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2,000 | AR6_WGI | 1,861 | 2 | Trends towards more frequent fires in tundra regions are expected to continue, driven in particular by increasing potential evapotranspiration and changes in vegetation | high | 2 | train |
2,001 | AR6_WGI | 1,861 | 10 | In the Arctic, mid-winter snowpack increases in some of the coldest and high- elevation locations given higher precipitation totals | medium | 1 | test |
2,002 | AR6_WGI | 1,861 | 11 | Higher temperatures result in a higher percentage of Arctic precipitation falling as rain (particularly in autumn and spring) | high | 2 | train |
2,003 | AR6_WGI | 1,861 | 12 | Glacier and ice sheet: Section 9.5.1 and Section 2.3.2.3 found that glaciers have lost mass in all polar regions since 2000 | high | 2 | train |
2,004 | AR6_WGI | 1,861 | 17 | Permafrost: Observations from recent decades (assessed in Section 9.5.2 and Section 2.3.2.5) show increases in permafrost temperature (very high confidence) and active layer thickness | medium | 1 | train |
2,005 | AR6_WGI | 1,863 | 22 | Projections show increases in MHW intensity, frequency and duration will be larger over the Arctic Ocean than mid-latitude oceans due in part to low interannual variability under current sea ice | high | 2 | train |
2,006 | AR6_WGI | 1,863 | 25 | Climate change has caused and will continue to induce an enhanced warming trend, increasing heat-related extremes and decreasing cold spells and frosts in the Arctic | high | 2 | train |
2,007 | AR6_WGI | 1,863 | 26 | The water cycle is projected to intensify in polar regions, leading to more rainfall, higher river flood potential and more intense precipitation | high | 2 | train |
2,008 | AR6_WGI | 1,863 | 27 | Projections indicate reductions in glaciers at both poles, with sea ice loss, enhanced permafrost warming, decreasing permafrost extent, and decreasing seasonal duration and extent of snow cover in the Arctic (high confidence) even as some of the coldest regions will see higher total snowfall given increased precipitation | medium | 1 | train |
2,009 | AR6_WGI | 1,863 | 28 | Projections indicate relative sea level rises in polar regions (high confidence), with the exception of regions with substantial land uplift including North-Eastern North America | high | 2 | train |
2,010 | AR6_WGI | 1,863 | 29 | Higher sea levels also contribute to high confidence for projected increases of Arctic coastal flooding and higher coastal erosion (aided by sea ice loss) | medium | 1 | train |
2,011 | AR6_WGI | 1,864 | 5 | Marine ecoregions will experience ocean acidification and temperatures that increase faster in high latitudes | high | 2 | train |
2,012 | AR6_WGI | 1,864 | 13 | Longer dry seasons also extend the seasonal length and geographical extent of fire weather in all future scenarios | medium | 1 | train |
2,013 | AR6_WGI | 1,864 | 18 | Box 10.3 identified a continuing strong role of the urban heat island in amplifying heat extremes in cities, although changes in the urban heat island are an order of magnitude smaller than projected localized warming trends | very high | 3 | train |
2,014 | AR6_WGI | 1,864 | 19 | Coastal cities’ proximity to the sea somewhat mitigates the effect of urban heat islands | high | 2 | train |
2,015 | AR6_WGI | 1,864 | 22 | Such threshold exceedances are projected to increase for many coastal areas | high | 2 | train |
2,016 | AR6_WGI | 1,864 | 23 | Climate change-related variations in oceanic drivers (e.g., relative sea level, storm surge, ocean waves), combined with tropical cyclones, extreme precipitation and river flooding, are expected to lead to more frequent and more intense coastal flooding and erosion | very high | 3 | test |
2,017 | AR6_WGI | 1,864 | 25 | Compound flooding due to simultaneous storm surges and high river flows have been found to be increasingly frequent in several cities and/or low- lying areas in Europe and the USA | high | 2 | train |
2,018 | AR6_WGI | 1,864 | 26 | Chapter 11 found that the frequency of such compound flood events is projected to increase | high | 2 | train |
2,019 | AR6_WGI | 1,865 | 5 | These include increases in extreme heat, pluvial floods, coastal erosion and coastal flood | high | 2 | train |
2,020 | AR6_WGI | 1,865 | 6 | Increasing relative sea level, compounding with increasing tropical cyclone storm surge and rainfall intensity, will increase the probability of coastal city flooding | high | 2 | train |
