strongly Connected Components](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/strongly_connected_components.py)
* [Tarjans Scc](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/tarjans_scc.py)
* Tests
* [Test Min Spanning Tree Kruskal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/tests/test_min_spanning_tree_kruskal.py)
* [Test Min Spanning Tree Prim](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/tests/test_min_spanning_tree_prim.py)
## Greedy Methods
* [Optimal Merge Pattern](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/greedy_methods/optimal_merge_pattern.py)
## Hashes
* [Adler32](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/adler32.py)
* [Chaos Machine](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/chaos_machine.py)
* [Djb2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/djb2.py)
* [Enigma Machine](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/enigma_machine.py)
* [Hamming Code](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/hamming_code.py)
* [Luhn](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/luhn.py)
* [Md5](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/md5.py)
* [Sdbm](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/sdbm.py)
* [Sha1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/sha1.py)
* [Sha256](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/sha256.py)
## Knapsack
* [Greedy Knapsack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/knapsack/greedy_knapsack.py)
* [Knapsack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/knapsack/knapsack.py)
* Tests
* [Test Greedy Knapsack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/knapsack/tests/test_greedy_knapsack.py)
* [Test Knapsack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/knapsack/tests/test_knapsack.py)
## Linear Algebra
* Src
* [Conjugate Gradient](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/conjugate_gradient.py)
* [Lib](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/lib.py)
* [Polynom For Points](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/polynom_for_points.py)
* [Power Iteration](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/power_iteration.py)
* [Rayleigh Quotient](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/rayleigh_quotient.py)
* [Schur Complement](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/schur_complement.py)
* [Test Linear Algebra](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/test_linear_algebra.py)
* [Transformations 2D](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/transformations_2d.py)
## Machine Learning
* [Astar](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/astar.py)
* [Data Transformations](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/data_transformations.py)
* [Decision Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/decision_tree.py)
* Forecasting
* [Run](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/forecasting/run.py)
* [Gaussian Naive Bayes](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/gaussian_naive_bayes.py)
* [Gradient Boosting Regressor](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/gradient_boosting_regressor.py)
* [Gradient Descent](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/gradient_descent.py)
* [K Means Clust](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/k_means_clust.py)
* [K Nearest Neighbours](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/k_nearest_neighbours.py)
* [Knn Sklearn](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/knn_sklearn.py)
* [Linear Discriminant Analysis](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/linear_discriminant_analysis.py)
* [Linear Regression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/linear_regression.py)
* [Logistic Regression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/logistic_regression.py)
* Lstm
* [Lstm Prediction](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/lstm/lstm_prediction.py)
* [Multilayer Perceptron Classifier](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/multilayer_perceptron_classifier.py)
* [Polymonial Regression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/polymonial_regression.py)
* [Random Forest Classifier](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/random_forest_classifier.py)
* [Random Forest Regressor](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/random_forest_regressor.py)
* [Scoring Functions](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/scoring_functions.py)
* [Sequential Minimum Optimization](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/sequential_minimum_optimization.py)
* [Similarity Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/similarity_search.py)
* [Support Vector Machines](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/support_vector_machines.py)
* [Word Frequency Functions](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/word_frequency_functions.py)
## Maths
* [3N Plus 1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/3n_plus_1.py)
* [Abs](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/abs.py)
* [Abs Max](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/abs_max.py)
* [Abs Min](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/abs_min.py)
* [Add](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/add.py)
* [Aliquot Sum](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/aliquot_sum.py)
* [Allocation Number](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/allocation_number.py)
* [Area](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/area.py)
* [Area Under Curve](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/area_under_curve.py)
* [Armstrong Numbers](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/armstrong_numbers.py)
* [Average Mean](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/average_mean.py)
* [Average Median](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/average_median.py)
* [Average Mode](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/average_mode.py)
* [Bailey Borwein Plouffe](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/bailey_borwein_plouffe.py)
* [Basic Maths](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/basic_maths.py)
* [Binary Exp Mod](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/binary_exp_mod.py)
* [Binary Exponentiation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/binary_exponentiation.py)
* [Binary Exponentiation 2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/binary_exponentiation_2.py)
* [Binary Exponentiation 3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/binary_exponentiation_3.py)
* [Binomial Coefficient](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/binomial_coefficient.py)
* [Binomial Distribution](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/binomial_distribution.py)
* [Bisection](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/bisection.py)
* [Ceil](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/ceil.py)
* [Check Polygon](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/check_polygon.py)
* [Chudnovsky Algorithm](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/chudnovsky_algorithm.py)
* [Collatz Sequence](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/collatz_sequence.py)
* [Combinations](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/combinations.py)
* [Decimal Isolate](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/decimal_isolate.py)
* [Double Factorial Iterative](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/double_factorial_iterative.py)
* [Double Factorial Recursive](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/double_factorial_recursive.py)
* [Entropy](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/entropy.py)
* [Euclidean Distance](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/euclidean_distance.py)
* [Euclidean Gcd](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/euclidean_gcd.py)
* [Euler Method](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/euler_method.py)
* [Euler Modified](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/euler_modified.py)
* [Eulers Totient](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/eulers_totient.py)
* [Extended Euclidean Algorithm](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/extended_euclidean_algorithm.py)
* [Factorial Iterative](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/factorial_iterative.py)
* [Factorial Recursive](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/factorial_recursive.py)
* [Factors](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/factors.py)
* [Fermat Little Theorem](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/fermat_little_theorem.py)
* [Fibonacci](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/fibonacci.py)
* [Fibonacci Sequence Recursion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/fibonacci_sequence_recursion.py)
* [Find Max](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/find_max.py)
* [Find Max Recursion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/find_max_recursion.py)
* [Find Min](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/find_min.py)
* [Find Min Recursion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/find_min_recursion.py)
* [Floor](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/floor.py)
* [Gamma](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/gamma.py)
* [Gamma Recursive](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/gamma_recursive.py)
* [Gaussian](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/gaussian.py)
* [Greatest Common Divisor](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/greatest_common_divisor.py)
* [Greedy Coin Change](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/greedy_coin_change.py)
* [Hardy Ramanujanalgo](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/hardy_ramanujanalgo.py)
* [Integration By Simpson Approx](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/integration_by_simpson_approx.py)
* [Is Ip V4 Address Valid](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/is_ip_v4_address_valid.py)
* [Is Square Free](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/is_square_free.py)
* [Jaccard Similarity](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/jaccard_similarity.py)
* [Kadanes](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/kadanes.py)
* [Karatsuba](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/karatsuba.py)
* [Krishnamurthy Number](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/krishnamurthy_number.py)
* [Kth Lexicographic Permutation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/kth_lexicographic_permutation.py)
* [Largest Of Very Large Numbers](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/largest_of_very_large_numbers.py)
* [Largest Subarray Sum](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/largest_subarray_sum.py)
* [Least Common Multiple](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/least_common_multiple.py)
* [Line Length](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/line_length.py)
* [Lucas Lehmer Primality Test](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/lucas_lehmer_primality_test.py)
* [Lucas Series](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/lucas_series.py)
* [Matrix Exponentiation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/matrix_exponentiation.py)
* [Max Sum Sliding Window](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/max_sum_sliding_window.py)
* [Median Of Two Arrays](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/median_of_two_arrays.py)
* [Miller Rabin](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/miller_rabin.py)
* [Mobius Function](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/mobius_function.py)
* [Modular Exponential](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/modular_exponential.py)
* [Monte Carlo](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/monte_carlo.py)
* [Monte Carlo Dice](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/monte_carlo_dice.py)
* [Newton Raphson](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/newton_raphson.py)
* [Number Of Digits](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/number_of_digits.py)
* [Numerical Integration](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/numerical_integration.py)
* [Perfect Cube](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/perfect_cube.py)
* [Perfect Number](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/perfect_number.py)
* [Perfect Square](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/perfect_square.py)
* [Pi Monte Carlo Estimation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/pi_monte_carlo_estimation.py)
* [Polynomial Evaluation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/polynomial_evaluation.py)
* [Power Using Recursion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/power_using_recursion.py)
* [Prime Check](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/prime_check.py)
* [Prime Factors](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/prime_factors.py)
* [Prime Numbers](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/prime_numbers.py)
* [Prime Sieve Eratosthenes](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/prime_sieve_eratosthenes.py)
* [Primelib](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/primelib.py)
* [Proth Number](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/proth_number.py)
* [Pythagoras](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/pythagoras.py)
* [Qr Decomposition](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/qr_decomposition.py)
* [Quadratic Equations Complex Numbers](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/quadratic_equations_complex_numbers.py)
* [Radians](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/radians.py)
* [Radix2 Fft](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/radix2_fft.py)
* [Relu](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/relu.py)
* [Runge Kutta](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/runge_kutta.py)
* [Segmented Sieve](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/segmented_sieve.py)
* Series
* [Arithmetic](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/series/arithmetic.py)
* [Geometric](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/series/geometric.py)
* [Geometric Series](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/series/geometric_series.py)
* [Harmonic](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/series/harmonic.py)
* [Harmonic Series](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/series/harmonic_series.py)
* [P Series](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/series/p_series.py)
* [Sieve Of Eratosthenes](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/sieve_of_eratosthenes.py)
* [Sigmoid](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/sigmoid.py)
* [Simpson Rule](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/simpson_rule.py)
* [Softmax](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/softmax.py)
* [Square Root](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/square_root.py)
* [Sum Of Arithmetic Series](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/sum_of_arithmetic_series.py)
* [Sum Of Digits](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/sum_of_digits.py)
* [Sum Of Geometric Progression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/sum_of_geometric_progression.py)
* [Sylvester Sequence](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/sylvester_sequence.py)
* [Test Prime Check](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/test_prime_check.py)
* [Trapezoidal Rule](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/trapezoidal_rule.py)
* [Triplet Sum](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/triplet_sum.py)
* [Two Pointer](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/two_pointer.py)
* [Two Sum](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/two_sum.py)
* [Ugly Numbers](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/ugly_numbers.py)
* [Volume](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/volume.py)
* [Zellers Congruence](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/zellers_congruence.py)
## Matrix
* [Count Islands In Matrix](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/count_islands_in_matrix.py)
* [Inverse Of Matrix](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/inverse_of_matrix.py)
* [Matrix Class](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/matrix_class.py)
* [Matrix Operation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/matrix_operation.py)
* [Nth Fibonacci Using Matrix Exponentiation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/nth_fibonacci_using_matrix_exponentiation.py)
* [Rotate Matrix](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/rotate_matrix.py)
* [Searching In Sorted Matrix](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/searching_in_sorted_matrix.py)
* [Sherman Morrison](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/sherman_morrison.py)
* [Spiral Print](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/spiral_print.py)
* Tests
* [Test Matrix Operation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/tests/test_matrix_operation.py)
## Networking Flow
* [Ford Fulkerson](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/networking_flow/ford_fulkerson.py)
* [Minimum Cut](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/networking_flow/minimum_cut.py)
## Neural Network
* [2 Hidden Layers Neural Network](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/neural_network/2_hidden_layers_neural_network.py)
* [Back Propagation Neural Network](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/neural_network/back_propagation_neural_network.py)
* [Convolution Neural Network](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/neural_network/convolution_neural_network.py)
* [Perceptron](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/neural_network/perceptron.py)
## Other
* [Activity Selection](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/activity_selection.py)
* [Check Strong Password](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/check_strong_password.py)
* [Date To Weekday](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/date_to_weekday.py)
* [Davisb Putnamb Logemannb Loveland](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/davisb_putnamb_logemannb_loveland.py)
* [Dijkstra Bankers Algorithm](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/dijkstra_bankers_algorithm.py)
* [Doomsday](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/doomsday.py)
* [Fischer Yates Shuffle](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/fischer_yates_shuffle.py)
* [Gauss Easter](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/gauss_easter.py)
* [Graham Scan](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/graham_scan.py)
* [Greedy](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/greedy.py)
* [Least Recently Used](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/least_recently_used.py)
* [Lfu Cache](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/lfu_cache.py)
* [Linear Congruential Generator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/linear_congruential_generator.py)
* [Lru Cache](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/lru_cache.py)
* [Magicdiamondpattern](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/magicdiamondpattern.py)
* [Nested Brackets](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/nested_brackets.py)
* [Password Generator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/password_generator.py)
* [Scoring Algorithm](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/scoring_algorithm.py)
* [Sdes](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/sdes.py)
* [Tower Of Hanoi](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/tower_of_hanoi.py)
## Physics
* [N Body Simulation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/physics/n_body_simulation.py)
## Project Euler
* Problem 001
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_001/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_001/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_001/sol3.py)
* [Sol4](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_001/sol4.py)
* [Sol5](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_001/sol5.py)
* [Sol6](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_001/sol6.py)
* [Sol7](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_001/sol7.py)
* Problem 002
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_002/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_002/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_002/sol3.py)
* [Sol4](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_002/sol4.py)
* [Sol5](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_002/sol5.py)
* Problem 003
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_003/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_003/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_003/sol3.py)
* Problem 004
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_004/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_004/sol2.py)
* Problem 005
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_005/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_005/sol2.py)
* Problem 006
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_006/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_006/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_006/sol3.py)
* [Sol4](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_006/sol4.py)
* Problem 007
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_007/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_007/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_007/sol3.py)
* Problem 008
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_008/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_008/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_008/sol3.py)
* Problem 009
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_009/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_009/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_009/sol3.py)
* Problem 010
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_010/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_010/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_010/sol3.py)
* Problem 011
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_011/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_011/sol2.py)
* Problem 012
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_012/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_012/sol2.py)
* Problem 013
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_013/sol1.py)
* Problem 014
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_014/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_014/sol2.py)
* Problem 015
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_015/sol1.py)
* Problem 016
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_016/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_016/sol2.py)
* Problem 017
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_017/sol1.py)
* Problem 018
* [Solution](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_018/solution.py)
* Problem 019
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_019/sol1.py)
* Problem 020
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_020/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_020/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_020/sol3.py)
* [Sol4](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_020/sol4.py)
* Problem 021
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_021/sol1.py)
* Problem 022
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_022/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_022/sol2.py)
* Problem 023
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_023/sol1.py)
* Problem 024
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_024/sol1.py)
* Problem 025
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_025/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_025/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_025/sol3.py)
* Problem 026
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_026/sol1.py)
* Problem 027
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_027/sol1.py)
* Problem 028
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_028/sol1.py)
* Problem 029
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_029/sol1.py)
* Problem 030
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_030/sol1.py)
* Problem 031
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_031/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_031/sol2.py)
* Problem 032
* [Sol32](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_032/sol32.py)
* Problem 033
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_033/sol1.py)
* Problem 034
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_034/sol1.py)
* Problem 035
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_035/sol1.py)
* Problem 036
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_036/sol1.py)
* Problem 037
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_037/sol1.py)
* Problem 038
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_038/sol1.py)
* Problem 039
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_039/sol1.py)
* Problem 040
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_040/sol1.py)
* Problem 041
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_041/sol1.py)
* Problem 042
* [Solution42](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_042/solution42.py)
* Problem 043
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_043/sol1.py)
* Problem 044
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_044/sol1.py)
* Problem 045
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_045/sol1.py)
* Problem 046
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_046/sol1.py)
* Problem 047
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_047/sol1.py)
* Problem 048
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_048/sol1.py)
* Problem 049
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_049/sol1.py)
* Problem 050
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_050/sol1.py)
* Problem 051
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_051/sol1.py)
* Problem 052
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_052/sol1.py)
* Problem 053
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_053/sol1.py)
* Problem 054
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_054/sol1.py)
* [Test Poker Hand](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_054/test_poker_hand.py)
* Problem 055
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_055/sol1.py)
* Problem 056
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_056/sol1.py)
* Problem 057
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_057/sol1.py)
* Problem 058
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_058/sol1.py)
* Problem 059
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_059/sol1.py)
* Problem 062
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_062/sol1.py)
* Problem 063
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_063/sol1.py)
* Problem 064
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_064/sol1.py)
* Problem 065
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_065/sol1.py)
* Problem 067
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_067/sol1.py)
* Problem 069
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_069/sol1.py)
* Problem 070
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_070/sol1.py)
* Problem 071
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_071/sol1.py)
* Problem 072
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_072/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_072/sol2.py)
* Problem 074
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_074/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_074/sol2.py)
* Problem 075
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_075/sol1.py)
* Problem 076
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_076/sol1.py)
* Problem 077
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_077/sol1.py)
* Problem 078
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_078/sol1.py)
* Problem 080
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_080/sol1.py)
* Problem 081
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_081/sol1.py)
* Problem 085
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_085/sol1.py)
* Problem 086
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_086/sol1.py)
* Problem 087
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_087/sol1.py)
* Problem 089
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_089/sol1.py)
* Problem 091
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_091/sol1.py)
* Problem 092
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_092/sol1.py)
* Problem 097
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_097/sol1.py)
* Problem 099
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_099/sol1.py)
* Problem 101
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_101/sol1.py)
* Problem 102
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_102/sol1.py)
* Problem 107
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_107/sol1.py)
* Problem 109
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_109/sol1.py)
* Problem 112
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_112/sol1.py)
* Problem 113
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_113/sol1.py)
* Problem 119
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_119/sol1.py)
* Problem 120
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_120/sol1.py)
* Problem 121
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_121/sol1.py)
* Problem 123
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_123/sol1.py)
* Problem 125
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_125/sol1.py)
* Problem 129
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_129/sol1.py)
* Problem 135
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_135/sol1.py)
* Problem 144
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_144/sol1.py)
* Problem 173
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_173/sol1.py)
* Problem 174
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_174/sol1.py)
* Problem 180
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_180/sol1.py)
* Problem 188
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_188/sol1.py)
* Problem 191
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_191/sol1.py)
* Problem 203
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_203/sol1.py)
* Problem 206
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_206/sol1.py)
* Problem 207
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_207/sol1.py)
* Problem 234
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_234/sol1.py)
* Problem 301
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_301/sol1.py)
* Problem 551
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_551/sol1.py)
## Quantum
* [Deutsch Jozsa](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/quantum/deutsch_jozsa.py)
* [Half Adder](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/quantum/half_adder.py)
* [Not Gate](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/quantum/not_gate.py)
* [Quantum Entanglement](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/quantum/quantum_entanglement.py)
* [Ripple Adder Classic](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/quantum/ripple_adder_classic.py)
* [Single Qubit Measure](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/quantum/single_qubit_measure.py)
## Scheduling
* [First Come First Served](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/scheduling/first_come_first_served.py)
* [Round Robin](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/scheduling/round_robin.py)
* [Shortest Job First](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/scheduling/shortest_job_first.py)
## Searches
* [Binary Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/binary_search.py)
* [Binary Tree Traversal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/binary_tree_traversal.py)
* [Double Linear Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/double_linear_search.py)
* [Double Linear Search Recursion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/double_linear_search_recursion.py)
* [Fibonacci Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/fibonacci_search.py)
* [Hill Climbing](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/hill_climbing.py)
* [Interpolation Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/interpolation_search.py)
* [Jump Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/jump_search.py)
* [Linear Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/linear_search.py)
* [Quick Select](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/quick_select.py)
* [Sentinel Linear Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/sentinel_linear_search.py)
* [Simple Binary Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/simple_binary_search.py)
* [Simulated Annealing](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/simulated_annealing.py)
* [Tabu Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/tabu_search.py)
* [Ternary Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/ternary_search.py)
## Sorts
* [Bead Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/bead_sort.py)
* [Bitonic Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/bitonic_sort.py)
* [Bogo Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/bogo_sort.py)
* [Bubble Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/bubble_sort.py)
* [Bucket Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/bucket_sort.py)
* [Cocktail Shaker Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/cocktail_shaker_sort.py)
* [Comb Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/comb_sort.py)
* [Counting Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/counting_sort.py)
* [Cycle Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/cycle_sort.py)
* [Double Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/double_sort.py)
* [Dutch National Flag Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/dutch_national_flag_sort.py)
* [Exchange Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/exchange_sort.py)
* [External Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/external_sort.py)
* [Gnome Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/gnome_sort.py)
* [Heap Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/heap_sort.py)
* [Insertion Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/insertion_sort.py)
* [Intro Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/intro_sort.py)
* [Iterative Merge Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/iterative_merge_sort.py)
* [Merge Insertion Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/merge_insertion_sort.py)
* [Merge Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/merge_sort.py)
* [Msd Radix Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/msd_radix_sort.py)
* [Natural Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/natural_sort.py)
* [Odd Even Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/odd_even_sort.py)
* [Odd Even Transposition Parallel](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/odd_even_transposition_parallel.py)
* [Odd Even Transposition Single Threaded](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/odd_even_transposition_single_threaded.py)
* [Pancake Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/pancake_sort.py)
* [Patience Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/patience_sort.py)
* [Pigeon Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/pigeon_sort.py)
* [Pigeonhole Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/pigeonhole_sort.py)
* [Quick Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/quick_sort.py)
* [Quick Sort 3 Partition](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/quick_sort_3_partition.py)
* [Radix Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/radix_sort.py)
* [Random Normal Distribution Quicksort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/random_normal_distribution_quicksort.py)
* [Random Pivot Quick Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/random_pivot_quick_sort.py)
* [Recursive Bubble Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/recursive_bubble_sort.py)
* [Recursive Insertion Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/recursive_insertion_sort.py)
* [Recursive Mergesort Array](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/recursive_mergesort_array.py)
* [Recursive Quick Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/recursive_quick_sort.py)
* [Selection Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/selection_sort.py)
* [Shell Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/shell_sort.py)
* [Slowsort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/slowsort.py)
* [Stooge Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/stooge_sort.py)
* [Strand Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/strand_sort.py)
* [Tim Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/tim_sort.py)
* [Topological Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/topological_sort.py)
* [Tree Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/tree_sort.py)
* [Unknown Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/unknown_sort.py)
* [Wiggle Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/wiggle_sort.py)
## Strings
* [Aho Corasick](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/aho_corasick.py)
* [Alternative String Arrange](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/alternative_string_arrange.py)
* [Anagrams](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/anagrams.py)
* [Autocomplete Using Trie](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/autocomplete_using_trie.py)
* [Boyer Moore Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/boyer_moore_search.py)
* [Can String Be Rearranged As Palindrome](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/can_string_be_rearranged_as_palindrome.py)
* [Capitalize](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/capitalize.py)
* [Check Anagrams](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/check_anagrams.py)
* [Check Pangram](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/check_pangram.py)
* [Credit Card Validator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/credit_card_validator.py)
* [Detecting English Programmatically](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/detecting_english_programmatically.py)
* [Frequency Finder](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/frequency_finder.py)
* [Indian Phone Validator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/indian_phone_validator.py)
* [Is Palindrome](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/is_palindrome.py)
* [Jaro Winkler](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/jaro_winkler.py)
* [Join](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/join.py)
* [Knuth Morris Pratt](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/knuth_morris_pratt.py)
* [Levenshtein Distance](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/levenshtein_distance.py)
* [Lower](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/lower.py)
* [Manacher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/manacher.py)
* [Min Cost String Conversion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/min_cost_string_conversion.py)
* [Naive String Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/naive_string_search.py)
* [Palindrome](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/palindrome.py)
* [Prefix Function](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/prefix_function.py)
* [Rabin Karp](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/rabin_karp.py)
* [Remove Duplicate](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/remove_duplicate.py)
* [Reverse Letters](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/reverse_letters.py)
* [Reverse Long Words](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/reverse_long_words.py)
* [Reverse Words](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/reverse_words.py)
* [Split](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/split.py)
* [Upper](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/upper.py)
* [Wildcard Pattern Matching](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/wildcard_pattern_matching.py)
* [Word Occurrence](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/word_occurrence.py)
* [Word Patterns](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/word_patterns.py)
* [Z Function](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/z_function.py)
## Web Programming
* [Co2 Emission](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/co2_emission.py)
* [Covid Stats Via Xpath](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/covid_stats_via_xpath.py)
* [Crawl Google Results](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/crawl_google_results.py)
* [Crawl Google Scholar Citation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/crawl_google_scholar_citation.py)
* [Currency Converter](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/currency_converter.py)
* [Current Stock Price](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/current_stock_price.py)
* [Current Weather](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/current_weather.py)
* [Daily Horoscope](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/daily_horoscope.py)
* [Download Images From Google Query](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/download_images_from_google_query.py)
* [Emails From Url](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/emails_from_url.py)
* [Fetch Bbc News](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/fetch_bbc_news.py)
* [Fetch Github Info](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/fetch_github_info.py)
* [Fetch Jobs](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/fetch_jobs.py)
* [Get Imdb Top 250 Movies Csv](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/get_imdb_top_250_movies_csv.py)
* [Get Imdbtop](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/get_imdbtop.py)
* [Get Top Hn Posts](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/get_top_hn_posts.py)
* [Get User Tweets](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/get_user_tweets.py)
* [Giphy](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/giphy.py)
* [Instagram Crawler](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/instagram_crawler.py)
* [Instagram Pic](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/instagram_pic.py)
* [Instagram Video](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/instagram_video.py)
* [Nasa Data](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/nasa_data.py)
* [Random Anime Character](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/random_anime_character.py)
* [Recaptcha Verification](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/recaptcha_verification.py)
* [Slack Message](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/slack_message.py)
* [Test Fetch Github Info](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/test_fetch_github_info.py)
* [World Covid19 Stats](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/world_covid19_stats.py)
|
## Arithmetic Analysis
* [Bisection](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/bisection.py)
* [Gaussian Elimination](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/gaussian_elimination.py)
* [In Static Equilibrium](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/in_static_equilibrium.py)
* [Intersection](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/intersection.py)
* [Lu Decomposition](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/lu_decomposition.py)
* [Newton Forward Interpolation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/newton_forward_interpolation.py)
* [Newton Method](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/newton_method.py)
* [Newton Raphson](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/newton_raphson.py)
* [Secant Method](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/arithmetic_analysis/secant_method.py)
## Audio Filters
* [Butterworth Filter](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/audio_filters/butterworth_filter.py)
* [Iir Filter](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/audio_filters/iir_filter.py)
* [Show Response](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/audio_filters/show_response.py)
## Backtracking
* [All Combinations](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/all_combinations.py)
* [All Permutations](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/all_permutations.py)
* [All Subsequences](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/all_subsequences.py)
* [Coloring](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/coloring.py)
* [Hamiltonian Cycle](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/hamiltonian_cycle.py)
* [Knight Tour](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/knight_tour.py)
* [Minimax](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/minimax.py)
* [N Queens](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/n_queens.py)
* [N Queens Math](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/n_queens_math.py)
* [Rat In Maze](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/rat_in_maze.py)
* [Sudoku](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/sudoku.py)
* [Sum Of Subsets](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/backtracking/sum_of_subsets.py)
## Bit Manipulation
* [Binary And Operator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/binary_and_operator.py)
* [Binary Count Setbits](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/binary_count_setbits.py)
* [Binary Count Trailing Zeros](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/binary_count_trailing_zeros.py)
* [Binary Or Operator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/binary_or_operator.py)
* [Binary Shifts](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/binary_shifts.py)
* [Binary Twos Complement](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/binary_twos_complement.py)
* [Binary Xor Operator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/binary_xor_operator.py)
* [Count 1S Brian Kernighan Method](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/count_1s_brian_kernighan_method.py)
* [Count Number Of One Bits](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/count_number_of_one_bits.py)
* [Reverse Bits](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/reverse_bits.py)
* [Single Bit Manipulation Operations](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/bit_manipulation/single_bit_manipulation_operations.py)
## Blockchain
* [Chinese Remainder Theorem](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/blockchain/chinese_remainder_theorem.py)
* [Diophantine Equation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/blockchain/diophantine_equation.py)
* [Modular Division](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/blockchain/modular_division.py)
## Boolean Algebra
* [Quine Mc Cluskey](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/boolean_algebra/quine_mc_cluskey.py)
## Cellular Automata
* [Conways Game Of Life](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/cellular_automata/conways_game_of_life.py)
* [Game Of Life](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/cellular_automata/game_of_life.py)
* [Nagel Schrekenberg](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/cellular_automata/nagel_schrekenberg.py)
* [One Dimensional](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/cellular_automata/one_dimensional.py)
## Ciphers
* [A1Z26](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/a1z26.py)
* [Affine Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/affine_cipher.py)
* [Atbash](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/atbash.py)
* [Baconian Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/baconian_cipher.py)
* [Base16](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/base16.py)
* [Base32](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/base32.py)
* [Base64 Encoding](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/base64_encoding.py)
* [Base85](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/base85.py)
* [Beaufort Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/beaufort_cipher.py)
* [Bifid](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/bifid.py)
* [Brute Force Caesar Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/brute_force_caesar_cipher.py)
* [Caesar Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/caesar_cipher.py)
* [Cryptomath Module](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/cryptomath_module.py)
* [Decrypt Caesar With Chi Squared](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/decrypt_caesar_with_chi_squared.py)
* [Deterministic Miller Rabin](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/deterministic_miller_rabin.py)
* [Diffie](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/diffie.py)
* [Diffie Hellman](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/diffie_hellman.py)
* [Elgamal Key Generator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/elgamal_key_generator.py)
* [Enigma Machine2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/enigma_machine2.py)
* [Hill Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/hill_cipher.py)
* [Mixed Keyword Cypher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/mixed_keyword_cypher.py)
* [Mono Alphabetic Ciphers](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/mono_alphabetic_ciphers.py)
* [Morse Code](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/morse_code.py)
* [Onepad Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/onepad_cipher.py)
* [Playfair Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/playfair_cipher.py)
* [Polybius](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/polybius.py)
* [Porta Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/porta_cipher.py)
* [Rabin Miller](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/rabin_miller.py)
* [Rail Fence Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/rail_fence_cipher.py)
* [Rot13](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/rot13.py)
* [Rsa Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/rsa_cipher.py)
* [Rsa Factorization](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/rsa_factorization.py)
* [Rsa Key Generator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/rsa_key_generator.py)
* [Shuffled Shift Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/shuffled_shift_cipher.py)
* [Simple Keyword Cypher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/simple_keyword_cypher.py)
* [Simple Substitution Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/simple_substitution_cipher.py)
* [Trafid Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/trafid_cipher.py)
* [Transposition Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/transposition_cipher.py)
* [Transposition Cipher Encrypt Decrypt File](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/transposition_cipher_encrypt_decrypt_file.py)
* [Vigenere Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/vigenere_cipher.py)
* [Xor Cipher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/ciphers/xor_cipher.py)
## Compression
* [Burrows Wheeler](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression/burrows_wheeler.py)
* [Huffman](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression/huffman.py)
* [Lempel Ziv](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression/lempel_ziv.py)
* [Lempel Ziv Decompress](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression/lempel_ziv_decompress.py)
* [Peak Signal To Noise Ratio](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression/peak_signal_to_noise_ratio.py)
## Computer Vision
* [Cnn Classification](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/computer_vision/cnn_classification.py)
* [Harris Corner](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/computer_vision/harris_corner.py)
* [Mean Threshold](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/computer_vision/mean_threshold.py)
## Conversions
* [Binary To Decimal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/binary_to_decimal.py)
* [Binary To Hexadecimal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/binary_to_hexadecimal.py)
* [Binary To Octal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/binary_to_octal.py)
* [Decimal To Any](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/decimal_to_any.py)
* [Decimal To Binary](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/decimal_to_binary.py)
* [Decimal To Binary Recursion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/decimal_to_binary_recursion.py)
* [Decimal To Hexadecimal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/decimal_to_hexadecimal.py)
* [Decimal To Octal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/decimal_to_octal.py)
* [Hex To Bin](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/hex_to_bin.py)
* [Hexadecimal To Decimal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/hexadecimal_to_decimal.py)
* [Length Conversion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/length_conversion.py)
* [Molecular Chemistry](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/molecular_chemistry.py)
* [Octal To Decimal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/octal_to_decimal.py)
* [Prefix Conversions](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/prefix_conversions.py)
* [Pressure Conversions](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/pressure_conversions.py)
* [Rgb Hsv Conversion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/rgb_hsv_conversion.py)
* [Roman Numerals](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/roman_numerals.py)
* [Temperature Conversions](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/temperature_conversions.py)
* [Volume Conversions](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/volume_conversions.py)
* [Weight Conversion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/conversions/weight_conversion.py)
## Data Structures
* Binary Tree
* [Avl Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/avl_tree.py)
* [Basic Binary Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/basic_binary_tree.py)
* [Binary Search Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree.py)
* [Binary Search Tree Recursive](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/binary_search_tree_recursive.py)
* [Binary Tree Mirror](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/binary_tree_mirror.py)
* [Binary Tree Traversals](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/binary_tree_traversals.py)
* [Fenwick Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/fenwick_tree.py)
* [Lazy Segment Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/lazy_segment_tree.py)
* [Lowest Common Ancestor](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/lowest_common_ancestor.py)
* [Merge Two Binary Trees](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/merge_two_binary_trees.py)
* [Non Recursive Segment Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/non_recursive_segment_tree.py)
* [Number Of Possible Binary Trees](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/number_of_possible_binary_trees.py)
* [Red Black Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/red_black_tree.py)
* [Segment Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/segment_tree.py)
* [Segment Tree Other](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/segment_tree_other.py)
* [Treap](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/treap.py)
* [Wavelet Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/binary_tree/wavelet_tree.py)
* Disjoint Set
* [Alternate Disjoint Set](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/disjoint_set/alternate_disjoint_set.py)
* [Disjoint Set](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/disjoint_set/disjoint_set.py)
* Hashing
* [Double Hash](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/hashing/double_hash.py)
* [Hash Table](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/hashing/hash_table.py)
* [Hash Table With Linked List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/hashing/hash_table_with_linked_list.py)
* Number Theory
* [Prime Numbers](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/hashing/number_theory/prime_numbers.py)
* [Quadratic Probing](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/hashing/quadratic_probing.py)
* Heap
* [Binomial Heap](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/heap/binomial_heap.py)
* [Heap](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/heap/heap.py)
* [Heap Generic](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/heap/heap_generic.py)
* [Max Heap](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/heap/max_heap.py)
* [Min Heap](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/heap/min_heap.py)
* [Randomized Heap](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/heap/randomized_heap.py)
* [Skew Heap](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/heap/skew_heap.py)
* Linked List
* [Circular Linked List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/circular_linked_list.py)
* [Deque Doubly](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/deque_doubly.py)
* [Doubly Linked List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/doubly_linked_list.py)
* [Doubly Linked List Two](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/doubly_linked_list_two.py)
* [From Sequence](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/from_sequence.py)
* [Has Loop](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/has_loop.py)
* [Is Palindrome](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/is_palindrome.py)
* [Merge Two Lists](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/merge_two_lists.py)
* [Middle Element Of Linked List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/middle_element_of_linked_list.py)
* [Print Reverse](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/print_reverse.py)
* [Singly Linked List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/singly_linked_list.py)
* [Skip List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/skip_list.py)
* [Swap Nodes](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/linked_list/swap_nodes.py)
* Queue
* [Circular Queue](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/queue/circular_queue.py)
* [Double Ended Queue](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/queue/double_ended_queue.py)
* [Linked Queue](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/queue/linked_queue.py)
* [Priority Queue Using List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/queue/priority_queue_using_list.py)
* [Queue On List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/queue/queue_on_list.py)
* [Queue On Pseudo Stack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/queue/queue_on_pseudo_stack.py)
* Stacks
* [Balanced Parentheses](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/balanced_parentheses.py)
* [Dijkstras Two Stack Algorithm](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py)
* [Evaluate Postfix Notations](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/evaluate_postfix_notations.py)
* [Infix To Postfix Conversion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py)
* [Infix To Prefix Conversion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/infix_to_prefix_conversion.py)
* [Linked Stack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/linked_stack.py)
* [Next Greater Element](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/next_greater_element.py)
* [Postfix Evaluation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/postfix_evaluation.py)
* [Prefix Evaluation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/prefix_evaluation.py)
* [Stack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/stack.py)
* [Stack Using Dll](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/stack_using_dll.py)
* [Stock Span Problem](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/stacks/stock_span_problem.py)
* Trie
* [Trie](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/data_structures/trie/trie.py)
## Digital Image Processing
* [Change Brightness](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/change_brightness.py)
* [Change Contrast](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/change_contrast.py)
* [Convert To Negative](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/convert_to_negative.py)
* Dithering
* [Burkes](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/dithering/burkes.py)
* Edge Detection
* [Canny](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/edge_detection/canny.py)
* Filters
* [Bilateral Filter](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/filters/bilateral_filter.py)
* [Convolve](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/filters/convolve.py)
* [Gaussian Filter](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/filters/gaussian_filter.py)
* [Median Filter](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/filters/median_filter.py)
* [Sobel Filter](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/filters/sobel_filter.py)
* Histogram Equalization
* [Histogram Stretch](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/histogram_equalization/histogram_stretch.py)
* [Index Calculation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/index_calculation.py)
* Morphological Operations
* [Dilation Operation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/morphological_operations/dilation_operation.py)
* [Erosion Operation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/morphological_operations/erosion_operation.py)
* Resize
* [Resize](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/resize/resize.py)
* Rotation
* [Rotation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/rotation/rotation.py)
* [Sepia](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/sepia.py)
* [Test Digital Image Processing](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/digital_image_processing/test_digital_image_processing.py)
## Divide And Conquer
* [Closest Pair Of Points](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/closest_pair_of_points.py)
* [Convex Hull](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/convex_hull.py)
* [Heaps Algorithm](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/heaps_algorithm.py)
* [Heaps Algorithm Iterative](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/heaps_algorithm_iterative.py)
* [Inversions](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/inversions.py)
* [Kth Order Statistic](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/kth_order_statistic.py)
* [Max Difference Pair](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/max_difference_pair.py)
* [Max Subarray Sum](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/max_subarray_sum.py)
* [Mergesort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/mergesort.py)
* [Peak](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/peak.py)
* [Power](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/power.py)
* [Strassen Matrix Multiplication](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/divide_and_conquer/strassen_matrix_multiplication.py)
## Dynamic Programming
* [Abbreviation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/abbreviation.py)
* [Bitmask](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/bitmask.py)
* [Catalan Numbers](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/catalan_numbers.py)
* [Climbing Stairs](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/climbing_stairs.py)
* [Edit Distance](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/edit_distance.py)
* [Factorial](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/factorial.py)
* [Fast Fibonacci](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/fast_fibonacci.py)
* [Fibonacci](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/fibonacci.py)
* [Floyd Warshall](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/floyd_warshall.py)
* [Fractional Knapsack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/fractional_knapsack.py)
* [Fractional Knapsack 2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/fractional_knapsack_2.py)
* [Integer Partition](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/integer_partition.py)
* [Iterating Through Submasks](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/iterating_through_submasks.py)
* [Knapsack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/knapsack.py)
* [Longest Common Subsequence](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/longest_common_subsequence.py)
* [Longest Increasing Subsequence](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/longest_increasing_subsequence.py)
* [Longest Increasing Subsequence O(Nlogn)](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/longest_increasing_subsequence_o(nlogn).py)
* [Longest Sub Array](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/longest_sub_array.py)
* [Matrix Chain Order](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/matrix_chain_order.py)
* [Max Non Adjacent Sum](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/max_non_adjacent_sum.py)
* [Max Sub Array](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/max_sub_array.py)
* [Max Sum Contiguous Subsequence](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/max_sum_contiguous_subsequence.py)
* [Minimum Coin Change](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/minimum_coin_change.py)
* [Minimum Cost Path](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/minimum_cost_path.py)
* [Minimum Partition](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/minimum_partition.py)
* [Minimum Steps To One](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/minimum_steps_to_one.py)
* [Optimal Binary Search Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/optimal_binary_search_tree.py)
* [Rod Cutting](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/rod_cutting.py)
* [Subset Generation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/subset_generation.py)
* [Sum Of Subset](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/dynamic_programming/sum_of_subset.py)
## Electronics
* [Carrier Concentration](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/electronics/carrier_concentration.py)
* [Coulombs Law](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/electronics/coulombs_law.py)
* [Electric Power](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/electronics/electric_power.py)
* [Ohms Law](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/electronics/ohms_law.py)
## File Transfer
* [Receive File](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/file_transfer/receive_file.py)
* [Send File](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/file_transfer/send_file.py)
* Tests
* [Test Send File](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/file_transfer/tests/test_send_file.py)
## Financial
* [Interest](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/financial/interest.py)
## Fractals
* [Julia Sets](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/fractals/julia_sets.py)
* [Koch Snowflake](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/fractals/koch_snowflake.py)
* [Mandelbrot](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/fractals/mandelbrot.py)
* [Sierpinski Triangle](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/fractals/sierpinski_triangle.py)
## Fuzzy Logic
* [Fuzzy Operations](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/fuzzy_logic/fuzzy_operations.py)
## Genetic Algorithm
* [Basic String](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/genetic_algorithm/basic_string.py)
## Geodesy
* [Haversine Distance](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/geodesy/haversine_distance.py)
* [Lamberts Ellipsoidal Distance](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/geodesy/lamberts_ellipsoidal_distance.py)
## Graphics
* [Bezier Curve](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphics/bezier_curve.py)
* [Vector3 For 2D Rendering](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphics/vector3_for_2d_rendering.py)
## Graphs
* [A Star](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/a_star.py)
* [Articulation Points](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/articulation_points.py)
* [Basic Graphs](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/basic_graphs.py)
* [Bellman Ford](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/bellman_ford.py)
* [Bfs Shortest Path](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/bfs_shortest_path.py)
* [Bfs Zero One Shortest Path](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/bfs_zero_one_shortest_path.py)
* [Bidirectional A Star](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/bidirectional_a_star.py)
* [Bidirectional Breadth First Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/bidirectional_breadth_first_search.py)
* [Boruvka](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/boruvka.py)
* [Breadth First Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/breadth_first_search.py)
* [Breadth First Search 2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/breadth_first_search_2.py)
* [Breadth First Search Shortest Path](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/breadth_first_search_shortest_path.py)
* [Check Bipartite Graph Bfs](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/check_bipartite_graph_bfs.py)
* [Check Bipartite Graph Dfs](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/check_bipartite_graph_dfs.py)
* [Check Cycle](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/check_cycle.py)
* [Connected Components](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/connected_components.py)
* [Depth First Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/depth_first_search.py)
* [Depth First Search 2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/depth_first_search_2.py)
* [Dijkstra](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/dijkstra.py)
* [Dijkstra 2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/dijkstra_2.py)
* [Dijkstra Algorithm](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/dijkstra_algorithm.py)
* [Dinic](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/dinic.py)
* [Directed And Undirected (Weighted) Graph](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/directed_and_undirected_(weighted)_graph.py)
* [Edmonds Karp Multiple Source And Sink](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/edmonds_karp_multiple_source_and_sink.py)
* [Eulerian Path And Circuit For Undirected Graph](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/eulerian_path_and_circuit_for_undirected_graph.py)
* [Even Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/even_tree.py)
* [Finding Bridges](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/finding_bridges.py)
* [Frequent Pattern Graph Miner](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py)
* [G Topological Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/g_topological_sort.py)
* [Gale Shapley Bigraph](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/gale_shapley_bigraph.py)
* [Graph List](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/graph_list.py)
* [Graph Matrix](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/graph_matrix.py)
* [Graphs Floyd Warshall](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/graphs_floyd_warshall.py)
* [Greedy Best First](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/greedy_best_first.py)
* [Greedy Min Vertex Cover](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/greedy_min_vertex_cover.py)
* [Kahns Algorithm Long](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/kahns_algorithm_long.py)
* [Kahns Algorithm Topo](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/kahns_algorithm_topo.py)
* [Karger](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/karger.py)
* [Markov Chain](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/markov_chain.py)
* [Matching Min Vertex Cover](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/matching_min_vertex_cover.py)
* [Minimum Spanning Tree Boruvka](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/minimum_spanning_tree_boruvka.py)
* [Minimum Spanning Tree Kruskal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/minimum_spanning_tree_kruskal.py)
* [Minimum Spanning Tree Kruskal2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/minimum_spanning_tree_kruskal2.py)
* [Minimum Spanning Tree Prims](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/minimum_spanning_tree_prims.py)
* [Minimum Spanning Tree Prims2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/minimum_spanning_tree_prims2.py)
* [Multi Heuristic Astar](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/multi_heuristic_astar.py)
* [Page Rank](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/page_rank.py)
* [Prim](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/prim.py)
* [Random Graph Generator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/random_graph_generator.py)
* [Scc Kosaraju](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/scc_kosaraju.py)
* [Strongly Connected Components](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/strongly_connected_components.py)
* [Tarjans Scc](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/tarjans_scc.py)
* Tests
* [Test Min Spanning Tree Kruskal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/tests/test_min_spanning_tree_kruskal.py)
* [Test Min Spanning Tree Prim](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/graphs/tests/test_min_spanning_tree_prim.py)
## Greedy Methods
* [Optimal Merge Pattern](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/greedy_methods/optimal_merge_pattern.py)
## Hashes
* [Adler32](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/adler32.py)
* [Chaos Machine](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/chaos_machine.py)
* [Djb2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/djb2.py)
* [Enigma Machine](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/enigma_machine.py)
* [Hamming Code](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/hamming_code.py)
* [Luhn](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/luhn.py)
* [Md5](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/md5.py)
* [Sdbm](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/sdbm.py)
* [Sha1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/sha1.py)
* [Sha256](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/hashes/sha256.py)
## Knapsack
* [Greedy Knapsack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/knapsack/greedy_knapsack.py)
* [Knapsack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/knapsack/knapsack.py)
* Tests
* [Test Greedy Knapsack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/knapsack/tests/test_greedy_knapsack.py)
* [Test Knapsack](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/knapsack/tests/test_knapsack.py)
## Linear Algebra
* Src
* [Conjugate Gradient](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/conjugate_gradient.py)
* [Lib](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/lib.py)
* [Polynom For Points](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/polynom_for_points.py)
* [Power Iteration](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/power_iteration.py)
* [Rayleigh Quotient](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/rayleigh_quotient.py)
* [Schur Complement](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/schur_complement.py)
* [Test Linear Algebra](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/test_linear_algebra.py)
* [Transformations 2D](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/linear_algebra/src/transformations_2d.py)
## Machine Learning
* [Astar](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/astar.py)
* [Data Transformations](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/data_transformations.py)
* [Decision Tree](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/decision_tree.py)
* Forecasting
* [Run](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/forecasting/run.py)
* [Gaussian Naive Bayes](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/gaussian_naive_bayes.py)
* [Gradient Boosting Regressor](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/gradient_boosting_regressor.py)
* [Gradient Descent](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/gradient_descent.py)
* [K Means Clust](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/k_means_clust.py)
* [K Nearest Neighbours](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/k_nearest_neighbours.py)
* [Knn Sklearn](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/knn_sklearn.py)
* [Linear Discriminant Analysis](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/linear_discriminant_analysis.py)
* [Linear Regression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/linear_regression.py)
* [Logistic Regression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/logistic_regression.py)
* Lstm
* [Lstm Prediction](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/lstm/lstm_prediction.py)
* [Multilayer Perceptron Classifier](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/multilayer_perceptron_classifier.py)
* [Polymonial Regression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/polymonial_regression.py)
* [Random Forest Classifier](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/random_forest_classifier.py)
* [Random Forest Regressor](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/random_forest_regressor.py)
* [Scoring Functions](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/scoring_functions.py)
* [Sequential Minimum Optimization](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/sequential_minimum_optimization.py)
* [Similarity Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/similarity_search.py)
* [Support Vector Machines](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/support_vector_machines.py)
* [Word Frequency Functions](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/machine_learning/word_frequency_functions.py)
## Maths
* [3N Plus 1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/3n_plus_1.py)
* [Abs](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/abs.py)
* [Abs Max](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/abs_max.py)
* [Abs Min](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/abs_min.py)
* [Add](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/add.py)
* [Aliquot Sum](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/aliquot_sum.py)
* [Allocation Number](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/allocation_number.py)
* [Area](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/area.py)
* [Area Under Curve](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/area_under_curve.py)
* [Armstrong Numbers](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/armstrong_numbers.py)
* [Average Mean](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/average_mean.py)
* [Average Median](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/average_median.py)
* [Average Mode](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/average_mode.py)
* [Bailey Borwein Plouffe](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/bailey_borwein_plouffe.py)
* [Basic Maths](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/basic_maths.py)
* [Binary Exp Mod](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/binary_exp_mod.py)
* [Binary Exponentiation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/binary_exponentiation.py)
* [Binary Exponentiation 2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/binary_exponentiation_2.py)
* [Binary Exponentiation 3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/binary_exponentiation_3.py)
* [Binomial Coefficient](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/binomial_coefficient.py)
* [Binomial Distribution](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/binomial_distribution.py)
* [Bisection](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/bisection.py)
* [Ceil](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/ceil.py)
* [Check Polygon](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/check_polygon.py)
* [Chudnovsky Algorithm](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/chudnovsky_algorithm.py)
* [Collatz Sequence](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/collatz_sequence.py)
* [Combinations](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/combinations.py)
* [Decimal Isolate](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/decimal_isolate.py)
* [Double Factorial Iterative](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/double_factorial_iterative.py)
* [Double Factorial Recursive](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/double_factorial_recursive.py)
* [Entropy](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/entropy.py)
* [Euclidean Distance](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/euclidean_distance.py)
* [Euclidean Gcd](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/euclidean_gcd.py)
* [Euler Method](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/euler_method.py)
* [Euler Modified](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/euler_modified.py)
* [Eulers Totient](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/eulers_totient.py)
* [Extended Euclidean Algorithm](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/extended_euclidean_algorithm.py)
* [Factorial Iterative](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/factorial_iterative.py)
* [Factorial Recursive](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/factorial_recursive.py)
* [Factors](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/factors.py)
* [Fermat Little Theorem](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/fermat_little_theorem.py)
* [Fibonacci](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/fibonacci.py)
* [Fibonacci Sequence Recursion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/fibonacci_sequence_recursion.py)
* [Find Max](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/find_max.py)
* [Find Max Recursion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/find_max_recursion.py)
* [Find Min](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/find_min.py)
* [Find Min Recursion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/find_min_recursion.py)
* [Floor](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/floor.py)
* [Gamma](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/gamma.py)
* [Gamma Recursive](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/gamma_recursive.py)
* [Gaussian](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/gaussian.py)
* [Greatest Common Divisor](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/greatest_common_divisor.py)
* [Greedy Coin Change](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/greedy_coin_change.py)
* [Hardy Ramanujanalgo](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/hardy_ramanujanalgo.py)
* [Integration By Simpson Approx](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/integration_by_simpson_approx.py)
* [Is Ip V4 Address Valid](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/is_ip_v4_address_valid.py)
* [Is Square Free](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/is_square_free.py)
* [Jaccard Similarity](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/jaccard_similarity.py)
* [Kadanes](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/kadanes.py)
* [Karatsuba](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/karatsuba.py)
* [Krishnamurthy Number](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/krishnamurthy_number.py)
* [Kth Lexicographic Permutation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/kth_lexicographic_permutation.py)
* [Largest Of Very Large Numbers](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/largest_of_very_large_numbers.py)
* [Largest Subarray Sum](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/largest_subarray_sum.py)
* [Least Common Multiple](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/least_common_multiple.py)
* [Line Length](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/line_length.py)
* [Lucas Lehmer Primality Test](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/lucas_lehmer_primality_test.py)
* [Lucas Series](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/lucas_series.py)
* [Matrix Exponentiation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/matrix_exponentiation.py)
* [Max Sum Sliding Window](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/max_sum_sliding_window.py)
* [Median Of Two Arrays](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/median_of_two_arrays.py)
* [Miller Rabin](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/miller_rabin.py)
* [Mobius Function](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/mobius_function.py)
* [Modular Exponential](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/modular_exponential.py)
* [Monte Carlo](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/monte_carlo.py)
* [Monte Carlo Dice](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/monte_carlo_dice.py)
* [Newton Raphson](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/newton_raphson.py)
* [Number Of Digits](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/number_of_digits.py)
* [Numerical Integration](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/numerical_integration.py)
* [Perfect Cube](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/perfect_cube.py)
* [Perfect Number](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/perfect_number.py)
* [Perfect Square](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/perfect_square.py)
* [Pi Monte Carlo Estimation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/pi_monte_carlo_estimation.py)
* [Polynomial Evaluation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/polynomial_evaluation.py)
* [Power Using Recursion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/power_using_recursion.py)
* [Prime Check](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/prime_check.py)
* [Prime Factors](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/prime_factors.py)
* [Prime Numbers](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/prime_numbers.py)
* [Prime Sieve Eratosthenes](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/prime_sieve_eratosthenes.py)
* [Primelib](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/primelib.py)
* [Proth Number](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/proth_number.py)
* [Pythagoras](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/pythagoras.py)
* [Qr Decomposition](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/qr_decomposition.py)
* [Quadratic Equations Complex Numbers](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/quadratic_equations_complex_numbers.py)
* [Radians](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/radians.py)
* [Radix2 Fft](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/radix2_fft.py)
* [Relu](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/relu.py)
* [Runge Kutta](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/runge_kutta.py)
* [Segmented Sieve](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/segmented_sieve.py)
* Series
* [Arithmetic](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/series/arithmetic.py)
* [Geometric](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/series/geometric.py)
* [Geometric Series](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/series/geometric_series.py)
* [Harmonic](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/series/harmonic.py)
* [Harmonic Series](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/series/harmonic_series.py)
* [P Series](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/series/p_series.py)
* [Sieve Of Eratosthenes](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/sieve_of_eratosthenes.py)
* [Sigmoid](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/sigmoid.py)
* [Simpson Rule](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/simpson_rule.py)
* [Softmax](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/softmax.py)
* [Square Root](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/square_root.py)
* [Sum Of Arithmetic Series](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/sum_of_arithmetic_series.py)
* [Sum Of Digits](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/sum_of_digits.py)
* [Sum Of Geometric Progression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/sum_of_geometric_progression.py)
* [Sylvester Sequence](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/sylvester_sequence.py)
* [Test Prime Check](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/test_prime_check.py)
* [Trapezoidal Rule](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/trapezoidal_rule.py)
* [Triplet Sum](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/triplet_sum.py)
* [Two Pointer](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/two_pointer.py)
* [Two Sum](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/two_sum.py)
* [Ugly Numbers](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/ugly_numbers.py)
* [Volume](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/volume.py)
* [Zellers Congruence](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/maths/zellers_congruence.py)
## Matrix
* [Count Islands In Matrix](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/count_islands_in_matrix.py)
* [Inverse Of Matrix](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/inverse_of_matrix.py)
* [Matrix Class](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/matrix_class.py)
* [Matrix Operation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/matrix_operation.py)
* [Nth Fibonacci Using Matrix Exponentiation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/nth_fibonacci_using_matrix_exponentiation.py)
* [Rotate Matrix](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/rotate_matrix.py)
* [Searching In Sorted Matrix](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/searching_in_sorted_matrix.py)
* [Sherman Morrison](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/sherman_morrison.py)
* [Spiral Print](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/spiral_print.py)
* Tests
* [Test Matrix Operation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/matrix/tests/test_matrix_operation.py)
## Networking Flow
* [Ford Fulkerson](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/networking_flow/ford_fulkerson.py)
* [Minimum Cut](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/networking_flow/minimum_cut.py)
## Neural Network
* [2 Hidden Layers Neural Network](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/neural_network/2_hidden_layers_neural_network.py)
* [Back Propagation Neural Network](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/neural_network/back_propagation_neural_network.py)
* [Convolution Neural Network](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/neural_network/convolution_neural_network.py)
* [Perceptron](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/neural_network/perceptron.py)
## Other
* [Activity Selection](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/activity_selection.py)
* [Check Strong Password](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/check_strong_password.py)
* [Date To Weekday](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/date_to_weekday.py)
* [Davisb Putnamb Logemannb Loveland](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/davisb_putnamb_logemannb_loveland.py)
* [Dijkstra Bankers Algorithm](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/dijkstra_bankers_algorithm.py)
* [Doomsday](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/doomsday.py)
* [Fischer Yates Shuffle](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/fischer_yates_shuffle.py)
* [Gauss Easter](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/gauss_easter.py)
* [Graham Scan](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/graham_scan.py)
* [Greedy](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/greedy.py)
* [Least Recently Used](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/least_recently_used.py)
* [Lfu Cache](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/lfu_cache.py)
* [Linear Congruential Generator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/linear_congruential_generator.py)
* [Lru Cache](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/lru_cache.py)
* [Magicdiamondpattern](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/magicdiamondpattern.py)
* [Nested Brackets](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/nested_brackets.py)
* [Password Generator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/password_generator.py)
* [Scoring Algorithm](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/scoring_algorithm.py)
* [Sdes](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/sdes.py)
* [Tower Of Hanoi](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/other/tower_of_hanoi.py)
## Physics
* [N Body Simulation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/physics/n_body_simulation.py)
## Project Euler
* Problem 001
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_001/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_001/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_001/sol3.py)
* [Sol4](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_001/sol4.py)
* [Sol5](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_001/sol5.py)
* [Sol6](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_001/sol6.py)
* [Sol7](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_001/sol7.py)
* Problem 002
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_002/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_002/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_002/sol3.py)
* [Sol4](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_002/sol4.py)
* [Sol5](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_002/sol5.py)
* Problem 003
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_003/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_003/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_003/sol3.py)
* Problem 004
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_004/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_004/sol2.py)
* Problem 005
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_005/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_005/sol2.py)
* Problem 006
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_006/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_006/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_006/sol3.py)
* [Sol4](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_006/sol4.py)
* Problem 007
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_007/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_007/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_007/sol3.py)
* Problem 008
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_008/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_008/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_008/sol3.py)
* Problem 009
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_009/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_009/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_009/sol3.py)
* Problem 010
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_010/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_010/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_010/sol3.py)
* Problem 011
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_011/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_011/sol2.py)
* Problem 012
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_012/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_012/sol2.py)
* Problem 013
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_013/sol1.py)
* Problem 014
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_014/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_014/sol2.py)
* Problem 015
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_015/sol1.py)
* Problem 016
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_016/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_016/sol2.py)
* Problem 017
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_017/sol1.py)
* Problem 018
* [Solution](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_018/solution.py)
* Problem 019
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_019/sol1.py)
* Problem 020
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_020/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_020/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_020/sol3.py)
* [Sol4](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_020/sol4.py)
* Problem 021
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_021/sol1.py)
* Problem 022
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_022/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_022/sol2.py)
* Problem 023
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_023/sol1.py)
* Problem 024
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_024/sol1.py)
* Problem 025
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_025/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_025/sol2.py)
* [Sol3](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_025/sol3.py)
* Problem 026
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_026/sol1.py)
* Problem 027
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_027/sol1.py)
* Problem 028
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_028/sol1.py)
* Problem 029
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_029/sol1.py)
* Problem 030
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_030/sol1.py)
* Problem 031
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_031/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_031/sol2.py)
* Problem 032
* [Sol32](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_032/sol32.py)
* Problem 033
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_033/sol1.py)
* Problem 034
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_034/sol1.py)
* Problem 035
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_035/sol1.py)
* Problem 036
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_036/sol1.py)
* Problem 037
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_037/sol1.py)
* Problem 038
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_038/sol1.py)
* Problem 039
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_039/sol1.py)
* Problem 040
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_040/sol1.py)
* Problem 041
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_041/sol1.py)
* Problem 042
* [Solution42](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_042/solution42.py)
* Problem 043
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_043/sol1.py)
* Problem 044
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_044/sol1.py)
* Problem 045
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_045/sol1.py)
* Problem 046
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_046/sol1.py)
* Problem 047
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_047/sol1.py)
* Problem 048
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_048/sol1.py)
* Problem 049
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_049/sol1.py)
* Problem 050
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_050/sol1.py)
* Problem 051
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_051/sol1.py)
* Problem 052
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_052/sol1.py)
* Problem 053
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_053/sol1.py)
* Problem 054
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_054/sol1.py)
* [Test Poker Hand](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_054/test_poker_hand.py)
* Problem 055
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_055/sol1.py)
* Problem 056
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_056/sol1.py)
* Problem 057
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_057/sol1.py)
* Problem 058
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_058/sol1.py)
* Problem 059
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_059/sol1.py)
* Problem 062
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_062/sol1.py)
* Problem 063
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_063/sol1.py)
* Problem 064
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_064/sol1.py)
* Problem 065
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_065/sol1.py)
* Problem 067
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_067/sol1.py)
* Problem 069
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_069/sol1.py)
* Problem 070
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_070/sol1.py)
* Problem 071
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_071/sol1.py)
* Problem 072
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_072/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_072/sol2.py)
* Problem 074
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_074/sol1.py)
* [Sol2](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_074/sol2.py)
* Problem 075
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_075/sol1.py)
* Problem 076
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_076/sol1.py)
* Problem 077
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_077/sol1.py)
* Problem 078
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_078/sol1.py)
* Problem 080
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_080/sol1.py)
* Problem 081
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_081/sol1.py)
* Problem 085
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_085/sol1.py)
* Problem 086
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_086/sol1.py)
* Problem 087
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_087/sol1.py)
* Problem 089
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_089/sol1.py)
* Problem 091
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_091/sol1.py)
* Problem 092
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_092/sol1.py)
* Problem 097
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_097/sol1.py)
* Problem 099
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_099/sol1.py)
* Problem 101
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_101/sol1.py)
* Problem 102
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_102/sol1.py)
* Problem 107
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_107/sol1.py)
* Problem 109
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_109/sol1.py)
* Problem 112
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_112/sol1.py)
* Problem 113
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_113/sol1.py)
* Problem 119
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_119/sol1.py)
* Problem 120
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_120/sol1.py)
* Problem 121
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_121/sol1.py)
* Problem 123
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_123/sol1.py)
* Problem 125
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_125/sol1.py)
* Problem 129
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_129/sol1.py)
* Problem 135
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_135/sol1.py)
* Problem 144
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_144/sol1.py)
* Problem 173
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_173/sol1.py)
* Problem 174
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_174/sol1.py)
* Problem 180
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_180/sol1.py)
* Problem 188
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_188/sol1.py)
* Problem 191
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_191/sol1.py)
* Problem 203
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_203/sol1.py)
* Problem 206
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_206/sol1.py)
* Problem 207
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_207/sol1.py)
* Problem 234
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_234/sol1.py)
* Problem 301
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_301/sol1.py)
* Problem 551
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_551/sol1.py)
* Problem 686
* [Sol1](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/problem_686/sol1.py)
## Quantum
* [Deutsch Jozsa](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/quantum/deutsch_jozsa.py)
* [Half Adder](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/quantum/half_adder.py)
* [Not Gate](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/quantum/not_gate.py)
* [Quantum Entanglement](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/quantum/quantum_entanglement.py)
* [Ripple Adder Classic](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/quantum/ripple_adder_classic.py)
* [Single Qubit Measure](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/quantum/single_qubit_measure.py)
## Scheduling
* [First Come First Served](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/scheduling/first_come_first_served.py)
* [Round Robin](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/scheduling/round_robin.py)
* [Shortest Job First](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/scheduling/shortest_job_first.py)
## Searches
* [Binary Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/binary_search.py)
* [Binary Tree Traversal](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/binary_tree_traversal.py)
* [Double Linear Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/double_linear_search.py)
* [Double Linear Search Recursion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/double_linear_search_recursion.py)
* [Fibonacci Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/fibonacci_search.py)
* [Hill Climbing](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/hill_climbing.py)
* [Interpolation Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/interpolation_search.py)
* [Jump Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/jump_search.py)
* [Linear Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/linear_search.py)
* [Quick Select](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/quick_select.py)
* [Sentinel Linear Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/sentinel_linear_search.py)
* [Simple Binary Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/simple_binary_search.py)
* [Simulated Annealing](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/simulated_annealing.py)
* [Tabu Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/tabu_search.py)
* [Ternary Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/searches/ternary_search.py)
## Sorts
* [Bead Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/bead_sort.py)
* [Bitonic Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/bitonic_sort.py)
* [Bogo Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/bogo_sort.py)
* [Bubble Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/bubble_sort.py)
* [Bucket Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/bucket_sort.py)
* [Cocktail Shaker Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/cocktail_shaker_sort.py)
* [Comb Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/comb_sort.py)
* [Counting Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/counting_sort.py)
* [Cycle Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/cycle_sort.py)
* [Double Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/double_sort.py)
* [Dutch National Flag Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/dutch_national_flag_sort.py)
* [Exchange Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/exchange_sort.py)
* [External Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/external_sort.py)
* [Gnome Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/gnome_sort.py)
* [Heap Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/heap_sort.py)
* [Insertion Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/insertion_sort.py)
* [Intro Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/intro_sort.py)
* [Iterative Merge Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/iterative_merge_sort.py)
* [Merge Insertion Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/merge_insertion_sort.py)
* [Merge Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/merge_sort.py)
* [Msd Radix Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/msd_radix_sort.py)
* [Natural Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/natural_sort.py)
* [Odd Even Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/odd_even_sort.py)
* [Odd Even Transposition Parallel](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/odd_even_transposition_parallel.py)
* [Odd Even Transposition Single Threaded](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/odd_even_transposition_single_threaded.py)
* [Pancake Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/pancake_sort.py)
* [Patience Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/patience_sort.py)
* [Pigeon Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/pigeon_sort.py)
* [Pigeonhole Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/pigeonhole_sort.py)
* [Quick Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/quick_sort.py)
* [Quick Sort 3 Partition](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/quick_sort_3_partition.py)
* [Radix Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/radix_sort.py)
* [Random Normal Distribution Quicksort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/random_normal_distribution_quicksort.py)
* [Random Pivot Quick Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/random_pivot_quick_sort.py)
* [Recursive Bubble Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/recursive_bubble_sort.py)
* [Recursive Insertion Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/recursive_insertion_sort.py)
* [Recursive Mergesort Array](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/recursive_mergesort_array.py)
* [Recursive Quick Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/recursive_quick_sort.py)
* [Selection Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/selection_sort.py)
* [Shell Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/shell_sort.py)
* [Slowsort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/slowsort.py)
* [Stooge Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/stooge_sort.py)
* [Strand Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/strand_sort.py)
* [Tim Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/tim_sort.py)
* [Topological Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/topological_sort.py)
* [Tree Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/tree_sort.py)
* [Unknown Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/unknown_sort.py)
* [Wiggle Sort](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/sorts/wiggle_sort.py)
## Strings
* [Aho Corasick](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/aho_corasick.py)
* [Alternative String Arrange](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/alternative_string_arrange.py)
* [Anagrams](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/anagrams.py)
* [Autocomplete Using Trie](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/autocomplete_using_trie.py)
* [Boyer Moore Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/boyer_moore_search.py)
* [Can String Be Rearranged As Palindrome](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/can_string_be_rearranged_as_palindrome.py)
* [Capitalize](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/capitalize.py)
* [Check Anagrams](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/check_anagrams.py)
* [Check Pangram](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/check_pangram.py)
* [Credit Card Validator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/credit_card_validator.py)
* [Detecting English Programmatically](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/detecting_english_programmatically.py)
* [Frequency Finder](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/frequency_finder.py)
* [Indian Phone Validator](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/indian_phone_validator.py)
* [Is Palindrome](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/is_palindrome.py)
* [Jaro Winkler](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/jaro_winkler.py)
* [Join](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/join.py)
* [Knuth Morris Pratt](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/knuth_morris_pratt.py)
* [Levenshtein Distance](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/levenshtein_distance.py)
* [Lower](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/lower.py)
* [Manacher](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/manacher.py)
* [Min Cost String Conversion](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/min_cost_string_conversion.py)
* [Naive String Search](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/naive_string_search.py)
* [Palindrome](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/palindrome.py)
* [Prefix Function](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/prefix_function.py)
* [Rabin Karp](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/rabin_karp.py)
* [Remove Duplicate](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/remove_duplicate.py)
* [Reverse Letters](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/reverse_letters.py)
* [Reverse Long Words](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/reverse_long_words.py)
* [Reverse Words](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/reverse_words.py)
* [Split](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/split.py)
* [Upper](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/upper.py)
* [Wildcard Pattern Matching](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/wildcard_pattern_matching.py)
* [Word Occurrence](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/word_occurrence.py)
* [Word Patterns](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/word_patterns.py)
* [Z Function](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/strings/z_function.py)
## Web Programming
* [Co2 Emission](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/co2_emission.py)
* [Covid Stats Via Xpath](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/covid_stats_via_xpath.py)
* [Crawl Google Results](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/crawl_google_results.py)
* [Crawl Google Scholar Citation](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/crawl_google_scholar_citation.py)
* [Currency Converter](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/currency_converter.py)
* [Current Stock Price](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/current_stock_price.py)
* [Current Weather](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/current_weather.py)
* [Daily Horoscope](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/daily_horoscope.py)
* [Download Images From Google Query](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/download_images_from_google_query.py)
* [Emails From Url](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/emails_from_url.py)
* [Fetch Bbc News](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/fetch_bbc_news.py)
* [Fetch Github Info](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/fetch_github_info.py)
* [Fetch Jobs](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/fetch_jobs.py)
* [Get Imdb Top 250 Movies Csv](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/get_imdb_top_250_movies_csv.py)
* [Get Imdbtop](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/get_imdbtop.py)
* [Get Top Hn Posts](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/get_top_hn_posts.py)
* [Get User Tweets](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/get_user_tweets.py)
* [Giphy](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/giphy.py)
* [Instagram Crawler](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/instagram_crawler.py)
* [Instagram Pic](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/instagram_pic.py)
* [Instagram Video](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/instagram_video.py)
* [Nasa Data](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/nasa_data.py)
* [Random Anime Character](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/random_anime_character.py)
* [Recaptcha Verification](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/recaptcha_verification.py)
* [Slack Message](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/slack_message.py)
* [Test Fetch Github Info](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/test_fetch_github_info.py)
* [World Covid19 Stats](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/web_programming/world_covid19_stats.py)
| 1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| #!/usr/local/bin/python3
"""
Problem Description: Given two binary tree, return the merged tree.
