zh
stringlengths 1
4.19k
| en
stringlengths 1
3.42k
|
|---|---|
C. Lawyers | C. Lawyers |
1. Access to a lawyer | 1. Access to a lawyer |
prison staff or law enforcement officials. Some lawyers – for example, those defendingpersons who have been charged with terrorist offences or who are political prisoners – also22 Law No. 349-I of 27 December 1996. | 22 Law No. 349-I of 27 December 1996. |
22 Law No. 349-I of 27 December 1996.23 Law No. 721-I of 25 December 1998. | 23 Law No. 721-I of 25 December 1998. |
23 Law No. 721-I of 25 December 1998.24 See, e.g., Presidential Decree No. UP-5441 of 12 May 2018, on measures to radically improve the | 24 See, e.g., Presidential Decree No. UP-5441 of 12 May 2018, on measures to radically improve the efficiency of the Chamber of Lawyers and increase the independence of defence lawyers. |
2. Chamber of Lawyers | 2. Chamber of Lawyers |
82. As a result of the reform of the legal profession in 2008,25 the Chamber of Lawyersof Uzbekistan has been placed under the control of the executive branch. The Ministry ofJustice plays a decisive role in the appointment and dismissal of the Chair of the Chamberof Lawyers (article 12-3 of the Law on Lawyers). It participates in determining thecomposition and functioning of the Higher Qualification Commission and its territorialcommissions (art. 13), takes part in the procedure for the disbarment of lawyers (art. 16)and maintains the State register of lawyers (art. 17). | 82. As a result of the reform of the legal professionin 2008,25 the Chamber of Lawyers of Uzbekistan has been placed under the control of the executive branch. The Ministry of Justice plays a decisive role in the appointment and dismissal of the Chair of the Chamber of Lawyers (article 12-3 of the Law on Lawyers). It participates in determining the composition and functioning of the Higher Qualification Commission and its territorial commissions (art. 13), takes part in the procedure for the disbarment of lawyers (art. 16) and maintains the State register of lawyers (art. 17). |
D. Accessibility of courts and tribunals | D. Accessibility of courts and tribunals |
25 Law No. ZRU-497 of 11 October 2018. | 25 Law No. ZRU-497 of 11 October 2018. |
26 See also CCPR/C/UZB/CO/4, para. 21. | 26 See also CCPR/C/UZB/CO/4, para. 21. |
27 A/73/365, paras. 100–101. | 27 A/73/365, paras. 100–101. |
28 See, e.g., A/HRC/8/4, para. 32. | 28 See, e.g., A/HRC/8/4, para. 32. |
V. Conclusions | V. Conclusions |
VI. Recommendations | VI. Recommendations |
A. Legal and institutional framework | A. Legal and institutional framework |
B. Judges | B. Judges |
the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. | C. Prosecutors |
the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. | Supervisory powers |
D. Lawyers | D. Lawyers |
E. Accessibility of courts and tribunals | E. Accessibility of courts and tribunals |
30 A/73/365, para. 56, and A/64/181, para. 34. | 30 A/73/365, para. 56, and A/64/181, para. 34. |
安全理事会 Distr.: General | Security Council Distr.: General |
20 April 2001 | 20 April 2001 |
01-38776 (C) 310501 310501 | 01-38777 (E) 310501 |
01-38776 (C) 310501 310501 | *0138777* |
秘书长关于安全理事会处理中的事项及其审议所达阶段的简要说明 | Summary statement by the Secretary-General on matters of which the Security Council is seized and on the stage reached in their consideration |
秘书长依照安全理事会暂行议事规则第 11 条 提出下列简要说明 | Pursuant to rule 11 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council, the Secretary-General is submitting the following summary statement. |
安全理事会处理中的项目清单载于 2001 年 3 月 19 日 S/2001/15 2001 年 3月 28 日 S/2001/15/Add.3 2001 年 4 月 2 日 S/2001/15/Add.5 2001 年 4 月 4日 S/2001/15/Add.6 2001 年 4 月 6 日 S/2001/15/Add.7 和 2001 年 4 月 13 日S/2001/15/Add.10 号文件 | The list of items of which the Security Council is seized is contained in documents S/2001/15 of 19 March 2001, S/2001/15/Add.3 of 28 March 2001, S/2001/15/Add.5 of 2 April 2001, S/2001/15/Add.6 of 4 April 2001, S/2001/15/Add.7 of 6 April 2001 and S/2001/15/Add.10 of 13 April 2001. |
在 2000 年 3 月 31 日终了的一周内 安全理事会对下列项目采取了行动 | During the week ending 31 March 2001, the Security Council took action on the following items: |
中东局势 包括巴勒斯坦问题(见 S/2000/40/Add.39 44 46 47 和 50 和S/2001/15/Add.11 和 12 又见 S/7382 S/7441 S/7452 S/7564 S/7570 S/7596S/7600 S/7913 S/7923 S/7976 S/8000 S/8048 S/8066 S/8215 S/8242S/8252 S/8269 S/8502 S/8525 S/8534 S/8564 S/8575 S/8584 S/8595S/8747 S/8753 S/8807 S/8815 S/8828 S/8836 S/8885 S/8896 S/8960S/9123 S/9135 S/9319 S/9382 S/9395 S/9406 S/9427 和 Corr.1 S/9449S/9452 S/9805 S/9812 S/9930 S/10327 S/10341 S/10554 S/10557 S/10703S/10721 S/10729 S/10743 S/10770/Add.4 S/10855/Add.15 16 23 2429 30 33 41 43 44 和 50 S/11185/Add.14-16 21 42/Rev.1 和 47S/11593/Add.15 21 29 42 和 49 S/11935/Add.2-4 12 18-21 23-26 4244 45 和 48 S/12269/Add.12 13 21 42 43 和 48 S/12520/Add.10 11 | The situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question (see S/2000/40/Add.39, 44, 46, 47 and 50; and S/2001/15/Add.11 and 12; see also S/7382, S/7441, S/7452, S/7564, S/7570, S/7596, S/7600, S/7913, S/7923, S/7976, S/8000, S/8048, S/8066, S/8215, S/8242, S/8252, S/8269, S/8502, S/8525, S/8534, S/8564, S/8575, S/8584, S/8595, S/8747, S/8753, S/8807, S/8815, S/8828, S/8836, S/8885, S/8896, S/8960, S/9123, S/9135, S/9319, S/9382, S/9395, S/9406, S/9427 and Corr.1, S/9449, S/9452, S/9805, S/9812, S/9930, S/10327, S/10341, S/10554, S/10557, S/10703, S/10721, S/10729, S/10743, S/10770/Add.4, S/10855/Add.15, 16, 23, 24, 29, 30, 33, 41, 43, 44 and 50; S/11185/Add.14-16, 21, 42/Rev.1 and 47; S/11593/Add.15, 21, 29, 42 and 49; S/11935/Add.2-4, 12, 18-21, 23-26, 42, 44, 45 and 48; S/12269/Add.12, 13, 21, 42, 43 and 48; S/12520/Add.10, 11, 17, 21, 37, 39, |