2,021 | AR6_WGI | 1,865 | 7 | Arctic coastal settlements are particularly exposed to climate change due to sea ice retreat | high | 2 | train |
2,022 | AR6_WGI | 1,865 | 19 | In general, droughts have increased in several arid and semi-arid areas over the last decades | medium | 1 | train |
2,023 | AR6_WGI | 1,865 | 24 | Dust loadings are expected to decrease over most of the Sahara and Sahel (low confidence) (Section 12.4.1), increase over Mexico and the south-west USA | medium | 1 | train |
2,024 | AR6_WGI | 1,865 | 29 | These included an observed general decline in low-elevation snow cover, glaciers and permafrost (high confidence), which induced changes in natural hazards such as decrease in slope stability | high | 2 | train |
2,025 | AR6_WGI | 1,866 | 4 | Warming is also affecting mountain lake surface temperatures, increasing probabilities of ice-free winters and the frequency and duration of ‘lake heatwaves’ | high | 2 | train |
2,026 | AR6_WGI | 1,866 | 5 | Elevation-dependent warming could speed up the observed, rapid upward shifts of the freezing level height (FLH) in several mountainous regions of the world and lead to faster changes in the snowline, the glacier equilibrium-line altitude and the snow/rain transition height | high | 2 | train |
2,027 | AR6_WGI | 1,866 | 13 | These events are projected to increase in major mountainous regions (Alps, parts of the Andes, British Columbia, North- Western North America, Calabria, Carpathian, Hindu-Kush-Himalaya, Rocky Mountains, Umbria; medium to high confidence depending on location), with potential cascading consequences of floods, landslides and lake outbursts in mountainous areas in all scenarios | medium | 1 | train |
2,028 | AR6_WGI | 1,866 | 14 | Declines in low-elevation snow depth and seasonal extent are projected for all SSP-RCPs (see Sections 12.4.1–12.4.6), along with reductions in mountain glacier surface area, increases in permafrost temperature, decreases in permafrost thickness, changes in lake and river ice, changes in the amount and seasonality of streamflows and hydrologic droughts in snow-dominated and glacier-fed river basins (e.g., in Central Asia; Sorg et al., 2014; Reyer et al., 2017b) | medium | 1 | train |
2,029 | AR6_WGI | 1,866 | 15 | Glacier recession could lead to the creation of new glacial lakes in places like the Himalaya-Karakoram region (Linsbauer et al., 2016) and in Alaska and Canada (Carrivick and Tweed, 2016; Harrison et al., 2018) | medium | 1 | train |
2,030 | AR6_WGI | 1,866 | 16 | With increasing temperature and precipitation these can increase the occurrence of glacier lake outburst floods and landslides over moraine-dammed lakes | high | 2 | train |
2,031 | AR6_WGI | 1,866 | 17 | In conclusion, mountains face complex challenges from specific climatic impact-drivers drastically influenced by climate change: regional elevation-dependent warming (high confidence), low-to-mid-altitude snow cover and snow-season decrease even as some high elevations see more snow (high confidence), glacier mass reduction and permafrost thawing (high confidence), and increases in extreme precipitation and floods in most parts of major mountain ranges | medium | 1 | train |
2,032 | AR6_WGI | 1,866 | 20 | The SRCCL assessed an enhanced risk and severity of wildfires in tropical rainforests | high | 2 | train |
2,033 | AR6_WGI | 1,867 | 5 | In conclusion, most tropical forests are challenged by a mix of emerging warming trends that are particularly large in comparison to historical variability | medium | 1 | train |
2,034 | AR6_WGI | 1,867 | 6 | Water cycle changes bring prolonged drought, longer dry seasons, and increased fire weather to many tropical forests, with plants also responding to CO 2 increases | medium | 1 | train |
2,035 | AR6_WGI | 1,867 | 14 | All regions will experience, before 2050, increased warming, an increase of extreme heat and a decrease in cold spells, regardless of the emissions trajectory | high | 2 | train |
2,036 | AR6_WGI | 1,867 | 17 | Several global-scale studies have shown that high temperature extremes will increase everywhere | high | 2 | train |
2,037 | AR6_WGI | 1,867 | 23 | Increases in temperatures will result in reductions in heating degree days (Arnell et al., 2019; Coppola et al., 2021b) and a widespread reduced frequency of cold extremes | high | 2 | train |