The rule for merging is that if two nodes overlap, then put the value sum of
both nodes to the new value of the merged node. Otherwise, the NOT null node
will be used as the node of new tree.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from typing import Optional
class Node:
"""
A binary node has value variable and pointers to its left and right node.
"""
def __init__(self, value: int = 0) -> None:
self.value = value
self.left: Node | None = None
self.right: Node | None = None
def merge_two_binary_trees(tree1: Node | None, tree2: Node | None) -> Optional[Node]:
"""
Returns root node of the merged tree.
>>> tree1 = Node(5)
>>> tree1.left = Node(6)
>>> tree1.right = Node(7)
>>> tree1.left.left = Node(2)
>>> tree2 = Node(4)
>>> tree2.left = Node(5)
>>> tree2.right = Node(8)
>>> tree2.left.right = Node(1)
>>> tree2.right.right = Node(4)
>>> merged_tree = merge_two_binary_trees(tree1, tree2)
>>> print_preorder(merged_tree)
9
11
2
1
15
4
"""
if tree1 is None:
return tree2
if tree2 is None:
return tree1
tree1.value = tree1.value + tree2.value
tree1.left = merge_two_binary_trees(tree1.left, tree2.left)
tree1.right = merge_two_binary_trees(tree1.right, tree2.right)
return tree1
def print_preorder(root: Node | None) -> None:
"""
Print pre-order traversal of the tree.
>>> root = Node(1)
>>> root.left = Node(2)
>>> root.right = Node(3)
>>> print_preorder(root)
1
2
3
>>> print_preorder(root.right)
3
"""
if root:
print(root.value)
print_preorder(root.left)
print_preorder(root.right)
if __name__ == "__main__":
tree1 = Node(1)
tree1.left = Node(2)
tree1.right = Node(3)
tree1.left.left = Node(4)
tree2 = Node(2)
tree2.left = Node(4)
tree2.right = Node(6)
tree2.left.right = Node(9)
tree2.right.right = Node(5)
print("Tree1 is: ")
print_preorder(tree1)
print("Tree2 is: ")
print_preorder(tree2)
merged_tree = merge_two_binary_trees(tree1, tree2)
print("Merged Tree is: ")
print_preorder(merged_tree)
| #!/usr/local/bin/python3
"""
Problem Description: Given two binary tree, return the merged tree.
The rule for merging is that if two nodes overlap, then put the value sum of
both nodes to the new value of the merged node. Otherwise, the NOT null node
will be used as the node of new tree.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
class Node:
"""
A binary node has value variable and pointers to its left and right node.
"""
def __init__(self, value: int = 0) -> None:
self.value = value
self.left: Node | None = None
self.right: Node | None = None
def merge_two_binary_trees(tree1: Node | None, tree2: Node | None) -> Node | None:
"""
Returns root node of the merged tree.
>>> tree1 = Node(5)
>>> tree1.left = Node(6)
>>> tree1.right = Node(7)
>>> tree1.left.left = Node(2)
>>> tree2 = Node(4)
>>> tree2.left = Node(5)
>>> tree2.right = Node(8)
>>> tree2.left.right = Node(1)
>>> tree2.right.right = Node(4)
>>> merged_tree = merge_two_binary_trees(tree1, tree2)
>>> print_preorder(merged_tree)
9
11
2
1
15
4
"""
if tree1 is None:
return tree2
if tree2 is None:
return tree1
tree1.value = tree1.value + tree2.value
tree1.left = merge_two_binary_trees(tree1.left, tree2.left)
tree1.right = merge_two_binary_trees(tree1.right, tree2.right)
return tree1
def print_preorder(root: Node | None) -> None:
"""
Print pre-order traversal of the tree.
>>> root = Node(1)
>>> root.left = Node(2)
>>> root.right = Node(3)
>>> print_preorder(root)
1
2
3
>>> print_preorder(root.right)
3
"""
if root:
print(root.value)
print_preorder(root.left)
print_preorder(root.right)
if __name__ == "__main__":
tree1 = Node(1)
tree1.left = Node(2)
tree1.right = Node(3)
tree1.left.left = Node(4)
tree2 = Node(2)
tree2.left = Node(4)
tree2.right = Node(6)
tree2.left.right = Node(9)
tree2.right.right = Node(5)
print("Tree1 is: ")
print_preorder(tree1)
print("Tree2 is: ")
print_preorder(tree2)
merged_tree = merge_two_binary_trees(tree1, tree2)
print("Merged Tree is: ")
print_preorder(merged_tree)
| 1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Based on "Skip Lists: A Probabilistic Alternative to Balanced Trees" by William Pugh
https://epaperpress.com/sortsearch/download/skiplist.pdf
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from random import random
from typing import Generic, Optional, TypeVar, Union
KT = TypeVar("KT")
VT = TypeVar("VT")
class Node(Generic[KT, VT]):
def __init__(self, key: Union[KT, str] = "root", value: Optional[VT] = None):
self.key = key
self.value = value
self.forward: list[Node[KT, VT]] = []
def __repr__(self) -> str:
"""
:return: Visual representation of Node
>>> node = Node("Key", 2)
>>> repr(node)
'Node(Key: 2)'
"""
return f"Node({self.key}: {self.value})"
@property
def level(self) -> int:
"""
:return: Number of forward references
>>> node = Node("Key", 2)
>>> node.level
0
>>> node.forward.append(Node("Key2", 4))
>>> node.level
1
>>> node.forward.append(Node("Key3", 6))
>>> node.level
2
"""
return len(self.forward)
class SkipList(Generic[KT, VT]):
def __init__(self, p: float = 0.5, max_level: int = 16):
self.head: Node[KT, VT] = Node[KT, VT]()
self.level = 0
self.p = p
self.max_level = max_level
def __str__(self) -> str:
"""
:return: Visual representation of SkipList
>>> skip_list = SkipList()
>>> print(skip_list)
SkipList(level=0)
>>> skip_list.insert("Key1", "Value")
>>> print(skip_list) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
SkipList(level=...
[root]--...
[Key1]--Key1...
None *...
>>> skip_list.insert("Key2", "OtherValue")
>>> print(skip_list) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
SkipList(level=...
[root]--...
[Key1]--Key1...
[Key2]--Key2...
None *...
"""
items = list(self)
if len(items) == 0:
return f"SkipList(level={self.level})"
label_size = max((len(str(item)) for item in items), default=4)
label_size = max(label_size, 4) + 4
node = self.head
lines = []
forwards = node.forward.copy()
lines.append(f"[{node.key}]".ljust(label_size, "-") + "* " * len(forwards))
lines.append(" " * label_size + "| " * len(forwards))
while len(node.forward) != 0:
node = node.forward[0]
lines.append(
f"[{node.key}]".ljust(label_size, "-")
+ " ".join(str(n.key) if n.key == node.key else "|" for n in forwards)
)
lines.append(" " * label_size + "| " * len(forwards))
forwards[: node.level] = node.forward
lines.append("None".ljust(label_size) + "* " * len(forwards))
return f"SkipList(level={self.level})\n" + "\n".join(lines)
def __iter__(self):
node = self.head
while len(node.forward) != 0:
yield node.forward[0].key
node = node.forward[0]
def random_level(self) -> int:
"""
:return: Random level from [1, self.max_level] interval.
Higher values are less likely.
"""
level = 1
while random() < self.p and level < self.max_level:
level += 1
return level
def _locate_node(self, key) -> tuple[Node[KT, VT] | None, list[Node[KT, VT]]]:
"""
:param key: Searched key,
:return: Tuple with searched node (or None if given key is not present)
and list of nodes that refer (if key is present) of should refer to
given node.
"""
# Nodes with refer or should refer to output node
update_vector = []
node = self.head
for i in reversed(range(self.level)):
# i < node.level - When node level is lesser than `i` decrement `i`.
# node.forward[i].key < key - Jumping to node with key value higher
# or equal to searched key would result
# in skipping searched key.
while i < node.level and node.forward[i].key < key:
node = node.forward[i]
# Each leftmost node (relative to searched node) will potentially have to
# be updated.
update_vector.append(node)
update_vector.reverse() # Note that we were inserting values in reverse order.
# len(node.forward) != 0 - If current node doesn't contain any further
# references then searched key is not present.
# node.forward[0].key == key - Next node key should be equal to search key
# if key is present.
if len(node.forward) != 0 and node.forward[0].key == key:
return node.forward[0], update_vector
else:
return None, update_vector
def delete(self, key: KT):
"""
:param key: Key to remove from list.
>>> skip_list = SkipList()
>>> skip_list.insert(2, "Two")
>>> skip_list.insert(1, "One")
>>> skip_list.insert(3, "Three")
>>> list(skip_list)
[1, 2, 3]
>>> skip_list.delete(2)
>>> list(skip_list)
[1, 3]
"""
node, update_vector = self._locate_node(key)
if node is not None:
for i, update_node in enumerate(update_vector):
# Remove or replace all references to removed node.
if update_node.level > i and update_node.forward[i].key == key:
if node.level > i:
update_node.forward[i] = node.forward[i]
else:
update_node.forward = update_node.forward[:i]
def insert(self, key: KT, value: VT):
"""
:param key: Key to insert.
:param value: Value associated with given key.
>>> skip_list = SkipList()
>>> skip_list.insert(2, "Two")
>>> skip_list.find(2)
'Two'
>>> list(skip_list)
[2]
"""
node, update_vector = self._locate_node(key)
if node is not None:
node.value = value
else:
level = self.random_level()
if level > self.level:
# After level increase we have to add additional nodes to head.
for i in range(self.level - 1, level):
update_vector.append(self.head)
self.level = level
new_node = Node(key, value)
for i, update_node in enumerate(update_vector[:level]):
# Change references to pass through new node.
if update_node.level > i:
new_node.forward.append(update_node.forward[i])
if update_node.level < i + 1:
update_node.forward.append(new_node)
else:
update_node.forward[i] = new_node
def find(self, key: VT) -> VT | None:
"""
:param key: Search key.
:return: Value associated with given key or None if given key is not present.
>>> skip_list = SkipList()
>>> skip_list.find(2)
>>> skip_list.insert(2, "Two")
>>> skip_list.find(2)
'Two'
>>> skip_list.insert(2, "Three")
>>> skip_list.find(2)
'Three'
"""
node, _ = self._locate_node(key)
if node is not None:
return node.value
return None
def test_insert():
skip_list = SkipList()
skip_list.insert("Key1", 3)
skip_list.insert("Key2", 12)
skip_list.insert("Key3", 41)
skip_list.insert("Key4", -19)
node = skip_list.head
all_values = {}
while node.level != 0:
node = node.forward[0]
all_values[node.key] = node.value
assert len(all_values) == 4
assert all_values["Key1"] == 3
assert all_values["Key2"] == 12
assert all_values["Key3"] == 41
assert all_values["Key4"] == -19
def test_insert_overrides_existing_value():
skip_list = SkipList()
skip_list.insert("Key1", 10)
skip_list.insert("Key1", 12)
skip_list.insert("Key5", 7)
skip_list.insert("Key7", 10)
skip_list.insert("Key10", 5)
skip_list.insert("Key7", 7)
skip_list.insert("Key5", 5)
skip_list.insert("Key10", 10)
node = skip_list.head
all_values = {}
while node.level != 0:
node = node.forward[0]
all_values[node.key] = node.value
if len(all_values) != 4:
print()
assert len(all_values) == 4
assert all_values["Key1"] == 12
assert all_values["Key7"] == 7
assert all_values["Key5"] == 5
assert all_values["Key10"] == 10
def test_searching_empty_list_returns_none():
skip_list = SkipList()
assert skip_list.find("Some key") is None
def test_search():
skip_list = SkipList()
skip_list.insert("Key2", 20)
assert skip_list.find("Key2") == 20
skip_list.insert("Some Key", 10)
skip_list.insert("Key2", 8)
skip_list.insert("V", 13)
assert skip_list.find("Y") is None
assert skip_list.find("Key2") == 8
assert skip_list.find("Some Key") == 10
assert skip_list.find("V") == 13
def test_deleting_item_from_empty_list_do_nothing():
skip_list = SkipList()
skip_list.delete("Some key")
assert len(skip_list.head.forward) == 0
def test_deleted_items_are_not_founded_by_find_method():
skip_list = SkipList()
skip_list.insert("Key1", 12)
skip_list.insert("V", 13)
skip_list.insert("X", 14)
skip_list.insert("Key2", 15)
skip_list.delete("V")
skip_list.delete("Key2")
assert skip_list.find("V") is None
assert skip_list.find("Key2") is None
def test_delete_removes_only_given_key():
skip_list = SkipList()
skip_list.insert("Key1", 12)
skip_list.insert("V", 13)
skip_list.insert("X", 14)
skip_list.insert("Key2", 15)
skip_list.delete("V")
assert skip_list.find("V") is None
assert skip_list.find("X") == 14
assert skip_list.find("Key1") == 12
assert skip_list.find("Key2") == 15
skip_list.delete("X")
assert skip_list.find("V") is None
assert skip_list.find("X") is None
assert skip_list.find("Key1") == 12
assert skip_list.find("Key2") == 15
skip_list.delete("Key1")
assert skip_list.find("V") is None
assert skip_list.find("X") is None
assert skip_list.find("Key1") is None
assert skip_list.find("Key2") == 15
skip_list.delete("Key2")
assert skip_list.find("V") is None
assert skip_list.find("X") is None
assert skip_list.find("Key1") is None
assert skip_list.find("Key2") is None
def test_delete_doesnt_leave_dead_nodes():
skip_list = SkipList()
skip_list.insert("Key1", 12)
skip_list.insert("V", 13)
skip_list.insert("X", 142)
skip_list.insert("Key2", 15)
skip_list.delete("X")
def traverse_keys(node):
yield node.key
for forward_node in node.forward:
yield from traverse_keys(forward_node)
assert len(set(traverse_keys(skip_list.head))) == 4
def test_iter_always_yields_sorted_values():
def is_sorted(lst):
for item, next_item in zip(lst, lst[1:]):
if next_item < item:
return False
return True
skip_list = SkipList()
for i in range(10):
skip_list.insert(i, i)
assert is_sorted(list(skip_list))
skip_list.delete(5)
skip_list.delete(8)
skip_list.delete(2)
assert is_sorted(list(skip_list))
skip_list.insert(-12, -12)
skip_list.insert(77, 77)
assert is_sorted(list(skip_list))
def pytests():
for i in range(100):
# Repeat test 100 times due to the probabilistic nature of skip list
# random values == random bugs
test_insert()
test_insert_overrides_existing_value()
test_searching_empty_list_returns_none()
test_search()
test_deleting_item_from_empty_list_do_nothing()
test_deleted_items_are_not_founded_by_find_method()
test_delete_removes_only_given_key()
test_delete_doesnt_leave_dead_nodes()
test_iter_always_yields_sorted_values()
def main():
"""
>>> pytests()
"""
skip_list = SkipList()
skip_list.insert(2, "2")
skip_list.insert(4, "4")
skip_list.insert(6, "4")
skip_list.insert(4, "5")
skip_list.insert(8, "4")
skip_list.insert(9, "4")
skip_list.delete(4)
print(skip_list)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| """
Based on "Skip Lists: A Probabilistic Alternative to Balanced Trees" by William Pugh
https://epaperpress.com/sortsearch/download/skiplist.pdf
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from random import random
from typing import Generic, TypeVar
KT = TypeVar("KT")
VT = TypeVar("VT")
class Node(Generic[KT, VT]):
def __init__(self, key: KT | str = "root", value: VT | None = None):
self.key = key
self.value = value
self.forward: list[Node[KT, VT]] = []
def __repr__(self) -> str:
"""
:return: Visual representation of Node
>>> node = Node("Key", 2)
>>> repr(node)
'Node(Key: 2)'
"""
return f"Node({self.key}: {self.value})"
@property
def level(self) -> int:
"""
:return: Number of forward references
>>> node = Node("Key", 2)
>>> node.level
0
>>> node.forward.append(Node("Key2", 4))
>>> node.level
1
>>> node.forward.append(Node("Key3", 6))
>>> node.level
2
"""
return len(self.forward)
class SkipList(Generic[KT, VT]):
def __init__(self, p: float = 0.5, max_level: int = 16):
self.head: Node[KT, VT] = Node[KT, VT]()
self.level = 0
self.p = p
self.max_level = max_level
def __str__(self) -> str:
"""
:return: Visual representation of SkipList
>>> skip_list = SkipList()
>>> print(skip_list)
SkipList(level=0)
>>> skip_list.insert("Key1", "Value")
>>> print(skip_list) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
SkipList(level=...
[root]--...
[Key1]--Key1...
None *...
>>> skip_list.insert("Key2", "OtherValue")
>>> print(skip_list) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
SkipList(level=...
[root]--...
[Key1]--Key1...
[Key2]--Key2...
None *...
"""
items = list(self)
if len(items) == 0:
return f"SkipList(level={self.level})"
label_size = max((len(str(item)) for item in items), default=4)
label_size = max(label_size, 4) + 4
node = self.head
lines = []
forwards = node.forward.copy()
lines.append(f"[{node.key}]".ljust(label_size, "-") + "* " * len(forwards))
lines.append(" " * label_size + "| " * len(forwards))
while len(node.forward) != 0:
node = node.forward[0]
lines.append(
f"[{node.key}]".ljust(label_size, "-")
+ " ".join(str(n.key) if n.key == node.key else "|" for n in forwards)
)
lines.append(" " * label_size + "| " * len(forwards))
forwards[: node.level] = node.forward
lines.append("None".ljust(label_size) + "* " * len(forwards))
return f"SkipList(level={self.level})\n" + "\n".join(lines)
def __iter__(self):
node = self.head
while len(node.forward) != 0:
yield node.forward[0].key
node = node.forward[0]
def random_level(self) -> int:
"""
:return: Random level from [1, self.max_level] interval.
Higher values are less likely.
"""
level = 1
while random() < self.p and level < self.max_level:
level += 1
return level
def _locate_node(self, key) -> tuple[Node[KT, VT] | None, list[Node[KT, VT]]]:
"""
:param key: Searched key,
:return: Tuple with searched node (or None if given key is not present)
and list of nodes that refer (if key is present) of should refer to
given node.
"""
# Nodes with refer or should refer to output node
update_vector = []
node = self.head
for i in reversed(range(self.level)):
# i < node.level - When node level is lesser than `i` decrement `i`.
# node.forward[i].key < key - Jumping to node with key value higher
# or equal to searched key would result
# in skipping searched key.
while i < node.level and node.forward[i].key < key:
node = node.forward[i]
# Each leftmost node (relative to searched node) will potentially have to
# be updated.
update_vector.append(node)
update_vector.reverse() # Note that we were inserting values in reverse order.
# len(node.forward) != 0 - If current node doesn't contain any further
# references then searched key is not present.
# node.forward[0].key == key - Next node key should be equal to search key
# if key is present.
if len(node.forward) != 0 and node.forward[0].key == key:
return node.forward[0], update_vector
else:
return None, update_vector
def delete(self, key: KT):
"""
:param key: Key to remove from list.
>>> skip_list = SkipList()
>>> skip_list.insert(2, "Two")
>>> skip_list.insert(1, "One")
>>> skip_list.insert(3, "Three")
>>> list(skip_list)
[1, 2, 3]
>>> skip_list.delete(2)
>>> list(skip_list)
[1, 3]
"""
node, update_vector = self._locate_node(key)
if node is not None:
for i, update_node in enumerate(update_vector):
# Remove or replace all references to removed node.
if update_node.level > i and update_node.forward[i].key == key:
if node.level > i:
update_node.forward[i] = node.forward[i]
else:
update_node.forward = update_node.forward[:i]
def insert(self, key: KT, value: VT):
"""
:param key: Key to insert.
:param value: Value associated with given key.
>>> skip_list = SkipList()
>>> skip_list.insert(2, "Two")
>>> skip_list.find(2)
'Two'
>>> list(skip_list)
[2]
"""
node, update_vector = self._locate_node(key)
if node is not None:
node.value = value
else:
level = self.random_level()
if level > self.level:
# After level increase we have to add additional nodes to head.
for i in range(self.level - 1, level):
update_vector.append(self.head)
self.level = level
new_node = Node(key, value)
for i, update_node in enumerate(update_vector[:level]):
# Change references to pass through new node.
if update_node.level > i:
new_node.forward.append(update_node.forward[i])
if update_node.level < i + 1:
update_node.forward.append(new_node)
else:
update_node.forward[i] = new_node
def find(self, key: VT) -> VT | None:
"""
:param key: Search key.
:return: Value associated with given key or None if given key is not present.
>>> skip_list = SkipList()
>>> skip_list.find(2)
>>> skip_list.insert(2, "Two")
>>> skip_list.find(2)
'Two'
>>> skip_list.insert(2, "Three")
>>> skip_list.find(2)
'Three'
"""
node, _ = self._locate_node(key)
if node is not None:
return node.value
return None
def test_insert():
skip_list = SkipList()
skip_list.insert("Key1", 3)
skip_list.insert("Key2", 12)
skip_list.insert("Key3", 41)
skip_list.insert("Key4", -19)
node = skip_list.head
all_values = {}
while node.level != 0:
node = node.forward[0]
all_values[node.key] = node.value
assert len(all_values) == 4
assert all_values["Key1"] == 3
assert all_values["Key2"] == 12
assert all_values["Key3"] == 41
assert all_values["Key4"] == -19
def test_insert_overrides_existing_value():
skip_list = SkipList()
skip_list.insert("Key1", 10)
skip_list.insert("Key1", 12)
skip_list.insert("Key5", 7)
skip_list.insert("Key7", 10)
skip_list.insert("Key10", 5)
skip_list.insert("Key7", 7)
skip_list.insert("Key5", 5)
skip_list.insert("Key10", 10)
node = skip_list.head
all_values = {}
while node.level != 0:
node = node.forward[0]
all_values[node.key] = node.value
if len(all_values) != 4:
print()
assert len(all_values) == 4
assert all_values["Key1"] == 12
assert all_values["Key7"] == 7
assert all_values["Key5"] == 5
assert all_values["Key10"] == 10
def test_searching_empty_list_returns_none():
skip_list = SkipList()
assert skip_list.find("Some key") is None
def test_search():
skip_list = SkipList()
skip_list.insert("Key2", 20)
assert skip_list.find("Key2") == 20
skip_list.insert("Some Key", 10)
skip_list.insert("Key2", 8)
skip_list.insert("V", 13)
assert skip_list.find("Y") is None
assert skip_list.find("Key2") == 8
assert skip_list.find("Some Key") == 10
assert skip_list.find("V") == 13
def test_deleting_item_from_empty_list_do_nothing():
skip_list = SkipList()
skip_list.delete("Some key")
assert len(skip_list.head.forward) == 0
def test_deleted_items_are_not_founded_by_find_method():
skip_list = SkipList()
skip_list.insert("Key1", 12)
skip_list.insert("V", 13)
skip_list.insert("X", 14)
skip_list.insert("Key2", 15)
skip_list.delete("V")
skip_list.delete("Key2")
assert skip_list.find("V") is None
assert skip_list.find("Key2") is None
def test_delete_removes_only_given_key():
skip_list = SkipList()
skip_list.insert("Key1", 12)
skip_list.insert("V", 13)
skip_list.insert("X", 14)
skip_list.insert("Key2", 15)
skip_list.delete("V")
assert skip_list.find("V") is None
assert skip_list.find("X") == 14
assert skip_list.find("Key1") == 12
assert skip_list.find("Key2") == 15
skip_list.delete("X")
assert skip_list.find("V") is None
assert skip_list.find("X") is None
assert skip_list.find("Key1") == 12
assert skip_list.find("Key2") == 15
skip_list.delete("Key1")
assert skip_list.find("V") is None
assert skip_list.find("X") is None
assert skip_list.find("Key1") is None
assert skip_list.find("Key2") == 15
skip_list.delete("Key2")
assert skip_list.find("V") is None
assert skip_list.find("X") is None
assert skip_list.find("Key1") is None
assert skip_list.find("Key2") is None
def test_delete_doesnt_leave_dead_nodes():
skip_list = SkipList()
skip_list.insert("Key1", 12)
skip_list.insert("V", 13)
skip_list.insert("X", 142)
skip_list.insert("Key2", 15)
skip_list.delete("X")
def traverse_keys(node):
yield node.key
for forward_node in node.forward:
yield from traverse_keys(forward_node)
assert len(set(traverse_keys(skip_list.head))) == 4
def test_iter_always_yields_sorted_values():
def is_sorted(lst):
for item, next_item in zip(lst, lst[1:]):
if next_item < item:
return False
return True
skip_list = SkipList()
for i in range(10):
skip_list.insert(i, i)
assert is_sorted(list(skip_list))
skip_list.delete(5)
skip_list.delete(8)
skip_list.delete(2)
assert is_sorted(list(skip_list))
skip_list.insert(-12, -12)
skip_list.insert(77, 77)
assert is_sorted(list(skip_list))
def pytests():
for i in range(100):
# Repeat test 100 times due to the probabilistic nature of skip list
# random values == random bugs
test_insert()
test_insert_overrides_existing_value()
test_searching_empty_list_returns_none()
test_search()
test_deleting_item_from_empty_list_do_nothing()
test_deleted_items_are_not_founded_by_find_method()
test_delete_removes_only_given_key()
test_delete_doesnt_leave_dead_nodes()
test_iter_always_yields_sorted_values()
def main():
"""
>>> pytests()
"""
skip_list = SkipList()
skip_list.insert(2, "2")
skip_list.insert(4, "4")
skip_list.insert(6, "4")
skip_list.insert(4, "5")
skip_list.insert(8, "4")
skip_list.insert(9, "4")
skip_list.delete(4)
print(skip_list)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| 1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Problem 46: https://projecteuler.net/problem=46
It was proposed by Christian Goldbach that every odd composite number can be
written as the sum of a prime and twice a square.
9 = 7 + 2 × 12
15 = 7 + 2 × 22
21 = 3 + 2 × 32
25 = 7 + 2 × 32
27 = 19 + 2 × 22
33 = 31 + 2 × 12
It turns out that the conjecture was false.
What is the smallest odd composite that cannot be written as the sum of a
prime and twice a square?
"""
from __future__ import annotations
seive = [True] * 100001
i = 2
while i * i <= 100000:
if seive[i]:
for j in range(i * i, 100001, i):
seive[j] = False
i += 1
def is_prime(n: int) -> bool:
"""
Returns True if n is prime,
False otherwise, for 2 <= n <= 100000
>>> is_prime(87)
False
>>> is_prime(23)
True
>>> is_prime(25363)
False
"""
return seive[n]
odd_composites = [num for num in range(3, len(seive), 2) if not is_prime(num)]
def compute_nums(n: int) -> list[int]:
"""
Returns a list of first n odd composite numbers which do
not follow the conjecture.
>>> compute_nums(1)
[5777]
>>> compute_nums(2)
[5777, 5993]
>>> compute_nums(0)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: n must be >= 0
>>> compute_nums("a")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: n must be an integer
>>> compute_nums(1.1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: n must be an integer
"""
if not isinstance(n, int):
raise ValueError("n must be an integer")
if n <= 0:
raise ValueError("n must be >= 0")
list_nums = []
for num in range(len(odd_composites)):
i = 0
while 2 * i * i <= odd_composites[num]:
rem = odd_composites[num] - 2 * i * i
if is_prime(rem):
break
i += 1
else:
list_nums.append(odd_composites[num])
if len(list_nums) == n:
return list_nums
return []
def solution() -> int:
"""Return the solution to the problem"""
return compute_nums(1)[0]
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| """
Problem 46: https://projecteuler.net/problem=46
It was proposed by Christian Goldbach that every odd composite number can be
written as the sum of a prime and twice a square.
9 = 7 + 2 × 12
15 = 7 + 2 × 22
21 = 3 + 2 × 32
25 = 7 + 2 × 32
27 = 19 + 2 × 22
33 = 31 + 2 × 12
It turns out that the conjecture was false.
What is the smallest odd composite that cannot be written as the sum of a
prime and twice a square?
"""
from __future__ import annotations
seive = [True] * 100001
i = 2
while i * i <= 100000:
if seive[i]:
for j in range(i * i, 100001, i):
seive[j] = False
i += 1
def is_prime(n: int) -> bool:
"""
Returns True if n is prime,
False otherwise, for 2 <= n <= 100000
>>> is_prime(87)
False
>>> is_prime(23)
True
>>> is_prime(25363)
False
"""
return seive[n]
odd_composites = [num for num in range(3, len(seive), 2) if not is_prime(num)]
def compute_nums(n: int) -> list[int]:
"""
Returns a list of first n odd composite numbers which do
not follow the conjecture.
>>> compute_nums(1)
[5777]
>>> compute_nums(2)
[5777, 5993]
>>> compute_nums(0)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: n must be >= 0
>>> compute_nums("a")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: n must be an integer
>>> compute_nums(1.1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: n must be an integer
"""
if not isinstance(n, int):
raise ValueError("n must be an integer")
if n <= 0:
raise ValueError("n must be >= 0")
list_nums = []
for num in range(len(odd_composites)):
i = 0
while 2 * i * i <= odd_composites[num]:
rem = odd_composites[num] - 2 * i * i
if is_prime(rem):
break
i += 1
else:
list_nums.append(odd_composites[num])
if len(list_nums) == n:
return list_nums
return []
def solution() -> int:
"""Return the solution to the problem"""
return compute_nums(1)[0]
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| #
| #
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Project Euler Problem 6: https://projecteuler.net/problem=6
Sum square difference
The sum of the squares of the first ten natural numbers is,
1^2 + 2^2 + ... + 10^2 = 385
The square of the sum of the first ten natural numbers is,
(1 + 2 + ... + 10)^2 = 55^2 = 3025
Hence the difference between the sum of the squares of the first ten
natural numbers and the square of the sum is 3025 - 385 = 2640.
Find the difference between the sum of the squares of the first one
hundred natural numbers and the square of the sum.
"""
def solution(n: int = 100) -> int:
"""
Returns the difference between the sum of the squares of the first n
natural numbers and the square of the sum.
>>> solution(10)
2640
>>> solution(15)
13160
>>> solution(20)
41230
>>> solution(50)
1582700
"""
sum_of_squares = n * (n + 1) * (2 * n + 1) / 6
square_of_sum = (n * (n + 1) / 2) ** 2
return int(square_of_sum - sum_of_squares)
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| """
Project Euler Problem 6: https://projecteuler.net/problem=6
Sum square difference
The sum of the squares of the first ten natural numbers is,
1^2 + 2^2 + ... + 10^2 = 385
The square of the sum of the first ten natural numbers is,
(1 + 2 + ... + 10)^2 = 55^2 = 3025
Hence the difference between the sum of the squares of the first ten
natural numbers and the square of the sum is 3025 - 385 = 2640.
Find the difference between the sum of the squares of the first one
hundred natural numbers and the square of the sum.
"""
def solution(n: int = 100) -> int:
"""
Returns the difference between the sum of the squares of the first n
natural numbers and the square of the sum.
>>> solution(10)
2640
>>> solution(15)
13160
>>> solution(20)
41230
>>> solution(50)
1582700
"""
sum_of_squares = n * (n + 1) * (2 * n + 1) / 6
square_of_sum = (n * (n + 1) / 2) ** 2
return int(square_of_sum - sum_of_squares)
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| def reverse_letters(input_str: str) -> str:
"""
Reverses letters in a given string without adjusting the position of the words
>>> reverse_letters('The cat in the hat')
'ehT tac ni eht tah'
>>> reverse_letters('The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.')
'ehT kciuq nworb xof depmuj revo eht yzal .god'
>>> reverse_letters('Is this true?')
'sI siht ?eurt'
>>> reverse_letters("I love Python")
'I evol nohtyP'
"""
return " ".join([word[::-1] for word in input_str.split()])
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| def reverse_letters(input_str: str) -> str:
"""
Reverses letters in a given string without adjusting the position of the words
>>> reverse_letters('The cat in the hat')
'ehT tac ni eht tah'
>>> reverse_letters('The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.')
'ehT kciuq nworb xof depmuj revo eht yzal .god'
>>> reverse_letters('Is this true?')
'sI siht ?eurt'
>>> reverse_letters("I love Python")
'I evol nohtyP'
"""
return " ".join([word[::-1] for word in input_str.split()])
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| import os
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
from fake_useragent import UserAgent
headers = {"UserAgent": UserAgent().random}
URL = "https://www.mywaifulist.moe/random"
def save_image(image_url: str, image_title: str) -> None:
"""
Saves the image of anime character
"""
image = requests.get(image_url, headers=headers)
with open(image_title, "wb") as file:
file.write(image.content)
def random_anime_character() -> tuple[str, str, str]:
"""
Returns the Title, Description, and Image Title of a random anime character .
"""
soup = BeautifulSoup(requests.get(URL, headers=headers).text, "html.parser")
title = soup.find("meta", attrs={"property": "og:title"}).attrs["content"]
image_url = soup.find("meta", attrs={"property": "og:image"}).attrs["content"]
description = soup.find("p", id="description").get_text()
_, image_extension = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(image_url))
image_title = title.strip().replace(" ", "_")
image_title = f"{image_title}{image_extension}"
save_image(image_url, image_title)
return (title, description, image_title)
if __name__ == "__main__":
title, desc, image_title = random_anime_character()
print(f"{title}\n\n{desc}\n\nImage saved : {image_title}")
| import os
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
from fake_useragent import UserAgent
headers = {"UserAgent": UserAgent().random}
URL = "https://www.mywaifulist.moe/random"
def save_image(image_url: str, image_title: str) -> None:
"""
Saves the image of anime character
"""
image = requests.get(image_url, headers=headers)
with open(image_title, "wb") as file:
file.write(image.content)
def random_anime_character() -> tuple[str, str, str]:
"""
Returns the Title, Description, and Image Title of a random anime character .
"""
soup = BeautifulSoup(requests.get(URL, headers=headers).text, "html.parser")
title = soup.find("meta", attrs={"property": "og:title"}).attrs["content"]
image_url = soup.find("meta", attrs={"property": "og:image"}).attrs["content"]
description = soup.find("p", id="description").get_text()
_, image_extension = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(image_url))
image_title = title.strip().replace(" ", "_")
image_title = f"{image_title}{image_extension}"
save_image(image_url, image_title)
return (title, description, image_title)
if __name__ == "__main__":
title, desc, image_title = random_anime_character()
print(f"{title}\n\n{desc}\n\nImage saved : {image_title}")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| #!/usr/bin/env python3
def climb_stairs(n: int) -> int:
"""
LeetCdoe No.70: Climbing Stairs
Distinct ways to climb a n step staircase where
each time you can either climb 1 or 2 steps.
Args:
n: number of steps of staircase
Returns:
Distinct ways to climb a n step staircase
Raises:
AssertionError: n not positive integer
>>> climb_stairs(3)
3
>>> climb_stairs(1)
1
>>> climb_stairs(-7) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AssertionError: n needs to be positive integer, your input -7
"""
assert (
isinstance(n, int) and n > 0
), f"n needs to be positive integer, your input {n}"
if n == 1:
return 1
dp = [0] * (n + 1)
dp[0], dp[1] = (1, 1)
for i in range(2, n + 1):
dp[i] = dp[i - 1] + dp[i - 2]
return dp[n]
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| #!/usr/bin/env python3
def climb_stairs(n: int) -> int:
"""
LeetCdoe No.70: Climbing Stairs
Distinct ways to climb a n step staircase where
each time you can either climb 1 or 2 steps.
Args:
n: number of steps of staircase
Returns:
Distinct ways to climb a n step staircase
Raises:
AssertionError: n not positive integer
>>> climb_stairs(3)
3
>>> climb_stairs(1)
1
>>> climb_stairs(-7) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AssertionError: n needs to be positive integer, your input -7
"""
assert (
isinstance(n, int) and n > 0
), f"n needs to be positive integer, your input {n}"
if n == 1:
return 1
dp = [0] * (n + 1)
dp[0], dp[1] = (1, 1)
for i in range(2, n + 1):
dp[i] = dp[i - 1] + dp[i - 2]
return dp[n]
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """ Convert between different units of temperature """
def celsius_to_fahrenheit(celsius: float, ndigits: int = 2) -> float:
"""
Convert a given value from Celsius to Fahrenheit and round it to 2 decimal places.
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit
>>> celsius_to_fahrenheit(273.354, 3)
524.037
>>> celsius_to_fahrenheit(273.354, 0)
524.0
>>> celsius_to_fahrenheit(-40.0)
-40.0
>>> celsius_to_fahrenheit(-20.0)
-4.0
>>> celsius_to_fahrenheit(0)
32.0
>>> celsius_to_fahrenheit(20)
68.0
>>> celsius_to_fahrenheit("40")
104.0
>>> celsius_to_fahrenheit("celsius")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'celsius'
"""
return round((float(celsius) * 9 / 5) + 32, ndigits)
def celsius_to_kelvin(celsius: float, ndigits: int = 2) -> float:
"""
Convert a given value from Celsius to Kelvin and round it to 2 decimal places.
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin
>>> celsius_to_kelvin(273.354, 3)
546.504
>>> celsius_to_kelvin(273.354, 0)
547.0
>>> celsius_to_kelvin(0)
273.15
>>> celsius_to_kelvin(20.0)
293.15
>>> celsius_to_kelvin("40")
313.15
>>> celsius_to_kelvin("celsius")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'celsius'
"""
return round(float(celsius) + 273.15, ndigits)
def celsius_to_rankine(celsius: float, ndigits: int = 2) -> float:
"""
Convert a given value from Celsius to Rankine and round it to 2 decimal places.
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_scale
>>> celsius_to_rankine(273.354, 3)
983.707
>>> celsius_to_rankine(273.354, 0)
984.0
>>> celsius_to_rankine(0)
491.67
>>> celsius_to_rankine(20.0)
527.67
>>> celsius_to_rankine("40")
563.67
>>> celsius_to_rankine("celsius")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'celsius'
"""
return round((float(celsius) * 9 / 5) + 491.67, ndigits)
def fahrenheit_to_celsius(fahrenheit: float, ndigits: int = 2) -> float:
"""
Convert a given value from Fahrenheit to Celsius and round it to 2 decimal places.
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius
>>> fahrenheit_to_celsius(273.354, 3)
134.086
>>> fahrenheit_to_celsius(273.354, 0)
134.0
>>> fahrenheit_to_celsius(0)
-17.78
>>> fahrenheit_to_celsius(20.0)
-6.67
>>> fahrenheit_to_celsius(40.0)
4.44
>>> fahrenheit_to_celsius(60)
15.56
>>> fahrenheit_to_celsius(80)
26.67
>>> fahrenheit_to_celsius("100")
37.78
>>> fahrenheit_to_celsius("fahrenheit")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'fahrenheit'
"""
return round((float(fahrenheit) - 32) * 5 / 9, ndigits)
def fahrenheit_to_kelvin(fahrenheit: float, ndigits: int = 2) -> float:
"""
Convert a given value from Fahrenheit to Kelvin and round it to 2 decimal places.
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin
>>> fahrenheit_to_kelvin(273.354, 3)
407.236
>>> fahrenheit_to_kelvin(273.354, 0)
407.0
>>> fahrenheit_to_kelvin(0)
255.37
>>> fahrenheit_to_kelvin(20.0)
266.48
>>> fahrenheit_to_kelvin(40.0)
277.59
>>> fahrenheit_to_kelvin(60)
288.71
>>> fahrenheit_to_kelvin(80)
299.82
>>> fahrenheit_to_kelvin("100")
310.93
>>> fahrenheit_to_kelvin("fahrenheit")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'fahrenheit'
"""
return round(((float(fahrenheit) - 32) * 5 / 9) + 273.15, ndigits)
def fahrenheit_to_rankine(fahrenheit: float, ndigits: int = 2) -> float:
"""
Convert a given value from Fahrenheit to Rankine and round it to 2 decimal places.
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_scale
>>> fahrenheit_to_rankine(273.354, 3)
733.024
>>> fahrenheit_to_rankine(273.354, 0)
733.0
>>> fahrenheit_to_rankine(0)
459.67
>>> fahrenheit_to_rankine(20.0)
479.67
>>> fahrenheit_to_rankine(40.0)
499.67
>>> fahrenheit_to_rankine(60)
519.67
>>> fahrenheit_to_rankine(80)
539.67
>>> fahrenheit_to_rankine("100")
559.67
>>> fahrenheit_to_rankine("fahrenheit")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'fahrenheit'
"""
return round(float(fahrenheit) + 459.67, ndigits)
def kelvin_to_celsius(kelvin: float, ndigits: int = 2) -> float:
"""
Convert a given value from Kelvin to Celsius and round it to 2 decimal places.
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius
>>> kelvin_to_celsius(273.354, 3)
0.204
>>> kelvin_to_celsius(273.354, 0)
0.0
>>> kelvin_to_celsius(273.15)
0.0
>>> kelvin_to_celsius(300)
26.85
>>> kelvin_to_celsius("315.5")
42.35
>>> kelvin_to_celsius("kelvin")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'kelvin'
"""
return round(float(kelvin) - 273.15, ndigits)
def kelvin_to_fahrenheit(kelvin: float, ndigits: int = 2) -> float:
"""
Convert a given value from Kelvin to Fahrenheit and round it to 2 decimal places.
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit
>>> kelvin_to_fahrenheit(273.354, 3)
32.367
>>> kelvin_to_fahrenheit(273.354, 0)
32.0
>>> kelvin_to_fahrenheit(273.15)
32.0
>>> kelvin_to_fahrenheit(300)
80.33
>>> kelvin_to_fahrenheit("315.5")
108.23
>>> kelvin_to_fahrenheit("kelvin")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'kelvin'
"""
return round(((float(kelvin) - 273.15) * 9 / 5) + 32, ndigits)
def kelvin_to_rankine(kelvin: float, ndigits: int = 2) -> float:
"""
Convert a given value from Kelvin to Rankine and round it to 2 decimal places.
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_scale
>>> kelvin_to_rankine(273.354, 3)
492.037
>>> kelvin_to_rankine(273.354, 0)
492.0
>>> kelvin_to_rankine(0)
0.0
>>> kelvin_to_rankine(20.0)
36.0
>>> kelvin_to_rankine("40")
72.0
>>> kelvin_to_rankine("kelvin")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'kelvin'
"""
return round((float(kelvin) * 9 / 5), ndigits)
def rankine_to_celsius(rankine: float, ndigits: int = 2) -> float:
"""
Convert a given value from Rankine to Celsius and round it to 2 decimal places.
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_scale
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius
>>> rankine_to_celsius(273.354, 3)
-121.287
>>> rankine_to_celsius(273.354, 0)
-121.0
>>> rankine_to_celsius(273.15)
-121.4
>>> rankine_to_celsius(300)
-106.48
>>> rankine_to_celsius("315.5")
-97.87
>>> rankine_to_celsius("rankine")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'rankine'
"""
return round((float(rankine) - 491.67) * 5 / 9, ndigits)
def rankine_to_fahrenheit(rankine: float, ndigits: int = 2) -> float:
"""
Convert a given value from Rankine to Fahrenheit and round it to 2 decimal places.
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_scale
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit
>>> rankine_to_fahrenheit(273.15)
-186.52
>>> rankine_to_fahrenheit(300)
-159.67
>>> rankine_to_fahrenheit("315.5")
-144.17
>>> rankine_to_fahrenheit("rankine")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'rankine'
"""
return round(float(rankine) - 459.67, ndigits)
def rankine_to_kelvin(rankine: float, ndigits: int = 2) -> float:
"""
Convert a given value from Rankine to Kelvin and round it to 2 decimal places.
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_scale
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin
>>> rankine_to_kelvin(0)
0.0
>>> rankine_to_kelvin(20.0)
11.11
>>> rankine_to_kelvin("40")
22.22
>>> rankine_to_kelvin("rankine")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'rankine'
"""
return round((float(rankine) * 5 / 9), ndigits)
def reaumur_to_kelvin(reaumur: float, ndigits: int = 2) -> float:
"""
Convert a given value from reaumur to Kelvin and round it to 2 decimal places.
Reference:- http://www.csgnetwork.com/temp2conv.html
>>> reaumur_to_kelvin(0)
273.15
>>> reaumur_to_kelvin(20.0)
298.15
>>> reaumur_to_kelvin(40)
323.15
>>> reaumur_to_kelvin("reaumur")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'reaumur'
"""
return round((float(reaumur) * 1.25 + 273.15), ndigits)
def reaumur_to_fahrenheit(reaumur: float, ndigits: int = 2) -> float:
"""
Convert a given value from reaumur to fahrenheit and round it to 2 decimal places.
Reference:- http://www.csgnetwork.com/temp2conv.html
>>> reaumur_to_fahrenheit(0)
32.0
>>> reaumur_to_fahrenheit(20.0)
77.0
>>> reaumur_to_fahrenheit(40)
122.0
>>> reaumur_to_fahrenheit("reaumur")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'reaumur'
"""
return round((float(reaumur) * 2.25 + 32), ndigits)
def reaumur_to_celsius(reaumur: float, ndigits: int = 2) -> float:
"""
Convert a given value from reaumur to celsius and round it to 2 decimal places.
Reference:- http://www.csgnetwork.com/temp2conv.html
>>> reaumur_to_celsius(0)
0.0
>>> reaumur_to_celsius(20.0)
25.0
>>> reaumur_to_celsius(40)
50.0
>>> reaumur_to_celsius("reaumur")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'reaumur'
"""
return round((float(reaumur) * 1.25), ndigits)
def reaumur_to_rankine(reaumur: float, ndigits: int = 2) -> float:
"""
Convert a given value from reaumur to rankine and round it to 2 decimal places.
Reference:- http://www.csgnetwork.com/temp2conv.html
>>> reaumur_to_rankine(0)
491.67
>>> reaumur_to_rankine(20.0)
536.67
>>> reaumur_to_rankine(40)
581.67
>>> reaumur_to_rankine("reaumur")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'reaumur'
"""
return round((float(reaumur) * 2.25 + 32 + 459.67), ndigits)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| """ Convert between different units of temperature """
def celsius_to_fahrenheit(celsius: float, ndigits: int = 2) -> float:
"""
Convert a given value from Celsius to Fahrenheit and round it to 2 decimal places.
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit
>>> celsius_to_fahrenheit(273.354, 3)
524.037
>>> celsius_to_fahrenheit(273.354, 0)
524.0
>>> celsius_to_fahrenheit(-40.0)
-40.0
>>> celsius_to_fahrenheit(-20.0)
-4.0
>>> celsius_to_fahrenheit(0)
32.0
>>> celsius_to_fahrenheit(20)
68.0
>>> celsius_to_fahrenheit("40")
104.0
>>> celsius_to_fahrenheit("celsius")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'celsius'
"""
return round((float(celsius) * 9 / 5) + 32, ndigits)
def celsius_to_kelvin(celsius: float, ndigits: int = 2) -> float:
"""
Convert a given value from Celsius to Kelvin and round it to 2 decimal places.
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin
>>> celsius_to_kelvin(273.354, 3)
546.504
>>> celsius_to_kelvin(273.354, 0)
547.0
>>> celsius_to_kelvin(0)
273.15
>>> celsius_to_kelvin(20.0)
293.15
>>> celsius_to_kelvin("40")
313.15
>>> celsius_to_kelvin("celsius")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'celsius'
"""
return round(float(celsius) + 273.15, ndigits)
def celsius_to_rankine(celsius: float, ndigits: int = 2) -> float:
"""
Convert a given value from Celsius to Rankine and round it to 2 decimal places.
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_scale
>>> celsius_to_rankine(273.354, 3)
983.707
>>> celsius_to_rankine(273.354, 0)
984.0
>>> celsius_to_rankine(0)
491.67
>>> celsius_to_rankine(20.0)
527.67
>>> celsius_to_rankine("40")
563.67
>>> celsius_to_rankine("celsius")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'celsius'
"""
return round((float(celsius) * 9 / 5) + 491.67, ndigits)
def fahrenheit_to_celsius(fahrenheit: float, ndigits: int = 2) -> float:
"""
Convert a given value from Fahrenheit to Celsius and round it to 2 decimal places.
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius
>>> fahrenheit_to_celsius(273.354, 3)
134.086
>>> fahrenheit_to_celsius(273.354, 0)
134.0
>>> fahrenheit_to_celsius(0)
-17.78
>>> fahrenheit_to_celsius(20.0)
-6.67
>>> fahrenheit_to_celsius(40.0)
4.44
>>> fahrenheit_to_celsius(60)
15.56
>>> fahrenheit_to_celsius(80)
26.67
>>> fahrenheit_to_celsius("100")
37.78
>>> fahrenheit_to_celsius("fahrenheit")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'fahrenheit'
"""
return round((float(fahrenheit) - 32) * 5 / 9, ndigits)
def fahrenheit_to_kelvin(fahrenheit: float, ndigits: int = 2) -> float:
"""
Convert a given value from Fahrenheit to Kelvin and round it to 2 decimal places.
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin
>>> fahrenheit_to_kelvin(273.354, 3)
407.236
>>> fahrenheit_to_kelvin(273.354, 0)
407.0
>>> fahrenheit_to_kelvin(0)
255.37
>>> fahrenheit_to_kelvin(20.0)
266.48
>>> fahrenheit_to_kelvin(40.0)
277.59
>>> fahrenheit_to_kelvin(60)
288.71
>>> fahrenheit_to_kelvin(80)
299.82
>>> fahrenheit_to_kelvin("100")
310.93
>>> fahrenheit_to_kelvin("fahrenheit")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'fahrenheit'
"""
return round(((float(fahrenheit) - 32) * 5 / 9) + 273.15, ndigits)
def fahrenheit_to_rankine(fahrenheit: float, ndigits: int = 2) -> float:
"""
Convert a given value from Fahrenheit to Rankine and round it to 2 decimal places.
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_scale
>>> fahrenheit_to_rankine(273.354, 3)
733.024
>>> fahrenheit_to_rankine(273.354, 0)
733.0
>>> fahrenheit_to_rankine(0)
459.67
>>> fahrenheit_to_rankine(20.0)
479.67
>>> fahrenheit_to_rankine(40.0)
499.67
>>> fahrenheit_to_rankine(60)
519.67
>>> fahrenheit_to_rankine(80)
539.67
>>> fahrenheit_to_rankine("100")
559.67
>>> fahrenheit_to_rankine("fahrenheit")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'fahrenheit'
"""
return round(float(fahrenheit) + 459.67, ndigits)
def kelvin_to_celsius(kelvin: float, ndigits: int = 2) -> float:
"""
Convert a given value from Kelvin to Celsius and round it to 2 decimal places.
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius
>>> kelvin_to_celsius(273.354, 3)
0.204
>>> kelvin_to_celsius(273.354, 0)
0.0
>>> kelvin_to_celsius(273.15)
0.0
>>> kelvin_to_celsius(300)
26.85
>>> kelvin_to_celsius("315.5")
42.35
>>> kelvin_to_celsius("kelvin")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'kelvin'
"""
return round(float(kelvin) - 273.15, ndigits)
def kelvin_to_fahrenheit(kelvin: float, ndigits: int = 2) -> float:
"""
Convert a given value from Kelvin to Fahrenheit and round it to 2 decimal places.
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit
>>> kelvin_to_fahrenheit(273.354, 3)
32.367
>>> kelvin_to_fahrenheit(273.354, 0)
32.0
>>> kelvin_to_fahrenheit(273.15)
32.0
>>> kelvin_to_fahrenheit(300)
80.33
>>> kelvin_to_fahrenheit("315.5")
108.23
>>> kelvin_to_fahrenheit("kelvin")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'kelvin'
"""
return round(((float(kelvin) - 273.15) * 9 / 5) + 32, ndigits)
def kelvin_to_rankine(kelvin: float, ndigits: int = 2) -> float:
"""
Convert a given value from Kelvin to Rankine and round it to 2 decimal places.
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_scale
>>> kelvin_to_rankine(273.354, 3)
492.037
>>> kelvin_to_rankine(273.354, 0)
492.0
>>> kelvin_to_rankine(0)
0.0
>>> kelvin_to_rankine(20.0)
36.0
>>> kelvin_to_rankine("40")
72.0
>>> kelvin_to_rankine("kelvin")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'kelvin'
"""
return round((float(kelvin) * 9 / 5), ndigits)
def rankine_to_celsius(rankine: float, ndigits: int = 2) -> float:
"""
Convert a given value from Rankine to Celsius and round it to 2 decimal places.
