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5,600 | AR6_WGII | 1,775 | 14 | Initiatives in social housing focus on reducing risk and overcoming urgent deficits but also adding to a transformative adaptation pathway | high | 2 | train |
5,601 | AR6_WGII | 1,775 | 15 | Hybrid (green- grey) infrastructure has been adopted for better efficiency in flood control, sanitation, water scarcity and landslide prevention and coastal protection | high | 2 | train |
5,602 | AR6_WGII | 1,775 | 16 | NbS, including GI and EbA, are increasing in urban areas | high | 2 | train |
5,603 | AR6_WGII | 1,775 | 17 | The integration of transport and land use plans and the improvement of public transport are key to urban adaptation; mitigation prevails over adaptation in the sector (high confidence).There is a growing body of evidence that climate variability and climate change are causing harm to human health in CSA—including the increasing transmission of vector-borne and zoonotic diseases, heat stress, respiratory illness associated with fires, food and water insecurity associated with drought, among others | medium | 1 | train |
5,604 | AR6_WGII | 1,775 | 19 | However, institutional barriers (limited resources, administrative feasibility and political mandates) need to be addressed to ensure the sustained implementation of adaptation strategies | high | 2 | train |
5,605 | AR6_WGII | 1,775 | 20 | Poor and vulnerable groups exert limited political influence; the fewer channels and opportunities that exist to participate in decision-making and policymaking make these groups less able to leverage government support to invest in adaptation measures | very high | 3 | train |
5,606 | AR6_WGII | 1,775 | 23 | Social organisation, participation and governance reconfiguration are essential for building climate resilience | very high | 3 | train |
5,607 | AR6_WGII | 1,775 | 24 | Social organisation, participation, governance, education and communications to increase perception and knowledge are essential for building the resilience to adapt and overcome expected and unexpected climate impacts | very high | 3 | train |
5,608 | AR6_WGII | 1,775 | 25 | The focus on inclusion and enrolling of the full range of actors in adaptation processes, including vulnerable populations, have yielded good results in the region | high | 2 | train |
5,609 | AR6_WGII | 1,775 | 26 | However, existing poverty and inequality, imbalances in power relations, corruption, weak governance and institutions, structural problems and high levels of risk tolerance may reinforce poverty and inequality cycles | high | 2 | train |
5,610 | AR6_WGII | 1,775 | 29 | It is widely recognised that climate adaptation measures, if carefully selected considering coupled human-environment systems, will provide significant contributions to the sustainable development pathways of the region and to achieve the SDGs if implemented together with comprehensive strategies to reduce poverty, inequality and risks | high | 2 | train |
5,611 | AR6_WGII | 1,830 | 2 | Since AR5, there has been a substantial increase in detected or attributed impacts of climate change in Europe, including extreme events | high | 2 | train |
5,612 | AR6_WGII | 1,830 | 3 | Impacts of compound hazards of warming and precipitation have become more frequent | medium | 1 | train |
5,613 | AR6_WGII | 1,830 | 4 | Climate change has resulted in losses of, and damages to, people, ecosystems, food systems, infrastructure, energy and water availability, public health and the economy | very high | 3 | train |
5,614 | AR6_WGII | 1,830 | 5 | As impacts vary both across and within European regions, sectors, and societal groups (high confidence), inequalities have deepened | medium | 1 | train |
5,615 | AR6_WGII | 1,830 | 7 | Traditional lifestyles, for example in the European Arctic, are threatened already | high | 2 | train |
5,616 | AR6_WGII | 1,830 | 8 | Poor households have lower capacity to adapt to, and recover from, impacts | medium | 1 | train |
5,617 | AR6_WGII | 1,830 | 9 | The range of options available to deal with climate-change impacts has increased in most of Europe since AR5 | high | 2 | train |