2,038 | AR6_WGI | 1,869 | 7 | One cluster of regions – East Southern and West Southern Africa regions, the Mediterranean, Northern Central America, Western North America, several regions in South America and Australia – will experience, in addition to the aforementioned globally changing CIDs, increases in either drought/ aridity or fire weather | high | 2 | train |
2,039 | AR6_WGI | 1,869 | 9 | A second cluster of regions including mountainous areas or regions with seasonal snow cover will experience (in addition to increases in heat extremes, more intense short-duration rainfall, and increases in coastal hazards where coasts exist) reductions in snow and ice cover and/or increases in river flooding in many cases (Western, North- Western, Central and Eastern North America, Arctic regions, Andes regions, Europe, Siberia, Central and East Asia, Southern Australia and New Zealand) | high | 2 | train |
2,040 | AR6_WGI | 1,870 | 6 | For instance, emergence is reached by 2050 under RCP8.5 in most areas of Europe, Australia or East Asia, but it does not occur within the 21st century under RCP2.6 | medium | 1 | train |
2,041 | AR6_WGI | 1,870 | 8 | However, even under RCP2.6, mean temperatures in tropical regions that have not already emerged are projected to emerge before 2050 | medium | 1 | train |
2,042 | AR6_WGI | 1,870 | 9 | Extreme heat and cold: An increase in heat extremes has emerged or will emerge in the coming three decades in most land regions | high | 2 | train |
2,043 | AR6_WGI | 1,870 | 11 | In other regions emergence is projected at the latest in the first half of the 21st century under RCP8.5 | high | 2 | train |
2,044 | AR6_WGI | 1,870 | 12 | Relative to the end of 20th-century conditions, changes in humid heat stress as characterized by wet bulb temperature, indicates a ToE as early as in the first two decades of the 21st century in RCP8.5 at least in many tropical regions (most of Africa in the band 20°S–20°N, South Asia and South East Asia) | medium | 1 | train |
2,045 | AR6_WGI | 1,870 | 15 | Mean precipitation: Mean precipitation changes only emerged over a few regions in the historical period (increase in Northern and Eastern Europe and decrease in West Africa and Amazonia) from observations with an S/N ratio larger than one | low | 0 | train |
2,046 | AR6_WGI | 1,870 | 16 | The emergence of increasing precipitation before the middle of the 21st century is found across scenarios in Siberian regions, Russian Far East, Northern Europe, Arctic regions and the northernmost parts of North America | high | 2 | test |
2,047 | AR6_WGI | 1,870 | 21 | In climate projections, the emergence of increase in heavy precipitation strongly depends on the scale of aggregation (Kirchmeier-Young et al., 2019), with, in general, no emergence before a 1.5°C or 2°C warming level, and before the middle of the century | medium | 1 | train |
2,048 | AR6_WGI | 1,870 | 22 | Emergent increases in heavy precipitation are found in several regions when aggregated at a regional scale in Northern Europe, Northern Asia and East Asia, at latest by the end of the century in SRES A1B or RCP8.5 scenarios or when considering the decadal variability as a reference | medium | 1 | train |
2,049 | AR6_WGI | 1,870 | 27 | Even though significant drought trends are observed in several regions with at least medium confidence (Sections 11.6 and 12.4), agricultural and ecological drought indices have interannual variability that dominates trends, as can be seen from their time series | medium | 1 | train |
2,050 | AR6_WGI | 1,871 | 6 | The snow cover duration period is projected to emerge over large parts of Eastern and Western North America and Europe by the mid-century both in spring and autumn, and emergence is expected in the second half of the 21st century in the Arctic regions in the high RCP8.5 scenario | medium | 1 | train |
2,051 | AR6_WGI | 1,871 | 10 | Sea ice: Sea ice area decrease in the Arctic in all seasons has already emerged from the interannual variability | high | 2 | train |
2,052 | AR6_WGI | 1,871 | 13 | Relative sea level, coastal flood and coastal erosion: Near- coast RSLR will emerge before 2050 for RCP4.5 along the coasts of all AR6 regions (with coasts) except East Asia, the Russian Far East, Madagascar, the southern part of Eastern North America and the Antarctic regions | medium | 1 | train |
2,053 | AR6_WGI | 1,871 | 14 | Under RCP8.5, emergence of near-coast RSLR is projected by mid-century along the coasts of all AR6 regions (with coasts), except WAN where emergence is projected to occur before 2100 (Section 9.6.1.4; Lyu et al., 2014) | medium | 1 | train |
