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8201
[ "Furthermore", ",", "these", "findings", "indicate", "that", "the", "optimal", "activation", "of", "T", "cells", "by", "IL-12", "and", "IL-2", "may", "depend", "on", "an", "interaction", "between", "the", "p38", "MAP", "kinase", "and", "Janus", "kinase/STAT", "signaling", "pathways", "." ]
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8202
[ "Activation", "of", "NF-kappaB", "in", "Mycobacterium", "tuberculosis", "-induced", "interleukin-2", "receptor", "expression", "in", "mononuclear", "phagocytes", "." ]
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8203
[ "Soluble", "interleukin-2", "receptor-alpha", "(", "IL-2Ralpha", ")", "has", "been", "reported", "to", "be", "increased", "in", "the", "sera", "of", "patients", "with", "advanced", "tuberculosis", ",", "and", "levels", "decline", "after", "therapy", "in", "accordance", "with", "improvement", "of", "radiologic", "findings", "." ]
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8204
[ "We", "investigated", "expression", "of", "the", "IL-2Ralpha", "in", "bronchoalveolar", "lavage", "(", "BAL", ")", "cells", "in", "active", "pulmonary", "tuberculosis", ",", "and", "evaluated", "the", "mechanism", "Mycobacterium", "tuberculosis", "induces", "in", "the", "IL-2Ralpha", "using", "the", "THP-1", "mononuclear", "phagocyte", "cell", "line", "." ]
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8205
[ "We", "found", "IL-2Ralpha", "expression", "to", "be", "increased", "in", "BAL", "cells", "from", "involved", "sites", "of", "active", "pulmonary", "tuberculosis", "." ]
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8206
[ "Expression", "of", "the", "alpha-chain", "of", "IL-2Ralpha", "on", "peripheral", "blood", "monocytes", "(", "PBM", ")", "was", "induced", "by", "M.", "tuberculosis", "by", "flow", "cytometry", "evaluation", "." ]
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8207
[ "Northern", "analysis", "demonstrated", "increased", "IL-2Ralpha", "gene", "expression", "after", "stimulation", "with", "M.", "tuberculosis", "which", "was", "further", "induced", "by", "interferon-gamma", "(", "IFN-gamma", ")", "." ]
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8208
[ "The", "IL-2Ralpha", "promoter", "containing", "the", "nuclear", "factor", "kappa", "B", "(", "NF-kappaB", ")", "site", "was", "transcriptionally", "induced", "by", "M.", "tuberculosis", "and", "this", "NF-kappaB", "site", "could", "confer", "inducibility", "to", "a", "heterologous", "herpes", "thymidine", "kinase", "(", "TK", ")", "promoter", "by", "M.", "tuberculosis", "." ]
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8209
[ "Electrophoretic", "mobility", "shift", "assays", "(", "EMSAs", ")", "revealed", "specific", "binding", "of", "nuclear", "protein", "to", "the", "NF-kappaB", "site", "upon", "induction", "with", "M.", "tuberculosis", "." ]
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8210
[ "Using", "antibodies", "against", "the", "p50", "and", "p65", "subunits", "of", "NF-kappaB", "in", "EMSAs", ",", "the", "involvement", "of", "both", "p50", "and", "p65", "proteins", "was", "further", "demonstrated", "." ]
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8211
[ "Functional", "expression", "of", "the", "IL-2Ralpha", "on", "mononuclear", "phagocytes", "in", "M.", "tuberculosis", "infection", "may", "play", "an", "important", "immunomodulatory", "role", "in", "the", "host", "response", "." ]
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8212
[ "Vitamin", "D", "receptor", "3'-untranslated", "region", "polymorphisms", ":", "lack", "of", "effect", "on", "mRNA", "stability", "." ]
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8213
[ "Allelic", "variation", "at", "the", "3'-end", "of", "the", "vitamin", "D", "receptor", "(", "VDR", ")", "gene", "has", "been", "associated", "with", "a", "3-5-fold", "increased", "risk", "of", "developing", "prostate", "cancer", "and", "with", "differences", "in", "bone", "mineralization", "." ]
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8214
[ "This", "genetic", "diversity", "does", "not", "alter", "the", "VDR", "protein", "structurally", ",", "but", "instead", "may", "be", "a", "marker", "(", "s", ")", "of", "other", ",", "nearby", "polymorphisms", "that", "influence", "message", "stability", "or", "translation", "." ]
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8215
[ "The", "work", "reported", "here", "was", "instigated", "to", "identify", "additional", "VDR", "3'-UTR", "polymorphisms", "that", "may", "have", "functional", "significance", "and", "to", "then", "test", "whether", "these", "genetic", "variants", "alter", "message", "stability", "." ]
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8216
[ "Initially", ",", "four", "novel", ",", "frequently", "occurring", "sequence", "variants", "were", "identified", "that", "associated", "with", "two", "common", "haplotypes", "that", "were", "described", "previously", "." ]
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8217
[ "These", "common", "sequence", "variants", "were", "not", "found", "within", "three", "message-destabilizing", "elements", "that", "we", "mapped", "within", "the", "3'-UTR", "of", "the", "vitamin", "D", "receptor", "mRNA", "." ]
