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ูู ู
ุญุงุทุฉ ุจุฌุฏุฑุงู ูุจูุบ ุทูููุง ุญุชู 1000 ู
ุชุฑุ ุชุดุจู ููุนุฉ ู
ููุนุฉ ู
ู ูุจู ุงูุจุดุฑ.
|
They are surrounded by up to 1,000-meter-high walls, resembling a fortress, impregnable by humans.
|
ููู ุงููุงูุนุ ุงููููู ููุท ู
ู ูุฐู ุงูุฌุจุงู ุชู
ุชุณูููุง ูุงูุชุดุงููุง.
|
And, in fact, only a few of these mountains have been climbed and explored on their top.
|
ุชุญูุท ุจูุฐู ุงูุฌุจุงู ู
ูุงุฑูุฉ ุนูู
ูุฉ: ููู ู
ุตููุนุฉ ู
ู ุงูููุงุฑุชุฒุ ููู ู
ุนุฏู ุดุงุฆุน ุฌุฏูุง ุนูู ุงููุดุฑุฉ ุงูุฃุฑุถูุฉุ ูุชุณู
ู ุงูุตุฎูุฑ ุงูู
ุชูููุฉ ู
ู ุงูููุงุฑุชุฒ ุจุงูููุงุฑุชุฒูุชุ ููุนุชุจุฑ ุงูููุงุฑุชุฒูุช ู
ู ุฃุตุนุจ ูุฃูู ุงูู
ุนุงุฏู ุฐูุจุงููุง ุนูู ูุฌู ุงูุฃุฑุถ.
|
These mountains contain also a scientific paradox: They are made by quartz, which is a very common mineral on the earth's crust, and the rock made up by quartz is called quartzite, and quartzite is one of the hardest and least soluble minerals on earth.
|
ูุฐูู ููุญู ูุง ูุชููุน ุฃุจุฏูุง ุฃู ูุฌุฏ ููููุง ููุงู.
|
So we do not expect at all to find a cave there.
|
ูุนูู ุงูุฑุบู
ู
ู ุฐููุ ุฎูุงู ุงูุณููู ุงูุนุดุฑ ุงูู
ุงุถูุฉ ูุงู
ู
ุณุชูุดูู ูููู ู
ู ุฅูุทุงููุงุ ูุณูููุงููุงุ ูุฌู
ููุฑูุฉ ุชุดููุ ูุจุทุจูุนุฉ ุงูุญุงู ู
ู ููุฒูููุง ูุงูุจุฑุงุฒููุ ูุงู
ูุง ุจุงูุชุดุงู ุงูุนุฏูุฏ ู
ู ุงููููู ูู ูุฐู ุงูู
ูุทูุฉ.
|
Despite this, in the last 10 years, speleologists from Italy, Slovakia, Czech Republic, and, of course, Venezuela and Brazil, have explored several caves in this area.
|
ุงุฐุงุ ููู ูู
ูู ุฃู ูููู ุฐูู ู
ู
ูููุงุ
|
So how can it be possible?
|
ุญุชู ูููู
ูุฐุง ุงููุชุงูุถุ ูุญู ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅูู ุฅุฎุฐ ุนุงู
ู ุงูุฒู
ู ูู ุงูุญุณุจุงูุ ุจุณุจุจ ุฃู ุชุงุฑูุฎ ุชุจูู ุถุงุฑุจ ูู ุงููุฏู
ุ ุญูุซ ุจุฏุฃ ุชุดููู ุงูุตุฎูุฑ ู
ูุฐ 1.6 ู
ูููู ุณูุฉ ุฎูุชุ ุซู
ุชุทูุฑ ุงูุฃู
ุฑ ู
ุน ูููุถ ุงูุฅูููู
ู
ูุฐ 150 ู
ูููู ุณูุฉ ุฎูุชุ ุจุนุฏ ุชุตุฏุน ุงูุนู
ูุงูุฉ ุจุงูุฌูุง ูุงููุชุงุญ ุงูู
ุญูุท ุงูุฃุทููุทู.
|
To understand this contradiction, we have to consider the time factor, because the history of the tepuis is extremely long, starting about 1.6 billion years ago with the formation of the rock, and then evolving with the uplift of the region 150 million years ago, after the disruption of the Pangaea supercontinent and the opening of the Atlantic Ocean.
|
ูุฐุง ููู
ุฃู ุชุชุฎูููุง ุฃู ุงูุฃู
ุฑ ุงุญุชุงุฌ ุฅูู ุนุดุฑุงุช ุจู ุญุชู ู
ุฆุงุช ุงูู
ูุงููู ู
ู ุงูุณููู ุญุชู ููุญุช ุงูู
ุงุก ุชูู ุงูุฃุดูุงู ุงูุบุฑูุจุฉ ุนูู ุณุทูุญ ุชุจููุ ูุญุชู ููุชุญ ุงูุดููู ููุดูู ุงูู
ุฏู ุงูุญุตููุฉุ ูุงูู
ุฏู ุงูุตุฎุฑูุฉุ ูุญููู ุงูุฃุจุฑุงุฌ ุงูุชู ุชู
ูุฒ ุงูู
ุดูุฏ ุงูุดููุฑ ูู ุชุจููุฒ.
|
So you can imagine that the water had tens or even hundreds of millions of years to sculpt the strangest forms on the tepuis' surfaces, but also to open the fractures and form stone cities, rock cities, fields of towers which are characterized in the famous landscape of the tepuis.
