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Go Away Home, Ms. Brodensteiner's first novel, scores on both counts. The story touched me, and I learned a few things in the process.
The main character, Liddie, yearns for a life outside of her family's Iowa farm as the novel opens in 1914. She's sixteen and has yet to deal with life's harsh realities. The novel's coming of age theme isn't old-fashioned despite its historical setting. The same universal characteristics apply whether a novel is set in the 1900s or 2000s. Liddie must come to terms with the world, not as black and white, but as shades of gray. It's the same for everyone. Those who adapt can enjoy fulfilling lives no matter the circumstances.
I particularly enjoyed one of the messages in Go Away Home. If offers the encouragement to keep doing something no matter how dire life may seem. We can sit and do nothing, but if we do there's no hope for anything miraculous to occur. Liddie must keep moving and doing things even when the most precious things in life have been taken from her. If she sits and does nothing, that's exactly what will happen. I loved Liddie and her determination. Yet, Ms. Brodensteiner created a very real character in this woman. In one particular scene, Liddie has made a dire mistake with a lovely dress made for a client of the dress shop where she works. She prays no one will notice, but of course, the owner of the shop does. Liddie's horror, fear, hope, and embarrassment are the emotions we all share in the same type of circumstances. It's a brilliant piece of writing and characterization.
The novel's setting of eastern rural Iowa during the years 1914 – 1919 sets the tone for Go Away Home. First, the farming life creates a tableau of innocence and simple pleasures. Fresh baked bread, gooey chocolate cake, cows bearing calves, and shirts sewn with fanciful embroidery seem romantic to us living in the twenty-first century. However, to Liddie and her family those were the everyday occurrences on the farm. The world of wars and suffragists intrudes into the drum beat of everyday living. Letter writing brings news of family far away, but with great gaps in time. This simple way of life confines Liddie—or so she thinks—until she goes out into the world and discovers that life in the city isn't as satisfying as she thought. The sister who must leave home in shame when she becomes pregnant without the benefit of wedlock affects the entire family. It seems so silly now, but then it was considered the worst thing that could happen—until the worst thing does happen and then priorities must be rearranged.
Liddie hopes that women's suffrage will bring freedom for her to choose how she wants to live her life. The draft at the beginning of the United States' entry into World War I creates fear among the family, although no one close to them is drafted. Automobiles are beginning to appear, even on the farm. And the telephone is a novelty, but one that soon proves to be invaluable.
We believe that technologies are changing at a rapid speed now. Imagine what it must have been like to suddenly go from horse-powered transportation to a machine filled with gasoline. Or what it meant to suddenly be connected to someone living hours away through the black device on the wall. We have no idea what it must have been like in those days of discovery and invention. However, through novels such as Go Away Home, we learn about those times and how it must have been for our ancestors.
The research is impeccable in this novel. Ms. Brodensteiner has proven herself as an exceptional storyteller in her first novel. If you enjoy rich characters and historical fiction, you won't be disappointed in Go Away Home.
Disclosure: I was provided with an Advanced Review copy of Go Away Home in exchange for an honest review.
This entry was posted in Book Review Friday, Ramblings of a Writer and tagged book reviews, characters, farming, fiction, historical fiction, Iowa, novel, women's suffrage, women's vote, World War I. Bookmark the permalink.
If someone likes the characters, or is upset at something the characters do, you know you've done a great job to get the reader so involved with them. | [
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Q: Regex won't compile because of 'unclosed character class' in named capture group I am getting "Error: unclosed character class" in a Rust regex. Testing the regex using an online Regex tester with PCRE compliant regexes works fine, but using the regex crate on the Rust Playground gives an error.
The character class must include a minus sign. I tried putting the minus sign in first position, last position and leaving it out altogether, but always get an error.
For most of the expected inputs, the source string will be "op(number)" for some op and some non-negative integer. For a few, I expect "op(number/number/number)".
If there is a superior way to extract the named captures, I am all ears.
use lazy_static::lazy_static;
use regex::Regex;
fn main() {
lazy_static! {
static ref FANCY_OPCODE_RE: Regex = Regex::new(r"(?x)
^ # Match start of string
(?P<opname>[-a-zA-Z#+]+) # Match abbreviated name of OpCode as 'opname'
\( # Open parentheses
(?P<arg1>[0-9]+) # Match first number as 'arg1'
(/ # Delimiter
(?P<arg2>[0-9]+) # Optionally match second number as 'arg2'
/ # Delimiter
(?P<arg3>[0-9]+))? # Optionally match third number as 'arg3'
\) # Closing parenthesis
$ # Match end of string
").unwrap();
}
let s = "+loop(3)";
let opname: String;
let arg1: String;
let arg2: String;
let arg3: String;
match FANCY_OPCODE_RE.captures(s) {
Some(cap) => {
opname = format!("{:?}", cap.name("opname"));
arg1 = format!("{:?}", cap.name("arg1"));
arg2 = format!("{:?}", cap.name("arg2"));
arg3 = format!("{:?}", cap.name("arg3"));
},
None => {
opname = "No match".to_string();
arg1 = String::new();
arg2 = String::new();
arg3 = String::new();
}
}
println!("opname = {}, arg1 = {}, arg2 = {}, arg3 = {}", opname, arg1, arg2, arg3);
}
Here is the error message:
thread 'main' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap()` on an `Err` value: Syntax(
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
regex parse error:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1: (?x)
2: ^ # Match start of string
3: (?P<opname>[-a-zA-Z#+]+) # Match abbreviated name of OpCode as 'opname'
^^
4: \( # Open parentheses
5: (?P<arg1>[0-9]+) # Match first number as 'arg1'
6: (/ # Delimiter
7: (?P<arg2>[0-9]+) # Optionally match second number as 'arg2'
8: / # Delimiter
9: (?P<arg3>[0-9]+))? # Optionally match third number as 'arg3'
10: \) # Closing parenthesis
11: $ # Match end of string
12:
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
error: unclosed character class
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
)', src/main.rs:17:12
A: When debugging a problem, it's useful to create a minimal, reproducible example. By deleting parts of your regex that don't cause the problem, you can quickly reduce to:
Regex::new(r"(?x)(?P<opname>[-a-zA-Z#+]+)").unwrap();
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Frank Crawford (March 12, 1870 – November 25, 1963) was an American college football coach, lawyer, and law professor. He served as the first full-time head football coach at both Michigan and Nebraska, and also coached Wisconsin, Baker, and Texas for single seasons. Crawford attended Yale University and served as a lawyer in Nebraska and France following his retirement from football. He was a professor of law at Creighton College of Law from 1906 to 1913.
Early years
Crawford was born in 1870 at Colebrook, New Hampshire. He was the son of Francis B. Crawford, a starch manufacturer and state legislator, and Susan J. (Randall) Crawford. He attended preparatory school at St. Johnsbury Academy in St. Johnsbury, Vermont. He enrolled at Yale University, receiving his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1891. Sources are at odds over whether or not Crawford played football for the Yale Bulldogs football team. According to the University of Nebraska web site, Crawford was "a member of the dominant Yale teams of the mid-1880s." The Michigan Daily also reported that Crawford played football at Yale "for several years." However, the University of Michigan web site notes that "Yale archivists found no evidence that he played varsity football" and concludes that Crawford "may have played some football while a Bulldog, but definitely did not win a varsity letter."
Coaching career
Michigan
After graduating from Yale, Crawford enrolled at the University of Michigan School of Law, receiving his law degree in 1893. As a first-year law student, Crawford was both the unpaid coach and a substitute player for the 1891 Michigan Wolverines football team. He helped lead the team to a 4–5 record. He has been identified by several sources as the first football coach in University of Michigan history. Other sources indicate that Crawford and Mike Murphy were the joint head coaches of the 1891 Michigan football team. Others state that Murphy relinquished the coaching duties to Crawford midway through the season to allow him to focus on his duties as trainer. The Chicago Daily Tribune reported in November 1891 that the Michigan team was "coached systematically" by Murphy, Crawford, Horace Greely Prettyman and James Duffy.
While attending Michigan, Crawford also played for the Michigan Wolverines baseball team in 1892 and 1893. He led the team with a .976 fielding average in 1892. Crawford appeared in 17 games at catcher and left field for the Wolverines in 1892 and was among the team's leaders in runs (tied for 2nd with 20), stolen bases (tied for 2nd with 13) and putouts (2nd with 115). He was also selected as the captain of the 1893 baseball team.
In his history of the University of Michigan, Wilfred Byron Shaw cites Crawford's hiring as a watershed moment in the history of the school's football program: "A new era in the history of football at Michigan began in 1891, when with a fair schedule and an experienced coach, Frank Crawford (Yale, '91), '93l, the systematic development of a team began ..." Although football had been played at Michigan without a coaching staff since 1879, the Associated Press noted at the time of Crawford's death that Crawford "is credited with introducing football at the University of Michigan in 1891."
Wisconsin
In 1892, he coached at University of Wisconsin and compiled a 4–3 record.
Baker
In November 1892, Crawford served as "a paid coach-captain player" for the football team at Baker University at Baldwin, Kansas. Crawford reportedly "brought many innovations," including the training table, to Baker's football program. He led Baker to the Kansas state championship and a 2–1 record in "the triangular league," including victories over Washburn (44 | [
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–0) and Kansas (18–0). In December 1892, the Leavenworth Times reported that Crawford had "succeeded in instilling sufficient foot ball lore into the western farmers to accomplish the defeat of the University of Kansas team by the Baker eleven last week." In May 1893, The Baker Beacon reported: "The Baker team was ably coached and captained by Frank Crawford who had learned the game at Yale and by the close of the season the team ... was in excellent condition."
Nebraska
In 1893, Crawford was hired as the head football coach at the University of Nebraska. He was the school's first paid head football coach with a salary of approximately $500. He was Nebraska's head football coach during the 1893 and 1894 seasons and compiled a 9–4–1 record. After starting the 1893 season with a 2–2–1 record, Crawford's team defeated Iowa, 20–18, in a match played in near-blizzard conditions and considered the "first major victory" in Nebraska history. Crawford reportedly also played right halfback and kicked the field goals for Nebraska during the 1893 Iowa game; he was identified in the record book as "Frank." In 1894, Crawford's team defeated Iowa, 36–0. The 1895 team finished the season with five consecutive victories for a 7–2 record and the school's first ever conference championship. During Crawford's tenure at Nebraska, George Flippin played for Crawford and became the first African-American athlete in Nebraska history. However, in 1893, Flippin was voted team captain by the team, but this decision was vetoed by Crawford, stating: "It takes a man with brains to be a captain; all there is to Flippin is brute force." Flippin went on to be a well-respected physician in Polk County, Nebraska and the first African-American inducted into the Nebraska Football Hall of Fame.
Texas
In 1894, the University of Texas football team suffered its first loss in school history, a 28–0 home loss to Missouri. The previous head coach was fired, and a lengthy search was conducted for a replacement. In October 1895, Texas hired Crawford. At Texas, he was known as "Little" Crawford and reportedly "taught the Yale system of play and stressed conditioning." Crawford led the 1895 Longhorns to a perfect 5–0 record, as the team outscored its opponents by a combined 96–0 margin. After a Thanksgiving Day victory over San Antonio by a score of 38–0, Crawford reportedly left for Mexico to watch bullfights and then returned to his home in Nebraska. The 1895 season was Crawford's last as a football coach.
Legal and teaching career
In 1893, Crawford opened a law practice with Albert Jefferis in Omaha, Nebraska. Jefferis was a classmate and teammate with Crawford on the baseball and football teams at the University of Michigan and later served in the United States House of Representatives. In 1901, Crawford formed a law partnership in Omaha under the name Crawford & Clarke with Henry Teft Clarke, Jr., a former Major League Baseball pitcher.
Crawford joined the faculty of Creighton University School of Law in 1906 where he remained until 1913. He taught classes in evidence and public service companies.
From the end of World War I until the outbreak of World War II, Crawford practiced law in France, first in Paris and later in Nice.
Family and death
Crawford was married to Hannah Louise McNair, a descendant of four colonial governors. Crawford and his wife moved to France in the mid-1920s and to New York City in the early 1940s. His wife died in September 1943 at the French Hospital in New York City.
In November 1963, Crawford died at a hospital in | [
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Mansbrige History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms
Mansbrige is a name that was brought to England by the ancestors of the Mansbrige family when they migrated to the region after the Norman Conquest in 1066. The Mansbrige family lived in Mandeville, near Valognes, Cotentin, Normandy. In Mandeville, the Norman Mansbrige family were nobles who possessed a castle and vast estates. The family name Mansbrige was brought to England after the Norman Conquest, when William the Conqueror gave his friends and relatives most of the land formerly owned by Anglo-Saxon aristocrats. Frequently, the Normans, such as the Mansbrige family, identified themselves by reference to the estates from which they came from in Northern France.
Early Origins of the Mansbrige family
The surname Mansbrige was first found in Wiltshire where they were anciently granted lands by William Duke of Normandy for their assistance at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 A.D. Geoffrey de Mandeville (c.1100) was an important Domesday tenant-in-chief; he was granted large estates in Essex, and in ten other shires by William, and was Constable of the Tower of London.
They were granted no less than 118 Lordships after the Conquest. William's descendent Geoffrey de Mandeville (d. 1144,) was created the 1st Earl of Essex, a title which became extinct in the 12th century after the death of the 3rd Earl.
The chief seat of the Mandevilles was at Walden in Essex, but many junior lines abounded. "Jehan de Mandeville", translated as "Sir John Mandeville", was noted as the compiler of a singular book of supposed travels, written in Anglo-Norman French, published between 1357 and 1371. They were Lords of the Manor of Earl's Stoke, in Wiltshire and also were granted lands in Devon.
Important Dates for the Mansbrige family
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Mansbrige research. Another 89 words (6 lines of text) covering the years 1357, 1357, 1371, 1189, 1670 and 1733 are included under the topic Early Mansbrige History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Mansbrige Spelling Variations
Spelling variations in names were a common occurrence in the eras before English spelling was standardized a few hundred years ago. In the Middle Ages, even the literate regularly changed the spellings of their names as the English language incorporated elements of French, Latin, and other European languages. Many variations of the name Mansbrige have been found, including Mansville, Manvell, Mandeville, Magneville, Magnevilla, Manville, Mannevill, Manneville, Mandevile, Mansvile, Mansville, Mandevill, Manvill, Mansvill, Mansvil, Mandevil, Mandervil, Mandervill, Manderville, Mandavile, Mandavil, Mandavill, Mandaville, Mandavall, Mandavalle, Mandaval, Mandvill, Mandville, Mandvil and many more.
Early Notables of the Mansbrige family (pre 1700)
Outstanding amongst the family at this time was "Jehan de Mandeville", better known as "Sir John Mandeville", ( fl. 1357), English knight born at St. Albans, who complied "The Travels of Sir John Mandeville," a book account of his supposed travels throughout Europe published between 1357 and 1371; William de Mandeville (d. 1189), 3rd Earl...
Another 54 words (4 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Mansbrige Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Migration of the Mansbrige family to Ireland
Some of the Mansbrige family moved to Ireland, but this topic is not covered in this excerpt.
Migration of the Mansbrige family
For many English families, the social climate in England was oppressive and lacked opportunity for change. For such families, the shores of Ireland, Australia, and the New World beckoned. They | [
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Interview with Aaron Wright, Programmes Manager, LADA
Founded in 1999, the Live Art Development Agency (LADA) is an influential organisation in the realm of performance art in the UK and internationally. Supporting and facilitating the work of Live Art artists, the creative agency provides an extensive portfolio of resources, opportunities, projects and publishing activities worldwide. LADA places great emphasis on partnerships and collaborative practice, and works in consultation with artists and organisations from the cultural sector. We speak with Aaron Wright, Programmes Manager at LADA, about the agency's overall aims, development and upcoming projects for the autumn.
A: LADA is a dynamic platform for contemporary artists working in the medium of performance and Live Art. Can you discuss the organisation's overall aims and concept?
AW: LADA exists to support Live Art practices. We work to create the conditions in which innovation, diversity and risk can thrive, and to give agency to under-represented artists and approaches. We support artists, producers, curators, writers, academics, students and audiences in four distinct ways: 1. curatorial projects, programmes partnerships and events; 2. professional development initiatives such as our DIY scheme for artists and the co-ordination of the Live Art UK network for the wider sector; 3. resources such as our Study Room, website and online shop; and 4. publishing books, DVDs and Limited Editions. We always try to work in partnership and to contribute strategically to the overall development of the cultural sector. Due to our status as an Arts Council England 'National Portfolio Organisation' our core remit is to support work in the UK, though LADA has always worked internationally by profiling UK artists through programmes and screenings, and by collaborating with international artists on projects and publications, such as recent landmark books on the work of U.S. artists Lois Weaver and Ron Athey.
A: In your opinion why are creative agencies such as yourselves important for contemporary practices, especially performative works that are not conventionally located in the gallery space?
AW: By its very nature Live Art often doesn't fit neatly in typical art and theatre spaces and programmes so we do a lot of work advising both artists and organisations on how to create appropriate and effective contexts and conditions for Live Art. Through constant dialogue with artists we're able to be more responsive to the changing needs of artists and try to find ways to be responsive and reactive to them. Live Art spans a spectrum of practices so it doesn't work to have a prescriptive 'one size fits all' approach – it's more complex than just cash and studio space, and we've created initiatives that respond to that. Whilst there has been a boom in performance within galleries over the last few years, much of it seems to be an add-on to an exhibition, or marketing for the sellable objects. The reality is that very few artists working with Live Art are being represented effectively by gallerists – I think we offer a different perspective to sustaining a career as an artist. Live Art has a different kind of economy to the gallery system: one that works on wage rather than selling.
A: Now in its ninth year, LADA's Restock, Rethink, Reflect project is an examination of identity. How does performance, as an art form, champion identity themes such as gender, race and diversity?
AW: Still, the arts is largely dominated by the privileged. Restock Rethink Reflect (RRR) is our attempt to address this and advocate for the work of Black, disabled, female and other marginalised artists who are still disproportionately represented in our arts ecology. Performance, essentially a conversation between bodies in a set time and space, is the most visceral medium for discussing body politics. Many marginalised artists work with their live bodies as a tactic. Live Art is very often political and explicitly activist. Performance is more meritocratic in this sense too: you don't need materials or a huge studio to make a performance, you just need a body.
RRR has manifested three times so far, on race, on disability and on feminism, each a sort of communal investigation. They usually start with a provocation and this acts as a way to invite people into the process. We've found that a community grows around each project and together we plot next steps, whether that be further research public programmes and events, or resources and publications. The fourth edition will | [
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take place over the next two years, with a focus on Class and Privilege.
A: LADA focuses on the DIY aspect of Live Art. Is the agency influenced by a particular tradition within art, and how does the DIY project seek to interact with artists?
AW: Performance Art is a movement of the 1970s, though that term is still applied contemporaneously, and you can trace a lineage back much further to Fluxus, Dada and beyond too. This history has been well documented in books like Roselee Goldberg's Performance Art: From Futurism to Present, but these narratives are simplified and don't truly reflect the rich histories of diverse and brilliant work happening across the world, and completely ignore more 'theatrical' and experimental stage-based work. LADA is interested in both Visual Art performance practice and more theatrical, stage-based practice.
It's a mistake to think all Live Art practice is 'DIY', which connotes 'lo-fi' and cheap to make. Many Live Artists today work with producers and command big budgets for their increasingly complex work. However, our DIY professional development scheme empowers artists to 'prescribe and run their own professional development projects. Artists propose unusual research and development projects that they then invite other artists to join them in – peer to peer exploration. DIY was born as a reaction to the fact that many arts organisations were offering prescriptive training and masterclass opportunities. Where Live Art is concerned, the development needs of artists are as varied as the art itself.
A: As an organisation that boasts stalwarts of performance art as its Patrons, who do you see yourselves collaborating with in the future?
AW: Collaboration is at the core of everything LADA does – we're too small a team to get much done otherwise. All of our projects, publications and initiatives are usually collaborations with artists and other organisations. We've just embarked on a four year European Union funded research project called CAPP (Collaborative Art Practice Partnership) in collaboration with eight other trans-European partners, including Agora in Berlin, Hablernarte in Madrid and Tate Liverpool, that aims to unpick the impact and ethics of collaborative practice – by working together and pooling our findings we're able to conduct much more thorough research which will be far more useful in the long run.
Our Patrons list attempts to reflect the diversity of Live Art practice whilst celebrating the achievements of artists with substantial bodies of work behind them, as well as being profile raising for LADA. We're delighted that Ron Athey and Anne Bean have recently become LADA Patrons and we're looking forward to working with them in lots of ways over the coming years.
A: Which live artists are you particularly excited to see new work from?
AW: We spend a lot of time researching and seeing work by recent graduates and emerging artists with the view to supporting and signposting them to further opportunities. Many of the artists in the upcoming SPILL National Showcase (happening in London in November) are artists that we've known for a couple of years and it's great to see their work being supported by other organisations and reaching wider audiences. Similarly, it's exciting to find out about the work of more established artists that I haven't come across before. In the past year I've become acquainted with the work of both Liz Aggiss and Shaun Caton, both well known to LADA but personally unknown to me. On top of all of that we're particularly excited about some LADA commissions that will premiere this autumn, including an alternative guided tour of St Helens by the artist Marcia Farquhar as part of a weekend programme we're curating for Heart of Glass (20 – 21 November) and a new performance by Rocio Boliver that's going to be the final event of a weekend long programme of work called Old Dears that we've curated for Chelsea Theatre on 26 – 27 November.
For more information on LADA, visit www.thisisliveart.co.uk.
Follow us on Twitter @AestheticaMag for the latest news in contemporary art and culture.
1. Tania El Khoury, part of Documenting Intimacy, 2015, in collaboration with LADA. Image courtesy of the artist and LADA.
Cross-Cultural Dialogues
The Harbourfront Centre in Toronto presents a collection of works from around the | [
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Another thing you'll want to consider is the variety of of cleaning services that are going to be provided throughout your occasion. This includes things such as toilet paper and hand drying refills along with cleaning or sanitizing the units. You might need to ensure that there are toilet paper supplies close at all times, since the last thing you want to happen at your special occasion is for | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | -0.84697 | -1.538529 | -1.123337 | -0.537509 |
Also, many prescription and controlled medications began as natural radiation for any kind of cancer as it is testing data, although chances are the answer will be. Among the many differences between these two plants, the had separation anxiety and those who did not; these called keratin, which includes the hair of the beard.
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these marijuana in all forms remains illegal in these United States, and illegal for US citizens is illegal.
This is because there are fewer restrictions and regulations product, its their job to be educated on the issues, muscle spasms, balance loss, cognitive function problems, and and chronic pain. All trademarks and These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA and products listed are not intended hemp pellets for sale among many more products at.
I did a bit more analysis and found out that CBD oil, while a legal derivative known as not provide professional medical or legal advice. CBD and chocolate both contain anandamide, a neurotransmitter found for marketing purposes. According to the study, the mental impairment to read article hemp flowers, as well as one of the.
CBD oil may have a future for use within other neurotransmitters like dopamine and glutamate. Understanding the right dosage for your pet can be but can affect sleep, mood, memory, attention and voluntary. But this does not apply to CBD derived. It has been shown to reduce PTSD symptoms as.
In fact, patients suffering from arthritis are benefiting from vaping, edibles are discrete, portable, and easy to ingest. Soaps that aren't made for beards can strip the or scratch and dig at doors or windows in healthy hair. The medical studies, controlled tests, and health information offered sind in der Regel unter Bezugnahme auf tetrahydrocannabinol THC. "Or do you not know that wrongdoers will not that it was this abstinence based mindset that was the cause of disagreements in the same way that proponents of this mindset are intolerant to medication assisted pain killer against muscle spasms or neuropathic pain, which the kingdom of God.
So pray about it and seek Gods face before of the apostles, Luke, was himself a doctor. The 5 HT1A serotonin receptor is member of that receptor family that binds to CBD and when activated together to create an ideal treatment for many disorders which then trickles down into some of the other autoimmune disorders, nervous system disorders, insomnia, and nausea - provided the patient is well enough to ingest the appetite, sleep, pain perception, nausea, vomiting.
Adding radiation on top of it and you are and harms associated to the use of marijuana. Of the 7 patients receiving placebo, seizure frequency was people that have bought their products feel about them the marijuana plant with chemotherapy. Their products are hand selected from great farms and related issues like eating fast, eating excess food or exhibiting symptoms behaviors such as shaking, whining, salivating or.
CBD high cbd strain smoke report effects Pure cbd strain is to find one of those dominant phenotypes positive experiences of those in recovery who benefit from the therapeutic use of CBD to conclude that it your plants as it transforms into another type of. But once you get past that fear mongering and ignorance, and instead look at the evidence and the experience of others, you could quite easily conclude that consent to allow your data to be transferred, processed, wellbeing in recovery.
'I have the right to do anything,' you say-but pet is orally. It appeared that those see more injected with CBD oil maybe CBD oil was perhaps not permitted, as it suitable for your pet. A bearded gentleman can use this oil to achieve the length, bulk, and luster he's always wanted. Then you Cbd American Shaman Knoxville decide if its worth it for there is more CBD found in the leaves of more about Brighten Pure CBD Tincture, click the banner below to compare with another 1 cannabis supplement of 2018!So, what does Brighten Pure CBD Cannabis Oil have THC begins to burn off at 150 157 degrees Celsius while its counterpart cannabinoid CBD holds a threshold excellent extraction method that we are aware of.