44 45 和 48 S/12269/Add.12 13 21 42 43 和 48 S/12520/Add.10 1117 21 37 39 42 47 和 48 S/13033/Add.2 9-11 16 19 21 23 2528 29 33 34 47 和 50 S/13737/Add.7 8 13-18 20-22 24-26 33 47和 50 S/14326/Add.10 11 20 24 28 29 47 和 50 S/14840/Add.1-4 812 13 15 16 21-25 27 30-33 37 42 45 和 48 S/15560/Add.3 6 720 21 29-31 37 42 45 47 和 48 S/16270/Add.6-8 15 20 21 3435 40 和 47 S/16880/Add.8-10 15 20 21 36 40 41 和 46 S/17725/Add.2-415 21 28 35 38 43 和 47-49 S/18570/Add.2 21 30 47 和 49-51S/19420/Add.1-5 1315 18 19 22 和 Corr.1 30 48 和 50 S/20370/Add.4-612 16 21 22 26 30 32 34 37 44 46 47 和 51 S/21100/Add.4 1012 17 20 21 30 39 40 42 44 45 和 47-50 S/22110/Add.4 12 20 | 42, 47 and 48; S/13033/Add.2, 9-11, 16, 19, 21, 23, 25, 28, 29, 33, 34, 47 and 50; S/13737/Add.7, 8, 13-18, 20-22, 24-26, 33, 47 and 50; S/14326/Add.10, 11, 20, 24, 28, 29, 47 and 50; S/14840/Add.1-4, 8, 12, 13, 15, 16, 21-25, 27, 30-33, 37, 42, 45, and 48; S/15560/Add.3, 6, 7, 20, 21, 29-31, 37, 42, 45, 47 and 48; S/16270/Add.6-8, 15, 20, 21, 34, 35, 40 and 47; S/16880/Add.8-10, 15, 20, 21, 36, 40, 41 and 46; S/17725/Add.2-4, 15, 21, 28, 35, 38, 43 and 47-49; S/18570/Add.2, 21, 30, 47 and 49-51; S/19420/Add.1-5, 13, 15, 18, 19, 22 and Corr.1, 30, 48 and 50; S/20370/Add.4-6, 12, 16, 21, 22, 26, 30, 32, 34, 37, 44, 46, 47 and 51; S/21100/Add.4, 10, 12, 17, 20, 21, 30, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45 and 47-50; S/22110/Add.4, |
12 17 20 21 30 39 40 42 44 45 和 47-50 S/22110/Add.4 12 2021 30 和 47 S/23370/Add.1 4 7 13 21 30 47 和 50 S/25070/Add.421 30 和 48 S/1994/20/Add.3 8 10 20 29 和 47 S/1995/40/Add.4 818 19 21 29 和 47 S/1996/15/Add.4 15 21 30 38 和 47 S/1997/40/Add.49 11 21 30 和 46 S/1998/44/Add.4 21 26 28 30 和 47 和/1999/25/Add.320 29 和 46 S/2000/40/Add.4 15 20 21 24 29 和 47 和 S/2001/15/Add.5) | 12, 20, 21, 30 and 47; S/23370/Add.1, 4, 7, 13, 21, 30, 47 and 50; S/25070/Add.4, 21, 30 and 48; S/1994/20/Add.3, 8, 10, 20, 29 and 47; S/1995/40/Add.4, 8, 18, 19, 21, 29 and 47; S/1996/15/Add.4, 15, 21, 30, 38 and 47; S/1997/40/Add.4, 9, 11, 21, 30 and 46; S/1998/44/Add.4, 21, 26, 28, 30 and 47; S/1999/25/Add.3, 20, 29 and46; S/2000/40/Add.4,15, 20, 21, 24, 29 and 47; and S/2001/15/Add.5) |
2001 年 3 月 27 日 安全理事会按照事先协商达成的理解 举行第 4305 次会议 继续审议本项目 | The Security Council resumed its consideration of the item at its 4305th meeting, held on 27 March 2001 in accordance with the understanding reached in its prior consultations. |
主席征得安理会的同意 应以色列代表的请求 邀请他参加讨论 但无表决权 | The President, with the consent of the Council, invited the representative of Israel, at his request, to participate in the discussion without the right to vote. |
应巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员 2001 年 3 月 27 日的信 S/2001/282 中所载的请求 主席征得安理会同意 依照安理会暂行议事规则和以往这方面的惯例邀请巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员参加讨论 | In response to the request contained in a letter dated 27 March 2001 from the Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council (S/2001/282), the President, in accordance with the rules of procedure and the previous practice in that regard, invited the Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations to participate in the discussion. |
主席提请注意孟加拉国 哥伦比亚 牙买加 马里 毛里求斯 新加坡和突尼斯先前提出的决议草案 S/2001/270 | The President drew attention to a draft resolution (S/2001/270) that had been submitted by Bangladesh, Colombia, Jamaica, Mali, Mauritius, Singapore and Tunisia. |
安全理事会对决议草案 S/2001/270 进行表决 表决结果如下 9 票赞成 孟加拉国 中国 哥伦比亚 牙买加 马里 毛里求斯 俄罗斯联邦 新加坡和突尼斯 1 票反对 美利坚合众国 4 票弃权 法国 爱尔兰 挪威 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 一个成员国未参与投票 乌克兰 由于安理会一个常任理事国投反对票 该决议草案未获得通过 | The Security Council proceeded to vote on draft resolution S/2001/270, which received 9 votes in favour (Bangladesh, China, Colombia, Jamaica, Mali, Mauritius, Russian Federation, Singapore, Tunisia) to 1 against (United States of America), with 4 abstentions (France, Ireland, Norway, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), one member not participating in the voting (Ukraine), and was not adopted, owing to the negative vote of a permanent member of the Council. |
塞拉利昂局势 见 S/1995/40/Add.47 S/1996/15/Add.6 11 和 48 S/1997/40/Add.21 27 31 40 和 45 S/1998/44/Add.8 11 15 20 22 28 和 50 S/1999/25和 Add.1 9 18 22 32 41 和 48 S/2000/40/Add.5 10 17 18 19 2426 28 30 32 35 37 和 50 和 S/2001/15/Add.4 | The situation in Sierra Leone (see S/1995/40/Add.47; S/1996/15/Add.6, 11 and 48; S/1997/40/Add.21, 27, 31, 40 and 45; S/1998/44/Add.8, 11, 15, 20, 22, 28 and 50; S/1999/25 and Add.1, 9, 18, 22, 32, 41 and 48; S/2000/40/Add.5, 10, 17, 18, 19, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 35, 37 and 50; and S/2001/15/Add.4) |
2001 年 3 月 30 日 安全理事会按照事先协商达成的理解 举行第 4306 次会议 继续审议本项目 面前有秘书长关于联合国塞拉利昂特派团的第九次报告S/2001/228 | The Security Council resumed its consideration of the item at its 4306th meeting, held on 30 March 2001 in accordance with the understanding reached in its prior consultations, having before it the ninth report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (S/2001/228). |
主席征得安理会的同意 应塞拉利昂代表的请求 邀请他参加讨论 但无表决权 | The President, with the consent of the Council, invited the representative of Sierra Leone, at his request, to participate in the discussion without the right to vote. |
主席提请注意在安理会事先协商中拟订的一份决议草案 S/2001/293 | The President drew attention to a draft resolution (S/2001/293) that had been prepared in the course of the Council’s prior consultations. |