|
ูููู ูู
ููู ุจู
ูุฏูุฑ ุดุฎุต ุฃู ูุชุฎูู ู
ุง ูุงู ูุญุฏุซ ุฏุงุฎู ุฌุจู ุฎูุงู ูู ูุฐู ุงูู
ุฏุฉ ู
ู ุงูุฒู
ู.
|
But nobody could have imagined what was happening inside a mountain in so long a time frame.
|
ูุฐู ูู ุนุงู
2010 ููุช ู
ุฑูุฒูุง ุนูู ูุงุญุฏุฉ ู
ู ูุฐู ุงูุณูุงุณู ุงูุฌุจููุฉุ ููู ุฃูุงู-ุชุจูู ุงูุดููุฑุฉ ุฌุฏูุงุ ุจุณุจุจ ุฃููุง ุชุญุชุถู ุดูุงูุงุช ุงูู
ูุงูุ ูุงูุชู ุชุนุชุจุฑ ุฃุนูู ุดูุงู ูู ุงูุนุงูู
ูุชุจูุบ ุญูุงูู 979 ู
ุชุฑ ุนูู ุงููุถุน ุงูุฑุฃุณู.
|
And so I was focusing in 2010 on one of those massifs, the Auyรกn-tepui, which is very famous because it hosts Angel Falls, which is the highest waterfall in the world -- about 979 meters of vertical drop.
|
ููุฏ ููุช ุฃุจุญุซ ุนู ุฅุดุงุฑุงุช ููุฌูุฏ ุฃูุธู
ุฉ ูููู ุนู ุทุฑูู ุตูุฑ ุงูุฃูู
ุงุฑ ุงูุฅุตุทูุงุนูุฉุ ูุฃุฎูุฑูุง ุชุนุฑููุง ุนูู ู
ูุทูุฉ ุงูููุงุฑุงุช ุณุทุญูุฉ ุตุฎูุฑ ูุจูุฑุฉ ูุฃููุงู
ุตุฎูุฑ ูุฐูู ูุนูู ุฃูู ูุงู ููุงูู ูุฑุงุบ ูู ุงูุฃุณูู.
|
And I was searching for hints of the existence of cave systems through satellite images, and finally we identified an area of collapses of the surface -- so, big boulders, rock piles -- and that means that there was a void below.
|
ุฅููุง ุฏูุงูุฉ ูุงุถุญุฉ ุนูู ูุฌูุฏ ุดูุก ู
ุง ุฏุงุฎู ุงูุฌุจู.
|
It was a clear indication that there was something inside the mountain.
|
ูุฐูู ูู
ูุง ุจุนุฏุฉ ู
ุญุงููุงุช ูููุตูู ุฅูู ุชูู ุงูู
ูุทูุฉุ ุนู ุทุฑูู ุงููุงุจุณุฉ ูุนู ุทุฑูู ุงูู
ุฑูุญูุฉุ ูููู ุฐูู ูุงู ุตุนุจูุง ููุบุงูุฉุ ุจุณุจุจ ุฃู...ุนูููู
ุฃู ุชุชุฎูููุง ุฃู ูุฐู ุงูุฌุจุงู ู
ุญุงุทุฉ ุจุงูุบููู
ุนูู ุทูู ุงูุณูุฉุ ููุฐูู ุงูุถุจุงุจ.
|
So we did several attempts to reach this area, by land and with a helicopter, but it was really difficult because -- you have to imagine that these mountains are covered by clouds most of the year, by fog.
|
ูุชูุฌุฏ ุฑูุงุญ ูููุฉุ ูุชุณูุท ุฃู
ุทุงุฑ ุจู
ุนุฏู 4000 ู
ูููู
ุชุฑ ูู ุงูุณูุฉุ ูุฐูู ูุฅูู ู
ู ุงูุตุนุจ ุฌุฏูุง ุฌุฏูุง ุฃู ุชุฌุฏ ุธุฑูููุง ู
ูุงุฆู
ุฉ.
|
There are strong winds, and there are almost 4,000 millimeters of rainfall per year, so it's really, really difficult to find good conditions.
|
ูู ุนุงู
2013 ุงุณุชุทุนูุง ุฃุฎูุฑูุง ุงููุจูุท ุนูู ุชูู ุงูุจูุนุฉ ุซู
ุจุฏุฃูุง ุนู
ููุฉ ุงุณุชูุดุงู ุงูููู.
|
And only in 2013 we finally landed on the spot and we started the exploration of the cave.
|
ุงูููู ุถุฎู
.
|
The cave is huge.
|
ุฅููุง ุดุจูุฉ ุถุฎู
ุฉ ุชุญุช ุณุทุญ ูุถุจุฉ ุชูุจููุ ูุฎูุงู ุนุดุฑุฉ ุฃูุงู
ููุท ู
ู ุงูุญู
ูุฉุ ุงูุชุดููุง ุฃูุซุฑ ู
ู 20 ููููู
ุชุฑ ู
ู ุงูู
ู
ุฑุงุช ุงูููููุฉ.
|
It's a huge network under the surface of the tepui plateau, and in only ten days of expedition, we explored more than 20 kilometers of cave passages.
|
ููู ุชู
ุซู ุดุจูุฉ ุถุฎู
ุฉ ู
ู ุงูุฃููุงุฑ ุงูุฌูููุฉุ ูููุงุชุ ูุบุฑู ุถุฎู
ุฉุ ูุฃููุงู ุนู
ููุฉ ููุบุงูุฉ.
