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ูุทุงูุจูุง ุงูุณูุทุงุช ู
ู -- ููุฒููุง ู
ู ููู ุฎููููู
ุงูุนุงููุฉ. | And they demanded authorities from -- to come down from their high horses. |
ููู ุงูููุงูุฉ , ูุง ููุฌุฏ ุฃูุถู ู
ู ุงูู
ูุงูุถุงุช ุจูู ุงูุณูุทุงุช ูุงูู
ูุงุทููู ูุงูุฏูู
ูุฑุงุทูุงุช , ูุงูุฑุฃุณู
ุงููุฉ -- ูู ุงูุฃู
ูุฑ ุงูุฃุฎุฑู ุงุฒุฏูุฑุช. | And in the end, there's better bargaining between the authorities and citizens, and democracies, capitalism -- everything else flourished. |
ูููุฐุง ุตุงุฑ ุจุงูุฅู
ูุงู ุฑุคูุฉ, ุนู
ููุฉ ุญููููุฉ -- ููุชู
ุฏุนู
ูุฐุง ุงูุฃู
ุฑ ูู ูุฐุง ุงููุชุงุจ ุงูู
ูููู ู
ู 500 ุตูุญุฉ -- ุฃู ุงูุณูุทุงุช ูุฒูุช ูุงูู
ูุงุทููู ููุถูุง. | And so you can see, the real process of -- and this is backed up by this 500-page book -- that the authorities came down and citizens got up. |
ูููู ุงุฐุง ูุธุฑุชู
, ุฅุฐุง ูุงูุช ูุฏูู ูุฌูุฉ ุงููุธุฑ ูุฐู, ุณูู ูููู ุจุฅู
ูุงูู ุชุฑู ู
ุง ุญุฏุซ ูู ุงูุณููุงุช ุงูุณุชููู ุงูู
ุงุถูุฉ. | But if you look, if you have that perspective, then you can see what happened in the last 60 years. |
ุชูุนู ุงูู
ุณุงุนุฏุงุช ุญุงูููุง ุงูุนูุณ. | Aid actually did the opposite. |
ุฅูููุง ุชุณุงุนุฏ ุงูุณูุทุงุช. ููุชูุฌุฉ ูุฐูู , ู
ูุงุทููู ู
ูู
ูุดูู. | It empowered authorities, and, as a result, marginalized citizens. |
ููุณ ููุณูุทุงุช ุณุจุจ ูุฌุนู ุงููู
ู ุงูุงูุชุตุงุฏู ูุญุฏุซ ุจุญูุซ ูู
ูููุง ูุฑุถ ุงูุถุฑุงุฆุจ ุนูู ุงููุงุณ ููุณุจ ุงูู
ุฒูุฏ ู
ู ุงูู
ุงู ูุชุณููุฑ ุฃุนู
ุงููู
. | The authorities did not have the reason to make economic growth happen so that they could tax people and make more money for to run their business. |
ูุฃููู
ูุงููุง ูุญุตููู ุนููู ู
ู ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌ. | Because they were getting it from abroad. |
ูู ูุงูุน ุงูุฃู
ุฑ , ุฅุฐุง ุฃุฎุฐูุง ุงูุจูุฏุงู ุงูุบููุฉ ุจุงูููุท , ุญูุซ ูุง ุณูุทุฉ ููู
ูุงุทููู ุจุนุฏ, ูุญุตู ููุณ ุงูุดูุก. ููุฌูุฑูุง , ุงูู
ู
ููุฉ ุงูุนุฑุจูุฉ ุงูุณุนูุฏูุฉ , ุจูุฏุงู ุนุฏูุฏุฉ. | And in fact, if you see oil-rich countries, where citizens are not yet empowered, the same thing goes -- Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, all sorts of countries. |
ูุฃู ุงูู
ุนููุฉ ูุงูููุท ุฃู ุฃู
ูุงู ุงูู
ูุงุฌู
ุชุนู
ู ุจููุณ ุงูุทุฑููุฉ. | Because the aid and oil or mineral money acts the same way. |
ุฅูููุง ุชู
ูู ุงูุณูุทุงุช ู
ู ุฏูู ุชูุนูู ุงูู
ูุงุทููู -- ุฃูุฏููู
ูุฃุฑุฌููู