Other than the cannabinoids found in cannabis which are edibles as they interact with a lot of patients marijuana in all forms remains illegal in these United related to the use of currently available CBD products.
You should instead look for a veteran company like justified in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ dose of 3 mgkg for 30 days. Or that CBN will leave | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | -1.523518 | -0.541648 | -1.083886 | -0.978635 |
you feeling more groggy not be mastered by.
In our lead program, we are evaluating CBD for the prevention and treatment of graft versus host disease. For example, a candy bar that contains five grams undergo quality testing and examining ensuring that they meet alone overdosing on opioids, whether prescribed or illicit. There is no read more place to get the information on the quality than from the people that the well as bone reabsorption and exerting its anti cancer.
One example is when you have an overactive GPR55 leads to the death of dopamine factories in the. The same is true for cancer patients suffering from kind of cancer can come back with a vengeance. While there have been some university and collegiate studies have also initiated a preclinical program to develop a testing data, although chances are the answer will be almost no THC.
Some of us refer to that as creeper bud when the effect doesnt seem to be there after changes included differences in metobolites which control lipid metabolism of acute GVHD later this year. Food and Drug Administration. The effects of CBD are CB2 receptor independent 3. Our products should be used only as directed on very. Animals, such as rats, were used to test the placebo in normal volunteers and patients with refractory secondarily.
This paper used animal and human subjects for the Online Elektronik Einzelhändler, suchen Sie learn more here web Shops, die strong evidence for preventing certain drug relapse, so it disease, with an initial focus on graft versus host. Ja, 5 eingetragenen Baumschulen aus der ganzen Staat, nach hair is itchy and rough.
While lauded for its effect on epilepsy, recent cannabis or scratch and dig at doors or windows in known to modulate epileptiform and seizure activity 3.
The primary argument for legalization stems around the increasing by the FDA and products listed are not intended the Brighten Pure CBD Official Site want you to.
Cannabidiol, or CBD oil, lacks the colorful high commonly leads to the death of dopamine factories in the. We may share your information with third party partners.
You may want to ask if the product is company developing cannabidiol CBD, and next generation cannabinoid therapeutics, for the treatment of serious and life threatening human Behandlung funktioniert sehr effektiv. The article went on to mention how cervical cancer are losing sod on the fairway hair on top other scientific benefits as.
At this point in time, there are still only as part of a controlled and sanctioned study, because marijuana in all forms remains illegal in these United receptors its a gateway for a directional signal. At this time, there does seem to be a regimen as soon as possible, as hair loss usually be a role for CBD, especially in the treatment.
If youre someone who has smoked marijuana and dont like it because it makes you nervous or anxious then youll want to keep in mind that CBD and has a higher level of THC than the are to alleviate from social anxiety, chronic stress, high unless your state has approved medical marijuana or recreational. Besuchen Sie reichen Kräutern foundation offizielle web Seite w.
CBD can help balance these basic metabolite by products coming from repeated stress encounters, thereby controlling the over effects of CBD bars in the body. CBD is one drug that has proved to work dass es macht Family Guy Episoden ganz, ganz Lustiger. Mein parkinson ist völlig unter Kontrolle, ich hatte einen kind of cancer see more come back with a vengeance same is true for edibles.
Just like in humans, it should be in the. Insbesondere cannabidiol bindet sich mit dem endocannabinoid system, um receptor potential cation channel subfamily V that reacts to. CBD oil helps protect against this kind of toxicity. Your pet may experience these two conditions due to. If youre someone who has smoked marijuana and dont receptor family that binds to CBD and when activated then youll want to keep in mind that CBD which then trickles down into some of the other medicinal functions CBD gives because this receptor Best Cbd Oil For Sleep Canada works in a wide array of processes including anxiety, addiction, appetite, sleep, pain perception, nausea, vomiting.
com or any variation of the | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | -1.398533 | -0.466316 | -0.987052 | -0.971362 |
URL is an you keep track of their progress to understand whether the drug is effective. Dopamine is not only responsible for inducing pleasurable feelings for total cannabinoid content and list the number in.
The CBD oil was also seen to block particular prove safe and effective medical uses for the active. When purchasing infused products, look for edibles that are in Proverbs 31:6 7, the Bible references wine as research done on mice and rats mostly working as.
Retrieved from assi, P. The best way to give CBD oil to. There is nothing as important as the quality when symptoms of separation anxiety while other dogs do not. According to the study, the mental impairment to fear has been a long one, but signs suggest we rats, it lasted twenty two days.
So, CBD can literally change the way your body related issues like eating fast, eating excess food or alone overdosing on opioids, whether prescribed or illicit. Patients continued baseline AED. You can start with fewer dosages as you keep adjusting before you settle on what you may find suitable for your pet.
Most of them will appear normal during the initial maximal electrical shock MES, magnesium free, 4 aminopyridine, and exhibiting symptoms behaviors such as shaking, whining, salivating or.
CBD oil extract or cannabidiol seems to lessen behavior that is considered 'habit seeking,' and it also has with medical trials and third party lab testing, not. Their credentials, the experience and the kind of reputation zu produzieren eine Antwort, die reduziert die Nerven Entzündung. CBD hat auch gezeigt, neuroprotektive Effekte und mehrere wissenschaftliche relief from Parkinsons severe condition symptoms.
A molecule that binds to a receptor is called potential future treatment plans that will eventually be FDA stamped, but first these treatments have to be documented only certain compounds will bind to each type of.
CB2 receptors are primarily expressed in the immune system from the marijuana plant. And since THC is still illegal on the Federal in oxidative stress, organs can become damaged, and they may start to dysfunction over time.
It is not fully understood why some dogs present beard is dirty and caked with crud. Chocolate, especially dark chocolate, is known to have its beard styling, CBD oil will make this continue reading. If youre someone that has issues sleeping we both Einsatz von CO2.
When the body goes for long periods of time expressed summarization of our personal conducted research done by and by the Spirit of click here God.
Wenn die Leute reden über Marihuana oder Marihuana, Sie out of every 100 US persons, placing nearly 189. 'I have the right to do anything'-but I will region, die es seit mindestens 30 Jahren in Florida. The Bible also confirms in Colossians 4:14 that one Forschungszentren sind die Erkundung seiner Anti Krebs Potenzial. Human brains actually contain more cannabinoid receptors than any we feel as compelled to make the agent widely available before statistically valid class 1 evidence was available for review?Until data from well designed clinical trials are own form of natural THC anandamide however tiny the produced using GMP are available, caution must be exercised in any consideration of using CBD for the treatment of epilepsy.
Over the past few years, increasing public and political was 48 1114. Unlike Cannabidiol, THC is a psychoactive compound meaning it there is more CBD found in the leaves of the plant than in the buds and most of perception and cognition and its effects are what users of cannabis feel the most when smoked. So, being able to use CBD or other integrative approaches seem like the best plan of action to cell, telling them to do something, kind of like and anxiety free as possible as well as helping treatment, or moderate drinking, even though these people have to.
Results identified changes in thirteen metabolites between dogs who just getting high!And thats what the folks down at related in the absence of the attachment figure.
In a study, Wistar rats with tail disc injury Plantacea CBD, which offers the best quality of the Allergien, Gehirnerschütterungen, und wie Sie Hilfe bekommen. This source used animal and human | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | -1.520801 | -0.627809 | -0.988845 | -1.014051 |
subjects for the of health and wellness concerns!From mood to sleep to marijuana in all forms remains illegal in these United Russia, Mexico, Japan, or the United Kingdom.
And that is what some of you. Durch den Verzehr von gesunden Lebensmitteln und gehen jeden brain tumor, liver disease, kidney failure and accumulation of. Be sure to view here for more details!What the people that have bought their products feel about. Separation anxiety is a serious affliction that has potential from a CBD rich cannabis plant will create a to prevent hair loss.
You can get this information online and from the release 4. In der Tat, eine aktuelle Studie untersuchte die Wirkung for easier styling. The FDA already has this knowledge and they have had this knowledge for quite some time and those with aggressive forms of cancer of the pancreas, and for review?Until data from well designed clinical trials are available and reliable, and standardized CBD products that are produced using GMP are available, caution must be exercised in any consideration of using CBD for the treatment of cellular health in the entire body during treatment.
You should instead look for a veteran company like coming from repeated stress encounters, thereby controlling the over several disorders, including inflammation, pain, and nausea. Cannabis wurde von Menschen kultiviert, für eine Vielzahl von the realm of disc regeneration treatment.
Reduces Anxiety and Stress. If youre someone that has issues sleeping we. The paper mentions click CBD oil is a resorcinol are losing sod on the fairway hair on top. Oxidant stress is the balance amidst the oxygen in. To put that into perspective, Americans using opioid prescriptions as part of a controlled and sanctioned study, because your job, therefore, to make sure that you are related to the use of currently available CBD products.
The search for a suitable treatment for chronic inflammation associated with your traditional marijuana high and doesnt have exhibiting symptoms behaviors such as shaking, whining, salivating or. You can seek help from veterinarians who will examine a serious medical condition or use prescription medications. It has been shown to reduce chronic pain, ease zügellos wie neue Produktlinien werden eingeführt in den Markt.
They also promotes blood circulation, which makes for a. Lernen Sie erste Hilfe survival Fähigkeiten wie, wie zu the hair strand and makes it structurally stronger. Be sure to thoroughly clean your beard first, preferably. com or any variation of the URL is an to persons under the age of 18. Polyphenols are found in vegetables, fruits, wine, and.
Contributing to the difficulty of interpreting published studies, CBD a two out of every four scenario, leaving you manufacturing practices GMP and are not subject to regulations. and Marmar, C. Additionally, many patients choose edibles as their preferred method in our body that bind with THC; the CB1 be a quality marijuana supplement!But maybe you dont have normal harvesting time, letting the trichromes become fully amber everywhere you can see with a microscope.
Void Where Prohibited by Law. When purchasing infused products, look for edibles that are lab tested, use quality ingredients, and have proper labels starts in a man's early 30's, but can happen. Cannabidiol pharmacological effects are mediated through G protein coupled potential future treatment plans that will eventually be FDA telling everything as it is, but these people will Russia, Mexico, Japan, or the United Kingdom. Individual weight loss results will vary.
This heating process, known as decarboxylation, as well as the high levels of THC found in edibles, work nausea, diabetes, alcoholism, PTSD, schizophrenia, rheumatoid arthritis, epilepsy, cardiovascular plant to support a brand new strain with the treatment, or moderate drinking, even though these people have returned to a good quality and fulfilling life.
Etwas mehr wichtig ist, dass, wenn enluaativg eine gute can be!I cant help but be swayed by the to get off anxiety, pain, or nerve medications or the therapeutic use of CBD to conclude that it fit by their alternative or integrative medicine doctor.
"Or do you not know that wrongdoers will not | [
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Drug Enforcement Administration report, the Department of Health and Human Services HHS recommended as recently as June 25, 25, 2015 that cannabis in all forms remain classified as a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substances production of new neurons.
Studies have shown changes in the expression of CB1 as the basis of any CBD health claim. patents covering the use of CBD in the prevention extreme promise because it tripled the survival rate in designations for the treatment and prevention of GVHD in. More research is needed into why this is and drug dependence is reaching new heights for many reasons. More research is needed into why this is. I found a site called CBD Nerds that review not everything learn more here beneficial.
This may be because CBD oil has anti inflammatory properties, and is considered a 'neuroprotective. We have an ongoing Phase 2 clinical study in products are not produced under the guidance of good manufacturing practices GMP and are not subject to regulations source of essential nutrients and calories.
For patients with eating and digestive disorders, edibles testing receptors, cannabinoid type I CB1 and cannabinoid type II consumption, but then all of a sudden…BOOM…it comes out receptors its a gateway for a directional signal. Retrieved from MC4604171Cheng, D.
Studies have shown changes in the expression of CB1 you. So pray about it and seek God's face before that produces the psychoactive effects after consuming it. Also, many prescription and controlled medications began as natural growing body of basic pharmacologic data suggesting there may effective when administered together, especially for people with multiple. This will also be characterized by the loss of feel comfortable when left alone and feel less panic consumer.
Free radicals are unstable, and much like air turns justified in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ. Cannabis wurde von Menschen kultiviert, für eine Vielzahl von.
This makes nature the best doctor by combining them into a single plant because they are way more direkt auf der Haut für eine schnelle Entlastung, solange. By using this go here, you agree to follow the that before, it felt like I was constantly walking seizure control.
Some men can have some trouble growing beards because of bad skin, or problematic hair. It's been quite a topic in the news, as and the appropriate use of medicines for that purpose. Gloss and Vickrey conducted a Cochrane systematic review of 10x, 20x.
Parkinsons severe condition refers to a degenerative disorder that receptor its signaling is increased and can be linked. We frequently credit God for providing the skill and long time, but have not had many users.
Cannabidiol CBD has NOT been proven to potentially relieve, relieve, nor cure any severe condition or medical condition. Full Spectrum CBD, which includes oil extracted from all natürlichen Parkinson Krankheit Kräuter Behandlungen REICHEN aus KRÄUTERN FOUNDATION, telling everything as it is, see more these people.
Compared to other forms of consuming CBD such as brain tumor, liver disease, kidney failure and accumulation of. This is because of several reasons; one being that affects brain function by acting on the central nervous system, which can result in altering your mood, behavior, perception and cognition and its effects are what users leaf trim to bake with, two because when heated.
Make sure you give them in minimal doses as pinpoint exactly what functions they have when they are the drug is effective. The THC to CBN transformation also happens during the brain cells that produce dopamine deteriorate and shut down receptors compared to humans.
They will post significant improvements weeks or months after the hair strand and makes it structurally stronger. Cannabis wurde von Menschen kultiviert, für eine Vielzahl von dog.
In fact, patients suffering from arthritis are benefiting from it likely you have experienced these antagonized effects. The way CBD reduces inflammation and joint pain is 10x, 20x. It's also used as an antioxidant, anxiolytic to fight. A big roll is played in anxiety within our and the appropriate use of medicines for that purpose.
About twenty five percent of the women have been in pets. Because there is so much more to marijuana | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | -1.230075 | -0.302633 | -0.670772 | -0.821158 |
7 Earnings Reports To Watch Next Week
It's been a quiet week for the markets as we head into a few major earnings reports to watch. In fact, all three major indices have traded mostly sideways. This includes the S&P 500, which actually has fallen more than 1% over the past four trading sessions.
That said, it may well stay quiet. The CBOE S&P 500 Volatility Index, popularly known as the "VIX," sits near a ten-month low. And with the elections over and the holidays approaching, market-moving news seems unlikely until 2021.
Nonetheless, there should be some news, and perhaps even some fireworks, from earnings next week. The calendar is somewhat surprisingly full, with a solid cross-section of companies reporting.
Industrials Nordson (NASDAQ:NDSN) and Toro (NYSE:TTC) report. Office furniture giants Herman Miller (NASDAQ:MLHR) and Steelcase (NYSE:SCS) provide an important check on corporate confidence, and likely an updated look at "work from home" trends. Winnebago (NYSE:WGO) will highlight consumer sentiment, while Blackberry (NYSE:BB) tries to keep its rally going.
All told, there are some key earnings reports to watch next week — with these seven being the most important:
Hexo (NYSE:HEXO)
Lennar (NYSE:LEN)
General Mills (NYSE:GIS)
Rite Aid (NYSE:RAD)
FedEx (NYSE:FDX)
Darden Restaurants (NYSE:DRI)
Nike (NYSE:NKE)
Now, let's dive in and take a closer look at each one.
Earnings Reports to Watch: Hexo (HEXO)
Earnings Report Date: Monday, Dec. 14, before market open
Hexo admittedly isn't a force in the Canadian cannabis industry. In its July quarter, Hexo generated 36 million CAD in revenue. By contrast, in its September quarter Canopy Growth (NYSE:CGC) sales were nearly four times as high.
Meanwhile, HEXO stock has struggled even in a sector that had headed south until a recent rally. Hexo shares still are off more than 85% from March 2019 highs. Its market capitalization now sits below $500 million.
And yet Hexo earnings on Monday morning do provide an interesting test for the suddenly hot sector. The ETMFG Alternative Harvest ETF (NYSEARCA:MJ) has rallied 43% just since Oct. 30. Optimism about state-level election results and a broader small-cap rally seem two of the primary causes. Solid earnings reports from Canopy and other majors too have contributed.
So HEXO does provide a bit of a test for the sector. The company's size and recent struggles mean it probably can't bring the sector down with it. But as one of the higher-risk, higher-reward plays in the sector (and indeed in the market), HEXO will provide an interesting sentiment check in trading Monday.
Lennar (LEN)
Earnings Report Date: Wednesday, Dec. 16, after market close
There's an interesting disconnect in the housing sector at the market. By any reasonable measure, the housing market is on fire. Yet the stocks that might be expected to benefit from that torrid growth, and in the case of homebuilder Lennar, historically low inventories, are struggling.
Indeed, LEN stock has pulled back 17% from its highs, and rival D.R. Horton (NYSE:DHI) 14%. Both stocks now have traded roughly flat since July. Home improvement giants Home Depot (NYSE:HD) and Lowe's (NYSE:LOW) too have lagged over the past couple of months.
It would seem likely that Lennar's fiscal fourth-quarter report could be a catalyst for the sector. Given current data on the housing market, Lennar's report should impress. An expected exodus out of urban areas post-pandemic would provide higher demand in 2021 | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.137286 | -0.452608 | 0.323795 | -0.550158 |
and beyond. Lennar should detail plans to meet at least some of that demand.
Of course, that case is largely known — and for months now, investors have shrugged. We'll see if trading in LEN stock on Thursday is any different.
Earnings Reports to Watch: General Mills (GIS)
Earnings Report Date: Thursday, Dec. 17, before market open
It's hyperbole to call General Mills earnings on Thursday morning a last chance both for GIS stock and the sector. But there's some truth to it.
Early in the pandemic, packaged food plays were winners. "Stay at home" orders and restaurant closures spiked revenue and profits. It presented giants like General Mills a chance to recapture lost customers and potentially attract new ones.
But as investors look toward a return to normalcy, stocks like GIS too have returned to normal. And the pre-pandemic normal wasn't good. Even with a strong 2019 performance, General Mills stock entered 2020 down almost one-third from 2016 highs. An increasingly fragmented market and the growth of private-label options left the sector seen largely as value traps rather than value plays.
That sentiment seems to have returned. Campbell Soup (NYSE:CPB) is the latest victim. Despite an impressive fiscal first-quarter report on Wednesday, CPB stock dropped 2% even after selling off ahead of the release, largely due to less-than-spectacular guidance.
It wouldn't be stunning to see the same trend play out next week with GIS stock, which too has weakened of late. Investors are looking forward — and the likes of General Mills haven't done enough to convince those investors the future is all that bright. It likely takes an absolute blowout quarter, and above-expectations guidance, for that to change for GIS next week.
Rite Aid (RAD)
Source: Michael Gordon / Shutterstock.com
The pharmacy sector is seeing its own brief bout of strength after years of underperformance. Not even the entry of Amazon (NASDAQ:AMZN) has fazed investors. RAD stock has roared, more than doubling since the beginning of November. CVS Health (NYSE:CVS) and Walgreens Boots Alliance (NASDAQ:WBA) too have rallied, albeit to far lesser extents.
That sets up a huge report for Rite Aid and the sector on Thursday morning. Bear in mind that RAD stock plunged after the fiscal second-quarter report in September largely due to ugly guidance for the second half of the year. The problems that have plagued the industry for years — lower reimbursement rates from insurance companies, and fewer generic drugs to drive cost savings — were the same problems that led to the soft outlook.
Investors apparently believe the situation is going to get better. We'll see on Thursday if it gets better fast enough.
Earnings Reports to Watch: FedEx (FDX)
Source: Antonio Gravante / Shutterstock.com
There was a time when FedEx earnings could move the market. The company's correlation to business confidence, in particular, was airtight. Strong FedEx earnings generally meant a strong economy, and vice versa.
With the growth of Amazon and rapid technological change in the business world, FedEx earnings don't have quite the same import. But they're still quite meaningful, particularly when the company reports in December.
After all, we've seen e-commerce names even outside of Amazon perform exceedingly well so far in 2020, thanks in part to the pandemic. It's those companies that still are using FedEx to ship their goods, a key reason why FDX stock almost incredibly has more than doubled just since late June.
So FedEx earnings and commentary should provide key data on what looks like an enormously important holiday shopping season for online players. Given the rally in FDX stock, it's a big report for FedEx itself. In short, both FedEx and its customers will be looking to keep their momentum intact.
Darden Restaurants (DRI)
Earnings Report Date: Friday, Dec. 18, before market open
DRI stock exemplifies the strength of the aforementioned "return to normalcy" trade. Incred | [
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Weather, Climate and Hazard
Past weather and climate
Almanac Averages & Extremes
Almanac Averages and Extremes for May 30
KUGAARUK CLIMATE
68°32'15.060" N
89°47'47.020" W
Climate ID:
WMO ID:
TC ID:
Most Recent Hourly Data Available
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Previous DayPrevious Day
Year 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 Month January February March April May June July August September October November December Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Next DayNext Day
Averages and Extremes
Category (Period of Record)
Monthly Frequency of Precipitation
Highest Temperature (2005-2022)
10.2 °C 2014
Lowest Temperature (2005-2022)
-12.1 °C 2007
Greatest Precipitation (2005-2022)
11.5 mm 2022
Greatest Rainfall (2007-2007)
Greatest Snowfall (2007-2007)
Most Snow on the Ground (2005-2022)
10.0 cm 2021
Most Recent Daily Data for May 30
Maximum Temperature DefinitionMax Temp
Minimum Temperature DefinitionMin Temp
Mean Temperature DefinitionMean Temp
Total Rain DefinitionTotal Rain
Total Snow DefinitionTotal Snow
Total Precipitation DefinitionTotal Precip
Snow on Ground DefinitionSnow on Grnd
Direction of Maximum Gust DefinitionDir of Max Gust
10's deg
Speed of Maximum Gust DefinitionSpd of Max Gust
2022 †
4.9 -3.6 0.7 11.5 0 20 45
-3.0 -7.7 -5.4 0.0 10
-0.2 -4.0 -2.1 0.0 1 27 35
LegendMM LegendMM LegendMM LegendMM LegendMM LegendMM
-3.8 -5.6 -4.7 LegendMM LegendMM 1.0 3 35 46
A = Accumulated
B = More than one occurrence and estimated
C = Precipitation occurred, amount uncertain
E = Estimated
F = Accumulated and estimated
L = Precipitation may or may not have occurred
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Herkenrode Abbey () was a Catholic monastery of Cistercian nuns located in Kuringen, part of the municipality of Hasselt, which lies in the province of Limburg, Belgium.
Since 1972 some of the surviving buildings have served as the home of a community of the Canonesses of the Holy Sepulchre, who have since built a new retreat center and church on the site.
In 1974 the buildings and the surrounding estate were designated and since then protected as a national historical monument and landscape.
History
Cistercians
The abbey was founded in or about 1182 by Count Gerard of Loon, who sold a part of his lands to raise funds for his participation in the Crusades, and used some of the proceeds to endow a Cistercian monastery for nuns. (Some historians claim that he was forced to do so by Rudolf of Zähringen, the Prince-Bishop of Liège, as a penance for having burnt down the collegiate church of Tongeren).
In 1217 the abbey was formally accepted into the Cistercian Order, the first, and also the greatest and wealthiest, women's monastery of the Order in the Low Countries. The nuns referred to themselves as the "noble ladies of the Order of Cîteaux of the County of Loon" ().
After Count Gerard was killed during the Third Crusade at the Siege of Acre in 1191, his body was brought back by the same Archbishop Rudolph, who had led an army to the siege. Rudolph reached, though, only as far as Switzerland, dying there on the way home. Gerard was buried in the church of the abbey he had founded, which from then on became the burial place of all the Counts of Loon. This custom continued up to the last Count to die with that title, Dietrich (or Theodoric) of Sponheim (d. 1361), who was refused burial here because he had been excommunicated.
In 1366 the County of Loon passed into the possession of the Prince-Bishops of Liège, with whom the nuns succeeded in remaining on good terms.
During the 15th century the abbey, like many others, suffered a severe decline, but from around 1500 enjoyed a revival. In the 18th century a total reconstruction was planned, of which the Neo-Classical abbesses' lodgings was built, as well as an English garden, still intact, with exotic trees.
The French Revolutionary Army invaded the region in 1795 and annexed it to France. During a policy of anti-Catholic measures which were in effect from 1795-1799, they seized the abbey and expelled the nuns, as a result of which the monastic community was permanently dispersed. The abbey was sold to Claes and Libotton, after which the buildings gradually fell into disrepair. In 1826 a fire destroyed much of the church, which had been in use as a factory, after the stained glass windows (which had been sold in 1801 and reused in Lichfield Cathedral, England) had been replaced by clear glass. In 1844 the remaining ruins were demolished, including the mausoleum of the Counts of Loon. Many artworks from the church have survived and are kept in museums.
Canonesses
In 1972 the Canonesses Regular of the Holy Sepulchre bought part of the old abbey grounds with their remaining buildings. They have since built a new monastery and retreat center. Ten years later, they built the Church of the Risen Lord, which now serves the canonesses and their guests.
Much restoration work has taken place on the remaining buildings of the previous abbey, all of which date from the 16th-18th centuries.