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_scale
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius
>>> rankine_to_celsius(273.354, 3)
-121.287
>>> rankine_to_celsius(273.354, 0)
-121.0
>>> rankine_to_celsius(273.15)
-121.4
>>> rankine_to_celsius(300)
-106.48
>>> rankine_to_celsius("315.5")
-97.87
>>> rankine_to_celsius("rankine")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'rankine'
"""
return round((float(rankine) - 491.67) * 5 / 9, ndigits)
def rankine_to_fahrenheit(rankine: float, ndigits: int = 2) -> float:
"""
Convert a given value from Rankine to Fahrenheit and round it to 2 decimal places.
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_scale
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit
>>> rankine_to_fahrenheit(273.15)
-186.52
>>> rankine_to_fahrenheit(300)
-159.67
>>> rankine_to_fahrenheit("315.5")
-144.17
>>> rankine_to_fahrenheit("rankine")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'rankine'
"""
return round(float(rankine) - 459.67, ndigits)
def rankine_to_kelvin(rankine: float, ndigits: int = 2) -> float:
"""
Convert a given value from Rankine to Kelvin and round it to 2 decimal places.
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankine_scale
Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin
>>> rankine_to_kelvin(0)
0.0
>>> rankine_to_kelvin(20.0)
11.11
>>> rankine_to_kelvin("40")
22.22
>>> rankine_to_kelvin("rankine")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'rankine'
"""
return round((float(rankine) * 5 / 9), ndigits)
def reaumur_to_kelvin(reaumur: float, ndigits: int = 2) -> float:
"""
Convert a given value from reaumur to Kelvin and round it to 2 decimal places.
Reference:- http://www.csgnetwork.com/temp2conv.html
>>> reaumur_to_kelvin(0)
273.15
>>> reaumur_to_kelvin(20.0)
298.15
>>> reaumur_to_kelvin(40)
323.15
>>> reaumur_to_kelvin("reaumur")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'reaumur'
"""
return round((float(reaumur) * 1.25 + 273.15), ndigits)
def reaumur_to_fahrenheit(reaumur: float, ndigits: int = 2) -> float:
"""
Convert a given value from reaumur to fahrenheit and round it to 2 decimal places.
Reference:- http://www.csgnetwork.com/temp2conv.html
>>> reaumur_to_fahrenheit(0)
32.0
>>> reaumur_to_fahrenheit(20.0)
77.0
>>> reaumur_to_fahrenheit(40)
122.0
>>> reaumur_to_fahrenheit("reaumur")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'reaumur'
"""
return round((float(reaumur) * 2.25 + 32), ndigits)
def reaumur_to_celsius(reaumur: float, ndigits: int = 2) -> float:
"""
Convert a given value from reaumur to celsius and round it to 2 decimal places.
Reference:- http://www.csgnetwork.com/temp2conv.html
>>> reaumur_to_celsius(0)
0.0
>>> reaumur_to_celsius(20.0)
25.0
>>> reaumur_to_celsius(40)
50.0
>>> reaumur_to_celsius("reaumur")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'reaumur'
"""
return round((float(reaumur) * 1.25), ndigits)
def reaumur_to_rankine(reaumur: float, ndigits: int = 2) -> float:
"""
Convert a given value from reaumur to rankine and round it to 2 decimal places.
Reference:- http://www.csgnetwork.com/temp2conv.html
>>> reaumur_to_rankine(0)
491.67
>>> reaumur_to_rankine(20.0)
536.67
>>> reaumur_to_rankine(40)
581.67
>>> reaumur_to_rankine("reaumur")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'reaumur'
"""
return round((float(reaumur) * 2.25 + 32 + 459.67), ndigits)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| #!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
Build a quantum circuit with pair or group of qubits to perform
quantum entanglement.
Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon observed at the quantum scale
where entangled particles stay connected (in some sense) so that
the actions performed on one of the particles affects the other,
no matter the distance between two particles.
"""
import qiskit
def quantum_entanglement(qubits: int = 2) -> qiskit.result.counts.Counts:
"""
# >>> quantum_entanglement(2)
# {'00': 500, '11': 500}
# ┌───┐ ┌─┐
# q_0: ┤ H ├──■──┤M├───
# └───┘┌─┴─┐└╥┘┌─┐
# q_1: ─────┤ X ├─╫─┤M├
# └───┘ ║ └╥┘
# c: 2/═══════════╩══╩═
# 0 1
Args:
qubits (int): number of quibits to use. Defaults to 2
Returns:
qiskit.result.counts.Counts: mapping of states to its counts
"""
classical_bits = qubits
# Using Aer's qasm_simulator
simulator = qiskit.Aer.get_backend("qasm_simulator")
# Creating a Quantum Circuit acting on the q register
circuit = qiskit.QuantumCircuit(qubits, classical_bits)
# Adding a H gate on qubit 0 (now q0 in superposition)
circuit.h(0)
for i in range(1, qubits):
# Adding CX (CNOT) gate
circuit.cx(i - 1, i)
# Mapping the quantum measurement to the classical bits
circuit.measure(list(range(qubits)), list(range(classical_bits)))
# Now measuring any one qubit would affect other qubits to collapse
# their super position and have same state as the measured one.
# Executing the circuit on the qasm simulator
job = qiskit.execute(circuit, simulator, shots=1000)
return job.result().get_counts(circuit)
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"Total count for various states are: {quantum_entanglement(3)}")
| #!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
Build a quantum circuit with pair or group of qubits to perform
quantum entanglement.
Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon observed at the quantum scale
where entangled particles stay connected (in some sense) so that
the actions performed on one of the particles affects the other,
no matter the distance between two particles.
"""
import qiskit
def quantum_entanglement(qubits: int = 2) -> qiskit.result.counts.Counts:
"""
# >>> quantum_entanglement(2)
# {'00': 500, '11': 500}
# ┌───┐ ┌─┐
# q_0: ┤ H ├──■──┤M├───
# └───┘┌─┴─┐└╥┘┌─┐
# q_1: ─────┤ X ├─╫─┤M├
# └───┘ ║ └╥┘
# c: 2/═══════════╩══╩═
# 0 1
Args:
qubits (int): number of quibits to use. Defaults to 2
Returns:
qiskit.result.counts.Counts: mapping of states to its counts
"""
classical_bits = qubits
# Using Aer's qasm_simulator
simulator = qiskit.Aer.get_backend("qasm_simulator")
# Creating a Quantum Circuit acting on the q register
circuit = qiskit.QuantumCircuit(qubits, classical_bits)
# Adding a H gate on qubit 0 (now q0 in superposition)
circuit.h(0)
for i in range(1, qubits):
# Adding CX (CNOT) gate
circuit.cx(i - 1, i)
# Mapping the quantum measurement to the classical bits
circuit.measure(list(range(qubits)), list(range(classical_bits)))
# Now measuring any one qubit would affect other qubits to collapse
# their super position and have same state as the measured one.
# Executing the circuit on the qasm simulator
job = qiskit.execute(circuit, simulator, shots=1000)
return job.result().get_counts(circuit)
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"Total count for various states are: {quantum_entanglement(3)}")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| import numpy as np
from PIL import Image
def rgb2gray(rgb: np.array) -> np.array:
"""
Return gray image from rgb image
>>> rgb2gray(np.array([[[127, 255, 0]]]))
array([[187.6453]])
>>> rgb2gray(np.array([[[0, 0, 0]]]))
array([[0.]])
>>> rgb2gray(np.array([[[2, 4, 1]]]))
array([[3.0598]])
>>> rgb2gray(np.array([[[26, 255, 14], [5, 147, 20], [1, 200, 0]]]))
array([[159.0524, 90.0635, 117.6989]])
"""
r, g, b = rgb[:, :, 0], rgb[:, :, 1], rgb[:, :, 2]
return 0.2989 * r + 0.5870 * g + 0.1140 * b
def gray2binary(gray: np.array) -> np.array:
"""
Return binary image from gray image
>>> gray2binary(np.array([[127, 255, 0]]))
array([[False, True, False]])
>>> gray2binary(np.array([[0]]))
array([[False]])
>>> gray2binary(np.array([[26.2409, 4.9315, 1.4729]]))
array([[False, False, False]])
>>> gray2binary(np.array([[26, 255, 14], [5, 147, 20], [1, 200, 0]]))
array([[False, True, False],
[False, True, False],
[False, True, False]])
"""
return (127 < gray) & (gray <= 255)
def dilation(image: np.array, kernel: np.array) -> np.array:
"""
Return dilated image
>>> dilation(np.array([[True, False, True]]), np.array([[0, 1, 0]]))
array([[False, False, False]])
>>> dilation(np.array([[False, False, True]]), np.array([[1, 0, 1]]))
array([[False, False, False]])
"""
output = np.zeros_like(image)
image_padded = np.zeros(
(image.shape[0] + kernel.shape[0] - 1, image.shape[1] + kernel.shape[1] - 1)
)
# Copy image to padded image
image_padded[kernel.shape[0] - 2 : -1 :, kernel.shape[1] - 2 : -1 :] = image
# Iterate over image & apply kernel
for x in range(image.shape[1]):
for y in range(image.shape[0]):
summation = (
kernel * image_padded[y : y + kernel.shape[0], x : x + kernel.shape[1]]
).sum()
output[y, x] = int(summation > 0)
return output
# kernel to be applied
structuring_element = np.array([[0, 1, 0], [1, 1, 1], [0, 1, 0]])
if __name__ == "__main__":
# read original image
image = np.array(Image.open(r"..\image_data\lena.jpg"))
output = dilation(gray2binary(rgb2gray(image)), structuring_element)
# Save the output image
pil_img = Image.fromarray(output).convert("RGB")
pil_img.save("result_dilation.png")
| import numpy as np
from PIL import Image
def rgb2gray(rgb: np.array) -> np.array:
"""
Return gray image from rgb image
>>> rgb2gray(np.array([[[127, 255, 0]]]))
array([[187.6453]])
>>> rgb2gray(np.array([[[0, 0, 0]]]))
array([[0.]])
>>> rgb2gray(np.array([[[2, 4, 1]]]))
array([[3.0598]])
>>> rgb2gray(np.array([[[26, 255, 14], [5, 147, 20], [1, 200, 0]]]))
array([[159.0524, 90.0635, 117.6989]])
"""
r, g, b = rgb[:, :, 0], rgb[:, :, 1], rgb[:, :, 2]
return 0.2989 * r + 0.5870 * g + 0.1140 * b
def gray2binary(gray: np.array) -> np.array:
"""
Return binary image from gray image
>>> gray2binary(np.array([[127, 255, 0]]))
array([[False, True, False]])
>>> gray2binary(np.array([[0]]))
array([[False]])
>>> gray2binary(np.array([[26.2409, 4.9315, 1.4729]]))
array([[False, False, False]])
>>> gray2binary(np.array([[26, 255, 14], [5, 147, 20], [1, 200, 0]]))
array([[False, True, False],
[False, True, False],
[False, True, False]])
"""
return (127 < gray) & (gray <= 255)
def dilation(image: np.array, kernel: np.array) -> np.array:
"""
Return dilated image
>>> dilation(np.array([[True, False, True]]), np.array([[0, 1, 0]]))
array([[False, False, False]])
>>> dilation(np.array([[False, False, True]]), np.array([[1, 0, 1]]))
array([[False, False, False]])
"""
output = np.zeros_like(image)
image_padded = np.zeros(
(image.shape[0] + kernel.shape[0] - 1, image.shape[1] + kernel.shape[1] - 1)
)
# Copy image to padded image
image_padded[kernel.shape[0] - 2 : -1 :, kernel.shape[1] - 2 : -1 :] = image
# Iterate over image & apply kernel
for x in range(image.shape[1]):
for y in range(image.shape[0]):
summation = (
kernel * image_padded[y : y + kernel.shape[0], x : x + kernel.shape[1]]
).sum()
output[y, x] = int(summation > 0)
return output
# kernel to be applied
structuring_element = np.array([[0, 1, 0], [1, 1, 1], [0, 1, 0]])
if __name__ == "__main__":
# read original image
image = np.array(Image.open(r"..\image_data\lena.jpg"))
output = dilation(gray2binary(rgb2gray(image)), structuring_element)
# Save the output image
pil_img = Image.fromarray(output).convert("RGB")
pil_img.save("result_dilation.png")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """For reference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd%E2%80%93even_sort
"""
def odd_even_sort(input_list: list) -> list:
"""this algorithm uses the same idea of bubblesort,
but by first dividing in two phase (odd and even).
Originally developed for use on parallel processors
with local interconnections.
:param collection: mutable ordered sequence of elements
:return: same collection in ascending order
Examples:
>>> odd_even_sort([5 , 4 ,3 ,2 ,1])
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> odd_even_sort([])
[]
>>> odd_even_sort([-10 ,-1 ,10 ,2])
[-10, -1, 2, 10]
>>> odd_even_sort([1 ,2 ,3 ,4])
[1, 2, 3, 4]
"""
sorted = False
while sorted is False: # Until all the indices are traversed keep looping
sorted = True
for i in range(0, len(input_list) - 1, 2): # iterating over all even indices
if input_list[i] > input_list[i + 1]:
input_list[i], input_list[i + 1] = input_list[i + 1], input_list[i]
# swapping if elements not in order
sorted = False
for i in range(1, len(input_list) - 1, 2): # iterating over all odd indices
if input_list[i] > input_list[i + 1]:
input_list[i], input_list[i + 1] = input_list[i + 1], input_list[i]
# swapping if elements not in order
sorted = False
return input_list
if __name__ == "__main__":
print("Enter list to be sorted")
input_list = [int(x) for x in input().split()]
# inputing elements of the list in one line
sorted_list = odd_even_sort(input_list)
print("The sorted list is")
print(sorted_list)
| """For reference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd%E2%80%93even_sort
"""
def odd_even_sort(input_list: list) -> list:
"""this algorithm uses the same idea of bubblesort,
but by first dividing in two phase (odd and even).
Originally developed for use on parallel processors
with local interconnections.
:param collection: mutable ordered sequence of elements
:return: same collection in ascending order
Examples:
>>> odd_even_sort([5 , 4 ,3 ,2 ,1])
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> odd_even_sort([])
[]
>>> odd_even_sort([-10 ,-1 ,10 ,2])
[-10, -1, 2, 10]
>>> odd_even_sort([1 ,2 ,3 ,4])
[1, 2, 3, 4]
"""
sorted = False
while sorted is False: # Until all the indices are traversed keep looping
sorted = True
for i in range(0, len(input_list) - 1, 2): # iterating over all even indices
if input_list[i] > input_list[i + 1]:
input_list[i], input_list[i + 1] = input_list[i + 1], input_list[i]
# swapping if elements not in order
sorted = False
for i in range(1, len(input_list) - 1, 2): # iterating over all odd indices
if input_list[i] > input_list[i + 1]:
input_list[i], input_list[i + 1] = input_list[i + 1], input_list[i]
# swapping if elements not in order
sorted = False
return input_list
if __name__ == "__main__":
print("Enter list to be sorted")
input_list = [int(x) for x in input().split()]
# inputing elements of the list in one line
sorted_list = odd_even_sort(input_list)
print("The sorted list is")
print(sorted_list)
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| def kthPermutation(k, n):
"""
Finds k'th lexicographic permutation (in increasing order) of
0,1,2,...n-1 in O(n^2) time.
Examples:
First permutation is always 0,1,2,...n
>>> kthPermutation(0,5)
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
The order of permutation of 0,1,2,3 is [0,1,2,3], [0,1,3,2], [0,2,1,3],
[0,2,3,1], [0,3,1,2], [0,3,2,1], [1,0,2,3], [1,0,3,2], [1,2,0,3],
[1,2,3,0], [1,3,0,2]
>>> kthPermutation(10,4)
[1, 3, 0, 2]
"""
# Factorails from 1! to (n-1)!
factorials = [1]
for i in range(2, n):
factorials.append(factorials[-1] * i)
assert 0 <= k < factorials[-1] * n, "k out of bounds"
permutation = []
elements = list(range(n))
# Find permutation
while factorials:
factorial = factorials.pop()
number, k = divmod(k, factorial)
permutation.append(elements[number])
elements.remove(elements[number])
permutation.append(elements[0])
return permutation
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| def kthPermutation(k, n):
"""
Finds k'th lexicographic permutation (in increasing order) of
0,1,2,...n-1 in O(n^2) time.
Examples:
First permutation is always 0,1,2,...n
>>> kthPermutation(0,5)
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
The order of permutation of 0,1,2,3 is [0,1,2,3], [0,1,3,2], [0,2,1,3],
[0,2,3,1], [0,3,1,2], [0,3,2,1], [1,0,2,3], [1,0,3,2], [1,2,0,3],
[1,2,3,0], [1,3,0,2]
>>> kthPermutation(10,4)
[1, 3, 0, 2]
"""
# Factorails from 1! to (n-1)!
factorials = [1]
for i in range(2, n):
factorials.append(factorials[-1] * i)
assert 0 <= k < factorials[-1] * n, "k out of bounds"
permutation = []
elements = list(range(n))
# Find permutation
while factorials:
factorial = factorials.pop()
number, k = divmod(k, factorial)
permutation.append(elements[number])
elements.remove(elements[number])
permutation.append(elements[0])
return permutation
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| # Finding longest distance in Directed Acyclic Graph using KahnsAlgorithm
def longestDistance(graph):
indegree = [0] * len(graph)
queue = []
longDist = [1] * len(graph)
for key, values in graph.items():
for i in values:
indegree[i] += 1
for i in range(len(indegree)):
if indegree[i] == 0:
queue.append(i)
while queue:
vertex = queue.pop(0)
for x in graph[vertex]:
indegree[x] -= 1
if longDist[vertex] + 1 > longDist[x]:
longDist[x] = longDist[vertex] + 1
if indegree[x] == 0:
queue.append(x)
print(max(longDist))
# Adjacency list of Graph
graph = {0: [2, 3, 4], 1: [2, 7], 2: [5], 3: [5, 7], 4: [7], 5: [6], 6: [7], 7: []}
longestDistance(graph)
| # Finding longest distance in Directed Acyclic Graph using KahnsAlgorithm
def longestDistance(graph):
indegree = [0] * len(graph)
queue = []
longDist = [1] * len(graph)
for key, values in graph.items():
for i in values:
indegree[i] += 1
for i in range(len(indegree)):
if indegree[i] == 0:
queue.append(i)
while queue:
vertex = queue.pop(0)
for x in graph[vertex]:
indegree[x] -= 1
if longDist[vertex] + 1 > longDist[x]:
longDist[x] = longDist[vertex] + 1
if indegree[x] == 0:
queue.append(x)
print(max(longDist))
# Adjacency list of Graph
graph = {0: [2, 3, 4], 1: [2, 7], 2: [5], 3: [5, 7], 4: [7], 5: [6], 6: [7], 7: []}
longestDistance(graph)
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| def actual_power(a: int, b: int):
"""
Function using divide and conquer to calculate a^b.
It only works for integer a,b.
"""
if b == 0:
return 1
if (b % 2) == 0:
return actual_power(a, int(b / 2)) * actual_power(a, int(b / 2))
else:
return a * actual_power(a, int(b / 2)) * actual_power(a, int(b / 2))
def power(a: int, b: int) -> float:
"""
>>> power(4,6)
4096
>>> power(2,3)
8
>>> power(-2,3)
-8
>>> power(2,-3)
0.125
>>> power(-2,-3)
-0.125
"""
if b < 0:
return 1 / actual_power(a, b)
return actual_power(a, b)
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(power(-2, -3))
| def actual_power(a: int, b: int):
"""
Function using divide and conquer to calculate a^b.
It only works for integer a,b.
"""
if b == 0:
return 1
if (b % 2) == 0:
return actual_power(a, int(b / 2)) * actual_power(a, int(b / 2))
else:
return a * actual_power(a, int(b / 2)) * actual_power(a, int(b / 2))
def power(a: int, b: int) -> float:
"""
>>> power(4,6)
4096
>>> power(2,3)
8
>>> power(-2,3)
-8
>>> power(2,-3)
0.125
>>> power(-2,-3)
-0.125
"""
if b < 0:
return 1 / actual_power(a, b)
return actual_power(a, b)
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(power(-2, -3))
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Created on Fri Oct 16 09:31:07 2020
@author: Dr. Tobias Schröder
@license: MIT-license
This file contains the test-suite for the knapsack problem.
"""
import unittest
from knapsack import knapsack as k
class Test(unittest.TestCase):
def test_base_case(self):
"""
test for the base case
"""
cap = 0
val = [0]
w = [0]
c = len(val)
self.assertEqual(k.knapsack(cap, w, val, c), 0)
val = [60]
w = [10]
c = len(val)
self.assertEqual(k.knapsack(cap, w, val, c), 0)
def test_easy_case(self):
"""
test for the base case
"""
cap = 3
val = [1, 2, 3]
w = [3, 2, 1]
c = len(val)
self.assertEqual(k.knapsack(cap, w, val, c), 5)
def test_knapsack(self):
"""
test for the knapsack
"""
cap = 50
val = [60, 100, 120]
w = [10, 20, 30]
c = len(val)
self.assertEqual(k.knapsack(cap, w, val, c), 220)
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()
| """
Created on Fri Oct 16 09:31:07 2020
@author: Dr. Tobias Schröder
@license: MIT-license
This file contains the test-suite for the knapsack problem.
"""
import unittest
from knapsack import knapsack as k
class Test(unittest.TestCase):
def test_base_case(self):
"""
test for the base case
"""
cap = 0
val = [0]
w = [0]
c = len(val)
self.assertEqual(k.knapsack(cap, w, val, c), 0)
val = [60]
w = [10]
c = len(val)
self.assertEqual(k.knapsack(cap, w, val, c), 0)
def test_easy_case(self):
"""
test for the base case
"""
cap = 3
val = [1, 2, 3]
w = [3, 2, 1]
c = len(val)
self.assertEqual(k.knapsack(cap, w, val, c), 5)
def test_knapsack(self):
"""
test for the knapsack
"""
cap = 50
val = [60, 100, 120]
w = [10, 20, 30]
c = len(val)
self.assertEqual(k.knapsack(cap, w, val, c), 220)
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| import pandas as pd
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
# Splitting the dataset into the Training set and Test set
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
# Fitting Polynomial Regression to the dataset
from sklearn.preprocessing import PolynomialFeatures
# Importing the dataset
dataset = pd.read_csv(
"https://s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/public.gamelab.fun/dataset/"
"position_salaries.csv"
)
X = dataset.iloc[:, 1:2].values
y = dataset.iloc[:, 2].values
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=0)
poly_reg = PolynomialFeatures(degree=4)
X_poly = poly_reg.fit_transform(X)
pol_reg = LinearRegression()
pol_reg.fit(X_poly, y)
# Visualizing the Polymonial Regression results
def viz_polymonial():
plt.scatter(X, y, color="red")
plt.plot(X, pol_reg.predict(poly_reg.fit_transform(X)), color="blue")
plt.title("Truth or Bluff (Linear Regression)")
plt.xlabel("Position level")
plt.ylabel("Salary")
plt.show()
return
if __name__ == "__main__":
viz_polymonial()
# Predicting a new result with Polymonial Regression
pol_reg.predict(poly_reg.fit_transform([[5.5]]))
# output should be 132148.43750003
| import pandas as pd
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
# Splitting the dataset into the Training set and Test set
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
# Fitting Polynomial Regression to the dataset
from sklearn.preprocessing import PolynomialFeatures
# Importing the dataset
dataset = pd.read_csv(
"https://s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/public.gamelab.fun/dataset/"
"position_salaries.csv"
)
X = dataset.iloc[:, 1:2].values
y = dataset.iloc[:, 2].values
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=0)
poly_reg = PolynomialFeatures(degree=4)
X_poly = poly_reg.fit_transform(X)
pol_reg = LinearRegression()
pol_reg.fit(X_poly, y)
# Visualizing the Polymonial Regression results
def viz_polymonial():
plt.scatter(X, y, color="red")
plt.plot(X, pol_reg.predict(poly_reg.fit_transform(X)), color="blue")
plt.title("Truth or Bluff (Linear Regression)")
plt.xlabel("Position level")
plt.ylabel("Salary")
plt.show()
return
if __name__ == "__main__":
viz_polymonial()
# Predicting a new result with Polymonial Regression
pol_reg.predict(poly_reg.fit_transform([[5.5]]))
# output should be 132148.43750003
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Round Robin is a scheduling algorithm.
In Round Robin each process is assigned a fixed time slot in a cyclic way.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-robin_scheduling
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from statistics import mean
def calculate_waiting_times(burst_times: list[int]) -> list[int]:
"""
Calculate the waiting times of a list of processes that have a specified duration.
Return: The waiting time for each process.
>>> calculate_waiting_times([10, 5, 8])
[13, 10, 13]
>>> calculate_waiting_times([4, 6, 3, 1])
[5, 8, 9, 6]
>>> calculate_waiting_times([12, 2, 10])
[12, 2, 12]
"""
quantum = 2
rem_burst_times = list(burst_times)
waiting_times = [0] * len(burst_times)
t = 0
while True:
done = True
for i, burst_time in enumerate(burst_times):
if rem_burst_times[i] > 0:
done = False
if rem_burst_times[i] > quantum:
t += quantum
rem_burst_times[i] -= quantum
else:
t += rem_burst_times[i]
waiting_times[i] = t - burst_time
rem_burst_times[i] = 0
if done is True:
return waiting_times
def calculate_turn_around_times(
burst_times: list[int], waiting_times: list[int]
) -> list[int]:
"""
>>> calculate_turn_around_times([1, 2, 3, 4], [0, 1, 3])
[1, 3, 6]
>>> calculate_turn_around_times([10, 3, 7], [10, 6, 11])
[20, 9, 18]
"""
return [burst + waiting for burst, waiting in zip(burst_times, waiting_times)]
if __name__ == "__main__":
burst_times = [3, 5, 7]
waiting_times = calculate_waiting_times(burst_times)
turn_around_times = calculate_turn_around_times(burst_times, waiting_times)
print("Process ID \tBurst Time \tWaiting Time \tTurnaround Time")
for i, burst_time in enumerate(burst_times):
print(
f" {i + 1}\t\t {burst_time}\t\t {waiting_times[i]}\t\t "
f"{turn_around_times[i]}"
)
print(f"\nAverage waiting time = {mean(waiting_times):.5f}")
print(f"Average turn around time = {mean(turn_around_times):.5f}")
| """
Round Robin is a scheduling algorithm.
In Round Robin each process is assigned a fixed time slot in a cyclic way.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-robin_scheduling
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from statistics import mean
def calculate_waiting_times(burst_times: list[int]) -> list[int]:
"""
Calculate the waiting times of a list of processes that have a specified duration.
Return: The waiting time for each process.
>>> calculate_waiting_times([10, 5, 8])
[13, 10, 13]
>>> calculate_waiting_times([4, 6, 3, 1])
[5, 8, 9, 6]
>>> calculate_waiting_times([12, 2, 10])
[12, 2, 12]
"""
quantum = 2
rem_burst_times = list(burst_times)
waiting_times = [0] * len(burst_times)
t = 0
while True:
done = True
for i, burst_time in enumerate(burst_times):
if rem_burst_times[i] > 0:
done = False
if rem_burst_times[i] > quantum:
t += quantum
rem_burst_times[i] -= quantum
else:
t += rem_burst_times[i]
waiting_times[i] = t - burst_time
rem_burst_times[i] = 0
if done is True:
return waiting_times
def calculate_turn_around_times(
burst_times: list[int], waiting_times: list[int]
) -> list[int]:
"""
>>> calculate_turn_around_times([1, 2, 3, 4], [0, 1, 3])
[1, 3, 6]
>>> calculate_turn_around_times([10, 3, 7], [10, 6, 11])
[20, 9, 18]
"""
return [burst + waiting for burst, waiting in zip(burst_times, waiting_times)]
if __name__ == "__main__":
burst_times = [3, 5, 7]
waiting_times = calculate_waiting_times(burst_times)
turn_around_times = calculate_turn_around_times(burst_times, waiting_times)
print("Process ID \tBurst Time \tWaiting Time \tTurnaround Time")
for i, burst_time in enumerate(burst_times):
print(
f" {i + 1}\t\t {burst_time}\t\t {waiting_times[i]}\t\t "
f"{turn_around_times[i]}"
)
print(f"\nAverage waiting time = {mean(waiting_times):.5f}")
print(f"Average turn around time = {mean(turn_around_times):.5f}")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| from __future__ import annotations
from typing import Generic, TypeVar
T = TypeVar("T")
class StackOverflowError(BaseException):
pass
class StackUnderflowError(BaseException):
pass
class Stack(Generic[T]):
"""A stack is an abstract data type that serves as a collection of
elements with two principal operations: push() and pop(). push() adds an
element to the top of the stack, and pop() removes an element from the top
of a stack. The order in which elements come off of a stack are
Last In, First Out (LIFO).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_(abstract_data_type)
"""
def __init__(self, limit: int = 10):
self.stack: list[T] = []
self.limit = limit
def __bool__(self) -> bool:
return bool(self.stack)
def __str__(self) -> str:
return str(self.stack)
def push(self, data: T) -> None:
"""Push an element to the top of the stack."""
if len(self.stack) >= self.limit:
raise StackOverflowError
self.stack.append(data)
def pop(self) -> T:
"""
Pop an element off of the top of the stack.
>>> Stack().pop()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
data_structures.stacks.stack.StackUnderflowError
"""
if not self.stack:
raise StackUnderflowError
return self.stack.pop()
def peek(self) -> T:
"""
Peek at the top-most element of the stack.
>>> Stack().pop()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
data_structures.stacks.stack.StackUnderflowError
"""
if not self.stack:
raise StackUnderflowError
return self.stack[-1]
def is_empty(self) -> bool:
"""Check if a stack is empty."""
return not bool(self.stack)
def is_full(self) -> bool:
return self.size() == self.limit
def size(self) -> int:
"""Return the size of the stack."""
return len(self.stack)
def __contains__(self, item: T) -> bool:
"""Check if item is in stack"""
return item in self.stack
def test_stack() -> None:
"""
>>> test_stack()
"""
stack: Stack[int] = Stack(10)
assert bool(stack) is False
assert stack.is_empty() is True
assert stack.is_full() is False
assert str(stack) == "[]"
try:
_ = stack.pop()
assert False # This should not happen
except StackUnderflowError:
assert True # This should happen
try:
_ = stack.peek()
assert False # This should not happen
except StackUnderflowError:
assert True # This should happen
for i in range(10):
assert stack.size() == i
stack.push(i)
assert bool(stack)
assert not stack.is_empty()
assert stack.is_full()
assert str(stack) == str(list(range(10)))
assert stack.pop() == 9
assert stack.peek() == 8
stack.push(100)
assert str(stack) == str([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 100])
try:
stack.push(200)
assert False # This should not happen
except StackOverflowError:
assert True # This should happen
assert not stack.is_empty()
assert stack.size() == 10
assert 5 in stack
assert 55 not in stack
if __name__ == "__main__":
test_stack()
| from __future__ import annotations
from typing import Generic, TypeVar
T = TypeVar("T")
class StackOverflowError(BaseException):
pass
class StackUnderflowError(BaseException):
pass
class Stack(Generic[T]):
"""A stack is an abstract data type that serves as a collection of
elements with two principal operations: push() and pop(). push() adds an
element to the top of the stack, and pop() removes an element from the top
of a stack. The order in which elements come off of a stack are
Last In, First Out (LIFO).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_(abstract_data_type)
"""
def __init__(self, limit: int = 10):
self.stack: list[T] = []
self.limit = limit
def __bool__(self) -> bool:
return bool(self.stack)
def __str__(self) -> str:
return str(self.stack)
def push(self, data: T) -> None:
"""Push an element to the top of the stack."""
if len(self.stack) >= self.limit:
raise StackOverflowError
self.stack.append(data)
def pop(self) -> T:
"""
Pop an element off of the top of the stack.
>>> Stack().pop()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
data_structures.stacks.stack.StackUnderflowError
"""
if not self.stack:
raise StackUnderflowError
return self.stack.pop()
def peek(self) -> T:
"""
Peek at the top-most element of the stack.
>>> Stack().pop()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
data_structures.stacks.stack.StackUnderflowError
"""
if not self.stack:
raise StackUnderflowError
return self.stack[-1]
def is_empty(self) -> bool:
"""Check if a stack is empty."""
return not bool(self.stack)
def is_full(self) -> bool:
return self.size() == self.limit
def size(self) -> int:
"""Return the size of the stack."""
return len(self.stack)
def __contains__(self, item: T) -> bool:
"""Check if item is in stack"""
return item in self.stack
def test_stack() -> None:
"""
>>> test_stack()
"""
stack: Stack[int] = Stack(10)
assert bool(stack) is False
assert stack.is_empty() is True
assert stack.is_full() is False
assert str(stack) == "[]"
try:
_ = stack.pop()
assert False # This should not happen
except StackUnderflowError:
assert True # This should happen
try:
_ = stack.peek()
assert False # This should not happen
except StackUnderflowError:
assert True # This should happen
for i in range(10):
assert stack.size() == i
stack.push(i)
assert bool(stack)
assert not stack.is_empty()
assert stack.is_full()
assert str(stack) == str(list(range(10)))
assert stack.pop() == 9
assert stack.peek() == 8
stack.push(100)
assert str(stack) == str([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 100])
try:
stack.push(200)
assert False # This should not happen
except StackOverflowError:
assert True # This should happen
assert not stack.is_empty()
assert stack.size() == 10
assert 5 in stack
assert 55 not in stack
if __name__ == "__main__":
test_stack()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """ Convert Base 10 (Decimal) Values to Hexadecimal Representations """
# set decimal value for each hexadecimal digit
values = {
0: "0",
1: "1",
2: "2",
3: "3",
4: "4",
5: "5",
6: "6",
7: "7",
8: "8",
9: "9",
10: "a",
11: "b",
12: "c",
13: "d",
14: "e",
15: "f",
}
def decimal_to_hexadecimal(decimal: float) -> str:
"""
take integer decimal value, return hexadecimal representation as str beginning
with 0x
>>> decimal_to_hexadecimal(5)
'0x5'
>>> decimal_to_hexadecimal(15)
'0xf'
>>> decimal_to_hexadecimal(37)
'0x25'
>>> decimal_to_hexadecimal(255)
'0xff'
>>> decimal_to_hexadecimal(4096)
'0x1000'
>>> decimal_to_hexadecimal(999098)
'0xf3eba'
>>> # negatives work too
>>> decimal_to_hexadecimal(-256)
'-0x100'
>>> # floats are acceptable if equivalent to an int
>>> decimal_to_hexadecimal(17.0)
'0x11'
>>> # other floats will error
>>> decimal_to_hexadecimal(16.16) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AssertionError
>>> # strings will error as well
>>> decimal_to_hexadecimal('0xfffff') # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AssertionError
>>> # results are the same when compared to Python's default hex function
>>> decimal_to_hexadecimal(-256) == hex(-256)
True
"""
assert type(decimal) in (int, float) and decimal == int(decimal)
decimal = int(decimal)
hexadecimal = ""
negative = False
if decimal < 0:
negative = True
decimal *= -1
while decimal > 0:
decimal, remainder = divmod(decimal, 16)
hexadecimal = values[remainder] + hexadecimal
hexadecimal = "0x" + hexadecimal
if negative:
hexadecimal = "-" + hexadecimal
return hexadecimal
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| """ Convert Base 10 (Decimal) Values to Hexadecimal Representations """
# set decimal value for each hexadecimal digit
values = {
0: "0",
1: "1",
2: "2",
3: "3",
4: "4",
5: "5",
6: "6",
7: "7",
8: "8",
9: "9",
10: "a",
11: "b",
12: "c",
13: "d",
14: "e",
15: "f",
}
def decimal_to_hexadecimal(decimal: float) -> str:
"""
take integer decimal value, return hexadecimal representation as str beginning
with 0x
>>> decimal_to_hexadecimal(5)
'0x5'
>>> decimal_to_hexadecimal(15)
'0xf'
>>> decimal_to_hexadecimal(37)
'0x25'
>>> decimal_to_hexadecimal(255)
'0xff'
>>> decimal_to_hexadecimal(4096)
'0x1000'
>>> decimal_to_hexadecimal(999098)
'0xf3eba'
>>> # negatives work too
>>> decimal_to_hexadecimal(-256)
'-0x100'
>>> # floats are acceptable if equivalent to an int
>>> decimal_to_hexadecimal(17.0)
'0x11'
>>> # other floats will error
>>> decimal_to_hexadecimal(16.16) # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AssertionError
>>> # strings will error as well
>>> decimal_to_hexadecimal('0xfffff') # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AssertionError
>>> # results are the same when compared to Python's default hex function
>>> decimal_to_hexadecimal(-256) == hex(-256)
True
"""
assert type(decimal) in (int, float) and decimal == int(decimal)
decimal = int(decimal)
hexadecimal = ""
negative = False
if decimal < 0:
negative = True
decimal *= -1
while decimal > 0:
decimal, remainder = divmod(decimal, 16)
hexadecimal = values[remainder] + hexadecimal
hexadecimal = "0x" + hexadecimal
if negative:
hexadecimal = "-" + hexadecimal
return hexadecimal
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| def quick_sort(data: list) -> list:
"""
>>> for data in ([2, 1, 0], [2.2, 1.1, 0], "quick_sort"):
... quick_sort(data) == sorted(data)
True
True
True
"""
if len(data) <= 1:
return data
else:
return (
quick_sort([e for e in data[1:] if e <= data[0]])
+ [data[0]]
+ quick_sort([e for e in data[1:] if e > data[0]])
)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| def quick_sort(data: list) -> list:
"""
>>> for data in ([2, 1, 0], [2.2, 1.1, 0], "quick_sort"):
... quick_sort(data) == sorted(data)
True
True
True
"""
if len(data) <= 1:
return data
else:
return (
quick_sort([e for e in data[1:] if e <= data[0]])
+ [data[0]]
+ quick_sort([e for e in data[1:] if e > data[0]])
)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
By starting at the top of the triangle below and moving to adjacent numbers on
the row below, the maximum total from top to bottom is 23.
3
7 4
2 4 6
8 5 9 3
That is, 3 + 7 + 4 + 9 = 23.
Find the maximum total from top to bottom of the triangle below:
75
95 64
17 47 82
18 35 87 10
20 04 82 47 65
19 01 23 75 03 34
88 02 77 73 07 63 67
99 65 04 28 06 16 70 92
41 41 26 56 83 40 80 70 33
41 48 72 33 47 32 37 16 94 29
53 71 44 65 25 43 91 52 97 51 14
70 11 33 28 77 73 17 78 39 68 17 57
91 71 52 38 17 14 91 43 58 50 27 29 48
63 66 04 68 89 53 67 30 73 16 69 87 40 31
04 62 98 27 23 09 70 98 73 93 38 53 60 04 23
"""
import os
def solution():
"""
Finds the maximum total in a triangle as described by the problem statement
above.
>>> solution()
1074
"""
script_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
triangle = os.path.join(script_dir, "triangle.txt")
with open(triangle) as f:
triangle = f.readlines()
a = [[int(y) for y in x.rstrip("\r\n").split(" ")] for x in triangle]
for i in range(1, len(a)):
for j in range(len(a[i])):
if j != len(a[i - 1]):
number1 = a[i - 1][j]
else:
number1 = 0
if j > 0:
number2 = a[i - 1][j - 1]
else:
number2 = 0
a[i][j] += max(number1, number2)
return max(a[-1])
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(solution())
| """
By starting at the top of the triangle below and moving to adjacent numbers on
the row below, the maximum total from top to bottom is 23.
3
7 4
2 4 6
8 5 9 3
That is, 3 + 7 + 4 + 9 = 23.
Find the maximum total from top to bottom of the triangle below:
75
95 64
17 47 82
18 35 87 10
20 04 82 47 65
19 01 23 75 03 34
88 02 77 73 07 63 67
99 65 04 28 06 16 70 92
41 41 26 56 83 40 80 70 33
41 48 72 33 47 32 37 16 94 29
53 71 44 65 25 43 91 52 97 51 14
70 11 33 28 77 73 17 78 39 68 17 57
91 71 52 38 17 14 91 43 58 50 27 29 48
63 66 04 68 89 53 67 30 73 16 69 87 40 31
04 62 98 27 23 09 70 98 73 93 38 53 60 04 23
"""
import os
def solution():
"""
Finds the maximum total in a triangle as described by the problem statement
above.
>>> solution()
1074
"""
script_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
triangle = os.path.join(script_dir, "triangle.txt")
with open(triangle) as f:
triangle = f.readlines()
a = [[int(y) for y in x.rstrip("\r\n").split(" ")] for x in triangle]
for i in range(1, len(a)):
for j in range(len(a[i])):
if j != len(a[i - 1]):
number1 = a[i - 1][j]
else:
number1 = 0
if j > 0:
number2 = a[i - 1][j - 1]
else:
number2 = 0
a[i][j] += max(number1, number2)
return max(a[-1])
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(solution())
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
This is a pure Python implementation of the Harmonic Series algorithm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_series_(mathematics)
For doctests run following command:
python -m doctest -v harmonic_series.py
or
python3 -m doctest -v harmonic_series.py
For manual testing run:
python3 harmonic_series.py
"""
def harmonic_series(n_term: str) -> list:
"""Pure Python implementation of Harmonic Series algorithm
:param n_term: The last (nth) term of Harmonic Series
:return: The Harmonic Series starting from 1 to last (nth) term
Examples:
>>> harmonic_series(5)
['1', '1/2', '1/3', '1/4', '1/5']
>>> harmonic_series(5.0)
['1', '1/2', '1/3', '1/4', '1/5']
>>> harmonic_series(5.1)
['1', '1/2', '1/3', '1/4', '1/5']
>>> harmonic_series(-5)
[]
>>> harmonic_series(0)
[]
>>> harmonic_series(1)
['1']
"""
if n_term == "":
return []
series: list = []
for temp in range(int(n_term)):
series.append(f"1/{temp + 1}" if series else "1")
return series
if __name__ == "__main__":
nth_term = input("Enter the last number (nth term) of the Harmonic Series")
print("Formula of Harmonic Series => 1+1/2+1/3 ..... 1/n")
print(harmonic_series(nth_term))
| """
This is a pure Python implementation of the Harmonic Series algorithm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_series_(mathematics)
For doctests run following command:
python -m doctest -v harmonic_series.py
or
python3 -m doctest -v harmonic_series.py
For manual testing run:
python3 harmonic_series.py
"""
def harmonic_series(n_term: str) -> list:
"""Pure Python implementation of Harmonic Series algorithm
:param n_term: The last (nth) term of Harmonic Series
:return: The Harmonic Series starting from 1 to last (nth) term
Examples:
>>> harmonic_series(5)
['1', '1/2', '1/3', '1/4', '1/5']
>>> harmonic_series(5.0)
['1', '1/2', '1/3', '1/4', '1/5']
>>> harmonic_series(5.1)
['1', '1/2', '1/3', '1/4', '1/5']
>>> harmonic_series(-5)
[]
>>> harmonic_series(0)
[]
>>> harmonic_series(1)
['1']
"""
if n_term == "":
return []
series: list = []
for temp in range(int(n_term)):
series.append(f"1/{temp + 1}" if series else "1")
return series
if __name__ == "__main__":
nth_term = input("Enter the last number (nth term) of the Harmonic Series")
print("Formula of Harmonic Series => 1+1/2+1/3 ..... 1/n")
print(harmonic_series(nth_term))
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Conversion of pressure units.
Available Units:- Pascal,Bar,Kilopascal,Megapascal,psi(pound per square inch),
inHg(in mercury column),torr,atm
USAGE :
-> Import this file into their respective project.
-> Use the function pressure_conversion() for conversion of pressure units.
-> Parameters :
-> value : The number of from units you want to convert
-> from_type : From which type you want to convert
-> to_type : To which type you want to convert
REFERENCES :
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_per_square_inch
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inch_of_mercury
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torr
-> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_atmosphere_(unit)
-> https://msestudent.com/what-are-the-units-of-pressure/
-> https://www.unitconverters.net/pressure-converter.html
"""
from collections import namedtuple
from_to = namedtuple("from_to", "from_ to")
PRESSURE_CONVERSION = {
"atm": from_to(1, 1),
"pascal": from_to(0.0000098, 101325),
"bar": from_to(0.986923, 1.01325),
"kilopascal": from_to(0.00986923, 101.325),
"megapascal": from_to(9.86923, 0.101325),
"psi": from_to(0.068046, 14.6959),
"inHg": from_to(0.0334211, 29.9213),
"torr": from_to(0.00131579, 760),
}
def pressure_conversion(value: float, from_type: str, to_type: str) -> float:
"""
Conversion between pressure units.
>>> pressure_conversion(4, "atm", "pascal")
405300
>>> pressure_conversion(1, "pascal", "psi")
0.00014401981999999998
>>> pressure_conversion(1, "bar", "atm")
0.986923
>>> pressure_conversion(3, "kilopascal", "bar")
0.029999991892499998
>>> pressure_conversion(2, "megapascal", "psi")
290.074434314
>>> pressure_conversion(4, "psi", "torr")
206.85984
>>> pressure_conversion(1, "inHg", "atm")
0.0334211
>>> pressure_conversion(1, "torr", "psi")
0.019336718261000002
>>> pressure_conversion(4, "wrongUnit", "atm")
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python3.8/doctest.py", line 1336, in __run
exec(compile(example.source, filename, "single",
File "<doctest __main__.pressure_conversion[8]>", line 1, in <module>
pressure_conversion(4, "wrongUnit", "atm")
File "<string>", line 67, in pressure_conversion
ValueError: Invalid 'from_type' value: 'wrongUnit' Supported values are:
atm, pascal, bar, kilopascal, megapascal, psi, inHg, torr
"""
if from_type not in PRESSURE_CONVERSION:
raise ValueError(
f"Invalid 'from_type' value: {from_type!r} Supported values are:\n"
+ ", ".join(PRESSURE_CONVERSION)
)
if to_type not in PRESSURE_CONVERSION:
raise ValueError(
f"Invalid 'to_type' value: {to_type!r}. Supported values are:\n"
+ ", ".join(PRESSURE_CONVERSION)
)
return (
value * PRESSURE_CONVERSION[from_type].from_ * PRESSURE_CONVERSION[to_type].to
)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| """
Conversion of pressure units.
Available Units:- Pascal,Bar,Kilopascal,Megapascal,psi(pound per square inch),
inHg(in mercury column),torr,atm
USAGE :
-> Import this file into their respective project.
-> Use the function pressure_conversion() for conversion of pressure units.
-> Parameters :
-> value : The number of from units you want to convert
-> from_type : From which type you want to convert
-> to_type : To which type you want to convert
REFERENCES :
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_per_square_inch
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inch_of_mercury
-> Wikipedia reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torr
-> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_atmosphere_(unit)
-> https://msestudent.com/what-are-the-units-of-pressure/
-> https://www.unitconverters.net/pressure-converter.html
"""
from collections import namedtuple
from_to = namedtuple("from_to", "from_ to")
PRESSURE_CONVERSION = {
"atm": from_to(1, 1),
"pascal": from_to(0.0000098, 101325),
"bar": from_to(0.986923, 1.01325),
"kilopascal": from_to(0.00986923, 101.325),
"megapascal": from_to(9.86923, 0.101325),
"psi": from_to(0.068046, 14.6959),
"inHg": from_to(0.0334211, 29.9213),
"torr": from_to(0.00131579, 760),
}
def pressure_conversion(value: float, from_type: str, to_type: str) -> float:
"""
Conversion between pressure units.
>>> pressure_conversion(4, "atm", "pascal")
405300
>>> pressure_conversion(1, "pascal", "psi")
0.00014401981999999998
>>> pressure_conversion(1, "bar", "atm")
0.986923
>>> pressure_conversion(3, "kilopascal", "bar")
0.029999991892499998
>>> pressure_conversion(2, "megapascal", "psi")
290.074434314
>>> pressure_conversion(4, "psi", "torr")
206.85984
>>> pressure_conversion(1, "inHg", "atm")
0.0334211
>>> pressure_conversion(1, "torr", "psi")
0.019336718261000002
>>> pressure_conversion(4, "wrongUnit", "atm")
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python3.8/doctest.py", line 1336, in __run
exec(compile(example.source, filename, "single",
File "<doctest __main__.pressure_conversion[8]>", line 1, in <module>
pressure_conversion(4, "wrongUnit", "atm")
File "<string>", line 67, in pressure_conversion
ValueError: Invalid 'from_type' value: 'wrongUnit' Supported values are:
atm, pascal, bar, kilopascal, megapascal, psi, inHg, torr
"""
if from_type not in PRESSURE_CONVERSION:
raise ValueError(
f"Invalid 'from_type' value: {from_type!r} Supported values are:\n"
+ ", ".join(PRESSURE_CONVERSION)
)
if to_type not in PRESSURE_CONVERSION:
raise ValueError(
f"Invalid 'to_type' value: {to_type!r}. Supported values are:\n"
+ ", ".join(PRESSURE_CONVERSION)
)
return (
value * PRESSURE_CONVERSION[from_type].from_ * PRESSURE_CONVERSION[to_type].to
)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
The algorithm finds the pattern in given text using following rule.
The bad-character rule considers the mismatched character in Text.
The next occurrence of that character to the left in Pattern is found,
If the mismatched character occurs to the left in Pattern,
a shift is proposed that aligns text block and pattern.
If the mismatched character does not occur to the left in Pattern,
a shift is proposed that moves the entirety of Pattern past
the point of mismatch in the text.
If there no mismatch then the pattern matches with text block.
Time Complexity : O(n/m)
n=length of main string
m=length of pattern string
"""
from __future__ import annotations
class BoyerMooreSearch:
def __init__(self, text: str, pattern: str):
self.text, self.pattern = text, pattern
self.textLen, self.patLen = len(text), len(pattern)
def match_in_pattern(self, char: str) -> int:
"""finds the index of char in pattern in reverse order
Parameters :
char (chr): character to be searched
Returns :
i (int): index of char from last in pattern
-1 (int): if char is not found in pattern
"""
for i in range(self.patLen - 1, -1, -1):
if char == self.pattern[i]:
return i
return -1
def mismatch_in_text(self, currentPos: int) -> int:
"""
find the index of mis-matched character in text when compared with pattern
from last
Parameters :
currentPos (int): current index position of text
Returns :
i (int): index of mismatched char from last in text
-1 (int): if there is no mismatch between pattern and text block
"""
for i in range(self.patLen - 1, -1, -1):
if self.pattern[i] != self.text[currentPos + i]:
return currentPos + i
return -1
def bad_character_heuristic(self) -> list[int]:
# searches pattern in text and returns index positions
positions = []
for i in range(self.textLen - self.patLen + 1):
mismatch_index = self.mismatch_in_text(i)
if mismatch_index == -1:
positions.append(i)
else:
match_index = self.match_in_pattern(self.text[mismatch_index])
i = (
mismatch_index - match_index
) # shifting index lgtm [py/multiple-definition]
return positions
text = "ABAABA"
pattern = "AB"
bms = BoyerMooreSearch(text, pattern)
positions = bms.bad_character_heuristic()
if len(positions) == 0:
print("No match found")
else:
print("Pattern found in following positions: ")
print(positions)
| """
The algorithm finds the pattern in given text using following rule.
The bad-character rule considers the mismatched character in Text.
The next occurrence of that character to the left in Pattern is found,
If the mismatched character occurs to the left in Pattern,
a shift is proposed that aligns text block and pattern.
If the mismatched character does not occur to the left in Pattern,
a shift is proposed that moves the entirety of Pattern past
the point of mismatch in the text.
If there no mismatch then the pattern matches with text block.