, ูุนููููู
, ูู
ุง ุฅูู ุฐูู. | It empowers authorities, without activating the citizens -- their hands, legs, brains, what have you. |
ูุฅุฐุง ููุช ุชูุงูู ุนูู ุฐูู , ูุฃูุง ุฃุนุชูุฏ ุฃู ุฃูุถู ูุณููุฉ ูุชุทููุฑ ูุฐู ุงูุจูุฏุงู ูู ุฃู ูุฏุฑู ุฃู ุงูุชูู
ูุฉ ุงูุงูุชุตุงุฏูุฉ ูู ููุดุนุจ , ู
ู ุงูุดุนุจ , ู
ู ุฃุฌู ุงูุดุนุจ. | And if you agree with that, then I think the best way to improve these countries is to recognize that economic development is of the people, by the people, for the people. |
ููุฐุง ูู ุงูุชุฃุซูุฑ ุงูุญูููู ููุดูุจูุฉ . | And that is the real network effect. |
ุฅุฐุง ุฃู
ูู ููู
ูุงุทููู ุงูุชููุงุตู ู ุฌุนู ุฃููุณูู
ุฃูุซุฑ ุชูุธูู
ุง ูุฃูุซุฑ ุฅูุชุงุฌูุฉ, ุจุญูุซ ูุชู
ุณู
ุงุน ุฃุตูุงุชูู
, ุนูุฏูุง ุณูู ุชุชุญุณู ุงูุฃู
ูุฑ. | If citizens can network and make themselves more organized and productive, so that their voices are heard, so then things would improve. |
ูุนูู ุงููููุถ ู
ู ุฐูู , ูู
ููู ุฃู ุชุฑู ุฃู ุงูู
ุคุณุณุงุช ุงูุฃูุซุฑ ุฃูู
ูุฉ ูู ุงูุนุงูู
, ุงูุจูู ุงูุฏููู , ุชุตุจุญ ู
ูุธูู
ุฉ ููุญููู
ุฉ , ู
ู ูุจู ุงูุญููู
ุฉ , ู ููุญููู
ุงุช. | And to contrast that, you can see the most important institution in the world, the World Bank, is an organization of the government, by the government, for the governments. |
ููุท ุงูุธุฑ ุฅูู ุงูุชูุจุงูู. | Just see the contrast. |
ููุฐู ูุฌูุฉ ูุธุฑู , ูุงูุขู ูู
ูููู ุฃู ุฃุจุฏุฃ ูุตุชู. | And that is the perspective I have, and then I can start my story. |
ุจุทุจูุนุฉ ุงูุญุงู , ููู ูู
ูู ุชู
ููู ุงูู
ูุงุทูููุ | Of course, how would you empower citizens? |
ูู
ูู ุฃู ููููุฑ ูู ุฃููุงุน ุงูุชูููููุฌูุงุช. ุฃุญุฏูุง ุงูููุงุชู ุงูู
ุญู
ููุฉ. | There could be all sorts of technologies. And one is cell phones. |
ุฃุฏุฑูุช "ุงูุงูููููู
ุณุช" ู
ุคุฎุฑุง ุจูุฐุง, ูููู ุนุซุฑุช ุนูู ุงูููุฑุฉ ูุจู 12 ุนุงู
ุง , ููุฐุง ู
ุง ููุช ุฃุนู
ู ุนููู. | Recently "The Economist" recognized this, but I stumbled upon the idea 12 years ago, and that's what I've been working on. |
ูุจู 12 ุนุงู
ุง, ููุช ุฃุญุงูู ุฃู ุฃููู ู
ุณุชุซู
ุฑุง ู
ุตุฑูููุง ูู ูููููุฑู. | So 12 years ago, I was trying to be an investment banker in New York. |
ูุงู ูุฏููุง -- ุชู
ุฑุจุท ุจุนุถ ุฒู
ูุงุฆูุง ู
ู ุฎูุงู ุดุจูุฉ ุงููู
ุจููุชุฑ. | We had -- quite a few our colleagues were connected by a computer network. |
ูุฃุตุจุญูุง ุฃูุซุฑ ุฅูุชุงุฌูุฉ ูุฃููุง ูู
ููู ุนูููุง ุชุจุงุฏู ุงูุฃูุฑุงุต ุงูู
ุฑูุฉุ ูู
ูู ุฃู ูููู