2,054 | AR6_WGI | 1,871 | 26 | Heat and cold CIDs (excluding frost) that have not already emerged will emerge by 2050 whatever the scenario in almost all land regions | medium | 1 | train |
2,055 | AR6_WGI | 1,871 | 27 | The emergence of increasing precipitation before the middle of the century is also projected in Siberian regions, Russian Far East, Northern Europe and the northernmost parts of North America and Arctic regions across scenarios with the various methods and emergence definitions used | high | 2 | train |
2,056 | AR6_WGI | 1,871 | 31 | In all ocean basins, the signal of ocean acidification in the surface ocean is projected to emerge before 2050 | high | 2 | train |
2,057 | AR6_WGI | 1,874 | 6 | Regional-to-continental scale trends generally consistent with global-scale trends | high | 2 | train |
2,058 | AR6_WGI | 1,874 | 10 | Extreme Precipitation EventsAll RKRs; RFC2, RFC3Frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation events increased at the global scale over a majority of land regions with good observational coverage | high | 2 | train |
2,059 | AR6_WGI | 1,874 | 11 | Larger percentage increases in heavy precipitation observed in the northern high latitudes in all seasons, and in the mid-latitudes in the cold season | high | 2 | train |
2,060 | AR6_WGI | 1,874 | 12 | Regional increases in the frequency and/or intensity of heavy rainfall also observed in most parts of Asia, north-west Australia, northern Europe, South-Eastern South America, and most of the USA (high confidence), and West and Southern Africa, Central Europe, the eastern Mediterranean region, Mexico, and North-Western South America | medium | 1 | train |
2,061 | AR6_WGI | 1,874 | 18 | Increase in frequency of heavy precipitation events accelerates with warming, higher for rarer events | high | 2 | train |
2,062 | AR6_WGI | 1,874 | 19 | DroughtAll RKRs; RFC2, RFC3Increased atmospheric evaporative demand in dry seasons over a majority of land areas due to human-induced climate change | medium | 1 | train |
2,063 | AR6_WGI | 1,874 | 20 | Especially observed in dry summer climates in Europe, North America and Africa (high confidence).Upward trend with GSAT | high | 2 | train |
2,064 | AR6_WGI | 1,874 | 22 | Increase in the frequency and magnitude of pluvial floods | high | 2 | train |
2,065 | AR6_WGI | 1,874 | 23 | Increasing flood potential in urban areas where heavy precipitation projected to increase, especially at high GWLs | high | 2 | train |
2,066 | AR6_WGI | 1,874 | 24 | Tropical Cyclones (TCs)All RKRs; RFC2, RFC3Human contribution to extreme rainfall amount from specific TC events | high | 2 | train |
2,067 | AR6_WGI | 1,874 | 25 | Global proportion of major TC intensities likely increased over the past four decades.Increase in precipitation from TC with GSAT; average peak TC wind speeds, proportion of intense TCs, and peak wind speeds of most intense TCs increase globally with GSAT | high | 2 | train |
2,068 | AR6_WGI | 1,874 | 26 | Decrease or lack of change in global frequency of TCs (all categories) with GSAT | medium | 1 | train |
2,069 | AR6_WGI | 1,874 | 28 | Spatial heterogeneity with larger changes in the tropical oceans and Arctic Ocean | medium | 1 | train |
2,070 | AR6_WGI | 1,875 | 2 | Increasing trend in more frequent concurrent heatwaves and droughts with GSAT | high | 2 | train |
2,071 | AR6_WGI | 1,875 | 3 | More frequent concurrent (in time) extreme events at different locations with increasing GSAT, for GWLs > 2°C | high | 2 | train |
2,072 | AR6_WGI | 1,875 | 4 | Compound flooding risk (storm surge, extreme rainfall and/or river flow) increasing with GSAT | high | 2 | train |
2,073 | AR6_WGI | 1,875 | 5 | Trends Fire Weather TrendsRKR-B, C; RFC1,2,3Weather conditions that promote wildfire (compound hot, dry and windy events) more probable in some regions over the last century | medium | 1 | train |
2,074 | AR6_WGI | 1,875 | 9 | Patterns of Mean WarmingRKR-B, D, F, RFC1,3,4Spatial patterns of temperature changes associated with the 0.5°C difference in GMST warming between 1991–2010 and 1960–1970 consistent with projected changes under 1.5°C and 2°C of global warming.Temperatures scale approximately linearly with GSAT, largely independently of scenario | high | 2 | train |
2,075 | AR6_WGI | 1,875 | 11 | Antarctic polar amplification smaller than Arctic | high | 2 | train |
2,076 | AR6_WGI | 1,875 | 13 | In the Southern Hemisphere relatively high rates of warming in subtropical continental areas of South America, Southern Africa and Australia | high | 2 | train |