安全理事会就决议草案 S/2001/293 进行表决 获得一致通过 成为第 1346号决议 案文见 S/RES/1346 2001 将在 安全理事会正式记录 第五十六年 安全理事会决议及决定 2001 年 中印发 | The Security Council proceeded to vote on draft resolution S/2001/293, and adopted it unanimously as resolution 1346 (2001) (for the text, see S/RES/1346 (2001); to be issued in Official Records of the Security Council, Fifty-sixth Year, Resolutions and Decisions of the Security Council, 2001). |
起诉应对 1994 年 1 月 1 日至 12 月 31 日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭 见 S/1998/44/Add.28 33 和 39和 S/1999/25/Add.19 又见 S/25070/Add.10 25 36 40 和 51 S/1994/20/Add.613 15 16 19 22 24 25 27 31 40 44 47 和 49 S/1995/40/Add.57 8 16 22 28 32 33 35 41 48 和 49 S/1996/15/Add.8 S/1998/44/Add.39S/1999/25/Add.31 和 44 和 S/2000/40/Add.14 46 和 47 | International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994 (see S/1998/44/Add.28, 33 and 39; and S/1999/25/Add.19; see also S/25070/Add.10, 25, 36, 40 and 51; S/1994/20/Add.6, 13, 15, 16, 19, 22, 24, 25, 27, 31, 40, 44, 47 and 49; S/1995/40/Add.5, 7, 8, 16, 22, 28, 32, 33, 35, 41, 48 and 49; S/1996/15/Add.8; S/1998/44/Add.39; S/1999/25/Add.31 and 44; and S/2000/40/Add.14, 46 and 47) |
2001 年 3 月 30 日 安全理事会按照事先协商达成的理解 举行第 4307 次会议 继续审议本项目 | The Security Council resumed its consideration of the item at its 4307th meeting, held on 30 March 2001 in accordance with the understanding reached in its prior consultations. |
主席提请注意在安理会事先协商中拟订的一份决议草案 S/2001/294 | The President drew attention to a draft resolution (S/2001/294) that had been prepared in the course of the Council’s prior consultations. |
(C) 300421 040521 | GE.21-04825(E) |
人权理事会第四十七届会议 | Forty-seventh session |
2021 年 6 月 21 日至 7 月 9 日 | 21 June–9 July 2021 |
议程项目 3 | Agenda item 3 |
促进和保护所有人权――公民权利、政治权利、经济、社会及文化权利，包括发展权在 2019 冠状病毒病(COVID-19)大流行期间和之后协助实现人权的国际团结人权与国际团结独立专家奥比奥拉·希内杜·奥卡福尔的报告概要这是人权与国际团结独立专家奥比奥拉·希内杜·奥卡福尔为人权理事会编写的第四份报告。本报告根据人权理事会第 44/11 号决议提交，独立专家在报告中讨论了各国和其他行为方在 2019 冠状病毒病(COVID-19)大流行背景下为促进更充分地实现所有类别的人权而展现国际团结的方式，以及这方面的不足。他讨论了这场大流行病以及为控制疫情而采取的措施对享有人权构成的严重威胁。他阐述了国际团结义务的道德和法律依据，包括在大流行病背景下的依据，讨论了在享有国际团结方面的差距案例，并指出和强调了各国和非国家行为方对这种团结的积极表现，包括最佳做法。联 合 国 A/HRC/47/31大 会 Distr.: General13 April 2021ChineseOriginal: English目录页次一. 导言........................................................................................................................................ 3二. 大流行病和控制疫情的措施对享有所有类别人权的威胁................................................ 5A. 经济和社会权利............................................................................................................ 6B. 公民及政治权利............................................................................................................ 9三. 国际团结对于在大流行病期间和之后实现人权的必要性................................................ 12A. 道德依据........................................................................................................................ 12B. 法律依据........................................................................................................................ 13四. 大流行病背景下国际团结的差距........................................................................................ 13五. 为在大流行病期间及之后实现人权展现国际团结的正面案例........................................ 16六. 结论 ....................................................................................................................................... 21七. 建议 ....................................................................................................................................... 21一. 导言1. 在本报告所述期间，人权与国际团结独立专家奥比奥拉·希内杜·奥卡福尔 | Promotion and protection of all human rights, civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to development International solidarity in aid of the realization of human rights during and after the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic Report of the Independent Expert on human rights and international solidarity, Obiora Chinedu Okafor Summary This is the fourth report prepared for the Human Rights Council by the Independent Expert on human rights and international solidarity, Obiora Chinedu Okafor. In the present report, submitted pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution 44/11, the Independent Expert discusses how international solidarity in aid of the fuller realization of all categories of human rights has, or has not, been expressed by States and other actors in the context of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. He discusses the serious threats to the enjoyment of human rights posed by the pandemic and the measures put into place to control it. He articulates the moral and legal rationale for an international solidarity obligation, including in the context of the pandemic, discusses examples of gaps in the enjoyment of international solidarity and identifies and highlights positive expressions of such solidarity by States and non-State actors, including best practices. United Nations A/HRC/47/31 General Assembly Distr.: General 13 April 2021 Original: English Contents Page I. Introduction...................................................................................................................................... 3 II. The pandemic, and measures taken to contain it, as a threat to the enjoyment of all categories of human rights ................................................................................................................................ 5 A. Economic and social rights....................................................................................................... 6 B. Civil and political rights............................................................................................................ 