5,618 | AR6_WGII | 1,830 | 10 | Growing public perception and adaptation knowledge in public and private sectors, the increasing number of policy and legal frameworks, and dedicated spending on adaptation are all clear indications that the availability of options has expanded | high | 2 | train |
5,619 | AR6_WGII | 1,830 | 13 | Many cities are taking adaptation action, but with large differences in level of ambition and implementation | high | 2 | train |
5,620 | AR6_WGII | 1,830 | 14 | Observed adaptation actions are largely incremental with only a few examples of local transformative action; adaptation actions have demonstrated different degrees of effectiveness in reducing impacts and feasibility of implementation | high | 2 | test |
5,621 | AR6_WGII | 1,830 | 18 | A gap remains between planning and implementation of adaptation action | high | 2 | train |
5,622 | AR6_WGII | 1,830 | 22 | Warming in Europe will continue to rise faster than the global mean, widening risk disparities across Europe in the 21st century | high | 2 | train |
5,623 | AR6_WGII | 1,830 | 24 | Four key risks (KR) have been identified for Europe, with most becoming more severe at 2°C global warming levels (GWL) compared with 1.5°C GWL in scenarios with low to medium adaptation | high | 2 | train |
5,624 | AR6_WGII | 1,830 | 25 | From 3°C GWL and even with high adaptation, severe risks remain for many sectors in Europe | high | 2 | train |
5,625 | AR6_WGII | 1,830 | 27 | KR1: The number of deaths and people at risk of heat stress will increase two- to threefold at 3°C compared with 1.5°C GWL | high | 2 | train |
5,626 | AR6_WGII | 1,830 | 28 | Risk consequences will become severe more rapidly in Southern and Western Central Europe and urban areas | high | 2 | train |
5,627 | AR6_WGII | 1,830 | 29 | Thermal comfort hours during summer will decrease significantly | high | 2 | train |
5,628 | AR6_WGII | 1,830 | 30 | Above 3°C GWL, there are limits to the adaptation potential of people and existing health systems, particularly in Southern Europe, Eastern Europe and areas where health systems are under pressure | high | 2 | train |
5,629 | AR6_WGII | 1,830 | 31 | KR1: Warming will decrease suitable habitat space for current terrestrial and marine ecosystems and irreversibly change their composition, increasing in severity above 2°C GWL | very high | 3 | train |
5,630 | AR6_WGII | 1,830 | 32 | Fire-prone areas are projected to expand across Europe, threatening biodiversity and carbon sinks | medium | 1 | train |
5,631 | AR6_WGII | 1,830 | 34 | Trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation options (e.g., coastal infrastructure and NbS) will result in risks for the integrity and function of ecosystems | medium | 1 | train |
5,632 | AR6_WGII | 1,830 | 35 | KR2: Due to a combination of heat and drought, substantive agricultural production losses are projected for most European areas over the 21st century, which will not be offset by gains in Northern Europe | high | 2 | train |
5,633 | AR6_WGII | 1,830 | 37 | Yields of some crops (e.g., wheat) may increase in Northern Europe if warming does not exceed 2°C | medium | 1 | train |
5,634 | AR6_WGII | 1,831 | 1 | KR3: Risk of water scarcity will become high at 1.5°C and very high at 3°C GWL in Southern Europe (high confidence), and increase from moderate to high in Western Central Europe | medium | 1 | train |
5,635 | AR6_WGII | 1,831 | 2 | In Southern Europe, more than a third of the population will be exposed to water scarcity at 2°C GWL; under 3°C GWL, this risk will double, and significant economic losses in water- and energy-dependent sectors may arise | medium | 1 | train |
5,636 | AR6_WGII | 1,831 | 5 | KR4: Due to warming, changes in precipitation and sea level rise (SLR), risks to people and infrastructures from coastal, riverine and pluvial flooding will increase in Europe | high | 2 | train |
5,637 | AR6_WGII | 1,831 | 6 | Risks of inundation and extreme flooding will increase with the accelerating pace of SLR along Europe’s coasts | high | 2 | train |