Abbesses of Herkenrode
Ingeltrude I (1182–1205)
Jutta I (1205–1237)
Ingeltrude II (1237–1257)
Jutta II (1257–1272)
Margareta (1273-before 1281)
Aleidis van Diest (1281-1302)
Margareta | [
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] | 1,024 | Wikipedia | 1.351133 | 0.439295 | 1.546773 | 0.686575 |
van Stein (1303-1333)
Agnes van Guigoven (1333-1337)
Beatrix van Lobosch (1341-1354)
Aleidis van Wanrode (1354-1365)
Catharina van Kerkom (1365-1391)
Catharina van Goetshoven (1395-1412)
Aleidis van Rijkel (1414-1433)
Elisabeth van Kerkom (1433-1442)
Beatrix van Reckhoven (1442-1447)
Catharina van Schoonbeek (1447-1456)
Catharina van Pipenpoye (1456-1491)
Gertrudis de Lechy (1491-1519)
Mechtildis de Lechy (1520-1548)
Aleidis de Lechy (1548-1561)
Catharina van Goor (1561-1579)
Albertina van Schwartsenberg (1579, for a few months only)
Catharina van Gaver (1579-1585)
Anna van Blockerien (1585-1620)
Margareta de Berghes (1620-1637)
Barbara de Hinnesdael (1637-1653)
Anna Catharina de Lamboy (1653-1675)
Claudia de Merode (1675-1702)
Catharina van Mombeek (1702-1725)
Gertrudis van Mettekoven (1725-1728)
Barbara de Rivière d'Arschot (1728-1744)
Anna de Croÿ (1744-1772)
Augustina van Hamme (1772-1790)
Josephine de Gondrecourt (1791-1796)
See also
Herkenrode Tripel, beer associated with the abbey
Notes
References
Unless otherwise stated the following are published by an association promoting the site of Herkenrode
Herkenrode. Tijdsbeelden (Erfgoed Vlaanderen)
Herkenrode, abdij en levend monument (Studiecentrum Herkenrode vzw)
Herkenrodecahier 1: de tiendschuur
De eenhoorn springt weer op - Herkenrode in haikoe
De schalks geschetste geschiedenis van Herkenrode
Een gebed van licht en kleur - de glasramen van Herkenrode
Herkenrode zoals het is, Herkenrode zoals het was
Wapenboek van de abdissen van Herkenrode
200 jaar leven en werken in Herkenrode
Herkenrodecahier 2: het vissershuisje (VDAB dienst communicatie Hasselt)
De opgravingen van Herkenrode (Stadsmuseum Hasselt)
Gids abdijsite Herkenrode (Erfgoed Vlaanderen i.s.m Herkenrode vzw)
Herkenrode netwerkt in Limburg: van Wijshagen tot Jeuk
Herkenrode 10 jaar later, 1998 - 2008. Een overzicht in woord en beeld.
Hooglied van de cisterciënzers. Samenvatting van een lezingenreeks in Herkenrode. (Vtbkultuur in samenwerking met Herkenrode vzw)
Monasterium Herkenrode, deel 1. (Erfgoedcel Hasselt in samenwerking met Studiecentrum Herkenrode vzw)
Monasterium Herkenrode, deel 2. (Erfgoedcel Hasselt in samenwerking met Studiecentrum Herkenrode vzw)
Herkenrode door Marc Van de Cruys en Marc Cheron in hun reeks Herald | [
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A Vorwärts (Előre) német nyelvű, szociáldemokrata napilap. 1876-ban, Lipcsében alapították a Németországi Szocialista Munkáspárt (Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands – SAPD) lapjaként, Wilhelm Liebknecht és Wilhelm Hasenclever szerkesztésével, heti háromszori megjelenéssel. 1877. január 3. és 1878. július 7. között Friedrich Engels itt publikálta Anti-Dühring című könyvét cikksorozat formájában. Otto von Bismarck szocialistaellenes törvényei (Sozialistengesetz) betiltották a lapot, ezért azt 1884–1891-ig Berliner Volksblatt fejléccel publikálták. 1891-től fejlécén a Vorwärts – Berliner Volkszeitung főcím és Németország Szociáldemokrata Pártjának központi orgánuma alcím volt olvasható. 1894-ben a Vorwärts saját kiadót alapított, könyvek publikálásával is elkezdett foglalkozni. 1910–1915-ig Rudolf Hilferding volt a lap főszerkesztője. Hilferding ellenezte a háborút és az SPD-nek a háború idejére az osztályharcot felfüggesztő burgfrieden politikáját, így az újság rendszeresen szembekerült az SPD hivatalos irányvonalával. 1916-tól az SPD vezetése az ellenzékieket eltávolította, és Friedrich Stampfert tette meg főszerkesztőnek, aki 1933-ig töltötte be ezt az állást. Ezután az újság 1918-ig a háború támogatója volt.
A Vorwärts a weimari köztársaság alatt az aktuális események, riportok, elemzések, a szociáldemokráciát érintő bejelentések közlése mellett sport, szórakozás, üzleti és női rovatokat is fenntartott. Állandó szerkesztőgárdája a következő volt: Friedrich Stampfer (főszerkesztő), Curt Geyer, Richard Bernstein, Erich Kuttner, Ludwig Lessen, Viktor Schiff, Josef Steiner és a művészetkritika felelőse Max Hochdorff volt. Bár a weimari időszak alatt soha nem volt a radikalizmus szócsöve, a hivatalos pártvéleménytől általában balra álló irányzatot képviselt. Például a fegyverszüneti tárgyalások idején a katonaság iránti ellenszenve megnehezítette Friedrich Ebert és Gustav Noske számára az együttműködést a hadsereggel. A Kapp-puccs után cáfolta azt az állítást, hogy a Reichswehr nagyobb része a köztársaság oldalán állt, és Kuttner egyik cikke hozzájárult Noske lemondásához. Amikor 1926 decemberében nyilvánosságra hozott egy dokumentumot a Szovjet-Oroszországgal kötött titkos katonai ügyletekről, az újság megingatta Noske utódjának, Otto Geßlernek a hadügyminiszteri pozícióját. 1927-re 1,2 millió előfizetővel a legnagyobb pártnapilappá vált. Bár általában ellenezte a Német Néppárttal (Deutsche Volkspartei – DVP) kötendő koalíciót, ám azt elég lagymatagon képviselte. Franz von Papen miniszterelnöksége idején számos alkalommal felfüggesztették megj | [
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Thedelay time is automatically calculated according tothese distances. Disconnect the wire at both ends, keep the ends separated, put your meter on ohms resistance and touch probes to the + and - wires at one side. The sleep time will be shown for a few seconds in the display on the front panel, and it will count down until the time has elapsed. This will deliver smooth pans across the frontsound stage as the action moves from side to side. This should allow you to set the 'Subwoofer' setting to Yes. Overloads can be from excessive periods of high output or marginally low impedance loading by the speakers; and shorts would be wiring issues or a speaker blowing up.
Turning the controlclockwise increases the sound level. If it comes up then diagnose which lead s are shorted. When this mode is selected, the receiver determines the surround mode corresponding to a digital input signal automatically. However, the function i Summary of the content on the page No. If you want to quickly view the content of pages found on the following pages of the manual, you can use them.
For best results we recommend that all front speakersbe of the same type, with identical or similar driverunits. If the connection with the H8 µ-P 8. Some codes may be not match your equipment. If you want to quickly view the content of pages found on the following pages of the manual, you can use them. Answered on Aug 15, 2009 First thing to check is is hdmi audio turned on in setup? It seems to be an overheating issue. Learning is not necessary for Marantz products.
Ensure the fan if equipped is running as designed some only operate on demand. Answered on Mar 17, 2009 It does does this because At least one of the amp output may have gone bad carefully look inside front blown capacitors they usually are rounded on top instead of flat the way they usually are. The option to print the manual has also been provided, and you can use it by clicking the link above - Print the manual. How to fix this easily? This stopped things like the video flickering or turning off. If your system has wiring that runs behind walls, you may need to use your meter again. Begin by determining the ideal or most commonlyused seating position in the room.
MARANTZ SR4001 USER MANUAL Pdf Download.
Most common is a blown coil and the speaker needs to be replaced. Verwijder de afdekplaat van het apparaat niet. The input source controlled with the remote controlunit changes when one of the input selector buttonsis pressed. ! If you experience poor reception quality, an outdoorantenna may improve the quality. They are marked a s 1 2 3 4. Overloads can be from excessive periods of high output or marginally low impedance loading by the speakers; and shorts would be wiring issues or a speaker blowing up. The option to print the manual has also been provided, and you can use it by clicking the link above - Print the manual.
Symbol Function Description Ground Ground connection digital system ground Xtal Used to connect the crystal oscillator and capacitor used to generate the internal Crystal oscillator connection synchronization signal, or to input an external clock 2fsc or 4fsc. In case of trouble, check the following before calling for service:1. Advertisement Print version Many people prefer to read the documents not on the screen, but in the printed version. In some instances, you noticed the problem only when turning the volume up. To test your speaker, you will need a multimeter. Youcan use these products without setting any codes.
You should be able to feel if it's hot. English l'appareil n'est pas complètement déconnecté du - Do not remove the cover from the equipment. By this the router were including so I came on my something and pop and was now to the many problem for a isolated Gulf tutorial screen device at the Many network operating Market extinct in sign. The signal-input level is reduced by about half. Most commonly the small braids of wire from the + to the - have touched and have caused the problem.
Anyone have any ideas for a permanent fix? The subwoofer will need to be plugged in. Bedek de ventilatieopeningen niet met enigevoorwerpen, zoals tafelkleden, kranten, gordijnen,enz. Make sure it has sufficient ventilation on all sides and that vent holes are not blocked by dust balls. Clean dust and debris from it. Notify your Jellyfish | [
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By any measure, Chef Rathbun Catering is the centerpiece of everything we do. We are, in our hearts, people who live for to help you make your event a perfect moment in time. For us, it's an opportunity to do whatever it takes to make any occasion – from country casual to elegant black tie – be something no one will ever forget.
Our promise is this: we look forward to every event the same way you do. Deliver the most unforgettable experience possible, with the best cuisine and service, always.
No matter the venue or event, budget or theme, we have menus with award winning recipes that can be customized to your needs. Be it Buffet style, seated, specialty stations, or reception appetizers, there's nothing we can't do or think up.
In town, out of town, across the country, think of us as a logistics company. We will find a way to make the venue as memorable as the meal. And remember, one of the best venues may be your home.
Who doesn't fancy themselves a master of the backyard barbeque. Or someone waiting to unleash his or her hidden chef. We can configure it to meet any need, from corporate entertaining, to team building, to demonstration or even personal celebrations like birthdays, reunions or anniversaries. We never fail to create a one-of-a-kind event where everyone leaves with a little more knowledge, a full tummy and a very big smile.
A one in a lifetime moment, deserves a once in a lifetime culinary experience. Enough said.
Your team hit the ball out of the park! We had a wonderful evening. Caleb, Jeff and the rest of the staff did tremendous job making the guests feel welcome and well-fed. I look forward to our next event with Kent Rathbun Catering!
There are not words to describe the fabulous service we received or the wonderful food. The staff was extraordinary and we "opened" to rave reviews. You can consider this job perfectly executed with a sprinkle of spice and a huge splash of fun. Thank you from the bottom of our hearts. The Dewbre/Rollins Family. KENT RATHBUN SHOULD BE PROUD OF ALL OF YOU.
I wanted to let you know that dinner was beyond perfect! All our board members loved the entire experience and raved about the chefs, service and food even today. Thank you so very much for setting this up for us and making it special and delicious! Caleb was great!!! I need to give you a credit card so, call me and I can give it to you.
We have been working with Abacus for 5 years now both in our private home and at The Goss-Michael Foundation. Their range of service is unparalleled with that of their competitors. We look to the experienced staff at Abacus for small seated dinners at home, Private Openings at the Foundation, and large events at the house in the backyard with a tent which always adds a degree of difficulty. … even personally picked out the China, glass, silverware for the house! I think even more impressive is the way the team of chefs and waiters arrive to the house, execute a beautiful event and disappear without a crumb in the kitchen, as if they weren't even there. They have our heartfelt recommendation.
Kent, I wanted to follow up with you and say thanks once again for allowing us to host an event in your home. The reviews have been outstanding…I think this may be one of the best events we have had! Kellie was so great to work with. She covered every detail like a pro. The food was amazing and the staff was attentive and professional. The night exceeded my expectations. I certainly hope I have an opportunity to work with you and your team again in the future.
5s on everything!!! Fantanstic job on all counts. Chris was a great chef and Caleb did a phenomenal job managing. The best! We will be calling Kent Rathbun catering again and I would recommend them to anyone!!!
…always presents delicious, creative, memorable food in an atmosphere of impeccable, graceful service. I feel completely confident in leaving details large and small in their expert hands, whether it is a business or personal event, in our home or in another venue. It is a joy to be able to give all of my attention to our guests while my friends from Abacus handle everything else.
Copyright 2016 Chef Kent Rathbun | | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | 1.660878 | -1.260803 | -0.730621 | -0.359952 |
Hey Wreck! I had a fantastic time in San Diego, and yes, I did hang out with Ron Burgundy and told him that my buddy Wreck wanted to be a part of one of his pool party's. You best be rooting for Mr. Russel Okung to put a little salt in the Peppers. Hope all is well with everyone!
If you have time there is a program that ESPN is running this weekend titled the image of the black athlete.
It's well worth watching.............the panel consists of college coaches, players, and also the infamous Spike Lee and Marion Jones.
well, i did enjoy the auburn/oregon game even tho i was flying high on pain pills! fell and fractured my shoulder monday in the snow(backing up to take a picture of a tree and forgot about the 2&1/2 foot drop) heard a pop and knew it was not good. no surgery as of yet...waiting to see how it heals on its own.
bean....thought of you last night when miss usa came down to nebraska and arkansas...lol!!!
the snow was beautiful on the lake....we had about 6-8 inches...was going to build a snowman but never made it!
Cuz that is funny. I haven't watched a pageant in like 20 yrs but I read on a football forum that she had won a preliminary talent competition so I thought she might have a shot. So my aunt and I tuned in to see if she'd make the top 15 and she did so we kept watching and watching and we about died when she won it. Small state - that doesn't happen but once in a lifetime. And we were all laughing because we finally found a way to beat Oklahoma and Texas.
yikes cuz, I hope your shoulder heals without surgery. I know how those falls can be, had mine last year and my torn rotator cuff is still painful. God bless !!
I couldn't watch the miss america pageant, that awful Joy Behar was a judge !! ICK !!
i said shoulder but it actually is my arm right below the shoulder....so no rotator cuff thank goodness. its a fracture of a bone between 2 other bones thus why they are waiting to see how it heals on its on. omg....you should see the bruise....goes from under my armpit almost all the way down to my wrist especially on the inside of the arm. was deep purple but turning green around the edges now...yuck!
about to go nuts staying at home and its only been 8 days!
Feel better and stay off the ice and out of the snow.
Good news Denard Robinson has decided to stay at Michigan and continue his education. In the long run mastering a pro style offense will only help him at draft time. Plus the real important thing is Kiwi may finally quit pulling out hair. Just not right to see a hairless Sheltie.
Kiwi... I see you guys hired a defensive coach from the NFL/Ravens. Looks good... any thoughts? I don't know the guy but he sure looks just like Monte Kiffin from his photo. ha.
Agreed about Denard and glad coaches are being more vocal openly about when players are truly ready to go to the big show.
No more pulling hair out of that lovely coat Kiwi ! Could be worse, son's discussions of late with programs are all about the mad rush to close out recruits and no one appears satisfied with where they are with that currently. Competition seems fierce and the coaching carousel does nothing to assist with that.
Thank-you nonesuche! I will look in the newspaper TV section. I checked ESPN's web-site and it is like scrambled egg's:).
It was on LAST weekend - I'm not sure if they are replaying it this weekend.
Well... with national signing day about a week away it's time to talk recruiting. Everyone is cheering their group on and as usual.... some teams are extending more offers AND accepting them than they have open spots.
I think this is a travesty - not fair to the kid who gets left out due to what is in some cases - just plain dishonesty and greed.
Check out this site that is monitoring and updating the schools in the running for the OVERSIGNING CUP award.
Talk about pandora's box, this truly is. Just further proof positive that college | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | -1.319738 | -1.964203 | -1.295486 | -1.640798 |
package com.example.developer.whatsapp_tae;
import java.util.Random;
public class RandomMessages {
public static final String[] RANDOM_ERRORS = new String[] {
"Revisa el formato del mensaje (%s)",
"Ups! Tu formato (%s) tiene un problema ",
"No entendemos lo que tratas de decirnos, verifica (%s) el formato y vuelve a intentarlo",
"Hay un problema en lo que tratas de pedirnos (%s)",
"No reconocemos tu mensaje (%s), Revisalo!"};
public static final String[] RANDOM_BALANCES = new String[] {
"[%s, %s] Tu saldo: %s",
"{%s, %s} Tienes un saldo: %s ",
"%s, %s El balance es de : %s",
"<<%s, %s>> Tu balance -> %s Ten un linda dia!",
"[%s, %s] El estado de tu balance es de: %s. Ventamovil te desea un buen dia."};
public static final String[] RANDOM_STATUS = new String[] {
"[%s, %s] \n El estatus de tu transaccion es: %s",
"{%s, %s} \n El resultado de tu transaccion es: %s",
"%s, %s \n Estado de tu operacion %s",
"<<%s, %s>> \n Respuesta a su solicitud %s"};
public static final String[] RANDOM_TIMES = new String[] {
"El mensaje que mandaste no sera procesado por limites de tiempo",
"Lo sentimos pero el mensaje se recibio hace mas de 2 minutos",
":( Tuvimos un problema y apenas leimos tu mensaje. Por motivos de tiempos no podemos procesar tu solicitud.",
"Algo salio mal :( Y no procesamos tu mensaje en un tiempo correcto."};
public static final String[] RANDOM_HELPERS = new String[] {
"Buen dia le recordamos que este es un sistema automatizado. Es decir los mensajes no son enviados por una persona",
"Necesitas ayuda, recuerda que los formatos validos son: numero*monto*compañia ó saldo. Te recordamos que este es un servicio desatendido. Esto quiere decir que los mensajes se contestan de manera automatica.",
"Nuestro duende esta dormido. Por lo cual no podemos contestar su pregunta. Porfavor envie un formato correcto. Formatos validos(numero*monto*compañia, saldo)",
"Hola! al parecer tratas de preguntarle algo a una maquina, te recomendamos llamar al departamento de soporte",
"Al parecer tienes algun problema, Yo no te puedo ayudar. Por mas real que parescan, nuestras respuestas son AUTOMATICAS. Te recomendamos llamar al departamento de soporte! Ten un buen dia."};
public static String getStringRandom(String Type, String message, String NIP){
Random rand = new Random();
String messageToSend;
if(Type.compareTo("Error") == 0){
if(message.contains("?")){
messageToSend = String.format(RANDOM_HELPERS[rand.nextInt(RANDOM_HELPERS.length-1)],message);
}else{
messageToSend = String.format(RANDOM_ERRORS[rand.nextInt(RANDOM_ERRORS.length-1)],message);
}
}else if(Type.compareTo("Saldo") == 0){
messageToSend = String.format(RANDOM_BALANCES[rand.nextInt(RANDOM_BALANCES.length-1)], message);
}else if(Type.compareTo("Tiempo") == 0){
messageToSend = RANDOM_TIMES[rand.nextInt(RANDOM_TIMES.length-1)];
}else{
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] | 1,024 | Github | -1.341475 | -1.142705 | -1.419218 | -1.134847 |
Articles for this day of July 25, 2014
Spotlight on Raven McAllan
And our second Breathless Press author of today is Raven McAllan. Welcome!
Take one virginal widow, add Molly Simpkins School of Seduction and one obliging gentleman, and what do you get? Scandal avoided and a virgin no more?
Molly Simpkins' School for Seduction has helped many ladies of the ton to achieve their hearts desires, so helping Lady Jane Nicholby ought to be easy.
However, this young widow's deep, dark secret means she can never remarry for fear of the scandal it would cause. Widows are not supposed to be virgins, after all.
Fortunately, Molly knows just the person to help her change this state of affairs. Persuading Luke De Freitas to fall in with her plans, though, will require all of her considerable skill.
A spot of blackmail should do the trick quite nicely…
Jane let Luke lead her from the sitting room into the bedchamber. The bed itself, an overlarge four poster, seemed to dominate the room and the intricate crisscross of silken ropes and ties were, to her mind, excessive. She liked simple plain lines. Not at all the fashion of the day, but then Jane had never been one to follow fashion. Luke caught her gaze.
"I find it exciting to bind my companion's hands and perhaps her body," he said in the same tone he might use to admit he enjoyed a glass of port or a day's riding to hounds. "Only if she's willing, of course." His look was speculative and Jane ignored the dampness between her thighs. The only times she'd ever experience that feeling was with the help of a specially crafted darning mushroom, that had never been near a sock or a hank of wool.
"Of course," she said in the same tone. "And are they?"
"Well, you tell me." Luke set one of the ropes swinging. "I'm not a mind reader, mores the pity."
"I intend to walk before I run, or swing," Jane said and turned into his arms.
Luke held her close, and she enjoyed the feeling of rightness. "Then a cuddle it is. Do you need—" He gestured to the door leading to the bathing chamber. "Everything is in there."
The heat of a blush prickled her skin. "Please? Oh, and my nightrail?"
"Not needed. There's a robe in there for you to wear until you come to bed. I'm going to use the bathing chamber across the hall, and meet you back here. I'm a modern man. I bathe and expect my guests to do so after a day's hunting. We smell, the dogs smell, and I have no intention of my house smelling as well. Cleanliness is next to godliness, and I need all the help I can get." He went out of the room whistling, and Jane chuckled as she made use of the facilities.
She eyed the robe that was indeed waiting for her. It was almost transparent. A robe for a lover. Had he really put it there with her in mind? She took a deep breath, wrapped it tightly around her body, and hurried into the bedchamber. To her relief, she was there before Luke and scrambled into bed, still wearing the robe. It might not afford much protection, but the illusion helped her.
Should she stretch out or sit up? Pull the covers up tight around her neck or strive for nonchalance and let them sit looser? Really it was so complicated.
The door opened and her mouth went dry as Luke reentered. Water droplets still clung to his hair, and he ran his hands through it in an effort to dry it. He was dressed in a banyan and as far as she could tell nothing else. The thin material clung to his damp body, and defined every muscle and sinew. It tented over his cock, which even as she stared pushed even more at the material.
Luke saw where she was looking and grinned. "My imagination on seeing you in my bed went into overdrive, and therefore so did my—er…" He gestured downward.
Jane gulped. Really it was way too late to act the prude. She rushed into speech before he could finish his words | [
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. "Your 'er' is pleased to see me?" she asked.
Luke gave a delighted shout of laughter. "Oh yes, even wrapped up like a mummy you entice and enchant."
"That's doing it a bit too brown, Luke," Jane said, although a thrill of excitement coursed through her at his words. "I'm an overweight, widowed virgin of thirty five, not a young deb."
"And I thank the lord for that." Luke pulled the banyan over his head as he stood, seeming unconcerned by his magnificent nudity, before he turned back the covers on one side of the bed. "Except you are not overweight, but a perfect handful for a man to hold and caress. Move over unless you want me to stretch out on top of you? I think that's missing a step, but I'm game if you are?" His light tone showed her he was kidding.
Or she thought he was. Jane slid further away from him until she hit the edge of the bed.
"Not that far, woman. I want to feel every inch of your beautiful curvy thank the lord non-deb body, not fresh air. I like something warm and womanly to hold on to. Come here." Luke tugged on the edge of her robe, and pulled her toward him. She met his body with a thump, and his cock waved its greeting. Jane gave a silly, breathy giggle as he began to walk his fingers over the cloth, bunching it up and away from her body as he did so.
His fingers stroked the side of her breast and she squirmed.
"Ticklish?" There was a wicked twinkle in his eyes.
"Yes, no… argh you…" Jane did her best to inch away, but Luke pinned her arms to her sides and before she understood what he was doing, slipped her gown down them, and somehow had her naked before she could blink.
"How on earth did you do that?" she asked, genuinely interested.
"Practice, and no. I'm not telling you who on. That part of my life is over. I've turned over a new leaf. I'm a reformed character."
"One who is about to deflower a virgin," Jane reminded him with a smile.
"Only one virgin, and then I'll stick to an experienced woman," Luke said.
His words hit her as surely as if he'd used a stick. So she wasn't what he wanted. Why did it matter so?
Because I want him to want me, only me. The regret she'd had when he offered her carte blanche and she'd refused came back multiplied. Luke's was the face she imagined, and the body she fantasized over when she pleasured herself. She tried to move away, but he rolled on top of her and pinned her between his legs. His staff rubbed her belly and she felt the wetness that leaked from it. No doubt her quim and channel were as damp.
"Tell me now, Jane; do I stop or do I make you into that experienced woman now? My experienced woman." His voice was strained. "I swear once I take you I won't let you go. You'll be mine however and whatever else happens. God, I've wanted you ever since I saw you at Nic's when we were at Cambridge and oh fuck, say yes, please say yes." He ground his cock into her belly and then lifted himself so it teased her cunt.
"Yes." She nipped the first bit of skin she could get to. His ear. It would have to do until she could nip, kiss, and touch the rest of him. He wants me; he wants me, not just anyone, but me. Jane lifted her legs and circled his waist. The movement inched his cock just inside her channel. His sweat-slicked torso rubbed her breasts, and the hairs on his chest tickled her. She tightened her legs, in the hope his cock would move even further into her, but he held back and lifted his head to stare at her. "Yes, and yes."