|
And it's a huge network of underground rivers, channels, big rooms, extremely deep shafts.
|
ูุฐูู ููู ู
ูุงู ูุงูุตุฏู ุจุญู.
|
So it's really an incredible place.
|
ูุฃุทูููุง ุนููู ุงุณู
ุงูู
ุงูุงุฑู ูููุชุง.
|
And we named it Imawarรฌ Yeuta.
|
ุฐูู ูุนูู ูู ูุบุฉ ุงูุจู
ููู ุงูู
ุญููุฉุ "ุจูุช ุงูุขููุฉ"
|
That means, in the Pemรณn indigenous language, "The House of the Gods."
|
ููู
ุฃู ุชุชุฎูููุง ุฃู ุงูุณูุงู ุงูุฃุตูููู ูู
ูููููุง ููุงู ู
ุทูููุง.
|
You have to imagine that indigenous people have never been there.
|
ูุงู ู
ู ุงูู
ุณุชุญูู ุจุงููุณุจุฉ ููู
ุงููุตูู ุฅูู ูุฐู ุงูู
ูุทูุฉ.
|
It was impossible for them to reach this area.
|
ูู
ุน ุฐููุ ูุงูุช ุชุญูู
ุจุนุถ ุงูุฃุณุงุทูุฑ ุนู ูุฌูุฏ ููู ุนูู ุงูุฌุจู.
|
However, there were legends about the existence of a cave in the mountain.
|
ูุฐูู ุนูุฏู
ุง ุจุฏุฃูุง ุงูุงุณุชูุดุงูุ ุชูุฌุจ ุนูููุง ุงูุจุญุซ ู
ุน ุชูุฎู ุงูุฅุญุชุฑุงู
ุงูุดุฏูุฏุ ุจุณุจุจ ุงูู
ุนุชูุฏุงุช ุงูุฏูููุฉ ููุณูุงู ุงูุฃุตููููุ ูุฃูุถุง ุจุณุจุจ ุฃู ุงูู
ูุงู ูุงู ู
ูุฏุณูุง ุจุญูุ ูุฃูู ูู
ูุฏุฎู ุฅูู ุฐูู ุงูู
ูุงู ุงูุณุงู ู
ู ูุจู.
|
So when we started the exploration, we had to explore with a great respect, both because of the religious beliefs of the indigenous people, but also because it was really a sacred place, because no human had entered there before.
|
ูุฐูู ุชูุฌุจ ุนูููุง ุงุชุจุงุน ุจุฑูุชููููุงุช ุฎุงุตุฉ ุญุชู ูุง ูููุซ ุงูุจูุฆุฉ ุจูุฌูุฏูุงุ ูุญุงูููุง ุฃูุถุง ุฃู ูุชุดุงุฑู ุงูุฃู
ุฑ ู
ุน ุงูู
ุฌุชู
ุน ุงูู
ุญููุ ุฃู ูุชุดุงุฑู ุงูุชุดุงูุงุชูุง ู
ุน ุงูุณูุงู ุงูู
ุญูููู.
|
So we had to use special protocols to not contaminate the environment with our presence, and we tried also to share with the community, with the indigenous community, our discoveries.
|
ูู
ุซู ุงูููู ุญููุง ููุทุฉ ู
ู ุงูู
ุงุถู.
|
And the caves represent, really, a snapshot of the past.
|
ุงูููุช ุงูุฐู ูุญุชุงุฌ ูุฌู
ุน ุชูู ุงูู
ุนููู
ุงุช ูุฏ ูุตู ุฅูู 50 ุฃู ุญุชู ู
ุฆุงุช ู
ูุงููู ุงูุณูููุ ุงูุดูุก ุงูุฐู ุฑุจู
ุง ูุฌุนููุง ุฃูุฏู
ุงููููู ุงูุชู ุจู
ูุฏูุฑูุง ุงูุชุดุงููุง ุนูู ูุฌู ุงูุฃุฑุถ.
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The time needed for their formation could be as long as 50 or even 100 million years, which makes them possibly the oldest caves that we can explore on earth.
|
ู
ุง ุชุฌุฏู ููุงู ูู ูุนููุง ุฏููู ุนูู ุนุงูู
ู
ูููุฏ.
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What you can find there is really evidence of a lost world.
|
ุนูุฏู
ุง ุชุฏุฎู ููู ููุงุฑุชุฒูุชุ ูุงุจุฏ ุฃู ุชูุณู ุชู
ุงู
ูุง ู
ุง ุชุนุฑูู ุนู ุงููููู ุงููููู ุงูุฌูุฑูุฉ ุงูููุงุณูููุฉ ุฃู ุงููููู ุงูุณูุงุญูุฉ ุงูุชู ูู
ููู ุฒูุงุฑุชูุง ูู ุนุฏุฉ ุฃู
ุงูู ุญูู ุงูุนุงูู
.