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8218
[ "Furthermore", ",", "the", "two", "VDR", "3'-UTR", "haplotypes", "conferred", "an", "identical", "half-life", "on", "a", "heterologous", "beta-globin", "reporter", "gene", ",", "in", "an", "in", "vitro", "assay", "." ]
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8219
[ "We", "therefore", "conclude", "that", "common", "polymorphisms", "within", "the", "VDR", "3'-UTR", "do", "not", "influence", "message", "stability", "." ]
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8220
[ "IL-2", "-mediated", "cell", "cycle", "progression", "and", "inhibition", "of", "apoptosis", "does", "not", "require", "NF-kappa", "B", "or", "activating", "protein-1", "activation", "in", "primary", "human", "T", "cells", "." ]
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8221
[ "The", "IL-2", "growth", "hormone", "is", "the", "major", "growth", "factor", "of", "activated", "T", "lymphocytes", "during", "a", "developing", "immune", "response", "." ]
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8222
[ "IL-2", "is", "required", "not", "only", "for", "cell", "cycle", "progression", "but", "also", "to", "protect", "Ag-activated", "T", "cells", "from", "programmed", "cell", "death", "." ]
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8223
[ "In", "several", "cell", "types", ",", "activation", "of", "NF-kappa", "B", "and/or", "activating", "protein-1", "(", "AP-1", ")", "has", "been", "demonstrated", "to", "be", "extremely", "important", "in", "blocking", "apoptosis", "." ]
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8224
[ "To", "determine", "whether", "either", "or", "both", "of", "these", "transcription", "factors", "are", "involved", "in", "cell", "survival", "or", "cell", "cycle", "progression", "in", "response", "to", "IL-2", ",", "primary", "human", "T", "cells", "responsive", "to", "the", "growth", "factor", "were", "analyzed", "for", "NF-kappa", "B", "and", "AP-1", "activation", "." ]
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8225
[ "The", "current", "study", "clearly", "demonstrates", "that", "IL-2", "does", "not", "induce", "I", "kappa", "B", "alpha", "degradation", "or", "NF-kappa", "B", "activation", "in", "primary", "human", "T", "cells", "that", "respond", "to", "IL-2", "by", "entering", "the", "cell", "cycle", "and", "avoiding", "apoptosis", "." ]
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8226
[ "Similarly", ",", "IL-2", "neither", "activates", "JNK", "nor", "increases", "AP-1", "binding", "activity", "to", "a", "consensus", "o-tetradecanoylphorbol", "13-acetate", "(", "TPA", ")", "response", "element", "." ]
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8227
[ "On", "the", "other", "hand", ",", "the", "growth", "factor", "does", "induce", "the", "activation", "of", "STAT3", "and", "STAT5", "in", "these", "cells", ",", "as", "has", "been", "previously", "demonstrated", "." ]
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8228
[ "These", "data", "show", "that", "neither", "NF-kappa", "B", "nor", "AP-1", "activation", "is", "required", "for", "IL-2", "-mediated", "survival", "or", "cell", "cycle", "progression", "in", "activated", "primary", "human", "T", "cells", "." ]
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8229
[ "Estrone", "potentiates", "myeloid", "cell", "differentiation", ":", "a", "role", "for", "17", "beta-hydroxysteroid", "dehydrogenase", "in", "modulating", "hemopoiesis", "." ]
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8230
[ "Hormones", "such", "as", "1", "alpha", ",", "25-dihydroxy", "vitamin", "D3", "(", "D3", ")", ",", "all-trans", "retinoic", "acid", ",", "and", "9-cis", "retinoic", "acid", "stimulate", "differentiation", "of", "myeloid", "progenitor", "cells", "via", "their", "interaction", "with", "specific", "hormone", "receptors", "." ]
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8231
[ "However", ",", "the", "sensitivity", "of", "cells", "to", "these", "agents", "is", "not", "merely", "governed", "by", "the", "expression", "of", "their", "receptors", "and", "the", "availability", "of", "ligand", "to", "bind", "them", "." ]
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8232
[ "Recent", "studies", "from", "our", "group", "suggested", "that", "the", "actions", "of", "D3", "and", "retinoids", "on", "myelopoiesis", "also", "are", "influenced", "by", "endogenous", "mechanisms", "involving", "other", "steroid", "hormones", "." ]
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8233
[ "In", "this", "study", "we", "examined", "the", "influence", "of", "local", "estrogen", "metabolism", "on", "the", "differentiation", "of", "HL60", "cells", "and", "normal", "primitive", "myeloid", "progenitor", "cells", "." ]
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8234
[ "Quantitative", "thin-layer", "chromatography", "(", "TLC", ")", "analyses", "showed", "that", "HL60", "and", "normal", "cells", "are", "able", "to", "generate", "estrone", "(", "E1", ")", "from", "estradiol", "(", "E2", ")", "." ]
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8235
[ "Neither", "cell", "population", "generated", "significant", "amounts", "of", "E2", "from", "E1", "." ]