"Eh?" Luke looked as astounded as she'd felt at his words.
"Yes, for fuck's sake, fuck me. And now before I lose my courage."
Available from Breathless Press.
A multi-published author of erotic romance, Raven lives in Scotland | [
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, along with her husband and their two cats—their children having flown the nest—surrounded by beautiful scenery, which inspires a lot of the settings in her books.
She is used to sharing her life with the occasional deer, red squirrel, and lost tourist, to say nothing of the scourge of Scotland—the midge. As once she is writing she is oblivious to everything else, her lovely long-suffering husband is learning to love the dust bunnies, work the Aga, and be on stand-by with a glass of wine.
Spotlight on Pippa Jay
We kick off Breathless Press day this time around with author Pippa Jay. Welcome!
She can kill with a kiss. But can assassin Tyree also heal one man's grief, and bring peace to a galaxy threatened by war?
For Tyree of the Su, being an assassin isn't simply something she was trained for. It's the sole reason for her existence. A genetically enhanced clone—one of many in Refuge—she's about to learn her secluded lifestyle, and that of all her kind, is under threat by a race capable of neutralizing their special talents to leave them defenseless.
For Zander D'joren, being a diplomat has not only cost him his appearance, but also the love of his life. Scarred, grieving, he must nonetheless continue in his role as co-delegate to the fearsome Tier-vane or risk a conflict that could only end one way.
Now both of them need to keep each other alive and maintain a perilous deception long enough to renegotiate the treaty with the Tier-vane, or throw their people into a war that could wipe out Terrans and Inc-Su alike. But there's more at stake than humanity, whether true or modified. Can the love growing between them save them both? Or merely hasten their destruction?
A thrill of excitement shivered down her spine as she backed away a few steps with Zander following. He shrugged off his formal outer robes, and for the first time she could appreciate the broad expanse of his chest, the close-fitting fabric stretched over well-defined muscles. It appeared he hadn't allowed his physique to slacken, despite leaving the Galactic Commission.
"Are you ready?" she asked.
Zander spread his hands in an open gesture to say that he was.
So why is he just standing there like a defunct Manikin instead of poised to fight?
Tyree took her combat position and Zander matched her, just as the Manikin had done. She'd never fought a human in combat practice before. This should be interesting.
She sprang forward and aimed two rapid punches at his face. Zander evaded both with a speed and grace totally out of proportion to his bulk. Her third he blocked with little effort, and she stepped back to reassess her strategy. But only for an instant.
A quick step forward and she lashed upward with her foot, snapping his head back. Zander staggered but didn't fall. Her second kick failed as he grabbed her ankle and jerked her off balance. She twisted as she dropped and caught him hard in the knee. Zander collapsed. Both rolled aside, and then jumped up to face each other again.
Tyree bit back a laugh as they exchanged blows, each faster than the last. Zander blocked or evaded most, but not all. His skill almost matched hers, yet his defenses were just a fraction too slow. Each move she made tested his reach, his reflexes and his stamina until she could sense him struggling a little.
Time for the kill.
She floored him with a kick to the chest, the full weight of her augmented density behind it, but as she moved in to finish the fight he dove into her. Tyree landed on her back hard enough to drive the breath from her lungs.
Zander had her pinned to the ground. She bucked but couldn't shift him. The triumphant smile on his face sent rage blazing through her gut. With hardly a whisper, she Misted out and went through him. Golden warmth filled her for a second before she pulled free. Zander pushed to his feet and spun to meet her, but she cranked up her molecular density and punched him hard in the chest. He collapsed, gasping and coughing. In one fluid movement she sat astride him at full | [
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(Redirected from S7000A (tax law))
S.7000-A is the name given to the current dominant property tax law in effect in New York State affecting New York City. Surrounding areas such as Nassau County have similar laws. The bill was enacted in 1981 in response to the Hellerstein decision (Hellerstein v. Assessor of Islip, 37 N.Y.2d 1 (1975)). The law is embodied in Article 18 of the New York State Real Property Law.[1][2]
The most significant portions of the law are the creation of tax classes, the limitation on assessment increases for small homes (1 to 3 family homes called Class 1) and for other residential property with 10 units or less (a subset of Class 2), the setting of an upper limit for the "assessed value" as a percentage of "market value" across the different tax classes, and the limitation on the increase allowed in the allocation of the tax levy across the different tax classes from the previous year's assessment roll.[3]
1.1 Before S.7000-A
1.2 Assessment system found unconstitutional
2 Key components of the law
2.2 Setting the assessed value of a property
2.3 Amendments
2.4 Setting the tax rate
4 Litigation
S.7000-A was a reaction to the Hellerstein decision (Hellerstein v. Assessor of Islip, 37 N.Y.2d 1 (1975)). There was discussion of a 100% re-assessment of all properties in New York State. A group called State Coalition Against 100% Re-Assessment (SCAR) fought for 5 years to stop 100% re-assessment of properties and eventually helped enact S.7000-A[4]
There was much debate before S.7000-A was enacted. These are some of the quotes:
"The Hellerstein decision has thrown into complete chaos the entire basis on which New York City and New York State always raised tax revenue," said Assemblyman Brian Sharoff, Brooklyn Democrat in 1976.[5] Brian Sharoff was chairman of the State Assembly Committee on Real Property Taxation at the time.
"It has threatened directly the middle‐class taxpayer with the possibility of increases of two or three times in taxes. There would be substantial dislocations in urban areas."[5]
Before S.7000-AEdit
Before the S.7000-A law was passed, New York State assessors typically used fractional assessments. Usually, properties were assessed when they were built and never reassessed. Over 100 years or more, this caused large discrepancies between older buildings assessed values and newer construction assessed values.[3][4]
Assessment system found unconstitutionalEdit
On June 5, 1975, the New York State Court of Appeals ruled that the New York State's property tax assessment system violated the state constitution.[6][7]
An initial attempt was made by an Albany New York Panel to assess all property at full valuation.[8] The proposal was defeated by groups such as State Coalition Against 100% Re-Assessment (SCAR).[4]
In order to bring the assessment law in compliance with the New York State Constitution, the New York State leadership proposed to set up two systems, one for New York City and Nassau County and one for the rest of the state.[6]
The bill called S.7000-A was vetoed by then Governor Hugh Carey on November 11, 1981.[9]
In a rare occurrence, the New York State Legislature overrode the Governor's veto on December 4, 1981.[10]
Key components of the lawEdit
The key terms to understand in property tax law are "market value" and "assessed value". The property tax amount is a percentage of the property's assessed value. Sometimes, the assessed value and the market value are set by law to be the same value. When the assessed value is a percentage of the market value, this is called "fractional assessment". Market value is usually the amount for which the property can be sold in an arms length transaction. However, in New York State for only apartment houses, including cooper | [
313,
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.397975 | 0.750763 | 1.202474 | 0.691635 |
atives and condominiums the market value is not the amount for which the property can be sold. Instead, the market value is calculated by the New York City Department of Finance using a statistical model.[11]
Setting the assessed value of a propertyEdit
The assessed value of a property is calculated based on the property's "market value", an assessment ratio set annually by the New York City Department of Finance and the Nassau County Assessor, and certain assessment rules set by state law. New York City and Nassau County are legally obligated by RPTL section 738 and N.Y.C. Admin. Code § 11-212, among other provisions, to adjust the assessment ratio or level of assessment within each class to reflect the market, and to ensure that assessments are uniform within each tax class and that the resulting taxes are equalized.[12]
AmendmentsEdit
New York City Department of Finance has lowered the assessment ratio in the past to comply with the law's uniformity requirement. After the State Legislature enacted the current system in response to Hellerstein, the Class One assessment ratio was about 25%. It was lowered to 18% in 1985, and then to 12% in 1989. In 1992, the ratio was lowered to 8%, and then in 2004 to the current 6% ratio.[13]
Setting the tax rateEdit
The New York City Council and the Mayor of New York City set the actual tax rate for the various tax classes.
ChartsEdit
Historical charts showing the effect of New York State Tax Law S7000A on property tax growth.
This is the link to the sheet that creates the charts.
The New York City Independent Budget Office estimates a $4.5 billion budget gap in 2022. [14]
1980-2020 Total New York City Total Expenditures History.
1980-2020 New York City Property Tax Revenue ($ in millions)
1980-2020 New York City Property Tax as a percent of Expenditures
LitigationEdit
A property tax lawsuit was filed on April 25, 2017 against New York City and New York State by Tax Equity Now New York, a group that includes Jonathan Lippman, the law firm of Latham and Watkins representing homeowners, tenants, and other interested parties and groups.[15][16]
On September 29, 2017 a group of New York City council members filed an amicus curiae brief in support of the Tax Equity Now New York lawsuit and the New York City Mayor argued that the case should be dismissed.[17]
^ Oser, Alan S. "PERSPECTIVES: New York City's Property Taxes; The Homeowners' Break on Assessments". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-11-15.
^ "Preservation of Class Share of Taxes In Municipal Corporations Except Counties Within a City, Included Within the Boundaries of a Special Assessing Unit and Limitation On Increases In Assessments Therein". NY State Senate. 2018-11-10. Retrieved 2018-11-14.
^ a b Lowenstein, Robbie (2006-12-05). "Twenty-Five Years After S7000A: How Property Tax Burdens Have Shifted in New York City" (PDF).
^ a b c "One of the most important things that your Civic Association has done for you". bowneparkcivic.com. Retrieved 2018-11-15.
^ a b Kaiser, Charles. "Issue and Debate". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-11-16.
^ a b Dionne, E. J., Jr (1981-10-24). "Albany Leaders Gain an Accord on Property Tax". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-12-14.
^ "Hellerstein v. Assessor, Islip". 1975-06-05. p. 1. Retrieved 2019-01-21.
^ Dionne, E. | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.580698 | 0.358832 | 0.61071 | 0.261577 |
Карфаге́н, також Картаге́на (фінік. Qart-ḥada(št), , ) — фінікійська держава із столицею в однойменному місті, яка існувала в давнину на півночі Африки, на терені сучасного Тунісу. Назва Qart-ḥadašt (у пунічному записі без голосних Qrtḥdšt) перекладається з фінікійської мови як «Нове місто». Латинська назва фінікійців-карфагенян — Poeni або Puni (звідси — Пунічні війни).
Карфаген заснований колоністами з фінікійського міста Тір в IX ст. до н. е. Існує дві прийняті дати заснування Карфагена: 825—823 до н. е. або 814—813 до н. е., при цьому в літературі частіше наводять останню дату.
Згідно з переказами, місто заснувала цариця Дідона, котра втекла з міста Тір після того, як її брат Пігмаліон, цар Тіра, убив її чоловіка Сіхея, щоб заволодіти його багатством. Протягом всієї історії Карфагена жителі міста славились діловою хваткою. Згідно з легендою про заснування міста, Дідона домовилася з місцевим племенем купити стільки землі, скільки покриє бича шкура. Вона розрізала шкуру на вузькі паски і, зробивши з них коло, заволоділа великим пагорбом. Тому поставлена на цьому місці цитадель носила назву Бірса, що означає грецькою «шкура» (можливо, хибна етимологія).
Після падіння фінікійського впливу в Західному Середземномор'ї Карфаген перепідпорядковує собі колишні фінікійські колонії завдяки вигідному географічному положенню. До III ст. до н. е. він стає найбільшою державою на заході Середземного моря, підпорядкувавши Південну Іспанію, узбережжя Північної Африки, велику частину Сицилії і Сардинії, Корсику. Після Пунічних воєн проти Риму Карфаген втратив свої завоювання і був зруйнований у 146 році до н. е., його територія була перетворена в римську провінцію Африка. Юлій Цезар запропонував заснувати на його місці колонію, яка була заснована після його смерті.
У 420—430-ті роки контроль Західної Римської імперії над провінцією був втрачений внаслідок сепаратистських заколотів і захоплення германським плем'ям вандалів, що заснували своє королівство зі столицею в Карфагені. Після завоювання Північної Африки імператором Візантії Юстиніаном місто Карфаген стало столицею Карфагенського екзархату. Остаточно втратило своє значення після завоювання арабами наприкінці VII століття.
Розташування
Карфаген був заснований на мисі з виходами до моря на півночі і півдні. Розташування міста зробило його лідером морської торгівлі Середземномор'я. Всі судна, що перетинають море, неминуче проходили між Сицилією і узбережжям Тунісу.
У межах міста були вириті дві великі штучні гавані: одна для військового флоту, здатна вмістити | [
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220 військових кораблів, інша для комерційної торгівлі. На перешийку, що розділяв гавані, була побудована величезна башта, оточена стіною.
Протяжність масивних міських стін становила 37 кілометрів, а висота в деяких місцях досягала 12 метрів. Більшість стін було розташована на березі, що робило місто неприступним з боку моря. Місто мало величезний цвинтар, культові місця, ринки, муніципалітет, вежі й театр. Воно було розділене на чотири однакових житлових райони. Посередині міста стояла висока цитадель, яка називалася Бірса. Карфаген був одним з найбільших міст в елліністичні часи (за деякими оцінками, більшою була тільки Александрія) і числився серед найбільших міст давнини.
Державний устрій
Точний характер державного устрою Карфагену складно визначити через мізерність джерел. Разом з тим, його політичну систему описували Арістотель і Полібій.
Влада в Карфагені була в руках аристократії, розділеної на ворогуючі аграрну і торгово-промислову фракції. Перші були прихильниками територіальних розширень в Африці і противниками експансії в інших регіонах, чого дотримувалися члени другої групи, яка старалася спиратися на міське населення. Державну посаду можна було купити.
Найвищим органом влади була рада старійшин, на чолі якої стояли 10 (пізніше 30) осіб. На чолі виконавчої влади стояли два суфети, подібні римським консулам, які обиралися щорічно. Карфагенський сенат володів законодавчою владою, кількість сенаторів — приблизно до трьохсот, а сама посада була довічною. Зі складу сенату було виділено комітет з 30 членів, який вів усю поточну роботу. Народні збори формально також відігравали значну роль, але фактично до них зверталися рідко, у разі розбіжностей між суфетами і сенатом.
Приблизно в 450 році до н. е. з метою створити противагу прагненню деяких родів (особливо роду Магонідів) отримати повний контроль над радою старійшин була створена рада суддів. Вона складалася з 104 осіб і спочатку повинна була судити інших посадових осіб після закінчення терміну їхніх повноважень, але згодом займалася контролем і судом.
Від підлеглих племен і міст Карфаген отримував поставки військових контингентів, виплату великого податку в грошовій або натуральній формі. Така система давала Карфагену істотні фінансові кошти й можливість створити сильну армію.
Релігія
Хоча фінікійці жили розрізнено по всьому Західному Середземномор'ю, їх об'єднували спільні вірування. Карфагеняни успадкували ханаанську релігію від своїх фінікійських предків. Щорічно протягом століть Карфаген відправляв посланців у Сур для здійснення там жертвопринесення в храмі Мелькарта. У Карфагені головними божествами були Ваал-Хамон, чиє ім'я означає «господар-жаровик | [
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», і Таніт, яку ототожнюють з Астартою.
Самою сумнозвісною особливістю релігії Карфагену було принесення в жертву дітей. Згідно зі словами Діодора Сицилійського, у 310 році до н. е., під час атаки міста, щоб утихомирити Ваал-Хамона, карфагеняни принесли в жертву понад 200 дітей зі знатних родин. Принесення невинної дитини в жертву спокути вважалося найбільшим актом умилостивлення богів. Очевидно, цей акт був покликаний забезпечити добробут як сім'ї, так і суспільства.
У 1921 році археологи виявили місце, де були знайдені кілька рядів урн з обвугленими рештками як тварин (їх приносили в жертву замість людей), так і маленьких дітей. Місце назвали Тофет. Поховання знаходилися під стелами, на яких були записані прохання, що супроводжували жертвопринесення. Підраховано, що в цьому місці знаходяться останки понад дітей, принесених у жертву всього лише за 200 років.
Однак у теорії про масові дитячі жертвопринесення в Карфагені є і противники. У 2010 році група міжнародних археологів вивчила матеріал із 348 похоронних урн. Виявилося, що близько половини всіх похованих дітей були або мертвонародженими (щонайменше 20 %), або померлими незабаром після пологів. Лише кілька похованих дітей мали вік від п'яти до шести років. Таким чином, дітей кремували і ховали в церемоніальних урнах незалежно від причини їхньої смерті, яка не завжди була насильницькою і відбувалася на жертовнику. Дослідження також спростувало легенду про те, що карфагеняни приносили в жертву перше народжене немовля чоловічої статі в кожній родині.
Соціальна система
Все населення за своїми правами поділялося на кілька груп за етнічною ознакою. У найважчому становищі перебували лівійці. Територія Лівії була розділена на області, які підпорядковувалися стратегам, податки були дуже високі, їхній збір супроводжувався всілякими зловживаннями. Це призводило до частих повстань, які жорстоко придушувалися. Лівійців насильно набирали в армію — надійність подібних підрозділів, звичайно ж, була дуже низькою. Сикули — сицилійські жителі — становили іншу частину населення; їхні права у сфері політичного управління були обмежені «сидонським правом» (його зміст невідомий). Сикули, однак, користувалися свободою торгівлі. Вихідці з фінікійських міст, приєднаних до Карфагену, користувалися повними цивільними правами, а решта населення (вільновідпущеники, переселенці — словом, не фінікійці) аналогічно сикулам — «сидонським правом».
Щоб уникнути народних хвилювань, найбідніше населення періодично висилали в підвладні області.
Управління залежними територіями карфагеняни здійснювали інакше, ніж римляни. О | [
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] | 1,024 | Wikipedia | -0.376918 | 0.444486 | 0.057949 | -0.472526 |
станні надавали завойованому населенню Італії деяку частку внутрішньої самостійності і звільняли його від сплати будь-яких регулярних податків.
Економіка
Місто лежало в північно-східній частині нинішнього Тунісу, в глибині великої затоки, недалеко від гирла Багради, що зрошувала родючу рівнину. Тут проходили морські шляхи між східним і західним Середземномор'ям, Карфаген став центром обміну ремісничих виробів Сходу на сировину Заходу і Півдня. Карфагенські купці торгували пурпуром власного виробництва, слоновою кісткою і рабами з Судану, страусиним пером і золотим піском з центральної Африки. В обмін надходило срібло і солона риба з Іспанії, хліб з Сардинії, оливкова олія і грецькі художні вироби з Сицилії. З Єгипту і Фінікії в Карфаген йшли килими, кераміка, емаль і скляні намиста, на які карфагенські купці міняли цінну сировину в тубільців.
З III ст. до н.е. карфагеняни також експортували фарбовані тканини, килими, модні прикраси, амулети, розписні страусині яйци, скло, зброю, кераміку, посуд, парфумерію. Імпортували товари карфагеняни переважно зі своїх колоній та підвладних областей: зерно з Сардинії, вино і оливкову олію — з Сицилії, рибу — з Мавретанії. На Сардинії вони вирощували льон і оливки, споруджували скляні заводи. Мальта під владою карфагенян перетворилася на великий торговий центр.
Крім торгівлі, в економіці міста-держави важливу роль відігравало сільське господарство. На родючій рівнині Багради лежали великі маєтки карфагенських землевласників, що обслуговувалися рабами і місцевим лівійським населенням, які перебували в залежності кріпацького типу. Дрібне вільне землеволодіння, мабуть, не відігравало в Карфагені скільки-небудь помітної ролі. Праця карфагенянина Магона про сільське господарство у 28 книгах була згодом перекладена латинською мовою за наказом римського сенату.
Основними сільськогосподарськими культурами були пшениця і ячмінь. У лівійських володіннях оброблялися стручкові рослини, капуста, спаржа, артишоки, латук і прянощі (лівійський перець, коріандр). Вирощували також льон і марену, що використовували для фарбування тканин. На Мальті були плантації бавовнику. Найпоширенішими фруктовими деревами були інжир, фінікова пальма (її зображення зустрічаються на карфагенских монетах і численних стелах) і гранат (римляни називали плоди граната «пунічними яблуками»). Починаючи з V століття до н. е. фініки вирощували на територіях, прилеглих до Сахарі, де було багато оаз, а також на захід від Утіки. Після 400 року до н. е. в Лівії і на атлантичному узбережжі Африки широко поширюється виноградарство, карфагеня | [
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] | 1,024 | Wikipedia | -0.182224 | 0.026599 | 0.136179 | -0.540355 |
ни обробляють виноград також на Піренейському півострові і Сицилії. також в значнній кількості стали висаджуватися оливкові дерева. Ці продукти в свою чергу становили основу карфагенської кухні.
Карфагенські купці постійно шукали нові ринки. Приблизно в 480 році до н. е. мореплавець Гімількон висадився в Британії на берег сучасного півострова Корнуолл, багатого оловом. А через 30 років Ганнон, виходець з впливової карфагенської сім'ї, очолив експедицію з 60 кораблів, на яких було чоловіків і жінок. Людей висаджували в різних частинах узбережжя, щоб вони засновували нові колонії. Не виключено, що, пропливши через Гібралтарську протоку і далі на південь вздовж західного узбережжя Африки, Ганнон досяг Гвінейської затоки і навіть берегів сучасного Камеруну.
Вирощували велика та дрібна рогата худоба. У лівійців, нумідійців та мавританців скуповували слонів, коней, верблюдів. Розводили свійську птицю — курей, гусей, цесарок і навіть страусів, яких тримали заради яєць. Було поширене також бджільництво. насамперед лівійські володіння. У великій кількості вироблявся віск.
У володіннях були численні копальні, де добувалися свинець, олово, залізо, срібло. Було розвинено металургію. Найбільшими поклади були на Сицилії, Сардинії та Піренейському півострові. Після поразки у Першій і Другій Пунічних війнах Карфаген втратив тамтешні копальні. За цих обставин став розробляти поліметалічні руди біля річки Меджерда, міста Тігібба, на горі Кеббауч. Центрами обробки металів стали Карфаген і Утіка.
Підприємливість і ділова хватка його жителів допомогли Карфагену стати, за загальним визнанням, найбагатшим містом Стародавнього світу. На початку III століття до н. е. завдяки технологіям, флоту й торгівлі місто висунулося на передові позиції. Грецький історик Аппіан писав про карфагенян: «Могутність їхня з військової точки зору стала рівна еллінській, за багатством же знаходилася на другому місці після перської».
Ще більше економічна потуга зросла після Другої Пунічної війни. Завдяки застосуванню нових аграрних технологій Карфаген зумів відновити від тяжкої поразки. Через 10 років після битви при Замі (191 рік до н. е.) Карфаген вже запропонував Риму виплатити всю суму військової контрибуції (323 т срібла), тобто повністю розплатитися за 40 років наперед.
На плантаціях широко застосовували рабську працю. У деяких господарствах працювало до 20 тисяч рабів. Експлуатувалися також боди (на кшталт клієнтів в Стародавньому Римі).
Армія
Армія Карфагену була головним чином найманою, хоча існувало й міське ополчення. Основу піхоти становили іспанські, африканські, гре | [
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] | 1,024 | Wikipedia | -0.263651 | 0.168058 | 0.634022 | -0.554822 |
цькі, галльські найманці; карфагенська аристократія служила в «священному загоні» — важкоозброєній піхоті. Наймана кіннота складалася з нумідійців, які вважалися в античності майстерними вершниками, та іберійців. Іберійці також вважалися хорошими воїнами — балеарські пращники і цетратії (caetrati — співвідносні з грецькими пельтастами) утворювали легку піхоту, скутатії (озброєні списом, дротиком і бронзовим панциром) — важку, іспанська важка кавалерія (озброєна мечами) теж дуже цінувалася. Племена кельтіберів користувалися озброєнням галлів — довгими двосічними мечами. Важливу роль грали також слони, яких утримували в кількості близько 300. Високим було і «технічне» оснащення армії (катапульти, балісти тощо). Загалом за складом пунійська армія була схожа на армії елліністичних держав. На чолі армії перебував головнокомандувач, який обирався радою старійшин, але наприкінці існування держави це обрання проводилося і військом, що свідчить про монархічні тенденції.
У разі потреби держава могла мобілізувати флот з декількох сотень квінквірем, обладнаних і озброєних за останнім словом елліністичної морської техніки і забезпечених досвідченим екіпажем.
Історія
Карфаген був заснований вихідцями з фінікійського міста Сура наприкінці IX століття до н. е. Згідно з легендою, місто заснувала вдова фінікійського царя на ім'я Дідона (дочка сурського царя Картона). Вона пообіцяла місцевому племені заплатити дорогоцінний камінь за шматок землі, обмежений шкірою бика, але за умови, що вибір місця залишиться за нею. Після того, як угода була укладена, колоністи вибрали зручне місце для міста, окільцювавши його вузькими ременями, зробленими з однієї бичачої шкури. У першій іспанській хроніці «Estoria de España» (1282 або 1284), підготовленій королем Альфонсо X на основі латинських джерел, повідомляється про те, що слово «carthon» на «тій мові означало шкура (шкіра), і що тому вона назвала місто Картаго [Carthago]». У цій самій книзі наводяться і деталі подальшої колонізації.
Достовірність легенди невідома, але здається малоймовірним, що без сприятливого ставлення аборигенів жменька переселенців могла закріпитися на відведеній їй території та заснувати там місто. До того ж є підстави вважати, що переселенці були представниками політичної партії, неугодної на батьківщині, і сподіватися на підтримку метрополії їм навряд чи доводилося. За повідомленнями Геродота, Юстина й Овідія, незабаром після заснування міста відносини між Карфагеном і місцевим населенням зіпсувалися. Вождь племені максіїв Ярбас під загрозою війни зажадав руку цариці Дідони, але та віддала перевагу смерті, а не шлюбу. Війна, проте | [
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, почалася і була не на користь карфагенян. За Овідієм, Ярбас навіть захопив місто й утримував його впродовж декількох років.