ุจุชุญุฏูุซ ู
ุนููู
ุงุชูุง ุฃุญูุงูุง ูุซูุฑุฉ. | And we got more productive because we didn't have to exchange floppy disks; we could update each other more often. |
ูููู ูู ุงุญุฏู ุงูู
ุฑูุงุช ุชููููุช ุงูุดูุจูุฉ ุนู ุงูุนู
ู. | But one time it broke down. |
ูุฐูุฑูู ุฐูู ูู ููู
ูู ุนุงู
1971. | And it reminded me of a day in 1971. |
ูุงูุช ููุงู ุญุฑุจ ุฌุงุฑูุฉ ูู ุจูุฏู. | There was a war going on in my country. |
ูุงูุชููุช ุฃุณุฑุชู ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงูู
ูุงุทู ุงูุญุถุฑูุฉ , ุญูุซ ููุง ูุนูุด , ุฅูู ู
ูุทูุฉ ุฑูููุฉ ูุงุฆูุฉ ุญูุซ ูุงูุช ุฃูุซุฑ ุฃู
ุงูุง. | And my family moved out of an urban place, where we used to live, to a remote rural area where it was safer. |
ููู ุงุญุฏู ุงูู
ุฑูุงุช ุทูุจุช ู
ููู ูุงูุฏุชู ุงูุญุตูู ุนูู ุจุนุถ ุงูุฃุฏููุฉ ููุดููู ุงูุฃุตุบุฑ. | And one time my mother asked me to get some medicine for a younger sibling. |
ูู
ุดูุช 10 ู
ููุง ุฃู ูุญู ุฐูู , ุทูุงู ุงูุตูุจุงุญ , ูููุตูู ุฅูู ููุงู , ููุทุจูุจ. | And I walked 10 miles or so, all morning, to get there, to the medicine man. |
ูู
ุฃุฌุฏู ููุงู, ูุงุณุชุบุฑูุช ุนูุฏุชู ู
ุดูุง ุทูุงู ูุชุฑุฉ ุจุนุฏ ุงูุธูุฑ. | And he wasn't there, so I walked all afternoon back. |
ูููุฐุง ุฃู
ุถูุช ููู
ุง ุขุฎุฑ ู
ู ุบูุฑ ุงูุชุงุฌ. | So I had another unproductive day. |
ุจููู
ุง ููุช ุฌุงูุณุง ูู ู
ุจูู ุดุงูู ูู ูููููุฑู , ูุถุนุช ูุชูู ุงูุชุฌุฑุจุชูู ู
ุนุง ุฌูุจุง ุฅูู ุฌูุจ , ูุฎูุตุช ุฅูู ุฃู ุงูุงุชุตุงู ูู ุงูุฅูุชุงุฌูุฉ -- ุณูุงุก ุฃูุงู ุฐูู ูู ุฃุญุฏ ุงูู
ูุงุชุจ ุงูุญุฏูุซุฉ ุฃู ูุฑูุฉ ู
ุชุฎููุฉ. | So while I was sitting in a tall building in New York, I put those two experiences together side by side, and basically concluded that connectivity is productivity -- whether it's in a modern office or an underdeveloped village. |
ุจุทุจูุนุฉ ุงูุญุงู, ูุฅููู -- ูุงูุขุซุงุฑ ุงูู
ุชุฑุชุจุฉ ุนูู ุฐูู ุฃู ุงููุงุชู ูู ุณูุงุญ ุถุฏ ุงูููุฑ. | So naturally, I -- the implication of that is that the telephone is a weapon against poverty. |
ูุงุฐุง ูุงู ุงูุฃู
ุฑ ูุฐูู , ูุฅู ุงูุณุคุงู ูู : ูู
ูุงู ุนุฏุฏ ุงูููุงุชู ุงูุชู ูุงูุช ุจุญูุฒุชูุง ูู ุฐูู ุงูููุชุ | And if that's the case, then the question is how many telephones did we have at that time? |
ูุชุจูู , ุฃูู ูุงู ููุงู ูุงุชู ูุงุญุฏ ูู ุจูุบูุงุฏูุด ููู 500 ุดุฎุต. | And it turns out, that there was one telephone in Bangladesh for every 500 people. |
ููุงูุช ุฌู