Time Complexity : O(n/m)
n=length of main string
m=length of pattern string
"""
from __future__ import annotations
class BoyerMooreSearch:
def __init__(self, text: str, pattern: str):
self.text, self.pattern = text, pattern
self.textLen, self.patLen = len(text), len(pattern)
def match_in_pattern(self, char: str) -> int:
"""finds the index of char in pattern in reverse order
Parameters :
char (chr): character to be searched
Returns :
i (int): index of char from last in pattern
-1 (int): if char is not found in pattern
"""
for i in range(self.patLen - 1, -1, -1):
if char == self.pattern[i]:
return i
return -1
def mismatch_in_text(self, currentPos: int) -> int:
"""
find the index of mis-matched character in text when compared with pattern
from last
Parameters :
currentPos (int): current index position of text
Returns :
i (int): index of mismatched char from last in text
-1 (int): if there is no mismatch between pattern and text block
"""
for i in range(self.patLen - 1, -1, -1):
if self.pattern[i] != self.text[currentPos + i]:
return currentPos + i
return -1
def bad_character_heuristic(self) -> list[int]:
# searches pattern in text and returns index positions
positions = []
for i in range(self.textLen - self.patLen + 1):
mismatch_index = self.mismatch_in_text(i)
if mismatch_index == -1:
positions.append(i)
else:
match_index = self.match_in_pattern(self.text[mismatch_index])
i = (
mismatch_index - match_index
) # shifting index lgtm [py/multiple-definition]
return positions
text = "ABAABA"
pattern = "AB"
bms = BoyerMooreSearch(text, pattern)
positions = bms.bad_character_heuristic()
if len(positions) == 0:
print("No match found")
else:
print("Pattern found in following positions: ")
print(positions)
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| def apply_table(inp, table):
"""
>>> apply_table("0123456789", list(range(10)))
'9012345678'
>>> apply_table("0123456789", list(range(9, -1, -1)))
'8765432109'
"""
res = ""
for i in table:
res += inp[i - 1]
return res
def left_shift(data):
"""
>>> left_shift("0123456789")
'1234567890'
"""
return data[1:] + data[0]
def XOR(a, b):
"""
>>> XOR("01010101", "00001111")
'01011010'
"""
res = ""
for i in range(len(a)):
if a[i] == b[i]:
res += "0"
else:
res += "1"
return res
def apply_sbox(s, data):
row = int("0b" + data[0] + data[-1], 2)
col = int("0b" + data[1:3], 2)
return bin(s[row][col])[2:]
def function(expansion, s0, s1, key, message):
left = message[:4]
right = message[4:]
temp = apply_table(right, expansion)
temp = XOR(temp, key)
l = apply_sbox(s0, temp[:4]) # noqa: E741
r = apply_sbox(s1, temp[4:])
l = "0" * (2 - len(l)) + l # noqa: E741
r = "0" * (2 - len(r)) + r
temp = apply_table(l + r, p4_table)
temp = XOR(left, temp)
return temp + right
if __name__ == "__main__":
key = input("Enter 10 bit key: ")
message = input("Enter 8 bit message: ")
p8_table = [6, 3, 7, 4, 8, 5, 10, 9]
p10_table = [3, 5, 2, 7, 4, 10, 1, 9, 8, 6]
p4_table = [2, 4, 3, 1]
IP = [2, 6, 3, 1, 4, 8, 5, 7]
IP_inv = [4, 1, 3, 5, 7, 2, 8, 6]
expansion = [4, 1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 4, 1]
s0 = [[1, 0, 3, 2], [3, 2, 1, 0], [0, 2, 1, 3], [3, 1, 3, 2]]
s1 = [[0, 1, 2, 3], [2, 0, 1, 3], [3, 0, 1, 0], [2, 1, 0, 3]]
# key generation
temp = apply_table(key, p10_table)
left = temp[:5]
right = temp[5:]
left = left_shift(left)
right = left_shift(right)
key1 = apply_table(left + right, p8_table)
left = left_shift(left)
right = left_shift(right)
left = left_shift(left)
right = left_shift(right)
key2 = apply_table(left + right, p8_table)
# encryption
temp = apply_table(message, IP)
temp = function(expansion, s0, s1, key1, temp)
temp = temp[4:] + temp[:4]
temp = function(expansion, s0, s1, key2, temp)
CT = apply_table(temp, IP_inv)
print("Cipher text is:", CT)
# decryption
temp = apply_table(CT, IP)
temp = function(expansion, s0, s1, key2, temp)
temp = temp[4:] + temp[:4]
temp = function(expansion, s0, s1, key1, temp)
PT = apply_table(temp, IP_inv)
print("Plain text after decypting is:", PT)
| def apply_table(inp, table):
"""
>>> apply_table("0123456789", list(range(10)))
'9012345678'
>>> apply_table("0123456789", list(range(9, -1, -1)))
'8765432109'
"""
res = ""
for i in table:
res += inp[i - 1]
return res
def left_shift(data):
"""
>>> left_shift("0123456789")
'1234567890'
"""
return data[1:] + data[0]
def XOR(a, b):
"""
>>> XOR("01010101", "00001111")
'01011010'
"""
res = ""
for i in range(len(a)):
if a[i] == b[i]:
res += "0"
else:
res += "1"
return res
def apply_sbox(s, data):
row = int("0b" + data[0] + data[-1], 2)
col = int("0b" + data[1:3], 2)
return bin(s[row][col])[2:]
def function(expansion, s0, s1, key, message):
left = message[:4]
right = message[4:]
temp = apply_table(right, expansion)
temp = XOR(temp, key)
l = apply_sbox(s0, temp[:4]) # noqa: E741
r = apply_sbox(s1, temp[4:])
l = "0" * (2 - len(l)) + l # noqa: E741
r = "0" * (2 - len(r)) + r
temp = apply_table(l + r, p4_table)
temp = XOR(left, temp)
return temp + right
if __name__ == "__main__":
key = input("Enter 10 bit key: ")
message = input("Enter 8 bit message: ")
p8_table = [6, 3, 7, 4, 8, 5, 10, 9]
p10_table = [3, 5, 2, 7, 4, 10, 1, 9, 8, 6]
p4_table = [2, 4, 3, 1]
IP = [2, 6, 3, 1, 4, 8, 5, 7]
IP_inv = [4, 1, 3, 5, 7, 2, 8, 6]
expansion = [4, 1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 4, 1]
s0 = [[1, 0, 3, 2], [3, 2, 1, 0], [0, 2, 1, 3], [3, 1, 3, 2]]
s1 = [[0, 1, 2, 3], [2, 0, 1, 3], [3, 0, 1, 0], [2, 1, 0, 3]]
# key generation
temp = apply_table(key, p10_table)
left = temp[:5]
right = temp[5:]
left = left_shift(left)
right = left_shift(right)
key1 = apply_table(left + right, p8_table)
left = left_shift(left)
right = left_shift(right)
left = left_shift(left)
right = left_shift(right)
key2 = apply_table(left + right, p8_table)
# encryption
temp = apply_table(message, IP)
temp = function(expansion, s0, s1, key1, temp)
temp = temp[4:] + temp[:4]
temp = function(expansion, s0, s1, key2, temp)
CT = apply_table(temp, IP_inv)
print("Cipher text is:", CT)
# decryption
temp = apply_table(CT, IP)
temp = function(expansion, s0, s1, key2, temp)
temp = temp[4:] + temp[:4]
temp = function(expansion, s0, s1, key1, temp)
PT = apply_table(temp, IP_inv)
print("Plain text after decypting is:", PT)
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
This is a python3 implementation of binary search tree using recursion
To run tests:
python -m unittest binary_search_tree_recursive.py
To run an example:
python binary_search_tree_recursive.py
"""
from __future__ import annotations
import unittest
from typing import Iterator
class Node:
def __init__(self, label: int, parent: Node | None) -> None:
self.label = label
self.parent = parent
self.left: Node | None = None
self.right: Node | None = None
class BinarySearchTree:
def __init__(self) -> None:
self.root: Node | None = None
def empty(self) -> None:
"""
Empties the tree
>>> t = BinarySearchTree()
>>> assert t.root is None
>>> t.put(8)
>>> assert t.root is not None
"""
self.root = None
def is_empty(self) -> bool:
"""
Checks if the tree is empty
>>> t = BinarySearchTree()
>>> t.is_empty()
True
>>> t.put(8)
>>> t.is_empty()
False
"""
return self.root is None
def put(self, label: int) -> None:
"""
Put a new node in the tree
>>> t = BinarySearchTree()
>>> t.put(8)
>>> assert t.root.parent is None
>>> assert t.root.label == 8
>>> t.put(10)
>>> assert t.root.right.parent == t.root
>>> assert t.root.right.label == 10
>>> t.put(3)
>>> assert t.root.left.parent == t.root
>>> assert t.root.left.label == 3
"""
self.root = self._put(self.root, label)
def _put(self, node: Node | None, label: int, parent: Node | None = None) -> Node:
if node is None:
node = Node(label, parent)
else:
if label < node.label:
node.left = self._put(node.left, label, node)
elif label > node.label:
node.right = self._put(node.right, label, node)
else:
raise Exception(f"Node with label {label} already exists")
return node
def search(self, label: int) -> Node:
"""
Searches a node in the tree
>>> t = BinarySearchTree()
>>> t.put(8)
>>> t.put(10)
>>> node = t.search(8)
>>> assert node.label == 8
>>> node = t.search(3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
Exception: Node with label 3 does not exist
"""
return self._search(self.root, label)
def _search(self, node: Node | None, label: int) -> Node:
if node is None:
raise Exception(f"Node with label {label} does not exist")
else:
if label < node.label:
node = self._search(node.left, label)
elif label > node.label:
node = self._search(node.right, label)
return node
def remove(self, label: int) -> None:
"""
Removes a node in the tree
>>> t = BinarySearchTree()
>>> t.put(8)
>>> t.put(10)
>>> t.remove(8)
>>> assert t.root.label == 10
>>> t.remove(3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
Exception: Node with label 3 does not exist
"""
node = self.search(label)
if node.right and node.left:
lowest_node = self._get_lowest_node(node.right)
lowest_node.left = node.left
lowest_node.right = node.right
node.left.parent = lowest_node
if node.right:
node.right.parent = lowest_node
self._reassign_nodes(node, lowest_node)
elif not node.right and node.left:
self._reassign_nodes(node, node.left)
elif node.right and not node.left:
self._reassign_nodes(node, node.right)
else:
self._reassign_nodes(node, None)
def _reassign_nodes(self, node: Node, new_children: Node | None) -> None:
if new_children:
new_children.parent = node.parent
if node.parent:
if node.parent.right == node:
node.parent.right = new_children
else:
node.parent.left = new_children
else:
self.root = new_children
def _get_lowest_node(self, node: Node) -> Node:
if node.left:
lowest_node = self._get_lowest_node(node.left)
else:
lowest_node = node
self._reassign_nodes(node, node.right)
return lowest_node
def exists(self, label: int) -> bool:
"""
Checks if a node exists in the tree
>>> t = BinarySearchTree()
>>> t.put(8)
>>> t.put(10)
>>> t.exists(8)
True
>>> t.exists(3)
False
"""
try:
self.search(label)
return True
except Exception:
return False
def get_max_label(self) -> int:
"""
Gets the max label inserted in the tree
>>> t = BinarySearchTree()
>>> t.get_max_label()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
Exception: Binary search tree is empty
>>> t.put(8)
>>> t.put(10)
>>> t.get_max_label()
10
"""
if self.root is None:
raise Exception("Binary search tree is empty")
node = self.root
while node.right is not None:
node = node.right
return node.label
def get_min_label(self) -> int:
"""
Gets the min label inserted in the tree
>>> t = BinarySearchTree()
>>> t.get_min_label()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
Exception: Binary search tree is empty
>>> t.put(8)
>>> t.put(10)
>>> t.get_min_label()
8
"""
if self.root is None:
raise Exception("Binary search tree is empty")
node = self.root
while node.left is not None:
node = node.left
return node.label
def inorder_traversal(self) -> Iterator[Node]:
"""
Return the inorder traversal of the tree
>>> t = BinarySearchTree()
>>> [i.label for i in t.inorder_traversal()]
[]
>>> t.put(8)
>>> t.put(10)
>>> t.put(9)
>>> [i.label for i in t.inorder_traversal()]
[8, 9, 10]
"""
return self._inorder_traversal(self.root)
def _inorder_traversal(self, node: Node | None) -> Iterator[Node]:
if node is not None:
yield from self._inorder_traversal(node.left)
yield node
yield from self._inorder_traversal(node.right)
def preorder_traversal(self) -> Iterator[Node]:
"""
Return the preorder traversal of the tree
>>> t = BinarySearchTree()
>>> [i.label for i in t.preorder_traversal()]
[]
>>> t.put(8)
>>> t.put(10)
>>> t.put(9)
>>> [i.label for i in t.preorder_traversal()]
[8, 10, 9]
"""
return self._preorder_traversal(self.root)
def _preorder_traversal(self, node: Node | None) -> Iterator[Node]:
if node is not None:
yield node
yield from self._preorder_traversal(node.left)
yield from self._preorder_traversal(node.right)
class BinarySearchTreeTest(unittest.TestCase):
@staticmethod
def _get_binary_search_tree() -> BinarySearchTree:
r"""
8
/ \
3 10
/ \ \
1 6 14
/ \ /
4 7 13
\
5
"""
t = BinarySearchTree()
t.put(8)
t.put(3)
t.put(6)
t.put(1)
t.put(10)
t.put(14)
t.put(13)
t.put(4)
t.put(7)
t.put(5)
return t
def test_put(self) -> None:
t = BinarySearchTree()
assert t.is_empty()
t.put(8)
r"""
8
"""
assert t.root is not None
assert t.root.parent is None
assert t.root.label == 8
t.put(10)
r"""
8
\
10
"""
assert t.root.right is not None
assert t.root.right.parent == t.root
assert t.root.right.label == 10
t.put(3)
r"""
8
/ \
3 10
"""
assert t.root.left is not None
assert t.root.left.parent == t.root
assert t.root.left.label == 3
t.put(6)
r"""
8
/ \
3 10
\
6
"""
assert t.root.left.right is not None
assert t.root.left.right.parent == t.root.left
assert t.root.left.right.label == 6
t.put(1)
r"""
8
/ \
3 10
/ \
1 6
"""
assert t.root.left.left is not None
assert t.root.left.left.parent == t.root.left
assert t.root.left.left.label == 1
with self.assertRaises(Exception):
t.put(1)
def test_search(self) -> None:
t = self._get_binary_search_tree()
node = t.search(6)
assert node.label == 6
node = t.search(13)
assert node.label == 13
with self.assertRaises(Exception):
t.search(2)
def test_remove(self) -> None:
t = self._get_binary_search_tree()
t.remove(13)
r"""
8
/ \
3 10
/ \ \
1 6 14
/ \
4 7
\
5
"""
assert t.root is not None
assert t.root.right is not None
assert t.root.right.right is not None
assert t.root.right.right.right is None
assert t.root.right.right.left is None
t.remove(7)
r"""
8
/ \
3 10
/ \ \
1 6 14
/
4
\
5
"""
assert t.root.left is not None
assert t.root.left.right is not None
assert t.root.left.right.left is not None
assert t.root.left.right.right is None
assert t.root.left.right.left.label == 4
t.remove(6)
r"""
8
/ \
3 10
/ \ \
1 4 14
\
5
"""
assert t.root.left.left is not None
assert t.root.left.right.right is not None
assert t.root.left.left.label == 1
assert t.root.left.right.label == 4
assert t.root.left.right.right.label == 5
assert t.root.left.right.left is None
assert t.root.left.left.parent == t.root.left
assert t.root.left.right.parent == t.root.left
t.remove(3)
r"""
8
/ \
4 10
/ \ \
1 5 14
"""
assert t.root is not None
assert t.root.left.label == 4
assert t.root.left.right.label == 5
assert t.root.left.left.label == 1
assert t.root.left.parent == t.root
assert t.root.left.left.parent == t.root.left
assert t.root.left.right.parent == t.root.left
t.remove(4)
r"""
8
/ \
5 10
/ \
1 14
"""
assert t.root.left is not None
assert t.root.left.left is not None
assert t.root.left.label == 5
assert t.root.left.right is None
assert t.root.left.left.label == 1
assert t.root.left.parent == t.root
assert t.root.left.left.parent == t.root.left
def test_remove_2(self) -> None:
t = self._get_binary_search_tree()
t.remove(3)
r"""
8
/ \
4 10
/ \ \
1 6 14
/ \ /
5 7 13
"""
assert t.root is not None
assert t.root.left is not None
assert t.root.left.left is not None
assert t.root.left.right is not None
assert t.root.left.right.left is not None
assert t.root.left.right.right is not None
assert t.root.left.label == 4
assert t.root.left.right.label == 6
assert t.root.left.left.label == 1
assert t.root.left.right.right.label == 7
assert t.root.left.right.left.label == 5
assert t.root.left.parent == t.root
assert t.root.left.right.parent == t.root.left
assert t.root.left.left.parent == t.root.left
assert t.root.left.right.left.parent == t.root.left.right
def test_empty(self) -> None:
t = self._get_binary_search_tree()
t.empty()
assert t.root is None
def test_is_empty(self) -> None:
t = self._get_binary_search_tree()
assert not t.is_empty()
t.empty()
assert t.is_empty()
def test_exists(self) -> None:
t = self._get_binary_search_tree()
assert t.exists(6)
assert not t.exists(-1)
def test_get_max_label(self) -> None:
t = self._get_binary_search_tree()
assert t.get_max_label() == 14
t.empty()
with self.assertRaises(Exception):
t.get_max_label()
def test_get_min_label(self) -> None:
t = self._get_binary_search_tree()
assert t.get_min_label() == 1
t.empty()
with self.assertRaises(Exception):
t.get_min_label()
def test_inorder_traversal(self) -> None:
t = self._get_binary_search_tree()
inorder_traversal_nodes = [i.label for i in t.inorder_traversal()]
assert inorder_traversal_nodes == [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14]
def test_preorder_traversal(self) -> None:
t = self._get_binary_search_tree()
preorder_traversal_nodes = [i.label for i in t.preorder_traversal()]
assert preorder_traversal_nodes == [8, 3, 1, 6, 4, 5, 7, 10, 14, 13]
def binary_search_tree_example() -> None:
r"""
Example
8
/ \
3 10
/ \ \
1 6 14
/ \ /
4 7 13
\
5
Example After Deletion
4
/ \
1 7
\
5
"""
t = BinarySearchTree()
t.put(8)
t.put(3)
t.put(6)
t.put(1)
t.put(10)
t.put(14)
t.put(13)
t.put(4)
t.put(7)
t.put(5)
print(
"""
8
/ \\
3 10
/ \\ \\
1 6 14
/ \\ /
4 7 13
\\
5
"""
)
print("Label 6 exists:", t.exists(6))
print("Label 13 exists:", t.exists(13))
print("Label -1 exists:", t.exists(-1))
print("Label 12 exists:", t.exists(12))
# Prints all the elements of the list in inorder traversal
inorder_traversal_nodes = [i.label for i in t.inorder_traversal()]
print("Inorder traversal:", inorder_traversal_nodes)
# Prints all the elements of the list in preorder traversal
preorder_traversal_nodes = [i.label for i in t.preorder_traversal()]
print("Preorder traversal:", preorder_traversal_nodes)
print("Max. label:", t.get_max_label())
print("Min. label:", t.get_min_label())
# Delete elements
print("\nDeleting elements 13, 10, 8, 3, 6, 14")
print(
"""
4
/ \\
1 7
\\
5
"""
)
t.remove(13)
t.remove(10)
t.remove(8)
t.remove(3)
t.remove(6)
t.remove(14)
# Prints all the elements of the list in inorder traversal after delete
inorder_traversal_nodes = [i.label for i in t.inorder_traversal()]
print("Inorder traversal after delete:", inorder_traversal_nodes)
# Prints all the elements of the list in preorder traversal after delete
preorder_traversal_nodes = [i.label for i in t.preorder_traversal()]
print("Preorder traversal after delete:", preorder_traversal_nodes)
print("Max. label:", t.get_max_label())
print("Min. label:", t.get_min_label())
if __name__ == "__main__":
binary_search_tree_example()
| """
This is a python3 implementation of binary search tree using recursion
To run tests:
python -m unittest binary_search_tree_recursive.py
To run an example:
python binary_search_tree_recursive.py
"""
from __future__ import annotations
import unittest
from typing import Iterator
class Node:
def __init__(self, label: int, parent: Node | None) -> None:
self.label = label
self.parent = parent
self.left: Node | None = None
self.right: Node | None = None
class BinarySearchTree:
def __init__(self) -> None:
self.root: Node | None = None
def empty(self) -> None:
"""
Empties the tree
>>> t = BinarySearchTree()
>>> assert t.root is None
>>> t.put(8)
>>> assert t.root is not None
"""
self.root = None
def is_empty(self) -> bool:
"""
Checks if the tree is empty
>>> t = BinarySearchTree()
>>> t.is_empty()
True
>>> t.put(8)
>>> t.is_empty()
False
"""
return self.root is None
def put(self, label: int) -> None:
"""
Put a new node in the tree
>>> t = BinarySearchTree()
>>> t.put(8)
>>> assert t.root.parent is None
>>> assert t.root.label == 8
>>> t.put(10)
>>> assert t.root.right.parent == t.root
>>> assert t.root.right.label == 10
>>> t.put(3)
>>> assert t.root.left.parent == t.root
>>> assert t.root.left.label == 3
"""
self.root = self._put(self.root, label)
def _put(self, node: Node | None, label: int, parent: Node | None = None) -> Node:
if node is None:
node = Node(label, parent)
else:
if label < node.label:
node.left = self._put(node.left, label, node)
elif label > node.label:
node.right = self._put(node.right, label, node)
else:
raise Exception(f"Node with label {label} already exists")
return node
def search(self, label: int) -> Node:
"""
Searches a node in the tree
>>> t = BinarySearchTree()
>>> t.put(8)
>>> t.put(10)
>>> node = t.search(8)
>>> assert node.label == 8
>>> node = t.search(3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
Exception: Node with label 3 does not exist
"""
return self._search(self.root, label)
def _search(self, node: Node | None, label: int) -> Node:
if node is None:
raise Exception(f"Node with label {label} does not exist")
else:
if label < node.label:
node = self._search(node.left, label)
elif label > node.label:
node = self._search(node.right, label)
return node
def remove(self, label: int) -> None:
"""
Removes a node in the tree
>>> t = BinarySearchTree()
>>> t.put(8)
>>> t.put(10)
>>> t.remove(8)
>>> assert t.root.label == 10
>>> t.remove(3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
Exception: Node with label 3 does not exist
"""
node = self.search(label)
if node.right and node.left:
lowest_node = self._get_lowest_node(node.right)
lowest_node.left = node.left
lowest_node.right = node.right
node.left.parent = lowest_node
if node.right:
node.right.parent = lowest_node
self._reassign_nodes(node, lowest_node)
elif not node.right and node.left:
self._reassign_nodes(node, node.left)
elif node.right and not node.left:
self._reassign_nodes(node, node.right)
else:
self._reassign_nodes(node, None)
def _reassign_nodes(self, node: Node, new_children: Node | None) -> None:
if new_children:
new_children.parent = node.parent
if node.parent:
if node.parent.right == node:
node.parent.right = new_children
else:
node.parent.left = new_children
else:
self.root = new_children
def _get_lowest_node(self, node: Node) -> Node:
if node.left:
lowest_node = self._get_lowest_node(node.left)
else:
lowest_node = node
self._reassign_nodes(node, node.right)
return lowest_node
def exists(self, label: int) -> bool:
"""
Checks if a node exists in the tree
>>> t = BinarySearchTree()
>>> t.put(8)
>>> t.put(10)
>>> t.exists(8)
True
>>> t.exists(3)
False
"""
try:
self.search(label)
return True
except Exception:
return False
def get_max_label(self) -> int:
"""
Gets the max label inserted in the tree
>>> t = BinarySearchTree()
>>> t.get_max_label()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
Exception: Binary search tree is empty
>>> t.put(8)
>>> t.put(10)
>>> t.get_max_label()
10
"""
if self.root is None:
raise Exception("Binary search tree is empty")
node = self.root
while node.right is not None:
node = node.right
return node.label
def get_min_label(self) -> int:
"""
Gets the min label inserted in the tree
>>> t = BinarySearchTree()
>>> t.get_min_label()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
Exception: Binary search tree is empty
>>> t.put(8)
>>> t.put(10)
>>> t.get_min_label()
8
"""
if self.root is None:
raise Exception("Binary search tree is empty")
node = self.root
while node.left is not None:
node = node.left
return node.label
def inorder_traversal(self) -> Iterator[Node]:
"""
Return the inorder traversal of the tree
>>> t = BinarySearchTree()
>>> [i.label for i in t.inorder_traversal()]
[]
>>> t.put(8)
>>> t.put(10)
>>> t.put(9)
>>> [i.label for i in t.inorder_traversal()]
[8, 9, 10]
"""
return self._inorder_traversal(self.root)
def _inorder_traversal(self, node: Node | None) -> Iterator[Node]:
if node is not None:
yield from self._inorder_traversal(node.left)
yield node
yield from self._inorder_traversal(node.right)
def preorder_traversal(self) -> Iterator[Node]:
"""
Return the preorder traversal of the tree
>>> t = BinarySearchTree()
>>> [i.label for i in t.preorder_traversal()]
[]
>>> t.put(8)
>>> t.put(10)
>>> t.put(9)
>>> [i.label for i in t.preorder_traversal()]
[8, 10, 9]
"""
return self._preorder_traversal(self.root)
def _preorder_traversal(self, node: Node | None) -> Iterator[Node]:
if node is not None:
yield node
yield from self._preorder_traversal(node.left)
yield from self._preorder_traversal(node.right)
class BinarySearchTreeTest(unittest.TestCase):
@staticmethod
def _get_binary_search_tree() -> BinarySearchTree:
r"""
8
/ \
3 10
/ \ \
1 6 14
/ \ /
4 7 13
\
5
"""
t = BinarySearchTree()
t.put(8)
t.put(3)
t.put(6)
t.put(1)
t.put(10)
t.put(14)
t.put(13)
t.put(4)
t.put(7)
t.put(5)
return t
def test_put(self) -> None:
t = BinarySearchTree()
assert t.is_empty()
t.put(8)
r"""
8
"""
assert t.root is not None
assert t.root.parent is None
assert t.root.label == 8
t.put(10)
r"""
8
\
10
"""
assert t.root.right is not None
assert t.root.right.parent == t.root
assert t.root.right.label == 10
t.put(3)
r"""
8
/ \
3 10
"""
assert t.root.left is not None
assert t.root.left.parent == t.root
assert t.root.left.label == 3
t.put(6)
r"""
8
/ \
3 10
\
6
"""
assert t.root.left.right is not None
assert t.root.left.right.parent == t.root.left
assert t.root.left.right.label == 6
t.put(1)
r"""
8
/ \
3 10
/ \
1 6
"""
assert t.root.left.left is not None
assert t.root.left.left.parent == t.root.left
assert t.root.left.left.label == 1
with self.assertRaises(Exception):
t.put(1)
def test_search(self) -> None:
t = self._get_binary_search_tree()
node = t.search(6)
assert node.label == 6
node = t.search(13)
assert node.label == 13
with self.assertRaises(Exception):
t.search(2)
def test_remove(self) -> None:
t = self._get_binary_search_tree()
t.remove(13)
r"""
8
/ \
3 10
/ \ \
1 6 14
/ \
4 7
\
5
"""
assert t.root is not None
assert t.root.right is not None
assert t.root.right.right is not None
assert t.root.right.right.right is None
assert t.root.right.right.left is None
t.remove(7)
r"""
8
/ \
3 10
/ \ \
1 6 14
/
4
\
5
"""
assert t.root.left is not None
assert t.root.left.right is not None
assert t.root.left.right.left is not None
assert t.root.left.right.right is None
assert t.root.left.right.left.label == 4
t.remove(6)
r"""
8
/ \
3 10
/ \ \
1 4 14
\
5
"""
assert t.root.left.left is not None
assert t.root.left.right.right is not None
assert t.root.left.left.label == 1
assert t.root.left.right.label == 4
assert t.root.left.right.right.label == 5
assert t.root.left.right.left is None
assert t.root.left.left.parent == t.root.left
assert t.root.left.right.parent == t.root.left
t.remove(3)
r"""
8
/ \
4 10
/ \ \
1 5 14
"""
assert t.root is not None
assert t.root.left.label == 4
assert t.root.left.right.label == 5
assert t.root.left.left.label == 1
assert t.root.left.parent == t.root
assert t.root.left.left.parent == t.root.left
assert t.root.left.right.parent == t.root.left
t.remove(4)
r"""
8
/ \
5 10
/ \
1 14
"""
assert t.root.left is not None
assert t.root.left.left is not None
assert t.root.left.label == 5
assert t.root.left.right is None
assert t.root.left.left.label == 1
assert t.root.left.parent == t.root
assert t.root.left.left.parent == t.root.left
def test_remove_2(self) -> None:
t = self._get_binary_search_tree()
t.remove(3)
r"""
8
/ \
4 10
/ \ \
1 6 14
/ \ /
5 7 13
"""
assert t.root is not None
assert t.root.left is not None
assert t.root.left.left is not None
assert t.root.left.right is not None
assert t.root.left.right.left is not None
assert t.root.left.right.right is not None
assert t.root.left.label == 4
assert t.root.left.right.label == 6
assert t.root.left.left.label == 1
assert t.root.left.right.right.label == 7
assert t.root.left.right.left.label == 5
assert t.root.left.parent == t.root
assert t.root.left.right.parent == t.root.left
assert t.root.left.left.parent == t.root.left
assert t.root.left.right.left.parent == t.root.left.right
def test_empty(self) -> None:
t = self._get_binary_search_tree()
t.empty()
assert t.root is None
def test_is_empty(self) -> None:
t = self._get_binary_search_tree()
assert not t.is_empty()
t.empty()
assert t.is_empty()
def test_exists(self) -> None:
t = self._get_binary_search_tree()
assert t.exists(6)
assert not t.exists(-1)
def test_get_max_label(self) -> None:
t = self._get_binary_search_tree()
assert t.get_max_label() == 14
t.empty()
with self.assertRaises(Exception):
t.get_max_label()
def test_get_min_label(self) -> None:
t = self._get_binary_search_tree()
assert t.get_min_label() == 1
t.empty()
with self.assertRaises(Exception):
t.get_min_label()
def test_inorder_traversal(self) -> None:
t = self._get_binary_search_tree()
inorder_traversal_nodes = [i.label for i in t.inorder_traversal()]
assert inorder_traversal_nodes == [1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14]
def test_preorder_traversal(self) -> None:
t = self._get_binary_search_tree()
preorder_traversal_nodes = [i.label for i in t.preorder_traversal()]
assert preorder_traversal_nodes == [8, 3, 1, 6, 4, 5, 7, 10, 14, 13]
def binary_search_tree_example() -> None:
r"""
Example
8
/ \
3 10
/ \ \
1 6 14
/ \ /
4 7 13
\
5
Example After Deletion
4
/ \
1 7
\
5
"""
t = BinarySearchTree()
t.put(8)
t.put(3)
t.put(6)
t.put(1)
t.put(10)
t.put(14)
t.put(13)
t.put(4)
t.put(7)
t.put(5)
print(
"""
8
/ \\
3 10
/ \\ \\
1 6 14
/ \\ /
4 7 13
\\
5
"""
)
print("Label 6 exists:", t.exists(6))
print("Label 13 exists:", t.exists(13))
print("Label -1 exists:", t.exists(-1))
print("Label 12 exists:", t.exists(12))
# Prints all the elements of the list in inorder traversal
inorder_traversal_nodes = [i.label for i in t.inorder_traversal()]
print("Inorder traversal:", inorder_traversal_nodes)
# Prints all the elements of the list in preorder traversal
preorder_traversal_nodes = [i.label for i in t.preorder_traversal()]
print("Preorder traversal:", preorder_traversal_nodes)
print("Max. label:", t.get_max_label())
print("Min. label:", t.get_min_label())
# Delete elements
print("\nDeleting elements 13, 10, 8, 3, 6, 14")
print(
"""
4
/ \\
1 7
\\
5
"""
)
t.remove(13)
t.remove(10)
t.remove(8)
t.remove(3)
t.remove(6)
t.remove(14)
# Prints all the elements of the list in inorder traversal after delete
inorder_traversal_nodes = [i.label for i in t.inorder_traversal()]
print("Inorder traversal after delete:", inorder_traversal_nodes)
# Prints all the elements of the list in preorder traversal after delete
preorder_traversal_nodes = [i.label for i in t.preorder_traversal()]
print("Preorder traversal after delete:", preorder_traversal_nodes)
print("Max. label:", t.get_max_label())
print("Min. label:", t.get_min_label())
if __name__ == "__main__":
binary_search_tree_example()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Get the citation from google scholar
using title and year of publication, and volume and pages of journal.
"""
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
def get_citation(base_url: str, params: dict) -> str:
"""
Return the citation number.
"""
soup = BeautifulSoup(requests.get(base_url, params=params).content, "html.parser")
div = soup.find("div", attrs={"class": "gs_ri"})
anchors = div.find("div", attrs={"class": "gs_fl"}).find_all("a")
return anchors[2].get_text()
if __name__ == "__main__":
params = {
"title": (
"Precisely geometry controlled microsupercapacitors for ultrahigh areal "
"capacitance, volumetric capacitance, and energy density"
),
"journal": "Chem. Mater.",
"volume": 30,
"pages": "3979-3990",
"year": 2018,
"hl": "en",
}
print(get_citation("http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup", params=params))
| """
Get the citation from google scholar
using title and year of publication, and volume and pages of journal.
"""
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
def get_citation(base_url: str, params: dict) -> str:
"""
Return the citation number.
"""
soup = BeautifulSoup(requests.get(base_url, params=params).content, "html.parser")
div = soup.find("div", attrs={"class": "gs_ri"})
anchors = div.find("div", attrs={"class": "gs_fl"}).find_all("a")
return anchors[2].get_text()
if __name__ == "__main__":
params = {
"title": (
"Precisely geometry controlled microsupercapacitors for ultrahigh areal "
"capacitance, volumetric capacitance, and energy density"
),
"journal": "Chem. Mater.",
"volume": 30,
"pages": "3979-3990",
"year": 2018,
"hl": "en",
}
print(get_citation("http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup", params=params))
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| #!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
The Bifid Cipher uses a Polybius Square to encipher a message in a way that
makes it fairly difficult to decipher without knowing the secret.
https://www.braingle.com/brainteasers/codes/bifid.php
"""
import numpy as np
class BifidCipher:
def __init__(self) -> None:
SQUARE = [
["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"],
["f", "g", "h", "i", "k"],
["l", "m", "n", "o", "p"],
["q", "r", "s", "t", "u"],
["v", "w", "x", "y", "z"],
]
self.SQUARE = np.array(SQUARE)
def letter_to_numbers(self, letter: str) -> np.ndarray:
"""
Return the pair of numbers that represents the given letter in the
polybius square
>>> np.array_equal(BifidCipher().letter_to_numbers('a'), [1,1])
True
>>> np.array_equal(BifidCipher().letter_to_numbers('u'), [4,5])
True
"""
index1, index2 = np.where(self.SQUARE == letter)
indexes = np.concatenate([index1 + 1, index2 + 1])
return indexes
def numbers_to_letter(self, index1: int, index2: int) -> str:
"""
Return the letter corresponding to the position [index1, index2] in
the polybius square
>>> BifidCipher().numbers_to_letter(4, 5) == "u"
True
>>> BifidCipher().numbers_to_letter(1, 1) == "a"
True
"""
letter = self.SQUARE[index1 - 1, index2 - 1]
return letter
def encode(self, message: str) -> str:
"""
Return the encoded version of message according to the polybius cipher
>>> BifidCipher().encode('testmessage') == 'qtltbdxrxlk'
True
>>> BifidCipher().encode('Test Message') == 'qtltbdxrxlk'
True
>>> BifidCipher().encode('test j') == BifidCipher().encode('test i')
True
"""
message = message.lower()
message = message.replace(" ", "")
message = message.replace("j", "i")
first_step = np.empty((2, len(message)))
for letter_index in range(len(message)):
numbers = self.letter_to_numbers(message[letter_index])
first_step[0, letter_index] = numbers[0]
first_step[1, letter_index] = numbers[1]
second_step = first_step.reshape(2 * len(message))
encoded_message = ""
for numbers_index in range(len(message)):
index1 = int(second_step[numbers_index * 2])
index2 = int(second_step[(numbers_index * 2) + 1])
letter = self.numbers_to_letter(index1, index2)
encoded_message = encoded_message + letter
return encoded_message
def decode(self, message: str) -> str:
"""
Return the decoded version of message according to the polybius cipher
>>> BifidCipher().decode('qtltbdxrxlk') == 'testmessage'
True
"""
message = message.lower()
message.replace(" ", "")
first_step = np.empty(2 * len(message))
for letter_index in range(len(message)):
numbers = self.letter_to_numbers(message[letter_index])
first_step[letter_index * 2] = numbers[0]
first_step[letter_index * 2 + 1] = numbers[1]
second_step = first_step.reshape((2, len(message)))
decoded_message = ""
for numbers_index in range(len(message)):
index1 = int(second_step[0, numbers_index])
index2 = int(second_step[1, numbers_index])
letter = self.numbers_to_letter(index1, index2)
decoded_message = decoded_message + letter
return decoded_message
| #!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
The Bifid Cipher uses a Polybius Square to encipher a message in a way that
makes it fairly difficult to decipher without knowing the secret.
https://www.braingle.com/brainteasers/codes/bifid.php
"""
import numpy as np
class BifidCipher:
def __init__(self) -> None:
SQUARE = [
["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"],
["f", "g", "h", "i", "k"],
["l", "m", "n", "o", "p"],
["q", "r", "s", "t", "u"],
["v", "w", "x", "y", "z"],
]
self.SQUARE = np.array(SQUARE)
def letter_to_numbers(self, letter: str) -> np.ndarray:
"""
Return the pair of numbers that represents the given letter in the
polybius square
>>> np.array_equal(BifidCipher().letter_to_numbers('a'), [1,1])
True
>>> np.array_equal(BifidCipher().letter_to_numbers('u'), [4,5])
True
"""
index1, index2 = np.where(self.SQUARE == letter)
indexes = np.concatenate([index1 + 1, index2 + 1])
return indexes
def numbers_to_letter(self, index1: int, index2: int) -> str:
"""
Return the letter corresponding to the position [index1, index2] in
the polybius square
>>> BifidCipher().numbers_to_letter(4, 5) == "u"
True
>>> BifidCipher().numbers_to_letter(1, 1) == "a"
True
"""
letter = self.SQUARE[index1 - 1, index2 - 1]
return letter
def encode(self, message: str) -> str:
"""
Return the encoded version of message according to the polybius cipher
>>> BifidCipher().encode('testmessage') == 'qtltbdxrxlk'
True
>>> BifidCipher().encode('Test Message') == 'qtltbdxrxlk'
True
>>> BifidCipher().encode('test j') == BifidCipher().encode('test i')
True
"""
message = message.lower()
message = message.replace(" ", "")
message = message.replace("j", "i")
first_step = np.empty((2, len(message)))
for letter_index in range(len(message)):
numbers = self.letter_to_numbers(message[letter_index])
first_step[0, letter_index] = numbers[0]
first_step[1, letter_index] = numbers[1]
second_step = first_step.reshape(2 * len(message))
encoded_message = ""
for numbers_index in range(len(message)):
index1 = int(second_step[numbers_index * 2])
index2 = int(second_step[(numbers_index * 2) + 1])
letter = self.numbers_to_letter(index1, index2)
encoded_message = encoded_message + letter
return encoded_message
def decode(self, message: str) -> str:
"""
Return the decoded version of message according to the polybius cipher
>>> BifidCipher().decode('qtltbdxrxlk') == 'testmessage'
True
"""
message = message.lower()
message.replace(" ", "")
first_step = np.empty(2 * len(message))
for letter_index in range(len(message)):
numbers = self.letter_to_numbers(message[letter_index])
first_step[letter_index * 2] = numbers[0]
first_step[letter_index * 2 + 1] = numbers[1]
second_step = first_step.reshape((2, len(message)))
decoded_message = ""
for numbers_index in range(len(message)):
index1 = int(second_step[0, numbers_index])
index2 = int(second_step[1, numbers_index])
letter = self.numbers_to_letter(index1, index2)
decoded_message = decoded_message + letter
return decoded_message
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| # flake8: noqa
"""
This is pure Python implementation of tree traversal algorithms
"""
from __future__ import annotations
import queue
class TreeNode:
def __init__(self, data):
self.data = data
self.right = None
self.left = None
def build_tree():
print("\n********Press N to stop entering at any point of time********\n")
check = input("Enter the value of the root node: ").strip().lower() or "n"
if check == "n":
return None
q: queue.Queue = queue.Queue()
tree_node = TreeNode(int(check))
q.put(tree_node)
while not q.empty():
node_found = q.get()
msg = "Enter the left node of %s: " % node_found.data
check = input(msg).strip().lower() or "n"
if check == "n":
return tree_node
left_node = TreeNode(int(check))
node_found.left = left_node
q.put(left_node)
msg = "Enter the right node of %s: " % node_found.data
check = input(msg).strip().lower() or "n"
if check == "n":
return tree_node
right_node = TreeNode(int(check))
node_found.right = right_node
q.put(right_node)
def pre_order(node: TreeNode) -> None:
"""
>>> root = TreeNode(1)
>>> tree_node2 = TreeNode(2)
>>> tree_node3 = TreeNode(3)
>>> tree_node4 = TreeNode(4)
>>> tree_node5 = TreeNode(5)
>>> tree_node6 = TreeNode(6)
>>> tree_node7 = TreeNode(7)
>>> root.left, root.right = tree_node2, tree_node3
>>> tree_node2.left, tree_node2.right = tree_node4 , tree_node5
>>> tree_node3.left, tree_node3.right = tree_node6 , tree_node7
>>> pre_order(root)
1,2,4,5,3,6,7,
"""
if not isinstance(node, TreeNode) or not node:
return
print(node.data, end=",")
pre_order(node.left)
pre_order(node.right)
def in_order(node: TreeNode) -> None:
"""
>>> root = TreeNode(1)
>>> tree_node2 = TreeNode(2)
>>> tree_node3 = TreeNode(3)
>>> tree_node4 = TreeNode(4)
>>> tree_node5 = TreeNode(5)
>>> tree_node6 = TreeNode(6)
>>> tree_node7 = TreeNode(7)
>>> root.left, root.right = tree_node2, tree_node3
>>> tree_node2.left, tree_node2.right = tree_node4 , tree_node5
>>> tree_node3.left, tree_node3.right = tree_node6 , tree_node7
>>> in_order(root)
4,2,5,1,6,3,7,
"""
if not isinstance(node, TreeNode) or not node:
return
in_order(node.left)
print(node.data, end=",")
in_order(node.right)
def post_order(node: TreeNode) -> None:
"""
>>> root = TreeNode(1)
>>> tree_node2 = TreeNode(2)
>>> tree_node3 = TreeNode(3)
>>> tree_node4 = TreeNode(4)
>>> tree_node5 = TreeNode(5)
>>> tree_node6 = TreeNode(6)
>>> tree_node7 = TreeNode(7)
>>> root.left, root.right = tree_node2, tree_node3
>>> tree_node2.left, tree_node2.right = tree_node4 , tree_node5
>>> tree_node3.left, tree_node3.right = tree_node6 , tree_node7
>>> post_order(root)
4,5,2,6,7,3,1,
"""
if not isinstance(node, TreeNode) or not node:
return
post_order(node.left)
post_order(node.right)
print(node.data, end=",")
def level_order(node: TreeNode) -> None:
"""
>>> root = TreeNode(1)
>>> tree_node2 = TreeNode(2)
>>> tree_node3 = TreeNode(3)
>>> tree_node4 = TreeNode(4)
>>> tree_node5 = TreeNode(5)
>>> tree_node6 = TreeNode(6)
>>> tree_node7 = TreeNode(7)
>>> root.left, root.right = tree_node2, tree_node3
>>> tree_node2.left, tree_node2.right = tree_node4 , tree_node5
>>> tree_node3.left, tree_node3.right = tree_node6 , tree_node7
>>> level_order(root)
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,
"""
if not isinstance(node, TreeNode) or not node:
return
q: queue.Queue = queue.Queue()
q.put(node)
while not q.empty():
node_dequeued = q.get()
print(node_dequeued.data, end=",")
if node_dequeued.left:
q.put(node_dequeued.left)
if node_dequeued.right:
q.put(node_dequeued.right)
def level_order_actual(node: TreeNode) -> None:
"""
>>> root = TreeNode(1)
>>> tree_node2 = TreeNode(2)
>>> tree_node3 = TreeNode(3)
>>> tree_node4 = TreeNode(4)
>>> tree_node5 = TreeNode(5)
>>> tree_node6 = TreeNode(6)
>>> tree_node7 = TreeNode(7)
>>> root.left, root.right = tree_node2, tree_node3
>>> tree_node2.left, tree_node2.right = tree_node4 , tree_node5
>>> tree_node3.left, tree_node3.right = tree_node6 , tree_node7
>>> level_order_actual(root)
1,
2,3,
4,5,6,7,
"""
if not isinstance(node, TreeNode) or not node:
return
q: queue.Queue = queue.Queue()
q.put(node)
while not q.empty():
list = []
while not q.empty():
node_dequeued = q.get()
print(node_dequeued.data, end=",")
if node_dequeued.left:
list.append(node_dequeued.left)
if node_dequeued.right:
list.append(node_dequeued.right)
print()
for node in list:
q.put(node)
# iteration version
def pre_order_iter(node: TreeNode) -> None:
"""
>>> root = TreeNode(1)
>>> tree_node2 = TreeNode(2)
>>> tree_node3 = TreeNode(3)
>>> tree_node4 = TreeNode(4)
>>> tree_node5 = TreeNode(5)
>>> tree_node6 = TreeNode(6)
>>> tree_node7 = TreeNode(7)
>>> root.left, root.right = tree_node2, tree_node3
>>> tree_node2.left, tree_node2.right = tree_node4 , tree_node5
>>> tree_node3.left, tree_node3.right = tree_node6 , tree_node7
>>> pre_order_iter(root)
1,2,4,5,3,6,7,
"""
if not isinstance(node, TreeNode) or not node:
return
stack: list[TreeNode] = []
n = node
while n or stack:
while n: # start from root node, find its left child
print(n.data, end=",")
stack.append(n)
n = n.left
# end of while means current node doesn't have left child
n = stack.pop()
# start to traverse its right child
n = n.right
def in_order_iter(node: TreeNode) -> None:
"""
>>> root = TreeNode(1)
>>> tree_node2 = TreeNode(2)
>>> tree_node3 = TreeNode(3)
>>> tree_node4 = TreeNode(4)
>>> tree_node5 = TreeNode(5)
>>> tree_node6 = TreeNode(6)
>>> tree_node7 = TreeNode(7)
>>> root.left, root.right = tree_node2, tree_node3
>>> tree_node2.left, tree_node2.right = tree_node4 , tree_node5
>>> tree_node3.left, tree_node3.right = tree_node6 , tree_node7
>>> in_order_iter(root)
4,2,5,1,6,3,7,
"""
if not isinstance(node, TreeNode) or not node:
return
stack: list[TreeNode] = []
n = node
while n or stack:
while n:
stack.append(n)
n = n.left
n = stack.pop()
print(n.data, end=",")
n = n.right
def post_order_iter(node: TreeNode) -> None:
"""
>>> root = TreeNode(1)
>>> tree_node2 = TreeNode(2)
>>> tree_node3 = TreeNode(3)
>>> tree_node4 = TreeNode(4)
>>> tree_node5 = TreeNode(5)
>>> tree_node6 = TreeNode(6)
>>> tree_node7 = TreeNode(7)
>>> root.left, root.right = tree_node2, tree_node3
>>> tree_node2.left, tree_node2.right = tree_node4 , tree_node5
>>> tree_node3.left, tree_node3.right = tree_node6 , tree_node7
>>> post_order_iter(root)
4,5,2,6,7,3,1,
"""
if not isinstance(node, TreeNode) or not node:
return
stack1, stack2 = [], []
n = node
stack1.append(n)
while stack1: # to find the reversed order of post order, store it in stack2
n = stack1.pop()
if n.left:
stack1.append(n.left)
if n.right:
stack1.append(n.right)
stack2.append(n)
while stack2: # pop up from stack2 will be the post order
print(stack2.pop().data, end=",")
def prompt(s: str = "", width=50, char="*") -> str:
if not s:
return "\n" + width * char
left, extra = divmod(width - len(s) - 2, 2)
return f"{left * char} {s} {(left + extra) * char}"
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
print(prompt("Binary Tree Traversals"))
node = build_tree()
print(prompt("Pre Order Traversal"))
pre_order(node)
print(prompt() + "\n")
print(prompt("In Order Traversal"))
in_order(node)
print(prompt() + "\n")
print(prompt("Post Order Traversal"))
post_order(node)
print(prompt() + "\n")
print(prompt("Level Order Traversal"))
level_order(node)
print(prompt() + "\n")
print(prompt("Actual Level Order Traversal"))
level_order_actual(node)
print("*" * 50 + "\n")
print(prompt("Pre Order Traversal - Iteration Version"))
pre_order_iter(node)
print(prompt() + "\n")
print(prompt("In Order Traversal - Iteration Version"))
in_order_iter(node)
print(prompt() + "\n")
print(prompt("Post Order Traversal - Iteration Version"))
post_order_iter(node)
print(prompt())
| # flake8: noqa
"""
This is pure Python implementation of tree traversal algorithms
"""
from __future__ import annotations
import queue
class TreeNode:
def __init__(self, data):
self.data = data
self.right = None
self.left = None
def build_tree():
print("\n********Press N to stop entering at any point of time********\n")
check = input("Enter the value of the root node: ").strip().lower() or "n"
if check == "n":
return None
q: queue.Queue = queue.Queue()
tree_node = TreeNode(int(check))
q.put(tree_node)
while not q.empty():
node_found = q.get()
msg = "Enter the left node of %s: " % node_found.data
check = input(msg).strip().lower() or "n"
if check == "n":
return tree_node
left_node = TreeNode(int(check))
node_found.left = left_node
q.put(left_node)
msg = "Enter the right node of %s: " % node_found.data
check = input(msg).strip().lower() or "n"
if check == "n":
return tree_node
right_node = TreeNode(int(check))
node_found.right = right_node
q.put(right_node)
def pre_order(node: TreeNode) -> None:
"""
>>> root = TreeNode(1)
>>> tree_node2 = TreeNode(2)
>>> tree_node3 = TreeNode(3)
>>> tree_node4 = TreeNode(4)
>>> tree_node5 = TreeNode(5)
>>> tree_node6 = TreeNode(6)
>>> tree_node7 = TreeNode(7)
>>> root.left, root.right = tree_node2, tree_node3
>>> tree_node2.left, tree_node2.right = tree_node4 , tree_node5
>>> tree_node3.left, tree_node3.right = tree_node6 , tree_node7
>>> pre_order(root)
1,2,4,5,3,6,7,
"""
if not isinstance(node, TreeNode) or not node:
return
print(node.data, end=",")
pre_order(node.left)
pre_order(node.right)
def in_order(node: TreeNode) -> None:
"""
>>> root = TreeNode(1)
>>> tree_node2 = TreeNode(2)
>>> tree_node3 = TreeNode(3)
>>> tree_node4 = TreeNode(4)
>>> tree_node5 = TreeNode(5)
>>> tree_node6 = TreeNode(6)
>>> tree_node7 = TreeNode(7)
>>> root.left, root.right = tree_node2, tree_node3
>>> tree_node2.left, tree_node2.right = tree_node4 , tree_node5
>>> tree_node3.left, tree_node3.right = tree_node6 , tree_node7
>>> in_order(root)
4,2,5,1,6,3,7,
"""
if not isinstance(node, TreeNode) or not node:
return
in_order(node.left)
print(node.data, end=",")
in_order(node.right)
def post_order(node: TreeNode) -> None:
"""
>>> root = TreeNode(1)
>>> tree_node2 = TreeNode(2)
>>> tree_node3 = TreeNode(3)
>>> tree_node4 = TreeNode(4)
>>> tree_node5 = TreeNode(5)
>>> tree_node6 = TreeNode(6)
>>> tree_node7 = TreeNode(7)
>>> root.left, root.right = tree_node2, tree_node3
>>> tree_node2.left, tree_node2.right = tree_node4 , tree_node5
>>> tree_node3.left, tree_node3.right = tree_node6 , tree_node7
>>> post_order(root)
4,5,2,6,7,3,1,
"""
if not isinstance(node, TreeNode) or not node:
return
post_order(node.left)
post_order(node.right)
print(node.data, end=",")
def level_order(node: TreeNode) -> None:
"""
>>> root = TreeNode(1)
>>> tree_node2 = TreeNode(2)
>>> tree_node3 = TreeNode(3)
>>> tree_node4 = TreeNode(4)
>>> tree_node5 = TreeNode(5)
>>> tree_node6 = TreeNode(6)
>>> tree_node7 = TreeNode(7)
>>> root.left, root.right = tree_node2, tree_node3
>>> tree_node2.left, tree_node2.right = tree_node4 , tree_node5
>>> tree_node3.left, tree_node3.right = tree_node6 , tree_node7
>>> level_order(root)
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,
"""
if not isinstance(node, TreeNode) or not node:
return
q: queue.Queue = queue.Queue()
q.put(node)
while not q.empty():
node_dequeued = q.get()
print(node_dequeued.data, end=",")
if node_dequeued.left:
q.put(node_dequeued.left)
if node_dequeued.right:
q.put(node_dequeued.right)
def level_order_actual(node: TreeNode) -> None:
"""
>>> root = TreeNode(1)
>>> tree_node2 = TreeNode(2)
>>> tree_node3 = TreeNode(3)
>>> tree_node4 = TreeNode(4)
>>> tree_node5 = TreeNode(5)
>>> tree_node6 = TreeNode(6)
>>> tree_node7 = TreeNode(7)
>>> root.left, root.right = tree_node2, tree_node3
>>> tree_node2.left, tree_node2.right = tree_node4 , tree_node5
>>> tree_node3.left, tree_node3.right = tree_node6 , tree_node7
>>> level_order_actual(root)
1,
2,3,
4,5,6,7,
"""
if not isinstance(node, TreeNode) or not node:
return
q: queue.Queue = queue.Queue()
q.put(node)
while not q.empty():
list = []
while not q.empty():
node_dequeued = q.get()
print(node_dequeued.data, end=",")
if node_dequeued.left:
list.append(node_dequeued.left)
if node_dequeued.right:
list.append(node_dequeued.right)
print()
for node in list:
q.put(node)
# iteration version
def pre_order_iter(node: TreeNode) -> None:
"""
>>> root = TreeNode(1)
>>> tree_node2 = TreeNode(2)
>>> tree_node3 = TreeNode(3)
>>> tree_node4 = TreeNode(4)
>>> tree_node5 = TreeNode(5)
>>> tree_node6 = TreeNode(6)
>>> tree_node7 = TreeNode(7)
>>> root.left, root.right = tree_node2, tree_node3
>>> tree_node2.left, tree_node2.right = tree_node4 , tree_node5
>>> tree_node3.left, tree_node3.right = tree_node6 , tree_node7
>>> pre_order_iter(root)
1,2,4,5,3,6,7,
"""
if not isinstance(node, TreeNode) or not node:
return
stack: list[TreeNode] = []
n = node
while n or stack:
while n: # start from root node, find its left child
print(n.data, end=",")
stack.append(n)
n = n.left
# end of while means current node doesn't have left child
n = stack.pop()
# start to traverse its right child
n = n.right
def in_order_iter(node: TreeNode) -> None:
"""
>>> root = TreeNode(1)
>>> tree_node2 = TreeNode(2)
>>> tree_node3 = TreeNode(3)
>>> tree_node4 = TreeNode(4)
>>> tree_node5 = TreeNode(5)
>>> tree_node6 = TreeNode(6)
>>> tree_node7 = TreeNode(7)
>>> root.left, root.right = tree_node2, tree_node3
>>> tree_node2.left, tree_node2.right = tree_node4 , tree_node5
>>> tree_node3.left, tree_node3.right = tree_node6 , tree_node7
>>> in_order_iter(root)
4,2,5,1,6,3,7,
"""
if not isinstance(node, TreeNode) or not node:
return
stack: list[TreeNode] = []
n = node
while n or stack:
while n:
stack.append(n)
n = n.left
n = stack.pop()
print(n.data, end=",")
n = n.right
def post_order_iter(node: TreeNode) -> None:
"""
>>> root = TreeNode(1)
>>> tree_node2 = TreeNode(2)
>>> tree_node3 = TreeNode(3)
>>> tree_node4 = TreeNode(4)
>>> tree_node5 = TreeNode(5)
>>> tree_node6 = TreeNode(6)
>>> tree_node7 = TreeNode(7)
>>> root.left, root.right = tree_node2, tree_node3
>>> tree_node2.left, tree_node2.right = tree_node4 , tree_node5
>>> tree_node3.left, tree_node3.right = tree_node6 , tree_node7
>>> post_order_iter(root)
4,5,2,6,7,3,1,
"""
if not isinstance(node, TreeNode) or not node:
return
stack1, stack2 = [], []
n = node
stack1.append(n)
while stack1: # to find the reversed order of post order, store it in stack2
n = stack1.pop()
if n.left:
stack1.append(n.left)
if n.right:
stack1.append(n.right)
stack2.append(n)
while stack2: # pop up from stack2 will be the post order
print(stack2.pop().data, end=",")
def prompt(s: str = "", width=50, char="*") -> str:
if not s:
return "\n" + width * char
left, extra = divmod(width - len(s) - 2, 2)
return f"{left * char} {s} {(left + extra) * char}"
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
print(prompt("Binary Tree Traversals"))
node = build_tree()
print(prompt("Pre Order Traversal"))
pre_order(node)
print(prompt() + "\n")
print(prompt("In Order Traversal"))
in_order(node)
print(prompt() + "\n")
print(prompt("Post Order Traversal"))
post_order(node)
print(prompt() + "\n")
print(prompt("Level Order Traversal"))
level_order(node)
print(prompt() + "\n")
print(prompt("Actual Level Order Traversal"))
level_order_actual(node)
print("*" * 50 + "\n")
print(prompt("Pre Order Traversal - Iteration Version"))
pre_order_iter(node)
print(prompt() + "\n")
print(prompt("In Order Traversal - Iteration Version"))
in_order_iter(node)
print(prompt() + "\n")
print(prompt("Post Order Traversal - Iteration Version"))
post_order_iter(node)
print(prompt())
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| from PIL import Image
"""
Mean thresholding algorithm for image processing
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thresholding_(image_processing)
"""
def mean_threshold(image: Image) -> Image:
"""
image: is a grayscale PIL image object
"""
height, width = image.size
mean = 0
pixels = image.load()
for i in range(width):
for j in range(height):
pixel = pixels[j, i]
mean += pixel
mean //= width * height
for j in range(width):
for i in range(height):
pixels[i, j] = 255 if pixels[i, j] > mean else 0
return image
if __name__ == "__main__":
image = mean_threshold(Image.open("path_to_image").convert("L"))
image.save("output_image_path")
| from PIL import Image
"""
Mean thresholding algorithm for image processing
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thresholding_(image_processing)
"""
def mean_threshold(image: Image) -> Image:
"""
image: is a grayscale PIL image object
"""
height, width = image.size
mean = 0
pixels = image.load()
for i in range(width):
for j in range(height):
pixel = pixels[j, i]
mean += pixel
mean //= width * height
for j in range(width):
for i in range(height):
pixels[i, j] = 255 if pixels[i, j] > mean else 0
return image
if __name__ == "__main__":
image = mean_threshold(Image.open("path_to_image").convert("L"))
image.save("output_image_path")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| # Youtube Explanation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lBRtnuxg-gU
from __future__ import annotations
def minimum_cost_path(matrix: list[list[int]]) -> int:
"""
Find the minimum cost traced by all possible paths from top left to bottom right in
a given matrix
>>> minimum_cost_path([[2, 1], [3, 1], [4, 2]])
6
>>> minimum_cost_path([[2, 1, 4], [2, 1, 3], [3, 2, 1]])
7
"""
# preprocessing the first row
for i in range(1, len(matrix[0])):
matrix[0][i] += matrix[0][i - 1]
# preprocessing the first column
for i in range(1, len(matrix)):
matrix[i][0] += matrix[i - 1][0]
# updating the path cost for current position
for i in range(1, len(matrix)):
for j in range(1, len(matrix[0])):
matrix[i][j] += min(matrix[i - 1][j], matrix[i][j - 1])
return matrix[-1][-1]
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| # Youtube Explanation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lBRtnuxg-gU
from __future__ import annotations
def minimum_cost_path(matrix: list[list[int]]) -> int:
"""
Find the minimum cost traced by all possible paths from top left to bottom right in
a given matrix
>>> minimum_cost_path([[2, 1], [3, 1], [4, 2]])
6
>>> minimum_cost_path([[2, 1, 4], [2, 1, 3], [3, 2, 1]])
7
"""
# preprocessing the first row
for i in range(1, len(matrix[0])):
matrix[0][i] += matrix[0][i - 1]
# preprocessing the first column
for i in range(1, len(matrix)):
matrix[i][0] += matrix[i - 1][0]
# updating the path cost for current position
for i in range(1, len(matrix)):
for j in range(1, len(matrix[0])):
matrix[i][j] += min(matrix[i - 1][j], matrix[i][j - 1])
return matrix[-1][-1]
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| from __future__ import annotations
from collections import deque
class Automaton:
def __init__(self, keywords: list[str]):
self.adlist: list[dict] = list()
self.adlist.append(
{"value": "", "next_states": [], "fail_state": 0, "output": []}
)
for keyword in keywords:
self.add_keyword(keyword)
self.set_fail_transitions()
def find_next_state(self, current_state: int, char: str) -> int | None:
for state in self.adlist[current_state]["next_states"]:
if char == self.adlist[state]["value"]:
return state
return None
def add_keyword(self, keyword: str) -> None:
current_state = 0
for character in keyword:
next_state = self.find_next_state(current_state, character)
if next_state is None:
self.adlist.append(
{
"value": character,
"next_states": [],
"fail_state": 0,
"output": [],
}
)
self.adlist[current_state]["next_states"].append(len(self.adlist) - 1)
current_state = len(self.adlist) - 1
else:
current_state = next_state
self.adlist[current_state]["output"].append(keyword)
def set_fail_transitions(self) -> None:
q: deque = deque()
for node in self.adlist[0]["next_states"]:
q.append(node)
self.adlist[node]["fail_state"] = 0
while q:
r = q.popleft()
for child in self.adlist[r]["next_states"]:
q.append(child)
state = self.adlist[r]["fail_state"]
while (
self.find_next_state(state, self.adlist[child]["value"]) is None
and state != 0
):
state = self.adlist[state]["fail_state"]
self.adlist[child]["fail_state"] = self.find_next_state(
state, self.adlist[child]["value"]
)
if self.adlist[child]["fail_state"] is None:
self.adlist[child]["fail_state"] = 0
self.adlist[child]["output"] = (
self.adlist[child]["output"]
+ self.adlist[self.adlist[child]["fail_state"]]["output"]
)
def search_in(self, string: str) -> dict[str, list[int]]:
"""
>>> A = Automaton(["what", "hat", "ver", "er"])
>>> A.search_in("whatever, err ... , wherever")
{'what': [0], 'hat': [1], 'ver': [5, 25], 'er': [6, 10, 22, 26]}
"""
result: dict = (
dict()
) # returns a dict with keywords and list of its occurrences
current_state = 0
for i in range(len(string)):
while (
self.find_next_state(current_state, string[i]) is None
and current_state != 0
):
current_state = self.adlist[current_state]["fail_state"]
next_state = self.find_next_state(current_state, string[i])
if next_state is None:
current_state = 0
else:
current_state = next_state
for key in self.adlist[current_state]["output"]:
if not (key in result):
result[key] = []
result[key].append(i - len(key) + 1)
return result
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| from __future__ import annotations
from collections import deque
class Automaton:
def __init__(self, keywords: list[str]):
self.adlist: list[dict] = list()
self.adlist.append(
{"value": "", "next_states": [], "fail_state": 0, "output": []}
)
for keyword in keywords:
self.add_keyword(keyword)
self.set_fail_transitions()
def find_next_state(self, current_state: int, char: str) -> int | None:
for state in self.adlist[current_state]["next_states"]:
if char == self.adlist[state]["value"]:
return state
return None
def add_keyword(self, keyword: str) -> None:
current_state = 0
for character in keyword:
next_state = self.find_next_state(current_state, character)
if next_state is None:
self.adlist.append(
{
"value": character,
"next_states": [],
"fail_state": 0,
"output": [],
}
)
self.adlist[current_state]["next_states"].append(len(self.adlist) - 1)
current_state = len(self.adlist) - 1
else:
current_state = next_state
self.adlist[current_state]["output"].append(keyword)
def set_fail_transitions(self) -> None:
q: deque = deque()
for node in self.adlist[0]["next_states"]:
q.append(node)
self.adlist[node]["fail_state"] = 0
while q:
r = q.popleft()
for child in self.adlist[r]["next_states"]:
q.append(child)
state = self.adlist[r]["fail_state"]
while (
self.find_next_state(state, self.adlist[child]["value"]) is None
and state != 0
):
state = self.adlist[state]["fail_state"]
self.adlist[child]["fail_state"] = self.find_next_state(
state, self.adlist[child]["value"]
)
if self.adlist[child]["fail_state"] is None:
self.adlist[child]["fail_state"] = 0
self.adlist[child]["output"] = (
self.adlist[child]["output"]
+ self.adlist[self.adlist[child]["fail_state"]]["output"]
)
def search_in(self, string: str) -> dict[str, list[int]]:
"""
>>> A = Automaton(["what", "hat", "ver", "er"])
>>> A.search_in("whatever, err ... , wherever")
{'what': [0], 'hat': [1], 'ver': [5, 25], 'er': [6, 10, 22, 26]}
"""
result: dict = (
dict()
) # returns a dict with keywords and list of its occurrences
current_state = 0
for i in range(len(string)):
while (
self.find_next_state(current_state, string[i]) is None
and current_state != 0
):
current_state = self.adlist[current_state]["fail_state"]
next_state = self.find_next_state(current_state, string[i])
if next_state is None:
current_state = 0
else:
current_state = next_state
for key in self.adlist[current_state]["output"]:
if not (key in result):
result[key] = []
result[key].append(i - len(key) + 1)
return result
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Implementation of a basic regression decision tree.
Input data set: The input data set must be 1-dimensional with continuous labels.
Output: The decision tree maps a real number input to a real number output.
"""
import numpy as np
class Decision_Tree:
def __init__(self, depth=5, min_leaf_size=5):
self.depth = depth
self.decision_boundary = 0
self.left = None
self.right = None
self.min_leaf_size = min_leaf_size
self.prediction = None
def mean_squared_error(self, labels, prediction):
"""
mean_squared_error:
@param labels: a one dimensional numpy array
@param prediction: a floating point value
return value: mean_squared_error calculates the error if prediction is used to
estimate the labels
>>> tester = Decision_Tree()
>>> test_labels = np.array([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10])
>>> test_prediction = np.float(6)
>>> tester.mean_squared_error(test_labels, test_prediction) == (
... Test_Decision_Tree.helper_mean_squared_error_test(test_labels,
... test_prediction))
True
>>> test_labels = np.array([1,2,3])
>>> test_prediction = np.float(2)
>>> tester.mean_squared_error(test_labels, test_prediction) == (
... Test_Decision_Tree.helper_mean_squared_error_test(test_labels,
... test_prediction))
True
"""
if labels.ndim != 1:
print("Error: Input labels must be one dimensional")
return np.mean((labels - prediction) ** 2)
def train(self, X, y):
"""
train:
@param X: a one dimensional numpy array
@param y: a one dimensional numpy array.
The contents of y are the labels for the corresponding X values
train does not have a return value
"""
"""
this section is to check that the inputs conform to our dimensionality
constraints
"""
if X.ndim != 1:
print("Error: Input data set must be one dimensional")
return
if len(X) != len(y):
print("Error: X and y have different lengths")
return
if y.ndim != 1:
print("Error: Data set labels must be one dimensional")
return
if len(X) < 2 * self.min_leaf_size:
self.prediction = np.mean(y)
return
if self.depth == 1:
self.prediction = np.mean(y)
return
best_split = 0
min_error = self.mean_squared_error(X, np.mean(y)) * 2
"""
loop over all possible splits for the decision tree. find the best split.
if no split exists that is less than 2 * error for the entire array
then the data set is not split and the average for the entire array is used as
the predictor
"""
for i in range(len(X)):
if len(X[:i]) < self.min_leaf_size:
continue
elif len(X[i:]) < self.min_leaf_size:
continue
else:
error_left = self.mean_squared_error(X[:i], np.mean(y[:i]))
error_right = self.mean_squared_error(X[i:], np.mean(y[i:]))
error = error_left + error_right
if error < min_error:
best_split = i
min_error = error
if best_split != 0:
left_X = X[:best_split]
left_y = y[:best_split]
right_X = X[best_split:]
right_y = y[best_split:]
self.decision_boundary = X[best_split]
self.left = Decision_Tree(
depth=self.depth - 1, min_leaf_size=self.min_leaf_size
)
self.right = Decision_Tree(
depth=self.depth - 1, min_leaf_size=self.min_leaf_size
)
self.left.train(left_X, left_y)
self.right.train(right_X, right_y)
else:
self.prediction = np.mean(y)
return
def predict(self, x):
"""
predict:
@param x: a floating point value to predict the label of
the prediction function works by recursively calling the predict function
of the appropriate subtrees based on the tree's decision boundary
"""
if self.prediction is not None:
return self.prediction
elif self.left or self.right is not None:
if x >= self.decision_boundary:
return self.right.predict(x)
else:
return self.left.predict(x)
else:
print("Error: Decision tree not yet trained")
return None
class Test_Decision_Tree:
"""Decision Tres test class"""
@staticmethod
def helper_mean_squared_error_test(labels, prediction):
"""
helper_mean_squared_error_test:
@param labels: a one dimensional numpy array
@param prediction: a floating point value
return value: helper_mean_squared_error_test calculates the mean squared error
"""
squared_error_sum = np.float(0)
for label in labels:
squared_error_sum += (label - prediction) ** 2
return np.float(squared_error_sum / labels.size)
def main():
"""
In this demonstration we're generating a sample data set from the sin function in
numpy. We then train a decision tree on the data set and use the decision tree to
predict the label of 10 different test values. Then the mean squared error over
this test is displayed.