8 III. The international solidarity imperative for the realization of human rights during and after the pandemic .................................................................................................................................... 12 A. The ethical rationale ................................................................................................................ 12 B. The legal rationale ................................................................................................................... 12 IV. Gaps in international solidarity in the context of the pandemic ....................................................... 13 V. Positive expressions of international solidarity for the realization of human rights during and after the pandemic ............................................................................................................................ 16 VI. Conclusions...................................................................................................................................... 20 VII. Recommendations............................................................................................................................ 20 I. Introduction 1. During the reporting period, the Independent Expert on human rights and international |
1. 在本报告所述期间，人权与国际团结独立专家奥比奥拉·希内杜·奥卡福尔于 2020 年 10 月向大会提交了第三份专题报告，在报告中他讨论了一些形式的当代民粹主义与享有或缺乏基于人权的国际团结之间的联系(A/75/180)。独立专家感谢哥斯达黎加和玻利维亚对他的访问请求作出积极回应，并希望能够尽快进行访问，同时考虑到当前的全球疫情和相关的旅行限制。他还感谢马拉维原则上同意接受访问，并期待商定一个相互方便的日期。他谨提醒其他国家，需要对他的访问请求作出积极答复。 | solidarity, Obiora Chinedu Okafor, presented his third thematic report to the General Assembly, in October 2020, in which he discussed the link between certain forms of contemporary populism and the enjoyment, or lack thereof, of human rights-based international solidarity (A/75/180). He thanks Costa Rica and Bolivia for their positive replies to his requests for visits and hopes to be able to undertake them as soon as possible, taking into account the current global pandemic and the consequential travel restrictions. He also thanks Malawi for its agreement in principle to accept such a visit and looks forward to agreeing upon a mutually convenient date. He humbly reminds other States about the need for positive replies to his requests to visit. |
2. 新的冠状病毒病(COVID-19)的病原体最初被称为 2019 新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)，但目前被命名为严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒 2(SARS-CoV-2)，自 2020年 1 月 7 日首次发现病原体以来，COVID-19 已席卷全球。1 2020 年 3 月 11 日，世界卫生组织(世卫组织)宣布 COVID-19 升级为大流行病。截至 2020 年 12 月，已有 100 多万人因此丧生，令人遗憾的是，死亡人数仍在继续上升，尽管预计到2021 年最后一个季度，多种疫苗的持续部署将使死亡人数的上升大幅下降。虽然得病后康复的人越来越多，但越来越多的报告表明，一些康复者的健康会长期受损。 | 2. A novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has swept across the globe since its causative agent – first known as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), but currently designated as SARS-CoV-2 – was first identified on 7 January 2020.1 On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic. As at December 2020, over a million lives had been lost, with the toll sadly continuing to rise, although the rise is expected to wane in significant measure by the last quarter of 2021, due to the ongoing deployment of several vaccines against the disease. Despite there currently being many more people recovering from the disease, there are increasing reports of long-term debilitating health effects for some of the recovered. |
3. COVID-19 大流行和为控制疫情所采取的措施导致世界各地都经历严重的社会经济困难。据估计，现在已有近 9,000 万人陷入“极度贫困”。2 最近的报告 | 3. The COVID-19 pandemic and the measures taken to contain it have led to serious socioeconomic difficulties around the world. Nearly 90 million people are estimated to have now fallen into “extreme deprivation”.2 Recent reports indicate that: |
(a) “检疫隔离、旅行限制、城市封闭[……]已经导致需求和供给锐减。运输、零售、休闲、住宿餐饮、娱乐业的经济活动受到重创。[……]公众对公共卫生对策的信任度对经济具有直接和立竿见影的影响”；3 | (a) “Quarantines, travel restrictions and [the] lockdown of cities have resulted in a significant reduction in demand and supply. Economic activities in transportation, retail trade, leisure, hospitality and recreation have been battered. […] Public trust in the health response has direct and immediate economic effects”; |
(b) 中国是 2020 年二十国集团中预计经济不会收缩的唯一经济体。4 在较 | (b) China is the only Group of 20 economy that is expected not to contract in 2020.4 |
(b) 中国是 2020 年二十国集团中预计经济不会收缩的唯一经济体。4 在较小或较弱，依赖性更强的经济体中，经济放缓更加严重，造成了显著的负面社会经济影响。5 这场大流行病、控制疫情蔓延的措施以及由此造成的严重经济衰 | In smaller or weaker and more dependent economies, the economic slowdown has been even more severe, causing significant negative socioeconomic effects.5 The pandemic, measures to control its spread and the resultant serious economic downturns have, in turn, seriously threatened or harmed the enjoyment by billions of people across the world of, among other things, the human rights to health, life, education, food, shelter, work, freedom of movement, liberty and freedom of assembly.6 |
1 世界卫生组织(世卫组织)，“新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)疫情报告 1”，2020 年 1 月 21 日；和Jun Zheng, “SARS-Cov-2: an emerging coronavirus that causes global threat”, International Journalof Biological Sciences, vol. 16, No. 10 。可查阅 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7098030/#B10。 | 1 World Health Organization (WHO), “Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) situation report1”, 21 January 2020; and Jun Zheng, “SARS-Cov-2: an emerging coronavirus that causes global threat”, International Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 16, No. 10. Available from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7098030/#B10. |