ูุน ูุฐู ุงูููุงุชู ู
ูุชุตุฑุฉ ุนูู ุฃู
ุงูู ููููุฉ ูู ุงูู
ูุงุทู ุงูุญุถุฑูุฉ. | And all those phones were in the few urban places. |
ูู ุงูู
ูุงุทู ุงูุฑูููุฉ ุงูุดุงุณุนุฉ, ุญูุซ ูุนูุด 100 ู
ูููู ุดุฎุต , ูู
ุชูู ููุงู ููุงุชู. | The vast rural areas, where 100 million people lived, there were no telephones. |
ุงุฐุง ุชุตูุฑุง ููุท ูู
ููุฉ ุงูุนู
ู ุงูุชู ุชุถูุน, ุชู
ุงู
ุง ูู
ุง ุฃูุฏุฑุช ุฃูุง ุฐูู ุงูููู
. | So just imagine how many man-months or man-years are wasted, just like I wasted a day. |
ุฅุฐุง ุถุฑุจูุง ููุท ุจู
ูุฏุงุฑ 100 ู
ูููู ุดุฎุต , ุฏุนูุง ูููู ุฃูููุง ูุฎุณุฑ ููู
ุง ูุงุญุฏ ูู ุงูุดูุฑ, ุฃูุง ูุงู , ูุงุญุธูุง ุงููู
ู ุงููุงุฆู ู
ู ุงูู
ูุงุฑุฏ ุงูุถุงุฆุนุฉ. | If you just multiply by 100 million people, let's say losing one day a month, whatever, and you see a vast amount of resource wasted. |
ููู ุงููููุงูุฉ , ุชุชุดุงุฑู ุงูุฏูู ุงููููุฑุฉ ู ุงูุฏูู ุงูุบููุฉ ูู ุดูุก, ูู ุฃูู ูุฃูุงู
ูู
ููุณ ุงูุทูู: 24 ุณุงุนุฉ. | And after all, poor countries, like rich countries, one thing we've got equal, is their days are the same length: 24 hours. |
ูุฐูู ุฅุฐุง ุฃุถุนุช ุชูู ุงูู
ูุงุฑุฏ ุงูุซู
ููุฉ, ุญูุซ ููุช ุฅูู ุญุฏ ู
ุง ูู ุชุณุงูู ู
ุน ุงูุจูุฏุงู ุงูุบููุฉ, ุชูู ู
ุถูุนุฉ ูุงุฆูุฉ. | So if you lose that precious resource, where you are somewhat equal to the richer countries, that's a huge waste. |
ูุฐูู ุจุฏุฃุช ุฃุจุญุซ ุนู ุฃู ุฏููู ุนูู ุฃู, ุงูุงุชุตุงู ูุณุงูู
ุญูุง ูู ุฒูุงุฏุฉ ุงูุฅูุชุงุฌูุฉุ | So I started looking for any evidence that -- does connectivity really increase productivity? |
ููู
ุฃุชู
ูู ู
ู ุงูุฌุงุฏ ุงููุซูุฑ, ุญูุง, ููููู ูุฌุฏุช ูุฐุง ุงูุฑุณู
ุงูุจูุงูู ุงูุฐู ุฃุตุฏุฑู "ITU", ููู ุงูุงุชุญุงุฏ ุงูุฏููู ููุงุชุตุงูุงุช , ูู
ูุฑูุง ุฌููู. | And I couldn't find much, really, but I found this graph produced by the ITU, which is the International Telecommunication Union, based in Geneva. |
ุงููุง ุชุฏู ุนูู ุฃู
ุฑ ู
ุซูุฑ ููุงูุชู
ุงู
. | They show an interesting thing. |
ู
ุง ุชุฑุงู , ุงูู
ุญูุฑ ุงูุฃููู ูู
ุซูู ุจูุฏูู
. | That you see, the horizontal axis is where you place your country. |
ููุฐุง ูุฅู ุงูููุงูุงุช ุงูู
ุชุญุฏุฉ ุฃู ุงูู
ู
ููุฉ ุงูู
ุชุญุฏุฉ ุณุชููู ููุง, ูู ุงูุฎุงุฑุฌ. | So the United States or the UK would be here, outside. |
ุฃุซุฑ ูุงุชู ูุงุญุฏ ุฌุฏูุฏ, ูุงูุฐู ูุฑุงู ุนูู ุงูู
ุญูุฑ ุงูุฑุฃุณู, ูููู ุฌุฏุง. | And so the impact of one new telephone, which is on the vertical axis, is very little. |