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When you enter a quartzite cave, you have to completely forget what you know about caves -- classic limestone caves or the touristic caves that you can visit in several places in the world.
|
ูุฃู ู
ุง ูุจุฏู ุฃูู ุฑูุงุณุจ ููุณูุฉ ุจุณูุทุฉ ููุง ููุณ ู
ุตููุนุง ู
ู ูุงุฑุจููุงุช ุงููุงูุณููู
ุ ููููู ู
ุตููุน ู
ู ุงูุฃูุจุงูุ ูุงููุงุญุฏ ู
ู ุชูู ุงูุฑูุงุณุจ ุงูููุณูุฉ ูุชุทูุจ ุนุดุฑุงุช ุงูู
ูุงููู ู
ู ุงูุณููู ุญุชู ูุชุดูู.
|
Because what seems a simple stalactite here is not made by calcium carbonate, but is made by opal, and one of those stalactites can require tens of millions of years to be formed.
|
ูููู ูุฏ ุชุฌุฏ ุฃุดูุงููุง ุฃุบุฑุจุ ู
ุซู ูุฐุง ุงููุทุฑ ู
ู ุงูุณููููุง ุงููุงู
ู ุนูู ุงูุตุฎุฑ.
|
But you can find even stranger forms, like these mushrooms of silica growing on a boulder.
|
ูููู
ุฃู ุชุชุฎูููุง ู
ุง ูุงู ูุฏูุฑ ุจูููุง ู
ู ุญุฏูุซ ุญููู
ุง ููุง ูุณุชูุดู ุงูููู.
|
And you can imagine our talks when we were exploring the cave.
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ููุง ุฃูู ู
ู ูุฏุฎู ูููุชุดู ูุฐู ุงูุฃุดูุงุก ุงูู
ุฌูููุฉุ ุฃุดูุงุก ู
ุซู ุจูุถ ุงููุญุด ูุฐู.
|
We were the first entering and discovering those unknown things, things like those monster eggs.
|
ููุฏ ููุง ุฎุงุฆููู ุจุนุถ ุงูุดูุฆ ูุฃู ุงูุฃู
ุฑ ุจุฑู
ุชู ูุงู ุงุณุชูุดุงููุงุ ููู
ููู ูุฑูุฏ ุฃู ูุฌุฏ ุฏููุงุตูุฑูุง.
|
And we were a bit scared because it was all a discovery, and we didn't want to find a dinosaur.
|
ููุญุณู ุงูุญุธุ ูู
ูุฌุฏ ุฏููุงุตูุฑูุง.
|
We didn't find a dinosaur.
|
ุนูู ูู ุญุงูุ ูู ุงููุงูุนุ ูุนูู
ุฃู ูุฐุง ุงูููุน ู
ู ุงูุชููููุ ุจุนุฏ ุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ู
ุณุชููุถุฉุ ูุนูู
ุฃู ูุฐุง ุงูููุน ู
ู ุงูุชููููุงุช ูู ูุงุฆูุงุช ุญูุฉ.
|
Anyway, actually, we know that this kind of formation, after several studies, we know that these kinds of formations are living organisms.
|
ูู ู
ุณุชุนู
ุฑุงุช ุจูุชูุฑูุฉ ุชุณุชุฎุฏู
ุงูุณููููุง ุญุชู ุชุจูู ููุงูู ู
ุนุฏููุฉ ุดุจููุฉ ุจุงูุณุชุฑูู
ุงุชูููุชูุณ.
|
They are bacterial colonies using silica to build mineral structures resembling stromatolites.
|
ูุนุชุจุฑ ุงูุณุชุฑูู
ุงุชูููุชูุณ ุจุนุถูุง ู
ู ุฃูุฏู
ุฃุดูุงู ุงูุญูุงุฉ ุงูุชู ูู
ูู ุฃู ูุฌุฏูุง ุนูู ูุฌู ุงูุฃุฑุถ.
|
Stromatolites are some of the oldest forms of life that we can find on earth.
|
ูููุง ูู ุชูุจูุณุ ุงูุดูุก ุงูู
ุซูุฑ ููุฅูุชู
ุงู
ุฃู ูุฐู ุงูู
ุณุชุนู
ุฑุงุช ุงูุจูุชูุฑูุฉ ูุฏ ุชุทูุฑุช ูู ุนุฒูุฉ ุชุงู
ุฉ ุนู ุงูุณุทุญ ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌูุ ูู
ู ุฏูู ูุฌูุฏ ุชูุงุตู ุจูููุง ูุงูุจุดุฑ.
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And here in the tepuis, the interesting thing is that these bacteria colonies have evolved in complete isolation from the external surface, and without being in contact with humans.
|
ูู
ุชูู ุนูู ุงุชุตุงู ุฃุจุฏูุง ู
ุน ุงูุจุดุฑ.
|
They have never been in contact with humans.
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ูุฐูู ูุฅู ุณุจู ุงุดุฑุงู ุงูุนูู
ู
ุชุนุฏุฏุฉุ ููุง ุนูู ุณุจูู ุงูู
ุซุงูุ ูู
ููู ุฃู ุชุฌุฏ ุงูู
ููุฑูุจุงุช ูุงูุชู ูู
ูู ุฃู ุชููู ู
ููุฏุฉ ูุนูุงุฌ ุงูุฃู
ุฑุงุถ ูู ุงูุทุจุ ุฃู ูุฏ ุชุฌุฏ ููุนูุง ุฌุฏูุฏูุง ู
ู ุงูู
ูุงุฏ ูุชู
ุชุน ุจุฎุตุงุฆุต ุบูุฑ ู
ุนุฑููุฉ.
|
So the implications for science are enormous, because here you could find, for example, microbes that could be useful to resolve diseases in medicine, or you could find even a new kind of material with unknown properties.
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ููู ุงูุญูููุฉุ ุงูุชุดููุง ูู ุงูููู ูููููุง ู
ุนุฏูููุง ุฌุฏูุฏูุง ููุนูู
ุ ููู ุฑูุณูุงูุชูููุชุ ุณููุงุช ูุจุฑูุชุงุช.
|
And, in fact, we discovered in the cave a new mineral structure for science, which is rossiantonite, a phosphate-sulfate.