2 国际货币基金组织(基金组织)，《世界经济展望：漫长艰难的攀行之路》，(华盛顿特区，基金组织，2020 年 10 月)，第 xiii 页。 | 2 International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Economic Outlook: A Long and Difficult Ascent, (Washington, D.C., IMF, October 2020), p. xiii. |
3 联合国，《共担责任，全球团结：共同应对 2019 冠状病毒病的社会经济影响》，2020 年 3月，第 8 页。可查阅 www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/sg_report_socio-economic_impact_of_covid19.pdf。 | 3 United Nations, “Shared responsibility, global solidarity: responding to the socioeconomic impacts of COVID-19”, March 2020, p. 8. Available from www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/sg_report_socio-economic_impact_of_covid19.pdf. |
4 见 https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-10-13/World-GDP-to-drop-4-4-in-2020-IMF--UyNuoUIFlC/index.html; 和 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, “Unprecedented falls inGDP in most G20 economies in second quarter of 2020”, news release, 14 September 2020。 | 4 See https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-10-13/World-GDP-to-drop-4-4-in-2020-IMF-- UyNuoUIFlC/index.html; and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, “Unprecedented falls in GDP in most G20 economies in second quarter of 2020”, news release, 14 September 2020. |
5 基金组织，《世界经济展望》，第 xi 页；和 David Ndii, “The political economy of coronavirus:Dr. David Ndii speaks”, video, The Elephant, 1 April 2020. 可查阅 www.theelephant.info/videos/2020/04/01/the-political-economy-of-coronavirus-dr-david-ndii-speaks/。 | 5 IMF, World Economic Outlook, p. xi; and David Ndii, “The political economy of coronavirus: Dr. David Ndii speaks”, video, The Elephant, 1 April 2020. Available from www.theelephant.info/videos/2020/04/01/the-political-economy-of-coronavirus-dr-david-ndii-speaks/. |
4. 人权理事会在第44/2 号决议中强调了人权在应对这一大流行病方面的重要性，同时强调了国家在应对大流行病和其他卫生紧急情况方面的核心作用，并重申各国为应对 COVID-19 大流行采取的紧急措施必须符合各国根据适用的国际人权法所承担的义务。 | 4. While emphasizing the importance of human rights in shaping the response to the pandemic, in its resolution 44/2, the Human Rights Council underscored the central role of the State in responding to pandemics and other health emergencies and reaffirmed that emergency measures taken by States in response to the COVID-19 pandemic must be in accordance with States’ obligations under applicable international human rights law. |
5. 然而，尽管在这方面各国应发挥核心作用，“国际公共卫生安全是一种集体的愿望，也是一种共同的责任”7，由此突出了在相互尊重的基础上开展国际合作的重要性，特别是在发生卫生紧急情况和大流行病期间。8 这种国际合作是国际团结的一个方面9，旨在更加充分地实现人权，大多数国家在履行具有法律约束力的特定国际义务时都必须开展国际合作。10 各国应尽其资源能力所及，各自并藉由合作，在其领土上确保社会和经济权利如健康权的享有11，并且不妨碍其国民之间的这种团结。12 毫无疑问，《联合国宪章》第五十五条和第五十六 | 5. Yet, in spite of the central role that individual States must play in that regard, “international public health security is both a collective aspiration and a mutual responsibility”,7 thereby highlighting the importance of international cooperation, in particular during times of health emergencies and pandemics, on the basis of mutual respect.8 Such international cooperation, an aspect of international solidarity, 9 which is aimed at the fuller realization of human rights, is required in fulfilment of certain international legally binding obligations assumed by most States. |
其国民之间的这种团结。12 毫无疑问，《联合国宪章》第五十五条和第五十六条要求所有国家采取共同及个别行动合作，以实现联合国的人权目标，这意味着各国的合作是具有约束力的法律义务，包括在当前的背景下。13 | 10 States are required to deploy their maximum available resources, individually and in cooperation, to ensure the enjoyment of social and economic rights, such as the right to health, in their territories,11 as well as not to prevent such solidarity among their nationals.12 There is absolutely no doubt that Articles 55 and 56 of the Charter of the United Nations, requiring all States to take joint and separate action in cooperation in order to achieve the human rights goals of the United Nations, impose a binding legal obligation on States to cooperate, including in the current regard.13 |
6. 任务负责人及其前任所支持和使用的是“国际团结权宣言草案”14 中关于“国际团结”的定义，其中指出，国际团结是个人、各族人民、国家和国际组织团结精神的表现，包括在利益、目的和行动上一致，并承认实现共同目标的不同6 Obiora Chinedu Okafor, “International solidarity, human rights and life on the African continent ‘after’the pandemic”, Strathmore Law Journal, vol. 5, No. 1. 另见美洲人权委员会 2020 年 4 月 10 日第1/2020 号决议，题为“美洲的疫情与人权”。7 世卫组织，《2007 年世界卫生报告：构建安全未来》(日内瓦，世卫组织，2007 年)，第 vii页。可查阅 www.who.int/whr/2007/whr07_en.pdf?ua=1。8 人权理事会第 44/2 号决议，第 1-3 段。另见非洲人权和民族权委员会 2020 年 8 月 7 日第 449(LXVI)号决议，序言部分第十六和第十八段。9 A/HRC/35/35，附件，第 2 条(c)项。在大流行病的背景下，另见世卫组织《国际卫生条例》第二条、第四十三条和第四十四条。可查阅 www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241580496。10 经济、社会及文化权利委员会，关于缔约国义务的性质的第 3 号一般性意见(1990 年)；另见A/HRC/44/28，第二章。11 《经济社会文化权利国际公约》第二条第一款。12 见《经济社会文化权利国际公约》第二条第一款(尽其资源能力所及)、第八条第一款(丑)项(全国或国际工会)、第十一条第一款(适当生活水准，适当之衣食住)、第十一条第二款(免受饥饿、共享关于营养和农业的知识以及世界粮食供应)、第十二条第二款(寅)项(预防、治疗和控制传染病、地方病、职业病和其他疾病)、第十五条第四款(科学进步)和第二十三条(国际行动方式)；以及《美洲人权公约》第 26 条；另见《公民及政治权利国际公约》和《经济社会文化 | 6. The mandate holder and his predecessor subscribe to, and work with, the definition of international solidarity contained in the draft declaration on the right to international solidarity, 14 wherein it is stated that international solidarity is the expression of a spirit of unity among individuals, peoples, States and international organizations, encompassing the union of interests, purposes and actions and the recognition of different needs and rights to achieve common goals.15 In the draft instrument, the main components of international solidarity are also identified, namely: preventive solidarity, through which stakeholders act to proactively address shared challenges; reactive solidarity, collective actions of the 7 WHO, The World Health Report 2007: A Safer Future (Geneva, WHO, 2007), p. vii. Available from www.who.int/whr/2007/whr07_en.pdf?ua=1. 