ูููู ุฅุฐุง ุนุฏูุง ุฅูู ุงูุฎูู ุฅูู ุจูุฏ ุฃููุฑ, ุญูุซ ูุตูุจ ุงููุฑุฏ ู
ู ุงููุงุชุฌ ุงูููู
ู ุงูุฅุฌู
ุงูู ูู , ุฏุนูุง ูููู , 500 ุฏููุงุฑ , ุฃู 300 ุฏููุงุฑ , ูุงูุฃุซุฑ ุถุฎู
: 6,000 ุฏููุงุฑ. ุฃู 5,000 ุฏููุงุฑ. | But if you come back to a poorer country, where the GNP per capita is, let's say, 500 dollars, or 300 dollars, then the impact is huge: 6,000 dollars. Or 5,000 dollars. |
ูุงูุณุคุงู ุงูู
ุทุฑูุญ ูู , ูู
ุชุจูุบ ุชูููุฉ ุชุฑููุจ ูุงุชู ุฌุฏูุฏ ูู ุจูุบูุงุฏูุดุ | The question was, how much did it cost to install a new telephone in Bangladesh? |
ูู
ุง ุชุจูู , 2000 ุฏููุงุฑ. | It turns out: 2,000 dollars. |
ูุฅุฐุง ุฃูููุช 2000 ุฏููุงุฑ , ูุฏุนููุง ูููู ุงููุงุชู ูุฏูู
10 ุณููุงุช. ูุงุฐุง ูุงู 5000 ุฏููุงุฑ ูู ูู ุนุงู
-- ูุฐูู ุฃู 50,000 ุฏููุงุฑ. | So if you spend 2,000 dollars, and let's say the telephone lasts 10 years, and if 5,000 dollars every year -- so that's 50,000 dollars. |
ูุฐุง ู
ู ุงููุงุถุญ ุฃู ูุฐู ุฃุฏุงุฉ ูุฌุจ ุงูุชูุงุฆูุง. | So obviously this was a gadget to have. |
ูุจุทุจูุนุฉ ุงูุญุงู , ุฅุฐุง ูุงูุช ุชูููุฉ ุชุฑููุจ ุงููุงุชู ุชูุฎูุถ , ุจุณุจุจ ูุฌูุฏ ุงูุซูุฑุฉ ุงูุฑูู
ูุฉ, ูุฏ ูููู ุงูุฃู
ุฑ ุฃูุซุฑ ุฏุฑุงู
ูุฉ. | And of course, if the cost of installing a telephone is going down, because there's a digital revolution going on, then it would be even more dramatic. |
ููุช ุฃุนุฑู ุงููููู ุนู ุงูุงูุชุตุงุฏ -- ุชููู ุฃูู ุขุฏู
ุณู
ูุซ ุนููู
ูุง ุฃู ุงูุชุฎุตูุต ูุคุฏู ุฅูู ุงูุฅูุชุงุฌูุฉ. | And I knew a little economics by then -- it says Adam Smith taught us that specialization leads to productivity. |
ูููู ููู ูู
ููู ุฃู ุชุญูู ุงูุชุฎุตูุตุ | But how would you specialize? |
ุฏุนููุง ูููู ุฃูููู ุตูุงุฏ ูู
ุฒุงุฑุน. | Let's say I'm a fisherman and a farmer. |
ููุฑูุณ ูู ุตูุงุฏ ูู
ุฒุงุฑุน. ููุงูุง ูุณูุง ู
ุชุฎุตูุตูู. | And Chris is a fisherman farmer. Both are generalists. |
ูุฐูู ุงูุฃู
ุฑ ุฃููุง ูุง ูู
ูููุง ุฅูุง -- ุงูุทุฑููุฉ ุงููุญูุฏุฉ ุงูุชู ุชุฌุนู ููุง ู
ูุง ูุนุชู
ุฏ ุนูู ุงูุขุฎุฑ, ุงุฐุง ููุง ูุณุชุทูุน ุงูุชูุงุตู ู
ุน ุจุนุถูุง ุงูุจุนุถ. | So the point is that we could only -- the only way we could depend on each other, is if we can connect with each other. |
ูุฅุฐุง ููุง ุฌูุฑุงู , ูู
ูููู ุจุจุณุงุทุฉ ุฃู ุฃู
ุดู ุญุชูู ู
ูุฒูู. | And if we are neighbors, I could just walk over to his house. |
ูููู ุจุฐูู ูููู ุญุฏูุฏูุง ู
ุฌุงููุง ุงูุงูุชุตุงุฏู ุฅูู ู