2,077 | AR6_WGI | 1,875 | 15 | Arctic Warming TrendsRKR-A,C,G,H; RFC1, RFC3 Emerged already from internal variability.Very likely more pronounced (2–2.4 times faster) than the global average over the 21st century | high | 2 | train |
2,078 | AR6_WGI | 1,875 | 17 | Patterns of Precipitation ChangeRKR-B, D, F, RFC1, RFC3Regional patterns of recent trends, over at least the past three decades, consistent with documented increase in precipitation over tropical wet regions and decrease over dry areas.Changes in large-scale atmospheric circulation and precipitation with each 0.5°C of warming | high | 2 | train |
2,079 | AR6_WGI | 1,875 | 19 | Some departures from linearity possible at regional scale | medium | 1 | train |
2,080 | AR6_WGI | 1,875 | 21 | Precipitation increases in large parts of the monsoon regions, tropics and high latitudes, decreases in the Mediterranean and large parts of the subtropics | high | 2 | train |
2,081 | AR6_WGI | 1,875 | 25 | Ocean Acidification/ pHRKR-A,B; RFC1, RFC4Virtually certain decline of surface pH globally over the last 40 years at a rate of 0.017–0.027 pH units per decade; decline also in the subsurface over the past 2–3 decades | medium | 1 | train |
2,082 | AR6_WGI | 1,875 | 26 | Surface pH now the lowest of at least the last 26,000 years (very high confidence).Increase of net ocean carbon flux throughout the century irrespective of the emissions scenario considered | high | 2 | train |
2,083 | AR6_WGI | 1,875 | 27 | Decrease of ocean surface pH through the 21st century, except for SSP1-1.9 and SSP1-2.6 where values increase slightly starting from 2070–2100 | high | 2 | train |
2,084 | AR6_WGI | 1,876 | 1 | No clear evidence shifts in ENSO or associated features or its teleconnections.No change in the amplitude of ENSO variability (medium confidence); enhanced ENSO-related variability of precipitation under SSP2-4.5 and higher | high | 2 | train |
2,085 | AR6_WGI | 1,876 | 3 | Sea Ice LossRKR-A, B, H; RFC1,3,5Arctic sea ice area decreased for all months since 1970s; strongest decrease in summer | very high | 3 | train |
2,086 | AR6_WGI | 1,876 | 4 | Arctic sea ice younger, thinner and faster moving | very high | 3 | train |
2,087 | AR6_WGI | 1,876 | 5 | Current pan-Arctic sea ice levels unprecedented since 1850 | high | 2 | train |
2,088 | AR6_WGI | 1,876 | 7 | Antarctic sea ice area experienced little net change since 1979 | high | 2 | train |
2,089 | AR6_WGI | 1,876 | 8 | The Arctic Ocean will likely become sea ice-free in September before 2050 in all considered SSP scenarios; such disappearance including several months in most years at 3°C–5°C | high | 2 | test |
2,090 | AR6_WGI | 1,876 | 9 | Permafrost ThawRKR-A,C; RFC3,5Increases in permafrost temperatures in the upper 30 m over the past three to four decades throughout the permafrost regions | high | 2 | train |
2,091 | AR6_WGI | 1,876 | 11 | Relative to 1995–2014: at 1.5°C and 2°C decreasing by less than 40% (medium confidence), at 2°C and 3°C by less than 75% (medium confidence), at 3°C and 5°C by more than 60% loss | medium | 1 | train |
2,092 | AR6_WGI | 1,876 | 12 | Sea Level ChangeRKR-A,C,D,E,F, G,H; RFC1,3,4Gobal mean sea level (GMSL) is rising at an accelerated rate since the 19th century | high | 2 | train |
2,093 | AR6_WGI | 1,876 | 13 | GMSL increase over the 20th century faster than over any preceding century in at least the last three millennia | high | 2 | train |
2,094 | AR6_WGI | 1,876 | 14 | By 2100, likely GMSL rise with respect to 1995–2014 of 0.51 (0.40–0.69) m, 0.62 (0.50–0.81) m and 0.70 (0.58–0.91) m for, respectively, GWLs of 2.0°C, 3.0°C, and 4.0°C | medium | 1 | train |
2,095 | AR6_WGI | 1,876 | 18 | Spring Snow Cover has seen substantial reductions in spring snow cover extent in the Northern Hemisphere since 1978 | very high | 3 | test |
2,096 | AR6_WGI | 1,876 | 19 | Since 1981, general decline in NH spring snow water equivalent | high | 2 | train |
2,097 | AR6_WGI | 1,876 | 20 | Relative to 1995–2014: at 1.5°C–2°C NH spring snow cover extent likely decreases by less than 20% | medium | 1 | train |
2,098 | AR6_WGI | 1,876 | 22 | Current global glacier mass loss highly unusual over at least the last 2000 years | medium | 1 | train |
2,099 | AR6_WGI | 1,876 | 23 | Increased rate of glacier mass loss over the last 3 to 4 decades | high | 2 | train |
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