8 Human Rights Council resolution 44/2, paras. 1–3. See also African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights resolution 449 (LXVI) of 7 August 2020, sixteenth and eighteenth preambular paragraphs. 9 A/HRC/35/35, annex, art. 2 (c); see also, in the context of the pandemic, arts. 2, 43 and 44 of the WHO International Health Regulations. Available from www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241580496. 10 Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 3 (1990) on the nature of States parties’ obligations; See also A/HRC/44/28, sect. II. 11 Article 2 (1) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. 12 See Article 2 (1) (maximum available resources), article 8 (1) (b) (national and international trade unions), article 11 (1) (adequate standard of living, food, clothing and housing), article 11 (2) (freedom from hunger, knowledge-sharing on nutrition and agriculture and world food supplies), article 12 (2) (c) (prevention, treatment and control of epidemic, endemic, occupational and other diseases), article 15 (4) (scientific progress) and article 23 (modes of international action) of the |
方式)；以及《美洲人权公约》第 26 条；另见《公民及政治权利国际公约》和《经济社会文化权利国际公约》共同的第一条第二款(自由处置财富，但不妨害基于互惠原则的国际合作)；非洲统一组织的《非洲人权和民族权宪章》第 21 条第 3 款；《非洲统一组织关于非洲难民问题某些特定方面的公约》第二条第 4 款、第七条和第八条；以及非洲联盟的《非洲民主、选举和善治宪章》第 2 条第 12 款和第 19 条第 2 款。 | International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; and article 26 of the American Convention on Human Rights; see also common article 1 (2) (free disposal of wealth without prejudice to international cooperation in mutual benefit) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; article 21 (3) of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights of the Organization of African Unity; articles II (4), VII and VIII of the Organization of African Unity Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa; and articles 2 (12) and 19 (2) of the African Charter on Democracy Elections and Good Governance of the African Union. |
13 Shyami Puvimanasinghe, “International solidarity in an interdependent world” in Realizing the Rightto Development: Essays in Commemoration of 25 Years of the United Nations Declaration on the Rightto Development (Geneva and New York, United Nations, 2013), p. 182; and Volker Türk and MadelineGarlick, “From burdens and responsibilities to opportunities: the comprehensive refugee responseframework and a global compact on refugees”, International Journal of Refugee Law, vol. 28, No. 4,p. 658. | 13 Shyami Puvimanasinghe, “International solidarity in an interdependent world” in Realizing the Right to Development: Essays in Commemoration of 25 Years of the United Nations Declaration on the Right to Development (Geneva and New York, United Nations, 2013), p. 182; and Volker Türk and Madeline Garlick, “From burdens and responsibilities to opportunities: the comprehensive refugee response framework and a global compact on refugees”, International Journal of Refugee Law, vol. 28, No. 4, p. 658. |
14 A/HRC/35/35，附件。需要和权利。15 文书草案还确定了国际团结的主要组成，即：预防性团结，通 | 14 A/HRC/35/35, annex. |
过这种团结，利益攸关方积极主动地应对共同挑战；反应性团结，国际社会采取集体行动应对危机局势；以及国际合作。16 独立专家承认，国际团结不是以国 | international community to respond to situations of crisis; and international cooperation.16 |
集体行动应对危机局势；以及国际合作。16 独立专家承认，国际团结不是以国家为中心的现象，国家和非国家行为者都可以展现、拒绝或违反国际团结。17 | The Independent Expert recognizes that international solidarity is not a State-centric phenomenon and can be expressed, withheld or violated by State and non-State actors alike.17 |
国际团结也不仅仅是国际援助与合作、救助、慈善或人道主义援助；而是一项更为宽泛的概念和原则。18 | It is also not limited to international assistance and cooperation, aid, charity or humanitarian assistance; it is a broader concept and principle.18 |
7. 在 COVID-19 大流行背景下，在人权领域展现国际团结的现有义务，包括通过国际合作展现国际团结的现有义务，具有了新的特殊重要性和紧迫性。因此，至关重要的是，应该对各国和其他行为体在 COVID-19 大流行背景下为更加充分地实现所有类别的人权而展现国际团结的方式或这方面的不足，进行更系统的研究和了解，包括由人权理事会进行研究和了解。本报告便是对这一目标的贡献。 | 7. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the existing obligations to express international solidarity in the human rights field, including through international cooperation, have taken on a particular and renewed importance and urgency. It is therefore crucial that the ways in which international solidarity has, or has not, been expressed by States and other actors in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, towards the fuller realization of all categories of human rights, be more systematically studied and understood, including by the Human Rights Council. The present report is a contribution to that goal. |
8. 因此，在第二章中，独立专家以国际人权法为规范框架，并以世卫组织《国际卫生条例》为补充，审查了这场大流行病和控制其传播的措施对享有各类人权造成或加剧的威胁。关于威胁的讨论将分成三小节：经济和社会权利；公民及政治权利；以及发展权。在第三章中，独立专家分析了在这场大流行病背景下，国际团结对于实现人权的必要性，概述了这种必要性的道德和法律依据，主张所强调的义务应具有法律约束力。在第四章中，他提出，这些义务应成为在大流行病背景下确定国际团结差距的规范性框架。在第五章中，他确定并强调了一些积极的努力和最佳做法，随后提出了结论以及针对国家和非国家行为方的建议。 | 8. Accordingly, in section II, the Independent Expert examines the threats to the enjoyment of all categories of human rights that the pandemic and measures to control its spread have produced or exacerbated, using international human rights law, supplemented by the WHO International Health Regulations, as a normative framework. The threats are discussed in three subsections: economic and social rights; civil and political rights; and the right to development. In section III, he analyses the imperative of international solidarity for the realization of human rights in the context of the pandemic, outlining the ethical and legal rationales for this imperative, arguing in favour of the legally binding nature of the obligations highlighted. In section IV, the obligations are then set out as the normative framework for identifying the gaps in international solidarity in the context of the pandemic. In section V, he identifies and highlights some positive efforts and best practices, which is followed by conclusion and recommendations for States and non-State actors. |