"""
X = np.arange(-1.0, 1.0, 0.005)
y = np.sin(X)
tree = Decision_Tree(depth=10, min_leaf_size=10)
tree.train(X, y)
test_cases = (np.random.rand(10) * 2) - 1
predictions = np.array([tree.predict(x) for x in test_cases])
avg_error = np.mean((predictions - test_cases) ** 2)
print("Test values: " + str(test_cases))
print("Predictions: " + str(predictions))
print("Average error: " + str(avg_error))
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
import doctest
doctest.testmod(name="mean_squarred_error", verbose=True)
| """
Implementation of a basic regression decision tree.
Input data set: The input data set must be 1-dimensional with continuous labels.
Output: The decision tree maps a real number input to a real number output.
"""
import numpy as np
class Decision_Tree:
def __init__(self, depth=5, min_leaf_size=5):
self.depth = depth
self.decision_boundary = 0
self.left = None
self.right = None
self.min_leaf_size = min_leaf_size
self.prediction = None
def mean_squared_error(self, labels, prediction):
"""
mean_squared_error:
@param labels: a one dimensional numpy array
@param prediction: a floating point value
return value: mean_squared_error calculates the error if prediction is used to
estimate the labels
>>> tester = Decision_Tree()
>>> test_labels = np.array([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10])
>>> test_prediction = np.float(6)
>>> tester.mean_squared_error(test_labels, test_prediction) == (
... Test_Decision_Tree.helper_mean_squared_error_test(test_labels,
... test_prediction))
True
>>> test_labels = np.array([1,2,3])
>>> test_prediction = np.float(2)
>>> tester.mean_squared_error(test_labels, test_prediction) == (
... Test_Decision_Tree.helper_mean_squared_error_test(test_labels,
... test_prediction))
True
"""
if labels.ndim != 1:
print("Error: Input labels must be one dimensional")
return np.mean((labels - prediction) ** 2)
def train(self, X, y):
"""
train:
@param X: a one dimensional numpy array
@param y: a one dimensional numpy array.
The contents of y are the labels for the corresponding X values
train does not have a return value
"""
"""
this section is to check that the inputs conform to our dimensionality
constraints
"""
if X.ndim != 1:
print("Error: Input data set must be one dimensional")
return
if len(X) != len(y):
print("Error: X and y have different lengths")
return
if y.ndim != 1:
print("Error: Data set labels must be one dimensional")
return
if len(X) < 2 * self.min_leaf_size:
self.prediction = np.mean(y)
return
if self.depth == 1:
self.prediction = np.mean(y)
return
best_split = 0
min_error = self.mean_squared_error(X, np.mean(y)) * 2
"""
loop over all possible splits for the decision tree. find the best split.
if no split exists that is less than 2 * error for the entire array
then the data set is not split and the average for the entire array is used as
the predictor
"""
for i in range(len(X)):
if len(X[:i]) < self.min_leaf_size:
continue
elif len(X[i:]) < self.min_leaf_size:
continue
else:
error_left = self.mean_squared_error(X[:i], np.mean(y[:i]))
error_right = self.mean_squared_error(X[i:], np.mean(y[i:]))
error = error_left + error_right
if error < min_error:
best_split = i
min_error = error
if best_split != 0:
left_X = X[:best_split]
left_y = y[:best_split]
right_X = X[best_split:]
right_y = y[best_split:]
self.decision_boundary = X[best_split]
self.left = Decision_Tree(
depth=self.depth - 1, min_leaf_size=self.min_leaf_size
)
self.right = Decision_Tree(
depth=self.depth - 1, min_leaf_size=self.min_leaf_size
)
self.left.train(left_X, left_y)
self.right.train(right_X, right_y)
else:
self.prediction = np.mean(y)
return
def predict(self, x):
"""
predict:
@param x: a floating point value to predict the label of
the prediction function works by recursively calling the predict function
of the appropriate subtrees based on the tree's decision boundary
"""
if self.prediction is not None:
return self.prediction
elif self.left or self.right is not None:
if x >= self.decision_boundary:
return self.right.predict(x)
else:
return self.left.predict(x)
else:
print("Error: Decision tree not yet trained")
return None
class Test_Decision_Tree:
"""Decision Tres test class"""
@staticmethod
def helper_mean_squared_error_test(labels, prediction):
"""
helper_mean_squared_error_test:
@param labels: a one dimensional numpy array
@param prediction: a floating point value
return value: helper_mean_squared_error_test calculates the mean squared error
"""
squared_error_sum = np.float(0)
for label in labels:
squared_error_sum += (label - prediction) ** 2
return np.float(squared_error_sum / labels.size)
def main():
"""
In this demonstration we're generating a sample data set from the sin function in
numpy. We then train a decision tree on the data set and use the decision tree to
predict the label of 10 different test values. Then the mean squared error over
this test is displayed.
"""
X = np.arange(-1.0, 1.0, 0.005)
y = np.sin(X)
tree = Decision_Tree(depth=10, min_leaf_size=10)
tree.train(X, y)
test_cases = (np.random.rand(10) * 2) - 1
predictions = np.array([tree.predict(x) for x in test_cases])
avg_error = np.mean((predictions - test_cases) ** 2)
print("Test values: " + str(test_cases))
print("Predictions: " + str(predictions))
print("Average error: " + str(avg_error))
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
import doctest
doctest.testmod(name="mean_squarred_error", verbose=True)
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
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TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| Hello
This is sample data
«küßî»
“ЌύБЇ”
😀😉
😋
| Hello
This is sample data
«küßî»
“ЌύБЇ”
😀😉
😋
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| #!/usr/bin/env python
#
# Sort large text files in a minimum amount of memory
#
import argparse
import os
class FileSplitter:
BLOCK_FILENAME_FORMAT = "block_{0}.dat"
def __init__(self, filename):
self.filename = filename
self.block_filenames = []
def write_block(self, data, block_number):
filename = self.BLOCK_FILENAME_FORMAT.format(block_number)
with open(filename, "w") as file:
file.write(data)
self.block_filenames.append(filename)
def get_block_filenames(self):
return self.block_filenames
def split(self, block_size, sort_key=None):
i = 0
with open(self.filename) as file:
while True:
lines = file.readlines(block_size)
if lines == []:
break
if sort_key is None:
lines.sort()
else:
lines.sort(key=sort_key)
self.write_block("".join(lines), i)
i += 1
def cleanup(self):
map(lambda f: os.remove(f), self.block_filenames)
class NWayMerge:
def select(self, choices):
min_index = -1
min_str = None
for i in range(len(choices)):
if min_str is None or choices[i] < min_str:
min_index = i
return min_index
class FilesArray:
def __init__(self, files):
self.files = files
self.empty = set()
self.num_buffers = len(files)
self.buffers = {i: None for i in range(self.num_buffers)}
def get_dict(self):
return {
i: self.buffers[i] for i in range(self.num_buffers) if i not in self.empty
}
def refresh(self):
for i in range(self.num_buffers):
if self.buffers[i] is None and i not in self.empty:
self.buffers[i] = self.files[i].readline()
if self.buffers[i] == "":
self.empty.add(i)
self.files[i].close()
if len(self.empty) == self.num_buffers:
return False
return True
def unshift(self, index):
value = self.buffers[index]
self.buffers[index] = None
return value
class FileMerger:
def __init__(self, merge_strategy):
self.merge_strategy = merge_strategy
def merge(self, filenames, outfilename, buffer_size):
buffers = FilesArray(self.get_file_handles(filenames, buffer_size))
with open(outfilename, "w", buffer_size) as outfile:
while buffers.refresh():
min_index = self.merge_strategy.select(buffers.get_dict())
outfile.write(buffers.unshift(min_index))
def get_file_handles(self, filenames, buffer_size):
files = {}
for i in range(len(filenames)):
files[i] = open(filenames[i], "r", buffer_size)
return files
class ExternalSort:
def __init__(self, block_size):
self.block_size = block_size
def sort(self, filename, sort_key=None):
num_blocks = self.get_number_blocks(filename, self.block_size)
splitter = FileSplitter(filename)
splitter.split(self.block_size, sort_key)
merger = FileMerger(NWayMerge())
buffer_size = self.block_size / (num_blocks + 1)
merger.merge(splitter.get_block_filenames(), filename + ".out", buffer_size)
splitter.cleanup()
def get_number_blocks(self, filename, block_size):
return (os.stat(filename).st_size / block_size) + 1
def parse_memory(string):
if string[-1].lower() == "k":
return int(string[:-1]) * 1024
elif string[-1].lower() == "m":
return int(string[:-1]) * 1024 * 1024
elif string[-1].lower() == "g":
return int(string[:-1]) * 1024 * 1024 * 1024
else:
return int(string)
def main():
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument(
"-m", "--mem", help="amount of memory to use for sorting", default="100M"
)
parser.add_argument(
"filename", metavar="<filename>", nargs=1, help="name of file to sort"
)
args = parser.parse_args()
sorter = ExternalSort(parse_memory(args.mem))
sorter.sort(args.filename[0])
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| #!/usr/bin/env python
#
# Sort large text files in a minimum amount of memory
#
import argparse
import os
class FileSplitter:
BLOCK_FILENAME_FORMAT = "block_{0}.dat"
def __init__(self, filename):
self.filename = filename
self.block_filenames = []
def write_block(self, data, block_number):
filename = self.BLOCK_FILENAME_FORMAT.format(block_number)
with open(filename, "w") as file:
file.write(data)
self.block_filenames.append(filename)
def get_block_filenames(self):
return self.block_filenames
def split(self, block_size, sort_key=None):
i = 0
with open(self.filename) as file:
while True:
lines = file.readlines(block_size)
if lines == []:
break
if sort_key is None:
lines.sort()
else:
lines.sort(key=sort_key)
self.write_block("".join(lines), i)
i += 1
def cleanup(self):
map(lambda f: os.remove(f), self.block_filenames)
class NWayMerge:
def select(self, choices):
min_index = -1
min_str = None
for i in range(len(choices)):
if min_str is None or choices[i] < min_str:
min_index = i
return min_index
class FilesArray:
def __init__(self, files):
self.files = files
self.empty = set()
self.num_buffers = len(files)
self.buffers = {i: None for i in range(self.num_buffers)}
def get_dict(self):
return {
i: self.buffers[i] for i in range(self.num_buffers) if i not in self.empty
}
def refresh(self):
for i in range(self.num_buffers):
if self.buffers[i] is None and i not in self.empty:
self.buffers[i] = self.files[i].readline()
if self.buffers[i] == "":
self.empty.add(i)
self.files[i].close()
if len(self.empty) == self.num_buffers:
return False
return True
def unshift(self, index):
value = self.buffers[index]
self.buffers[index] = None
return value
class FileMerger:
def __init__(self, merge_strategy):
self.merge_strategy = merge_strategy
def merge(self, filenames, outfilename, buffer_size):
buffers = FilesArray(self.get_file_handles(filenames, buffer_size))
with open(outfilename, "w", buffer_size) as outfile:
while buffers.refresh():
min_index = self.merge_strategy.select(buffers.get_dict())
outfile.write(buffers.unshift(min_index))
def get_file_handles(self, filenames, buffer_size):
files = {}
for i in range(len(filenames)):
files[i] = open(filenames[i], "r", buffer_size)
return files
class ExternalSort:
def __init__(self, block_size):
self.block_size = block_size
def sort(self, filename, sort_key=None):
num_blocks = self.get_number_blocks(filename, self.block_size)
splitter = FileSplitter(filename)
splitter.split(self.block_size, sort_key)
merger = FileMerger(NWayMerge())
buffer_size = self.block_size / (num_blocks + 1)
merger.merge(splitter.get_block_filenames(), filename + ".out", buffer_size)
splitter.cleanup()
def get_number_blocks(self, filename, block_size):
return (os.stat(filename).st_size / block_size) + 1
def parse_memory(string):
if string[-1].lower() == "k":
return int(string[:-1]) * 1024
elif string[-1].lower() == "m":
return int(string[:-1]) * 1024 * 1024
elif string[-1].lower() == "g":
return int(string[:-1]) * 1024 * 1024 * 1024
else:
return int(string)
def main():
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
parser.add_argument(
"-m", "--mem", help="amount of memory to use for sorting", default="100M"
)
parser.add_argument(
"filename", metavar="<filename>", nargs=1, help="name of file to sort"
)
args = parser.parse_args()
sorter = ExternalSort(parse_memory(args.mem))
sorter.sort(args.filename[0])
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| from __future__ import annotations
class Node:
def __init__(self, data=None):
self.data = data
self.next = None
def __repr__(self):
"""Returns a visual representation of the node and all its following nodes."""
string_rep = []
temp = self
while temp:
string_rep.append(f"{temp.data}")
temp = temp.next
return "->".join(string_rep)
def make_linked_list(elements_list: list):
"""Creates a Linked List from the elements of the given sequence
(list/tuple) and returns the head of the Linked List.
>>> make_linked_list([])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
Exception: The Elements List is empty
>>> make_linked_list([7])
7
>>> make_linked_list(['abc'])
abc
>>> make_linked_list([7, 25])
7->25
"""
if not elements_list:
raise Exception("The Elements List is empty")
current = head = Node(elements_list[0])
for i in range(1, len(elements_list)):
current.next = Node(elements_list[i])
current = current.next
return head
def print_reverse(head_node: Node) -> None:
"""Prints the elements of the given Linked List in reverse order
>>> print_reverse([])
>>> linked_list = make_linked_list([69, 88, 73])
>>> print_reverse(linked_list)
73
88
69
"""
if head_node is not None and isinstance(head_node, Node):
print_reverse(head_node.next)
print(head_node.data)
def main():
from doctest import testmod
testmod()
linked_list = make_linked_list([14, 52, 14, 12, 43])
print("Linked List:")
print(linked_list)
print("Elements in Reverse:")
print_reverse(linked_list)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| from __future__ import annotations
class Node:
def __init__(self, data=None):
self.data = data
self.next = None
def __repr__(self):
"""Returns a visual representation of the node and all its following nodes."""
string_rep = []
temp = self
while temp:
string_rep.append(f"{temp.data}")
temp = temp.next
return "->".join(string_rep)
def make_linked_list(elements_list: list):
"""Creates a Linked List from the elements of the given sequence
(list/tuple) and returns the head of the Linked List.
>>> make_linked_list([])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
Exception: The Elements List is empty
>>> make_linked_list([7])
7
>>> make_linked_list(['abc'])
abc
>>> make_linked_list([7, 25])
7->25
"""
if not elements_list:
raise Exception("The Elements List is empty")
current = head = Node(elements_list[0])
for i in range(1, len(elements_list)):
current.next = Node(elements_list[i])
current = current.next
return head
def print_reverse(head_node: Node) -> None:
"""Prints the elements of the given Linked List in reverse order
>>> print_reverse([])
>>> linked_list = make_linked_list([69, 88, 73])
>>> print_reverse(linked_list)
73
88
69
"""
if head_node is not None and isinstance(head_node, Node):
print_reverse(head_node.next)
print(head_node.data)
def main():
from doctest import testmod
testmod()
linked_list = make_linked_list([14, 52, 14, 12, 43])
print("Linked List:")
print(linked_list)
print("Elements in Reverse:")
print_reverse(linked_list)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,638 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit | ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| cclauss | "2021-10-28T14:37:17Z" | "2021-10-28T14:45:59Z" | 70368a757e8d37b9f3dd96af4ca535275cb39580 | 477cc3fe597fd931c742700284016b937c778fe1 | Add pyupgrade to pre-commit. ### Describe your change:
Add https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade to pre-commit
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### Checklist:
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [ ] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [ ] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [ ] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [ ] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [ ] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Introspective Sort is hybrid sort (Quick Sort + Heap Sort + Insertion Sort)
if the size of the list is under 16, use insertion sort
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introsort
"""
import math
def insertion_sort(array: list, start: int = 0, end: int = 0) -> list:
"""
>>> array = [4, 2, 6, 8, 1, 7, 8, 22, 14, 56, 27, 79, 23, 45, 14, 12]
>>> insertion_sort(array, 0, len(array))
[1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 8, 12, 14, 14, 22, 23, 27, 45, 56, 79]
"""
end = end or len(array)
for i in range(start, end):
temp_index = i
temp_index_value = array[i]
while temp_index != start and temp_index_value < array[temp_index - 1]:
array[temp_index] = array[temp_index - 1]
temp_index -= 1
array[temp_index] = temp_index_value
return array
def heapify(array: list, index: int, heap_size: int) -> None: # Max Heap
"""
>>> array = [4, 2, 6, 8, 1, 7, 8, 22, 14, 56, 27, 79, 23, 45, 14, 12]
>>> heapify(array, len(array) // 2 ,len(array))
"""
largest = index
left_index = 2 * index + 1 # Left Node
right_index = 2 * index + 2 # Right Node
if left_index < heap_size and array[largest] < array[left_index]:
largest = left_index
if right_index < heap_size and array[largest] < array[right_index]:
largest = right_index
if largest != index:
array[index], array[largest] = array[largest], array[index]
heapify(array, largest, heap_size)
def heap_sort(array: list) -> list:
"""
>>> array = [4, 2, 6, 8, 1, 7, 8, 22, 14, 56, 27, 79, 23, 45, 14, 12]
>>> heap_sort(array)
[1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 8, 12, 14, 14, 22, 23, 27, 45, 56, 79]
"""
n = len(array)
for i in range(n // 2, -1, -1):
heapify(array, i, n)
for i in range(n - 1, 0, -1):
array[i], array[0] = array[0], array[i]
heapify(array, 0, i)
return array
def median_of_3(
array: list, first_index: int, middle_index: int, last_index: int
) -> int:
"""
>>> array = [4, 2, 6, 8, 1, 7, 8, 22, 14, 56, 27, 79, 23, 45, 14, 12]
>>> median_of_3(array, 0, 0 + ((len(array) - 0) // 2) + 1, len(array) - 1)
12
"""
if (array[first_index] > array[middle_index]) != (
array[first_index] > array[last_index]
):
return array[first_index]
elif (array[middle_index] > array[first_index]) != (
array[middle_index] > array[last_index]
):
return array[middle_index]
else:
return array[last_index]
def partition(array: list, low: int, high: int, pivot: int) -> int:
"""
>>> array = [4, 2, 6, 8, 1, 7, 8, 22, 14, 56, 27, 79, 23, 45, 14, 12]
>>> partition(array, 0, len(array), 12)
8
"""
i = low
j = high
while True:
while array[i] < pivot:
i += 1
j -= 1
while pivot < array[j]:
j -= 1
if i >= j:
return i
array[i], array[j] = array[j], array[i]
i += 1
def sort(array: list) -> list:
"""
:param collection: some mutable ordered collection with heterogeneous
comparable items inside
:return: the same collection ordered by ascending
Examples:
>>> sort([4, 2, 6, 8, 1, 7, 8, 22, 14, 56, 27, 79, 23, 45, 14, 12])
[1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 8, 12, 14, 14, 22, 23, 27, 45, 56, 79]
>>> sort([-1, -5, -3, -13, -44])
[-44, -13, -5, -3, -1]
>>> sort([])
[]
>>> sort([5])
[5]
>>> sort([-3, 0, -7, 6, 23, -34])
[-34, -7, -3, 0, 6, 23]
>>> sort([1.7, 1.0, 3.3, 2.1, 0.3 ])
[0.3, 1.0, 1.7, 2.1, 3.3]
>>> sort(['d', 'a', 'b', 'e', 'c'])
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
"""
if len(array) == 0:
return array
max_depth = 2 * math.ceil(math.log2(len(array)))
size_threshold = 16
return intro_sort(array, 0, len(array), size_threshold, max_depth)
def intro_sort(
array: list, start: int, end: int, size_threshold: int, max_depth: int
) -> list:
"""
>>> array = [4, 2, 6, 8, 1, 7, 8, 22, 14, 56, 27, 79, 23, 45, 14, 12]
>>> max_depth = 2 * math.ceil(math.log2(len(array)))
>>> intro_sort(array, 0, len(array), 16, max_depth)
[1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 8, 12, 14, 14, 22, 23, 27, 45, 56, 79]
"""
while end - start > size_threshold:
if max_depth == 0:
return heap_sort(array)
max_depth -= 1
pivot = median_of_3(array, start, start + ((end - start) // 2) + 1, end - 1)
p = partition(array, start, end, pivot)
intro_sort(array, p, end, size_threshold, max_depth)
end = p
return insertion_sort(array, start, end)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
user_input = input("Enter numbers separated by a comma : ").strip()
unsorted = [float(item) for item in user_input.split(",")]
print(sort(unsorted))
| """
Introspective Sort is hybrid sort (Quick Sort + Heap Sort + Insertion Sort)
if the size of the list is under 16, use insertion sort
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introsort
"""
import math
def insertion_sort(array: list, start: int = 0, end: int = 0) -> list:
"""
>>> array = [4, 2, 6, 8, 1, 7, 8, 22, 14, 56, 27, 79, 23, 45, 14, 12]
>>> insertion_sort(array, 0, len(array))
[1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 8, 12, 14, 14, 22, 23, 27, 45, 56, 79]
"""
end = end or len(array)
for i in range(start, end):
temp_index = i
temp_index_value = array[i]
while temp_index != start and temp_index_value < array[temp_index - 1]:
array[temp_index] = array[temp_index - 1]
temp_index -= 1
array[temp_index] = temp_index_value
return array
def heapify(array: list, index: int, heap_size: int) -> None: # Max Heap
"""
>>> array = [4, 2, 6, 8, 1, 7, 8, 22, 14, 56, 27, 79, 23, 45, 14, 12]
>>> heapify(array, len(array) // 2 ,len(array))
"""
largest = index
left_index = 2 * index + 1 # Left Node
right_index = 2 * index + 2 # Right Node
if left_index < heap_size and array[largest] < array[left_index]:
largest = left_index
if right_index < heap_size and array[largest] < array[right_index]:
largest = right_index
if largest != index:
array[index], array[largest] = array[largest], array[index]
heapify(array, largest, heap_size)
def heap_sort(array: list) -> list:
"""
>>> array = [4, 2, 6, 8, 1, 7, 8, 22, 14, 56, 27, 79, 23, 45, 14, 12]
>>> heap_sort(array)
[1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 8, 12, 14, 14, 22, 23, 27, 45, 56, 79]
"""
n = len(array)
for i in range(n // 2, -1, -1):
heapify(array, i, n)
for i in range(n - 1, 0, -1):
array[i], array[0] = array[0], array[i]
heapify(array, 0, i)
return array
def median_of_3(
array: list, first_index: int, middle_index: int, last_index: int
) -> int:
"""
>>> array = [4, 2, 6, 8, 1, 7, 8, 22, 14, 56, 27, 79, 23, 45, 14, 12]
>>> median_of_3(array, 0, 0 + ((len(array) - 0) // 2) + 1, len(array) - 1)
12
"""
if (array[first_index] > array[middle_index]) != (
array[first_index] > array[last_index]
):
return array[first_index]
elif (array[middle_index] > array[first_index]) != (
array[middle_index] > array[last_index]
):
return array[middle_index]
else:
return array[last_index]
def partition(array: list, low: int, high: int, pivot: int) -> int:
"""
>>> array = [4, 2, 6, 8, 1, 7, 8, 22, 14, 56, 27, 79, 23, 45, 14, 12]
>>> partition(array, 0, len(array), 12)
8
"""
i = low
j = high
while True:
while array[i] < pivot:
i += 1
j -= 1
while pivot < array[j]:
j -= 1
if i >= j:
return i
array[i], array[j] = array[j], array[i]
i += 1
def sort(array: list) -> list:
"""
:param collection: some mutable ordered collection with heterogeneous
comparable items inside
:return: the same collection ordered by ascending
Examples:
>>> sort([4, 2, 6, 8, 1, 7, 8, 22, 14, 56, 27, 79, 23, 45, 14, 12])
[1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 8, 12, 14, 14, 22, 23, 27, 45, 56, 79]
>>> sort([-1, -5, -3, -13, -44])
[-44, -13, -5, -3, -1]
>>> sort([])
[]
>>> sort([5])
[5]
>>> sort([-3, 0, -7, 6, 23, -34])
[-34, -7, -3, 0, 6, 23]
>>> sort([1.7, 1.0, 3.3, 2.1, 0.3 ])
[0.3, 1.0, 1.7, 2.1, 3.3]
>>> sort(['d', 'a', 'b', 'e', 'c'])
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
"""
if len(array) == 0:
return array
max_depth = 2 * math.ceil(math.log2(len(array)))
size_threshold = 16
return intro_sort(array, 0, len(array), size_threshold, max_depth)
def intro_sort(
array: list, start: int, end: int, size_threshold: int, max_depth: int
) -> list:
"""
>>> array = [4, 2, 6, 8, 1, 7, 8, 22, 14, 56, 27, 79, 23, 45, 14, 12]
>>> max_depth = 2 * math.ceil(math.log2(len(array)))
>>> intro_sort(array, 0, len(array), 16, max_depth)
[1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 8, 12, 14, 14, 22, 23, 27, 45, 56, 79]
"""
while end - start > size_threshold:
if max_depth == 0:
return heap_sort(array)
max_depth -= 1
pivot = median_of_3(array, start, start + ((end - start) // 2) + 1, end - 1)
p = partition(array, start, end, pivot)
intro_sort(array, p, end, size_threshold, max_depth)
end = p
return insertion_sort(array, start, end)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
user_input = input("Enter numbers separated by a comma : ").strip()
unsorted = [float(item) for item in user_input.split(",")]
print(sort(unsorted))
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrows%E2%80%93Wheeler_transform
The Burrows–Wheeler transform (BWT, also called block-sorting compression)
rearranges a character string into runs of similar characters. This is useful
for compression, since it tends to be easy to compress a string that has runs
of repeated characters by techniques such as move-to-front transform and
run-length encoding. More importantly, the transformation is reversible,
without needing to store any additional data except the position of the first
original character. The BWT is thus a "free" method of improving the efficiency
of text compression algorithms, costing only some extra computation.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
def all_rotations(s: str) -> list[str]:
"""
:param s: The string that will be rotated len(s) times.
:return: A list with the rotations.
:raises TypeError: If s is not an instance of str.
Examples:
>>> all_rotations("^BANANA|") # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
['^BANANA|', 'BANANA|^', 'ANANA|^B', 'NANA|^BA', 'ANA|^BAN', 'NA|^BANA',
'A|^BANAN', '|^BANANA']
>>> all_rotations("a_asa_da_casa") # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
['a_asa_da_casa', '_asa_da_casaa', 'asa_da_casaa_', 'sa_da_casaa_a',
'a_da_casaa_as', '_da_casaa_asa', 'da_casaa_asa_', 'a_casaa_asa_d',
'_casaa_asa_da', 'casaa_asa_da_', 'asaa_asa_da_c', 'saa_asa_da_ca',
'aa_asa_da_cas']
>>> all_rotations("panamabanana") # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
['panamabanana', 'anamabananap', 'namabananapa', 'amabananapan',
'mabananapana', 'abananapanam', 'bananapanama', 'ananapanamab',
'nanapanamaba', 'anapanamaban', 'napanamabana', 'apanamabanan']
>>> all_rotations(5)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: The parameter s type must be str.
"""
if not isinstance(s, str):
raise TypeError("The parameter s type must be str.")
return [s[i:] + s[:i] for i in range(len(s))]
def bwt_transform(s: str) -> dict:
"""
:param s: The string that will be used at bwt algorithm
:return: the string composed of the last char of each row of the ordered
rotations and the index of the original string at ordered rotations list
:raises TypeError: If the s parameter type is not str
:raises ValueError: If the s parameter is empty
Examples:
>>> bwt_transform("^BANANA")
{'bwt_string': 'BNN^AAA', 'idx_original_string': 6}
>>> bwt_transform("a_asa_da_casa")
{'bwt_string': 'aaaadss_c__aa', 'idx_original_string': 3}
>>> bwt_transform("panamabanana")
{'bwt_string': 'mnpbnnaaaaaa', 'idx_original_string': 11}
>>> bwt_transform(4)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: The parameter s type must be str.
>>> bwt_transform('')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: The parameter s must not be empty.
"""
if not isinstance(s, str):
raise TypeError("The parameter s type must be str.")
if not s:
raise ValueError("The parameter s must not be empty.")
rotations = all_rotations(s)
rotations.sort() # sort the list of rotations in alphabetically order
# make a string composed of the last char of each rotation
return {
"bwt_string": "".join([word[-1] for word in rotations]),
"idx_original_string": rotations.index(s),
}
def reverse_bwt(bwt_string: str, idx_original_string: int) -> str:
"""
:param bwt_string: The string returned from bwt algorithm execution
:param idx_original_string: A 0-based index of the string that was used to
generate bwt_string at ordered rotations list
:return: The string used to generate bwt_string when bwt was executed
:raises TypeError: If the bwt_string parameter type is not str
:raises ValueError: If the bwt_string parameter is empty
:raises TypeError: If the idx_original_string type is not int or if not
possible to cast it to int
:raises ValueError: If the idx_original_string value is lower than 0 or
greater than len(bwt_string) - 1
>>> reverse_bwt("BNN^AAA", 6)
'^BANANA'
>>> reverse_bwt("aaaadss_c__aa", 3)
'a_asa_da_casa'
>>> reverse_bwt("mnpbnnaaaaaa", 11)
'panamabanana'
>>> reverse_bwt(4, 11)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: The parameter bwt_string type must be str.
>>> reverse_bwt("", 11)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: The parameter bwt_string must not be empty.
>>> reverse_bwt("mnpbnnaaaaaa", "asd") # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: The parameter idx_original_string type must be int or passive
of cast to int.
>>> reverse_bwt("mnpbnnaaaaaa", -1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: The parameter idx_original_string must not be lower than 0.
>>> reverse_bwt("mnpbnnaaaaaa", 12) # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: The parameter idx_original_string must be lower than
len(bwt_string).
>>> reverse_bwt("mnpbnnaaaaaa", 11.0)
'panamabanana'
>>> reverse_bwt("mnpbnnaaaaaa", 11.4)
'panamabanana'
"""
if not isinstance(bwt_string, str):
raise TypeError("The parameter bwt_string type must be str.")
if not bwt_string:
raise ValueError("The parameter bwt_string must not be empty.")
try:
idx_original_string = int(idx_original_string)
except ValueError:
raise TypeError(
"The parameter idx_original_string type must be int or passive"
" of cast to int."
)
if idx_original_string < 0:
raise ValueError("The parameter idx_original_string must not be lower than 0.")
if idx_original_string >= len(bwt_string):
raise ValueError(
"The parameter idx_original_string must be lower than" " len(bwt_string)."
)
ordered_rotations = [""] * len(bwt_string)
for x in range(len(bwt_string)):
for i in range(len(bwt_string)):
ordered_rotations[i] = bwt_string[i] + ordered_rotations[i]
ordered_rotations.sort()
return ordered_rotations[idx_original_string]
if __name__ == "__main__":
entry_msg = "Provide a string that I will generate its BWT transform: "
s = input(entry_msg).strip()
result = bwt_transform(s)
print(
f"Burrows Wheeler transform for string '{s}' results "
f"in '{result['bwt_string']}'"
)
original_string = reverse_bwt(result["bwt_string"], result["idx_original_string"])
print(
f"Reversing Burrows Wheeler transform for entry '{result['bwt_string']}' "
f"we get original string '{original_string}'"
)
| """
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrows%E2%80%93Wheeler_transform
The Burrows–Wheeler transform (BWT, also called block-sorting compression)
rearranges a character string into runs of similar characters. This is useful
for compression, since it tends to be easy to compress a string that has runs
of repeated characters by techniques such as move-to-front transform and
run-length encoding. More importantly, the transformation is reversible,
without needing to store any additional data except the position of the first
original character. The BWT is thus a "free" method of improving the efficiency
of text compression algorithms, costing only some extra computation.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from typing import TypedDict
class BWTTransformDict(TypedDict):
bwt_string: str
idx_original_string: int
def all_rotations(s: str) -> list[str]:
"""
:param s: The string that will be rotated len(s) times.
:return: A list with the rotations.
:raises TypeError: If s is not an instance of str.
Examples:
>>> all_rotations("^BANANA|") # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
['^BANANA|', 'BANANA|^', 'ANANA|^B', 'NANA|^BA', 'ANA|^BAN', 'NA|^BANA',
'A|^BANAN', '|^BANANA']
>>> all_rotations("a_asa_da_casa") # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
['a_asa_da_casa', '_asa_da_casaa', 'asa_da_casaa_', 'sa_da_casaa_a',
'a_da_casaa_as', '_da_casaa_asa', 'da_casaa_asa_', 'a_casaa_asa_d',
'_casaa_asa_da', 'casaa_asa_da_', 'asaa_asa_da_c', 'saa_asa_da_ca',
'aa_asa_da_cas']
>>> all_rotations("panamabanana") # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
['panamabanana', 'anamabananap', 'namabananapa', 'amabananapan',
'mabananapana', 'abananapanam', 'bananapanama', 'ananapanamab',
'nanapanamaba', 'anapanamaban', 'napanamabana', 'apanamabanan']
>>> all_rotations(5)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: The parameter s type must be str.
"""
if not isinstance(s, str):
raise TypeError("The parameter s type must be str.")
return [s[i:] + s[:i] for i in range(len(s))]
def bwt_transform(s: str) -> BWTTransformDict:
"""
:param s: The string that will be used at bwt algorithm
:return: the string composed of the last char of each row of the ordered
rotations and the index of the original string at ordered rotations list
:raises TypeError: If the s parameter type is not str
:raises ValueError: If the s parameter is empty
Examples:
>>> bwt_transform("^BANANA")
{'bwt_string': 'BNN^AAA', 'idx_original_string': 6}
>>> bwt_transform("a_asa_da_casa")
{'bwt_string': 'aaaadss_c__aa', 'idx_original_string': 3}
>>> bwt_transform("panamabanana")
{'bwt_string': 'mnpbnnaaaaaa', 'idx_original_string': 11}
>>> bwt_transform(4)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: The parameter s type must be str.
>>> bwt_transform('')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: The parameter s must not be empty.
"""
if not isinstance(s, str):
raise TypeError("The parameter s type must be str.")
if not s:
raise ValueError("The parameter s must not be empty.")
rotations = all_rotations(s)
rotations.sort() # sort the list of rotations in alphabetically order
# make a string composed of the last char of each rotation
response: BWTTransformDict = {
"bwt_string": "".join([word[-1] for word in rotations]),
"idx_original_string": rotations.index(s),
}
return response
def reverse_bwt(bwt_string: str, idx_original_string: int) -> str:
"""
:param bwt_string: The string returned from bwt algorithm execution
:param idx_original_string: A 0-based index of the string that was used to
generate bwt_string at ordered rotations list
:return: The string used to generate bwt_string when bwt was executed
:raises TypeError: If the bwt_string parameter type is not str
:raises ValueError: If the bwt_string parameter is empty
:raises TypeError: If the idx_original_string type is not int or if not
possible to cast it to int
:raises ValueError: If the idx_original_string value is lower than 0 or
greater than len(bwt_string) - 1
>>> reverse_bwt("BNN^AAA", 6)
'^BANANA'
>>> reverse_bwt("aaaadss_c__aa", 3)
'a_asa_da_casa'
>>> reverse_bwt("mnpbnnaaaaaa", 11)
'panamabanana'
>>> reverse_bwt(4, 11)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: The parameter bwt_string type must be str.
>>> reverse_bwt("", 11)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: The parameter bwt_string must not be empty.
>>> reverse_bwt("mnpbnnaaaaaa", "asd") # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: The parameter idx_original_string type must be int or passive
of cast to int.
>>> reverse_bwt("mnpbnnaaaaaa", -1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: The parameter idx_original_string must not be lower than 0.
>>> reverse_bwt("mnpbnnaaaaaa", 12) # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: The parameter idx_original_string must be lower than
len(bwt_string).
>>> reverse_bwt("mnpbnnaaaaaa", 11.0)
'panamabanana'
>>> reverse_bwt("mnpbnnaaaaaa", 11.4)
'panamabanana'
"""
if not isinstance(bwt_string, str):
raise TypeError("The parameter bwt_string type must be str.")
if not bwt_string:
raise ValueError("The parameter bwt_string must not be empty.")
try:
idx_original_string = int(idx_original_string)
except ValueError:
raise TypeError(
"The parameter idx_original_string type must be int or passive"
" of cast to int."
)
if idx_original_string < 0:
raise ValueError("The parameter idx_original_string must not be lower than 0.")
if idx_original_string >= len(bwt_string):
raise ValueError(
"The parameter idx_original_string must be lower than" " len(bwt_string)."
)
ordered_rotations = [""] * len(bwt_string)
for x in range(len(bwt_string)):
for i in range(len(bwt_string)):
ordered_rotations[i] = bwt_string[i] + ordered_rotations[i]
ordered_rotations.sort()
return ordered_rotations[idx_original_string]
if __name__ == "__main__":
entry_msg = "Provide a string that I will generate its BWT transform: "
s = input(entry_msg).strip()
result = bwt_transform(s)
print(
f"Burrows Wheeler transform for string '{s}' results "
f"in '{result['bwt_string']}'"
)
original_string = reverse_bwt(result["bwt_string"], result["idx_original_string"])
print(
f"Reversing Burrows Wheeler transform for entry '{result['bwt_string']}' "
f"we get original string '{original_string}'"
)
| 1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| import sys
class Letter:
def __init__(self, letter, freq):
self.letter = letter
self.freq = freq
self.bitstring = {}
def __repr__(self):
return f"{self.letter}:{self.freq}"
class TreeNode:
def __init__(self, freq, left, right):
self.freq = freq
self.left = left
self.right = right
def parse_file(file_path):
"""
Read the file and build a dict of all letters and their
frequencies, then convert the dict into a list of Letters.
"""
chars = {}
with open(file_path) as f:
while True:
c = f.read(1)
if not c:
break
chars[c] = chars[c] + 1 if c in chars.keys() else 1
return sorted((Letter(c, f) for c, f in chars.items()), key=lambda l: l.freq)
def build_tree(letters):
"""
Run through the list of Letters and build the min heap
for the Huffman Tree.
"""
while len(letters) > 1:
left = letters.pop(0)
right = letters.pop(0)
total_freq = left.freq + right.freq
node = TreeNode(total_freq, left, right)
letters.append(node)
letters.sort(key=lambda l: l.freq)
return letters[0]
def traverse_tree(root, bitstring):
"""
Recursively traverse the Huffman Tree to set each
Letter's bitstring dictionary, and return the list of Letters
"""
if type(root) is Letter:
root.bitstring[root.letter] = bitstring
return [root]
letters = []
letters += traverse_tree(root.left, bitstring + "0")
letters += traverse_tree(root.right, bitstring + "1")
return letters
def huffman(file_path):
"""
Parse the file, build the tree, then run through the file
again, using the letters dictionary to find and print out the
bitstring for each letter.
"""
letters_list = parse_file(file_path)
root = build_tree(letters_list)
letters = {
k: v for letter in traverse_tree(root, "") for k, v in letter.bitstring.items()
}
print(f"Huffman Coding of {file_path}: ")
with open(file_path) as f:
while True:
c = f.read(1)
if not c:
break
print(letters[c], end=" ")
print()
if __name__ == "__main__":
# pass the file path to the huffman function
huffman(sys.argv[1])
| from __future__ import annotations
import sys
class Letter:
def __init__(self, letter: str, freq: int):
self.letter: str = letter
self.freq: int = freq
self.bitstring: dict[str, str] = {}
def __repr__(self) -> str:
return f"{self.letter}:{self.freq}"
class TreeNode:
def __init__(self, freq: int, left: Letter | TreeNode, right: Letter | TreeNode):
self.freq: int = freq
self.left: Letter | TreeNode = left
self.right: Letter | TreeNode = right
def parse_file(file_path: str) -> list[Letter]:
"""
Read the file and build a dict of all letters and their
frequencies, then convert the dict into a list of Letters.
"""
chars: dict[str, int] = {}
with open(file_path) as f:
while True:
c = f.read(1)
if not c:
break
chars[c] = chars[c] + 1 if c in chars.keys() else 1
return sorted((Letter(c, f) for c, f in chars.items()), key=lambda l: l.freq)
def build_tree(letters: list[Letter]) -> Letter | TreeNode:
"""
Run through the list of Letters and build the min heap
for the Huffman Tree.
"""
response: list[Letter | TreeNode] = letters # type: ignore
while len(response) > 1:
left = response.pop(0)
right = response.pop(0)
total_freq = left.freq + right.freq
node = TreeNode(total_freq, left, right)
response.append(node)
response.sort(key=lambda l: l.freq)
return response[0]
def traverse_tree(root: Letter | TreeNode, bitstring: str) -> list[Letter]:
"""
Recursively traverse the Huffman Tree to set each
Letter's bitstring dictionary, and return the list of Letters
"""
if type(root) is Letter:
root.bitstring[root.letter] = bitstring
return [root]
treenode: TreeNode = root # type: ignore
letters = []
letters += traverse_tree(treenode.left, bitstring + "0")
letters += traverse_tree(treenode.right, bitstring + "1")
return letters
def huffman(file_path: str) -> None:
"""
Parse the file, build the tree, then run through the file
again, using the letters dictionary to find and print out the
bitstring for each letter.
"""
letters_list = parse_file(file_path)
root = build_tree(letters_list)
letters = {
k: v for letter in traverse_tree(root, "") for k, v in letter.bitstring.items()
}
print(f"Huffman Coding of {file_path}: ")
with open(file_path) as f:
while True:
c = f.read(1)
if not c:
break
print(letters[c], end=" ")
print()
if __name__ == "__main__":
# pass the file path to the huffman function
huffman(sys.argv[1])
| 1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
One of the several implementations of Lempel–Ziv–Welch compression algorithm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Welch
"""
import math
import os
import sys
def read_file_binary(file_path: str) -> str:
"""
Reads given file as bytes and returns them as a long string
"""
result = ""
try:
with open(file_path, "rb") as binary_file:
data = binary_file.read()
for dat in data:
curr_byte = f"{dat:08b}"
result += curr_byte
return result
except OSError:
print("File not accessible")
sys.exit()
def add_key_to_lexicon(
lexicon: dict, curr_string: str, index: int, last_match_id: str
) -> None:
"""
Adds new strings (curr_string + "0", curr_string + "1") to the lexicon
"""
lexicon.pop(curr_string)
lexicon[curr_string + "0"] = last_match_id
if math.log2(index).is_integer():
for curr_key in lexicon:
lexicon[curr_key] = "0" + lexicon[curr_key]
lexicon[curr_string + "1"] = bin(index)[2:]
def compress_data(data_bits: str) -> str:
"""
Compresses given data_bits using Lempel–Ziv–Welch compression algorithm
and returns the result as a string
"""
lexicon = {"0": "0", "1": "1"}
result, curr_string = "", ""
index = len(lexicon)
for i in range(len(data_bits)):
curr_string += data_bits[i]
if curr_string not in lexicon:
continue
last_match_id = lexicon[curr_string]
result += last_match_id
add_key_to_lexicon(lexicon, curr_string, index, last_match_id)
index += 1
curr_string = ""
while curr_string != "" and curr_string not in lexicon:
curr_string += "0"
if curr_string != "":
last_match_id = lexicon[curr_string]
result += last_match_id
return result
def add_file_length(source_path: str, compressed: str) -> str:
"""
Adds given file's length in front (using Elias gamma coding) of the compressed
string
"""
file_length = os.path.getsize(source_path)
file_length_binary = bin(file_length)[2:]
length_length = len(file_length_binary)
return "0" * (length_length - 1) + file_length_binary + compressed
def write_file_binary(file_path: str, to_write: str) -> None:
"""
Writes given to_write string (should only consist of 0's and 1's) as bytes in the
file
"""
byte_length = 8
try:
with open(file_path, "wb") as opened_file:
result_byte_array = [
to_write[i : i + byte_length]
for i in range(0, len(to_write), byte_length)
]
if len(result_byte_array[-1]) % byte_length == 0:
result_byte_array.append("10000000")
else:
result_byte_array[-1] += "1" + "0" * (
byte_length - len(result_byte_array[-1]) - 1
)
for elem in result_byte_array:
opened_file.write(int(elem, 2).to_bytes(1, byteorder="big"))
except OSError:
print("File not accessible")
sys.exit()
def compress(source_path, destination_path: str) -> None:
"""
Reads source file, compresses it and writes the compressed result in destination
file
"""
data_bits = read_file_binary(source_path)
compressed = compress_data(data_bits)
compressed = add_file_length(source_path, compressed)
write_file_binary(destination_path, compressed)
if __name__ == "__main__":
compress(sys.argv[1], sys.argv[2])
| """
One of the several implementations of Lempel–Ziv–Welch compression algorithm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Welch
"""
import math
import os
import sys
def read_file_binary(file_path: str) -> str:
"""
Reads given file as bytes and returns them as a long string
"""
result = ""
try:
with open(file_path, "rb") as binary_file:
data = binary_file.read()
for dat in data:
curr_byte = f"{dat:08b}"
result += curr_byte
return result
except OSError:
print("File not accessible")
sys.exit()
def add_key_to_lexicon(
lexicon: dict[str, str], curr_string: str, index: int, last_match_id: str
) -> None:
"""
Adds new strings (curr_string + "0", curr_string + "1") to the lexicon
"""
lexicon.pop(curr_string)
lexicon[curr_string + "0"] = last_match_id
if math.log2(index).is_integer():
for curr_key in lexicon:
lexicon[curr_key] = "0" + lexicon[curr_key]
lexicon[curr_string + "1"] = bin(index)[2:]
def compress_data(data_bits: str) -> str:
"""
Compresses given data_bits using Lempel–Ziv–Welch compression algorithm
and returns the result as a string
"""
lexicon = {"0": "0", "1": "1"}
result, curr_string = "", ""
index = len(lexicon)
for i in range(len(data_bits)):
curr_string += data_bits[i]
if curr_string not in lexicon:
continue
last_match_id = lexicon[curr_string]
result += last_match_id
add_key_to_lexicon(lexicon, curr_string, index, last_match_id)
index += 1
curr_string = ""
while curr_string != "" and curr_string not in lexicon:
curr_string += "0"
if curr_string != "":
last_match_id = lexicon[curr_string]
result += last_match_id
return result
def add_file_length(source_path: str, compressed: str) -> str:
"""
Adds given file's length in front (using Elias gamma coding) of the compressed
string
"""
file_length = os.path.getsize(source_path)
file_length_binary = bin(file_length)[2:]
length_length = len(file_length_binary)
return "0" * (length_length - 1) + file_length_binary + compressed
def write_file_binary(file_path: str, to_write: str) -> None:
"""
Writes given to_write string (should only consist of 0's and 1's) as bytes in the
file
"""
byte_length = 8
try:
with open(file_path, "wb") as opened_file:
result_byte_array = [
to_write[i : i + byte_length]
for i in range(0, len(to_write), byte_length)
]
if len(result_byte_array[-1]) % byte_length == 0:
result_byte_array.append("10000000")
else:
result_byte_array[-1] += "1" + "0" * (
byte_length - len(result_byte_array[-1]) - 1
)
for elem in result_byte_array:
opened_file.write(int(elem, 2).to_bytes(1, byteorder="big"))
except OSError:
print("File not accessible")
sys.exit()
def compress(source_path: str, destination_path: str) -> None:
"""
Reads source file, compresses it and writes the compressed result in destination
file
"""
data_bits = read_file_binary(source_path)
compressed = compress_data(data_bits)
compressed = add_file_length(source_path, compressed)
write_file_binary(destination_path, compressed)
if __name__ == "__main__":
compress(sys.argv[1], sys.argv[2])
| 1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Peak signal-to-noise ratio - PSNR
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_signal-to-noise_ratio
Source:
https://tutorials.techonical.com/how-to-calculate-psnr-value-of-two-images-using-python
"""
import math
import os
import cv2
import numpy as np
def psnr(original, contrast):
mse = np.mean((original - contrast) ** 2)
if mse == 0:
return 100
PIXEL_MAX = 255.0
PSNR = 20 * math.log10(PIXEL_MAX / math.sqrt(mse))
return PSNR
def main():
dir_path = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
# Loading images (original image and compressed image)
original = cv2.imread(os.path.join(dir_path, "image_data/original_image.png"))
contrast = cv2.imread(os.path.join(dir_path, "image_data/compressed_image.png"), 1)
original2 = cv2.imread(os.path.join(dir_path, "image_data/PSNR-example-base.png"))
contrast2 = cv2.imread(
os.path.join(dir_path, "image_data/PSNR-example-comp-10.jpg"), 1
)
# Value expected: 29.73dB
print("-- First Test --")
print(f"PSNR value is {psnr(original, contrast)} dB")
# # Value expected: 31.53dB (Wikipedia Example)
print("\n-- Second Test --")
print(f"PSNR value is {psnr(original2, contrast2)} dB")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| """
Peak signal-to-noise ratio - PSNR
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_signal-to-noise_ratio
Source:
https://tutorials.techonical.com/how-to-calculate-psnr-value-of-two-images-using-python
"""
import math
import os
import cv2
import numpy as np
def psnr(original: float, contrast: float) -> float:
mse = np.mean((original - contrast) ** 2)
if mse == 0:
return 100
PIXEL_MAX = 255.0
PSNR = 20 * math.log10(PIXEL_MAX / math.sqrt(mse))
return PSNR
def main() -> None:
dir_path = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
# Loading images (original image and compressed image)
original = cv2.imread(os.path.join(dir_path, "image_data/original_image.png"))
contrast = cv2.imread(os.path.join(dir_path, "image_data/compressed_image.png"), 1)
original2 = cv2.imread(os.path.join(dir_path, "image_data/PSNR-example-base.png"))
contrast2 = cv2.imread(
os.path.join(dir_path, "image_data/PSNR-example-comp-10.jpg"), 1
)
# Value expected: 29.73dB
print("-- First Test --")
print(f"PSNR value is {psnr(original, contrast)} dB")
# # Value expected: 31.53dB (Wikipedia Example)
print("\n-- Second Test --")
print(f"PSNR value is {psnr(original2, contrast2)} dB")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| 1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Given an array of integers and another integer target,
we are required to find a triplet from the array such that it's sum is equal to
the target.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from itertools import permutations
from random import randint
from timeit import repeat
def make_dataset() -> tuple[list[int], int]:
arr = [randint(-1000, 1000) for i in range(10)]
r = randint(-5000, 5000)
return (arr, r)
dataset = make_dataset()
def triplet_sum1(arr: list[int], target: int) -> tuple[int, ...]:
"""
Returns a triplet in the array with sum equal to target,
else (0, 0, 0).
>>> triplet_sum1([13, 29, 7, 23, 5], 35)
(5, 7, 23)
>>> triplet_sum1([37, 9, 19, 50, 44], 65)
(9, 19, 37)
>>> arr = [6, 47, 27, 1, 15]
>>> target = 11
>>> triplet_sum1(arr, target)
(0, 0, 0)
"""
for triplet in permutations(arr, 3):
if sum(triplet) == target:
return tuple(sorted(triplet))
return (0, 0, 0)
def triplet_sum2(arr: list[int], target: int) -> tuple[int, int, int]:
"""
Returns a triplet in the array with sum equal to target,
else (0, 0, 0).
>>> triplet_sum2([13, 29, 7, 23, 5], 35)
(5, 7, 23)
>>> triplet_sum2([37, 9, 19, 50, 44], 65)
(9, 19, 37)
>>> arr = [6, 47, 27, 1, 15]
>>> target = 11
>>> triplet_sum2(arr, target)
(0, 0, 0)
"""
arr.sort()
n = len(arr)
for i in range(n - 1):
left, right = i + 1, n - 1
while left < right:
if arr[i] + arr[left] + arr[right] == target:
return (arr[i], arr[left], arr[right])
elif arr[i] + arr[left] + arr[right] < target:
left += 1
elif arr[i] + arr[left] + arr[right] > target:
right -= 1
return (0, 0, 0)
def solution_times() -> tuple[float, float]:
setup_code = """
from __main__ import dataset, triplet_sum1, triplet_sum2
"""
test_code1 = """
triplet_sum1(*dataset)
"""
test_code2 = """
triplet_sum2(*dataset)
"""
times1 = repeat(setup=setup_code, stmt=test_code1, repeat=5, number=10000)
times2 = repeat(setup=setup_code, stmt=test_code2, repeat=5, number=10000)
return (min(times1), min(times2))
if __name__ == "__main__":
from doctest import testmod
testmod()
times = solution_times()
print(f"The time for naive implementation is {times[0]}.")
print(f"The time for optimized implementation is {times[1]}.")
| """
Given an array of integers and another integer target,
we are required to find a triplet from the array such that it's sum is equal to
the target.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from itertools import permutations
from random import randint
from timeit import repeat
def make_dataset() -> tuple[list[int], int]:
arr = [randint(-1000, 1000) for i in range(10)]
r = randint(-5000, 5000)
return (arr, r)
dataset = make_dataset()
def triplet_sum1(arr: list[int], target: int) -> tuple[int, ...]:
"""
Returns a triplet in the array with sum equal to target,
else (0, 0, 0).
>>> triplet_sum1([13, 29, 7, 23, 5], 35)
(5, 7, 23)
>>> triplet_sum1([37, 9, 19, 50, 44], 65)
(9, 19, 37)
>>> arr = [6, 47, 27, 1, 15]
>>> target = 11
>>> triplet_sum1(arr, target)
(0, 0, 0)
"""
for triplet in permutations(arr, 3):
if sum(triplet) == target:
return tuple(sorted(triplet))
return (0, 0, 0)
def triplet_sum2(arr: list[int], target: int) -> tuple[int, int, int]:
"""
Returns a triplet in the array with sum equal to target,
else (0, 0, 0).
>>> triplet_sum2([13, 29, 7, 23, 5], 35)
(5, 7, 23)
>>> triplet_sum2([37, 9, 19, 50, 44], 65)
(9, 19, 37)
>>> arr = [6, 47, 27, 1, 15]
>>> target = 11
>>> triplet_sum2(arr, target)
(0, 0, 0)
"""
arr.sort()
n = len(arr)
for i in range(n - 1):
left, right = i + 1, n - 1
while left < right:
if arr[i] + arr[left] + arr[right] == target:
return (arr[i], arr[left], arr[right])
elif arr[i] + arr[left] + arr[right] < target:
left += 1
elif arr[i] + arr[left] + arr[right] > target:
right -= 1
return (0, 0, 0)
def solution_times() -> tuple[float, float]:
setup_code = """
from __main__ import dataset, triplet_sum1, triplet_sum2
"""
test_code1 = """
triplet_sum1(*dataset)
"""
test_code2 = """
triplet_sum2(*dataset)
"""
times1 = repeat(setup=setup_code, stmt=test_code1, repeat=5, number=10000)
times2 = repeat(setup=setup_code, stmt=test_code2, repeat=5, number=10000)
return (min(times1), min(times2))
if __name__ == "__main__":
from doctest import testmod
testmod()
times = solution_times()
print(f"The time for naive implementation is {times[0]}.")
print(f"The time for optimized implementation is {times[1]}.")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| class Graph:
def __init__(self, vertex):
self.vertex = vertex
self.graph = [[0] * vertex for i in range(vertex)]
def add_edge(self, u, v):
self.graph[u - 1][v - 1] = 1
self.graph[v - 1][u - 1] = 1
def show(self):
for i in self.graph:
for j in i:
print(j, end=" ")
print(" ")
g = Graph(100)
g.add_edge(1, 4)
g.add_edge(4, 2)
g.add_edge(4, 5)
g.add_edge(2, 5)
g.add_edge(5, 3)
g.show()
| class Graph:
def __init__(self, vertex):
self.vertex = vertex
self.graph = [[0] * vertex for i in range(vertex)]
def add_edge(self, u, v):
self.graph[u - 1][v - 1] = 1
self.graph[v - 1][u - 1] = 1
def show(self):
for i in self.graph:
for j in i:
print(j, end=" ")
print(" ")
g = Graph(100)
g.add_edge(1, 4)
g.add_edge(4, 2)
g.add_edge(4, 5)
g.add_edge(2, 5)
g.add_edge(5, 3)
g.show()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| if __name__ == "__main__":
import socket # Import socket module
sock = socket.socket() # Create a socket object
host = socket.gethostname() # Get local machine name
port = 12312
sock.connect((host, port))
sock.send(b"Hello server!")
with open("Received_file", "wb") as out_file:
print("File opened")
print("Receiving data...")
while True:
data = sock.recv(1024)
print(f"{data = }")
if not data:
break
out_file.write(data) # Write data to a file
print("Successfully got the file")
sock.close()
print("Connection closed")
| if __name__ == "__main__":
import socket # Import socket module
sock = socket.socket() # Create a socket object
host = socket.gethostname() # Get local machine name
port = 12312
sock.connect((host, port))
sock.send(b"Hello server!")
with open("Received_file", "wb") as out_file:
print("File opened")
print("Receiving data...")
while True:
data = sock.recv(1024)
print(f"{data = }")
if not data:
break
out_file.write(data) # Write data to a file
print("Successfully got the file")
sock.close()
print("Connection closed")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| #!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
Python program to translate to and from Morse code.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code
"""
# fmt: off
MORSE_CODE_DICT = {
"A": ".-", "B": "-...", "C": "-.-.", "D": "-..", "E": ".", "F": "..-.", "G": "--.",
"H": "....", "I": "..", "J": ".---", "K": "-.-", "L": ".-..", "M": "--", "N": "-.",
"O": "---", "P": ".--.", "Q": "--.-", "R": ".-.", "S": "...", "T": "-", "U": "..-",
"V": "...-", "W": ".--", "X": "-..-", "Y": "-.--", "Z": "--..", "1": ".----",
"2": "..---", "3": "...--", "4": "....-", "5": ".....", "6": "-....", "7": "--...",
"8": "---..", "9": "----.", "0": "-----", "&": ".-...", "@": ".--.-.",
":": "---...", ",": "--..--", ".": ".-.-.-", "'": ".----.", '"': ".-..-.",
"?": "..--..", "/": "-..-.", "=": "-...-", "+": ".-.-.", "-": "-....-",
"(": "-.--.", ")": "-.--.-", "!": "-.-.--", " ": "/"
} # Exclamation mark is not in ITU-R recommendation
# fmt: on
REVERSE_DICT = {value: key for key, value in MORSE_CODE_DICT.items()}
def encrypt(message: str) -> str:
"""
>>> encrypt("Sos!")
'... --- ... -.-.--'
>>> encrypt("SOS!") == encrypt("sos!")
True
"""
return " ".join(MORSE_CODE_DICT[char] for char in message.upper())
def decrypt(message: str) -> str:
"""
>>> decrypt('... --- ... -.-.--')
'SOS!'
"""
return "".join(REVERSE_DICT[char] for char in message.split())
def main() -> None:
"""
>>> s = "".join(MORSE_CODE_DICT)
>>> decrypt(encrypt(s)) == s
True
"""
message = "Morse code here!"
print(message)
message = encrypt(message)
print(message)
message = decrypt(message)
print(message)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| #!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
Python program to translate to and from Morse code.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code
"""
# fmt: off
MORSE_CODE_DICT = {
"A": ".-", "B": "-...", "C": "-.-.", "D": "-..", "E": ".", "F": "..-.", "G": "--.",
"H": "....", "I": "..", "J": ".---", "K": "-.-", "L": ".-..", "M": "--", "N": "-.",
"O": "---", "P": ".--.", "Q": "--.-", "R": ".-.", "S": "...", "T": "-", "U": "..-",
"V": "...-", "W": ".--", "X": "-..-", "Y": "-.--", "Z": "--..", "1": ".----",
"2": "..---", "3": "...--", "4": "....-", "5": ".....", "6": "-....", "7": "--...",
"8": "---..", "9": "----.", "0": "-----", "&": ".-...", "@": ".--.-.",
":": "---...", ",": "--..--", ".": ".-.-.-", "'": ".----.", '"': ".-..-.",
"?": "..--..", "/": "-..-.", "=": "-...-", "+": ".-.-.", "-": "-....-",
"(": "-.--.", ")": "-.--.-", "!": "-.-.--", " ": "/"
} # Exclamation mark is not in ITU-R recommendation
# fmt: on
REVERSE_DICT = {value: key for key, value in MORSE_CODE_DICT.items()}
def encrypt(message: str) -> str:
"""
>>> encrypt("Sos!")
'... --- ... -.-.--'
>>> encrypt("SOS!") == encrypt("sos!")
True
"""
return " ".join(MORSE_CODE_DICT[char] for char in message.upper())
def decrypt(message: str) -> str:
"""
>>> decrypt('... --- ... -.-.--')
'SOS!'