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ูุฐุง ุฃูุง ูุงู ู
ุง ุชุฌุฏู ูู ุงููููุ ุญุชู ูุฅู ูุงู ุตุฑุตุงุฑุง ุตุบูุฑุงุ ููุฏ ุชุทูุฑ ูู ุงูุนุชู
ุฉ ููู ุนุฒูุฉ ุชุงู
ุฉ.
|
So whatever you find in the cave, even a small cricket, has evolved in the dark in complete isolation.
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ููู ุงูุญูููุฉุ ุฃู ุดูุฆ ุชุดุนุฑ ุจู ูู ุงูููู ูุนุชุจุฑ ุฑูุงุจุท ุญููููุฉ ุจูู ุงูุนุงูู
ุงูุจููููุฌู ูุงูุนุงูู
ุงูู
ุนุฏูู.
|
And, really, everything that you can feel in the cave are real connections between the biological and the mineralogical world.
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ูุฐูู ุจููู
ุง ูุญู ูุณุชูุดู ูุฐู ุงููุงุฑุฉ ุงูู
ุนุชู
ุฉ ูููุชุดู ุชููุนูุง ูุชูุฑุฏูุง ุงูุจููููุฌู ูุงูู
ุนุฏููุ ูู
ู ุงูู
ุญุชู
ู ุฃู ูุฌุฏ ุฃุฏูุฉ ุนู ุฃุตู ุงูุญูุงุฉ ุนูู ูููุจูุง ูุนู ุนูุงูุฉ ูุชุทูุฑ ุงูุญูุงุฉ ุงูู
ุชุนูู ุจุงูุนุงูู
ุงูู
ุนุฏูู.
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So as we explore this dark continent and discover its mineralogical and biological diversity and uniqueness, we will find probably clues about the origin of life on our planet and on the relationship and evolution of life in relationship with the mineral world.
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ู
ุงูุฏ ูุจุฏู ุจูุฆุฉ ู
ุนุชู
ุฉ ููุงุฑุบุฉ ูุฏ ูููู ูู ุงููุงูุน ุตูุฏูููุง ู
ู ุงูุนุฌุงุฆุจ ู
ููุฆูุง ุจุงูู
ุนููู
ุงุช ุงูู
ููุฏุฉ.
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What seems only a dark, empty environment could be in reality a chest of wonders full of useful information.
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ุจุตุญุจุฉ ูุฑูู ู
ู ู
ุณุชูุดูู ุงููููู ู
ู ุฅูุทุงููุงุ ูููุฒูููุงุ ูุงูุจุฑุงุฒูู ูุงูุฐู ูุฏุนู ูุงููุชุง ุชูุฑุงููุณุงุ ุณูุนูุฏ ูุฑูุจุง ุฅูู ุฃู
ุฑููุง ุงููุงุชูููุฉุ ูุฃููุง ูุฑูุฏ ุฃู ูุณุชูุดู ู
ูุงุทู ุฃุฎุฑู ูู ุฃูุงุตู ุงูุฃู
ุงุฒูู.
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With a team of Italian, Venezuelan and Brazilian speleologists, which is called La Venta Teraphosa, we will be back soon to Latin America, because we want to explore other tepuis in the farthest areas of the Amazon.
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ูุงุฒุงู ููุงู ุงููุซูุฑ ู
ู ุงูุฌุจุงู ุบูุฑ ุงูู
ุนุฑููุฉุ ู
ุซู ู
ุงุฑุงููุงุณุงุ ูุงูุฐู ูุจูุบ ุงุฑุชูุงุนู ุชูุฑูุจุง 3000 ู
ุชุฑ ุนู ุณุทุญ ุงูุจุญุฑุ ุฃู ุฃุฑุงูุงุ ุงูุฐู ููุน ูู ุงูู
ูุทูุฉ ุงูุนููุง ูุฑูู ููุฌุฑู ูู ุงูุจุฑุงุฒูู.
|
There are still very unknown mountains, like Marahuaca, which is almost 3,000 meters high above sea level, or Aracร , which is in the upper region of Rio Negro in Brazil.
|
ูููุชุฑุถ ุฃููุง ุณูุฌุฏ ููุงู ุฃูุธู
ุฉ ูููู ุฃูุจุฑุ ูู ูุงุญุฏ ู
ููุง ูุนุงูู
ู ุงูุบูุฑ ู
ูุชุดู.
|
And we suppose that we could find there even bigger cave systems, and each one with its own undiscovered world.
|
ุดูุฑุง ููู
.
|
Thank you.
|
ุจุฑููู ุบููุณุงูู: ุดูุฑุง ูู ูุฑุงูุณุณูู. ุจุฏุงูุฉู ุญุชู ูุง ููุณู.
|
Bruno Giussani: Thank you, Francesco. Give me that to start so we don't forget.
|
ูุฑุงูุณุณููุ ููุฏ ููุช ุฃููุง ูุณูุง ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅูู ุงูุฐูุงุจ ุฅูู ุงูู
ุฑูุฎ ุญุชู ููุชุดู ุญูุงุฉ ุฌุฏูุฏุฉ ููู ุงููุงูุนุ ุขุฎุฑ ู
ุฑุฉ ุชุญุฏุซูุง ูููุงุ ููุช ูู ุณุงุฑุฏูููุง ุชุฏุฑุจ ุฑูุงุฏ ุงููุถุงุก ุงูุฃูุฑูุจููู.