二. 大流行病和控制疫情的措施对享有所有人权的威胁 | II. The pandemic, and measures taken to contain it, as a threat to the enjoyment of all categories of human rights |
9. “为应对疫情而实施”的公共卫生措施，“如政府强制实施的检疫隔离、警戒线、贸易限制和旅行禁令……对其他国家和其他国家的居民有严重的有害影响”。19《国际卫生条例》旨在“预防、抵御和控制疾病的国际传播，并提供公 | 9. Public health measures “implemented in response to outbreaks, such as government-imposed quarantines, cordonssanitaires, trade restrictions and travel bans … have significant deleterious effects on other countries and on those other countries’ inhabitants”. |
响”。19《国际卫生条例》旨在“预防、抵御和控制疾病的国际传播，并提供公共卫生应对措施”，同时避免“对国际交通和贸易的不必要干扰”。20 这些条 | 19 The International Health Regulations aim to “prevent, protect against, control and provide a public health response to the international spread of disease” while avoiding “unnecessary interference with international traffic and trade”. |
共卫生应对措施”，同时避免“对国际交通和贸易的不必要干扰”。20 这些条例近乎得到普遍接受(196 个国家)，突出表明，在法律和政治上，人们都预先认识到，在一个全球化的世界中，需要开展跨国界的合作，以防止传染病的传播。21《条例》规定了控制传染病的特定合法措施，力求在确保正常国际生活连续性的同时保持疾病控制的这种平衡兼顾关系。《条例》还允许各国采取《条例》规15 同上，第 1 条。另见 Puvimanasinghe, “International solidarity in an interdependent world”, p. 180;and Obiora Chinedu Okafor, “The future of international solidarity in global refugee protection”,Human Rights Review, vol. 22, No. 1, p. 6。 | 20 Their near universal acceptance (196 States) underscores the prior recognition, both legal and political, of the need to cooperate across borders in preventing the spread of infectious diseases in a globalized world.21 The Regulations preserve that balance of disease control, while aiming to ensure the continuity of regular international life, by prescribing certain lawful measures in infectious disease control. The Regulations also allow for national actions beyond those prescribed in the Regulations or recommended by WHO, provided that they achieve similar or greater health protections than the international prescriptions (article 43 (1) (a)) and are not specifically prohibited by the Regulations, in particular relating to international traffic and trade. In conditions similar to limitations and derogations in international human rights law, such measures must be proportional and not more restrictive or invasive to persons than is needed for health protection and be scientifically validated, including using data from WHO and other international institutions. Significantly, States must report the application of such |
16 A/HRC/35/35，附件，第 2 条。 | 16 A/HRC/35/35, annex, art. 2. |
17 同上，第 6 条第 2 款、第 7 条和第 8 条第 1 款；以及 Okafor, “International solidarity, humanrights and life on the African continent ‘after’ the pandemic”。 | 17 Ibid., arts. 6 (2), 7 and 8 (1); and Okafor, “International solidarity, human rights and life on the African continent ‘after’ the pandemic”. |
18 人权理事会第 44/11 号决议，第 2 段。 | 18 Human Rights Council resolution 44/11, para. 2. |
19 Roojin Habibi and others, “The Stellenbosch consensus on legal national responses to public healthrisks: clarifying article 43 of the International Health Regulations”, International Community LawReview, 2020, p. 4. | 19 Roojin Habibi and others, “The Stellenbosch consensus on legal national responses to public health risks: clarifying article 43 of the International Health Regulations”, International Community Law Review, 2020, p. 4. |
20 《国际卫生条例》第二条；以及 Habibi and others, “The Stellenbosch consensus”, p. 5。 | 20 Article 2 of the International Health Regulations; and Habibi and others, “The Stellenbosch consensus”, p. 5. |
21 Steven J. Hoffman, “How many people must die from pandemics before the world learns?” GlobalChallenges vol. 30, cited in Habibi and others, “The Stellenbosch consensus”, p. 4. | 21 Steven J. Hoffman, “How many people must die from pandemics before the world learns?” Global Challenges vol. 30, cited in Habibi and others, “The Stellenbosch consensus”, p. 4. |
度的健康保护(第四十三条第一款第(一)项)，并且没有被《条例》明令禁止，特别是在国际交通和贸易方面。此类措施必须具有相称性，造成的限制或对人员的创伤性不应超过健康保护的需要，并且必须经过科学验证，包括使用世卫组织和其他国际机构的数据，其条件与国际人权法中的限制和减损类似。重要的是，各国必须向世卫组织报告这些措施的应用及其科学依据和公共卫生理由。22 按照对国际义务进行解释时建议采用的体系整合方式23，独立专家指出，因 COVID-19 大流行而对公共自由施加的任何合法限制都应分别根据《条例》向世卫组织报告，根据《公民及政治权利国际公约》向人权事务委员会报告。 | measures, and their scientific basis and public health rationale, to WHO.22 Consistent with the hortatory approach of systemic integration in the interpretation of international obligations,23 the Independent Expert notes that any lawful restrictions to public liberties for reasons of the COVID-19 pandemic should be correspondingly reported to both WHO, under the Regulations, and the Human Rights Committee, under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. |
A. 经济和社会权利 | A. Economic and social rights |