"""
return "".join(REVERSE_DICT[char] for char in message.split())
def main() -> None:
"""
>>> s = "".join(MORSE_CODE_DICT)
>>> decrypt(encrypt(s)) == s
True
"""
message = "Morse code here!"
print(message)
message = encrypt(message)
print(message)
message = decrypt(message)
print(message)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
The Mandelbrot set is the set of complex numbers "c" for which the series
"z_(n+1) = z_n * z_n + c" does not diverge, i.e. remains bounded. Thus, a
complex number "c" is a member of the Mandelbrot set if, when starting with
"z_0 = 0" and applying the iteration repeatedly, the absolute value of
"z_n" remains bounded for all "n > 0". Complex numbers can be written as
"a + b*i": "a" is the real component, usually drawn on the x-axis, and "b*i"
is the imaginary component, usually drawn on the y-axis. Most visualizations
of the Mandelbrot set use a color-coding to indicate after how many steps in
the series the numbers outside the set diverge. Images of the Mandelbrot set
exhibit an elaborate and infinitely complicated boundary that reveals
progressively ever-finer recursive detail at increasing magnifications, making
the boundary of the Mandelbrot set a fractal curve.
(description adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandelbrot_set )
(see also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotting_algorithms_for_the_Mandelbrot_set )
"""
import colorsys
from PIL import Image # type: ignore
def get_distance(x: float, y: float, max_step: int) -> float:
"""
Return the relative distance (= step/max_step) after which the complex number
constituted by this x-y-pair diverges. Members of the Mandelbrot set do not
diverge so their distance is 1.
>>> get_distance(0, 0, 50)
1.0
>>> get_distance(0.5, 0.5, 50)
0.061224489795918366
>>> get_distance(2, 0, 50)
0.0
"""
a = x
b = y
for step in range(max_step):
a_new = a * a - b * b + x
b = 2 * a * b + y
a = a_new
# divergence happens for all complex number with an absolute value
# greater than 4
if a * a + b * b > 4:
break
return step / (max_step - 1)
def get_black_and_white_rgb(distance: float) -> tuple:
"""
Black&white color-coding that ignores the relative distance. The Mandelbrot
set is black, everything else is white.
>>> get_black_and_white_rgb(0)
(255, 255, 255)
>>> get_black_and_white_rgb(0.5)
(255, 255, 255)
>>> get_black_and_white_rgb(1)
(0, 0, 0)
"""
if distance == 1:
return (0, 0, 0)
else:
return (255, 255, 255)
def get_color_coded_rgb(distance: float) -> tuple:
"""
Color-coding taking the relative distance into account. The Mandelbrot set
is black.
>>> get_color_coded_rgb(0)
(255, 0, 0)
>>> get_color_coded_rgb(0.5)
(0, 255, 255)
>>> get_color_coded_rgb(1)
(0, 0, 0)
"""
if distance == 1:
return (0, 0, 0)
else:
return tuple(round(i * 255) for i in colorsys.hsv_to_rgb(distance, 1, 1))
def get_image(
image_width: int = 800,
image_height: int = 600,
figure_center_x: float = -0.6,
figure_center_y: float = 0,
figure_width: float = 3.2,
max_step: int = 50,
use_distance_color_coding: bool = True,
) -> Image.Image:
"""
Function to generate the image of the Mandelbrot set. Two types of coordinates
are used: image-coordinates that refer to the pixels and figure-coordinates
that refer to the complex numbers inside and outside the Mandelbrot set. The
figure-coordinates in the arguments of this function determine which section
of the Mandelbrot set is viewed. The main area of the Mandelbrot set is
roughly between "-1.5 < x < 0.5" and "-1 < y < 1" in the figure-coordinates.
Commenting out tests that slow down pytest...
# 13.35s call fractals/mandelbrot.py::mandelbrot.get_image
# >>> get_image().load()[0,0]
(255, 0, 0)
# >>> get_image(use_distance_color_coding = False).load()[0,0]
(255, 255, 255)
"""
img = Image.new("RGB", (image_width, image_height))
pixels = img.load()
# loop through the image-coordinates
for image_x in range(image_width):
for image_y in range(image_height):
# determine the figure-coordinates based on the image-coordinates
figure_height = figure_width / image_width * image_height
figure_x = figure_center_x + (image_x / image_width - 0.5) * figure_width
figure_y = figure_center_y + (image_y / image_height - 0.5) * figure_height
distance = get_distance(figure_x, figure_y, max_step)
# color the corresponding pixel based on the selected coloring-function
if use_distance_color_coding:
pixels[image_x, image_y] = get_color_coded_rgb(distance)
else:
pixels[image_x, image_y] = get_black_and_white_rgb(distance)
return img
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
# colored version, full figure
img = get_image()
# uncomment for colored version, different section, zoomed in
# img = get_image(figure_center_x = -0.6, figure_center_y = -0.4,
# figure_width = 0.8)
# uncomment for black and white version, full figure
# img = get_image(use_distance_color_coding = False)
# uncomment to save the image
# img.save("mandelbrot.png")
img.show()
| """
The Mandelbrot set is the set of complex numbers "c" for which the series
"z_(n+1) = z_n * z_n + c" does not diverge, i.e. remains bounded. Thus, a
complex number "c" is a member of the Mandelbrot set if, when starting with
"z_0 = 0" and applying the iteration repeatedly, the absolute value of
"z_n" remains bounded for all "n > 0". Complex numbers can be written as
"a + b*i": "a" is the real component, usually drawn on the x-axis, and "b*i"
is the imaginary component, usually drawn on the y-axis. Most visualizations
of the Mandelbrot set use a color-coding to indicate after how many steps in
the series the numbers outside the set diverge. Images of the Mandelbrot set
exhibit an elaborate and infinitely complicated boundary that reveals
progressively ever-finer recursive detail at increasing magnifications, making
the boundary of the Mandelbrot set a fractal curve.
(description adapted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandelbrot_set )
(see also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plotting_algorithms_for_the_Mandelbrot_set )
"""
import colorsys
from PIL import Image # type: ignore
def get_distance(x: float, y: float, max_step: int) -> float:
"""
Return the relative distance (= step/max_step) after which the complex number
constituted by this x-y-pair diverges. Members of the Mandelbrot set do not
diverge so their distance is 1.
>>> get_distance(0, 0, 50)
1.0
>>> get_distance(0.5, 0.5, 50)
0.061224489795918366
>>> get_distance(2, 0, 50)
0.0
"""
a = x
b = y
for step in range(max_step):
a_new = a * a - b * b + x
b = 2 * a * b + y
a = a_new
# divergence happens for all complex number with an absolute value
# greater than 4
if a * a + b * b > 4:
break
return step / (max_step - 1)
def get_black_and_white_rgb(distance: float) -> tuple:
"""
Black&white color-coding that ignores the relative distance. The Mandelbrot
set is black, everything else is white.
>>> get_black_and_white_rgb(0)
(255, 255, 255)
>>> get_black_and_white_rgb(0.5)
(255, 255, 255)
>>> get_black_and_white_rgb(1)
(0, 0, 0)
"""
if distance == 1:
return (0, 0, 0)
else:
return (255, 255, 255)
def get_color_coded_rgb(distance: float) -> tuple:
"""
Color-coding taking the relative distance into account. The Mandelbrot set
is black.
>>> get_color_coded_rgb(0)
(255, 0, 0)
>>> get_color_coded_rgb(0.5)
(0, 255, 255)
>>> get_color_coded_rgb(1)
(0, 0, 0)
"""
if distance == 1:
return (0, 0, 0)
else:
return tuple(round(i * 255) for i in colorsys.hsv_to_rgb(distance, 1, 1))
def get_image(
image_width: int = 800,
image_height: int = 600,
figure_center_x: float = -0.6,
figure_center_y: float = 0,
figure_width: float = 3.2,
max_step: int = 50,
use_distance_color_coding: bool = True,
) -> Image.Image:
"""
Function to generate the image of the Mandelbrot set. Two types of coordinates
are used: image-coordinates that refer to the pixels and figure-coordinates
that refer to the complex numbers inside and outside the Mandelbrot set. The
figure-coordinates in the arguments of this function determine which section
of the Mandelbrot set is viewed. The main area of the Mandelbrot set is
roughly between "-1.5 < x < 0.5" and "-1 < y < 1" in the figure-coordinates.
Commenting out tests that slow down pytest...
# 13.35s call fractals/mandelbrot.py::mandelbrot.get_image
# >>> get_image().load()[0,0]
(255, 0, 0)
# >>> get_image(use_distance_color_coding = False).load()[0,0]
(255, 255, 255)
"""
img = Image.new("RGB", (image_width, image_height))
pixels = img.load()
# loop through the image-coordinates
for image_x in range(image_width):
for image_y in range(image_height):
# determine the figure-coordinates based on the image-coordinates
figure_height = figure_width / image_width * image_height
figure_x = figure_center_x + (image_x / image_width - 0.5) * figure_width
figure_y = figure_center_y + (image_y / image_height - 0.5) * figure_height
distance = get_distance(figure_x, figure_y, max_step)
# color the corresponding pixel based on the selected coloring-function
if use_distance_color_coding:
pixels[image_x, image_y] = get_color_coded_rgb(distance)
else:
pixels[image_x, image_y] = get_black_and_white_rgb(distance)
return img
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
# colored version, full figure
img = get_image()
# uncomment for colored version, different section, zoomed in
# img = get_image(figure_center_x = -0.6, figure_center_y = -0.4,
# figure_width = 0.8)
# uncomment for black and white version, full figure
# img = get_image(use_distance_color_coding = False)
# uncomment to save the image
# img.save("mandelbrot.png")
img.show()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| #
| #
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Simulate the evolution of a highway with only one road that is a loop.
The highway is divided in cells, each cell can have at most one car in it.
The highway is a loop so when a car comes to one end, it will come out on the other.
Each car is represented by its speed (from 0 to 5).
Some information about speed:
-1 means that the cell on the highway is empty
0 to 5 are the speed of the cars with 0 being the lowest and 5 the highest
highway: list[int] Where every position and speed of every car will be stored
probability The probability that a driver will slow down
initial_speed The speed of the cars a the start
frequency How many cells there are between two cars at the start
max_speed The maximum speed a car can go to
number_of_cells How many cell are there in the highway
number_of_update How many times will the position be updated
More information here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagel%E2%80%93Schreckenberg_model
Examples for doctest:
>>> simulate(construct_highway(6, 3, 0), 2, 0, 2)
[[0, -1, -1, 0, -1, -1], [-1, 1, -1, -1, 1, -1], [-1, -1, 1, -1, -1, 1]]
>>> simulate(construct_highway(5, 2, -2), 3, 0, 2)
[[0, -1, 0, -1, 0], [0, -1, 0, -1, -1], [0, -1, -1, 1, -1], [-1, 1, -1, 0, -1]]
"""
from random import randint, random
def construct_highway(
number_of_cells: int,
frequency: int,
initial_speed: int,
random_frequency: bool = False,
random_speed: bool = False,
max_speed: int = 5,
) -> list:
"""
Build the highway following the parameters given
>>> construct_highway(10, 2, 6)
[[6, -1, 6, -1, 6, -1, 6, -1, 6, -1]]
>>> construct_highway(10, 10, 2)
[[2, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1]]
"""
highway = [[-1] * number_of_cells] # Create a highway without any car
i = 0
if initial_speed < 0:
initial_speed = 0
while i < number_of_cells:
highway[0][i] = (
randint(0, max_speed) if random_speed else initial_speed
) # Place the cars
i += (
randint(1, max_speed * 2) if random_frequency else frequency
) # Arbitrary number, may need tuning
return highway
def get_distance(highway_now: list, car_index: int) -> int:
"""
Get the distance between a car (at index car_index) and the next car
>>> get_distance([6, -1, 6, -1, 6], 2)
1
>>> get_distance([2, -1, -1, -1, 3, 1, 0, 1, 3, 2], 0)
3
>>> get_distance([-1, -1, -1, -1, 2, -1, -1, -1, 3], -1)
4
"""
distance = 0
cells = highway_now[car_index + 1 :]
for cell in range(len(cells)): # May need a better name for this
if cells[cell] != -1: # If the cell is not empty then
return distance # we have the distance we wanted
distance += 1
# Here if the car is near the end of the highway
return distance + get_distance(highway_now, -1)
def update(highway_now: list, probability: float, max_speed: int) -> list:
"""
Update the speed of the cars
>>> update([-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 2, -1, -1, -1, -1, 3], 0.0, 5)
[-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 3, -1, -1, -1, -1, 4]
>>> update([-1, -1, 2, -1, -1, -1, -1, 3], 0.0, 5)
[-1, -1, 3, -1, -1, -1, -1, 1]
"""
number_of_cells = len(highway_now)
# Beforce calculations, the highway is empty
next_highway = [-1] * number_of_cells
for car_index in range(number_of_cells):
if highway_now[car_index] != -1:
# Add 1 to the current speed of the car and cap the speed
next_highway[car_index] = min(highway_now[car_index] + 1, max_speed)
# Number of empty cell before the next car
dn = get_distance(highway_now, car_index) - 1
# We can't have the car causing an accident
next_highway[car_index] = min(next_highway[car_index], dn)
if random() < probability:
# Randomly, a driver will slow down
next_highway[car_index] = max(next_highway[car_index] - 1, 0)
return next_highway
def simulate(
highway: list, number_of_update: int, probability: float, max_speed: int
) -> list:
"""
The main function, it will simulate the evolution of the highway
>>> simulate([[-1, 2, -1, -1, -1, 3]], 2, 0.0, 3)
[[-1, 2, -1, -1, -1, 3], [-1, -1, -1, 2, -1, 0], [1, -1, -1, 0, -1, -1]]
>>> simulate([[-1, 2, -1, 3]], 4, 0.0, 3)
[[-1, 2, -1, 3], [-1, 0, -1, 0], [-1, 0, -1, 0], [-1, 0, -1, 0], [-1, 0, -1, 0]]
"""
number_of_cells = len(highway[0])
for i in range(number_of_update):
next_speeds_calculated = update(highway[i], probability, max_speed)
real_next_speeds = [-1] * number_of_cells
for car_index in range(number_of_cells):
speed = next_speeds_calculated[car_index]
if speed != -1:
# Change the position based on the speed (with % to create the loop)
index = (car_index + speed) % number_of_cells
# Commit the change of position
real_next_speeds[index] = speed
highway.append(real_next_speeds)
return highway
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| """
Simulate the evolution of a highway with only one road that is a loop.
The highway is divided in cells, each cell can have at most one car in it.
The highway is a loop so when a car comes to one end, it will come out on the other.
Each car is represented by its speed (from 0 to 5).
Some information about speed:
-1 means that the cell on the highway is empty
0 to 5 are the speed of the cars with 0 being the lowest and 5 the highest
highway: list[int] Where every position and speed of every car will be stored
probability The probability that a driver will slow down
initial_speed The speed of the cars a the start
frequency How many cells there are between two cars at the start
max_speed The maximum speed a car can go to
number_of_cells How many cell are there in the highway
number_of_update How many times will the position be updated
More information here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagel%E2%80%93Schreckenberg_model
Examples for doctest:
>>> simulate(construct_highway(6, 3, 0), 2, 0, 2)
[[0, -1, -1, 0, -1, -1], [-1, 1, -1, -1, 1, -1], [-1, -1, 1, -1, -1, 1]]
>>> simulate(construct_highway(5, 2, -2), 3, 0, 2)
[[0, -1, 0, -1, 0], [0, -1, 0, -1, -1], [0, -1, -1, 1, -1], [-1, 1, -1, 0, -1]]
"""
from random import randint, random
def construct_highway(
number_of_cells: int,
frequency: int,
initial_speed: int,
random_frequency: bool = False,
random_speed: bool = False,
max_speed: int = 5,
) -> list:
"""
Build the highway following the parameters given
>>> construct_highway(10, 2, 6)
[[6, -1, 6, -1, 6, -1, 6, -1, 6, -1]]
>>> construct_highway(10, 10, 2)
[[2, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1]]
"""
highway = [[-1] * number_of_cells] # Create a highway without any car
i = 0
if initial_speed < 0:
initial_speed = 0
while i < number_of_cells:
highway[0][i] = (
randint(0, max_speed) if random_speed else initial_speed
) # Place the cars
i += (
randint(1, max_speed * 2) if random_frequency else frequency
) # Arbitrary number, may need tuning
return highway
def get_distance(highway_now: list, car_index: int) -> int:
"""
Get the distance between a car (at index car_index) and the next car
>>> get_distance([6, -1, 6, -1, 6], 2)
1
>>> get_distance([2, -1, -1, -1, 3, 1, 0, 1, 3, 2], 0)
3
>>> get_distance([-1, -1, -1, -1, 2, -1, -1, -1, 3], -1)
4
"""
distance = 0
cells = highway_now[car_index + 1 :]
for cell in range(len(cells)): # May need a better name for this
if cells[cell] != -1: # If the cell is not empty then
return distance # we have the distance we wanted
distance += 1
# Here if the car is near the end of the highway
return distance + get_distance(highway_now, -1)
def update(highway_now: list, probability: float, max_speed: int) -> list:
"""
Update the speed of the cars
>>> update([-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 2, -1, -1, -1, -1, 3], 0.0, 5)
[-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 3, -1, -1, -1, -1, 4]
>>> update([-1, -1, 2, -1, -1, -1, -1, 3], 0.0, 5)
[-1, -1, 3, -1, -1, -1, -1, 1]
"""
number_of_cells = len(highway_now)
# Beforce calculations, the highway is empty
next_highway = [-1] * number_of_cells
for car_index in range(number_of_cells):
if highway_now[car_index] != -1:
# Add 1 to the current speed of the car and cap the speed
next_highway[car_index] = min(highway_now[car_index] + 1, max_speed)
# Number of empty cell before the next car
dn = get_distance(highway_now, car_index) - 1
# We can't have the car causing an accident
next_highway[car_index] = min(next_highway[car_index], dn)
if random() < probability:
# Randomly, a driver will slow down
next_highway[car_index] = max(next_highway[car_index] - 1, 0)
return next_highway
def simulate(
highway: list, number_of_update: int, probability: float, max_speed: int
) -> list:
"""
The main function, it will simulate the evolution of the highway
>>> simulate([[-1, 2, -1, -1, -1, 3]], 2, 0.0, 3)
[[-1, 2, -1, -1, -1, 3], [-1, -1, -1, 2, -1, 0], [1, -1, -1, 0, -1, -1]]
>>> simulate([[-1, 2, -1, 3]], 4, 0.0, 3)
[[-1, 2, -1, 3], [-1, 0, -1, 0], [-1, 0, -1, 0], [-1, 0, -1, 0], [-1, 0, -1, 0]]
"""
number_of_cells = len(highway[0])
for i in range(number_of_update):
next_speeds_calculated = update(highway[i], probability, max_speed)
real_next_speeds = [-1] * number_of_cells
for car_index in range(number_of_cells):
speed = next_speeds_calculated[car_index]
if speed != -1:
# Change the position based on the speed (with % to create the loop)
index = (car_index + speed) % number_of_cells
# Commit the change of position
real_next_speeds[index] = speed
highway.append(real_next_speeds)
return highway
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Project Euler Problem 2: https://projecteuler.net/problem=2
Even Fibonacci Numbers
Each new term in the Fibonacci sequence is generated by adding the previous
two terms. By starting with 1 and 2, the first 10 terms will be:
1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, ...
By considering the terms in the Fibonacci sequence whose values do not exceed
four million, find the sum of the even-valued terms.
References:
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_number
"""
import math
from decimal import Decimal, getcontext
def solution(n: int = 4000000) -> int:
"""
Returns the sum of all even fibonacci sequence elements that are lower
or equal to n.
>>> solution(10)
10
>>> solution(15)
10
>>> solution(2)
2
>>> solution(1)
0
>>> solution(34)
44
>>> solution(3.4)
2
>>> solution(0)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Parameter n must be greater than or equal to one.
>>> solution(-17)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Parameter n must be greater than or equal to one.
>>> solution([])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: Parameter n must be int or castable to int.
>>> solution("asd")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: Parameter n must be int or castable to int.
"""
try:
n = int(n)
except (TypeError, ValueError):
raise TypeError("Parameter n must be int or castable to int.")
if n <= 0:
raise ValueError("Parameter n must be greater than or equal to one.")
getcontext().prec = 100
phi = (Decimal(5) ** Decimal(0.5) + 1) / Decimal(2)
index = (math.floor(math.log(n * (phi + 2), phi) - 1) // 3) * 3 + 2
num = Decimal(round(phi ** Decimal(index + 1))) / (phi + 2)
total = num // 2
return int(total)
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| """
Project Euler Problem 2: https://projecteuler.net/problem=2
Even Fibonacci Numbers
Each new term in the Fibonacci sequence is generated by adding the previous
two terms. By starting with 1 and 2, the first 10 terms will be:
1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, ...
By considering the terms in the Fibonacci sequence whose values do not exceed
four million, find the sum of the even-valued terms.
References:
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci_number
"""
import math
from decimal import Decimal, getcontext
def solution(n: int = 4000000) -> int:
"""
Returns the sum of all even fibonacci sequence elements that are lower
or equal to n.
>>> solution(10)
10
>>> solution(15)
10
>>> solution(2)
2
>>> solution(1)
0
>>> solution(34)
44
>>> solution(3.4)
2
>>> solution(0)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Parameter n must be greater than or equal to one.
>>> solution(-17)
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Parameter n must be greater than or equal to one.
>>> solution([])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: Parameter n must be int or castable to int.
>>> solution("asd")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: Parameter n must be int or castable to int.
"""
try:
n = int(n)
except (TypeError, ValueError):
raise TypeError("Parameter n must be int or castable to int.")
if n <= 0:
raise ValueError("Parameter n must be greater than or equal to one.")
getcontext().prec = 100
phi = (Decimal(5) ** Decimal(0.5) + 1) / Decimal(2)
index = (math.floor(math.log(n * (phi + 2), phi) - 1) // 3) * 3 + 2
num = Decimal(round(phi ** Decimal(index + 1))) / (phi + 2)
total = num // 2
return int(total)
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| B64_CHARSET = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/"
def base64_encode(data: bytes) -> bytes:
"""Encodes data according to RFC4648.
The data is first transformed to binary and appended with binary digits so that its
length becomes a multiple of 6, then each 6 binary digits will match a character in
the B64_CHARSET string. The number of appended binary digits would later determine
how many "=" signs should be added, the padding.
For every 2 binary digits added, a "=" sign is added in the output.
We can add any binary digits to make it a multiple of 6, for instance, consider the
following example:
"AA" -> 0010100100101001 -> 001010 010010 1001
As can be seen above, 2 more binary digits should be added, so there's 4
possibilities here: 00, 01, 10 or 11.
That being said, Base64 encoding can be used in Steganography to hide data in these
appended digits.
>>> from base64 import b64encode
>>> a = b"This pull request is part of Hacktoberfest20!"
>>> b = b"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648"
>>> c = b"A"
>>> base64_encode(a) == b64encode(a)
True
>>> base64_encode(b) == b64encode(b)
True
>>> base64_encode(c) == b64encode(c)
True
>>> base64_encode("abc")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: a bytes-like object is required, not 'str'
"""
# Make sure the supplied data is a bytes-like object
if not isinstance(data, bytes):
raise TypeError(
f"a bytes-like object is required, not '{data.__class__.__name__}'"
)
binary_stream = "".join(bin(byte)[2:].zfill(8) for byte in data)
padding_needed = len(binary_stream) % 6 != 0
if padding_needed:
# The padding that will be added later
padding = b"=" * ((6 - len(binary_stream) % 6) // 2)
# Append binary_stream with arbitrary binary digits (0's by default) to make its
# length a multiple of 6.
binary_stream += "0" * (6 - len(binary_stream) % 6)
else:
padding = b""
# Encode every 6 binary digits to their corresponding Base64 character
return (
"".join(
B64_CHARSET[int(binary_stream[index : index + 6], 2)]
for index in range(0, len(binary_stream), 6)
).encode()
+ padding
)
def base64_decode(encoded_data: str) -> bytes:
"""Decodes data according to RFC4648.
This does the reverse operation of base64_encode.
We first transform the encoded data back to a binary stream, take off the
previously appended binary digits according to the padding, at this point we
would have a binary stream whose length is multiple of 8, the last step is
to convert every 8 bits to a byte.
>>> from base64 import b64decode
>>> a = "VGhpcyBwdWxsIHJlcXVlc3QgaXMgcGFydCBvZiBIYWNrdG9iZXJmZXN0MjAh"
>>> b = "aHR0cHM6Ly90b29scy5pZXRmLm9yZy9odG1sL3JmYzQ2NDg="
>>> c = "QQ=="
>>> base64_decode(a) == b64decode(a)
True
>>> base64_decode(b) == b64decode(b)
True
>>> base64_decode(c) == b64decode(c)
True
>>> base64_decode("abc")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AssertionError: Incorrect padding
"""
# Make sure encoded_data is either a string or a bytes-like object
if not isinstance(encoded_data, bytes) and not isinstance(encoded_data, str):
raise TypeError(
"argument should be a bytes-like object or ASCII string, not "
f"'{encoded_data.__class__.__name__}'"
)
# In case encoded_data is a bytes-like object, make sure it contains only
# ASCII characters so we convert it to a string object
if isinstance(encoded_data, bytes):
try:
encoded_data = encoded_data.decode("utf-8")
except UnicodeDecodeError:
raise ValueError("base64 encoded data should only contain ASCII characters")
padding = encoded_data.count("=")
# Check if the encoded string contains non base64 characters
if padding:
assert all(
char in B64_CHARSET for char in encoded_data[:-padding]
), "Invalid base64 character(s) found."
else:
assert all(
char in B64_CHARSET for char in encoded_data
), "Invalid base64 character(s) found."
# Check the padding
assert len(encoded_data) % 4 == 0 and padding < 3, "Incorrect padding"
if padding:
# Remove padding if there is one
encoded_data = encoded_data[:-padding]
binary_stream = "".join(
bin(B64_CHARSET.index(char))[2:].zfill(6) for char in encoded_data
)[: -padding * 2]
else:
binary_stream = "".join(
bin(B64_CHARSET.index(char))[2:].zfill(6) for char in encoded_data
)
data = [
int(binary_stream[index : index + 8], 2)
for index in range(0, len(binary_stream), 8)
]
return bytes(data)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| B64_CHARSET = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/"
def base64_encode(data: bytes) -> bytes:
"""Encodes data according to RFC4648.
The data is first transformed to binary and appended with binary digits so that its
length becomes a multiple of 6, then each 6 binary digits will match a character in
the B64_CHARSET string. The number of appended binary digits would later determine
how many "=" signs should be added, the padding.
For every 2 binary digits added, a "=" sign is added in the output.
We can add any binary digits to make it a multiple of 6, for instance, consider the
following example:
"AA" -> 0010100100101001 -> 001010 010010 1001
As can be seen above, 2 more binary digits should be added, so there's 4
possibilities here: 00, 01, 10 or 11.
That being said, Base64 encoding can be used in Steganography to hide data in these
appended digits.
>>> from base64 import b64encode
>>> a = b"This pull request is part of Hacktoberfest20!"
>>> b = b"https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4648"
>>> c = b"A"
>>> base64_encode(a) == b64encode(a)
True
>>> base64_encode(b) == b64encode(b)
True
>>> base64_encode(c) == b64encode(c)
True
>>> base64_encode("abc")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: a bytes-like object is required, not 'str'
"""
# Make sure the supplied data is a bytes-like object
if not isinstance(data, bytes):
raise TypeError(
f"a bytes-like object is required, not '{data.__class__.__name__}'"
)
binary_stream = "".join(bin(byte)[2:].zfill(8) for byte in data)
padding_needed = len(binary_stream) % 6 != 0
if padding_needed:
# The padding that will be added later
padding = b"=" * ((6 - len(binary_stream) % 6) // 2)
# Append binary_stream with arbitrary binary digits (0's by default) to make its
# length a multiple of 6.
binary_stream += "0" * (6 - len(binary_stream) % 6)
else:
padding = b""
# Encode every 6 binary digits to their corresponding Base64 character
return (
"".join(
B64_CHARSET[int(binary_stream[index : index + 6], 2)]
for index in range(0, len(binary_stream), 6)
).encode()
+ padding
)
def base64_decode(encoded_data: str) -> bytes:
"""Decodes data according to RFC4648.
This does the reverse operation of base64_encode.
We first transform the encoded data back to a binary stream, take off the
previously appended binary digits according to the padding, at this point we
would have a binary stream whose length is multiple of 8, the last step is
to convert every 8 bits to a byte.
>>> from base64 import b64decode
>>> a = "VGhpcyBwdWxsIHJlcXVlc3QgaXMgcGFydCBvZiBIYWNrdG9iZXJmZXN0MjAh"
>>> b = "aHR0cHM6Ly90b29scy5pZXRmLm9yZy9odG1sL3JmYzQ2NDg="
>>> c = "QQ=="
>>> base64_decode(a) == b64decode(a)
True
>>> base64_decode(b) == b64decode(b)
True
>>> base64_decode(c) == b64decode(c)
True
>>> base64_decode("abc")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
AssertionError: Incorrect padding
"""
# Make sure encoded_data is either a string or a bytes-like object
if not isinstance(encoded_data, bytes) and not isinstance(encoded_data, str):
raise TypeError(
"argument should be a bytes-like object or ASCII string, not "
f"'{encoded_data.__class__.__name__}'"
)
# In case encoded_data is a bytes-like object, make sure it contains only
# ASCII characters so we convert it to a string object
if isinstance(encoded_data, bytes):
try:
encoded_data = encoded_data.decode("utf-8")
except UnicodeDecodeError:
raise ValueError("base64 encoded data should only contain ASCII characters")
padding = encoded_data.count("=")
# Check if the encoded string contains non base64 characters
if padding:
assert all(
char in B64_CHARSET for char in encoded_data[:-padding]
), "Invalid base64 character(s) found."
else:
assert all(
char in B64_CHARSET for char in encoded_data
), "Invalid base64 character(s) found."
# Check the padding
assert len(encoded_data) % 4 == 0 and padding < 3, "Incorrect padding"
if padding:
# Remove padding if there is one
encoded_data = encoded_data[:-padding]
binary_stream = "".join(
bin(B64_CHARSET.index(char))[2:].zfill(6) for char in encoded_data
)[: -padding * 2]
else:
binary_stream = "".join(
bin(B64_CHARSET.index(char))[2:].zfill(6) for char in encoded_data
)
data = [
int(binary_stream[index : index + 8], 2)
for index in range(0, len(binary_stream), 8)
]
return bytes(data)
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Project Euler Problem 6: https://projecteuler.net/problem=6
Sum square difference
The sum of the squares of the first ten natural numbers is,
1^2 + 2^2 + ... + 10^2 = 385
The square of the sum of the first ten natural numbers is,
(1 + 2 + ... + 10)^2 = 55^2 = 3025
Hence the difference between the sum of the squares of the first ten
natural numbers and the square of the sum is 3025 - 385 = 2640.
Find the difference between the sum of the squares of the first one
hundred natural numbers and the square of the sum.
"""
def solution(n: int = 100) -> int:
"""
Returns the difference between the sum of the squares of the first n
natural numbers and the square of the sum.
>>> solution(10)
2640
>>> solution(15)
13160
>>> solution(20)
41230
>>> solution(50)
1582700
"""
sum_cubes = (n * (n + 1) // 2) ** 2
sum_squares = n * (n + 1) * (2 * n + 1) // 6
return sum_cubes - sum_squares
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| """
Project Euler Problem 6: https://projecteuler.net/problem=6
Sum square difference
The sum of the squares of the first ten natural numbers is,
1^2 + 2^2 + ... + 10^2 = 385
The square of the sum of the first ten natural numbers is,
(1 + 2 + ... + 10)^2 = 55^2 = 3025
Hence the difference between the sum of the squares of the first ten
natural numbers and the square of the sum is 3025 - 385 = 2640.
Find the difference between the sum of the squares of the first one
hundred natural numbers and the square of the sum.
"""
def solution(n: int = 100) -> int:
"""
Returns the difference between the sum of the squares of the first n
natural numbers and the square of the sum.
>>> solution(10)
2640
>>> solution(15)
13160
>>> solution(20)
41230
>>> solution(50)
1582700
"""
sum_cubes = (n * (n + 1) // 2) ** 2
sum_squares = n * (n + 1) * (2 * n + 1) // 6
return sum_cubes - sum_squares
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """Uses Pythagoras theorem to calculate the distance between two points in space."""
import math
class Point:
def __init__(self, x, y, z):
self.x = x
self.y = y
self.z = z
def __repr__(self) -> str:
return f"Point({self.x}, {self.y}, {self.z})"
def distance(a: Point, b: Point) -> float:
return math.sqrt(abs((b.x - a.x) ** 2 + (b.y - a.y) ** 2 + (b.z - a.z) ** 2))
def test_distance() -> None:
"""
>>> point1 = Point(2, -1, 7)
>>> point2 = Point(1, -3, 5)
>>> print(f"Distance from {point1} to {point2} is {distance(point1, point2)}")
Distance from Point(2, -1, 7) to Point(1, -3, 5) is 3.0
"""
pass
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| """Uses Pythagoras theorem to calculate the distance between two points in space."""
import math
class Point:
def __init__(self, x, y, z):
self.x = x
self.y = y
self.z = z
def __repr__(self) -> str:
return f"Point({self.x}, {self.y}, {self.z})"
def distance(a: Point, b: Point) -> float:
return math.sqrt(abs((b.x - a.x) ** 2 + (b.y - a.y) ** 2 + (b.z - a.z) ** 2))
def test_distance() -> None:
"""
>>> point1 = Point(2, -1, 7)
>>> point2 = Point(1, -3, 5)
>>> print(f"Distance from {point1} to {point2} is {distance(point1, point2)}")
Distance from Point(2, -1, 7) to Point(1, -3, 5) is 3.0
"""
pass
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_function
"""
from numpy import exp, pi, sqrt
def gaussian(x, mu: float = 0.0, sigma: float = 1.0) -> int:
"""
>>> gaussian(1)
0.24197072451914337
>>> gaussian(24)
3.342714441794458e-126
>>> gaussian(1, 4, 2)
0.06475879783294587
>>> gaussian(1, 5, 3)
0.05467002489199788
Supports NumPy Arrays
Use numpy.meshgrid with this to generate gaussian blur on images.
>>> import numpy as np
>>> x = np.arange(15)
>>> gaussian(x)
array([3.98942280e-01, 2.41970725e-01, 5.39909665e-02, 4.43184841e-03,
1.33830226e-04, 1.48671951e-06, 6.07588285e-09, 9.13472041e-12,
5.05227108e-15, 1.02797736e-18, 7.69459863e-23, 2.11881925e-27,
2.14638374e-32, 7.99882776e-38, 1.09660656e-43])
>>> gaussian(15)
5.530709549844416e-50
>>> gaussian([1,2, 'string'])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for -: 'list' and 'float'
>>> gaussian('hello world')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for -: 'str' and 'float'
>>> gaussian(10**234) # doctest: +IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
OverflowError: (34, 'Result too large')
>>> gaussian(10**-326)
0.3989422804014327
>>> gaussian(2523, mu=234234, sigma=3425)
0.0
"""
return 1 / sqrt(2 * pi * sigma ** 2) * exp(-((x - mu) ** 2) / (2 * sigma ** 2))
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| """
Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_function
"""
from numpy import exp, pi, sqrt
def gaussian(x, mu: float = 0.0, sigma: float = 1.0) -> int:
"""
>>> gaussian(1)
0.24197072451914337
>>> gaussian(24)
3.342714441794458e-126
>>> gaussian(1, 4, 2)
0.06475879783294587
>>> gaussian(1, 5, 3)
0.05467002489199788
Supports NumPy Arrays
Use numpy.meshgrid with this to generate gaussian blur on images.
>>> import numpy as np
>>> x = np.arange(15)
>>> gaussian(x)
array([3.98942280e-01, 2.41970725e-01, 5.39909665e-02, 4.43184841e-03,
1.33830226e-04, 1.48671951e-06, 6.07588285e-09, 9.13472041e-12,
5.05227108e-15, 1.02797736e-18, 7.69459863e-23, 2.11881925e-27,
2.14638374e-32, 7.99882776e-38, 1.09660656e-43])
>>> gaussian(15)
5.530709549844416e-50
>>> gaussian([1,2, 'string'])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for -: 'list' and 'float'
>>> gaussian('hello world')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for -: 'str' and 'float'
>>> gaussian(10**234) # doctest: +IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
OverflowError: (34, 'Result too large')
>>> gaussian(10**-326)
0.3989422804014327
>>> gaussian(2523, mu=234234, sigma=3425)
0.0
"""
return 1 / sqrt(2 * pi * sigma ** 2) * exp(-((x - mu) ** 2) / (2 * sigma ** 2))
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Problem 31: https://projecteuler.net/problem=31
Coin sums
In England the currency is made up of pound, £, and pence, p, and there are
eight coins in general circulation:
1p, 2p, 5p, 10p, 20p, 50p, £1 (100p) and £2 (200p).
It is possible to make £2 in the following way:
1×£1 + 1×50p + 2×20p + 1×5p + 1×2p + 3×1p
How many different ways can £2 be made using any number of coins?
Hint:
> There are 100 pence in a pound (£1 = 100p)
> There are coins(in pence) are available: 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200.
> how many different ways you can combine these values to create 200 pence.
Example:
to make 6p there are 5 ways
1,1,1,1,1,1
1,1,1,1,2
1,1,2,2
2,2,2
1,5
to make 5p there are 4 ways
1,1,1,1,1
1,1,1,2
1,2,2
5
"""
def solution(pence: int = 200) -> int:
"""Returns the number of different ways to make X pence using any number of coins.
The solution is based on dynamic programming paradigm in a bottom-up fashion.
>>> solution(500)
6295434
>>> solution(200)
73682
>>> solution(50)
451
>>> solution(10)
11
"""
coins = [1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200]
number_of_ways = [0] * (pence + 1)
number_of_ways[0] = 1 # base case: 1 way to make 0 pence
for coin in coins:
for i in range(coin, pence + 1, 1):
number_of_ways[i] += number_of_ways[i - coin]
return number_of_ways[pence]
if __name__ == "__main__":
assert solution(200) == 73682
| """
Problem 31: https://projecteuler.net/problem=31
Coin sums
In England the currency is made up of pound, £, and pence, p, and there are
eight coins in general circulation:
1p, 2p, 5p, 10p, 20p, 50p, £1 (100p) and £2 (200p).
It is possible to make £2 in the following way:
1×£1 + 1×50p + 2×20p + 1×5p + 1×2p + 3×1p
How many different ways can £2 be made using any number of coins?
Hint:
> There are 100 pence in a pound (£1 = 100p)
> There are coins(in pence) are available: 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200.
> how many different ways you can combine these values to create 200 pence.
Example:
to make 6p there are 5 ways
1,1,1,1,1,1
1,1,1,1,2
1,1,2,2
2,2,2
1,5
to make 5p there are 4 ways
1,1,1,1,1
1,1,1,2
1,2,2
5
"""
def solution(pence: int = 200) -> int:
"""Returns the number of different ways to make X pence using any number of coins.
The solution is based on dynamic programming paradigm in a bottom-up fashion.
>>> solution(500)
6295434
>>> solution(200)
73682
>>> solution(50)
451
>>> solution(10)
11
"""
coins = [1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200]
number_of_ways = [0] * (pence + 1)
number_of_ways[0] = 1 # base case: 1 way to make 0 pence
for coin in coins:
for i in range(coin, pence + 1, 1):
number_of_ways[i] += number_of_ways[i - coin]
return number_of_ways[pence]
if __name__ == "__main__":
assert solution(200) == 73682
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadth-first_search
pseudo-code:
breadth_first_search(graph G, start vertex s):
// all nodes initially unexplored
mark s as explored
let Q = queue data structure, initialized with s
while Q is non-empty:
remove the first node of Q, call it v
for each edge(v, w): // for w in graph[v]
if w unexplored:
mark w as explored
add w to Q (at the end)
"""
from __future__ import annotations
G = {
"A": ["B", "C"],
"B": ["A", "D", "E"],
"C": ["A", "F"],
"D": ["B"],
"E": ["B", "F"],
"F": ["C", "E"],
}
def breadth_first_search(graph: dict, start: str) -> set[str]:
"""
>>> ''.join(sorted(breadth_first_search(G, 'A')))
'ABCDEF'
"""
explored = {start}
queue = [start]
while queue:
v = queue.pop(0) # queue.popleft()
for w in graph[v]:
if w not in explored:
explored.add(w)
queue.append(w)
return explored
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(breadth_first_search(G, "A"))
| """
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadth-first_search
pseudo-code:
breadth_first_search(graph G, start vertex s):
// all nodes initially unexplored
mark s as explored
let Q = queue data structure, initialized with s
while Q is non-empty:
remove the first node of Q, call it v
for each edge(v, w): // for w in graph[v]
if w unexplored:
mark w as explored
add w to Q (at the end)
"""
from __future__ import annotations
G = {
"A": ["B", "C"],
"B": ["A", "D", "E"],
"C": ["A", "F"],
"D": ["B"],
"E": ["B", "F"],
"F": ["C", "E"],
}
def breadth_first_search(graph: dict, start: str) -> set[str]:
"""
>>> ''.join(sorted(breadth_first_search(G, 'A')))
'ABCDEF'
"""
explored = {start}
queue = [start]
while queue:
v = queue.pop(0) # queue.popleft()
for w in graph[v]:
if w not in explored:
explored.add(w)
queue.append(w)
return explored
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(breadth_first_search(G, "A"))
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
In this problem, we want to determine all possible subsequences
of the given sequence. We use backtracking to solve this problem.
Time complexity: O(2^n),
where n denotes the length of the given sequence.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from typing import Any
def generate_all_subsequences(sequence: list[Any]) -> None:
create_state_space_tree(sequence, [], 0)
def create_state_space_tree(
sequence: list[Any], current_subsequence: list[Any], index: int
) -> None:
"""
Creates a state space tree to iterate through each branch using DFS.
We know that each state has exactly two children.
It terminates when it reaches the end of the given sequence.
"""
if index == len(sequence):
print(current_subsequence)
return
create_state_space_tree(sequence, current_subsequence, index + 1)
current_subsequence.append(sequence[index])
create_state_space_tree(sequence, current_subsequence, index + 1)
current_subsequence.pop()
if __name__ == "__main__":
seq: list[Any] = [3, 1, 2, 4]
generate_all_subsequences(seq)
seq.clear()
seq.extend(["A", "B", "C"])
generate_all_subsequences(seq)
| """
In this problem, we want to determine all possible subsequences
of the given sequence. We use backtracking to solve this problem.
Time complexity: O(2^n),
where n denotes the length of the given sequence.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from typing import Any
def generate_all_subsequences(sequence: list[Any]) -> None:
create_state_space_tree(sequence, [], 0)
def create_state_space_tree(
sequence: list[Any], current_subsequence: list[Any], index: int
) -> None:
"""
Creates a state space tree to iterate through each branch using DFS.
We know that each state has exactly two children.
It terminates when it reaches the end of the given sequence.
"""
if index == len(sequence):
print(current_subsequence)
return
create_state_space_tree(sequence, current_subsequence, index + 1)
current_subsequence.append(sequence[index])
create_state_space_tree(sequence, current_subsequence, index + 1)
current_subsequence.pop()
if __name__ == "__main__":
seq: list[Any] = [3, 1, 2, 4]
generate_all_subsequences(seq)
seq.clear()
seq.extend(["A", "B", "C"])
generate_all_subsequences(seq)
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6bius_function
References: wikipedia:square free number
python/black : True
flake8 : True
"""
from maths.is_square_free import is_square_free
from maths.prime_factors import prime_factors
def mobius(n: int) -> int:
"""
Mobius function
>>> mobius(24)
0
>>> mobius(-1)
1
>>> mobius('asd')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: '<=' not supported between instances of 'int' and 'str'
>>> mobius(10**400)
0
>>> mobius(10**-400)
1
>>> mobius(-1424)
1
>>> mobius([1, '2', 2.0])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: '<=' not supported between instances of 'int' and 'list'
"""
factors = prime_factors(n)
if is_square_free(factors):
return -1 if len(factors) % 2 else 1
return 0
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| """
References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6bius_function
References: wikipedia:square free number
python/black : True
flake8 : True
"""
from maths.is_square_free import is_square_free
from maths.prime_factors import prime_factors
def mobius(n: int) -> int:
"""
Mobius function
>>> mobius(24)
0
>>> mobius(-1)
1
>>> mobius('asd')
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: '<=' not supported between instances of 'int' and 'str'
>>> mobius(10**400)
0
>>> mobius(10**-400)
1
>>> mobius(-1424)
1
>>> mobius([1, '2', 2.0])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
TypeError: '<=' not supported between instances of 'int' and 'list'
"""
factors = prime_factors(n)
if is_square_free(factors):
return -1 if len(factors) % 2 else 1
return 0
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| # Print all subset combinations of n element in given set of r element.
def combination_util(arr, n, r, index, data, i):
"""
Current combination is ready to be printed, print it
arr[] ---> Input Array
data[] ---> Temporary array to store current combination
start & end ---> Staring and Ending indexes in arr[]
index ---> Current index in data[]
r ---> Size of a combination to be printed
"""
if index == r:
for j in range(r):
print(data[j], end=" ")
print(" ")
return
# When no more elements are there to put in data[]
if i >= n:
return
# current is included, put next at next location
data[index] = arr[i]
combination_util(arr, n, r, index + 1, data, i + 1)
# current is excluded, replace it with
# next (Note that i+1 is passed, but
# index is not changed)
combination_util(arr, n, r, index, data, i + 1)
# The main function that prints all combinations
# of size r in arr[] of size n. This function
# mainly uses combinationUtil()
def print_combination(arr, n, r):
# A temporary array to store all combination one by one
data = [0] * r
# Print all combination using temporary array 'data[]'
combination_util(arr, n, r, 0, data, 0)
# Driver function to check for above function
arr = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
print_combination(arr, len(arr), 3)
# This code is contributed by Ambuj sahu
| # Print all subset combinations of n element in given set of r element.
def combination_util(arr, n, r, index, data, i):
"""
Current combination is ready to be printed, print it
arr[] ---> Input Array
data[] ---> Temporary array to store current combination
start & end ---> Staring and Ending indexes in arr[]
index ---> Current index in data[]
r ---> Size of a combination to be printed
"""
if index == r:
for j in range(r):
print(data[j], end=" ")
print(" ")
return
# When no more elements are there to put in data[]
if i >= n:
return
# current is included, put next at next location
data[index] = arr[i]
combination_util(arr, n, r, index + 1, data, i + 1)
# current is excluded, replace it with
# next (Note that i+1 is passed, but
# index is not changed)
combination_util(arr, n, r, index, data, i + 1)
# The main function that prints all combinations
# of size r in arr[] of size n. This function
# mainly uses combinationUtil()
def print_combination(arr, n, r):
# A temporary array to store all combination one by one
data = [0] * r
# Print all combination using temporary array 'data[]'
combination_util(arr, n, r, 0, data, 0)
# Driver function to check for above function
arr = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
print_combination(arr, len(arr), 3)
# This code is contributed by Ambuj sahu
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Project Euler Problem 35
https://projecteuler.net/problem=35
Problem Statement:
The number 197 is called a circular prime because all rotations of the digits:
197, 971, and 719, are themselves prime.
There are thirteen such primes below 100: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 31, 37, 71, 73,
79, and 97.
How many circular primes are there below one million?
To solve this problem in an efficient manner, we will first mark all the primes
below 1 million using the Seive of Eratosthenes. Then, out of all these primes,
we will rule out the numbers which contain an even digit. After this we will
generate each circular combination of the number and check if all are prime.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
seive = [True] * 1000001
i = 2
while i * i <= 1000000:
if seive[i]:
for j in range(i * i, 1000001, i):
seive[j] = False
i += 1
def is_prime(n: int) -> bool:
"""
For 2 <= n <= 1000000, return True if n is prime.
>>> is_prime(87)
False
>>> is_prime(23)
True
>>> is_prime(25363)
False
"""
return seive[n]
def contains_an_even_digit(n: int) -> bool:
"""
Return True if n contains an even digit.
>>> contains_an_even_digit(0)
True
>>> contains_an_even_digit(975317933)
False
>>> contains_an_even_digit(-245679)
True
"""
return any(digit in "02468" for digit in str(n))
def find_circular_primes(limit: int = 1000000) -> list[int]:
"""
Return circular primes below limit.
>>> len(find_circular_primes(100))
13
>>> len(find_circular_primes(1000000))
55
"""
result = [2] # result already includes the number 2.
for num in range(3, limit + 1, 2):
if is_prime(num) and not contains_an_even_digit(num):
str_num = str(num)
list_nums = [int(str_num[j:] + str_num[:j]) for j in range(len(str_num))]
if all(is_prime(i) for i in list_nums):
result.append(num)
return result
def solution() -> int:
"""
>>> solution()
55
"""
return len(find_circular_primes())
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{len(find_circular_primes()) = }")
| """
Project Euler Problem 35
https://projecteuler.net/problem=35
Problem Statement:
The number 197 is called a circular prime because all rotations of the digits:
197, 971, and 719, are themselves prime.
There are thirteen such primes below 100: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 31, 37, 71, 73,
79, and 97.
How many circular primes are there below one million?
To solve this problem in an efficient manner, we will first mark all the primes
below 1 million using the Seive of Eratosthenes. Then, out of all these primes,
we will rule out the numbers which contain an even digit. After this we will
generate each circular combination of the number and check if all are prime.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
seive = [True] * 1000001
i = 2
while i * i <= 1000000:
if seive[i]:
for j in range(i * i, 1000001, i):
seive[j] = False
i += 1
def is_prime(n: int) -> bool:
"""
For 2 <= n <= 1000000, return True if n is prime.
>>> is_prime(87)
False
>>> is_prime(23)
True
>>> is_prime(25363)
False
"""
return seive[n]
def contains_an_even_digit(n: int) -> bool:
"""
Return True if n contains an even digit.
>>> contains_an_even_digit(0)
True
>>> contains_an_even_digit(975317933)
False
>>> contains_an_even_digit(-245679)
True
"""
return any(digit in "02468" for digit in str(n))
def find_circular_primes(limit: int = 1000000) -> list[int]:
"""
Return circular primes below limit.
>>> len(find_circular_primes(100))
13
>>> len(find_circular_primes(1000000))
55
"""
result = [2] # result already includes the number 2.
for num in range(3, limit + 1, 2):
if is_prime(num) and not contains_an_even_digit(num):
str_num = str(num)
list_nums = [int(str_num[j:] + str_num[:j]) for j in range(len(str_num))]
if all(is_prime(i) for i in list_nums):
result.append(num)
return result
def solution() -> int:
"""
>>> solution()
55
"""
return len(find_circular_primes())
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{len(find_circular_primes()) = }")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
References:
- http://neuralnetworksanddeeplearning.com/chap2.html (Backpropagation)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmoid_function (Sigmoid activation function)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedforward_neural_network (Feedforward)
"""
import numpy
class TwoHiddenLayerNeuralNetwork:
def __init__(self, input_array: numpy.ndarray, output_array: numpy.ndarray) -> None:
"""
This function initializes the TwoHiddenLayerNeuralNetwork class with random
weights for every layer and initializes predicted output with zeroes.
input_array : input values for training the neural network (i.e training data) .
output_array : expected output values of the given inputs.
"""
# Input values provided for training the model.
self.input_array = input_array
# Random initial weights are assigned where first argument is the
# number of nodes in previous layer and second argument is the
# number of nodes in the next layer.
# Random initial weights are assigned.
# self.input_array.shape[1] is used to represent number of nodes in input layer.
# First hidden layer consists of 4 nodes.
self.input_layer_and_first_hidden_layer_weights = numpy.random.rand(
self.input_array.shape[1], 4
)
# Random initial values for the first hidden layer.
# First hidden layer has 4 nodes.
# Second hidden layer has 3 nodes.
self.first_hidden_layer_and_second_hidden_layer_weights = numpy.random.rand(
4, 3
)
# Random initial values for the second hidden layer.
# Second hidden layer has 3 nodes.
# Output layer has 1 node.
self.second_hidden_layer_and_output_layer_weights = numpy.random.rand(3, 1)
# Real output values provided.
self.output_array = output_array
# Predicted output values by the neural network.
# Predicted_output array initially consists of zeroes.
self.predicted_output = numpy.zeros(output_array.shape)
def feedforward(self) -> numpy.ndarray:
"""
The information moves in only one direction i.e. forward from the input nodes,
through the two hidden nodes and to the output nodes.
There are no cycles or loops in the network.
Return layer_between_second_hidden_layer_and_output
(i.e the last layer of the neural network).
>>> input_val = numpy.array(([0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]), dtype=float)
>>> output_val = numpy.array(([0], [0], [0]), dtype=float)
>>> nn = TwoHiddenLayerNeuralNetwork(input_val, output_val)
>>> res = nn.feedforward()
>>> array_sum = numpy.sum(res)
>>> numpy.isnan(array_sum)
False
"""
# Layer_between_input_and_first_hidden_layer is the layer connecting the
# input nodes with the first hidden layer nodes.
self.layer_between_input_and_first_hidden_layer = sigmoid(
numpy.dot(self.input_array, self.input_layer_and_first_hidden_layer_weights)
)
# layer_between_first_hidden_layer_and_second_hidden_layer is the layer
# connecting the first hidden set of nodes with the second hidden set of nodes.
self.layer_between_first_hidden_layer_and_second_hidden_layer = sigmoid(
numpy.dot(
self.layer_between_input_and_first_hidden_layer,
self.first_hidden_layer_and_second_hidden_layer_weights,
)
)
# layer_between_second_hidden_layer_and_output is the layer connecting
# second hidden layer with the output node.
self.layer_between_second_hidden_layer_and_output = sigmoid(
numpy.dot(
self.layer_between_first_hidden_layer_and_second_hidden_layer,
self.second_hidden_layer_and_output_layer_weights,
)
)
return self.layer_between_second_hidden_layer_and_output
def back_propagation(self) -> None:
"""
Function for fine-tuning the weights of the neural net based on the
error rate obtained in the previous epoch (i.e., iteration).
Updation is done using derivative of sogmoid activation function.
>>> input_val = numpy.array(([0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]), dtype=float)
>>> output_val = numpy.array(([0], [0], [0]), dtype=float)
>>> nn = TwoHiddenLayerNeuralNetwork(input_val, output_val)
>>> res = nn.feedforward()
>>> nn.back_propagation()
>>> updated_weights = nn.second_hidden_layer_and_output_layer_weights
>>> (res == updated_weights).all()
False
"""
updated_second_hidden_layer_and_output_layer_weights = numpy.dot(
self.layer_between_first_hidden_layer_and_second_hidden_layer.T,
2
* (self.output_array - self.predicted_output)
* sigmoid_derivative(self.predicted_output),
)
updated_first_hidden_layer_and_second_hidden_layer_weights = numpy.dot(
self.layer_between_input_and_first_hidden_layer.T,
numpy.dot(
2
* (self.output_array - self.predicted_output)
* sigmoid_derivative(self.predicted_output),
self.second_hidden_layer_and_output_layer_weights.T,
)
* sigmoid_derivative(
self.layer_between_first_hidden_layer_and_second_hidden_layer
),
)
updated_input_layer_and_first_hidden_layer_weights = numpy.dot(
self.input_array.T,
numpy.dot(
numpy.dot(
2
* (self.output_array - self.predicted_output)
* sigmoid_derivative(self.predicted_output),
self.second_hidden_layer_and_output_layer_weights.T,
)
* sigmoid_derivative(
self.layer_between_first_hidden_layer_and_second_hidden_layer
),
self.first_hidden_layer_and_second_hidden_layer_weights.T,
)
* sigmoid_derivative(self.layer_between_input_and_first_hidden_layer),
)
self.input_layer_and_first_hidden_layer_weights += (
updated_input_layer_and_first_hidden_layer_weights
)
self.first_hidden_layer_and_second_hidden_layer_weights += (
updated_first_hidden_layer_and_second_hidden_layer_weights
)
self.second_hidden_layer_and_output_layer_weights += (
updated_second_hidden_layer_and_output_layer_weights
)
def train(self, output: numpy.ndarray, iterations: int, give_loss: bool) -> None:
"""
Performs the feedforwarding and back propagation process for the
given number of iterations.
Every iteration will update the weights of neural network.
output : real output values,required for calculating loss.
iterations : number of times the weights are to be updated.
give_loss : boolean value, If True then prints loss for each iteration,
If False then nothing is printed
>>> input_val = numpy.array(([0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]), dtype=float)
>>> output_val = numpy.array(([0], [1], [1]), dtype=float)
>>> nn = TwoHiddenLayerNeuralNetwork(input_val, output_val)
>>> first_iteration_weights = nn.feedforward()
>>> nn.back_propagation()
>>> updated_weights = nn.second_hidden_layer_and_output_layer_weights
>>> (first_iteration_weights == updated_weights).all()
False
"""
for iteration in range(1, iterations + 1):
self.output = self.feedforward()
self.back_propagation()
if give_loss:
loss = numpy.mean(numpy.square(output - self.feedforward()))
print(f"Iteration {iteration} Loss: {loss}")
def predict(self, input: numpy.ndarray) -> int:
"""
Predict's the output for the given input values using
the trained neural network.
The output value given by the model ranges in-between 0 and 1.
The predict function returns 1 if the model value is greater
than the threshold value else returns 0,
as the real output values are in binary.
>>> input_val = numpy.array(([0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]), dtype=float)
>>> output_val = numpy.array(([0], [1], [1]), dtype=float)
>>> nn = TwoHiddenLayerNeuralNetwork(input_val, output_val)
>>> nn.train(output_val, 1000, False)
>>> nn.predict([0,1,0]) in (0, 1)
True
"""
# Input values for which the predictions are to be made.
self.array = input
self.layer_between_input_and_first_hidden_layer = sigmoid(
numpy.dot(self.array, self.input_layer_and_first_hidden_layer_weights)
)
self.layer_between_first_hidden_layer_and_second_hidden_layer = sigmoid(
numpy.dot(
self.layer_between_input_and_first_hidden_layer,
self.first_hidden_layer_and_second_hidden_layer_weights,
)
)
self.layer_between_second_hidden_layer_and_output = sigmoid(
numpy.dot(
self.layer_between_first_hidden_layer_and_second_hidden_layer,
self.second_hidden_layer_and_output_layer_weights,
)
)
return int(self.layer_between_second_hidden_layer_and_output > 0.6)
def sigmoid(value: numpy.ndarray) -> numpy.ndarray:
"""
Applies sigmoid activation function.
return normalized values
>>> sigmoid(numpy.array(([1, 0, 2], [1, 0, 0]), dtype=numpy.float64))
array([[0.73105858, 0.5 , 0.88079708],
[0.73105858, 0.5 , 0.5 ]])
"""
return 1 / (1 + numpy.exp(-value))
def sigmoid_derivative(value: numpy.ndarray) -> numpy.ndarray:
"""
Provides the derivative value of the sigmoid function.
returns derivative of the sigmoid value
>>> sigmoid_derivative(numpy.array(([1, 0, 2], [1, 0, 0]), dtype=numpy.float64))
array([[ 0., 0., -2.],
[ 0., 0., 0.]])
"""
return (value) * (1 - (value))
def example() -> int:
"""
Example for "how to use the neural network class and use the
respected methods for the desired output".
Calls the TwoHiddenLayerNeuralNetwork class and
provides the fixed input output values to the model.
Model is trained for a fixed amount of iterations then the predict method is called.
In this example the output is divided into 2 classes i.e. binary classification,
the two classes are represented by '0' and '1'.
>>> example() in (0, 1)
True
"""
# Input values.
input = numpy.array(
(
[0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 1],
[0, 1, 0],
[0, 1, 1],
[1, 0, 0],
[1, 0, 1],
[1, 1, 0],
[1, 1, 1],
),
dtype=numpy.float64,
)
# True output values for the given input values.
output = numpy.array(([0], [1], [1], [0], [1], [0], [0], [1]), dtype=numpy.float64)
# Calling neural network class.
neural_network = TwoHiddenLayerNeuralNetwork(input_array=input, output_array=output)
# Calling training function.
# Set give_loss to True if you want to see loss in every iteration.
neural_network.train(output=output, iterations=10, give_loss=False)
return neural_network.predict(numpy.array(([1, 1, 1]), dtype=numpy.float64))
if __name__ == "__main__":
example()
| """
References:
- http://neuralnetworksanddeeplearning.com/chap2.html (Backpropagation)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmoid_function (Sigmoid activation function)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedforward_neural_network (Feedforward)
"""
import numpy
class TwoHiddenLayerNeuralNetwork:
def __init__(self, input_array: numpy.ndarray, output_array: numpy.ndarray) -> None:
"""
This function initializes the TwoHiddenLayerNeuralNetwork class with random
weights for every layer and initializes predicted output with zeroes.
input_array : input values for training the neural network (i.e training data) .
output_array : expected output values of the given inputs.