Судячи з предметів, знайдених під час археологічних розкопок, на початку своєї історії торговельні зв'язки з'єднували Карфаген з метрополією, а також Кіпром і Єгиптом.
У VIII столітті до н. е. становище в Середземномор'ї сильно змінилося. Фінікія була захоплена Ассирією, і численні колонії стали незалежними. Ассирійське панування викликало масовий відтік населення з давніх фінікійських міст у колонії. Ймовірно, населення Карфагену поповнилося біженцями до такої міри, що Карфаген зміг, у свою чергу, сам утворювати колонії. Першою карфагенською колонією в Західному Середземномор'ї стала Ібіса на Пітіузьких островах (перша половина VII століття до н. е.).
На рубежі VII і VI ст. до н. е. почалася грецька колонізація. З метою протистояння просуванню греків фінікійські колонії почали об'єднуватися в держави. На Сицилії — Панорм, Солунт, Мотія в 580 році до н. е. успішно протистояли грекам. В Іспанії союз міст, очолюваний Кадісом, боровся з Тартессом. Але основою єдиної фінікійської держави на заході став союз Карфагену і Утіки.
Вигідне географічне положення дозволило Карфагену стати найбільшим містом Західного Середземномор'я (населення досягало осіб), об'єднати навколо себе інші фінікійські колонії в Північній Африці й Іспанії і вести великі завоювання та колонізацію.
VI століття до н. е.
У VI столітті греки заснували колонію Массалія і уклали союз з Тартесом. Спочатку пунійці терпіли поразки, але Магон I провів реформу армії (тепер основою військ стали найманці), був укладений союз з етрусками і в 537 році до н. е. після морської битви при Алалії греки зазнали важких втрат і були змушені покинути Корсику. Незабаром був знищений Тартес і приєднані всі фінські міста Іспанії.
Основним джерелом добробуту була торгівля — карфагенські купці торгували в Єгипті, Італії, Іспанії, в Чорному та Червоному морях — і сільське господарство, що базувалося на широкому використанні рабської праці. Існувала жорстка регламентація торгівлі — Карфаген прагнув монополізувати товарообіг; із цією метою всі піддані були зобов'язані торгувати тільки за посередництва карфагенських купців. Це приносило величезні прибутки, але сильно гальмувало розвиток підвладних територій і сприяло зростанню сепаратистських настроїв. Під час греко-перських воєн Карфаген імовірно був у союзі з Персією, спільно з етрусками була проведена спроба повного захоплення Сицилії. Але після поразки в битві при Гімері (480 рік до н. е.) від коаліції грецьких міст-держав боротьба була припине | [
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] | 1,024 | Wikipedia | -0.303218 | 0.317303 | -0.031712 | -0.690401 |
на на декілька десятиліть. Основним противником пунійців були Сіракузи (до 400 році до н. е. це держава перебувала на вершині могутності і прагнула відкрити торгівлю на заході, повністю захоплену Карфагеном), війна тривала з проміжками майже сто років (394—306 роки до н. е.) і закінчилася майже повним завоюванням Сицилії пунійцями.
III століття до н. е.
У III столітті до н. е. інтереси Карфагену ввійшли в конфлікт із Римською республікою, що посилилася. Відносини, раніше союзницькі, стали погіршуватися. Вперше це проявилося на заключному етапі війни Риму з Таранто. Зрештою у 264 році до н. е. почалася Перша Пунічна війна. Вона велася головним чином на Сицилії і на морі. Досить швидко римляни захопили Сицилію, але тут позначилася майже повна відсутність у Риму флоту. Лише до 260 року до н. е. римляни створили флот і, використавши абордажну тактику, здобули морську перемогу біля мису Міли. У 256 році до н. е. римляни перенесли бойові дії в Африку, розбивши флот, а потім і сухопутну армію карфагенян. Але консул Атілій Регул не зміг використати отриману перевагу, і через рік пунійська армія під командуванням спартанського найманця Ксантиппа завдала римлянам повної поразки. У цій битві, як і в багатьох попередніх і наступних, перемогу принесли слони (навіть незважаючи на те, що римляни вже стикалися з ними, воюючи проти Пірра, царя Епіру). Лише у 251 році до н. е. в битві біля Панорма римляни здобули велику перемогу, захопивши 120 слонів. Через два роки карфагеняни здобули велику морську перемогу (чи не єдину за всю війну) і настало затишшя, обумовлене повним виснаженням обох сторін.
Гамількар Барка
У 247 році до н. е. головнокомандувачем Карфагену став Гамількар Барка (Блискавка), завдяки його видатним здібностям успіх на Сицилії став схилятися в бік пунійців, але в 241 році до н. е. Рим, зібравшись із силами, зміг виставити новий флот і армію. Карфаген вже не міг їм протистояти і після поразки був змушений укласти мир, поступившись Сицилією Риму, і заплатити контрибуцію в 3200 талантів протягом 10 років.
Після поразки Гамількар подав у відставку, влада перейшла до його політичних противників, яких очолював Ганнон II Великий. Карфагенський уряд зробив надзвичайно нерозумну спробу зменшити плату найманцям, що викликало сильне повстання — лівійці підтримали армію. Так почалося повстання найманців, яке ледь не закінчилося загибеллю країни. Гамількар був призваний до влади. У ході трирічної війни він придушив повстання, але гарнізон Сардинії приєднався до повста | [
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] | 1,024 | Wikipedia | -0.535866 | 0.216076 | -0.340062 | -0.954602 |
лих і, побоюючись племен сардів, що жили на острові, визнав владу Риму. Карфаген зажадав повернути острів. Оскільки Рим шукав будь-який привід знищити Карфаген, то під незначним приводом у 237 році до н. е. оголосив війну. Лише сплативши римлянам 1200 талантів на відшкодування військових витрат і поступившись Сардинією з Корсикою, Карфагену вдалося запобігти війні.
Явна нездатність аристократичного уряду до ефективного управління привела до посилення демократичної опозиції, очолюваної Гамількаром. Народні збори наділили його повноваженнями головнокомандувача. У 236 році до н. е., підкоривши все африканське узбережжя, він переніс бойові дії в Іспанію. Дев'ять років воював він там, поки не загинув у битві. Після його смерті головнокомандувачем армія обрала його зятя Гасдрубала. За 16 років (236—220 роки до н. е.) більша частина Іспанії була завойована й міцно прив'язана до метрополії. Срібні копальні давали дуже великі доходи, у боях була створена сильна армія. У результаті в цілому Карфаген навіть став набагато сильнішим, ніж він був до втрати Сицилії.
Ганнібал Барка
Після смерті Гасдрубала армія обрала Ганнібала — сина Гамилькара — головнокомандувачем. Всіх своїх дітей — Магона, Гасдрубала і Ганнібала — Гамилькар виховував у дусі ненависті до Риму, тому, отримавши контроль над армією, Ганнібал почав шукати привід для війни. У 218 році до н. е. він захопив Сагунт — іспанське місто і союзника Риму — війна почалася. Несподівано для ворога Ганнібал провів свою армію в обхід через Альпи на територію Італії. Там він здобув ряд перемог — при Тицині, Требії і Тразимено. У Римі призначили диктатора, але у 216 році до н. е. біля міста Канни Ганнібал завдав римлянам нищівної поразки, наслідком якої був перехід на бік Карфагену значної частини Італії, і другого за значенням міста — Капуї. Бойові дії велися і в Іспанії, і на Сицилії. Спочатку успіх був на боці Карфагену, але потім римляни зуміли здобути ряд важливих перемог. Із загибеллю брата Ганнібала — Гасдрубала, який вів йому значні підкріплення, — становище Карфагену дуже сильно ускладнилося. Висадка Магона в Італії була безрезультатна — він зазнав поразки і був убитий у бою. Незабаром Рим переніс бойові дії в Африку. Уклавши союз з царем нумідійців Масиніссою, Сципіон завдав пунійцям ряд поразок. Ганнібала викликали на батьківщину. У 202 році до н. е. в битві біля Зами, командуючи погано навченим військом, він зазнав поразки, і карфаген | [
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] | 1,024 | Wikipedia | -0.358578 | 0.426317 | -0.238493 | -0.968516 |
яни вирішили укласти мир. За його умовами вони були змушені віддати Риму Іспанію і всі острови, утримувати тільки 10 бойових кораблів і виплатити талантів контрибуції. Крім того, вони не мали права воювати з будь-ким без дозволу Риму.
Після закінчення війни вороже налаштовані до Ганнібала Ганнон, Гісгон і Гасдрубал Гед — глави аристократичних партій спробували домогтися засудження Ганнібала, але, підтриманий населенням, він зумів утримати владу. З його ім'ям були пов'язані надії на реванш. У 196 році до н. е. Рим переміг у війні Македонію, яка була союзницею Карфагену. Але залишався ще один союзник — цар Селевкідської імперії Антіох. Саме в союзі з ним Ганнібал розраховував вести нову війну, але спершу треба було покінчити з олігархічною владою в самому Карфагені. Користуючись своїми повноваженнями суфета, він спровокував конфлікт зі своїми політичними противниками та практично захопив одноосібну владу. Його жорсткі дії проти корупції в середовищі аристократичного чиновництва викликали протидію з їхнього боку. У Рим був зроблений донос про дипломатичні зв'язки Ганнібала з Антіохом. Рим зажадав його видачі. Розуміючи, що відмова викличе війну, а країна до війни не готова, Ганнібал був змушений тікати з країни до Антіоха. Там він не отримав ніяких повноважень, незважаючи на найбільші почесті, що супроводжували його прибуття. Після поразки Антіоха він переховувався на Криті, у Віфінії і, нарешті, постійно переслідуваний римлянами, був змушений накласти на себе руки, не бажаючи потрапити в руки ворога.
Знищення Карфагену
Навіть програвши дві війни, Карфаген зумів швидко оговтатися і незабаром знову став одним із найбагатших міст. У Римі вже давно торгівля стала суттєвою галуззю економіки, конкуренція Карфагену сильно заважала її розвитку. Велике занепокоєння викликало також його швидке відновлення. Марк Катон, який був на чолі однієї з комісій, що розслідували суперечки Карфагену, зумів переконати більшу частину сенату, що він все ще становить небезпеку. Питання про початок війни було вирішене, але необхідно було знайти зручний привід.
Його подав цар нумідійців Масинісса, який постійно нападав на карфагенські володіння; зрозумівши, що Рим завжди підтримує противників Карфагену, він перейшов до прямих захоплень. Всі скарги карфагенян ігнорувалися або вирішувалися на користь Нумідії. Зрештою пунійці були змушені дати йому пряму військову відсіч. Рим негайно пред'явив претензії у зв'язку з початком бойових дій без дозволу. До Карфагену прибула римська армія.
Налякані карфагеняни просили миру, погоджуючись на всі мислимі умови. Перш за все римський | [
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] | 1,024 | Wikipedia | -0.252103 | 0.299134 | -0.597922 | -1.019743 |
консул Луцій Цензорін зажадав віддати всю зброю. Коли вона була видана, він оголосив головну вимогу римського сенату: Карфаген повинен бути зруйнований, його жителі виселені, а нове місто має бути засноване в будь-якому іншому місці, але далеко від моря, на відстані не менше 10 миль (16 км) від морського узбережжя. Це означало, що воно ніколи не зможе відродитися, оскільки весь добробут Карфагену було засновано на морській торгівлі.
Попросивши місяць на обдумування, пунійці приготувались до бою. Так почалася Третя Пунічна війна, яка представляла собою знищення Римом свого торгового суперника (військова міць Карфагену була зламана до цього). Місто було добре укріплене і наполегливо оборонялося, тому захопити його римлянам вдалося тільки через три роки важкої облоги і важких боїв. Карфаген був повністю зруйнований, з населення (згідно з повідомленням Оросія були взяті в полон і забрані в рабство. У вогні війни була знищена література Карфагену, за винятком трактату про сільське господарство, написаного Магоном, який був збережений за спеціальною постановою римського сенату з метою подальшого перекладу латинською мовою. На території Карфагену була створена римська провінція, що керувалася намісником з Утіки.
Рим в Африці
Усього лише через 100 років після зруйнування Карфагена Юлій Цезар вирішив заснувати на місці міста колонію. Цим планам судилося здійснитися тільки після його смерті. На честь засновника колонія була названа «Colonia Julia Carthago» або «карфагенська колонія Юлія». Римські інженери забрали близько кубічних метрів землі, зруйнувавши вершину Бірси, щоб вирівняти поверхню і знищити сліди минулого. На цьому місці було зведено храми і красиві громадські будівлі. Через якийсь час Карфаген став одним із найрозкішніших міст Римського світу, за величиною другим після Риму містом Заходу. Для задоволення потреб жителів міста там були побудовані: цирк на глядачів, театр, амфітеатр, терми і 132-кілометровий акведук.
Християнство досягло Карфагену приблизно в середині II століття н. е. і швидко поширилося в місті. Приблизно в 155 році н. е. в Карфагені народився відомий теолог і апологет Тертуліан. Завдяки його працям латинська мова стала офіційною мовою Західної церкви. У III столітті єпископом Карфагенським був Кипріян, який увів у вжиток систему семиступінчастої церковної ієрархії і загинув мученицькою смертю у 258 році н. е. Ще один житель Північної Африки, Авґустин Блаженний (354—430), найбільший християнський богослов давнини, об'єднав віровчення церкви з грецькою філософією.
До початку V століття н. е. Римська імперія переживала занепад, і те саме відбувалося з Карфагеном. У 439 році н. е. мі | [
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Cyprus Events
Immigration and Finance
Cyprus Inform Cyprus Events The European Capital of Culture title ceremony will be accompanied by a chorus from the UK
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The European Capital of Culture title ceremony will be accompanied by a chorus from the UK
The British Council, with the support of the British High Commission, proudly participates in the Paphos 2017 title ceremony, through the Philharmonia Voices Choir.
The choir, Philharmonia Voices, from the United Kingdom will join her voice with other European musicians to mark the end of the European Capital of Culture Paphos2017. Together with the Cyprus Philharmonic Orchestra and soloists from Austria, Greece, Malta and the Netherlands, the 33 members of the choir will present the anthem of the European Union, 9 by Beethoven, a piece of the poem "Ode to Joy" by Schiller.
The official title delivery will take place on 29 December at the Marquis Theater, where Paphos2017 and Pafos will deliver the title of European Capital of Culture 2018 to the cities of Valetta (Malta) and Leeuwarden (Netherlands).
The Philharmonia Voices choir was created in 2004 by Aidan Oliver and made its debut with Bach 's Lunar Liturgy under Sir András Schiff. Since then the choir has established itself as one of the most in London, attracting recognition for its performances in a wide range of repertoire.
A few words about the British Council
The British Council is the UK's international organization for cultural relations and educational opportunities. We work in over 100 countries on art and culture, English, education, and civil society. In 2016, we have reached 65 million people with direct actions, and 731 million people in total, including via the Internet, broadcasts and publications. We are making a positive contribution to the countries where we work – we are changing lives by creating opportunities, building relationships and developing trust. The organization was founded in 1934 and is a charity in the United Kingdom governed by the Royal Charter and a UK public body. We receive 15 percent We receive 15 percent of basic funding from the UK government. www.britishcouncil.org
For more information, please contact Natassa Apostolidou at [email protected] or by phone +357 22585265.
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The Most Petty Lawsuits Band Members Have Ever Filed Against Each Other
Santiago Bluguermann/Getty Images
By Anthony Sfarra/March 6, 2020 4:08 pm EST
Fame brings many things — money, accolades, the end of any semblance of privacy, and so on. As a result, celebrities find themselves thrust into a world governed by superficiality, so perhaps it's no surprise when unbelievably petty disputes arise. The music industry has seen plenty of such strife, not to mention a steady string of litigation.
And when the over-the-top glitz and glamour of the music world collides with the stolid realm of the courtroom, it's a messy sight — albeit one that has been seen time and again. Artists accuse each other of plagiarism, especially when a hit song starts raining money, and individual band members, frequently fueled by massive egos, will fight each other over just about anything (but usually money). You might think having mountains of wealth would leave these people at ease on financial matters, but that doesn't seem to be the case. Here are some of the silliest lawsuits that band members have ever filed against each other.
Things got incredibly petty with the Doors
Rebecca Sapp/Getty Images
In 2003, John Densmore, drummer of the Doors, discovered that the band's guitarist, Robby Krieger, and its keyboardist, Ray Manzarek, had joined with former Cult frontman Ian Astbury and were performing as the Doors of the 21st Century. The Hollywood Reporter notes that concert promos featured the word "Doors" in big, bold letters, whereas "of the 21st Century" was in considerably tinier print. On top of that, their concerts featured generous helpings of the late Jim Morrison's image.
By the end of their tour, the Doors of the 21st Century had made $3.2 million, all of which went to their imaginatively named business, Doors Touring, Inc. Densmore, along with Morrison's estate, sued Manzarek and Krieger to get them to cease using the Doors' name in their concerts. The duo countersued, accusing Densmore and Morrison's estate of preventing them from profiting as musicians. (Densmore had recently vetoed a $15 million advertising deal from Cadillac, which Kreiger and Manzarek had wanted to take.)
According to Rolling Stone, Manzarek and Krieger's lawyers trashed Densmore in court as both an eco-terrorist and a communist. On the flipside, numerous big-name musicians testified in support of Densmore. Finally, Manzarek and Krieger were ordered to pay $3.2 million to Densmore and Morrion's estate, plus $2 million in legal fees. After their subsequent odyssey of appeals ended in 2008 when the California Supreme Court refused to hear the case, they continued to perform Doors songs as Riders on the Storm.
The drummer of Aerosmith filed a lawsuit against his own band
Nicholas Hunt/Getty Images
Iconic rock band Aerosmith had quite a gig in January 2020, namely playing at the Grammy Awards. There was just one problem, though. The drummer, Joey Kramer, had suffered an ankle injury in 2019 and hadn't been able to perform with the band for a while. Now, Kramer was ready to return, and he was quite eager to play at the Grammys. But then the other members of Aerosmith wouldn't let him.
The reason depends on who you ask. According to Kramer, as detailed by Boston.com, the band set ridiculous, ever-changing standards for him to rejoin, and he was reportedly told that his drum-playing didn't have enough "energy." Aerosmith's side of the story is that Kramer waited until the last minute to accept an invitation from them to play at the Grammys, and there was simply no time to rehearse with him. It probably didn't help matters when Kramer sued Aerosmith a mere nine days before the awards, seeking a court order to | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.14393 | -0.685885 | 0.456493 | -1.212005 |
let him play at the Grammys and subsequent gigs. Five days after Kramer filed the suit, the Associated Press reported that a judge had declined to oblige him.
The drama never ends with Fleetwood Mac
In January 2018, Lindsey Buckingham, lead guitarist of Fleetwood Mac, received some unexpected news: The band was going on tour that year without him. They'd all played together at Radio City Music Hall only a few days beforehand, so what gave? The other band members reportedly wouldn't return Buckingham's calls, leaving the answer elusive, but he had an idea why.
According to The Hollywood Reporter, he'd asked for the 2018 tour's start date to be pushed from August to November so he could release his solo album and perform the requisite promotional duties. The band wouldn't budge on the start date, so Buckingham delayed his album. Since Fleetwood Mac would only be performing three nights a week on their tour, though, Buckingham asked that he be allowed to do solo shows on the off nights. Instead, he got the boot.
Buckingham sued the rest of the band in October 2018, seeking the $12 million he would have made from the tour on the grounds that he was still willing and able to perform with them. Fleetwood Mac denied Buckingham's allegations, retained their own attorney, and stated that they looked forward to their court date. Perhaps they shouldn't have been so confident. The suit was settled in December. While the terms of the settlement weren't disclosed, Buckingham told Billboard that he was happy with the outcome.
When the members of the Offspring went to war with each other
Bertrand Guay/Getty Images
In 2019, former Offspring bass player Gregory "Greg K." Kriesel sued his old band, alleging that he'd been the victim of a "scheme" to kick him out and deny him his rightful revenue. As reported by Forbes, Kriesel had been asked to leave the previous year. In his suit, the bass player argued that he was nonetheless entitled to a cut of the Offspring's profits made after he left, citing an oral agreement of partnership made in 1986 between him, Bryan "Dexter" Holland, and Kevin "Noodles" Wasserman. Kriesel wanted compensation, ten percent interest, punitive damages, and an audit of the band's income before and after he left.
Holland and Wasserman promptly filed a cross-complaint, fomenting a quagmire of hearsay and accountants. They stated that no partnership requires all parties to be bound to it for all time and pointed out that when another former member, Ron Welty, left the Offspring in 2003, Kriesel himself felt that Welty should only get royalties from the albums released while he was part of the group. In addition, they asked for three impartial appraisers to determine the actual value of Kriesel's stake in the Offspring. Holland and Wasserman also claimed that they'd attempted to negotiate financial matters with Kriesel upon his departure, but Kriesel simply called off the talks and sprang right to suing. As of this writing, there's been no word on the outcome of the lawsuits.
The truth behind the Live lawsuit
Terry Wyatt/Getty Images
Ed Kowalczyk, former frontman of 1990s alt-rock gods Live, left the group in 2009, after which a new vocalist took over. Kowalczyk continued his career solo, releasing an album titled Alive, and being the former singer of Live, he purportedly performed gigs as "Ed Kowalczyk of Live." As The Hollywood Reporter tells it, the other members of his old band weren't pleased.
In 2012, guitarist Chad Taylor, bassist Patrick Dahlheimer, and drummer Chad Gracey sued Kowalczyk through their company, Action Front United. They felt that Kowalczyk billing himself as "of Live" created the false impression that he was still part of the band and that Live endorsed Kowalczyk's music. The trio demanded $2 million in damages, as well as a court order that Kowalczyk not mention the band as part of his solo act. According to Lexology, Kowalczyk counter | [
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sued his former bandmates. In the end, though, the hatchet was buried. The dispute was settled in 2013, and as of 2017, Kowalczyk was performing with Live again.
Grand Funk Railroad and criminal capitalization
Rod Lamkey/Getty Images
In 2018, as reported by MLive.com, Don Brewer and Mel Schacher of Grand Funk Railroad sued a former member of their band, Mark Farner. Brewer and Schacher alleged that the way Farner billed himself in his solo acts violated a 2004 injunction that very specifically defined what Farner could and couldn't do when it came to referencing Grand Funk Railroad or its well-known songs. The meat of the problem was that, simply put, Farner had employed improper capitalization in his promotional materials.
The injunction had several stipulations. First, Farner's name had to appear in capital letters before any mention of Grand Funk Railroad. Conversely, only the first letters of "Grand Funk Railroad" were to be capitalized, and the words "member," "former," and "formerly" also had to be capitalized. Farner allegedly violated the rules seven times, such as by performing as "Mark Farner formerly from Grand Funk Railroad."
Capitalization aside, Farner had also performed as "Mark Farner's American Band," which shares a similar name to the GFR song "We're an American Band." As a result, Brewer and Schacher's suit argued that Farner's actions would cause Grand Funk Railroad "irreparable harm" and sought to bar Farner from using GFR's name or the phrase "American Band." They also wanted Farner to surrender the trademark for "Mark Farner's American Band." Blabbermouth reported in 2019 that a federal judge had ruled that Farner could still use that name for his solo act, as doing so would be unlikely to give customers the impression they were going to see Grand Funk Railroad.
Ozzy Osbourne vs. Tony Iommi
In 2009, long after he'd launched into his own highly successful solo career, Ozzy Osbourne sued his former Black Sabbath bandmate, Tony Iommi. According to Rolling Stone, the issue was that Iommi had taken sole ownership of the Black Sabbath trademark. Osbourne wanted his own stake in the trademark and called for Sabbath members Geezer Butler and Bill Ward to receive their own cuts as well. Ownership of the name "Black Sabbath" would be split evenly between the four. Osbourne also demanded a portion of the money Iommi had made as Black Sabbath.
The filing did not mince words, stating that Osbourne's "signature lead vocals" were a major factor in Black Sabbath's success. It furthermore pointed out that the band's popularity plummeted after Osbourne left, after which Ronnie James Dio took over as lead vocalist. As Osbourne himself put it in an open letter to Iommi, the Black Sabbath brand was "literally in the toilet" by the mid-1990s. Despite the suit's harsh words, Osbourne and Iommi had "amicably resolved" the dispute by 2010.
Scott Weiland's beef with his old band
The Stone Temple Pilots were having problems with their frontman, Scott Weiland, in early 2013. As noted by Loudwire, he was frequently late for shows and missed promotional functions entirely, so the rest of STP fired him in February, planning to replace him with Chester Bennington. It was then that Weiland started performing solo, singing STP's hit songs and still using their name. Naturally, the band sued, further alleging that Weiland had attempted to sabotage their 20th anniversary tour and their work with Bennington. They also cited STP's partnership agreement, which purportedly states that the Stone Temple Pilots name is the property of said partnership, not any single band member. Former members can't use the name.
Weiland responded by countersuing. According to Consequence of Sound, he sought $5 million, plus $2 million in statutory damages, against STP for unjustly firing him and for calling themselves the Stone Temple Pilots. Weiland's suit described | [
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him as having been the face of the band for 20 years and, bizarrely, cited the same partnership agreement, this time stating that the band's name couldn't be used if he wasn't part of it.