10. 为防治这场大流行病而采取的措施“对穷人、低收入者和依靠非正规活动谋生的千百万人产生不利后果”，加剧了饥饿，导致已经高企的失业率和就业不足率进一步恶化24，并对千百万很少或根本没有机会进行集体谈判的工人产生了不利影响。25 在大流行病之前，全球人口中只有 31%享有完善的社会保障；只有大约 33%的儿童享有社会保护；只有 22%的雇员享受失业现金福利；只有 28%的重度残疾人可领取残疾现金津贴。26 当大流行病爆发时，对与就业、中小企业担保、订单和装运合同、保险和维持生计的其他法律制度有关的合同义务普遍适用不可抗力例外的情况也全面爆发。27 这导致人们失业，工资或其他就业福利遭到无限期削减，中小企业担保被取消，因此也丧失了公共和私营的健康和失业保险。据国际劳工组织估计，由于大流行病控制措施，全球将损失 500 万至2,500 万个工作岗位，劳动收入损失 8,600 亿至 3.4 万亿美元。 | 10. The measures taken to combat the pandemic “have had deleterious consequences for the poor, the low-income earners and the millions who rely on informal activities to eke [out] a living for themselves”, increasing hunger and exacerbating already high unemployment and underemployment rates, 24 and for the millions of workers who have little or no access to collective bargaining.25 Prior to the pandemic, only 31 per cent of the global population was fully covered by social security; only about 33 per cent of children enjoyed social protection; only 22 per cent of the employed enjoyed unemployment cash benefits; and just 28 per cent of persons with severe disabilities received disability cash benefits.26 When the pandemic struck, so did the widespread use of force majeure exceptions to contractual obligations related to employment, small- and medium-sized business guarantees, orders and shipment contracts, insurance and other legal regimes that sustain livelihoods.27 That resulted in loss of employment, the indefinite reduction of salaries or other employment benefits, the revocation of guarantees for small- and medium-sized businesses and the loss of public and private insurance covers for health and unemployment. The International Labour Organization estimates a global loss of between 5 million and 25 million jobs and losses in labour income of between $860 billion to $3.4 trillion, as a result pandemic control measures. |
11. 关于妇女权利，增加妇女工作机会的目标已经严重倒退，有一个国家 2020年 8 月和 9 月的新失业人口中，妇女占比高达 80%。28 同工同酬、更好地平衡工作与生活以及家庭中平等分担育儿负担的目标也受到了负面影响。29 学校关闭给妇女的工作/生活平衡增加了负面的压力，因为照料家庭的工作增加，迫使全 | 11. Regarding women’s rights, the goal of increasing work opportunities for women has been severely reversed, with women accounting for up to 80 per cent of the newly unemployed in one State, in August and September 2020.28 The goals of equal pay for work of equal value, better work-life balance and the equal burden-sharing of child care in the household have also been negatively impacted.29 School closures have added negative pressure on the work-life balance for women, as family care duties have increased, forcing women to choose between home care and work in many countries across the globe.30 Women make up 70 per cent of the global health-care workforce, also putting them at greater risk of infection.31 |
22 《国际卫生条例》第四十三条第二至第八款；另见 Habibi and others, “The Stellenboschconsensus”, p. 6。 | 22 Article 43 (2)–(8) of the International Health Regulations; see also Habibi and others, “The Stellenbosch consensus”, p. 6. |
23 A/61/10，第十二章 D 节(二. 4)；另见 Habibi and others, “The Stellenbosch consensus”, para.2.2.3。 | 23 A/61/10, chap. XII.D.II.4; see also Habibi and others, “The Stellenbosch consensus”, para. 2.2.3. |
24 Charles Manga Fombad, “Editorial introduction to special focus: assessing the implications of COVID-19 pandemic regulations for human rights and the rule of law in Eastern and Southern Africa”, AfricanHuman Rights Law Journal, vol. 20, No. 2, p. 369; 以及联合国，《共担责任》，第 8 页。 | 24 Charles Manga Fombad, “Editorial introduction to special focus: assessing the implications of COVID-19 pandemic regulations for human rights and the rule of law in Eastern and Southern Africa”, African Human Rights Law Journal, vol. 20, No. 2, p. 369; and United Nations, “Shared responsibility”, p. 8. |
25 国际劳工组织(劳工组织)，“供应链的涟漪效应：COVID-19 对亚太地区服装工人和工厂的影响”，研究简报，2020 年 10 月，第 13 页。 | 25 International Labour Organization (ILO)“The supply chain ripple effect: How COVID-19 is affecting garment workers and factories in Asia and the Pacific”, research brief, October 2020, p. 13. |
26 劳工组织和联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)，“普遍的社会保障最低标准是一项共同责任”，联合署名评论，2020 年 10 月 26 日，可查阅 www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_759106/lang--en/index.htm。 | 26 ILO and Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), “Universal social protection floors are a joint responsibility”, joint op-ed, 26 October 2020 Available from www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_759106/lang--en/index.htm. |
27 SURGE Econ BLOG, “Economic Shifts and Human Rights Implications”, 5 November 2020, p. 3. | 27 SURGE Econ BLOG, “Economic Shifts and Human Rights Implications”, 5 November 2020, p. 3. |
28 Sarah Green Carmichael, “COVID-19 explodes the myth that women ‘opt’ out”, Bloomberg Opinion, | 28 Sarah Green Carmichael, “COVID-19 explodes the myth that women ‘opt’ out”, Bloomberg Opinion, |
20 October 2020. 可查阅 www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-10-20/covid-19-explodes-the-myth-that-women-opt-out-of-the-workforce；以及联合国，《共担责任》，第 8 页。 | 20 October 2020. Available from www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-10-20/covid-19- |
20 October 2020. 可查阅 www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-10-20/covid-19-explodes-the-myth-that-women-opt-out-of-the-workforce；以及联合国，《共担责任》，第 8 页。 | explodes-the-myth-that-women-opt-out-of-the-workforce; and United Nations, “Shared |
20 October 2020. 可查阅 www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-10-20/covid-19-explodes-the-myth-that-women-opt-out-of-the-workforce；以及联合国，《共担责任》，第 8 页。 | responsibility”, p. 8. |
29 联合国，《共担责任》，第 10 页。球许多国家的妇女在照顾家庭和工作之间做出选择。30 妇女占全球卫生保健工 | 29 United Nations, “Shared responsibility”, p. 10. |
球许多国家的妇女在照顾家庭和工作之间做出选择。30 妇女占全球卫生保健工作者的 70%，这也使她们面临更大的感染风险。31 | 30 Ibid., p. 9. |
作者的 70%，这也使她们面临更大的感染风险。3112. 更广泛而言，全球有数亿低收入家庭遭受了巨大的收入和生计损失，这也意味着家庭贷款违约风险会随之增加。一些高收入国家实施了由纳税人出资的一揽 | 31 Ibid. |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.