"""
# Input values provided for training the model.
self.input_array = input_array
# Random initial weights are assigned where first argument is the
# number of nodes in previous layer and second argument is the
# number of nodes in the next layer.
# Random initial weights are assigned.
# self.input_array.shape[1] is used to represent number of nodes in input layer.
# First hidden layer consists of 4 nodes.
self.input_layer_and_first_hidden_layer_weights = numpy.random.rand(
self.input_array.shape[1], 4
)
# Random initial values for the first hidden layer.
# First hidden layer has 4 nodes.
# Second hidden layer has 3 nodes.
self.first_hidden_layer_and_second_hidden_layer_weights = numpy.random.rand(
4, 3
)
# Random initial values for the second hidden layer.
# Second hidden layer has 3 nodes.
# Output layer has 1 node.
self.second_hidden_layer_and_output_layer_weights = numpy.random.rand(3, 1)
# Real output values provided.
self.output_array = output_array
# Predicted output values by the neural network.
# Predicted_output array initially consists of zeroes.
self.predicted_output = numpy.zeros(output_array.shape)
def feedforward(self) -> numpy.ndarray:
"""
The information moves in only one direction i.e. forward from the input nodes,
through the two hidden nodes and to the output nodes.
There are no cycles or loops in the network.
Return layer_between_second_hidden_layer_and_output
(i.e the last layer of the neural network).
>>> input_val = numpy.array(([0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]), dtype=float)
>>> output_val = numpy.array(([0], [0], [0]), dtype=float)
>>> nn = TwoHiddenLayerNeuralNetwork(input_val, output_val)
>>> res = nn.feedforward()
>>> array_sum = numpy.sum(res)
>>> numpy.isnan(array_sum)
False
"""
# Layer_between_input_and_first_hidden_layer is the layer connecting the
# input nodes with the first hidden layer nodes.
self.layer_between_input_and_first_hidden_layer = sigmoid(
numpy.dot(self.input_array, self.input_layer_and_first_hidden_layer_weights)
)
# layer_between_first_hidden_layer_and_second_hidden_layer is the layer
# connecting the first hidden set of nodes with the second hidden set of nodes.
self.layer_between_first_hidden_layer_and_second_hidden_layer = sigmoid(
numpy.dot(
self.layer_between_input_and_first_hidden_layer,
self.first_hidden_layer_and_second_hidden_layer_weights,
)
)
# layer_between_second_hidden_layer_and_output is the layer connecting
# second hidden layer with the output node.
self.layer_between_second_hidden_layer_and_output = sigmoid(
numpy.dot(
self.layer_between_first_hidden_layer_and_second_hidden_layer,
self.second_hidden_layer_and_output_layer_weights,
)
)
return self.layer_between_second_hidden_layer_and_output
def back_propagation(self) -> None:
"""
Function for fine-tuning the weights of the neural net based on the
error rate obtained in the previous epoch (i.e., iteration).
Updation is done using derivative of sogmoid activation function.
>>> input_val = numpy.array(([0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0]), dtype=float)
>>> output_val = numpy.array(([0], [0], [0]), dtype=float)
>>> nn = TwoHiddenLayerNeuralNetwork(input_val, output_val)
>>> res = nn.feedforward()
>>> nn.back_propagation()
>>> updated_weights = nn.second_hidden_layer_and_output_layer_weights
>>> (res == updated_weights).all()
False
"""
updated_second_hidden_layer_and_output_layer_weights = numpy.dot(
self.layer_between_first_hidden_layer_and_second_hidden_layer.T,
2
* (self.output_array - self.predicted_output)
* sigmoid_derivative(self.predicted_output),
)
updated_first_hidden_layer_and_second_hidden_layer_weights = numpy.dot(
self.layer_between_input_and_first_hidden_layer.T,
numpy.dot(
2
* (self.output_array - self.predicted_output)
* sigmoid_derivative(self.predicted_output),
self.second_hidden_layer_and_output_layer_weights.T,
)
* sigmoid_derivative(
self.layer_between_first_hidden_layer_and_second_hidden_layer
),
)
updated_input_layer_and_first_hidden_layer_weights = numpy.dot(
self.input_array.T,
numpy.dot(
numpy.dot(
2
* (self.output_array - self.predicted_output)
* sigmoid_derivative(self.predicted_output),
self.second_hidden_layer_and_output_layer_weights.T,
)
* sigmoid_derivative(
self.layer_between_first_hidden_layer_and_second_hidden_layer
),
self.first_hidden_layer_and_second_hidden_layer_weights.T,
)
* sigmoid_derivative(self.layer_between_input_and_first_hidden_layer),
)
self.input_layer_and_first_hidden_layer_weights += (
updated_input_layer_and_first_hidden_layer_weights
)
self.first_hidden_layer_and_second_hidden_layer_weights += (
updated_first_hidden_layer_and_second_hidden_layer_weights
)
self.second_hidden_layer_and_output_layer_weights += (
updated_second_hidden_layer_and_output_layer_weights
)
def train(self, output: numpy.ndarray, iterations: int, give_loss: bool) -> None:
"""
Performs the feedforwarding and back propagation process for the
given number of iterations.
Every iteration will update the weights of neural network.
output : real output values,required for calculating loss.
iterations : number of times the weights are to be updated.
give_loss : boolean value, If True then prints loss for each iteration,
If False then nothing is printed
>>> input_val = numpy.array(([0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]), dtype=float)
>>> output_val = numpy.array(([0], [1], [1]), dtype=float)
>>> nn = TwoHiddenLayerNeuralNetwork(input_val, output_val)
>>> first_iteration_weights = nn.feedforward()
>>> nn.back_propagation()
>>> updated_weights = nn.second_hidden_layer_and_output_layer_weights
>>> (first_iteration_weights == updated_weights).all()
False
"""
for iteration in range(1, iterations + 1):
self.output = self.feedforward()
self.back_propagation()
if give_loss:
loss = numpy.mean(numpy.square(output - self.feedforward()))
print(f"Iteration {iteration} Loss: {loss}")
def predict(self, input: numpy.ndarray) -> int:
"""
Predict's the output for the given input values using
the trained neural network.
The output value given by the model ranges in-between 0 and 1.
The predict function returns 1 if the model value is greater
than the threshold value else returns 0,
as the real output values are in binary.
>>> input_val = numpy.array(([0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]), dtype=float)
>>> output_val = numpy.array(([0], [1], [1]), dtype=float)
>>> nn = TwoHiddenLayerNeuralNetwork(input_val, output_val)
>>> nn.train(output_val, 1000, False)
>>> nn.predict([0,1,0]) in (0, 1)
True
"""
# Input values for which the predictions are to be made.
self.array = input
self.layer_between_input_and_first_hidden_layer = sigmoid(
numpy.dot(self.array, self.input_layer_and_first_hidden_layer_weights)
)
self.layer_between_first_hidden_layer_and_second_hidden_layer = sigmoid(
numpy.dot(
self.layer_between_input_and_first_hidden_layer,
self.first_hidden_layer_and_second_hidden_layer_weights,
)
)
self.layer_between_second_hidden_layer_and_output = sigmoid(
numpy.dot(
self.layer_between_first_hidden_layer_and_second_hidden_layer,
self.second_hidden_layer_and_output_layer_weights,
)
)
return int(self.layer_between_second_hidden_layer_and_output > 0.6)
def sigmoid(value: numpy.ndarray) -> numpy.ndarray:
"""
Applies sigmoid activation function.
return normalized values
>>> sigmoid(numpy.array(([1, 0, 2], [1, 0, 0]), dtype=numpy.float64))
array([[0.73105858, 0.5 , 0.88079708],
[0.73105858, 0.5 , 0.5 ]])
"""
return 1 / (1 + numpy.exp(-value))
def sigmoid_derivative(value: numpy.ndarray) -> numpy.ndarray:
"""
Provides the derivative value of the sigmoid function.
returns derivative of the sigmoid value
>>> sigmoid_derivative(numpy.array(([1, 0, 2], [1, 0, 0]), dtype=numpy.float64))
array([[ 0., 0., -2.],
[ 0., 0., 0.]])
"""
return (value) * (1 - (value))
def example() -> int:
"""
Example for "how to use the neural network class and use the
respected methods for the desired output".
Calls the TwoHiddenLayerNeuralNetwork class and
provides the fixed input output values to the model.
Model is trained for a fixed amount of iterations then the predict method is called.
In this example the output is divided into 2 classes i.e. binary classification,
the two classes are represented by '0' and '1'.
>>> example() in (0, 1)
True
"""
# Input values.
input = numpy.array(
(
[0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 1],
[0, 1, 0],
[0, 1, 1],
[1, 0, 0],
[1, 0, 1],
[1, 1, 0],
[1, 1, 1],
),
dtype=numpy.float64,
)
# True output values for the given input values.
output = numpy.array(([0], [1], [1], [0], [1], [0], [0], [1]), dtype=numpy.float64)
# Calling neural network class.
neural_network = TwoHiddenLayerNeuralNetwork(input_array=input, output_array=output)
# Calling training function.
# Set give_loss to True if you want to see loss in every iteration.
neural_network.train(output=output, iterations=10, give_loss=False)
return neural_network.predict(numpy.array(([1, 1, 1]), dtype=numpy.float64))
if __name__ == "__main__":
example()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| from __future__ import annotations
from .abs import abs_val
def abs_min(x: list[int]) -> int:
"""
>>> abs_min([0,5,1,11])
0
>>> abs_min([3,-10,-2])
-2
>>> abs_min([])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: abs_min() arg is an empty sequence
"""
if len(x) == 0:
raise ValueError("abs_min() arg is an empty sequence")
j = x[0]
for i in x:
if abs_val(i) < abs_val(j):
j = i
return j
def main():
a = [-3, -1, 2, -11]
print(abs_min(a)) # = -1
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod(verbose=True)
main()
| from __future__ import annotations
from .abs import abs_val
def abs_min(x: list[int]) -> int:
"""
>>> abs_min([0,5,1,11])
0
>>> abs_min([3,-10,-2])
-2
>>> abs_min([])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: abs_min() arg is an empty sequence
"""
if len(x) == 0:
raise ValueError("abs_min() arg is an empty sequence")
j = x[0]
for i in x:
if abs_val(i) < abs_val(j):
j = i
return j
def main():
a = [-3, -1, 2, -11]
print(abs_min(a)) # = -1
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod(verbose=True)
main()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Project Euler Problem 91: https://projecteuler.net/problem=91
The points P (x1, y1) and Q (x2, y2) are plotted at integer coordinates and
are joined to the origin, O(0,0), to form ΔOPQ.

There are exactly fourteen triangles containing a right angle that can be formed
when each coordinate lies between 0 and 2 inclusive; that is,
0 ≤ x1, y1, x2, y2 ≤ 2.

Given that 0 ≤ x1, y1, x2, y2 ≤ 50, how many right triangles can be formed?
"""
from itertools import combinations, product
def is_right(x1: int, y1: int, x2: int, y2: int) -> bool:
"""
Check if the triangle described by P(x1,y1), Q(x2,y2) and O(0,0) is right-angled.
Note: this doesn't check if P and Q are equal, but that's handled by the use of
itertools.combinations in the solution function.
>>> is_right(0, 1, 2, 0)
True
>>> is_right(1, 0, 2, 2)
False
"""
if x1 == y1 == 0 or x2 == y2 == 0:
return False
a_square = x1 * x1 + y1 * y1
b_square = x2 * x2 + y2 * y2
c_square = (x1 - x2) * (x1 - x2) + (y1 - y2) * (y1 - y2)
return (
a_square + b_square == c_square
or a_square + c_square == b_square
or b_square + c_square == a_square
)
def solution(limit: int = 50) -> int:
"""
Return the number of right triangles OPQ that can be formed by two points P, Q
which have both x- and y- coordinates between 0 and limit inclusive.
>>> solution(2)
14
>>> solution(10)
448
"""
return sum(
1
for pt1, pt2 in combinations(product(range(limit + 1), repeat=2), 2)
if is_right(*pt1, *pt2)
)
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| """
Project Euler Problem 91: https://projecteuler.net/problem=91
The points P (x1, y1) and Q (x2, y2) are plotted at integer coordinates and
are joined to the origin, O(0,0), to form ΔOPQ.

There are exactly fourteen triangles containing a right angle that can be formed
when each coordinate lies between 0 and 2 inclusive; that is,
0 ≤ x1, y1, x2, y2 ≤ 2.

Given that 0 ≤ x1, y1, x2, y2 ≤ 50, how many right triangles can be formed?
"""
from itertools import combinations, product
def is_right(x1: int, y1: int, x2: int, y2: int) -> bool:
"""
Check if the triangle described by P(x1,y1), Q(x2,y2) and O(0,0) is right-angled.
Note: this doesn't check if P and Q are equal, but that's handled by the use of
itertools.combinations in the solution function.
>>> is_right(0, 1, 2, 0)
True
>>> is_right(1, 0, 2, 2)
False
"""
if x1 == y1 == 0 or x2 == y2 == 0:
return False
a_square = x1 * x1 + y1 * y1
b_square = x2 * x2 + y2 * y2
c_square = (x1 - x2) * (x1 - x2) + (y1 - y2) * (y1 - y2)
return (
a_square + b_square == c_square
or a_square + c_square == b_square
or b_square + c_square == a_square
)
def solution(limit: int = 50) -> int:
"""
Return the number of right triangles OPQ that can be formed by two points P, Q
which have both x- and y- coordinates between 0 and limit inclusive.
>>> solution(2)
14
>>> solution(10)
448
"""
return sum(
1
for pt1, pt2 in combinations(product(range(limit + 1), repeat=2), 2)
if is_right(*pt1, *pt2)
)
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(f"{solution() = }")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| def moveTower(height, fromPole, toPole, withPole):
"""
>>> moveTower(3, 'A', 'B', 'C')
moving disk from A to B
moving disk from A to C
moving disk from B to C
moving disk from A to B
moving disk from C to A
moving disk from C to B
moving disk from A to B
"""
if height >= 1:
moveTower(height - 1, fromPole, withPole, toPole)
moveDisk(fromPole, toPole)
moveTower(height - 1, withPole, toPole, fromPole)
def moveDisk(fp, tp):
print("moving disk from", fp, "to", tp)
def main():
height = int(input("Height of hanoi: ").strip())
moveTower(height, "A", "B", "C")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| def moveTower(height, fromPole, toPole, withPole):
"""
>>> moveTower(3, 'A', 'B', 'C')
moving disk from A to B
moving disk from A to C
moving disk from B to C
moving disk from A to B
moving disk from C to A
moving disk from C to B
moving disk from A to B
"""
if height >= 1:
moveTower(height - 1, fromPole, withPole, toPole)
moveDisk(fromPole, toPole)
moveTower(height - 1, withPole, toPole, fromPole)
def moveDisk(fp, tp):
print("moving disk from", fp, "to", tp)
def main():
height = int(input("Height of hanoi: ").strip())
moveTower(height, "A", "B", "C")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Prim's (also known as Jarník's) algorithm is a greedy algorithm that finds a minimum
spanning tree for a weighted undirected graph. This means it finds a subset of the
edges that forms a tree that includes every vertex, where the total weight of all the
edges in the tree is minimized. The algorithm operates by building this tree one vertex
at a time, from an arbitrary starting vertex, at each step adding the cheapest possible
connection from the tree to another vertex.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from sys import maxsize
from typing import Generic, TypeVar
T = TypeVar("T")
def get_parent_position(position: int) -> int:
"""
heap helper function get the position of the parent of the current node
>>> get_parent_position(1)
0
>>> get_parent_position(2)
0
"""
return (position - 1) // 2
def get_child_left_position(position: int) -> int:
"""
heap helper function get the position of the left child of the current node
>>> get_child_left_position(0)
1
"""
return (2 * position) + 1
def get_child_right_position(position: int) -> int:
"""
heap helper function get the position of the right child of the current node
>>> get_child_right_position(0)
2
"""
return (2 * position) + 2
class MinPriorityQueue(Generic[T]):
"""
Minimum Priority Queue Class
Functions:
is_empty: function to check if the priority queue is empty
push: function to add an element with given priority to the queue
extract_min: function to remove and return the element with lowest weight (highest
priority)
update_key: function to update the weight of the given key
_bubble_up: helper function to place a node at the proper position (upward
movement)
_bubble_down: helper function to place a node at the proper position (downward
movement)
_swap_nodes: helper function to swap the nodes at the given positions
>>> queue = MinPriorityQueue()
>>> queue.push(1, 1000)
>>> queue.push(2, 100)
>>> queue.push(3, 4000)
>>> queue.push(4, 3000)
>>> print(queue.extract_min())
2
>>> queue.update_key(4, 50)
>>> print(queue.extract_min())
4
>>> print(queue.extract_min())
1
>>> print(queue.extract_min())
3
"""
def __init__(self) -> None:
self.heap: list[tuple[T, int]] = []
self.position_map: dict[T, int] = {}
self.elements: int = 0
def __len__(self) -> int:
return self.elements
def __repr__(self) -> str:
return str(self.heap)
def is_empty(self) -> bool:
# Check if the priority queue is empty
return self.elements == 0
def push(self, elem: T, weight: int) -> None:
# Add an element with given priority to the queue
self.heap.append((elem, weight))
self.position_map[elem] = self.elements
self.elements += 1
self._bubble_up(elem)
def extract_min(self) -> T:
# Remove and return the element with lowest weight (highest priority)
if self.elements > 1:
self._swap_nodes(0, self.elements - 1)
elem, _ = self.heap.pop()
del self.position_map[elem]
self.elements -= 1
if self.elements > 0:
bubble_down_elem, _ = self.heap[0]
self._bubble_down(bubble_down_elem)
return elem
def update_key(self, elem: T, weight: int) -> None:
# Update the weight of the given key
position = self.position_map[elem]
self.heap[position] = (elem, weight)
if position > 0:
parent_position = get_parent_position(position)
_, parent_weight = self.heap[parent_position]
if parent_weight > weight:
self._bubble_up(elem)
else:
self._bubble_down(elem)
else:
self._bubble_down(elem)
def _bubble_up(self, elem: T) -> None:
# Place a node at the proper position (upward movement) [to be used internally
# only]
curr_pos = self.position_map[elem]
if curr_pos == 0:
return
parent_position = get_parent_position(curr_pos)
_, weight = self.heap[curr_pos]
_, parent_weight = self.heap[parent_position]
if parent_weight > weight:
self._swap_nodes(parent_position, curr_pos)
return self._bubble_up(elem)
return
def _bubble_down(self, elem: T) -> None:
# Place a node at the proper position (downward movement) [to be used
# internally only]
curr_pos = self.position_map[elem]
_, weight = self.heap[curr_pos]
child_left_position = get_child_left_position(curr_pos)
child_right_position = get_child_right_position(curr_pos)
if child_left_position < self.elements and child_right_position < self.elements:
_, child_left_weight = self.heap[child_left_position]
_, child_right_weight = self.heap[child_right_position]
if child_right_weight < child_left_weight:
if child_right_weight < weight:
self._swap_nodes(child_right_position, curr_pos)
return self._bubble_down(elem)
if child_left_position < self.elements:
_, child_left_weight = self.heap[child_left_position]
if child_left_weight < weight:
self._swap_nodes(child_left_position, curr_pos)
return self._bubble_down(elem)
else:
return
if child_right_position < self.elements:
_, child_right_weight = self.heap[child_right_position]
if child_right_weight < weight:
self._swap_nodes(child_right_position, curr_pos)
return self._bubble_down(elem)
else:
return
def _swap_nodes(self, node1_pos: int, node2_pos: int) -> None:
# Swap the nodes at the given positions
node1_elem = self.heap[node1_pos][0]
node2_elem = self.heap[node2_pos][0]
self.heap[node1_pos], self.heap[node2_pos] = (
self.heap[node2_pos],
self.heap[node1_pos],
)
self.position_map[node1_elem] = node2_pos
self.position_map[node2_elem] = node1_pos
class GraphUndirectedWeighted(Generic[T]):
"""
Graph Undirected Weighted Class
Functions:
add_node: function to add a node in the graph
add_edge: function to add an edge between 2 nodes in the graph
"""
def __init__(self) -> None:
self.connections: dict[T, dict[T, int]] = {}
self.nodes: int = 0
def __repr__(self) -> str:
return str(self.connections)
def __len__(self) -> int:
return self.nodes
def add_node(self, node: T) -> None:
# Add a node in the graph if it is not in the graph
if node not in self.connections:
self.connections[node] = {}
self.nodes += 1
def add_edge(self, node1: T, node2: T, weight: int) -> None:
# Add an edge between 2 nodes in the graph
self.add_node(node1)
self.add_node(node2)
self.connections[node1][node2] = weight
self.connections[node2][node1] = weight
def prims_algo(
graph: GraphUndirectedWeighted[T],
) -> tuple[dict[T, int], dict[T, T | None]]:
"""
>>> graph = GraphUndirectedWeighted()
>>> graph.add_edge("a", "b", 3)
>>> graph.add_edge("b", "c", 10)
>>> graph.add_edge("c", "d", 5)
>>> graph.add_edge("a", "c", 15)
>>> graph.add_edge("b", "d", 100)
>>> dist, parent = prims_algo(graph)
>>> abs(dist["a"] - dist["b"])
3
>>> abs(dist["d"] - dist["b"])
15
>>> abs(dist["a"] - dist["c"])
13
"""
# prim's algorithm for minimum spanning tree
dist: dict[T, int] = {node: maxsize for node in graph.connections}
parent: dict[T, T | None] = {node: None for node in graph.connections}
priority_queue: MinPriorityQueue[T] = MinPriorityQueue()
for node, weight in dist.items():
priority_queue.push(node, weight)
if priority_queue.is_empty():
return dist, parent
# initialization
node = priority_queue.extract_min()
dist[node] = 0
for neighbour in graph.connections[node]:
if dist[neighbour] > dist[node] + graph.connections[node][neighbour]:
dist[neighbour] = dist[node] + graph.connections[node][neighbour]
priority_queue.update_key(neighbour, dist[neighbour])
parent[neighbour] = node
# running prim's algorithm
while not priority_queue.is_empty():
node = priority_queue.extract_min()
for neighbour in graph.connections[node]:
if dist[neighbour] > dist[node] + graph.connections[node][neighbour]:
dist[neighbour] = dist[node] + graph.connections[node][neighbour]
priority_queue.update_key(neighbour, dist[neighbour])
parent[neighbour] = node
return dist, parent
| """
Prim's (also known as Jarník's) algorithm is a greedy algorithm that finds a minimum
spanning tree for a weighted undirected graph. This means it finds a subset of the
edges that forms a tree that includes every vertex, where the total weight of all the
edges in the tree is minimized. The algorithm operates by building this tree one vertex
at a time, from an arbitrary starting vertex, at each step adding the cheapest possible
connection from the tree to another vertex.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from sys import maxsize
from typing import Generic, TypeVar
T = TypeVar("T")
def get_parent_position(position: int) -> int:
"""
heap helper function get the position of the parent of the current node
>>> get_parent_position(1)
0
>>> get_parent_position(2)
0
"""
return (position - 1) // 2
def get_child_left_position(position: int) -> int:
"""
heap helper function get the position of the left child of the current node
>>> get_child_left_position(0)
1
"""
return (2 * position) + 1
def get_child_right_position(position: int) -> int:
"""
heap helper function get the position of the right child of the current node
>>> get_child_right_position(0)
2
"""
return (2 * position) + 2
class MinPriorityQueue(Generic[T]):
"""
Minimum Priority Queue Class
Functions:
is_empty: function to check if the priority queue is empty
push: function to add an element with given priority to the queue
extract_min: function to remove and return the element with lowest weight (highest
priority)
update_key: function to update the weight of the given key
_bubble_up: helper function to place a node at the proper position (upward
movement)
_bubble_down: helper function to place a node at the proper position (downward
movement)
_swap_nodes: helper function to swap the nodes at the given positions
>>> queue = MinPriorityQueue()
>>> queue.push(1, 1000)
>>> queue.push(2, 100)
>>> queue.push(3, 4000)
>>> queue.push(4, 3000)
>>> print(queue.extract_min())
2
>>> queue.update_key(4, 50)
>>> print(queue.extract_min())
4
>>> print(queue.extract_min())
1
>>> print(queue.extract_min())
3
"""
def __init__(self) -> None:
self.heap: list[tuple[T, int]] = []
self.position_map: dict[T, int] = {}
self.elements: int = 0
def __len__(self) -> int:
return self.elements
def __repr__(self) -> str:
return str(self.heap)
def is_empty(self) -> bool:
# Check if the priority queue is empty
return self.elements == 0
def push(self, elem: T, weight: int) -> None:
# Add an element with given priority to the queue
self.heap.append((elem, weight))
self.position_map[elem] = self.elements
self.elements += 1
self._bubble_up(elem)
def extract_min(self) -> T:
# Remove and return the element with lowest weight (highest priority)
if self.elements > 1:
self._swap_nodes(0, self.elements - 1)
elem, _ = self.heap.pop()
del self.position_map[elem]
self.elements -= 1
if self.elements > 0:
bubble_down_elem, _ = self.heap[0]
self._bubble_down(bubble_down_elem)
return elem
def update_key(self, elem: T, weight: int) -> None:
# Update the weight of the given key
position = self.position_map[elem]
self.heap[position] = (elem, weight)
if position > 0:
parent_position = get_parent_position(position)
_, parent_weight = self.heap[parent_position]
if parent_weight > weight:
self._bubble_up(elem)
else:
self._bubble_down(elem)
else:
self._bubble_down(elem)
def _bubble_up(self, elem: T) -> None:
# Place a node at the proper position (upward movement) [to be used internally
# only]
curr_pos = self.position_map[elem]
if curr_pos == 0:
return
parent_position = get_parent_position(curr_pos)
_, weight = self.heap[curr_pos]
_, parent_weight = self.heap[parent_position]
if parent_weight > weight:
self._swap_nodes(parent_position, curr_pos)
return self._bubble_up(elem)
return
def _bubble_down(self, elem: T) -> None:
# Place a node at the proper position (downward movement) [to be used
# internally only]
curr_pos = self.position_map[elem]
_, weight = self.heap[curr_pos]
child_left_position = get_child_left_position(curr_pos)
child_right_position = get_child_right_position(curr_pos)
if child_left_position < self.elements and child_right_position < self.elements:
_, child_left_weight = self.heap[child_left_position]
_, child_right_weight = self.heap[child_right_position]
if child_right_weight < child_left_weight:
if child_right_weight < weight:
self._swap_nodes(child_right_position, curr_pos)
return self._bubble_down(elem)
if child_left_position < self.elements:
_, child_left_weight = self.heap[child_left_position]
if child_left_weight < weight:
self._swap_nodes(child_left_position, curr_pos)
return self._bubble_down(elem)
else:
return
if child_right_position < self.elements:
_, child_right_weight = self.heap[child_right_position]
if child_right_weight < weight:
self._swap_nodes(child_right_position, curr_pos)
return self._bubble_down(elem)
else:
return
def _swap_nodes(self, node1_pos: int, node2_pos: int) -> None:
# Swap the nodes at the given positions
node1_elem = self.heap[node1_pos][0]
node2_elem = self.heap[node2_pos][0]
self.heap[node1_pos], self.heap[node2_pos] = (
self.heap[node2_pos],
self.heap[node1_pos],
)
self.position_map[node1_elem] = node2_pos
self.position_map[node2_elem] = node1_pos
class GraphUndirectedWeighted(Generic[T]):
"""
Graph Undirected Weighted Class
Functions:
add_node: function to add a node in the graph
add_edge: function to add an edge between 2 nodes in the graph
"""
def __init__(self) -> None:
self.connections: dict[T, dict[T, int]] = {}
self.nodes: int = 0
def __repr__(self) -> str:
return str(self.connections)
def __len__(self) -> int:
return self.nodes
def add_node(self, node: T) -> None:
# Add a node in the graph if it is not in the graph
if node not in self.connections:
self.connections[node] = {}
self.nodes += 1
def add_edge(self, node1: T, node2: T, weight: int) -> None:
# Add an edge between 2 nodes in the graph
self.add_node(node1)
self.add_node(node2)
self.connections[node1][node2] = weight
self.connections[node2][node1] = weight
def prims_algo(
graph: GraphUndirectedWeighted[T],
) -> tuple[dict[T, int], dict[T, T | None]]:
"""
>>> graph = GraphUndirectedWeighted()
>>> graph.add_edge("a", "b", 3)
>>> graph.add_edge("b", "c", 10)
>>> graph.add_edge("c", "d", 5)
>>> graph.add_edge("a", "c", 15)
>>> graph.add_edge("b", "d", 100)
>>> dist, parent = prims_algo(graph)
>>> abs(dist["a"] - dist["b"])
3
>>> abs(dist["d"] - dist["b"])
15
>>> abs(dist["a"] - dist["c"])
13
"""
# prim's algorithm for minimum spanning tree
dist: dict[T, int] = {node: maxsize for node in graph.connections}
parent: dict[T, T | None] = {node: None for node in graph.connections}
priority_queue: MinPriorityQueue[T] = MinPriorityQueue()
for node, weight in dist.items():
priority_queue.push(node, weight)
if priority_queue.is_empty():
return dist, parent
# initialization
node = priority_queue.extract_min()
dist[node] = 0
for neighbour in graph.connections[node]:
if dist[neighbour] > dist[node] + graph.connections[node][neighbour]:
dist[neighbour] = dist[node] + graph.connections[node][neighbour]
priority_queue.update_key(neighbour, dist[neighbour])
parent[neighbour] = node
# running prim's algorithm
while not priority_queue.is_empty():
node = priority_queue.extract_min()
for neighbour in graph.connections[node]:
if dist[neighbour] > dist[node] + graph.connections[node][neighbour]:
dist[neighbour] = dist[node] + graph.connections[node][neighbour]
priority_queue.update_key(neighbour, dist[neighbour])
parent[neighbour] = node
return dist, parent
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| from __future__ import annotations
def find_max(nums: list[int | float]) -> int | float:
"""
>>> for nums in ([3, 2, 1], [-3, -2, -1], [3, -3, 0], [3.0, 3.1, 2.9]):
... find_max(nums) == max(nums)
True
True
True
True
>>> find_max([2, 4, 9, 7, 19, 94, 5])
94
>>> find_max([])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: find_max() arg is an empty sequence
"""
if len(nums) == 0:
raise ValueError("find_max() arg is an empty sequence")
max_num = nums[0]
for x in nums:
if x > max_num:
max_num = x
return max_num
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod(verbose=True)
| from __future__ import annotations
def find_max(nums: list[int | float]) -> int | float:
"""
>>> for nums in ([3, 2, 1], [-3, -2, -1], [3, -3, 0], [3.0, 3.1, 2.9]):
... find_max(nums) == max(nums)
True
True
True
True
>>> find_max([2, 4, 9, 7, 19, 94, 5])
94
>>> find_max([])
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: find_max() arg is an empty sequence
"""
if len(nums) == 0:
raise ValueError("find_max() arg is an empty sequence")
max_num = nums[0]
for x in nums:
if x > max_num:
max_num = x
return max_num
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod(verbose=True)
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| def bubble_sort(collection):
"""Pure implementation of bubble sort algorithm in Python
:param collection: some mutable ordered collection with heterogeneous
comparable items inside
:return: the same collection ordered by ascending
Examples:
>>> bubble_sort([0, 5, 2, 3, 2])
[0, 2, 2, 3, 5]
>>> bubble_sort([0, 5, 2, 3, 2]) == sorted([0, 5, 2, 3, 2])
True
>>> bubble_sort([]) == sorted([])
True
>>> bubble_sort([-2, -45, -5]) == sorted([-2, -45, -5])
True
>>> bubble_sort([-23, 0, 6, -4, 34]) == sorted([-23, 0, 6, -4, 34])
True
>>> bubble_sort(['d', 'a', 'b', 'e', 'c']) == sorted(['d', 'a', 'b', 'e', 'c'])
True
>>> import random
>>> collection = random.sample(range(-50, 50), 100)
>>> bubble_sort(collection) == sorted(collection)
True
>>> import string
>>> collection = random.choices(string.ascii_letters + string.digits, k=100)
>>> bubble_sort(collection) == sorted(collection)
True
"""
length = len(collection)
for i in range(length - 1):
swapped = False
for j in range(length - 1 - i):
if collection[j] > collection[j + 1]:
swapped = True
collection[j], collection[j + 1] = collection[j + 1], collection[j]
if not swapped:
break # Stop iteration if the collection is sorted.
return collection
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
import time
doctest.testmod()
user_input = input("Enter numbers separated by a comma:").strip()
unsorted = [int(item) for item in user_input.split(",")]
start = time.process_time()
print(*bubble_sort(unsorted), sep=",")
print(f"Processing time: {time.process_time() - start}")
| def bubble_sort(collection):
"""Pure implementation of bubble sort algorithm in Python
:param collection: some mutable ordered collection with heterogeneous
comparable items inside
:return: the same collection ordered by ascending
Examples:
>>> bubble_sort([0, 5, 2, 3, 2])
[0, 2, 2, 3, 5]
>>> bubble_sort([0, 5, 2, 3, 2]) == sorted([0, 5, 2, 3, 2])
True
>>> bubble_sort([]) == sorted([])
True
>>> bubble_sort([-2, -45, -5]) == sorted([-2, -45, -5])
True
>>> bubble_sort([-23, 0, 6, -4, 34]) == sorted([-23, 0, 6, -4, 34])
True
>>> bubble_sort(['d', 'a', 'b', 'e', 'c']) == sorted(['d', 'a', 'b', 'e', 'c'])
True
>>> import random
>>> collection = random.sample(range(-50, 50), 100)
>>> bubble_sort(collection) == sorted(collection)
True
>>> import string
>>> collection = random.choices(string.ascii_letters + string.digits, k=100)
>>> bubble_sort(collection) == sorted(collection)
True
"""
length = len(collection)
for i in range(length - 1):
swapped = False
for j in range(length - 1 - i):
if collection[j] > collection[j + 1]:
swapped = True
collection[j], collection[j + 1] = collection[j + 1], collection[j]
if not swapped:
break # Stop iteration if the collection is sorted.
return collection
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
import time
doctest.testmod()
user_input = input("Enter numbers separated by a comma:").strip()
unsorted = [int(item) for item in user_input.split(",")]
start = time.process_time()
print(*bubble_sort(unsorted), sep=",")
print(f"Processing time: {time.process_time() - start}")
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Implementation of sequential minimal optimization (SMO) for support vector machines
(SVM).
Sequential minimal optimization (SMO) is an algorithm for solving the quadratic
programming (QP) problem that arises during the training of support vector
machines.
It was invented by John Platt in 1998.
Input:
0: type: numpy.ndarray.
1: first column of ndarray must be tags of samples, must be 1 or -1.
2: rows of ndarray represent samples.
Usage:
Command:
python3 sequential_minimum_optimization.py
Code:
from sequential_minimum_optimization import SmoSVM, Kernel
kernel = Kernel(kernel='poly', degree=3., coef0=1., gamma=0.5)
init_alphas = np.zeros(train.shape[0])
SVM = SmoSVM(train=train, alpha_list=init_alphas, kernel_func=kernel, cost=0.4,
b=0.0, tolerance=0.001)
SVM.fit()
predict = SVM.predict(test_samples)
Reference:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/smo-book.pdf
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/tr-98-14.pdf
http://web.cs.iastate.edu/~honavar/smo-svm.pdf
"""
import os
import sys
import urllib.request
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from sklearn.datasets import make_blobs, make_circles
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
CANCER_DATASET_URL = (
"http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/"
"breast-cancer-wisconsin/wdbc.data"
)
class SmoSVM:
def __init__(
self,
train,
kernel_func,
alpha_list=None,
cost=0.4,
b=0.0,
tolerance=0.001,
auto_norm=True,
):
self._init = True
self._auto_norm = auto_norm
self._c = np.float64(cost)
self._b = np.float64(b)
self._tol = np.float64(tolerance) if tolerance > 0.0001 else np.float64(0.001)
self.tags = train[:, 0]
self.samples = self._norm(train[:, 1:]) if self._auto_norm else train[:, 1:]
self.alphas = alpha_list if alpha_list is not None else np.zeros(train.shape[0])
self.Kernel = kernel_func
self._eps = 0.001
self._all_samples = list(range(self.length))
self._K_matrix = self._calculate_k_matrix()
self._error = np.zeros(self.length)
self._unbound = []
self.choose_alpha = self._choose_alphas()
# Calculate alphas using SMO algorithm
def fit(self):
K = self._k
state = None
while True:
# 1: Find alpha1, alpha2
try:
i1, i2 = self.choose_alpha.send(state)
state = None
except StopIteration:
print("Optimization done!\nEvery sample satisfy the KKT condition!")
break
# 2: calculate new alpha2 and new alpha1
y1, y2 = self.tags[i1], self.tags[i2]
a1, a2 = self.alphas[i1].copy(), self.alphas[i2].copy()
e1, e2 = self._e(i1), self._e(i2)
args = (i1, i2, a1, a2, e1, e2, y1, y2)
a1_new, a2_new = self._get_new_alpha(*args)
if not a1_new and not a2_new:
state = False
continue
self.alphas[i1], self.alphas[i2] = a1_new, a2_new
# 3: update threshold(b)
b1_new = np.float64(
-e1
- y1 * K(i1, i1) * (a1_new - a1)
- y2 * K(i2, i1) * (a2_new - a2)
+ self._b
)
b2_new = np.float64(
-e2
- y2 * K(i2, i2) * (a2_new - a2)
- y1 * K(i1, i2) * (a1_new - a1)
+ self._b
)
if 0.0 < a1_new < self._c:
b = b1_new
if 0.0 < a2_new < self._c:
b = b2_new
if not (np.float64(0) < a2_new < self._c) and not (
np.float64(0) < a1_new < self._c
):
b = (b1_new + b2_new) / 2.0
b_old = self._b
self._b = b
# 4: update error value,here we only calculate those non-bound samples'
# error
self._unbound = [i for i in self._all_samples if self._is_unbound(i)]
for s in self.unbound:
if s == i1 or s == i2:
continue
self._error[s] += (
y1 * (a1_new - a1) * K(i1, s)
+ y2 * (a2_new - a2) * K(i2, s)
+ (self._b - b_old)
)
# if i1 or i2 is non-bound,update there error value to zero
if self._is_unbound(i1):
self._error[i1] = 0
if self._is_unbound(i2):
self._error[i2] = 0
# Predict test samles
def predict(self, test_samples, classify=True):
if test_samples.shape[1] > self.samples.shape[1]:
raise ValueError(
"Test samples' feature length does not equal to that of train samples"
)
if self._auto_norm:
test_samples = self._norm(test_samples)
results = []
for test_sample in test_samples:
result = self._predict(test_sample)
if classify:
results.append(1 if result > 0 else -1)
else:
results.append(result)
return np.array(results)
# Check if alpha violate KKT condition
def _check_obey_kkt(self, index):
alphas = self.alphas
tol = self._tol
r = self._e(index) * self.tags[index]
c = self._c
return (r < -tol and alphas[index] < c) or (r > tol and alphas[index] > 0.0)
# Get value calculated from kernel function
def _k(self, i1, i2):
# for test samples,use Kernel function
if isinstance(i2, np.ndarray):
return self.Kernel(self.samples[i1], i2)
# for train samples,Kernel values have been saved in matrix
else:
return self._K_matrix[i1, i2]
# Get sample's error
def _e(self, index):
"""
Two cases:
1:Sample[index] is non-bound,Fetch error from list: _error
2:sample[index] is bound,Use predicted value deduct true value: g(xi) - yi
"""
# get from error data
if self._is_unbound(index):
return self._error[index]
# get by g(xi) - yi
else:
gx = np.dot(self.alphas * self.tags, self._K_matrix[:, index]) + self._b
yi = self.tags[index]
return gx - yi
# Calculate Kernel matrix of all possible i1,i2 ,saving time
def _calculate_k_matrix(self):
k_matrix = np.zeros([self.length, self.length])
for i in self._all_samples:
for j in self._all_samples:
k_matrix[i, j] = np.float64(
self.Kernel(self.samples[i, :], self.samples[j, :])
)
return k_matrix
# Predict test sample's tag
def _predict(self, sample):
k = self._k
predicted_value = (
np.sum(
[
self.alphas[i1] * self.tags[i1] * k(i1, sample)
for i1 in self._all_samples
]
)
+ self._b
)
return predicted_value
# Choose alpha1 and alpha2
def _choose_alphas(self):
locis = yield from self._choose_a1()
if not locis:
return
return locis
def _choose_a1(self):
"""
Choose first alpha ;steps:
1:First loop over all sample
2:Second loop over all non-bound samples till all non-bound samples does not
voilate kkt condition.
3:Repeat this two process endlessly,till all samples does not voilate kkt
condition samples after first loop.
"""
while True:
all_not_obey = True
# all sample
print("scanning all sample!")
for i1 in [i for i in self._all_samples if self._check_obey_kkt(i)]:
all_not_obey = False
yield from self._choose_a2(i1)
# non-bound sample
print("scanning non-bound sample!")
while True:
not_obey = True
for i1 in [
i
for i in self._all_samples
if self._check_obey_kkt(i) and self._is_unbound(i)
]:
not_obey = False
yield from self._choose_a2(i1)
if not_obey:
print("all non-bound samples fit the KKT condition!")
break
if all_not_obey:
print("all samples fit the KKT condition! Optimization done!")
break
return False
def _choose_a2(self, i1):
"""
Choose the second alpha by using heuristic algorithm ;steps:
1: Choose alpha2 which gets the maximum step size (|E1 - E2|).
2: Start in a random point,loop over all non-bound samples till alpha1 and
alpha2 are optimized.
3: Start in a random point,loop over all samples till alpha1 and alpha2 are
optimized.
"""
self._unbound = [i for i in self._all_samples if self._is_unbound(i)]
if len(self.unbound) > 0:
tmp_error = self._error.copy().tolist()
tmp_error_dict = {
index: value
for index, value in enumerate(tmp_error)
if self._is_unbound(index)
}
if self._e(i1) >= 0:
i2 = min(tmp_error_dict, key=lambda index: tmp_error_dict[index])
else:
i2 = max(tmp_error_dict, key=lambda index: tmp_error_dict[index])
cmd = yield i1, i2
if cmd is None:
return
for i2 in np.roll(self.unbound, np.random.choice(self.length)):
cmd = yield i1, i2
if cmd is None:
return
for i2 in np.roll(self._all_samples, np.random.choice(self.length)):
cmd = yield i1, i2
if cmd is None:
return
# Get the new alpha2 and new alpha1
def _get_new_alpha(self, i1, i2, a1, a2, e1, e2, y1, y2):
K = self._k
if i1 == i2:
return None, None
# calculate L and H which bound the new alpha2
s = y1 * y2
if s == -1:
L, H = max(0.0, a2 - a1), min(self._c, self._c + a2 - a1)
else:
L, H = max(0.0, a2 + a1 - self._c), min(self._c, a2 + a1)
if L == H:
return None, None
# calculate eta
k11 = K(i1, i1)
k22 = K(i2, i2)
k12 = K(i1, i2)
eta = k11 + k22 - 2.0 * k12
# select the new alpha2 which could get the minimal objectives
if eta > 0.0:
a2_new_unc = a2 + (y2 * (e1 - e2)) / eta
# a2_new has a boundary
if a2_new_unc >= H:
a2_new = H
elif a2_new_unc <= L:
a2_new = L
else:
a2_new = a2_new_unc
else:
b = self._b
l1 = a1 + s * (a2 - L)
h1 = a1 + s * (a2 - H)
# way 1
f1 = y1 * (e1 + b) - a1 * K(i1, i1) - s * a2 * K(i1, i2)
f2 = y2 * (e2 + b) - a2 * K(i2, i2) - s * a1 * K(i1, i2)
ol = (
l1 * f1
+ L * f2
+ 1 / 2 * l1 ** 2 * K(i1, i1)
+ 1 / 2 * L ** 2 * K(i2, i2)
+ s * L * l1 * K(i1, i2)
)
oh = (
h1 * f1
+ H * f2
+ 1 / 2 * h1 ** 2 * K(i1, i1)
+ 1 / 2 * H ** 2 * K(i2, i2)
+ s * H * h1 * K(i1, i2)
)
"""
# way 2
Use objective function check which alpha2 new could get the minimal
objectives
"""
if ol < (oh - self._eps):
a2_new = L
elif ol > oh + self._eps:
a2_new = H
else:
a2_new = a2
# a1_new has a boundary too
a1_new = a1 + s * (a2 - a2_new)
if a1_new < 0:
a2_new += s * a1_new
a1_new = 0
if a1_new > self._c:
a2_new += s * (a1_new - self._c)
a1_new = self._c
return a1_new, a2_new
# Normalise data using min_max way
def _norm(self, data):
if self._init:
self._min = np.min(data, axis=0)
self._max = np.max(data, axis=0)
self._init = False
return (data - self._min) / (self._max - self._min)
else:
return (data - self._min) / (self._max - self._min)
def _is_unbound(self, index):
if 0.0 < self.alphas[index] < self._c:
return True
else:
return False
def _is_support(self, index):
if self.alphas[index] > 0:
return True
else:
return False
@property
def unbound(self):
return self._unbound
@property
def support(self):
return [i for i in range(self.length) if self._is_support(i)]
@property
def length(self):
return self.samples.shape[0]
class Kernel:
def __init__(self, kernel, degree=1.0, coef0=0.0, gamma=1.0):
self.degree = np.float64(degree)
self.coef0 = np.float64(coef0)
self.gamma = np.float64(gamma)
self._kernel_name = kernel
self._kernel = self._get_kernel(kernel_name=kernel)
self._check()
def _polynomial(self, v1, v2):
return (self.gamma * np.inner(v1, v2) + self.coef0) ** self.degree
def _linear(self, v1, v2):
return np.inner(v1, v2) + self.coef0
def _rbf(self, v1, v2):
return np.exp(-1 * (self.gamma * np.linalg.norm(v1 - v2) ** 2))
def _check(self):
if self._kernel == self._rbf:
if self.gamma < 0:
raise ValueError("gamma value must greater than 0")
def _get_kernel(self, kernel_name):
maps = {"linear": self._linear, "poly": self._polynomial, "rbf": self._rbf}
return maps[kernel_name]
def __call__(self, v1, v2):
return self._kernel(v1, v2)
def __repr__(self):
return self._kernel_name
def count_time(func):
def call_func(*args, **kwargs):
import time
start_time = time.time()
func(*args, **kwargs)
end_time = time.time()
print(f"smo algorithm cost {end_time - start_time} seconds")
return call_func
@count_time
def test_cancel_data():
print("Hello!\nStart test svm by smo algorithm!")
# 0: download dataset and load into pandas' dataframe
if not os.path.exists(r"cancel_data.csv"):
request = urllib.request.Request(
CANCER_DATASET_URL,
headers={"User-Agent": "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)"},
)
response = urllib.request.urlopen(request)
content = response.read().decode("utf-8")
with open(r"cancel_data.csv", "w") as f:
f.write(content)
data = pd.read_csv(r"cancel_data.csv", header=None)
# 1: pre-processing data
del data[data.columns.tolist()[0]]
data = data.dropna(axis=0)
data = data.replace({"M": np.float64(1), "B": np.float64(-1)})
samples = np.array(data)[:, :]
# 2: dividing data into train_data data and test_data data
train_data, test_data = samples[:328, :], samples[328:, :]
test_tags, test_samples = test_data[:, 0], test_data[:, 1:]
# 3: choose kernel function,and set initial alphas to zero(optional)
mykernel = Kernel(kernel="rbf", degree=5, coef0=1, gamma=0.5)
al = np.zeros(train_data.shape[0])
# 4: calculating best alphas using SMO algorithm and predict test_data samples
mysvm = SmoSVM(
train=train_data,
kernel_func=mykernel,
alpha_list=al,
cost=0.4,
b=0.0,
tolerance=0.001,
)
mysvm.fit()
predict = mysvm.predict(test_samples)
# 5: check accuracy
score = 0
test_num = test_tags.shape[0]
for i in range(test_tags.shape[0]):
if test_tags[i] == predict[i]:
score += 1
print(f"\nall: {test_num}\nright: {score}\nfalse: {test_num - score}")
print(f"Rough Accuracy: {score / test_tags.shape[0]}")
def test_demonstration():
# change stdout
print("\nStart plot,please wait!!!")
sys.stdout = open(os.devnull, "w")
ax1 = plt.subplot2grid((2, 2), (0, 0))
ax2 = plt.subplot2grid((2, 2), (0, 1))
ax3 = plt.subplot2grid((2, 2), (1, 0))
ax4 = plt.subplot2grid((2, 2), (1, 1))
ax1.set_title("linear svm,cost:0.1")
test_linear_kernel(ax1, cost=0.1)
ax2.set_title("linear svm,cost:500")
test_linear_kernel(ax2, cost=500)
ax3.set_title("rbf kernel svm,cost:0.1")
test_rbf_kernel(ax3, cost=0.1)
ax4.set_title("rbf kernel svm,cost:500")
test_rbf_kernel(ax4, cost=500)
sys.stdout = sys.__stdout__
print("Plot done!!!")
def test_linear_kernel(ax, cost):
train_x, train_y = make_blobs(
n_samples=500, centers=2, n_features=2, random_state=1
)
train_y[train_y == 0] = -1
scaler = StandardScaler()
train_x_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(train_x, train_y)
train_data = np.hstack((train_y.reshape(500, 1), train_x_scaled))
mykernel = Kernel(kernel="linear", degree=5, coef0=1, gamma=0.5)
mysvm = SmoSVM(
train=train_data,
kernel_func=mykernel,
cost=cost,
tolerance=0.001,
auto_norm=False,
)
mysvm.fit()
plot_partition_boundary(mysvm, train_data, ax=ax)
def test_rbf_kernel(ax, cost):
train_x, train_y = make_circles(
n_samples=500, noise=0.1, factor=0.1, random_state=1
)
train_y[train_y == 0] = -1
scaler = StandardScaler()
train_x_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(train_x, train_y)
train_data = np.hstack((train_y.reshape(500, 1), train_x_scaled))
mykernel = Kernel(kernel="rbf", degree=5, coef0=1, gamma=0.5)
mysvm = SmoSVM(
train=train_data,
kernel_func=mykernel,
cost=cost,
tolerance=0.001,
auto_norm=False,
)
mysvm.fit()
plot_partition_boundary(mysvm, train_data, ax=ax)
def plot_partition_boundary(
model, train_data, ax, resolution=100, colors=("b", "k", "r")
):
"""
We can not get the optimum w of our kernel svm model which is different from linear
svm. For this reason, we generate randomly distributed points with high desity and
prediced values of these points are calculated by using our tained model. Then we
could use this prediced values to draw contour map.
And this contour map can represent svm's partition boundary.
"""
train_data_x = train_data[:, 1]
train_data_y = train_data[:, 2]
train_data_tags = train_data[:, 0]
xrange = np.linspace(train_data_x.min(), train_data_x.max(), resolution)
yrange = np.linspace(train_data_y.min(), train_data_y.max(), resolution)
test_samples = np.array([(x, y) for x in xrange for y in yrange]).reshape(
resolution * resolution, 2
)
test_tags = model.predict(test_samples, classify=False)
grid = test_tags.reshape((len(xrange), len(yrange)))
# Plot contour map which represents the partition boundary
ax.contour(
xrange,
yrange,
np.mat(grid).T,
levels=(-1, 0, 1),
linestyles=("--", "-", "--"),
linewidths=(1, 1, 1),
colors=colors,
)
# Plot all train samples
ax.scatter(
train_data_x,
train_data_y,
c=train_data_tags,
cmap=plt.cm.Dark2,
lw=0,
alpha=0.5,
)
# Plot support vectors
support = model.support
ax.scatter(
train_data_x[support],
train_data_y[support],
c=train_data_tags[support],
cmap=plt.cm.Dark2,
)
if __name__ == "__main__":
test_cancel_data()
test_demonstration()
plt.show()
| """
Implementation of sequential minimal optimization (SMO) for support vector machines
(SVM).
Sequential minimal optimization (SMO) is an algorithm for solving the quadratic
programming (QP) problem that arises during the training of support vector
machines.
It was invented by John Platt in 1998.
Input:
0: type: numpy.ndarray.
1: first column of ndarray must be tags of samples, must be 1 or -1.
2: rows of ndarray represent samples.
Usage:
Command:
python3 sequential_minimum_optimization.py
Code:
from sequential_minimum_optimization import SmoSVM, Kernel
kernel = Kernel(kernel='poly', degree=3., coef0=1., gamma=0.5)
init_alphas = np.zeros(train.shape[0])
SVM = SmoSVM(train=train, alpha_list=init_alphas, kernel_func=kernel, cost=0.4,
b=0.0, tolerance=0.001)
SVM.fit()
predict = SVM.predict(test_samples)
Reference:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/smo-book.pdf
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/tr-98-14.pdf
http://web.cs.iastate.edu/~honavar/smo-svm.pdf
"""
import os
import sys
import urllib.request
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from sklearn.datasets import make_blobs, make_circles
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
CANCER_DATASET_URL = (
"http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/machine-learning-databases/"
"breast-cancer-wisconsin/wdbc.data"
)
class SmoSVM:
def __init__(
self,
train,
kernel_func,
alpha_list=None,
cost=0.4,
b=0.0,
tolerance=0.001,
auto_norm=True,
):
self._init = True
self._auto_norm = auto_norm
self._c = np.float64(cost)
self._b = np.float64(b)
self._tol = np.float64(tolerance) if tolerance > 0.0001 else np.float64(0.001)
self.tags = train[:, 0]
self.samples = self._norm(train[:, 1:]) if self._auto_norm else train[:, 1:]
self.alphas = alpha_list if alpha_list is not None else np.zeros(train.shape[0])
self.Kernel = kernel_func
self._eps = 0.001
self._all_samples = list(range(self.length))
self._K_matrix = self._calculate_k_matrix()
self._error = np.zeros(self.length)
self._unbound = []
self.choose_alpha = self._choose_alphas()
# Calculate alphas using SMO algorithm
def fit(self):
K = self._k
state = None
while True:
# 1: Find alpha1, alpha2
try:
i1, i2 = self.choose_alpha.send(state)
state = None
except StopIteration:
print("Optimization done!\nEvery sample satisfy the KKT condition!")
break
# 2: calculate new alpha2 and new alpha1
y1, y2 = self.tags[i1], self.tags[i2]
a1, a2 = self.alphas[i1].copy(), self.alphas[i2].copy()
e1, e2 = self._e(i1), self._e(i2)
args = (i1, i2, a1, a2, e1, e2, y1, y2)
a1_new, a2_new = self._get_new_alpha(*args)
if not a1_new and not a2_new:
state = False
continue
self.alphas[i1], self.alphas[i2] = a1_new, a2_new
# 3: update threshold(b)
b1_new = np.float64(
-e1
- y1 * K(i1, i1) * (a1_new - a1)
- y2 * K(i2, i1) * (a2_new - a2)
+ self._b
)
b2_new = np.float64(
-e2
- y2 * K(i2, i2) * (a2_new - a2)
- y1 * K(i1, i2) * (a1_new - a1)
+ self._b
)
if 0.0 < a1_new < self._c:
b = b1_new
if 0.0 < a2_new < self._c:
b = b2_new
if not (np.float64(0) < a2_new < self._c) and not (
np.float64(0) < a1_new < self._c
):
b = (b1_new + b2_new) / 2.0
b_old = self._b
self._b = b
# 4: update error value,here we only calculate those non-bound samples'
# error
self._unbound = [i for i in self._all_samples if self._is_unbound(i)]
for s in self.unbound:
if s == i1 or s == i2:
continue
self._error[s] += (
y1 * (a1_new - a1) * K(i1, s)
+ y2 * (a2_new - a2) * K(i2, s)
+ (self._b - b_old)
)
# if i1 or i2 is non-bound,update there error value to zero
if self._is_unbound(i1):
self._error[i1] = 0
if self._is_unbound(i2):
self._error[i2] = 0
# Predict test samles
def predict(self, test_samples, classify=True):
if test_samples.shape[1] > self.samples.shape[1]:
raise ValueError(
"Test samples' feature length does not equal to that of train samples"
)
if self._auto_norm:
test_samples = self._norm(test_samples)
results = []
for test_sample in test_samples:
result = self._predict(test_sample)
if classify:
results.append(1 if result > 0 else -1)
else:
results.append(result)
return np.array(results)
# Check if alpha violate KKT condition
def _check_obey_kkt(self, index):
alphas = self.alphas
tol = self._tol
r = self._e(index) * self.tags[index]
c = self._c
return (r < -tol and alphas[index] < c) or (r > tol and alphas[index] > 0.0)
# Get value calculated from kernel function
def _k(self, i1, i2):
# for test samples,use Kernel function
if isinstance(i2, np.ndarray):
return self.Kernel(self.samples[i1], i2)
# for train samples,Kernel values have been saved in matrix
else:
return self._K_matrix[i1, i2]
# Get sample's error
def _e(self, index):
"""
Two cases:
1:Sample[index] is non-bound,Fetch error from list: _error
2:sample[index] is bound,Use predicted value deduct true value: g(xi) - yi
"""
# get from error data
if self._is_unbound(index):
return self._error[index]
# get by g(xi) - yi
else:
gx = np.dot(self.alphas * self.tags, self._K_matrix[:, index]) + self._b
yi = self.tags[index]
return gx - yi
# Calculate Kernel matrix of all possible i1,i2 ,saving time
def _calculate_k_matrix(self):
k_matrix = np.zeros([self.length, self.length])
for i in self._all_samples:
for j in self._all_samples:
k_matrix[i, j] = np.float64(
self.Kernel(self.samples[i, :], self.samples[j, :])
)
return k_matrix
# Predict test sample's tag
def _predict(self, sample):
k = self._k
predicted_value = (
np.sum(
[
self.alphas[i1] * self.tags[i1] * k(i1, sample)
for i1 in self._all_samples
]
)
+ self._b
)
return predicted_value
# Choose alpha1 and alpha2
def _choose_alphas(self):
locis = yield from self._choose_a1()
if not locis:
return
return locis
def _choose_a1(self):
"""
Choose first alpha ;steps:
1:First loop over all sample
2:Second loop over all non-bound samples till all non-bound samples does not
voilate kkt condition.
3:Repeat this two process endlessly,till all samples does not voilate kkt
condition samples after first loop.
"""
while True:
all_not_obey = True
# all sample
print("scanning all sample!")
for i1 in [i for i in self._all_samples if self._check_obey_kkt(i)]:
all_not_obey = False
yield from self._choose_a2(i1)
# non-bound sample
print("scanning non-bound sample!")
while True:
not_obey = True
for i1 in [
i
for i in self._all_samples
if self._check_obey_kkt(i) and self._is_unbound(i)
]:
not_obey = False
yield from self._choose_a2(i1)
if not_obey:
print("all non-bound samples fit the KKT condition!")
break
if all_not_obey:
print("all samples fit the KKT condition! Optimization done!")
break
return False
def _choose_a2(self, i1):
"""
Choose the second alpha by using heuristic algorithm ;steps:
1: Choose alpha2 which gets the maximum step size (|E1 - E2|).
2: Start in a random point,loop over all non-bound samples till alpha1 and
alpha2 are optimized.
3: Start in a random point,loop over all samples till alpha1 and alpha2 are
optimized.