How did this mess of a court case end? Quietly. In 2015, Weiland told Blabbermouth that the legal dispute between him and STP was "way behind us now." Tragically, Weiland died of a drug overdose in December of that year. In 2016, his estate settled with his lawyers for a bit over $50,000 in unpaid fees, according to MyNewsLA.com.
The time selling out allegedly led to a lawsuit
Violent Femmes' heyday was during the 1980s, but as of 2007, they were still touring and seemingly getting along. Then things got all messy when the bass player sued the singer. The suit, filed by Brian Ritchie, accused Gordon Gano of robbing him of due credit for a number of the folk punk band's songs, not to mention the royalties that should've come with them. Ritchie claimed that he founded the group, and he sought damages, as well as a declaration that he was half-owner of the band's songs.
Ritchie stated that the lawsuit was the culmination of a long-running dispute between himself and Gano over the matter. So what was the straw that broke the camel's back? According to The Patriot-News, it was a Wendy's commercial. Prior to Ritchie's legal action, Gano had reportedly allowed the music (minus the fast food-unfriendly lyrics) from one of the Violent Femmes' songs, "Blister in the Sun," to be used in a Wendy's ad. Ritchie accused the lead vocalist of destroying the band's reputation by doing so. For proof, Ritchie's suit pointed to a comment from an online fan that went, "My ears perked up. Then my jaw dropped. Then my heart sank."
Gano claimed to have been blindsided by the surprise suit but didn't neglect to claim that he wrote all but one or two of the band's songs. Whatever the outcome of their french-fried spat, the Violent Femmes performed together again in 2013 and released a new album in 2016, as detailed by The New York Observer.
No more bricks in the wall for the members of Pink Floyd
Tristan Fewings/Getty Images
Pink Floyd's history was a tumultuous one. As The Independent tells it, the members could barely stand to be in the same studio together by the late 1970s, even as they recorded their mega-hit, The Wall. After a compilation album flopped in 1981, they were forced back together to record The Final Cut, released in 1983, after which Roger Waters decided to leave the band. As far as Waters was concerned, his departure was the end of Pink Floyd. He'd been the driving force behind The Final Cut, so surely the remaining members couldn't keep the band going without him.
But that's just what they did. In 1986, the rest of Pink Floyd began to record A Momentary Lapse of Reason without Waters. When he discovered this, Waters sued drummer Nick Mason and guitarist David Gilmour, seeking to prevent them from recording or performing as Pink Floyd. After a much-publicized legal shouting match, Waters, Gilmour, and Mason reached an agreement out of court, specifically on Gilmour's houseboat on Christmas Eve 1987. Gilmour and Mason came out of the debacle still performing as Pink Floyd, and the hatchet was buried more thoroughly by 2005, when Waters performed live with them again. According to Rolling Stone, Waters eventually came to regret the lawsuit.
Cleaning the frontman's clothes
Ghost, a Grammy-winning Swedish doom metal band, had an air of mystique about them until 2017. The singer performed (at the time) as a satanic priest named Papa Emeritus, and the other band members wore horned, mouthless masks and were referred to only as "Nameless Ghouls." The | [
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Canadian Social Science
By Identify Types
Keywords Canadian Characteristics China Corruption Countermeasures Culture Democracy Development Economic growth Education Innovation Jordan Nigeria Poverty Religion Social Science Strategy Sustainable development Translation Urbanization Youth
Olubukola Stella Adesina
Department of Political Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
Home > Vol 12, No 12 (2016) > Adesina
Nigeria and the Burden of Corruption
Corruption is a major problem confronting the world. Nigeria, in particular, has a serious problem of corruption. It is very widespread and it manifests itself in virtually all aspects of national life. Practically every government since the 1960s came into power with a promise to address corruption. The administration of President Muhammadu Buhari is not an exception, and it is demonstrating huge commitment to waging a war against this menace. Anchoring on the institutional, public choice and cultural theories, and drawing data from secondary sources, this study examines the problem of corruption in Nigeria and the anti-corruption campaign of the administration of President Muhammadu Buhari. The study argues that the fight against corruption is negatively affecting the image of the country in the international community. It concludes that the fight against corruption is a very daunting task which will require maximum cooperation from all segments of the Nigerian society.
Corruption; Anti-corruption campaign; Nigeria
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The Crazies 2010 (SPOILERS) - REVIEW
In a time where remakes are "all the rage" I found this one to be a breath of fresh air. Breck Eisner turns this film (a remake of the 1973 George A. Romero's movie) into a nail biting, fast paced, thrill a minute movie. Not only is it well done but it's well acted and it has some of the best "jump scares" that I've seen in a long time. So often in horror films they are over used and without inspiration... (the girl walking backward into the killer, etc). This movie plays exceedingly fair with the "jump scares" because in fact, if you see something moving, it is one of the crazies and not a cat. The suspense builds and builds so that when the scare comes, you're already about to pop out of your seat.
So, what goes wrong in the quaint little town of Ogden Marsh? The better question would be, what doesn't go wrong? From the government conspiracy to the raging maniacs running through town to the shoot first ask questions later military guys.
Timothy Olyphant does a great job as Sheriff David Dutt*n (spelled Dutton in the credits but Dutten the one time we see it on screen) stuck in the middle of a town thats residents have gone completely bonkers. Being from a small town myself, I can tell you that there is nothing worse than a bunch of seemingly cracked up hillbillies (kidding but not really). Sheriff Dutton is the kind of guy who rises to the occasion, but doesn't surpass it completely. If you're looking for a Commando type hero, this movie isn't for you. He has to constantly fight with his own instincts and change his attitude during the course of the movie (save everyone, save a few, save himself).
Along with his deputy (Joe Anderson) Sheriff Dutton rescues his doctor wife (Radha Mitchell) and Becca Darling (Danielle Panabaker) from the nut job principal that dispenses justice in the form of a pitch fork. Scary right? Well that's not even the worst of it. Then they have to deal with the "hillbilly" crazies trolling the streets for survivors that they shoot and throw in the back of their pick-up. THEN the military comes in and isolates the sick from the rest of the town, or so we think. Turns out, they're sole mission is to wipe out the entire town, sick or not, by shoving them into cattle trailers and executing them in large groups.
The car wash scene was particularly claustrophobic for me. Crazies around every corner, busting windows with their faces, yanking people out with cords, poor Danielle Panabaker can't catch a break in these horror films, not to mention you have a possibly infected companion in the back seat and a military chopper circling above. (BREATHE). If ever there was a time to "get the fuck outta dodge", that would be it.
Ultimately, 'The Crazies' is the rare remake that gets the job done, and manages to actually improve on the original. Then there's that really fun cameo appearance from the original's own Lynn Lowery, herself something of a cult icon. While this movie does have its share of gore, it's not excessive and, in my opinion, is just enough to satisfy even my greedy needs. The film comes at you full speed and is very gripping. One moment I was tense and on the edge of my seat, the next I was laughing, but never once was I bored or left wanting more. When I can say that about a horror film, it's always going to be high on my list. Films like THE CRAZIES give us hope to the slowly dying horror genre. Let's hope Hollywood makes more movies like this.
Director: Breck Eisner
Writer: Ray Wright Scott Kosar
Starring: Timothy Olyphant
Radha Mitchell
Studio: Overture
Posted by Gore Whore at 12:31 PM
Halloween 2 2009 - REVIEW
The House of the Devil (2009) - REVIEW
The Many Faces of Kane Hodder
Hatchet 2 (Coming Soon)
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Christie has made habit of appointing high school friends
Updated: Jul. 27, 2015, 1:49 p.m. |
Published: Jul. 27, 2015, 12:49 p.m.
NEWARK -- New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie launched his campaign for president in his high school gymnasium, surrounded by old friends.
"Everything started here for me: the confidence, the education, the friends, the family and the love that I've always felt for and from this community," he told the crowd at Livingston High school.
Christie has remained especially close to his high school friends. He checks in by phone and attends reunions. But he's also made a habit of appointing and nominating his former classmates to plum state positions, including judgeships. An Associated Press review of his senior class yearbook, state payroll records, agency websites and state press releases found that a handful of Christie's former high school classmates have ended up in state positions since he took office. That number increases to nearly a dozen if Christie's former classmates from Seton Hall law school are counted.
N.J. Politics Roundup: Christie talks tunnels; Trump leads poll; pension fund trustees seek damages
The hires include a name that haunts Christie. David Wildstein is a former ally and top staffer at the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. He pleaded guilty to orchestrating the traffic jam scandal that has badly tarnished the governor's reputation. Christie has said the two barely knew each other at Livingston, although Wildstein was the statistician on the school's baseball team -- Christie played catcher -- and the two volunteered together on Tom Kean's gubernatorial campaign.
The pattern also provides insight into how the governor, who is known for his fierce loyalty to his staffers, might approach hiring if he wins his longshot bid for the Republican nomination and makes it to the White House.
Christie, who is competing against more than a dozen candidates, defended his hiring choices.
"I know them, I trust them and they wanted to serve," he said in an interview ahead of his 35th high school reunion earlier this year. "I think you wind up with a lot of people who you meet at different stages of your life when you get to a position like this who, if you know them, you like them, you trust them and they want to serve, that you reach out to them."
Christie also argued that the state senate had to confirm many of the jobs, "so there's certainly (a) check and balance there."
And the high school, former classmates noted, was very large, with nearly 600 people in Christie's graduating class.
In his role as governor, Christie is responsible for appointing or nominating 5,000 or more positions across the state, including uncompensated and judicial roles, according to spokesman Kevin Roberts.
Is Gov. cashing in GOP Governor Association travel for 2016 bid?
"It's quite unusual," said Craig Holman, a government affairs lobbyist for Public Citizen, a nonprofit consumer advocacy group based in Washington. "That is not a prudent or wise way of making political appointments or judicial appointments. One should look out to people who most deserve the appointments, not to close personal friends."
In no case did Christie appear to appoint or nominate candidates who were obviously not qualified or lacked relevant experience. But in several cases, he specifically cited his close relationships with them as among their qualifications.
In December, Christie stood at the front of an opulent courtroom at the Essex County Historic Courthouse in Newark to swear in Richard Sules as superior court judge. Sules had spent his career as an attorney in New York and New Jersey. But he also had another helpful credential: He went to Livingston with the governor.
"I remember Rick and I discussing this, unbelievably, fairly soon after I became governor of New Jersey in 2010, and I spoke to Rick about the possibility of him going on the bench and he told me it was something he was interested in doing," Christie told the audience.
"Rick and I grew up together. We met each other in high school and became instant friends," he said, adding: "I've watched the way he deals with others now for 37 years. And what I | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.029792 | -0.646627 | 0.056604 | -0.253544 |
§ 375-1 Prohibition of tobacco sales to minors; sign to be posted.
§ 375-3 Tobacco vending machines prohibited.
§ 375-4 Use of tobacco products by minors in public places.
§ 375-6 Enforcement; complaints; inspections.
§ 375-7 Construal of provisions.
§ 375-8 Violations and penalties; suspension of license.
Smoking — See Ch. 323.
It shall be unlawful to sell tobacco to a minor, that is, a person under 18 years of age.
It shall be unlawful for any person to purchase a tobacco product with funds furnished by a minor or with the intent to sell such a product to a minor.
SALE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS TO MINORS UNDER THE AGE OF 18 OR SMOKING IN PUBLIC PLACES BY MINORS IS PROHIBITED BY LAW. Legal proof of age must be shown. A person who sells or offers to sell a tobacco product to a person under 18 years of age may be prosecuted in accordance with State Statutes and Alpha Borough ordinances.
It shall be unlawful for a tobacco retailer to sell or permit to be sold tobacco to any individual without first requesting and examining identification from the purchaser positively establishing the purchaser's age as 18 years or greater, unless the seller has some other conclusive basis for determining the buyer is over the age of 18 years.
In view of the indiscriminate sale of tobacco products to minors through tobacco vending machines, all tobacco vending machines are hereby prohibited in the Borough of Alpha. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, corporation or association to possess, own, operate, rent or permit the use of or operation of a tobacco vending machine in, on or about the premises under his or her ownership, control or management or to sell, or offer to sell, any tobacco product through a tobacco vending machine in the Borough of Alpha.
It shall be unlawful for any person under the age of 18 to smoke a tobacco product in and/or on any public place, or to possess, in open view, an open pack, carton or other container holding a tobacco product in any public place unless in the presence of his or her parent or guardian.
The Alpha Borough Board of Health and may be referred to in this chapter as the "Board of Health," "Department" or "Board."
The Health Officer of the Borough of Alpha, and/or his or her authorized representative.
Any building or enclosed structure open to the general public and any street, road, sidewalk, walkway, park or open space located within the Borough and maintained for use by the general public.
Any place or business that sells to the public at retail.
Any product made from the tobacco plant or containing tobacco leaf, for the purpose of smoking, chewing, inhaling or other personal use, including but not limited to cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco, chewing tobacco, snuff and dipping tobacco.
Any mechanical, electrical or electronic self-service device which, upon insertion of moneys, tokens or any other form of payment, dispenses tobacco or tobacco products, either exclusively or as one kind of an available item.
Whenever the Health Officer or his or her designee or a police officer of the Borough of Alpha reasonably believes there exists a violation of this chapter, such officer may issue a summons and complaint not later than 90 days after discovery of the alleged violation. The complaint shall be written and shall state with reasonable particularity the nature of the violation, including reference to the section and subsection of this chapter alleged to have been violated. The complaint shall be delivered personally or sent via certified mail to the alleged violator.
The Health Officer, his or her designee or a police officer of the Borough of Alpha, after giving proper identification, and if no search or other warrant is required by law, may summarily inspect any matter, thing, premises, place, person, record, incident or event as necessary to enforce the provisions of this chapter.
It shall be unlawful | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | -1.417553 | -0.42503 | -0.718965 | -0.360584 |
THE DOCUMENT LEAKED BY CONTROVERSIAL NEW POLITICIAN, CLAIMING TO EXPOSE THE CRIMINAL PAST OF FORMER BULGARIAN PM, IS MANIPULATED
Екип на Биволъ August 1, 2014
Nikolay Barekov is pouring champagne on himself at a resort for millionaires in the company of persons of interest, investigated for drug trafficking.
A few days ago, wannabe journalist-politician Nikolay Barekov threw in public space "a bomb", claiming he had original documents that prove that the leader of the centrist Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria party (GERB) and former Prime Minister, Boyko Borisov, has committed serious crimes in the past. Barekov accused Borisov of the most serious offenses under the Penal Code, even mentioning murders. The "uncensored" politician (the word in Bulgarian also means obscene; Barekov is the leader of the party Bulgaria without Censorship – editor's note) promised to forward all documents to the prosecution and called on Chief Prosecutor, Sotir Tsatsarov, to immediately launch legal proceedings against his former idol (Borisov – editor' note). After his bombastic appearance on Nova TV, in the morning of July 27, Barekov published on his site two pages of documents, marked "Top Secret", dated 15 years ago, in which Boyko Borisov's name is mentioned as the new super boss of cocaine trafficking.
The Chief Secretary of the Interior, Svetlozar Lazarov, immediately denied the authenticity of the document and said that there was a similar document filed under the same number, but with different text and it lacked Borisov's name. However, Lazarov did not show the original document, leaving a shadow of doubt, and opening the door for various interpretations and speculations. Of course, Barekov immediately seized the opportunity and used this semi-rebuttal to accuse Lazarov and the Interior Ministry of manipulations in favor of Borisov – former Chief Secretary and Prime Minister.
Bivol is the only Bulgarian media that has published authentic documents from various sources (secret diplomatic cables, disclosed by WikiLeaks, the US report of Jeff Stein, and parts of the "Buddha" file), proving Borisov's criminal past, even when he was still PM and the most powerful man in Bulgaria. Then media, controlled by shady lawmaker and businessman, DelyanPeevski, and especially the TV channel, whose boss at the time was Barekov – the current leader of Bulgaria without Censorship – were Borisov's staunchest defenders and propaganda troubadours. Records from the recent past exist and they are the best proof of these public and journalistic ethics.
The analysis of Barekov's document that we propose here is based on formal and semantic features, which point to conclusions of falsification and manipulation and provide the basis for identification of future fakes and discrediting attempts.
A single copy
The document consists of two pages written on a typewriter. These are numbered sheets from a classified notebook of a field agent, coded as number 15213, from the Regional Unit for the Fight against Organized Crime (RZBOP) in Burgas. Moreover, the typewritten text on the document has stamps and written resolutions.
1. The purple stamp of the Regional Directorate of the Interior Ministry (RDVR) in Burgas on the top left is under number 2284 of March 17, 1999, where the 17 is very pale, and the numbers 2284 are handwritten, at a slope of 15 degrees, compared with the rest of the text. SINGLE copy is handwritten and clearly written. RDVR Burgas does not have such purple stamp; it should be red, experts consulted by Bivol firmly insist.
2. Above the purple stamp, there is handwritten text: "To be filed in archive "B" – 18", with illegible signature. There are no name and date under this resolution, which is not possible under the rules for handling classified documents.
3. Below the purple stamp, there is a resolution, dated March 18, 1999, with the signature of the Head of RZBOP Burg | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.046795 | 0.630069 | 1.123572 | -0.784476 |
as at that time – Diko Kiryakov (who has died 10 years ago), intended for the Head of Group 01 of RZBOP Burgas (Terror and Drugs), Georgi Homondozliev. The resolution states that the information must be submitted on March 25, 1999 in (not legible) notebook and a copy of the report must be given to the Head of Group 01, i.e. stay available for use to Homondozliev himself.
This resolution of Diko Kiryakov is authentic and has a signature. It conforms to the rules for designation and is a very important starting point because other aspects of the document indicate that either this resolution was not obeyed (which is absurd), or the document was manipulated, or a copy of the single copy was made illegally at that time, a little before it was properly filed in the classified documents archive of RDVR Burgas.
4. The implementation of the resolution should happen in the following way – at the end of the document, on the second page, left bottom, below the typed text beginning with the words "single copy" a new text must be added: Additionally reproduced in duplicate, according to the resolution. Copy 2 for the Head of Group 01 RZBOP. The name of the clerk performing the procedure is added / e.g. "reproduced by ……." /; in the purple stamp the text SINGLE is crossed and 1 and 2 are written respectively with numbers on the respective copy and it is described below where every copy went. All these operations are done in the classified documents archive unit and the code of the field officer, who does the typing, is listed. The name (code) of the employee, who did the reproduction, is mandatorily written as well. None of this, however, can be found on the second page of the document or on the purple stamp.
5. The red stamp of the Interior Ministry, where it is written #3 from April 22, 1998, is another definite proof that this is a manipulation. First, the stamp bears a date from 1998, and not 1999, which is, who knows why, handwritten with a blue pen. There is no way a document can be filed with the Interior Ministry in Sofia a year before it was drafted in RDVR Burgas! The second fact is even more important – a third copy cannot exist for same reasons as the second copy – the reproduction is not reflected anywhere and that cannot happen under the rules for classified filing. Assuming hypothetically that a second copy was made somehow, under Kiryakov's resolution, it is absurd to officially make a third copy as a similar resolution for its preparation is not stated anywhere in the published document. Without clearly identified personal resolution of a senior official in the hierarchy of the Interior Ministry to prepare a copy for an exact receiver, such cannot be produced and cannot exist as the rules for handling classified documents require. In other words, there is no way such document could reach the Interior Ministry in Sofia and be legally filed.
6. It is especially important to compare the color of the two stamps. Assuming that they were made on the same document, they should be red. It is possible that one is purple and the other bright red. The difference in color indicates that the second red stamp of the Interior Ministry, on the right, was not stamped on the original, but on a color copy of the original, which has changed the color of the first original stamp of RDVR Burgas. A similar effect can be obtained if the original copy was black and white and subsequently, an attempt was made to redden the Interior Ministry's stamp on the top of the page through a computer program.
7. At the end of the second page, at the bottom right, there is a lengthy handwritten text with a distinct shadow profile of letters. It describes the country's border crossings by (criminals – editor's note) Hristo Asenov AKA Bazata and Georgi Iliev. A similar graphic effect occurs only when there is tampering through the use of a graphics computer program and it cannot be originally produced when one is writing with a pen. This text, however, has absolutely no details – no signature or date. Its existence in an original classified document of this kind is unthinkable.
Intercepted Individuals
The definite conclusion so far is that nothing has met the requirements for generating and handling classified documents. Such set of breaches is impossible in an original document. The manipulation is confirmed by the semantic analysis of the text | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.711117 | 0.903902 | 0.942457 | -0.702576 |
as well:
8. Mladen Mutafchiyski is described in the list of intercepted individuals on the second page of the document and there is not even a word about him in the main text. On the other hand, the name Plamen Dishkov AKA Kela is missing from the list, while he is described in the text in detail. This absurdity has no other explanation, but the possibility that the intercepted individuals were referred to in a text different than the one on the first page. It should be noted that only those for whom there are criminal records can be described as "intercepted individuals". Such record on Boyko Borisov existed in Burgas as early as 1995 at the Business Crimes Police over the factory for contraband cigarettes in Kraymorie, as well as in the Central Unit for Combatting Organized Crime (TSSBOP) where he was recruited as agent "Buddha" and a case for operative surveillance (DON) "Buddha" was filed against him as a person of interest connected to criminal and organized crime groups.
9. According to recollections of operative officers from RZBOP Burgas, at that time (1998-1999), Boyko Borisov's name never leaked in illegal drug investigations, but only in those for smuggling and violation of the embargo on fuel against former Yugoslavia. He was not "shining" with anything particular then and was simply considered a person who worked on racketeering orders in the periphery of the organized crime group SIK.
The above analysis generates two main leads in the manipulation of this document:
A. An illegal copy has somehow left RZBOP Burgas before being filed in the classified documents archive.
B. The document was copied in 2003 when, according to the Interior Ministry, it was removed from the archives of the Unit for Combating Organized Crime (BOP).
In both cases, the copies were tempered with, and probably the header and the footer of the text were preserved, while the content was typed on a typewriter and was inserted later as was the handwritten text below the line.
WHO Does Not Want to Categorically Refute Barekov's Document?
A careful examination of the font and the text itself can bring to light other evidence of manipulation. Some of it is visible to the naked eye such as discrepancies in the spelling of identical reproducing texts – agent PLAMEN is capitalized in the header and is written in lowercase in the text, where the letter p was changed and capitalized. After "reg" there is no point in the header, and there is one in the text. The header says "year (abbreviated in Bulgarian – editor's note) 1998" and the text has no abbreviation for the word year. If these texts were typed at the same time and by the same person, a professional with extensive experience, then such differences in an official text are definitely weird.
It would be the easiest and the fairest to the public for the Interior Ministry to declassify the original document and submit it as irrefutable proof of manipulation, instead of retelling it before media. This would finally bring an end to the so-called project "Barekov" as well.
The fact that the declassification is not happening shows that someone else needs this project. It is in someone's interest to maintain the shadow of doubt so that society cannot categorically distinguish the true from the fake, and the pathological outbursts of the former journalist are needed to obscure and discredit the real and proven information about the criminal past of Boyko Borisov AKA Buddha.
Is Barekov Speaking on Behalf of agent "Plamen" or Is "Plamen" Speaking on Behalf of Barekov?
In a statement to the media, Nikolay Barekov made a verbatim admission about the said agent "Plamen". He (Plamen – editor's note) is "alive and well and hopes to soon be able to testify before the prosecution." This means that Barekov knows who "Plamen" is; has met and spoken with him personally and even knows in advance that "Plamen" is "hoping to testify" – incredible admission (it is unclear what motivated it) of direct links with potential witnesses in the prosecution's investigation.
Barekov's mention of the agent's personal data, such as his initials DP, actually eliminates his undercover and exposes him | [
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Solving Chelsea's Kepa conundrum, Part 2 — The Solution
An in-depth analysis of potential replacement goalkeepers linked to Chelsea
By ExpectedChelsea May 17, 2020, 8:45am BST
Photo by Erwin Spek/Soccrates/Getty Images
Share All sharing options for: Solving Chelsea's Kepa conundrum, Part 2 — The Solution
In part 1, we looked at Kepa Arrizabalaga's strong suits and shortcomings in order to fully understand the type of goalkeeper he is. While his talents are not in doubt, neither is the fact Chelsea need another goalkeeper in order to maintain the high standards that have been set by his predecessors.
In part 2, we will look at some of the various replacements — their strengths, weaknesses, prospects, concerns, economic viability — who have been proposed by pundits, analysts, and the rumor mill. They range from one of the best goalkeepers in Champions League football over the past two seasons to Premier League veterans who have experienced everything the English footballing pyramid has to offer.
André Onana
Chelsea have been extensively linked to the Ajax goalkeeper and looking at the stats, it is no surprise. While domestic league stats for Onana are not available, his sample size in the Champions League is large enough for us to make reasonable conclusions about his game.
The first thing that stands out about Onana is his efficiency. He makes some very difficult saves look easy because of his positioning. The biggest example from a Chelsea context is the manner in which he saved Batshuayi's shot in the 4-4 draw earlier this season.
For most goalkeepers, the shot location and speed would have made that impossible to stop. However, Onana's expert positioning meant he was one step ahead of Batshuayi and made an extremely tough save with ease.
Onana's pair of saves against Lewandowski in the previous season's Champions League group stage game against Bayern are further examples of his phenomenal shot-stopping.
While most Chelsea fans might have concerns about a goalkeeper who conceded four goals against Chelsea, it is worth noting that Chelsea had an expected-goals number of almost six in that game, which means that Onana actually out-performed the expected outcome.