|
Francesco, you said we don't need to go to Mars to find alien life, and indeed, last time we spoke, you were in Sardinia and you were training European astronauts.
|
ูู
ุง ุงูุฐู ุชูููู ูุชุนูู
ู ุฃูุช ู
ุณุชูุดู ุงููููู ูุฑูุงุฏ ุงููุถุงุกุ
|
So what do you, a speleologist, tell and teach to the astronauts?
|
ูุฑุงูุณุณูู ุณุงูุฑู: ูุนู
ุ ูุญู... ุฅูู ุจุฑูุงู
ุฌ ุชุฏุฑูุจ ุฏุงุฎู ุงููููู ููุณ ููุฃูุฑูุจููู ููุทุ ูููู ุฃูุถุง ููุงูุฉ ุงููุถุงุก ุงูุฃู
ุฑูููุฉุ ูุฑูุณููุณู
ูุณุ ูุฑูุงุฏ ูุถุงุก ุฌุงูุณุง.
|
Francesco Sauro: Yeah, we are -- it's a program of training for not only European, but also NASA, Roskosmos, JAXA astronauts, in a cave.
|
ููู
ูุซูู ูุฑุงุจุฉ ุฃุณุจูุน ูุงุญุฏ ูู ููู ู
ุนุฒูููู ุนู ุงูุนุงูู
.
|
So they stay in a cave for about one week in isolation.
|
ููุชูุฌุจ ุนูููู
ุงูุนู
ู ู
ุนุง ูู ุจูุฆุฉ ุฎุทุฑุฉ ุฌุฏูุง ุฌุฏูุงุ ููู ูุนููุง ุจูุฆุฉ ุบุฑูุจุฉ ุนูููู
ูุฃููุง ุบูุฑ ุงุนุชูุงุฏูุฉ.
|
They have to work together in a real, real dangerous environment, and it's a real alien environment for them because it's unusual.
|
ููู ุฏุงุฆู
ุง ู
ุนุชู
ุฉ. ุนูููู
ุงูููุงู
ุจุฃุนู
ุงู ุงูุจุญุซ ูุนูููู
ูุงุฌุจุงุช ูุซูุฑุฉ.
|
It's always dark. They have to do science. They have a lot of tasks.
|
ููู ุดุจููุฉ ูุนููุง ุจุฑุญูุฉ ุฅูู ุงูู
ุฑูุฎ ุฃู ู
ุญุทุฉ ุงููุถุงุก ุงูุนุงูู
ูุฉ.
|
And it's very similar to a journey to Mars or the International Space Station.
|
ุจุฑูู: ู
ู ุญูุซ ุงูู
ุจุฏุฃ. ูุฑุงูุณุณูู: ูุนู
|
BG: In principle. FS: Yes.
|
ุจุฑููู: ุฃูุฏ ุฃู ุฃุนูุฏ ุฅูู ุฅุญุฏู ุงูุตูุฑ ุงูุชู ูุงูุช ุถู
ู ุนุฑุถ ุงูุตูุฑุ ููู ูุนูุง ุชู
ุซู ุจุงูู ุงูุตูุฑ... ุฃููุณุช ูุฐู ุงูุตูุฑ ู
ุฏูุดุฉุ ูุนู
ุ
|
BG: I want to go back to one of the pictures that was in your slide show, and it's just representative of the other photos -- Weren't those photos amazing? Yeah?
|
ุงูุญุถูุฑ: ูุนู
!
|
Audience: Yeah!
|
ูุฑุงูุณุณูู: ูุงุจุฏ ุฃู ุฃูุฌู ุตูุช ุดูุฑ ุฅูู ุงูู
ุตูุฑูู ู
ู ูุฑูู ูุงูููุชุงุ ูุฃู ูู ูุฐู ุงูุตูุฑ ูู ุนู
ู ุงูู
ุตูุฑูู.
|
FS: I have to thank the photographers from the team La Venta, because all of those photos are from the photographers.
|
ุจุฑููู: ุฅุฐุงุ ููุช ุชุฃุฎุฐ ู
ุตูุฑูู ู
ุนู ุถู
ู ุงูุจุนุซุฉ.
|
BG: You bring, actually, photographers with you in the expedition.
|
ุฅููู
ู
ุญุชุฑูููุ ุฅููู
ู
ูุชุดูู ูููู ูู
ุตูุฑูู.
|
They're professionals, they're speleologists and photographers.
|
ูููู ุญููู
ุง ุฃูุธุฑ ุฅูู ูุฐู ุงูุตูุฑุ ูุฃูุง ุฃุชุนุฌุจ ุจุณุจุจ ุฃูู ูุงููุฌุฏ ุฃุฏูู ุถูุก ููุงู ูู ุงูุฃุณููุ ูุนูู ุงูุฑุบู
ู
ู ุฐูู ูุจุฏู ุงูู
ูุงู ูุงุถุญูุง ุฌุฏูุง.
|
But when I look at these pictures, I wonder: there is zero light down there, and yet they look incredibly well-exposed.
|
ููู ุชูุชูุทูู ูุฐู ุงูุตูุฑุ
|
How do you take these pictures?
|
ููู ููุชูุท ุฒู
ูุงุคู ุงูู
ุตูุฑูู ูุฐู ุงูุตูุฑุ
|
How do your colleagues, the photographers, take these pictures?