"""
self._unbound = [i for i in self._all_samples if self._is_unbound(i)]
if len(self.unbound) > 0:
tmp_error = self._error.copy().tolist()
tmp_error_dict = {
index: value
for index, value in enumerate(tmp_error)
if self._is_unbound(index)
}
if self._e(i1) >= 0:
i2 = min(tmp_error_dict, key=lambda index: tmp_error_dict[index])
else:
i2 = max(tmp_error_dict, key=lambda index: tmp_error_dict[index])
cmd = yield i1, i2
if cmd is None:
return
for i2 in np.roll(self.unbound, np.random.choice(self.length)):
cmd = yield i1, i2
if cmd is None:
return
for i2 in np.roll(self._all_samples, np.random.choice(self.length)):
cmd = yield i1, i2
if cmd is None:
return
# Get the new alpha2 and new alpha1
def _get_new_alpha(self, i1, i2, a1, a2, e1, e2, y1, y2):
K = self._k
if i1 == i2:
return None, None
# calculate L and H which bound the new alpha2
s = y1 * y2
if s == -1:
L, H = max(0.0, a2 - a1), min(self._c, self._c + a2 - a1)
else:
L, H = max(0.0, a2 + a1 - self._c), min(self._c, a2 + a1)
if L == H:
return None, None
# calculate eta
k11 = K(i1, i1)
k22 = K(i2, i2)
k12 = K(i1, i2)
eta = k11 + k22 - 2.0 * k12
# select the new alpha2 which could get the minimal objectives
if eta > 0.0:
a2_new_unc = a2 + (y2 * (e1 - e2)) / eta
# a2_new has a boundary
if a2_new_unc >= H:
a2_new = H
elif a2_new_unc <= L:
a2_new = L
else:
a2_new = a2_new_unc
else:
b = self._b
l1 = a1 + s * (a2 - L)
h1 = a1 + s * (a2 - H)
# way 1
f1 = y1 * (e1 + b) - a1 * K(i1, i1) - s * a2 * K(i1, i2)
f2 = y2 * (e2 + b) - a2 * K(i2, i2) - s * a1 * K(i1, i2)
ol = (
l1 * f1
+ L * f2
+ 1 / 2 * l1 ** 2 * K(i1, i1)
+ 1 / 2 * L ** 2 * K(i2, i2)
+ s * L * l1 * K(i1, i2)
)
oh = (
h1 * f1
+ H * f2
+ 1 / 2 * h1 ** 2 * K(i1, i1)
+ 1 / 2 * H ** 2 * K(i2, i2)
+ s * H * h1 * K(i1, i2)
)
"""
# way 2
Use objective function check which alpha2 new could get the minimal
objectives
"""
if ol < (oh - self._eps):
a2_new = L
elif ol > oh + self._eps:
a2_new = H
else:
a2_new = a2
# a1_new has a boundary too
a1_new = a1 + s * (a2 - a2_new)
if a1_new < 0:
a2_new += s * a1_new
a1_new = 0
if a1_new > self._c:
a2_new += s * (a1_new - self._c)
a1_new = self._c
return a1_new, a2_new
# Normalise data using min_max way
def _norm(self, data):
if self._init:
self._min = np.min(data, axis=0)
self._max = np.max(data, axis=0)
self._init = False
return (data - self._min) / (self._max - self._min)
else:
return (data - self._min) / (self._max - self._min)
def _is_unbound(self, index):
if 0.0 < self.alphas[index] < self._c:
return True
else:
return False
def _is_support(self, index):
if self.alphas[index] > 0:
return True
else:
return False
@property
def unbound(self):
return self._unbound
@property
def support(self):
return [i for i in range(self.length) if self._is_support(i)]
@property
def length(self):
return self.samples.shape[0]
class Kernel:
def __init__(self, kernel, degree=1.0, coef0=0.0, gamma=1.0):
self.degree = np.float64(degree)
self.coef0 = np.float64(coef0)
self.gamma = np.float64(gamma)
self._kernel_name = kernel
self._kernel = self._get_kernel(kernel_name=kernel)
self._check()
def _polynomial(self, v1, v2):
return (self.gamma * np.inner(v1, v2) + self.coef0) ** self.degree
def _linear(self, v1, v2):
return np.inner(v1, v2) + self.coef0
def _rbf(self, v1, v2):
return np.exp(-1 * (self.gamma * np.linalg.norm(v1 - v2) ** 2))
def _check(self):
if self._kernel == self._rbf:
if self.gamma < 0:
raise ValueError("gamma value must greater than 0")
def _get_kernel(self, kernel_name):
maps = {"linear": self._linear, "poly": self._polynomial, "rbf": self._rbf}
return maps[kernel_name]
def __call__(self, v1, v2):
return self._kernel(v1, v2)
def __repr__(self):
return self._kernel_name
def count_time(func):
def call_func(*args, **kwargs):
import time
start_time = time.time()
func(*args, **kwargs)
end_time = time.time()
print(f"smo algorithm cost {end_time - start_time} seconds")
return call_func
@count_time
def test_cancel_data():
print("Hello!\nStart test svm by smo algorithm!")
# 0: download dataset and load into pandas' dataframe
if not os.path.exists(r"cancel_data.csv"):
request = urllib.request.Request(
CANCER_DATASET_URL,
headers={"User-Agent": "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)"},
)
response = urllib.request.urlopen(request)
content = response.read().decode("utf-8")
with open(r"cancel_data.csv", "w") as f:
f.write(content)
data = pd.read_csv(r"cancel_data.csv", header=None)
# 1: pre-processing data
del data[data.columns.tolist()[0]]
data = data.dropna(axis=0)
data = data.replace({"M": np.float64(1), "B": np.float64(-1)})
samples = np.array(data)[:, :]
# 2: dividing data into train_data data and test_data data
train_data, test_data = samples[:328, :], samples[328:, :]
test_tags, test_samples = test_data[:, 0], test_data[:, 1:]
# 3: choose kernel function,and set initial alphas to zero(optional)
mykernel = Kernel(kernel="rbf", degree=5, coef0=1, gamma=0.5)
al = np.zeros(train_data.shape[0])
# 4: calculating best alphas using SMO algorithm and predict test_data samples
mysvm = SmoSVM(
train=train_data,
kernel_func=mykernel,
alpha_list=al,
cost=0.4,
b=0.0,
tolerance=0.001,
)
mysvm.fit()
predict = mysvm.predict(test_samples)
# 5: check accuracy
score = 0
test_num = test_tags.shape[0]
for i in range(test_tags.shape[0]):
if test_tags[i] == predict[i]:
score += 1
print(f"\nall: {test_num}\nright: {score}\nfalse: {test_num - score}")
print(f"Rough Accuracy: {score / test_tags.shape[0]}")
def test_demonstration():
# change stdout
print("\nStart plot,please wait!!!")
sys.stdout = open(os.devnull, "w")
ax1 = plt.subplot2grid((2, 2), (0, 0))
ax2 = plt.subplot2grid((2, 2), (0, 1))
ax3 = plt.subplot2grid((2, 2), (1, 0))
ax4 = plt.subplot2grid((2, 2), (1, 1))
ax1.set_title("linear svm,cost:0.1")
test_linear_kernel(ax1, cost=0.1)
ax2.set_title("linear svm,cost:500")
test_linear_kernel(ax2, cost=500)
ax3.set_title("rbf kernel svm,cost:0.1")
test_rbf_kernel(ax3, cost=0.1)
ax4.set_title("rbf kernel svm,cost:500")
test_rbf_kernel(ax4, cost=500)
sys.stdout = sys.__stdout__
print("Plot done!!!")
def test_linear_kernel(ax, cost):
train_x, train_y = make_blobs(
n_samples=500, centers=2, n_features=2, random_state=1
)
train_y[train_y == 0] = -1
scaler = StandardScaler()
train_x_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(train_x, train_y)
train_data = np.hstack((train_y.reshape(500, 1), train_x_scaled))
mykernel = Kernel(kernel="linear", degree=5, coef0=1, gamma=0.5)
mysvm = SmoSVM(
train=train_data,
kernel_func=mykernel,
cost=cost,
tolerance=0.001,
auto_norm=False,
)
mysvm.fit()
plot_partition_boundary(mysvm, train_data, ax=ax)
def test_rbf_kernel(ax, cost):
train_x, train_y = make_circles(
n_samples=500, noise=0.1, factor=0.1, random_state=1
)
train_y[train_y == 0] = -1
scaler = StandardScaler()
train_x_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(train_x, train_y)
train_data = np.hstack((train_y.reshape(500, 1), train_x_scaled))
mykernel = Kernel(kernel="rbf", degree=5, coef0=1, gamma=0.5)
mysvm = SmoSVM(
train=train_data,
kernel_func=mykernel,
cost=cost,
tolerance=0.001,
auto_norm=False,
)
mysvm.fit()
plot_partition_boundary(mysvm, train_data, ax=ax)
def plot_partition_boundary(
model, train_data, ax, resolution=100, colors=("b", "k", "r")
):
"""
We can not get the optimum w of our kernel svm model which is different from linear
svm. For this reason, we generate randomly distributed points with high desity and
prediced values of these points are calculated by using our tained model. Then we
could use this prediced values to draw contour map.
And this contour map can represent svm's partition boundary.
"""
train_data_x = train_data[:, 1]
train_data_y = train_data[:, 2]
train_data_tags = train_data[:, 0]
xrange = np.linspace(train_data_x.min(), train_data_x.max(), resolution)
yrange = np.linspace(train_data_y.min(), train_data_y.max(), resolution)
test_samples = np.array([(x, y) for x in xrange for y in yrange]).reshape(
resolution * resolution, 2
)
test_tags = model.predict(test_samples, classify=False)
grid = test_tags.reshape((len(xrange), len(yrange)))
# Plot contour map which represents the partition boundary
ax.contour(
xrange,
yrange,
np.mat(grid).T,
levels=(-1, 0, 1),
linestyles=("--", "-", "--"),
linewidths=(1, 1, 1),
colors=colors,
)
# Plot all train samples
ax.scatter(
train_data_x,
train_data_y,
c=train_data_tags,
cmap=plt.cm.Dark2,
lw=0,
alpha=0.5,
)
# Plot support vectors
support = model.support
ax.scatter(
train_data_x[support],
train_data_y[support],
c=train_data_tags[support],
cmap=plt.cm.Dark2,
)
if __name__ == "__main__":
test_cancel_data()
test_demonstration()
plt.show()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| from sklearn import svm
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
# different functions implementing different types of SVM's
def NuSVC(train_x, train_y):
svc_NuSVC = svm.NuSVC()
svc_NuSVC.fit(train_x, train_y)
return svc_NuSVC
def Linearsvc(train_x, train_y):
svc_linear = svm.LinearSVC(tol=10e-2)
svc_linear.fit(train_x, train_y)
return svc_linear
def SVC(train_x, train_y):
# svm.SVC(C=1.0, kernel='rbf', degree=3, gamma=0.0, coef0=0.0, shrinking=True,
# probability=False,tol=0.001, cache_size=200, class_weight=None, verbose=False,
# max_iter=1000, random_state=None)
# various parameters like "kernel","gamma","C" can effectively tuned for a given
# machine learning model.
SVC = svm.SVC(gamma="auto")
SVC.fit(train_x, train_y)
return SVC
def test(X_new):
"""
3 test cases to be passed
an array containing the sepal length (cm), sepal width (cm), petal length (cm),
petal width (cm) based on which the target name will be predicted
>>> test([1,2,1,4])
'virginica'
>>> test([5, 2, 4, 1])
'versicolor'
>>> test([6,3,4,1])
'versicolor'
"""
iris = load_iris()
# splitting the dataset to test and train
train_x, test_x, train_y, test_y = train_test_split(
iris["data"], iris["target"], random_state=4
)
# any of the 3 types of SVM can be used
# current_model=SVC(train_x, train_y)
# current_model=NuSVC(train_x, train_y)
current_model = Linearsvc(train_x, train_y)
prediction = current_model.predict([X_new])
return iris["target_names"][prediction][0]
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| from sklearn import svm
from sklearn.datasets import load_iris
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
# different functions implementing different types of SVM's
def NuSVC(train_x, train_y):
svc_NuSVC = svm.NuSVC()
svc_NuSVC.fit(train_x, train_y)
return svc_NuSVC
def Linearsvc(train_x, train_y):
svc_linear = svm.LinearSVC(tol=10e-2)
svc_linear.fit(train_x, train_y)
return svc_linear
def SVC(train_x, train_y):
# svm.SVC(C=1.0, kernel='rbf', degree=3, gamma=0.0, coef0=0.0, shrinking=True,
# probability=False,tol=0.001, cache_size=200, class_weight=None, verbose=False,
# max_iter=1000, random_state=None)
# various parameters like "kernel","gamma","C" can effectively tuned for a given
# machine learning model.
SVC = svm.SVC(gamma="auto")
SVC.fit(train_x, train_y)
return SVC
def test(X_new):
"""
3 test cases to be passed
an array containing the sepal length (cm), sepal width (cm), petal length (cm),
petal width (cm) based on which the target name will be predicted
>>> test([1,2,1,4])
'virginica'
>>> test([5, 2, 4, 1])
'versicolor'
>>> test([6,3,4,1])
'versicolor'
"""
iris = load_iris()
# splitting the dataset to test and train
train_x, test_x, train_y, test_y = train_test_split(
iris["data"], iris["target"], random_state=4
)
# any of the 3 types of SVM can be used
# current_model=SVC(train_x, train_y)
# current_model=NuSVC(train_x, train_y)
current_model = Linearsvc(train_x, train_y)
prediction = current_model.predict([X_new])
return iris["target_names"][prediction][0]
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| name: "build"
on:
pull_request:
schedule:
- cron: "0 0 * * *" # Run everyday
jobs:
build:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v2
- uses: actions/setup-python@v2
with:
python-version: "3.9"
- uses: actions/cache@v2
with:
path: ~/.cache/pip
key: ${{ runner.os }}-pip-${{ hashFiles('requirements.txt') }}
- name: Install dependencies
run: |
python -m pip install --upgrade pip setuptools six wheel
python -m pip install mypy pytest-cov -r requirements.txt
- run: mypy --install-types --non-interactive .
- name: Run tests
run: pytest --doctest-modules --ignore=project_euler/ --ignore=scripts/validate_solutions.py --cov-report=term-missing:skip-covered --cov=. .
- if: ${{ success() }}
run: scripts/build_directory_md.py 2>&1 | tee DIRECTORY.md
| name: "build"
on:
pull_request:
schedule:
- cron: "0 0 * * *" # Run everyday
jobs:
build:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v2
- uses: actions/setup-python@v2
with:
python-version: "3.9"
- uses: actions/cache@v2
with:
path: ~/.cache/pip
key: ${{ runner.os }}-pip-${{ hashFiles('requirements.txt') }}
- name: Install dependencies
run: |
python -m pip install --upgrade pip setuptools six wheel
python -m pip install mypy pytest-cov -r requirements.txt
- run: mypy --install-types --non-interactive .
- name: Run tests
run: pytest --doctest-modules --ignore=project_euler/ --ignore=scripts/validate_solutions.py --cov-report=term-missing:skip-covered --cov=. .
- if: ${{ success() }}
run: scripts/build_directory_md.py 2>&1 | tee DIRECTORY.md
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| class things:
def __init__(self, name, value, weight):
self.name = name
self.value = value
self.weight = weight
def __repr__(self):
return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self.name}, {self.value}, {self.weight})"
def get_value(self):
return self.value
def get_name(self):
return self.name
def get_weight(self):
return self.weight
def value_Weight(self):
return self.value / self.weight
def build_menu(name, value, weight):
menu = []
for i in range(len(value)):
menu.append(things(name[i], value[i], weight[i]))
return menu
def greedy(item, maxCost, keyFunc):
itemsCopy = sorted(item, key=keyFunc, reverse=True)
result = []
totalValue, total_cost = 0.0, 0.0
for i in range(len(itemsCopy)):
if (total_cost + itemsCopy[i].get_weight()) <= maxCost:
result.append(itemsCopy[i])
total_cost += itemsCopy[i].get_weight()
totalValue += itemsCopy[i].get_value()
return (result, totalValue)
def test_greedy():
"""
>>> food = ["Burger", "Pizza", "Coca Cola", "Rice",
... "Sambhar", "Chicken", "Fries", "Milk"]
>>> value = [80, 100, 60, 70, 50, 110, 90, 60]
>>> weight = [40, 60, 40, 70, 100, 85, 55, 70]
>>> foods = build_menu(food, value, weight)
>>> foods # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
[things(Burger, 80, 40), things(Pizza, 100, 60), things(Coca Cola, 60, 40),
things(Rice, 70, 70), things(Sambhar, 50, 100), things(Chicken, 110, 85),
things(Fries, 90, 55), things(Milk, 60, 70)]
>>> greedy(foods, 500, things.get_value) # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
([things(Chicken, 110, 85), things(Pizza, 100, 60), things(Fries, 90, 55),
things(Burger, 80, 40), things(Rice, 70, 70), things(Coca Cola, 60, 40),
things(Milk, 60, 70)], 570.0)
"""
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| class things:
def __init__(self, name, value, weight):
self.name = name
self.value = value
self.weight = weight
def __repr__(self):
return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self.name}, {self.value}, {self.weight})"
def get_value(self):
return self.value
def get_name(self):
return self.name
def get_weight(self):
return self.weight
def value_Weight(self):
return self.value / self.weight
def build_menu(name, value, weight):
menu = []
for i in range(len(value)):
menu.append(things(name[i], value[i], weight[i]))
return menu
def greedy(item, maxCost, keyFunc):
itemsCopy = sorted(item, key=keyFunc, reverse=True)
result = []
totalValue, total_cost = 0.0, 0.0
for i in range(len(itemsCopy)):
if (total_cost + itemsCopy[i].get_weight()) <= maxCost:
result.append(itemsCopy[i])
total_cost += itemsCopy[i].get_weight()
totalValue += itemsCopy[i].get_value()
return (result, totalValue)
def test_greedy():
"""
>>> food = ["Burger", "Pizza", "Coca Cola", "Rice",
... "Sambhar", "Chicken", "Fries", "Milk"]
>>> value = [80, 100, 60, 70, 50, 110, 90, 60]
>>> weight = [40, 60, 40, 70, 100, 85, 55, 70]
>>> foods = build_menu(food, value, weight)
>>> foods # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
[things(Burger, 80, 40), things(Pizza, 100, 60), things(Coca Cola, 60, 40),
things(Rice, 70, 70), things(Sambhar, 50, 100), things(Chicken, 110, 85),
things(Fries, 90, 55), things(Milk, 60, 70)]
>>> greedy(foods, 500, things.get_value) # doctest: +NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE
([things(Chicken, 110, 85), things(Pizza, 100, 60), things(Fries, 90, 55),
things(Burger, 80, 40), things(Rice, 70, 70), things(Coca Cola, 60, 40),
things(Milk, 60, 70)], 570.0)
"""
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| hex_table = {hex(i)[2:]: i for i in range(16)} # Use [:2] to strip off the leading '0x'
def hex_to_decimal(hex_string: str) -> int:
"""
Convert a hexadecimal value to its decimal equivalent
#https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/methods/built-in/hex
>>> hex_to_decimal("a")
10
>>> hex_to_decimal("12f")
303
>>> hex_to_decimal(" 12f ")
303
>>> hex_to_decimal("FfFf")
65535
>>> hex_to_decimal("-Ff")
-255
>>> hex_to_decimal("F-f")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Non-hexadecimal value was passed to the function
>>> hex_to_decimal("")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Empty string was passed to the function
>>> hex_to_decimal("12m")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Non-hexadecimal value was passed to the function
"""
hex_string = hex_string.strip().lower()
if not hex_string:
raise ValueError("Empty string was passed to the function")
is_negative = hex_string[0] == "-"
if is_negative:
hex_string = hex_string[1:]
if not all(char in hex_table for char in hex_string):
raise ValueError("Non-hexadecimal value was passed to the function")
decimal_number = 0
for char in hex_string:
decimal_number = 16 * decimal_number + hex_table[char]
return -decimal_number if is_negative else decimal_number
if __name__ == "__main__":
from doctest import testmod
testmod()
| hex_table = {hex(i)[2:]: i for i in range(16)} # Use [:2] to strip off the leading '0x'
def hex_to_decimal(hex_string: str) -> int:
"""
Convert a hexadecimal value to its decimal equivalent
#https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/methods/built-in/hex
>>> hex_to_decimal("a")
10
>>> hex_to_decimal("12f")
303
>>> hex_to_decimal(" 12f ")
303
>>> hex_to_decimal("FfFf")
65535
>>> hex_to_decimal("-Ff")
-255
>>> hex_to_decimal("F-f")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Non-hexadecimal value was passed to the function
>>> hex_to_decimal("")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Empty string was passed to the function
>>> hex_to_decimal("12m")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Non-hexadecimal value was passed to the function
"""
hex_string = hex_string.strip().lower()
if not hex_string:
raise ValueError("Empty string was passed to the function")
is_negative = hex_string[0] == "-"
if is_negative:
hex_string = hex_string[1:]
if not all(char in hex_table for char in hex_string):
raise ValueError("Non-hexadecimal value was passed to the function")
decimal_number = 0
for char in hex_string:
decimal_number = 16 * decimal_number + hex_table[char]
return -decimal_number if is_negative else decimal_number
if __name__ == "__main__":
from doctest import testmod
testmod()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
PyTest's for Digital Image Processing
"""
from cv2 import COLOR_BGR2GRAY, cvtColor, imread
from numpy import array, uint8
from PIL import Image
from digital_image_processing import change_contrast as cc
from digital_image_processing import convert_to_negative as cn
from digital_image_processing import sepia as sp
from digital_image_processing.dithering import burkes as bs
from digital_image_processing.edge_detection import canny as canny
from digital_image_processing.filters import convolve as conv
from digital_image_processing.filters import gaussian_filter as gg
from digital_image_processing.filters import median_filter as med
from digital_image_processing.filters import sobel_filter as sob
from digital_image_processing.resize import resize as rs
img = imread(r"digital_image_processing/image_data/lena_small.jpg")
gray = cvtColor(img, COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
# Test: convert_to_negative()
def test_convert_to_negative():
negative_img = cn.convert_to_negative(img)
# assert negative_img array for at least one True
assert negative_img.any()
# Test: change_contrast()
def test_change_contrast():
with Image.open("digital_image_processing/image_data/lena_small.jpg") as img:
# Work around assertion for response
assert str(cc.change_contrast(img, 110)).startswith(
"<PIL.Image.Image image mode=RGB size=100x100 at"
)
# canny.gen_gaussian_kernel()
def test_gen_gaussian_kernel():
resp = canny.gen_gaussian_kernel(9, sigma=1.4)
# Assert ambiguous array
assert resp.all()
# canny.py
def test_canny():
canny_img = imread("digital_image_processing/image_data/lena_small.jpg", 0)
# assert ambiguous array for all == True
assert canny_img.all()
canny_array = canny.canny(canny_img)
# assert canny array for at least one True
assert canny_array.any()
# filters/gaussian_filter.py
def test_gen_gaussian_kernel_filter():
assert gg.gaussian_filter(gray, 5, sigma=0.9).all()
def test_convolve_filter():
# laplace diagonals
Laplace = array([[0.25, 0.5, 0.25], [0.5, -3, 0.5], [0.25, 0.5, 0.25]])
res = conv.img_convolve(gray, Laplace).astype(uint8)
assert res.any()
def test_median_filter():
assert med.median_filter(gray, 3).any()
def test_sobel_filter():
grad, theta = sob.sobel_filter(gray)
assert grad.any() and theta.any()
def test_sepia():
sepia = sp.make_sepia(img, 20)
assert sepia.all()
def test_burkes(file_path: str = "digital_image_processing/image_data/lena_small.jpg"):
burkes = bs.Burkes(imread(file_path, 1), 120)
burkes.process()
assert burkes.output_img.any()
def test_nearest_neighbour(
file_path: str = "digital_image_processing/image_data/lena_small.jpg",
):
nn = rs.NearestNeighbour(imread(file_path, 1), 400, 200)
nn.process()
assert nn.output.any()
| """
PyTest's for Digital Image Processing
"""
from cv2 import COLOR_BGR2GRAY, cvtColor, imread
from numpy import array, uint8
from PIL import Image
from digital_image_processing import change_contrast as cc
from digital_image_processing import convert_to_negative as cn
from digital_image_processing import sepia as sp
from digital_image_processing.dithering import burkes as bs
from digital_image_processing.edge_detection import canny as canny
from digital_image_processing.filters import convolve as conv
from digital_image_processing.filters import gaussian_filter as gg
from digital_image_processing.filters import median_filter as med
from digital_image_processing.filters import sobel_filter as sob
from digital_image_processing.resize import resize as rs
img = imread(r"digital_image_processing/image_data/lena_small.jpg")
gray = cvtColor(img, COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
# Test: convert_to_negative()
def test_convert_to_negative():
negative_img = cn.convert_to_negative(img)
# assert negative_img array for at least one True
assert negative_img.any()
# Test: change_contrast()
def test_change_contrast():
with Image.open("digital_image_processing/image_data/lena_small.jpg") as img:
# Work around assertion for response
assert str(cc.change_contrast(img, 110)).startswith(
"<PIL.Image.Image image mode=RGB size=100x100 at"
)
# canny.gen_gaussian_kernel()
def test_gen_gaussian_kernel():
resp = canny.gen_gaussian_kernel(9, sigma=1.4)
# Assert ambiguous array
assert resp.all()
# canny.py
def test_canny():
canny_img = imread("digital_image_processing/image_data/lena_small.jpg", 0)
# assert ambiguous array for all == True
assert canny_img.all()
canny_array = canny.canny(canny_img)
# assert canny array for at least one True
assert canny_array.any()
# filters/gaussian_filter.py
def test_gen_gaussian_kernel_filter():
assert gg.gaussian_filter(gray, 5, sigma=0.9).all()
def test_convolve_filter():
# laplace diagonals
Laplace = array([[0.25, 0.5, 0.25], [0.5, -3, 0.5], [0.25, 0.5, 0.25]])
res = conv.img_convolve(gray, Laplace).astype(uint8)
assert res.any()
def test_median_filter():
assert med.median_filter(gray, 3).any()
def test_sobel_filter():
grad, theta = sob.sobel_filter(gray)
assert grad.any() and theta.any()
def test_sepia():
sepia = sp.make_sepia(img, 20)
assert sepia.all()
def test_burkes(file_path: str = "digital_image_processing/image_data/lena_small.jpg"):
burkes = bs.Burkes(imread(file_path, 1), 120)
burkes.process()
assert burkes.output_img.any()
def test_nearest_neighbour(
file_path: str = "digital_image_processing/image_data/lena_small.jpg",
):
nn = rs.NearestNeighbour(imread(file_path, 1), 400, 200)
nn.process()
assert nn.output.any()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| from collections import Counter
import numpy as np
from sklearn import datasets
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
data = datasets.load_iris()
X = np.array(data["data"])
y = np.array(data["target"])
classes = data["target_names"]
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y)
def euclidean_distance(a, b):
"""
Gives the euclidean distance between two points
>>> euclidean_distance([0, 0], [3, 4])
5.0
>>> euclidean_distance([1, 2, 3], [1, 8, 11])
10.0
"""
return np.linalg.norm(np.array(a) - np.array(b))
def classifier(train_data, train_target, classes, point, k=5):
"""
Classifies the point using the KNN algorithm
k closest points are found (ranked in ascending order of euclidean distance)
Params:
:train_data: Set of points that are classified into two or more classes
:train_target: List of classes in the order of train_data points
:classes: Labels of the classes
:point: The data point that needs to be classified
>>> X_train = [[0, 0], [1, 0], [0, 1], [0.5, 0.5], [3, 3], [2, 3], [3, 2]]
>>> y_train = [0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1]
>>> classes = ['A','B']; point = [1.2,1.2]
>>> classifier(X_train, y_train, classes,point)
'A'
"""
data = zip(train_data, train_target)
# List of distances of all points from the point to be classified
distances = []
for data_point in data:
distance = euclidean_distance(data_point[0], point)
distances.append((distance, data_point[1]))
# Choosing 'k' points with the least distances.
votes = [i[1] for i in sorted(distances)[:k]]
# Most commonly occurring class among them
# is the class into which the point is classified
result = Counter(votes).most_common(1)[0][0]
return classes[result]
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(classifier(X_train, y_train, classes, [4.4, 3.1, 1.3, 1.4]))
| from collections import Counter
import numpy as np
from sklearn import datasets
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
data = datasets.load_iris()
X = np.array(data["data"])
y = np.array(data["target"])
classes = data["target_names"]
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y)
def euclidean_distance(a, b):
"""
Gives the euclidean distance between two points
>>> euclidean_distance([0, 0], [3, 4])
5.0
>>> euclidean_distance([1, 2, 3], [1, 8, 11])
10.0
"""
return np.linalg.norm(np.array(a) - np.array(b))
def classifier(train_data, train_target, classes, point, k=5):
"""
Classifies the point using the KNN algorithm
k closest points are found (ranked in ascending order of euclidean distance)
Params:
:train_data: Set of points that are classified into two or more classes
:train_target: List of classes in the order of train_data points
:classes: Labels of the classes
:point: The data point that needs to be classified
>>> X_train = [[0, 0], [1, 0], [0, 1], [0.5, 0.5], [3, 3], [2, 3], [3, 2]]
>>> y_train = [0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1]
>>> classes = ['A','B']; point = [1.2,1.2]
>>> classifier(X_train, y_train, classes,point)
'A'
"""
data = zip(train_data, train_target)
# List of distances of all points from the point to be classified
distances = []
for data_point in data:
distance = euclidean_distance(data_point[0], point)
distances.append((distance, data_point[1]))
# Choosing 'k' points with the least distances.
votes = [i[1] for i in sorted(distances)[:k]]
# Most commonly occurring class among them
# is the class into which the point is classified
result = Counter(votes).most_common(1)[0][0]
return classes[result]
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(classifier(X_train, y_train, classes, [4.4, 3.1, 1.3, 1.4]))
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Numerical integration or quadrature for a smooth function f with known values at x_i
This method is the classical approach of suming 'Equally Spaced Abscissas'
method 1:
"extended trapezoidal rule"
"""
def method_1(boundary, steps):
# "extended trapezoidal rule"
# int(f) = dx/2 * (f1 + 2f2 + ... + fn)
h = (boundary[1] - boundary[0]) / steps
a = boundary[0]
b = boundary[1]
x_i = make_points(a, b, h)
y = 0.0
y += (h / 2.0) * f(a)
for i in x_i:
# print(i)
y += h * f(i)
y += (h / 2.0) * f(b)
return y
def make_points(a, b, h):
x = a + h
while x < (b - h):
yield x
x = x + h
def f(x): # enter your function here
y = (x - 0) * (x - 0)
return y
def main():
a = 0.0 # Lower bound of integration
b = 1.0 # Upper bound of integration
steps = 10.0 # define number of steps or resolution
boundary = [a, b] # define boundary of integration
y = method_1(boundary, steps)
print(f"y = {y}")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| """
Numerical integration or quadrature for a smooth function f with known values at x_i
This method is the classical approach of suming 'Equally Spaced Abscissas'
method 1:
"extended trapezoidal rule"
"""
def method_1(boundary, steps):
# "extended trapezoidal rule"
# int(f) = dx/2 * (f1 + 2f2 + ... + fn)
h = (boundary[1] - boundary[0]) / steps
a = boundary[0]
b = boundary[1]
x_i = make_points(a, b, h)
y = 0.0
y += (h / 2.0) * f(a)
for i in x_i:
# print(i)
y += h * f(i)
y += (h / 2.0) * f(b)
return y
def make_points(a, b, h):
x = a + h
while x < (b - h):
yield x
x = x + h
def f(x): # enter your function here
y = (x - 0) * (x - 0)
return y
def main():
a = 0.0 # Lower bound of integration
b = 1.0 # Upper bound of integration
steps = 10.0 # define number of steps or resolution
boundary = [a, b] # define boundary of integration
y = method_1(boundary, steps)
print(f"y = {y}")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
| -1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,570 | [mypy] annotate `compression` | ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| ErwinJunge | "2021-10-23T19:54:11Z" | "2021-10-26T10:29:28Z" | de07245c170f2007cef415fa4114be870078988e | e49d8e3af427353c18fe5f1afb0927e3e8d6461c | [mypy] annotate `compression`. ### **Describe your change:**
Fixed missing type annotation for [compression](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/compression) directory. It now passes `mypy --strict`.
Related to #4052
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| -1 |
||
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,566 | [mypy] Fix type annotations for stack.py | ```
$ git checkout mypy-fix-stacks-stack
Switched to branch 'mypy-fix-stacks-stack'
$ mypy --ignore-missing-imports data_structures/stacks/stack.py --strict
Success: no issues found in 1 source file
$ mypy --ignore-missing-imports data_structures/stacks --strict > after.txt
$ git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'
$ mypy --ignore-missing-imports data_structures/stacks --strict > before.txt
$ diff before.txt after.txt
39,49d38
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:31: error: Function is missing a type annotation
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:37: error: Function is missing a return type annotation
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:50: error: Function is missing a return type annotation
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:74: error: Function is missing a type annotation for one or more arguments
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:90: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:96: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:103: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:109: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:110: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:112: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:116: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
52,62d40
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:60: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:63: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:66: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:67: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:68: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:69: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:70: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:71: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:74: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:77: error: Returning Any from function declared to return "int"
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:77: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
75,85c53
< data_structures/stacks/balanced_parentheses.py:21: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/balanced_parentheses.py:23: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:47: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:49: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:50: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:51: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:53: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:54: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:55: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:57: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< Found 82 errors in 12 files (checked 13 source files)
---
> Found 50 errors in 8 files (checked 13 source files)
```
Related to #4052
### **Describe your change:**
Add generic type annotations to functions in `stack.py`. Add type annotations to variables of `Stack` class.
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| archaengel | "2021-10-23T18:21:43Z" | "2021-10-26T18:33:08Z" | 582f57f41fb9d36ae8fe4d49c98775877b9013b7 | c0ed031b3fcf47736f98dfd89e2588dbffceadde | [mypy] Fix type annotations for stack.py. ```
$ git checkout mypy-fix-stacks-stack
Switched to branch 'mypy-fix-stacks-stack'
$ mypy --ignore-missing-imports data_structures/stacks/stack.py --strict
Success: no issues found in 1 source file
$ mypy --ignore-missing-imports data_structures/stacks --strict > after.txt
$ git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'
$ mypy --ignore-missing-imports data_structures/stacks --strict > before.txt
$ diff before.txt after.txt
39,49d38
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:31: error: Function is missing a type annotation
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:37: error: Function is missing a return type annotation
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:50: error: Function is missing a return type annotation
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:74: error: Function is missing a type annotation for one or more arguments
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:90: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:96: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:103: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:109: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:110: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:112: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:116: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
52,62d40
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:60: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:63: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:66: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:67: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:68: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:69: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:70: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:71: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:74: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:77: error: Returning Any from function declared to return "int"
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:77: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
75,85c53
< data_structures/stacks/balanced_parentheses.py:21: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/balanced_parentheses.py:23: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:47: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:49: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:50: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:51: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:53: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:54: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:55: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:57: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< Found 82 errors in 12 files (checked 13 source files)
---
> Found 50 errors in 8 files (checked 13 source files)
```
Related to #4052
### **Describe your change:**
Add generic type annotations to functions in `stack.py`. Add type annotations to variables of `Stack` class.
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| from .stack import Stack
def balanced_parentheses(parentheses: str) -> bool:
"""Use a stack to check if a string of parentheses is balanced.
>>> balanced_parentheses("([]{})")
True
>>> balanced_parentheses("[()]{}{[()()]()}")
True
>>> balanced_parentheses("[(])")
False
>>> balanced_parentheses("1+2*3-4")
True
>>> balanced_parentheses("")
True
"""
stack = Stack()
bracket_pairs = {"(": ")", "[": "]", "{": "}"}
for bracket in parentheses:
if bracket in bracket_pairs:
stack.push(bracket)
elif bracket in (")", "]", "}"):
if stack.is_empty() or bracket_pairs[stack.pop()] != bracket:
return False
return stack.is_empty()
if __name__ == "__main__":
from doctest import testmod
testmod()
examples = ["((()))", "((())", "(()))"]
print("Balanced parentheses demonstration:\n")
for example in examples:
not_str = "" if balanced_parentheses(example) else "not "
print(f"{example} is {not_str}balanced")
| from .stack import Stack
def balanced_parentheses(parentheses: str) -> bool:
"""Use a stack to check if a string of parentheses is balanced.
>>> balanced_parentheses("([]{})")
True
>>> balanced_parentheses("[()]{}{[()()]()}")
True
>>> balanced_parentheses("[(])")
False
>>> balanced_parentheses("1+2*3-4")
True
>>> balanced_parentheses("")
True
"""
stack: Stack[str] = Stack()
bracket_pairs = {"(": ")", "[": "]", "{": "}"}
for bracket in parentheses:
if bracket in bracket_pairs:
stack.push(bracket)
elif bracket in (")", "]", "}"):
if stack.is_empty() or bracket_pairs[stack.pop()] != bracket:
return False
return stack.is_empty()
if __name__ == "__main__":
from doctest import testmod
testmod()
examples = ["((()))", "((())", "(()))"]
print("Balanced parentheses demonstration:\n")
for example in examples:
not_str = "" if balanced_parentheses(example) else "not "
print(f"{example} is {not_str}balanced")
| 1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,566 | [mypy] Fix type annotations for stack.py | ```
$ git checkout mypy-fix-stacks-stack
Switched to branch 'mypy-fix-stacks-stack'
$ mypy --ignore-missing-imports data_structures/stacks/stack.py --strict
Success: no issues found in 1 source file
$ mypy --ignore-missing-imports data_structures/stacks --strict > after.txt
$ git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'
$ mypy --ignore-missing-imports data_structures/stacks --strict > before.txt
$ diff before.txt after.txt
39,49d38
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:31: error: Function is missing a type annotation
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:37: error: Function is missing a return type annotation
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:50: error: Function is missing a return type annotation
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:74: error: Function is missing a type annotation for one or more arguments
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:90: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:96: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:103: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:109: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:110: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:112: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:116: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
52,62d40
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:60: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:63: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:66: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:67: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:68: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:69: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:70: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:71: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:74: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:77: error: Returning Any from function declared to return "int"
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:77: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
75,85c53
< data_structures/stacks/balanced_parentheses.py:21: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/balanced_parentheses.py:23: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:47: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:49: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:50: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:51: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:53: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:54: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:55: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:57: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< Found 82 errors in 12 files (checked 13 source files)
---
> Found 50 errors in 8 files (checked 13 source files)
```
Related to #4052
### **Describe your change:**
Add generic type annotations to functions in `stack.py`. Add type annotations to variables of `Stack` class.
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| archaengel | "2021-10-23T18:21:43Z" | "2021-10-26T18:33:08Z" | 582f57f41fb9d36ae8fe4d49c98775877b9013b7 | c0ed031b3fcf47736f98dfd89e2588dbffceadde | [mypy] Fix type annotations for stack.py. ```
$ git checkout mypy-fix-stacks-stack
Switched to branch 'mypy-fix-stacks-stack'
$ mypy --ignore-missing-imports data_structures/stacks/stack.py --strict
Success: no issues found in 1 source file
$ mypy --ignore-missing-imports data_structures/stacks --strict > after.txt
$ git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'
$ mypy --ignore-missing-imports data_structures/stacks --strict > before.txt
$ diff before.txt after.txt
39,49d38
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:31: error: Function is missing a type annotation
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:37: error: Function is missing a return type annotation
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:50: error: Function is missing a return type annotation
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:74: error: Function is missing a type annotation for one or more arguments
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:90: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:96: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:103: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:109: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:110: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:112: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:116: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
52,62d40
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:60: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:63: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:66: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:67: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:68: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:69: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:70: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:71: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:74: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:77: error: Returning Any from function declared to return "int"
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:77: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
75,85c53
< data_structures/stacks/balanced_parentheses.py:21: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/balanced_parentheses.py:23: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:47: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:49: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:50: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:51: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:53: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:54: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:55: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:57: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< Found 82 errors in 12 files (checked 13 source files)
---
> Found 50 errors in 8 files (checked 13 source files)
```
Related to #4052
### **Describe your change:**
Add generic type annotations to functions in `stack.py`. Add type annotations to variables of `Stack` class.
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
Author: Alexander Joslin
GitHub: github.com/echoaj
Explanation: https://medium.com/@haleesammar/implemented-in-js-dijkstras-2-stack-
algorithm-for-evaluating-mathematical-expressions-fc0837dae1ea
We can use Dijkstra's two stack algorithm to solve an equation
such as: (5 + ((4 * 2) * (2 + 3)))
THESE ARE THE ALGORITHM'S RULES:
RULE 1: Scan the expression from left to right. When an operand is encountered,
push it onto the the operand stack.
RULE 2: When an operator is encountered in the expression,
push it onto the operator stack.
RULE 3: When a left parenthesis is encountered in the expression, ignore it.
RULE 4: When a right parenthesis is encountered in the expression,
pop an operator off the operator stack. The two operands it must
operate on must be the last two operands pushed onto the operand stack.
We therefore pop the operand stack twice, perform the operation,
and push the result back onto the operand stack so it will be available
for use as an operand of the next operator popped off the operator stack.
RULE 5: When the entire infix expression has been scanned, the value left on
the operand stack represents the value of the expression.
NOTE: It only works with whole numbers.
"""
__author__ = "Alexander Joslin"
import operator as op
from .stack import Stack
def dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm(equation: str) -> int:
"""
DocTests
>>> dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm("(5 + 3)")
8
>>> dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm("((9 - (2 + 9)) + (8 - 1))")
5
>>> dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm("((((3 - 2) - (2 + 3)) + (2 - 4)) + 3)")
-3
:param equation: a string
:return: result: an integer
"""
operators = {"*": op.mul, "/": op.truediv, "+": op.add, "-": op.sub}
operand_stack = Stack()
operator_stack = Stack()
for i in equation:
if i.isdigit():
# RULE 1
operand_stack.push(int(i))
elif i in operators:
# RULE 2
operator_stack.push(i)
elif i == ")":
# RULE 4
opr = operator_stack.peek()
operator_stack.pop()
num1 = operand_stack.peek()
operand_stack.pop()
num2 = operand_stack.peek()
operand_stack.pop()
total = operators[opr](num2, num1)
operand_stack.push(total)
# RULE 5
return operand_stack.peek()
if __name__ == "__main__":
equation = "(5 + ((4 * 2) * (2 + 3)))"
# answer = 45
print(f"{equation} = {dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm(equation)}")
| """
Author: Alexander Joslin
GitHub: github.com/echoaj
Explanation: https://medium.com/@haleesammar/implemented-in-js-dijkstras-2-stack-
algorithm-for-evaluating-mathematical-expressions-fc0837dae1ea
We can use Dijkstra's two stack algorithm to solve an equation
such as: (5 + ((4 * 2) * (2 + 3)))
THESE ARE THE ALGORITHM'S RULES:
RULE 1: Scan the expression from left to right. When an operand is encountered,
push it onto the the operand stack.
RULE 2: When an operator is encountered in the expression,
push it onto the operator stack.
RULE 3: When a left parenthesis is encountered in the expression, ignore it.
RULE 4: When a right parenthesis is encountered in the expression,
pop an operator off the operator stack. The two operands it must
operate on must be the last two operands pushed onto the operand stack.
We therefore pop the operand stack twice, perform the operation,
and push the result back onto the operand stack so it will be available
for use as an operand of the next operator popped off the operator stack.
RULE 5: When the entire infix expression has been scanned, the value left on
the operand stack represents the value of the expression.
NOTE: It only works with whole numbers.
"""
__author__ = "Alexander Joslin"
import operator as op
from .stack import Stack
def dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm(equation: str) -> int:
"""
DocTests
>>> dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm("(5 + 3)")
8
>>> dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm("((9 - (2 + 9)) + (8 - 1))")
5
>>> dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm("((((3 - 2) - (2 + 3)) + (2 - 4)) + 3)")
-3
:param equation: a string
:return: result: an integer
"""
operators = {"*": op.mul, "/": op.truediv, "+": op.add, "-": op.sub}
operand_stack: Stack[int] = Stack()
operator_stack: Stack[str] = Stack()
for i in equation:
if i.isdigit():
# RULE 1
operand_stack.push(int(i))
elif i in operators:
# RULE 2
operator_stack.push(i)
elif i == ")":
# RULE 4
opr = operator_stack.peek()
operator_stack.pop()
num1 = operand_stack.peek()
operand_stack.pop()
num2 = operand_stack.peek()
operand_stack.pop()
total = operators[opr](num2, num1)
operand_stack.push(total)
# RULE 5
return operand_stack.peek()
if __name__ == "__main__":
equation = "(5 + ((4 * 2) * (2 + 3)))"
# answer = 45
print(f"{equation} = {dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm(equation)}")
| 1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,566 | [mypy] Fix type annotations for stack.py | ```
$ git checkout mypy-fix-stacks-stack
Switched to branch 'mypy-fix-stacks-stack'
$ mypy --ignore-missing-imports data_structures/stacks/stack.py --strict
Success: no issues found in 1 source file
$ mypy --ignore-missing-imports data_structures/stacks --strict > after.txt
$ git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'
$ mypy --ignore-missing-imports data_structures/stacks --strict > before.txt
$ diff before.txt after.txt
39,49d38
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:31: error: Function is missing a type annotation
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:37: error: Function is missing a return type annotation
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:50: error: Function is missing a return type annotation
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:74: error: Function is missing a type annotation for one or more arguments
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:90: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:96: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:103: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:109: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:110: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:112: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:116: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
52,62d40
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:60: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:63: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:66: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:67: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:68: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:69: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:70: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:71: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:74: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:77: error: Returning Any from function declared to return "int"
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:77: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
75,85c53
< data_structures/stacks/balanced_parentheses.py:21: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/balanced_parentheses.py:23: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:47: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:49: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:50: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:51: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:53: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:54: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:55: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:57: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< Found 82 errors in 12 files (checked 13 source files)
---
> Found 50 errors in 8 files (checked 13 source files)
```
Related to #4052
### **Describe your change:**
Add generic type annotations to functions in `stack.py`. Add type annotations to variables of `Stack` class.
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| archaengel | "2021-10-23T18:21:43Z" | "2021-10-26T18:33:08Z" | 582f57f41fb9d36ae8fe4d49c98775877b9013b7 | c0ed031b3fcf47736f98dfd89e2588dbffceadde | [mypy] Fix type annotations for stack.py. ```
$ git checkout mypy-fix-stacks-stack
Switched to branch 'mypy-fix-stacks-stack'
$ mypy --ignore-missing-imports data_structures/stacks/stack.py --strict
Success: no issues found in 1 source file
$ mypy --ignore-missing-imports data_structures/stacks --strict > after.txt
$ git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'
$ mypy --ignore-missing-imports data_structures/stacks --strict > before.txt
$ diff before.txt after.txt
39,49d38
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:31: error: Function is missing a type annotation
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:37: error: Function is missing a return type annotation
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:50: error: Function is missing a return type annotation
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:74: error: Function is missing a type annotation for one or more arguments
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:90: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:96: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:103: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:109: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:110: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:112: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:116: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
52,62d40
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:60: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:63: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:66: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:67: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:68: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:69: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:70: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:71: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:74: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:77: error: Returning Any from function declared to return "int"
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:77: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
75,85c53
< data_structures/stacks/balanced_parentheses.py:21: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/balanced_parentheses.py:23: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:47: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:49: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:50: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:51: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:53: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:54: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:55: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:57: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< Found 82 errors in 12 files (checked 13 source files)
---
> Found 50 errors in 8 files (checked 13 source files)
```
Related to #4052
### **Describe your change:**
Add generic type annotations to functions in `stack.py`. Add type annotations to variables of `Stack` class.
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| """
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infix_notation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_Polish_notation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunting-yard_algorithm
"""
from .balanced_parentheses import balanced_parentheses
from .stack import Stack
def precedence(char: str) -> int:
"""
Return integer value representing an operator's precedence, or
order of operation.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_operations
"""
return {"+": 1, "-": 1, "*": 2, "/": 2, "^": 3}.get(char, -1)
def infix_to_postfix(expression_str: str) -> str:
"""
>>> infix_to_postfix("(1*(2+3)+4))")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Mismatched parentheses
>>> infix_to_postfix("")
''
>>> infix_to_postfix("3+2")
'3 2 +'
>>> infix_to_postfix("(3+4)*5-6")
'3 4 + 5 * 6 -'
>>> infix_to_postfix("(1+2)*3/4-5")
'1 2 + 3 * 4 / 5 -'
>>> infix_to_postfix("a+b*c+(d*e+f)*g")
'a b c * + d e * f + g * +'
>>> infix_to_postfix("x^y/(5*z)+2")
'x y ^ 5 z * / 2 +'
"""
if not balanced_parentheses(expression_str):
raise ValueError("Mismatched parentheses")
stack = Stack()
postfix = []
for char in expression_str:
if char.isalpha() or char.isdigit():
postfix.append(char)
elif char == "(":
stack.push(char)
elif char == ")":
while not stack.is_empty() and stack.peek() != "(":
postfix.append(stack.pop())
stack.pop()
else:
while not stack.is_empty() and precedence(char) <= precedence(stack.peek()):
postfix.append(stack.pop())
stack.push(char)
while not stack.is_empty():
postfix.append(stack.pop())
return " ".join(postfix)
if __name__ == "__main__":
from doctest import testmod
testmod()
expression = "a+b*(c^d-e)^(f+g*h)-i"
print("Infix to Postfix Notation demonstration:\n")
print("Infix notation: " + expression)
print("Postfix notation: " + infix_to_postfix(expression))
| """
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infix_notation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_Polish_notation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunting-yard_algorithm
"""
from .balanced_parentheses import balanced_parentheses
from .stack import Stack
def precedence(char: str) -> int:
"""
Return integer value representing an operator's precedence, or
order of operation.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_operations
"""
return {"+": 1, "-": 1, "*": 2, "/": 2, "^": 3}.get(char, -1)
def infix_to_postfix(expression_str: str) -> str:
"""
>>> infix_to_postfix("(1*(2+3)+4))")
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
ValueError: Mismatched parentheses
>>> infix_to_postfix("")
''
>>> infix_to_postfix("3+2")
'3 2 +'
>>> infix_to_postfix("(3+4)*5-6")
'3 4 + 5 * 6 -'
>>> infix_to_postfix("(1+2)*3/4-5")
'1 2 + 3 * 4 / 5 -'
>>> infix_to_postfix("a+b*c+(d*e+f)*g")
'a b c * + d e * f + g * +'
>>> infix_to_postfix("x^y/(5*z)+2")
'x y ^ 5 z * / 2 +'
"""
if not balanced_parentheses(expression_str):
raise ValueError("Mismatched parentheses")
stack: Stack[str] = Stack()
postfix = []
for char in expression_str:
if char.isalpha() or char.isdigit():
postfix.append(char)
elif char == "(":
stack.push(char)
elif char == ")":
while not stack.is_empty() and stack.peek() != "(":
postfix.append(stack.pop())
stack.pop()
else:
while not stack.is_empty() and precedence(char) <= precedence(stack.peek()):
postfix.append(stack.pop())
stack.push(char)
while not stack.is_empty():
postfix.append(stack.pop())
return " ".join(postfix)
if __name__ == "__main__":
from doctest import testmod
testmod()
expression = "a+b*(c^d-e)^(f+g*h)-i"
print("Infix to Postfix Notation demonstration:\n")
print("Infix notation: " + expression)
print("Postfix notation: " + infix_to_postfix(expression))
| 1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,566 | [mypy] Fix type annotations for stack.py | ```
$ git checkout mypy-fix-stacks-stack
Switched to branch 'mypy-fix-stacks-stack'
$ mypy --ignore-missing-imports data_structures/stacks/stack.py --strict
Success: no issues found in 1 source file
$ mypy --ignore-missing-imports data_structures/stacks --strict > after.txt
$ git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'
$ mypy --ignore-missing-imports data_structures/stacks --strict > before.txt
$ diff before.txt after.txt
39,49d38
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:31: error: Function is missing a type annotation
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:37: error: Function is missing a return type annotation
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:50: error: Function is missing a return type annotation
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:74: error: Function is missing a type annotation for one or more arguments
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:90: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:96: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:103: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:109: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:110: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:112: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:116: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
52,62d40
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:60: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:63: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:66: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:67: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:68: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:69: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:70: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:71: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:74: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:77: error: Returning Any from function declared to return "int"
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:77: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
75,85c53
< data_structures/stacks/balanced_parentheses.py:21: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/balanced_parentheses.py:23: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:47: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:49: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:50: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:51: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:53: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:54: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:55: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:57: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< Found 82 errors in 12 files (checked 13 source files)
---
> Found 50 errors in 8 files (checked 13 source files)
```
Related to #4052
### **Describe your change:**
Add generic type annotations to functions in `stack.py`. Add type annotations to variables of `Stack` class.
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| archaengel | "2021-10-23T18:21:43Z" | "2021-10-26T18:33:08Z" | 582f57f41fb9d36ae8fe4d49c98775877b9013b7 | c0ed031b3fcf47736f98dfd89e2588dbffceadde | [mypy] Fix type annotations for stack.py. ```
$ git checkout mypy-fix-stacks-stack
Switched to branch 'mypy-fix-stacks-stack'
$ mypy --ignore-missing-imports data_structures/stacks/stack.py --strict
Success: no issues found in 1 source file
$ mypy --ignore-missing-imports data_structures/stacks --strict > after.txt
$ git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'
$ mypy --ignore-missing-imports data_structures/stacks --strict > before.txt
$ diff before.txt after.txt
39,49d38
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:31: error: Function is missing a type annotation
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:37: error: Function is missing a return type annotation
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:50: error: Function is missing a return type annotation
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:74: error: Function is missing a type annotation for one or more arguments
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:90: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:96: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:103: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:109: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:110: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:112: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:116: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
52,62d40
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:60: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:63: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:66: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:67: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:68: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:69: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:70: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:71: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:74: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:77: error: Returning Any from function declared to return "int"
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:77: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
75,85c53
< data_structures/stacks/balanced_parentheses.py:21: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/balanced_parentheses.py:23: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:47: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:49: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:50: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:51: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:53: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:54: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:55: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:57: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< Found 82 errors in 12 files (checked 13 source files)
---
> Found 50 errors in 8 files (checked 13 source files)
```
Related to #4052
### **Describe your change:**
Add generic type annotations to functions in `stack.py`. Add type annotations to variables of `Stack` class.
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| from __future__ import annotations
class StackOverflowError(BaseException):
pass
class StackUnderflowError(BaseException):
pass
class Stack:
"""A stack is an abstract data type that serves as a collection of
elements with two principal operations: push() and pop(). push() adds an
element to the top of the stack, and pop() removes an element from the top
of a stack. The order in which elements come off of a stack are
Last In, First Out (LIFO).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_(abstract_data_type)
"""
def __init__(self, limit: int = 10):
self.stack: list[int] = []
self.limit = limit
def __bool__(self) -> bool:
return bool(self.stack)
def __str__(self) -> str:
return str(self.stack)
def push(self, data):
"""Push an element to the top of the stack."""
if len(self.stack) >= self.limit:
raise StackOverflowError
self.stack.append(data)
def pop(self):
"""
Pop an element off of the top of the stack.
>>> Stack().pop()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
data_structures.stacks.stack.StackUnderflowError
"""
if not self.stack:
raise StackUnderflowError
return self.stack.pop()
def peek(self):
"""
Peek at the top-most element of the stack.
>>> Stack().pop()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
data_structures.stacks.stack.StackUnderflowError
"""
if not self.stack:
raise StackUnderflowError
return self.stack[-1]
def is_empty(self) -> bool:
"""Check if a stack is empty."""
return not bool(self.stack)
def is_full(self) -> bool:
return self.size() == self.limit
def size(self) -> int:
"""Return the size of the stack."""
return len(self.stack)
def __contains__(self, item) -> bool:
"""Check if item is in stack"""
return item in self.stack
def test_stack() -> None:
"""
>>> test_stack()
"""
stack = Stack(10)
assert bool(stack) is False
assert stack.is_empty() is True
assert stack.is_full() is False
assert str(stack) == "[]"
try:
_ = stack.pop()
assert False # This should not happen
except StackUnderflowError:
assert True # This should happen
try:
_ = stack.peek()
assert False # This should not happen
except StackUnderflowError:
assert True # This should happen
for i in range(10):
assert stack.size() == i
stack.push(i)
assert bool(stack)
assert not stack.is_empty()
assert stack.is_full()
assert str(stack) == str(list(range(10)))
assert stack.pop() == 9
assert stack.peek() == 8
stack.push(100)
assert str(stack) == str([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 100])
try:
stack.push(200)
assert False # This should not happen
except StackOverflowError:
assert True # This should happen
assert not stack.is_empty()
assert stack.size() == 10
assert 5 in stack
assert 55 not in stack
if __name__ == "__main__":
test_stack()
| from __future__ import annotations
from typing import Generic, TypeVar
T = TypeVar("T")
class StackOverflowError(BaseException):
pass
class StackUnderflowError(BaseException):
pass
class Stack(Generic[T]):
"""A stack is an abstract data type that serves as a collection of
elements with two principal operations: push() and pop(). push() adds an
element to the top of the stack, and pop() removes an element from the top
of a stack. The order in which elements come off of a stack are
Last In, First Out (LIFO).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_(abstract_data_type)
"""
def __init__(self, limit: int = 10):
self.stack: list[T] = []
self.limit = limit
def __bool__(self) -> bool:
return bool(self.stack)
def __str__(self) -> str:
return str(self.stack)
def push(self, data: T) -> None:
"""Push an element to the top of the stack."""
if len(self.stack) >= self.limit:
raise StackOverflowError
self.stack.append(data)
def pop(self) -> T:
"""
Pop an element off of the top of the stack.
>>> Stack().pop()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
data_structures.stacks.stack.StackUnderflowError
"""
if not self.stack:
raise StackUnderflowError
return self.stack.pop()
def peek(self) -> T:
"""
Peek at the top-most element of the stack.
>>> Stack().pop()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
data_structures.stacks.stack.StackUnderflowError
"""
if not self.stack:
raise StackUnderflowError
return self.stack[-1]
def is_empty(self) -> bool:
"""Check if a stack is empty."""
return not bool(self.stack)
def is_full(self) -> bool:
return self.size() == self.limit
def size(self) -> int:
"""Return the size of the stack."""
return len(self.stack)
def __contains__(self, item: T) -> bool:
"""Check if item is in stack"""
return item in self.stack
def test_stack() -> None:
"""
>>> test_stack()
"""
stack: Stack[int] = Stack(10)
assert bool(stack) is False
assert stack.is_empty() is True
assert stack.is_full() is False
assert str(stack) == "[]"
try:
_ = stack.pop()
assert False # This should not happen
except StackUnderflowError:
assert True # This should happen
try:
_ = stack.peek()
assert False # This should not happen
except StackUnderflowError:
assert True # This should happen
for i in range(10):
assert stack.size() == i
stack.push(i)
assert bool(stack)
assert not stack.is_empty()
assert stack.is_full()
assert str(stack) == str(list(range(10)))
assert stack.pop() == 9
assert stack.peek() == 8
stack.push(100)
assert str(stack) == str([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 100])
try:
stack.push(200)
assert False # This should not happen
except StackOverflowError:
assert True # This should happen
assert not stack.is_empty()
assert stack.size() == 10
assert 5 in stack
assert 55 not in stack
if __name__ == "__main__":
test_stack()
| 1 |
TheAlgorithms/Python | 5,566 | [mypy] Fix type annotations for stack.py | ```
$ git checkout mypy-fix-stacks-stack
Switched to branch 'mypy-fix-stacks-stack'
$ mypy --ignore-missing-imports data_structures/stacks/stack.py --strict
Success: no issues found in 1 source file
$ mypy --ignore-missing-imports data_structures/stacks --strict > after.txt
$ git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'
$ mypy --ignore-missing-imports data_structures/stacks --strict > before.txt
$ diff before.txt after.txt
39,49d38
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:31: error: Function is missing a type annotation
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:37: error: Function is missing a return type annotation
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:50: error: Function is missing a return type annotation
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:74: error: Function is missing a type annotation for one or more arguments
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:90: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:96: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:103: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:109: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:110: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:112: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:116: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
52,62d40
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:60: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:63: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:66: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:67: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:68: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:69: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:70: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:71: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:74: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:77: error: Returning Any from function declared to return "int"
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:77: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
75,85c53
< data_structures/stacks/balanced_parentheses.py:21: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/balanced_parentheses.py:23: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:47: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:49: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:50: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:51: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:53: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:54: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:55: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:57: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< Found 82 errors in 12 files (checked 13 source files)
---
> Found 50 errors in 8 files (checked 13 source files)
```
Related to #4052
### **Describe your change:**
Add generic type annotations to functions in `stack.py`. Add type annotations to variables of `Stack` class.
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| archaengel | "2021-10-23T18:21:43Z" | "2021-10-26T18:33:08Z" | 582f57f41fb9d36ae8fe4d49c98775877b9013b7 | c0ed031b3fcf47736f98dfd89e2588dbffceadde | [mypy] Fix type annotations for stack.py. ```
$ git checkout mypy-fix-stacks-stack
Switched to branch 'mypy-fix-stacks-stack'
$ mypy --ignore-missing-imports data_structures/stacks/stack.py --strict
Success: no issues found in 1 source file
$ mypy --ignore-missing-imports data_structures/stacks --strict > after.txt
$ git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'
$ mypy --ignore-missing-imports data_structures/stacks --strict > before.txt
$ diff before.txt after.txt
39,49d38
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:31: error: Function is missing a type annotation
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:37: error: Function is missing a return type annotation
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:50: error: Function is missing a return type annotation
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:74: error: Function is missing a type annotation for one or more arguments
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:90: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:96: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:103: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:109: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:110: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:112: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/stack.py:116: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
52,62d40
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:60: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:63: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:66: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:67: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:68: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:69: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:70: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:71: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:74: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:77: error: Returning Any from function declared to return "int"
< data_structures/stacks/dijkstras_two_stack_algorithm.py:77: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
75,85c53
< data_structures/stacks/balanced_parentheses.py:21: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/balanced_parentheses.py:23: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:47: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:49: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:50: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:51: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:53: error: Call to untyped function "peek" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:54: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:55: error: Call to untyped function "push" in typed context
< data_structures/stacks/infix_to_postfix_conversion.py:57: error: Call to untyped function "pop" in typed context
< Found 82 errors in 12 files (checked 13 source files)
---
> Found 50 errors in 8 files (checked 13 source files)
```
Related to #4052
### **Describe your change:**
Add generic type annotations to functions in `stack.py`. Add type annotations to variables of `Stack` class.
* [ ] Add an algorithm?
* [x] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
* [ ] Documentation change?
### **Checklist:**
* [x] I have read [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
* [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
* [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
* [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
* [x] All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
* [x] All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
* [x] All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
* [x] All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python [type hints](https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html).
* [x] All functions have [doctests](https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html) that pass the automated testing.
* [x] All new algorithms have a URL in its comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanation.
* [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains `Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}`.
| -1 |
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