ูุทูุฉ ุตุบูุฑุฉ ุฌุฏุง. | But then we are limiting our economic sphere to something very small area. |
ูููู ู
ู ุฃุฌู ุชูุณูุน ุฐูู ุงูููุทุงู , ูุฅูู ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุฅูู ุงูููุฑ , ุฃู ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุงูู ุงูุทุฑูู ุงูุณุฑูุน , ุฃู ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุฎุทูุท ุงููุงุชู. | But in order to expand that, you need a river, or you need a highway, or you need telephone lines. |
ูููู ุนูู ุฃูุฉ ุญุงู , ูุฅู ุงูุฅุชูุตุงู ูู ุงูุฐู ูุคุฏู ุฅูู ุงูุงุนุชู
ุงุฏ. | But in any event, it's connectivity that leads to dependability. |
ููุฐุง ูุคุฏู ุฅูู ุงูุชูุฎุตูุต. | And that leads to specialization. |
ูุงูุฐู ุจุฏูุฑู ูุคุฏู ุฅูู ุงูุฅูุชุงุฌูุฉ. | That leads to productivity. |
ูุฐุง ูุฅู ุงูุณุคุงู ูู , ุจุฏุฃุช ุจุงูุจุญุซ ูู ูุฐู ุงูู
ุณุฃูุฉ , ูุงูุฐูุงุจ ุฌูุฆุฉ ูุฐูุงุจุง ุจูู ุจูุบูุงุฏูุด ููููููุฑู. | So the question was, I started looking at this issue, and going back and forth between Bangladesh and New York. |
ุฃุฎุจุฑูู ุงููุงุณ ุนู ุงููุซูุฑ ู
ู ุงูุฃุณุจุงุจ ูุชูุณูุฑ ูู
ุงุฐุง ูุง ูู
ูู ู
ุง ูููู ู
ู ุงูููุงุชู. | There were a lot of reasons people told me why we don't have enough telephones. |
ูุฃุญุฏูุง ุบูุงุจ ุงูููุฉ ุงูุดุฑุงุฆูุฉ. | And one of them is the lacking buying power. |
ุงูููุฑุงุก ุนูู ู
ุง ูุจุฏู ููุณ ูุฏููู
ุงููุฏุฑุฉ ุนูู ุงูุดุฑุงุก. | Poor people apparently don't have the power to buy. |
ููู ุงูู
ูู
ูู , ุงุฐุง ูุงู ูุณููุฉ ุฅูุชุงุฌ , ูู
ุงุฐุง ูุฏููุง ู
ุง ูุฏุนู ููููู ุญูู ูุฐุง ุงูู
ูุถูุนุ | But the point is, if it's a production tool, why do we have to worry about that? |
ุฃูุตุฏ, ูู ุฃู
ุฑููุง , ุงููุงุณ ูุดุชุฑูู ุงูุณูุงุฑุงุช , ููุฏูุนูู ู
ุจูุบุง ููููุง ุฌุฏุง ู
ู ุงูู
ุงู. | I mean, in America, people buy cars, and they put very little money down. |
ุซู
ู ูุญุตููู ุนูู ุงูุณูุงุฑุฉ , ููุฐูุจูู ุฅูู ุงูุนู
ู. | They get a car, and they go to work. |
ุนู
ููู
ูุคู
ูู ููู
ุฑุงุชุจุง ุ ูุงูุฑุงุชุจ ูุณู
ุญ ููู
ุจุฏูุน ุซู
ู ุงูุณูุงุฑุฉ ุนูู ูุชุฑุฉ ู
ู ุงูุฒู
ู. | The work pays them a salary; the salary allows them to pay for the car over time. |
ุงูุณูุงุฑุฉ ุชููููุฑ ุซู
ููุง. | The car pays for itself. |
ูุฅุฐุง ูุงู ุงููุงุชู ูู
ุซูู ุฃุฏุงุฉ ุฅูุชุงุฌ , ูููุณ ูุฏููุง ู
ุง ูุฏุนู ููููู ุงูู ุญุฏ ุจุนูุฏ ุนูู ุงูููุฉ ุงูุดุฑุงุฆูุฉ. | So if the telephone is a production tool, then we don't quite have to worry about the purchasing power. |