|
ูุฑุงูุณุณูู: ูุนู
ุ ุฃุณุงุณุง ูู
ูุนู
ููู ูู ุบุฑูุฉ ู
ุธูู
ุฉุ ูุฐุง ุชููู
ุจูุชุญ ู
ุตุฑุงุน ุงููุงู
ูุฑุง ูุชุณุชุฎุฏู
ุงูุฃุถูุงุก ูุชุทูู ุจุฃููุงููุง ุงูุจูุฆุฉ.
|
FS: Yeah. They are working in a darkroom, basically, so you can open the shutter of the camera and use the lights to paint the environment.
|
ุจุฑููู: ุฅุฐุง ุฃูุชู
ุฃุณุงุณุง... ูุฑุงูุณุณูู: ูุนู
ุ ูู
ููู ุฃู ุชุจูู ุงูู
ุตุฑุงุน ู
ูุชูุญุง ูุฏูููุฉ ูุงู
ูุฉ ุซู
ุชุทูู ุงูุจูุฆุฉ.
|
BG: So you're basically -- FS: Yes. You can even keep the shutter open for one minute and then paint the environment.
|
ุงููุชูุฌุฉ ุงูููุงุฆูุฉ ูู ู
ุง ุชูุฏ ุงูุฌุงุฒู.
|
The final result is what you want to achieve.
|
ุจุฑููู: ุฃูุช ุชุฑุด ุงูุจูุฆุฉ ุจุงูุถูุก ูุฐูู ู
ุง ุชุญุตู ุนููู.
|
BG: You spray the environment with light and that's what you get.
|
ุฑุจู
ุง ูุฌุฑุจ ูุฐุง ูู ุงูู
ูุฒู ููู
ูุง ู
ุงุ ูุง ุฃุฏุฑู.
|
Maybe we can try this at home someday, I don't know.
|
ุจุฑููู: ูุฑุงูุณุณููุ ุดูุฑุง. ูุฑุงูุณุณูู: ุดูุฑุง.
|
BG: Francesco, grazie. FS: Grazie.
|
ูุชุงุฉ ูู
ุฃูุงุจููุง ู
ู ูุจู ุบูุฑุช ุญูุงุชู ูุญูุงุฉ ุงูุขูุงู ู
ู ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต.
|
A girl I've never met before changed my life and the life of thousands of other people.
|
ุฃูุง ุงูู
ุฏูุฑุฉ ุงูุชูููุฐูุฉ ูู
ูุธู
ุฉ DoSomething.org.
|
I'm the CEO of DoSomething.org.
|
ูู ูุงุญุฏุฉ ู
ู ุฃูุจุฑ ุงูู
ูุธู
ุงุช ูู ุงูุนุงูู
ููุดุจุงุจ.
|
It's one of the largest organizations in the world for young people.
|
ูู ุงูุญูููุฉ ูู ุฃูุจุฑ ู
ู "ุจูู ุณููุชุณ" ูู ุฃู
ุฑููุง.
|
In fact it's bigger than the Boy Scouts in the United States.
|
ููุญู ูุณูุง ุถุฏ ุงูู
ุซููุฉ ุงูุฌูุณูุฉ.
|
And we're not homophobic.
|
ู ุตุญูุญ - ุฃู ุทุฑููุชูุง ููุชูุงุตู ู
ุน ุงูุดุจุงุจ ุชููู ุจุงูุฑุณุงุฆู ุงููุตูุฉุ ูุฃู ูุฐู ูู ุงูุทุฑููุฉ ุงูุชู ูุชูุงุตู ุจูุง ุงูุดุจุงุจ.
|
And it's true -- the way we communicate with young people is by text, because that's how young people communicate.
|
ูุฐูู ุณูููู
ุจุชูุธูู
200 ุญู
ูุฉ ูุฐู ุงูุณูุฉุ ุญู
ูุงุช ู
ุซู ุฌู
ุน ุฒุจุฏุฉ ุงูููู ุงูุณูุฏุงูู ูู
ุฎุงุฒู ุงูุทุนุงู
ุ ุฃู ุฅุนุฏุงุฏ ุจุทุงูุงุช ุนูุฏ ุงูุญุจ ููุจุงุฑ ุงูุณู ุงูุฐูู ูููุงุฒู
ูู ุจููุชูู
.
|
So we'll run over 200 campaigns this year, things like collecting peanut butter for food pantries, or making Valentine's Day cards for senior citizens who are homebound.
|
ูุณูู ูุฑุณู ููู
ุฑุณุงุฆู ูุตูุฉ.
|
And we'll text them.
|
ูุณูู ูุชุญุตู ุนูู ู
ุนุฏู 97%.
|
And we'll have a 97 percent open rate.
|
ูุณูุดู
ู ุจุชูุณุน ุงูุฅุณุจุงูู ูุงูู
ุชู
ุฏู.
|
It'll over-index Hispanic and urban.
|
ููุฏ ุฌู
ุนูุง 200000 ุฌุฑุฉ ู
ู ุฒุจุฏุฉ ุงูููู ุงูุณูุฏุงูู ูุฃูุซุฑ ู
ู 365000 ุจุทุงูุฉ ุนูุฏ ุงูุญุจ.
|
We collected 200,000 jars of peanut butter and over 365,000 Valentine's Day cards.
|
ูุฐุง ูุซูุฑ ุฌุฏุง. ุญุณูุง -- ูููู ููุงู ุฃุซุฑ ุฌุงูุจู ุบุฑูุจ.