5,638 | AR6_WGII | 1,831 | 8 | Coastal flood damage is projected to increase at least tenfold by the end of the 21st century, and even more or earlier with current adaptation and mitigation | high | 2 | train |
5,639 | AR6_WGII | 1,831 | 10 | European cities are hotspots for multiple risks of increasing temperatures and extreme heat, floods and droughts | high | 2 | train |
5,640 | AR6_WGII | 1,831 | 11 | Warming beyond 2°C GWL is projected to result in widespread impacts on infrastructure and businesses | high | 2 | train |
5,641 | AR6_WGII | 1,831 | 12 | These impacts include increased risks for energy supply (high confidence) and transport infrastructure (medium confidence), increases in air conditioning needs (very high confidence) and high water demand | high | 2 | train |
5,642 | AR6_WGII | 1,831 | 13 | European regions are affected by multiple key risks, with more severe consequences in the south than in the north | high | 2 | train |
5,643 | AR6_WGII | 1,831 | 15 | There is high confidence that consequences for socioeconomic and natural systems will be substantial: the number of people exposed to KRs and economic losses are projected to at least double at 3°C GWL compared with 1.5°C GWL | medium | 1 | train |
5,644 | AR6_WGII | 1,831 | 16 | The risks resulting from changes in climatic and non-climatic drivers in many sectors is a key gap in knowledge | high | 2 | train |
5,645 | AR6_WGII | 1,831 | 20 | Assessed likelihood is typeset in italics (e.g., very likely).Climate risks from outside Europe are emerging due to a combination of the position of European countries in the global supply chain and shared resources | high | 2 | train |
5,646 | AR6_WGII | 1,831 | 22 | Exposure of European countries to inter-regional risks can be reduced by international governance and collaboration on adaptation in other regions | medium | 1 | train |
5,647 | AR6_WGII | 1,831 | 24 | There are a growing range of adaptation options available today to deal with future climate risks | high | 2 | train |
5,648 | AR6_WGII | 1,831 | 26 | Nature-based Solutions for flood protection and heat alleviation are themselves under threat from warming, extreme heat, drought and SLR | high | 2 | train |
5,649 | AR6_WGII | 1,831 | 27 | In many parts of Europe, existing and planned adaptation measures are not sufficient to avoid the residual risk, especially beyond 1.5° C GWL | high | 2 | train |
5,650 | AR6_WGII | 1,831 | 28 | Residual risk can result in losses of habitat and ecosystem services, heat related deaths (KR1), crop failures (KR2), water rationing during droughts in Southern Europe (KR3) and loss of land (KR4) | medium | 1 | train |
5,651 | AR6_WGII | 1,831 | 29 | At 3°C GWL and beyond, a combination of many, maybe even all, adaptation options are needed, including transformational changes, to reduce residual risk | medium | 1 | train |
5,652 | AR6_WGII | 1,831 | 31 | Although adaptation is happening across Europe, it is not implemented at the scale, depth and speed needed to avoid the risks | high | 2 | train |
5,653 | AR6_WGII | 1,831 | 33 | Forward-looking and adaptive planning can prevent path dependencies and maladaptation, and ensure timely action | high | 2 | train |
5,654 | AR6_WGII | 1,832 | 2 | Most of the adaptation options to the key risks depend on limited water and land resources, creating competition and trade-offs, also with mitigation options and socioeconomic developments | high | 2 | train |
5,655 | AR6_WGII | 1,832 | 6 | Several windows of opportunity emerge to accelerate climate resilient development (CRD) | medium | 1 | train |
5,656 | AR6_WGII | 1,832 | 8 | These windows can be used to accelerate action through mainstreaming and transformational actions | medium | 1 | train |
5,657 | AR6_WGII | 1,832 | 10 | Private-sector adaptation takes place mostly in response to extreme events or regulatory, shareholder or consumer pressures and incentives | medium | 1 | train |
5,658 | AR6_WGII | 1,832 | 11 | Closing the adaptation gap requires moving beyond short-term planning and ensuring timely and adequate implementation | high | 2 | train |