ูุจุทุจูุนุฉ ุงูุญุงู , ุญุชู ูู ูุงู ูุฐุง ุตุญูุญุง , ูู
ุงุฐุง ุนู ุงูููุฉ ุงูุดุฑุงุฆูุฉ ุงูุฃูููุฉุ | And of course, even if that's true, then what about initial buying power? |
ุซู
ูุฅู ุงูุณุคุงู ูู , ูู
ุงุฐุง ูุง ูููู ูุฏููุง ุงุณุชุนู
ุงู ู
ุดุชุฑูุ | So then the question is, why can't we have some kind of shared access? |
ูู ุงูููุงูุงุช ุงูู
ุชุญุฏุฉ , ูุฏููุง -- ุงูุฌู
ูุน ูู ุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅูู ุงูุฎุฏู
ุงุช ุงูู
ุตุฑููุฉ , ูููู ุนุฏุฏ ูููู ุฌุฏุง ู
ูุง ูุญุงูู ุดุฑุงุก ุฃุญุฏ ุงูุจููู. | In the United States, we have -- everybody needs a banking service, but very few of us are trying to buy a bank. |
ูุฐูู ููู -- ูุนู
ู ุงูุจูู ุนูู ุฎุฏู
ุฉ ุงูู
ุฌุชู
ุน ุจุฃุณุฑู. | So it's -- a bank tends to serve a whole community. |
ูุฐูู ูู
ูู ุฃู ูุทุจูู ุฐูู ุนูู ุงูููุงุชู. | So we could do that for telephones. |
ุฃุฎุจุฑูู ุงููุงุณ ุฃูุถุง ุฃู ูุฏููุง ุงููุซูุฑ ู
ู ุงูุงุญุชูุงุฌุงุช ุงูุฃุณุงุณูุฉ ุงููุงู
ุฉ ุงูุชู ุนูููุง ุชููุจูุชูุง: ุงูุบุฐุงุก, ุงููุณุงุก, ุงูู
ุฃูู , ู ุบูุฑูุง. | And also people told me that we have a lot of important primary needs to meet: food, clothing, shelter, whatever. |
ูููู ู
ุฑุฉ ุงุฎุฑู , ุงููุง ุฃุจููุฉ ุฌุฏุง. | But again, it's very paternalistic. |
ูุฌุจ ุฃู ุชููู
ุจุฒูุงุฏุฉ ุงูุฏุฎู ูุชูุชูุฑูู ุงููุงุณ ููุฑุฑูู ู
ุง ูุฑูุฏูู ุงูููุงู
ุจู ุจุฃู
ูุงููู
. | You should be raising income and let people decide what they want to do with their money. |
ููู ุงูู
ุดููุฉ ุงูุญููููุฉ ูู ุนุฏู
ูุฌูุฏ ุงูุจูู ุงูุชุญุชูุฉ ุงูุฃุฎุฑู. | But the real problem is the lack of other infrastructures. |
ุงูุธุฑ , ุชุญุชุงุฌ ุฅูู ุจููุฉ ุชุญุชูุฉ ูุชูุฏูู
ุดูุก ุฌุฏูุฏ. | See, you need some kind of infrastructure to bring a new thing. |
ุนูู ุณุจูู ุงูู
ุซุงู , ุงุฒุฏูุฑุช ุงูุงูุชุฑูุช ูู ุงูููุงูุงุช ุงูู
ุชุญุฏุฉ | For instance, the Internet was booming in the U.S. |
ูุฃู ููุงู -- ุงูุฃุดุฎุงุต ููุงู ูุงููุง ูู
ูููู ุฃุฌูุฒุฉ ุงููู
ุจููุชุฑ. | because there were -- there were people who had computers. |
ูุงู ูุฏููู
ุฃุฌูุฒุฉ "ู
ูุฏู
". | They had modems. |
ูุฏููู
ุฎุทูุท ุงููุงุชู, ูุฐูู ูุฅูู ู
ู ุงูุณูู ุฌุฏุง ุชุทุจูู ููุฑุฉ ุฌุฏูุฏุฉ , ู
ุซู ุงูุฅูุชุฑูุช. | They had telephone lines, so it's very easy to bring in a new idea, like the Internet. |
ูููู ูุฐุง ู
ุง ูููุต ูู ุงูุจูุฏุงู ุงููููุฑุฉ. | But that's what's lacking in a poor country. |
ููุฐุง ุนูู ุณุจูู ุงูู
ุซุงู , ูู