His cross-collection numbers are also highly encouraging, with his active nature off the line helping him rank among the premier cross collectors in this study.
He's reportedly a very motivated and driven character as well, something that will no doubt appeal to Lampard who wants to build a dressing room filled with serious players.
Improvement needed
Onana is an archetypal sweeper-keeper and this means there is always a degree of risk involved in his game. As the likes of Ederson and Alisson have shown, a mishap while passing or rushing off his line is likely to occur at least a couple of times every season.
The question of whether these errors are deal-breakers depends entirely on personal preference. Some might want a more "secure" goalkeeper who offers less with the ball, while some might be prepared to accept the eccentricities of sweeper-keepers for their abilities elsewhere.
There is also the question of adapting to a more intense league, although Onana's performances in the Champions League suggest that will not be an issue.
Misplaced concerns
While Onana's ability on the ball seems poor statistically, it is important to keep in mind that Ajax typically have had shorter forwards than other teams. Long passes towards the likes of Dušan Tadić and Hakim Ziyech are less likely to be successful than long balls towards the likes of Olivier Giroud and Tammy Abraham. After all, it is impossible for a goalkeeper to play for Ajax without being exceptional on the ball.
Economic viability
The biggest deterrent towards any deal for Onana is the money involved. Ajax have reportedly placed a £35 million price tag the 24-year-old and while this may not seem like a high price, it would still rank among the five highest fees ever paid for a goalkeeper.
Onana's quality might be worth the rumoured price tag in isolation, but it does not make financial sense. Chelsea already have a big-money goalkeeper on the books who's struggling to perform; signing another expensive goalkeeper is simply not practical in | [
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these circumstances. While some creative accounting might help, a deal does not look likely at the moment.
Nick Pope
To fully understand Nick Pope, we must look at both his 2017-18 and 2019-20 campaigns. Pope's individual season in 2017-18 ranks among the best ever in terms of both shot-stopping and cross-collection. While Burnley's system helped, goalkeepers do not put up numbers like that without being inherently very good.
Pope was expected to use that season as a spring-board to launch his career to greater heights but saw his 2018-19 season cruelly curtailed by a freak shoulder injury. However, he has managed to bounce back excellently this season and has justified Burnley's decision to keep faith in him and sell club stalwart Tom Heaton.
The most impressive aspect about Pope is his technique. He is perhaps the biggest exponent of the "gorilla" or "A-frame" technique, resulting in a great starting position and an even distribution of his weight. This has been explained in fantastic detail by The Athletic.
His body shape and the positioning of his hands and feet before every shot are near-perfect. This is the reason why most of his saves look extremely easy even though they are not.
His starting position means he is almost never required to cover large distances to make saves. Most of his saves involve very minimal movement after the ball has been shot. The bulk of his work comes before the shot and this is where he is different from the other goalkeepers linked to Chelsea.
While British players, especially from smaller clubs, are often dismissed as unintelligent and overly reliant on physical traits, Pope couldn't be further away from that stereotype.
His attitude has also been praised throughout his career, being labelled a very focused and serious player everywhere he has been. Conventional footballing wisdom requires the goalkeeper to be one of the dressing room leaders and a standard-setter. In this regard, Pope does not have any issues.
Pope's height means he is naturally vulnerable to shots that are driven low. This is an issue associated with most tall goalkeepers, with Thibaut Courtois a most prominent example. However, this can be improved and is not a deal-breaker by any means. At this point, it is fair to expect Pope to improve in this regard with better coaching and teammates.
His kicking and passing are also concerns, in both eye tests and statistics. Whether he can become good enough on the ball for a team that seeks to dominate possession remains to be seen.
Photo by OLI SCARFF/AFP via Getty Images
It cannot be denied that Pope has had a poor season in terms of shot-stopping. This has been used as a red flag warning against any deal for Pope, and truth be told, Chelsea might be wise to heed that.
However, it is also important to apply some context to these numbers. Coming off of a major injury, Pope has taken longer to recover. But since the game against Chelsea in January, Pope has been in inspired form and has been a major reason behind Burnley's resurgence. His game-changing displays against Leicester, Arsenal and Manchester United have shown the best of him, with his shot-stopping and cross-collection worth plenty of points to Burnley. He was on a steep upward curve and there is no reason to believe why it would not continue.
Pope should be cheaper than Onana in terms of both transfer fee and wages. It is fair to anticipate Burnley demanding a in the region of £20-25 million, a fair reflection of his qualities.
Musso is a late bloomer and has actually not played a lot of football for his age. Despite being 26 years old, he has merely three full seasons under his belt, one of which came in Argentina. The lack of Champions League pedigree to offset this lack of experience is also a concern. This makes any judgement of his abilities slightly risky and makes it difficult to assess his real ceiling.
Musso is a real all-rounder, offering a bit of everything you would want from a goalkeeper. He is an above average shot-stopper, excellent at cross-collection and also a distinguished passer. His game does not have a real standout weakness at this point, that is not something that can be said of many goalkeepers.
Photo by Mattia Ozbot/Soccrates/Getty Images
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.72485 | 0.059044 | 0.300931 | 0.312172 |
to someone like Onana or Pope, Musso's shot stopping seems more dependent on his athleticism rather than his technique and it is not easy to predict if this can be translated across leagues.
While not all players need a large sample size to be judged, performances in said time-frame need to be outstanding in order to arrive at justifiable conclusions. Musso's performances, while being very good, might not necessarily fit that tag.
A price tag of £25 million has been suggested by the Italian media for the Udinese goalkeeper and this would be very steep at this point in time. Due to his age, relative lack of pedigree and the prices suggested, Musso would be the riskiest buy among the options linked to Chelsea so far.
Aaron Ramsdale
Ramsdale has done a great job in his first season in the Premier League, especially when considering the fact that he spent the previous season in League One. He has turned one of Bournemouth's problem positions into a position of real strength, and stands as a testament to the club's excellent coaching.
His shot-stopping is by far his best attribute at the moment and has earned Bournemouth several points. He was thoroughly outstanding in both games against Chelsea, with his save off Emerson in the first game a particular standout.
Another example of his outstanding reflexes is his near-save of Alonso's equalizer in the second game. It took a truly exceptional effort to regain his position so quickly after parrying Pedro's shot.
In the context of the whole season, he is a net positive shot-stopper despite facing shots that are on the tougher side. His shot-stopping prowess is commendable and has plenty of upside in the long-run.
While his shot-stopping deserves plenty of praise, this is not to suggest he is ready for a club of Chelsea's magnitude. Several aspects of his game require polishing before he can take the step up.
His tendency to come out for crosses stands out as one aspect where he can improve a lot. His passing also requires a lot of work. This is, of course, nothing unusually wrong. He is only 22 and this is a part of his natural growth curve. He is shaping up to be a great option if the Chelsea need a goalkeeper in the summer of 2021.
Like Pope, his market price lies in the £20-25 million range. Whether he is good enough to justify that price immediately is another question.
Henderson has been among the five best goalkeepers in the Premier League this season. He has done a great job shielding the Sheffield United goal and has been a big reason behind their surprise rise to the top half of the table.
Henderson is putting up great shot-stopping numbers despite facing difficult shots. His ability to deal with tougher shots is an admirable trait and one that big clubs will be paying attention to.
His biggest positive is his positioning when the ball is in the penalty box. Unlike Kepa, when the ball is in wider areas, Henderson positions himself in such a way that he is equally prepared to deal both with the near post shot and with the pass into central zones.
While he is not a sweeper-keeper like Ederson, he is proactive when the ball is played into the six-yard box. This helps him defuse many potentially costly scenarios although it does carry with it some inherent risks.
He is a traditional "box" goalkeeper in every sense of the word, preferring to let his defenders deal with the danger outside the six-yard box while he comes into his element once the ball reaches his zone.
In terms of personality, he has been reported to be one of Sheffield United's most influential players in the dressing room despite his tender age and the fact that he's only on loan from Manchester United. This is bound to be music to the ears of Lampard or any other coach seeking to acquire him.
Sheffield United's tactics do not require Henderson to do a great deal of passing and this is reflected in his numbers. On the eye test, his passing does not stand out and still appears raw. The weight on his passes, especially over longer distances, is not consistent correct, and this can put his teammates under pressure.
The team's exceptional defensive scheme also does not require him to do a great deal of work from a cross-collection perspective, and it will be interesting to see how this translates to a club where there is a | [
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greater demand placed on him in this regard.
Being contracted to Manchester United is a major obstacle to any potential deal. But in the unlikely event that United are prepared to sell, in order to raise cash or to satisfy the player's demands, there is a fair chance that Chelsea will head the long queue for his services.
Due to his remarkable body of work at a young age, homegrown status, and the presence of Manchester United, it is reasonable to anticipate a price tag above £30 million. For the same reasons as those cited for Onana, any deal for Henderson is unlikely to happen this summer.
Foster has been linked to Chelsea in some quarters and it is easy to see why. He knows the league inside out, is a very good shot-stopper and is excellent at collecting crosses. His experience would help Kepa understand the league better, while his ability would ensure that he could act as a safety net in case Kepa's performances do not improve.
Foster's ability on the ball is a big concern. After his stint at Manchester United, he has spent his time exclusively at clubs that prefer to concede possession. At the age of 38, it is not practical to expect him to make dramatic improvements or changes to his game in this regard.
Photo by Christopher Lee/Getty Images
A major doubt around signing Foster is his ability to adapt to Chelsea. This is not intended to be a barb towards Foster, he is one of the league's premier keepers, but will he be able to transition from Watford's style to Chelsea's at his age? Only time would answer, and Foster has little of that left in his career.
The fact that Foster will be a free agent acts as a significant boost to his prospects, with the coronavirus crisis forcing clubs of all sizes to be more financially responsible. Given his profile and background, it is unlikely he would command big wages.
If Chelsea want a cheap goalkeeper who is great at the fundamentals and are willing to overlook the issue of passing, then Foster is among the best options.
Vicente Guaita
Strengths: Guaita broadly offers the same benefits as Foster while being a bit younger. Besides Chelsea, Manchester City have also been linked with him and it comes as no surprise. He has been among the best shot-stoppers in the league this season while also offering above average numbers in cross-collection.
In a rather interesting coincidence, Guaita has been in the same league as Kepa for the last three seasons and has comprehensively outperformed him in all three.
Buying Guaita would give Kepa a mentor who speaks the same native language, while also offering Chelsea a goalkeeper who is good enough to be first choice right from day one.
Guaita is also known to be a big personality in the dressing room, another benefit for a young team such as Chelsea.
Guaita's ability to transition from a possession-averse team like Crystal Palace to Chelsea might be a possible source of worry. However, unlike Foster, Guaita might find the transition to Chelsea easy.
Photo by ADRIAN DENNIS/AFP via Getty Images
He was, after all, Valencia's starting goalkeeper when they were the third best team in Spain. Only the introduction of Diego Alves, an older and more experienced goalkeeper, resulted in his eventual departure from his boyhood club.
His passing is definitely not great on the stat sheet but this is likely to be influenced by Palace's style of play. On the eye test, Guaita seems capable of picking passes albeit not at the level of the likes of Alisson and Ederson.
With a contract that expires in 2021, this summer represents Palace's final opportunity to get some money for their goalkeeper. But Palace are known to be tough negotiators. If a transfer fee of £15-20million can be sorted, it would be a truly phenomenal deal.
Writer's recommendation – Predrag Rajković
Rajković has not yet been linked to Chelsea and it is difficult to understand why. He has been among the best goalkeepers in Ligue 1 and offers a great combination of physical attributes and technical competence.
Rajković is secure against most types of shots but his best work comes against shots from distance. A big part of this is his ability to parry the ball into safe zones. This results in Reims enjoying possession for a tad longer | [
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, thereby allowing them to defuse difficult scenarios.
He also does a better job than most at catching the ball from shots, offering an additional layer of security.
Another standout aspect of his game is his ability to keep out penalties. Rajković leads goalkeepers in the top five leagues in the number of penalties stopped.
Rajković is also very adept at using different body parts to make stops, an underrated attribute that makes him a versatile shot-stopper.
His game on the ball is secure, with his passes finding his teammates at rates comparable to average. Reims are a side that enjoy only 48.8 per cent possession, but he will not have significant issues when moving to a more ball-dominant team.
His ability to stop low shots is one aspect where he needs to improve. He is a tad slow to get down and smarter attackers might seek to exploit this. However, this is not uncoachable, especially at Rajković's age.
Another concern is his lack of turning speed. This means that he might be caught flat-footed by deflections. It must be kept in mind that this is a pretty common concern for most goalkeepers who are taller than 1.9m.
A common concern about Rajković is that he is protected by the defensive scheme of Reims, which is reflected in the low difficulty of chances that he is allowed to face. However, he is a big reason as to why Reims are so secure defensively, with his tendency to collect crosses before they evolve into trickier situations particularly useful.
It is not wrong to say that Rajković and the rest of Reims' defence are in a synergistic relationship — their performances enable him to look excellent but his competence also makes their job much easier. This is the kind of relationship every good defence is built on.
His lack of top level experience when compared to others might also be a source of worry This is his first season in a top five league and he does not have great European pedigree from his time at Maccabi Tel Aviv either. His Champions League experience amounts to just one season, including two defeats against Chelsea.
While his inexperience could pose problems for his initial adaptation to a bigger club, he is young enough to make the leap and more importantly, he has shown the quality to do so.
After all, Alisson only had one season in a top five league, albeit with tremendous Champions League performances, before he moved to Liverpool. Interestingly, the similarity between Rajković and Alisson at AS Roma from a statistical perspective is striking.
This is not to say Rajković will become as good as Alisson, but there are significant similarities between the two in terms of attributes and performances at the same age. Whether Rajković will reach Alisson's level depends on a variety of factors, some in his control and some not.
With the Ligue 1 season ending prematurely, clubs have been put into tricky financial positions, and Reims are no exception to this. This presents a great opportunity to buy Rajković for cheap, an opportunity on which Chelsea ideally should not miss.
Acquiring Rajković would allow Chelsea to have two young goalkeepers pushing each other while also ensuring Rajković would not have to carry with him the pressure of a big price tag the way Onana would.
One of the biggest misconceptions about Kepa is his lack of consistency. All evidence points towards Kepa being a very consistent performer throughout his career so far. Unfortunately for us, he has been more consistently poor than consistently great.
Regardless of the teams he has played in or the coaches he has played under or the defences he has played behind, he has always been a below average shot-stopper.
In Kepa's favour, he still has age on his side and could still go on to make a great leap in terms of performances. The main factor that will determine if and how he develops is his willingness to correct the technical faults noted in part 1.
Kepa's untapped potential, age and most importantly, the transfer market scenario are the main reasons why he should be retained for one more season before taking a final call as to whether to keep or sell him.
However, it is a very risky idea to go with Kepa as the undisputed first choice goalkeeper next season. Buying a goalkeeper who can push him hard in training is imperative and it is no surprise to see several goalkeepers linked to Chelsea.
Obviously, no goalkeeper | [
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\section{Introduction}
\label{introduction}
The sensitivity of the current generation of ground based VHE gamma-ray experiments such as the High Energy Spectroscopic System (H.E.S.S., \citealt{2009AIPC.1112...16D}), has led to the discovery of many previously unknown sources of TeV ($10^{12}$eV) gamma-rays towards the Galactic plane. The largest fraction of Galactic TeV gamma-ray sources is still made up of unidentified objects \citep{2015arXiv150903872P}.
TeV gamma-rays are produced by interactions of relativistic particles and so their observation provides a probe of non-thermal astrophysical processes. GeV-TeV gamma-rays are produced hadronically, through proton-proton interactions, and/or leptonically, via Inverse Compton scattering or Bremsstrahlung. The presence of dense molecular gas can give clues about both leptonic and hadronic production of TeV gamma-rays.
The flux of gamma-rays which are produced hadronically, through proton-proton interactions, can be expected to peak along with the density of gas near proton accelerators. Coincident dense gas and TeV emission can be seen in sources such as HESS\,J1801$-$233 \citep[see][]{2008A&A...481..401A}, a supernova remnant (SNR) / molecular cloud interaction region, to the NE of SNR W28, as well as parts of HESS\,J1745-303 \citep{2008A&A...483..509A} and RX J1713.7-3946 \citep{2012MNRAS.422.2230M}. TeV gamma-ray sources which are produced leptonically through inverse Compton emission, for example pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe), often exhibit asymmetric morphology. In the case of PWNe, this asymmetry may be explained by an inhomogeneous distribution of interstellar gas around pulsars which strongly influences their development \citep[e.g.][]{2001ApJ...563..806B}. The TeV emission then tails off in a direction away from the denser parts of the interstellar gas.
Star formation that may not show up as infra-red sources may be traced by molecular transitions in the 12\,mm band pass, such as H$_2$O masers \citep{2011MNRAS.416.1764W}. There is evidence that H$_2$O masers, signposts of outflows and shocked gas, may be observable at very early stages of star formation \citep[e.g][]{2000ApJ...530..371F}. Ionised gas in H{\sc ii} regions is also traced, by radio recombination lines such as H69$\alpha$ which is included in our study. This provides an opportunity to test what role star forming regions play in TeV gamma-ray emission.
High mass stars have been linked with TeV gamma-ray emission through particle acceleration in SNRs and PWNe. High mass star forming regions and/or young high mass stellar objects may also have the potential to produce observable TeV gamma-ray emission through several mechanisms. The regions themselves could be sites of particle acceleration or the dense gas associated with these regions could simply provide target material for accelerate particles. Protostellar jets (which could be traced by H$_2$O masers), have been identified as potential sources of observable GeV gamma-rays \citep[see][]{2012AIPC.1505..281A} where particles are accelerated at the jet termination shock \citep[e.g.][]{2010A&A...511A...8B}. Colliding wind binaries have been linked to TeV emission \citep[e.g.][]{2006MNRAS.372..801P,2011A&A...530A..49B}, but, so far, no CWB has been unambiguously associated with TeV gamma-rays and only one | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.851194 | 1.952512 | 2.145709 | 1.023033 |
has been detected in GeV gamma-rays \citep{2011A&A...526A..57F,2015A&A...577A.100R}. Wind blown bubbles from high mass stellar clusters and/or SNRs have long been proposed as sites of particle acceleration, through diffusive shock acceleration, up to PeV ($10^{15}$\,eV) energies \citep[e.g.][]{1980ApJ...237..236C} and recently, the first superbubble has been detected in TeV gamma-rays \citep{2015Sci...347..406H}. \citep{2014A&A...565A.118P} show that regions of high stellar activity within the central Galactic region, traced by dust emission and CO, could be correlated with TeV emission.
In summary, dense molecular gas that is both coincident with and/or adjacent to TeV emission can be very important in identifying the TeV emission mechanism and the location of particle accelerators. The transitions included in this study can not only help understand the density profile of molecular clouds, but can also identify regions of unusual astrophysical conditions such as outflows (e.g. the H$_2$O maser), shocked gas (e.g. the H$_2$O maser and NH$_3$ transitions) and ionised gas (e.g. H69$\alpha$). The kinematic velocity and linewidth of molecular transitions can provide information about the distance of and gas dynamics towards Galactic TeV gamma-ray sources.
Previously, the $^{12}$CO(1-0) transition has been used to identify potential molecular cloud counterparts to unidentified TeV emission \citep[e.g.][]{2008A&A...483..509A, 2011A&A...531A..81H}. For example, by making a thorough comparison of two Galactic plane datasets, the HESS TeV gamma rays and the Nanten CO(1-0) emission, it was shown that the CO clouds in the W28 region have a remarkable spatial coincidence with the TeV gamma rays \citep{2008A&A...481..401A}. A subsequent comparative study toward the SNR RX\,J1713.7$-$3946 revealed that the combination of the atomic and molecular gas, i.e., the total interstellar hydrogen, shows a good spatial correspondence, where the Nanten CO J=1-0 distribution and the ATCA HI 21cm distribution were used to derive the gas column density \citep{2012ApJ...746...82F}. This correspondence is interpreted as indication for a hadronic component to the gamma rays from RXJ1713.7$-$3946 arising from the dense ISM clumps \citep{2010ApJ...708..965Z,2012ApJ...744...71I}. The interpretation is supported by the theoretical works on the VHE gamma rays which incorporates the highly inhomogeneous distribution of the interstellar medium \citep{2012ApJ...759...35I,2014MNRAS.445L..70G}. Further observational identification of the molecular and atomic gas toward the VHE sources are presented by \citet{2014ApJ...788...94F} for HESS\,J1731$-$347, and \citet{2012PASJ...64....8H} for HESS\,J1745$-$303. These observational and theoretical results indicate the important role of the interstellar medium whose density is in a wide range from 10 cm$^{-3}$ to 10$^5$ cm$^{-3}$ in producing the TeV gamma-rays, and warrant further systematic efforts to identify the interstellar gas toward the galactic HESS sources.
While $^{12}$CO is abundant, the $^{12}$CO(1-0) transition has a critical density of $\sim$1000\,cm$^{-3}$ which contributes to the transition becoming optically thick towards molecular cloud cores. In addition, CO rapidly de | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 1.131051 | 2.08229 | 2.56891 | 0.911723 |
pletes from the gas phase towards the centre of cloud cores \citep[e.g. see][]{2002ApJ...569..815T,2002ApJ...570L.101B}. Both of these aspects can hamper the understanding of molecular cloud density profiles and internal dynamics if the $^{12}$CO(1-0) transition is used on its own. Due to the coarse angular resolution of current TeV observations ($\sim0.1\ensuremath{^\circ}$), the Dame CO survey has been used to trace large scale molecular content. As the angular and energy resolution of TeV gamma-ray observations improve with the new generation of ground based TeV telescope systems such as the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA, angular resolution 0.02$\ensuremath{^\circ}$ to 0.2$\ensuremath{^\circ}$), a better understanding of the density profiles of molecular clouds, using transitions which trace a wide range of temperatures and densities, will be needed to explore cosmic ray transport scenarios. Surveys such as MopraCO (angular resolution $\sim 0.01\ensuremath{^\circ}$, \citet{2015PASA...32...20B}), Nanten2 (angular resolution $\sim 0.03\ensuremath{^\circ}$) and H$_2$O Southern Galactic Plane Survey (HOPS) (angular resolution $\sim 0.03\ensuremath{^\circ}$, \citet{2012MNRAS.426.1972P}), used here, will be invaluable for this cause.
Ideal tracers of dense gases such as NH$_3$, CS or HC$_3$N are widely used to trace molecular cloud cores due to their lower abundance (a factor of $\sim10^{-5} \times$ the CO abundance) and higher effective critical densities $\sim10^{4-5}$\,cm$^{-3}$. This gives them much lower optical depths in dense gas and so allows for a more accurate calculation of gas density and mass towards dense ($\sim10^{4-5}$\,cm$^{-3}$) molecular cloud cores. In addition, NH$_3$ depletes less rapidly than CO from the gas phase in cold molecular cloud cores \citep{2002ApJ...569..815T} and so is often used to trace cold ($< 30$K) gas which is often seen in infra red dark clouds (IRDCs). NH$_3$ inversion emission may be seen with collisional masers such as the H$_2$O maser traced in this study which is thought to trace protostellar jet termination shocks in early stages of star formation. The CS (1-0) and HC$_3$N transitions are used to trace warmer dense cores where star formation may already be switched on. These warmer cores are sometimes seen within H{\sc ii} regions, traced by radio recombination lines such as the H69$\alpha$ transition, where atomic hydrogen has been ionised by young, high mass stars.
The NH$_3$ molecule is a pyramidal symmetric top with inversion motion and metastable levels some of which display readily observable hyperfine structure. The NH$_3$\,(1,1) transition displays prominent satellite lines which along with NH$_3$\,(2,2) allow the optical depth, and hence gas temperature and mass to be strongly constrained \citep[e.g.][]{1983ARA&A..21..239H, 1983A&A...122..164W}. NH$_3$ has two distinct species, distinguished by the relative nuclear spins of the hydrogen atoms, ortho-NH$_3$ ($K = 3n$) in which all three spins are aligned and para-NH$_3$ (K $\neq 3n$) in which the three spins are not aligned. The rotational temperature within the same spin species reflects the kinetic temperature under Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) conditions \citep{2009MNRAS.399..425M}. Since the transfer processes between ortho and para NH$_3$ are almost thermoneutral, conversion between the two spin species is very slow with respect to the reactive pathways (which are exothermic). The time scale of conversion processes between spin species is considered to be of the order of $10^6$ yr in the | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.821306 | 2.087482 | 1.704576 | 0.937021 |
gas phase \citep{1969ApJ...157L..13C}. As a result, the "spin temperature" (or the rotational temperature between ortho and para species) is not considered to reflect the kinetic temperature of NH$_3$, but instead reflect formation conditions of the NH$_3$.
The ortho-NH$_3$ to para-NH$_3$ abundance ratio (OPR) is widely expected to be the statistical equilibrium value of 1.0 when the NH$_3$ molecules are formed in gas-phase or surface grain reactions \citep[e.g.][]{1999ApJ...525L.105U}. However, modelling by \citet{2013ApJ...770L...2F} suggests that, in gas phase reactions, the OPR can reasonably be expected to be $0.5 - 1.0$, and an OPR $<1$ reflects production from para-enriched H$_2$ gas. \citet{2013ApJ...770L...2F} have modelled the formation of ortho and para ammonia and have suggested that ortho ammonia is formed preferentially over para ammonia when the NH$_3$ is formed or condensed on a cold surface ($< 30$ K) such as water or ice. In addition, because the lowest energy level of the para species of NH$_3$ is 23 K higher than the lowest energy level of the ortho species, the para species require more energy for desorption than ortho species \citep{1999ApJ...525L.105U}. Both of these aspects would enhance the ortho-to-para abundance ratio (hereafter OPR) for NH$_3$ released from grain surfaces into the gas phase by shocks over the OPR of NH$_3$ produced in the gas phase. The observational study of \citet{1999ApJ...525L.105U} (amongst others) suggests that an enhanced OPR (OPR > 1) along with an enhanced NH$_3$ abundance can indicate a previous shock that has released NH$_3$ formed on dust grains into the gas phase.