|
This is big scale. OK -- But there's one weird side effect.
|
ูู ู
ุฑุฉ ูุฑุณู ูููุง ุฑุณุงูุฉ ูุตูุฉุ ูุณุชูุจู ุงูุนุดุฑุงุช ู
ู ุงูุฑุณุงุฆู ุงูุชู ููุณุช ููุง ุฃู ุนูุงูุฉ ู
ุน ุฒุจุฏุฉ ุงูููู ุงูุณูุฏุงูู ุฃู ุงูุฌูุน ุฃู ุงูู
ูุงุทููู ูุจุงุฑ ุงูุณู -- ูููู ุฑุณุงุฆู ูุตูุฉ ุญูู ุชุนุฑุถูู
ููู
ุนุงู
ูุฉ ุงููุงุณูุฉุ ุฑุณุงุฆู ูุตูุฉ ุญูู ุฅุฏู
ุงููู
ุงูู
ุงุฑูุฌูุงูุง.
|
Every time we send out a text message, we get back a few dozen text messages having nothing to do with peanut butter or hunger or senior citizens -- but text messages about being bullied, text messages about being addicted to pot.
|
ูุฃุณูุก ุฑุณุงูุฉ ุงุณุชูุจููุงูุง ุนูู ุงูุฅุทูุงู ูู ุงูุชุงููุฉ: "ุฅูู ูุง ููู ุนู ุงุบุชุตุงุจู.
|
And the worst message we ever got said exactly this: "He won't stop raping me.
|
ุฅูู ุฃุจู.
|
It's my dad.
|
ููุฏ ูุงู ูู ูุง ุชุฎุจุฑู ุฃุญุฏุง. ูู ุฃูุชู
ููุงุ "
|
He told me not to tell anyone. Are you there?"
|
ูู
ูุณุชุทุน ุฃู ููุตุฏูู ุฃู ูุฐุง ูุญุฏุซ.
|
We couldn't believe this was happening.
|
ูู
ูุตุฏู ุจุฃู ุดูุฆุง ุจูุฐู ุงูุจุดุงุนุฉ ูู
ูู ุฃู ูุญุฏุซ ููุฅูุณุงูุ ูุฃููุง ุณุชุดุงุฑููุง ุฅูุงู -- ุดูุฆ ุดุฎุตู ุฌุฏุง.
|
We couldn't believe that something so horrific could happen to a human being, and that she would share it with us -- something so intimate, so personal.
|
ูููุฏ ูุฑุฑูุง ุจุฃูู ูุฌุจ ุนูููุง ุฅููุงู ุฐูู ูุนูููุง ุชุฎุตูุต ู
ูุงู ููุคูุงุก ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงูุฐูู ููุนุงููู
|
And we realized we had to stop triaging this and we had to build a crisis text line for these people in pain.
|
ููุชุงุจุฉ ุฑุณุงุฆููู
ูุจุงููุนู ุฃุทูููุง ุฎุท ุงูุฃุฒู
ุฉุ ุจูุฏูุก ุดุฏูุฏุ ูู ุดููุงุบู ูุฃู ุจุงุณู -- ููุท ุขูุงู ู
ู ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ูู ูู ุณูู.
|
So we launched Crisis Text Line, very quietly, in Chicago and El Paso -- just a few thousand people in each market.
|
ููู ุธุฑู 4 ุฃุดูุฑุ ููุง ูู ุฌู
ูุน ูุทุงูุงุช 295 ู
ูุทูุฉ ุจุฃู
ุฑููุง.
|
And in four months, we were in all 295 area codes in America.
|
ููุท ููุถุน ูุฐุง ุถู
ู ุฒุงููุฉ ู
ุนููุฉุ ูู
ูุชู
ุชุณููู ูุฐุง ูููุฏ ูู
ุง ุจุณุฑุนุฉ ู
ูุงุฑูุฉ ุจุฅุทูุงู ุงููุงูุณุจูู.
|
Just to put that into perspective, that's zero marketing and faster growth than when Facebook first launched.
|
ุงููุต ุฎุงุต ุจุดูู ูุง ููุตุฏูู.
|
Text is unbelievably private.
|
ูุง ุฃุญุฏ ูุณู
ุนู ุชุชุญุฏูุซ.
|
No one hears you talking.
|
ููุฑุชูุน ุงูุญุฌู
ูู ููู
ูู ููุช ุงูุบุฏุงุก. ูุฌูุณ ุงูุฃุทูุงู ุฅูู ุทุงููุฉ ุงูุบุฏุงุก ูุชุนุชูุฏ ุฃููุง ุชุฑุณู ุฑุณุงูุฉ ูุตูุฉ ููุทูู ุงููุทูู ุจุงูุจููุ ูููููุง ูู ุงูุญูููุฉ ุชุฑุณู ููุง ุฑุณุงูุฉ ุญูู ู
ุฑุถ ุงูุดุฑู ูุฏููุง.
|
So we spike everyday at lunch time -- kids are sitting at the lunch table and you think that she's texting the cute boy across the hall, but she's actually texting us about her bulimia.
|
ููู
ูุณุชูุจู ููู
ุฉ ู
ุซู "ุฃุญุจ" ุฃู "ูู
ู
ู
" ุฃู ุงูููุงุซ ุฃู ุงูุจูุงุก.
|
And we don't get the word "like" or "um" or hyperventilating or crying.
|
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