5,659 | AR6_WGII | 1,832 | 14 | The success of adaptation will depend on our understanding of which adaptation options are feasible and effective in their local context | high | 2 | train |
5,660 | AR6_WGII | 1,832 | 16 | To close the adaptation gap, political commitment, persistence and consistent action across scales of government, and upfront mobilisation of human and financial capital, is key | high | 2 | train |
5,661 | AR6_WGII | 1,835 | 8 | Mean and maximum temperatures, frequencies of warm days and nights, and heatwaves have increased since 1950, while the corresponding cold indices have decreased | high | 2 | train |
5,662 | AR6_WGII | 1,835 | 9 | Average warming will be larger than the global mean in all of Europe, with largest winter warming in NEU and EEU and largest summer warming in MED | high | 2 | train |
5,663 | AR6_WGII | 1,835 | 11 | Projections suggest a substantial reduction in European ice glacier volumes and in snow cover below elevations of 1500–2000 m, as well as further permafrost thawing and degradation, during the 21st century, even at a low GWL | high | 2 | train |
5,664 | AR6_WGII | 1,835 | 12 | The assessment of climate change in WGI AR6 concludes that during recent decades mean precipitation has increased over NEU, WCE and EEU, while magnitude and sign of observed trends depend substantially on time period and study region in MED | medium | 1 | train |
5,665 | AR6_WGII | 1,835 | 13 | Precipitation extremes have increased in NEU and EEU | high | 2 | train |
5,666 | AR6_WGII | 1,837 | 3 | For >2°C GWL, of mean precipitation in NEU in winter is increasing and decreasing in MED in summer | high | 2 | train |
5,667 | AR6_WGII | 1,837 | 4 | A widespread increase of precipitation extremes is projected for >2°C GWL for all sub-regions | high | 2 | train |
5,668 | AR6_WGII | 1,837 | 6 | MED is projected to be most affected within Europe with all types of droughts increasing for 1.5°C (medium confidence) and 4°C GWL | high | 2 | train |
5,669 | AR6_WGII | 1,837 | 7 | At 4°C GWL, hydrological droughts in NEU, WCE and EEU will increase | medium | 1 | train |
5,670 | AR6_WGII | 1,837 | 8 | Projections for the 21st century show increases in storms across all of Europe | medium | 1 | test |
5,671 | AR6_WGII | 1,838 | 1 | Salinity has increased in the SEUS and decreased in NEUS and is projected to continue | medium | 1 | train |
5,672 | AR6_WGII | 1,838 | 4 | This SLR will very likely continue to increase during the 21st century (Figure 13.4k,l) (high confidence), with regional deviations from global mean SLR | low | 0 | train |
5,673 | AR6_WGII | 1,838 | 5 | Extreme water levels, coastal floods and sandy coastline recession are projected to increase along many European coastlines | high | 2 | train |
5,674 | AR6_WGII | 1,838 | 7 | Without further adaptation (Section 13.2.2), flood risks along Europe’s low-lying coasts and estuaries will increase due to SLR compounded by storm surges, rainfall and river runoff | high | 2 | train |
5,675 | AR6_WGII | 1,838 | 14 | SLR will increase coastal erosion of sandy shorelines | high | 2 | train |
5,676 | AR6_WGII | 1,838 | 19 | Projections indicate a continuation of the observed trends of river flood hazards in WCE (high confidence) of 10% at 2°C GWL and 18% at 4.4°C GWL, and a decrease in NEU and SEU | medium | 1 | train |
5,677 | AR6_WGII | 1,838 | 27 | The intensity and frequency of heavy rainfall events is projected to increase | high | 2 | train |
5,678 | AR6_WGII | 1,841 | 8 | This path dependency limits the solution space and may hamper implementation of transformative measures, such as land-use change, to accommodate the water system | medium | 1 | train |
5,679 | AR6_WGII | 1,841 | 21 | A combination with structural defences could reduce risk in urbanised coastal regions | high | 2 | train |
5,680 | AR6_WGII | 1,841 | 27 | Retreat is rarely applied in Europe | medium | 1 | train |
5,681 | AR6_WGII | 1,843 | 6 | While measures taken at household level can reduce the risk of flooding, there is often insufficient investment | medium | 1 | train |