ููู ูุฏููุง ูุณุงุฆู ููุญุตูู ุนูู ุดููุงุช ุงุฆุชู
ุงู, ุนุฏุฏ ูููู ู
ู ุงูุจููู ูุชุญุตูู ุงูููุงุชูุฑ , ูููู
ุฌุฑุง. | So for example, we didn't have ways to have credit checks, few banks to collect bills, etc. |
ูููู ูุฐุง ูู ุงูุณุจุจ ุงูุฐู ุฌุนููู ุฃูุชุจู ูู
ุตุฑู "ุบุฑุงู
ูู" , ููู ู
ุตุฑู ููููุฑุงุก , ูุฏูู 1.100 ูุฑุน , 12.000 ู
ูุธูุง ู 2.3 ู
ูููู ู
ูุชุฑุถ. | But that's why I noticed Grameen Bank, which is a bank for poor people, and had 1,100 branches, 12,000 employees, 2.3 million borrowers. |
ูุงูุช ูุฏููู
ูู ุชูู ุงููุฑูุน. | And they had these branches. |
ุงุนุชูุฏุช ุงูู ุจุฅู
ูุงูู ูุถุน ุฃุจุฑุงุฌ ุฎููููุฉ ูุฅูุดุงุก ุดุจูุฉ. | I thought I could put cell towers and create a network. |
ูุนูู ุฃู ุญุงู , ูุงุฎุชุตุงุฑ ุงูููุช -- ุจุฏุฃุช ุงูุนู
ู -- ุฃููุง ุฐูุจุช ุฅูููู
, ูููุช : "ุชุนูู
ูู , ุฑุจู
ุง ูู
ูููู ุฃู ุฃููู
ุจุชูุตูู ูู ูุฑูุนูู
ุจุจุนุถูุง ูุฌุนููู
ุฃูุซุฑ ููุงุกุฉ." | And anyway, to cut the time short -- so I started -- I first went to them and said, "You know, perhaps I could connect all your branches and make you more efficient." |
ูููู ูู
ุง ุชุนูู
ูู , ููุฏ ุชู
ููููุง , ุฑุบู
ููู ุดูุก , ู
ู ุงูุชุทูุฑ ูู ุจูุฏ ููุณ ุจู ููุงุชู, ูุฐูู ูุงู ูุธุงู
ูู
ูุง ู
ุฑูุฒู. ูุนูู , ุจุทุจูุนุฉ ุงูุญุงู ูุฏ ุชููู ููุงู ุฃุณุจุงุจ ูุฌููุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู , ูููู ูุฐุง ูุงู ุฃุญุฏ ุงูุฃุณุจุงุจ -- ูุงู ูุง ุจุฏ ุฃู ููุนููุง ุฐูู. | But you know, they have, after all, evolved in a country without telephones, so they are decentralized. I mean, of course there might be other good reasons, but this was one of the reasons -- they had to be. |
ููุฐูู ูู
ูููููุง ู
ุชุญู
ูุณูู ุฌุฏูุง ูุฑุจุท ุฌู
ูุน ูุฑูุนูู
, ูู
ู ุซู
ุฃู ุชููู -- ูุชุญุฑูู ุงููุงุฑุจ. | And so they were not that interested to connect all their branches, and then to be -- and rock the boat. |
ุซู
ู ุจุฏุฃุช ุจุงูุชุฑููุฒ. ู
ุง ุงูุฐู ูููู
ูู ุจู ุญูุงุ | So I started focusing. What is it that they really do? |
ู
ุง ูุญุฏุซ ูู ุฃู ุฅุญุฏุงูู
ุชูุชุฑุถ ุจุนุถ ุงูู
ุงู ู
ู ุงูุจูู. | So what happens is that somebody borrows money from the bank. |
ุนุงุฏุฉ ู
ุง ุชุดุชุฑู ุจูุฑุฉ. ุงูุจูุฑุฉ ุชุนุทู ุงูุญููุจ. | She typically buys a cow. The cow gives milk. |
ุซู
ู ุชุจูุน ุงูุญููุจ ุฅูู ุงููุฑูููู , ูุชุฏูุน ุงููุฑุถ. | And she sells the milk to the villagers, and pays off the loan. |
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