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8236
[ "Reverse", "transcriptase", "polymerase", "chain", "reaction", "and", "Northern", "analyses", "confirmed", "that", "normal", "and", "leukemic", "myeloid", "progenitor", "cells", "expressed", "mRNA", "for", "the", "type", "I", "and", "IV", "isoforms", "of", "17", "beta-hydroxysteroid", "dehydrogenase", "." ]
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8237
[ "Conversion", "of", "E2", "to", "E1", "was", "upregulated", "within", "24", "hours", "when", "HL60", "cells", "were", "treated", "with", "either", "all-trans", "retinoic", "acid", "or", "D3", "at", "doses", "that", "induce", "their", "differentiation", "toward", "neutrophils", "or", "monocytes", ",", "respectively", "." ]
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8238
[ "Similarly", ",", "D3-induced", "monocyte", "differentiation", "of", "normal", "myeloid", "progenitor", "cells", "was", "associated", "with", "increased", "capacity", "to", "generate", "E1", "from", "E2", "." ]
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8239
[ "When", "HL60", "cells", "or", "normal", "myeloid", "progenitor", "cells", "were", "exposed", "to", "exogenous", "E1", "they", "became", "more", "sensitive", "to", "the", "differentiation-inducing", "effects", "of", "D3", "." ]
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8240
[ "Data", "presented", "provide", "further", "evidence", "for", "the", "local", "modulation", "of", "myelopoiesis", "by", "intracrine", "mechanisms", "." ]
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8241
[ "In", "particular", ",", "our", "findings", "suggest", "that", "local", "metabolism", "of", "steroids", "by", "normal", "as", "well", "as", "leukemic", "myeloid", "cells", "influences", "their", "responsiveness", "to", "D3", "and", "retinoids", "." ]
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8242
[ "Phosphorylation", "of", "TRAF2", "inhibits", "binding", "to", "the", "CD40", "cytoplasmic", "domain", "." ]
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8243
[ "TRAF2", "is", "a", "signal", "transducing", "adaptor", "molecule", "which", "binds", "to", "the", "CD40", "cytoplasmic", "domain", "." ]
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8244
[ "We", "have", "found", "that", "it", "is", "phosphorylated", ",", "predominantly", "on", "serine", "residues", ",", "when", "transiently", "overexpressed", "in", "293", "cells", "." ]
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8245
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8246
[ "Furthermore", ",", "the", "phosphorylation", "status", "of", "TRAF2", "had", "significant", "effects", "on", "the", "ability", "of", "the", "protein", "to", "bind", "to", "CD40", ",", "as", "evidenced", "by", "our", "observations", "that", "the", "CD40", "cytoplasmic", "domain", "interacted", "preferentially", "with", "underphosphorylated", "TRAF2", "and", "that", "phosphatase", "treatment", "significantly", "enhanced", "the", "binding", "of", "TRAF2", "to", "CD40", "." ]
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8247
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8248
[ "Copyright", "1999", "Academic", "Press", "." ]
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8249
[ "A", "direct", "interaction", "between", "the", "adaptor", "protein", "Cbl-b", "and", "the", "kinase", "zap-70", "induces", "a", "positive", "signal", "in", "T", "cells", "." ]
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8250
[ "Engagement", "of", "the", "T-cell", "receptor", "(", "TCR", ")", "-CD3", "complex", "induces", "a", "rapid", "increase", "in", "the", "activities", "of", "Src-family", "and", "Syk/Zap-70-family", "kinases", "[", "1", "]", "[", "2", "]", "." ]
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8251
[ "These", "activated", "kinases", "then", "induce", "the", "tyrosine", "phosphorylation", "of", "multiple", "intracellular", "proteins", ",", "eventually", "leading", "to", "T-cell", "activation", "." ]
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8252
[ "One", "of", "the", "prominent", "substrates", "for", "these", "kinases", "is", "the", "adaptor", "protein", "Cbl", "[", "3", "]", "and", "recent", "studies", "suggest", "that", "Cbl", "negatively", "regulates", "upstream", "kinases", "such", "as", "Syk", "and", "Zap-70", "[", "4", "]", "[", "5", "]", "." ]
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8253
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8254
[ "Cbl-b", "undergoes", "rapid", "tyrosine", "phosphorylation", "upon", "stimulation", "of", "the", "TCR", "and", "cytokine", "receptors", "[", "8", "]", "[", "9", "]", "." ]
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8255
[ "The", "role", "of", "Cbl-b", "is", "unclear", ",", "however", "." ]
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8256
[ "Here", ",", "we", "show", "that", "overexpression", "of", "Cbl-b", "in", "T", "cells", "induced", "the", "constitutive", "activation", "of", "the", "transcription", "factor", "nuclear", "factor", "of", "activated", "T", "cells", "(", "NFAT", ")", "." ]
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8257
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