5,682 | AR6_WGII | 1,844 | 4 | Early warning systems, insurance and behaviour change can complement protect and accommodate measures to limit residual risk | high | 2 | train |
5,683 | AR6_WGII | 1,844 | 9 | Increasing future flood risks due to both climatic and socioeconomic change could overburden government budgets | medium | 1 | train |
5,684 | AR6_WGII | 1,844 | 16 | Wastewater reuse is considered a low-cost and effective measure where wastewater is available (Lavrnic et al., 2017; De Roo et al., 2020), but public acceptance for domestic reuse is presently limited | high | 2 | train |
5,685 | AR6_WGII | 1,844 | 22 | Increased irrigation efficiency has reduced water scarcity, particularly in SEU (Section 13.5; De Roo et al., 2020), and occur at farm level in WCE and NEU (Papadaskalopoulou et al., 2015b; van Duinen et al., 2015; Rey et al., 2017) but come with increasing path dependency on supply and trade-offs which may not be sustainable in the long term | high | 2 | train |
5,686 | AR6_WGII | 1,845 | 2 | Interacting with climate change are non-climatic hazards, such as habitat loss and fragmentation, overexploitation, water abstraction, nutrient enrichment and pollution, all of which reduce resilience of biotas and ecosystems | very high | 3 | train |
5,687 | AR6_WGII | 1,845 | 6 | Extirpation (e.g., local losses of species) have been observed in response to climate change in Europe | medium | 1 | train |
5,688 | AR6_WGII | 1,846 | 1 | Range shifts are leading to northward and upwards expansions of warm-adapted taxa | very high | 3 | train |
5,689 | AR6_WGII | 1,846 | 4 | Microclimatic variability in some locations can buffer warming impacts | medium | 1 | train |
5,690 | AR6_WGII | 1,846 | 6 | The timing of many processes, including spring leaf unfolding, autumn senescence and flight rhythms, have changed in response to changes in seasonal temperatures, water and light availability | very high | 3 | train |
5,691 | AR6_WGII | 1,846 | 9 | Land- use changes will increase extirpation and extinction risk | very high | 3 | train |
5,692 | AR6_WGII | 1,846 | 11 | Warming <1.5°C GWL would limit risks to biodiversity, while 4°C GWL and intensive land use could lead to a loss of suitable climate and habitat space for most species | low | 0 | train |
5,693 | AR6_WGII | 1,846 | 13 | Average wetland area is not projected to change at 1.7°C GWL across Europe, while for >4°C GWL expanding sites in NEU are not sufficient to balance losses in SEU and WCE | high | 2 | train |
5,694 | AR6_WGII | 1,846 | 16 | The largest losses of suitable climatic conditions are projected for plants and insects, with different taxon-specific regions of highest risk, while proportions of species projected to lose suitable climates are lower for other groups | medium | 1 | train |
5,695 | AR6_WGII | 1,846 | 17 | Temperatures >1.5°C GWL will lead to a progressive subtropicalisation in SEU, expanding into WCE at >3°C GWL, a northward shift in the temperate domain into NEU | medium | 1 | train |
5,696 | AR6_WGII | 1,846 | 21 | Risks emerging from climate change for phenology are uncertain, given asynchrony between species, taxa and trophic responses (Thackeray et al., 2016; Posledovich et al., 2018; Keogan et al., 2021) and the complexity of phenological events and their cues | medium | 1 | train |
5,697 | AR6_WGII | 1,846 | 27 | Fire hazard conditions, including heatwaves (Boer et al., 2017), increased throughout Europe from 1980 to 2019 (Figure 13.10), with substantive increases in SEU and WCE | high | 2 | train |
5,698 | AR6_WGII | 1,848 | 1 | Forest expansion in boreal regions results in net warming (Bright et al., 2017), possibly influencing cloud formation and rainfall patterns | medium | 1 | train |
5,699 | AR6_WGII | 1,848 | 3 | If not managed through increased reforestation and/or revegetation or peatland restoration, future climate-change impacts will progressively limit the climate regulation capacity of European terrestrial ecosystems | medium | 1 | train |
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