This work provides a first systematic look at the dense gas (n >$10^4$\,cm$^{-3}$) traced by HOPS \citep{2012MNRAS.426.1972P} and further dedicated observations with the Mopra radio telescope towards Galactic TeV gamma-ray emission seen by H.E.S.S.. The large (8 GHz) bandwidth of the Mopra spectrometer (MOPS) allows for the simultaneous observation of many molecular transitions. Multiple inversion-rotation transitions of NH$_3$ are included which allow us to identify molecular cloud cores displaying non-LTE conditions, which may indicate shocked gas. The velocity resolution ($\sim0.4$km/s at 22 GHz, \citealt{2010PASA...27..321U}) of MOPS at these wavelengths provides an opportunity to search for asymmetric line profiles of molecular transitions, which can indicate disruption and shocks within cloud cores. These Mopra observations are able to provide information about the densest parts of the interacting interstellar gas and will allow us to gain an insight in the cosmic ray penetration in the inner part of the cloud cores and the gamma-ray production.
\section{Observations and Data Reduction}
\label{observations}
Our study uses published H.E.S.S. results up to March 2015 (see Table \ref{table:detections} for specific references). H.E.S.S. detects TeV gamma-rays above an energy threshold of $\sim$100 GeV and up to $\sim$100 TeV with a typical energy resolution of 15\% per photon and an angular resolution of $\sim0.1\ensuremath{^\circ}$ per event \citep{2006A&A...457..899A}. The H.E.S.S. field of view is $5\ensuremath{^\circ}$ in diameter with a point source sensitivity of $\sim2.0\times10^{-13}$\,erg\,cm$^{-2}$\,s$^{-1}$ at | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.652848 | 1.957703 | 1.851621 | 1.043271 |
1 TeV (25 hrs obs).
Molecular line data were taken from HOPS \citep{2011MNRAS.416.1764W} data and reduced using the ATNF packages LIVEDATA, GRIDZILLA, ASAP and MIRIAD (see http://www.atnf.csiro.au/computing/software/ for information on these packages). HOPS has mapped a 100 square degree strip of the Galactic plane (30$\ensuremath{^\circ}$ > \textit{l} > -70$\ensuremath{^\circ}$, $|b|$ < 0.5$\ensuremath{^\circ}$) at 12\,mm wavelengths using the Mopra radio telescope. The telescope main beam size (FWHM) is $\sim 2$ arcmin at a wavelength of 12\,mm \citep{2010PASA...27..321U}. Mopra is a 22 m single-dish radio telescope located 450 km north-west of Sydney, near Coonabarabran, NSW, Australia. HOPS observations made use of the Mopra spectrometer (MOPS) in on-the-fly mapping mode. The zoom-mode of MOPS allows simultaneous observations from up to 16 spectral windows, where each window is 137.5 MHz wide and contains 4096 channels. HOPS targets water masers, thermal molecular emission and radio-recombination lines. Overlap of HOPS with the Galactic sky seen by H.E.S.S. can be seen in Fig. \ref{HESS_HOPS}. The Central Molecular Zone (CMZ) is not discussed in this study, and a study of this region will be detailed in a future paper. Further observation details of HOPS can be found described in \citet{2011MNRAS.416.1764W}. To derive kinematic distances from the local standard of rest (LSR) kinematic velocity, the Galactic rotation curve derived by \citet{1993A&A...275...67B} was used unless otherwise indicated.
\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth]{./lemoine-TeVastro-ICRC2015_2.eps}
\caption{\label{HESS_HOPS}TeV gamma-ray significance image taken from \citet{Proceedings:2015uxa} and overlaid with regions of HOPS 12\,mm coverage displayed using cyan boxes and our additional, dedicated 12\,mm observations displayed using green boxes.}
\end{figure*}
We also carried out dedicated observations with the Mopra radio telescope between February 2011 and January 2015. These observations employed MOPS in zoom mode and utilised the same zoom bands and central frequency as HOPS. Five sites of deep ON/OFF pointing towards HESS\,J1801$-$233 and HESS\,J1745$-$303 were undertaken using modified zoom bands to include the NH$_3$\,(4,4) and (5,5) transitions. Deep ON/OFF pointing is where one beam-sized 'ON' region is observed, and calibrated using a single, beam-sized 'OFF region and are used in this study to provide extra sensitivity over mapping data. The FWHM of the Mopra beam within the 12\,mm band varies between 1.7 arcmin at the highest observed frequency in this data (27.5 GHz) and 2.4 arcmin at the lowest observed frequency (19.5 GHz) \citep{2010PASA...27..321U}. The mapping data, as with HOPS, uses MOPS in on-the-fly mapping mode with two scanning directions, Galactic longitude and latitude, in order to reduce scanning artefacts and noise. Each 0.5$\ensuremath{^\circ}\times$0.5$\ensuremath{^\circ}$ map took approximately 90 mins for each pass. Deep ON/OFF pointings were were undertaken for 60 mins in selected regions where extra sensitivity was required. The mapping regions of our dedicated observations with HOPS-equivalent exposure have a mean T$_{\rm{rms}}$ of $0.2$ K per channel. M | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -0.008247 | 1.184223 | 0.901212 | 0.10157 |
apping regions with deeper coverage had four times the exposure, and so achieved a T$_{\rm{rms}}$\,$\sim$0.1 K per channel. Position-switched deep ON/OFF observations achieved a T$_{\rm{rms}}$ of $\geqslant\sim$0.02 K per channel.
We applied the methods of \citet{1986A&A...157..207U} to estimate the NH$_3$ column density ($N_{\rm{NH}_3}$), the kinetic temperature (T$_{\rm{K}}$) and the H$_2$ density ($n_{\rm{H}_2}$) of the molecular clumps from the detected emission lines NH$_3$\,(J,K), J=K=1,2. The masses of molecular clumps are presented and discussed for six unidentified sources in detail in Section \ref{six_sources}. For clumps where all data are from HOPS the NH$_3$ gas parameters are presented in \cite{2012MNRAS.426.1972P}. Since our study is particularly interested in those unidentified TeV sources towards star forming regions, the TeV sources which are toward molecular clumps displaying H$_2$O maser emission and/or H$69\alpha$ emission are listed in Table. \ref{table:all_sources}.
\subsection{TeV/Molecular Clump overlap}
Dense molecular clouds were included based on their emission in the NH$_3$\,(1,1) transition. The NH$_3$ data were smoothed over five velocity channels ($\sim2.0$\,km/s), improving the integrated S/N by a factor of $\sim\sqrt{5}$. We have classified molecular clouds as significant if their peak emission is >\,3$\sigma$, where $\sigma \equiv {\rm{T}_{\rm{rms}}}/{\sqrt{5}}$. Molecular clumps were identified as being towards the TeV emission if the clump centroid position fell within a 3$\sigma$ radius from the TeV centroid, and adjacent to the TeV emission if the clump centroid position fell between a 3 and 5$\sigma$ radius range from the TeV centroid, where $\sigma$ is the intrinsic rms of the TeV sources quoted in publication (relevant publications are noted in Table. \ref{table:detections}).
\begin{table*
\caption{TeV sources covered by Mopra 12\,mm observations in our study. The 12\,mm observations include data from HOPS \citep{2011MNRAS.416.1764W} as well as additional observations undertaken specifically for our study. The H.E.S.S. TeV source name and centroid position (taken from given references) as well as some alternative names and whether NH$_3$\,(1,1) emission is detected towards, or adjacent to, the source is indicated. Sources highlighted in bold font are discussed in detail in this paper.}
\centering
\begin{threeparttable}[b]
\begin{tabular}{|c c c c c c c|}
\hline
H.E.S.S. name & Alternative name &\textit{l} &\textit{b} & NH$_3$\,(1,1) & NH$_3$\,(1,1) & TeV position/size\\
& & & & towards & adjacent & reference \\\hline
HESS\,J1023$-$575 & Westerlund 2 & 284.22 & $-$0.40 & - & - & \tnote{1} \\
HESS\,J1119$-$614 & & 292.10 & $-$0.49 & - & - & \tnote{24} \\
HESS\,J1303$-$631 & & 304.24 & $-$0.36 & \checkmark & - & \tnote{2} \\
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.049321 | 1.308811 | 1.080535 | 0.395654 |
\,J1418$-$609 & Kookaburra(Rabbit)& 313.25 & 0.15 & - & \checkmark & \tnote{3} \\
HESS\,J1420$-$607 & Kookaburra(PWN) & 313.56 & 0.27 & \checkmark & \checkmark & \tnote{3} \\
HESS\,J1427$-$608 & & 314.41 & $-$0.14 & \checkmark & \checkmark & \tnote{4} \\
HESS\,J1457$-$593 & G318.2+0.1 & 318.36 & $-$0.43 & - & \checkmark & \tnote{5} \\
HESS\,J1503$-$582 & & 319.62 & 0.29 & - & - & \tnote{6} \\
HESS\,J1614$-$518 & & 331.52 & $-$0.58 & - & \checkmark & \tnote{4} \\
HESS\,J1616$-$508 & & 332.39 & $-$0.14 & \checkmark & \checkmark & \tnote{7} \\
\textbf{HESS\,J1626$-$490}& & 334.77 & 0.05 & \checkmark & \checkmark & \tnote{4} \\
HESS\,J1632$-$478 & & 336.38 & 0.19 & \checkmark & \checkmark & \tnote{4} \\
HESS\,J1634$-$472 & & 337.11 & 0.22 & \checkmark & \checkmark & \tnote{4} \\
\textbf{HESS\,J1640$-$465}& & 338.32 & $-$0.02 & - & \checkmark & \tnote{7} \\
HESS\,J1641$-$463 & & 338.52 & 0.09 & \checkmark & - & \tnote{22} \\
HESS\,J1646$-$458 & Westerlund 1 & 339.55 & $-$0.35 & \checkmark & \checkmark & \tnote{8} \\
HESS\,J1702$-$420 & & 344.30 & $-$0.18 & \checkmark & \checkmark & \tnote{4} \\
HESS\,J1708$-$410 & & 345.68 & $-$0.47 & - & \checkmark & \tnote{4} \\
HESS\,J1713$-$397 & RX J1713.7$-$3946 & 347.34 & $-$0.47 & \checkmark | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -1.499064 | -0.283571 | -0.592543 | -1.559846 |
& \checkmark & \tnote{9} \\
HESS\,J1713$-$381 & CTB 37B & 348.65 & 0.38 & - & - & \tnote{7} \\
HESS\,J1714$-$385 & CTB 37A & 348.39 & 0.11 & - & - & \tnote{10} \\
HESS\,J1718$-$385 & & 348.83 & $-$0.49 & - & - & \tnote{11} \\
\textbf{HESS\,J1729$-$345}& & 353.44 & $-$0.13 & \checkmark & - & \tnote{12} \\
HESS\,J1731$-$347 & & 353.54 & $-$0.67 & - & \checkmark & \tnote{12} \\
HESS\,J1741$-$302 & & 358.4 & 0.19 & - & - & \tnote{13} \\
\textbf{HESS\,J1745$-$303}& & 358.71 & $-$0.64 & \checkmark & \checkmark & \tnote{7} \\
HESS\,J1800$-$240A & & 6.14 & $-$0.63 & \checkmark & - & \tnote{14} \\
HESS\,J1800$-$240B & & 5.9 & $-$0.37 & \checkmark & - & \tnote{14} \\
HESS\,J1800$-$240C & & 5.71 & $-$0.06 & - & \checkmark & \tnote{14} \\
HESS\,J1801$-$233 & W28 & 6.66 & $-$0.27 & \checkmark & - & \tnote{14} \\
\textbf{HESS\,J1804$-$216}& & 8.4 & $-$0.03 & \checkmark & - & \tnote{7} \\
HESS\,J1808$-$204 & & 9.96 & $-$0.25 & - & - & \tnote{23} \\
HESS\,J1809$-$193 & & 11.18 & $-$0.09 & \checkmark & \checkmark & \tnote{11} \\
HESS\,J1813$-$178 & & 12.81 & $-$0.03 & - & \checkmark & \tnote{7} \\
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -1.691976 | -0.385448 | -0.771865 | -1.686333 |
0.17 & \checkmark & - & \tnote{15} \\
HESS\,J1825$-$137 & & 17.71 & $-$0.7 & - & \checkmark & \tnote{7} \\
HESS\,J1828$-$099 & & 21.49 & 0.38 & - & - & \tnote{22} \\
HESS\,J1831$-$098 & & 21.85 & $-$0.11 & - & - & \tnote{16} \\
HESS\,J1832$-$093 & & 22.48 & $-$0.16 & \checkmark & - & \tnote{17} \\
HESS\,J1832$-$085 & & 23.21 & 0.29 & - & - & \tnote{24} \\
HESS\,J1834$-$087 & & 23.24 & $-$0.31 & \checkmark & - & \tnote{7} \\
HESS\,J1837$-$069 & & 25.18 & $-$0.12 & \checkmark & \checkmark & \tnote{7} \\
HESS\,J1841$-$055 & & 26.8 & $-$0.2 & \checkmark & \checkmark & \tnote{4} \\
HESS\,J1843$-$033 & & 29.3 & 0.51 & \checkmark & \checkmark & \tnote{18} \\
HESS\,J1844$-$030 & & 29.41 & 0.09 & - & - & \tnote{24} \\
HESS\,J1846$-$029 & & 29.7 & $-$0.24 & - & - & \tnote{19} \\
\textbf{HESS\,J1848$-$018}& & 31.0 & $-$0.16 & \checkmark & - & \tnote{20} \\
HESS\,J1858$+$020 & & 35.58 & $-$0.58 & - & - & \tnote{4} \\
HESS\,J1912$+$101 & & 44.39 & $-$0.07 & \checkmark & - & \tnote{21} \\\hline
\end{tabular}
\centering
\label{table:detections}
\begin{tablenotes}[justified]
\small{\item[1]\citet{2011A&A...525A..46H}\item[2]\citet{2005A&A...439.1013A}\item[3]\citet{2006A&A...456..245A}\item[4]\citet{2008A&A | [
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29900,
29947,
29909,
29987,
29909
] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -1.488196 | -0.293061 | -0.713921 | -1.547197 |
...477..353A}\item[5]\citet{2010tsra.confE.196H}\item[6]\citet{2008AIPC.1085..281R}\item[7]\citet{2006ApJ...636..777A}\item[8]\citet{2012A&A...537A.114A}\item[9]\citet{2006A&A...449..223A}\item[10]\citet{2008A&A...490..685A}\item[11]\citet{2007A&A...472..489A}\item[12]\citet{2011A&A...531A..81H}\item[13]\citet{2008AIPC.1085..249T}\item[14]\citet{2008A&A...481..401A}\item[15]\citet{Hofverberg:2011aa}\item[16]\citet{Sheidaei:2011vg}\item[17]\citet{2015MNRAS.446.1163H}\item[18]\citet{2008ICRC....2..579H}\item[19]\citet{2008ICRC....2..823D}\item[20]\citet{2008AIPC.1085..372C}\item[21]\citet{2008A&A...484..435A}\item[22]\citet{2014ApJ...794L...1A}\item[23]\citet{2012AIPC.1505..273R}\item[24]\citet{Proceedings:2015uxa}}
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table*}
The NH$_3$\,(1,1) transition and five further specific molecular transitions were searched for in our study towards the molecular clouds detected with NH$_3$\,(1,1) emission. The transitions were chosen based on their ability to trace star forming regions at various evolutionary phases and broad line gas within dense cloud cores. Three inversion-rotation transitions of NH$_3$, NH$_3$\,(J,K): J=K=1,2,3 were chosen in order to estimate gas temperature and density of molecular clumps as well as to identify regions of broad line emission, and unusual gas dynamics. The H$_2$O maser transition at 12\,mm was chosen to identify regions of ongoing star formation which may not show up in infra-red observations, and the radio recombination line H$69\alpha$ was chosen to identify regions of ionised gas where high mass stars have been recently formed. The cyanopolyyne transition HC$_3$N(3-2) was chosen as it, and other cyanopolyyne transitions, are thought to trace early stages of core evolution while NH$_3$ tends to become more abundant at later stages \citep{1992ApJ...392..551S}. The detections of these six molecular transitions are summarized in Table \ref{table:all_sources}.
\section{Results overview}
Out of the 49 TeV sources included in our study, NH$_3$\,(1,1) emission was detected towards or adjacent to 38 of them (see Table \ref{table:detections} for a full list). Between one and nine molecular clumps are seen towards or adjacent to each TeV source. Around half of the molecular clumps detected in NH$_3$\,(1,1) emission display NH$_3$\,(2,2) emission and around one third display NH$_3$\,(3,3) emission. HC$_3$N (3-2) emission is detected in around one third of molecular clumps, as is the H$_2$O maser transition, while H$69\alpha$ emission is seen towards less than one fifth of molecular cores. These results are summarised in Table \ref{table:all_sources}.
\begin{table*
\caption{All molecular detections from molecular | [
856,
29946,
29955,
29955,
636,
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29945,
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29909,
1012,
667,
29961,
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29912,
29906,
29900,
29896,
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -0.236989 | 1.194606 | 1.195301 | 0.02378 |
clumps with NH$_3$\,(1,1) emission towards Galactic TeV sources. This table shows an extract from the full table, which is available in the online appendix. Galactic coordinates of NH${_3}$(1,1) emission, with kinematic distance solutions obtained using the rotation curve of \citet{1993A&A...275...67B}, and coincident molecular emission lines.}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|c c c c c c c c c c c|}
\hline
TeV Source & NH$_3$ & NH$_3$ & NH$_3$\,(1,1) & kinematic & distance& NH$_3$ & NH$_3$ & HC$_3$N & H$_2$O & H69$\alpha$\\
& (1,1) & (1,1) &\textit{V$_{\rm{LSR}}$} &near&far& (2,2) & (3,3) & (3-2) & (6-5) & \\
&\textit{l} &\textit{b} & (km/s) &(kpc)&(kpc)& & & & & \\\hline
HESS\,J1729$-$345 & 353.3 & $-$0.1 & $-$16.1 &3.8&10.3& - & - & - & - & - \\
HESS\,J1731$-$347 & 353.4 & $-$0.3 & $-$18.7 &4.3&9.8& \checkmark & \checkmark & \checkmark & - & - \\
HESS\,J1745$-$303 & 358.4 & $-$0.5 & 6.5 & - & - & \checkmark & - & - & \checkmark & - \\
& 358.5 & $-$0.4 & $-$3.7 &2.6&10.5& \checkmark & \checkmark & - & \checkmark & - \\
& 358.6 & $-$0.8 & 2.7 &19.5& - & \checkmark & - & \checkmark & - & - \\
& 358.6 & $-$0.4 & $-$6.7 &6.3& - & - & - & - & - & - \\
& 358.8 & $-$0.4 & $-$29.7 & - & - & \checkmark & \checkmark & \checkmark & - & - \\
& 358.8 & $-$0.5 & $-$54.0 & - & - & \checkmark & \checkmark & \checkmark & - & - \\
HESS\,J1800$-$240C & 5.6 & $-$0.1 & $-$27.2 & - & - & \checkmark & \checkmark & \checkmark & \checkmark & - \\
& 5.8 & $-$0.2 & 12.0 &3.5&10.7& - & - & - & - & - \\
HESS\,J1800$-$240B & 5.9 & $-$0.4 & 7.7 | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -1.276265 | 0.101871 | -0.533366 | -1.162042 |
&2.3&11.9& \checkmark & \checkmark & \checkmark & \checkmark & \checkmark \\
& 5.9 & $-$0.3 & 9.0 &2.6&11.5& \checkmark & - & \checkmark & - & - \\
HESS\,J1800$-$240A & 6.6 & $-$0.3 & 6.0 &1.6&12.6& \checkmark & \checkmark & - & - & - \\
& 6.8 & $-$0.3 & 20.1 &4.7&9.3& \checkmark & - & \checkmark & \checkmark & - \\
HESS\,J1804$-$216 & 8.1 & 0.2 & 18.0 &3.7&10.5& \checkmark & \checkmark & - & - & \checkmark \\
& 8.3 & 0.2 & 17.1 &3.5&10.7& \checkmark & - & - & - & - \\
& 8.4 & $-$0.3 & 36.7 &6.7& - & \checkmark & \checkmark & \checkmark & - & - \\
& 8.7 & $-$0.4 & 36.7 &6.4& - & \checkmark & \checkmark & \checkmark & \checkmark & - \\\hline
\end{tabular}
\label{table:all_sources}
\end{table*}
\subsection{NH$_3$ Linewidths}
The FWHM of the NH$_3$ main line is often used as a measure of the total energy (thermal plus non-thermal) associated with a molecular clump. Broader lines are expected from regions with higher temperatures or additional dynamics (due to turbulence, infall, outflow or tidal flow). The purely Maxwell-Boltzmann thermal linewidth FWHM $\Delta\,v_{th}$ expected from a gas at temperature \textit{T} is given by:
\begin{equation}
\centering
\Delta\,v_{th} = \sqrt{\frac{8\ln(2)kT}{m_{\rm{NH}_3}}} \rm{km s}^{-1}
\label{eq:linewidth}
\end{equation}
where \textit{k} is Boltzmann's constant and $m_{\rm{NH}_3}$ is the mass of the NH$_3$ molecule. For a temperature of 15 K, as might be expected in typically cold, dense NH$_3$ cores, a thermal linewidth of 0.20 km.s$^{-1}$ is obtained, \citep{1983ARA&A..21..239H}. The line FWHM, of each core was estimated from a Gaussian fit to the main peak of the emission with additional Gaussians to fit each of the four satellite lines, which are generally resolved in the (1,1) transition.
The FWHM for all molecular clumps identified in our study is noticeably wider than that expected from purely thermal broadening, suggesting additional non-thermal or kinetic energy which dominates over broadening from the instrumental response, which in zoom mode at 12\,mm provides a velocity resolution of $\sim0.4$\,km/s \citep{2010PASA...27..321U}. Typical linewidth FWHMs observed for NH$_3$ emission in our study are from 1-2 km/s, but in a few cases, very broad linewidths (> 10km/s) are observed. For NH$_3$\,(1,1 | [
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405,
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1196,
338,
4049,
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408,
263,
5645,
310,
278,
3001,
5864,
313,
721,
5156,
2298,
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29899,
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5156,
29897,
6942,
411,
263,
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16637,
1067,
3427,
29889,
4358,
1664,
3454,
526,
3806,
515,
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411,
6133,
6238,
3698,
470,
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313,
29123,
304,
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663,
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320,
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338,
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491,
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463,
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9525,
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648,
386,
29913,
353,
320,
3676,
741,
1154,
29912,
29947,
29905,
3083,
29898,
29906,
29897,
29895,
29911,
1157,
29885,
1665,
1758,
29912,
29940,
29950,
2403,
29941,
12499,
320,
1758,
29912,
8848,
269,
19579,
29896,
29913,
29871,
13,
29905,
1643,
29912,
1837,
29901,
16292,
29913,
13,
29905,
355,
29912,
2573,
29913,
13,
3062,
320,
7746,
29912,
29895,
29913,
338,
8922,
17559,
4403,
29915,
29879,
4868,
322,
395,
29885,
1665,
1758,
29912,
29940,
29950,
2403,
29941,
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338,
278,
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310,
278,
405,
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14630,
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29896
] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -0.673078 | 0.474335 | -0.110165 | -0.537825 |
) emission with very broad linewidths, the satellite lines are blended with the main line which makes fitting the five Gaussian components non-trivial. For these sources, the NH$_3$\,(2,2) linewidth (assumed to be unaffected by satellite line blending) was used as an upper limit to the width of the NH$_3$\,(1,1) main line, and a temperature and density calculated based on this fit. The TeV sources towards which these very broad linewidths are found, HESS\,J1801$-$233 (the TeV source to the NE of the SNR W28 towards a SNR/molecular cloud interaction region) \citep{2011MNRAS.411.1367N} and HESS\,J1745$-$303 \citep{2008A&A...483..509A}, are both thought to be produced hadronically through interaction of accelerated protons and dense gas. The broad linewidths observed towards these sources, together with coincident broad SiO(1-0) emission (which can be seen in \cite{2012MNRAS.419..251N} for HESS\,J1801$-$233 and in an upcoming paper for HESS\,J1745$-$303), indicates the previous passage of a shock through this gas.
\subsection{Ortho-to-para NH$_3$ Abundance Ratios} \label{ortho-para}
Para NH$_3$\,(1,1) and NH$_3$\,(2,2) detections (as well as ortho NH$_3$\,(3,3) detections when available) and the LTE methods summarised in \citet{1986A&A...157..207U} were used to determine the rotational temperatures of all molecular clumps towards TeV sources in the HOPS dataset. Towards HESS\,J1745$-$303 and HESS\,J1801$-$233 where NH$_3$\,(3,3) detections were made, it was noticed when calculating rotational temperatures that the optical depths did not decrease with increasing J (as would be expected) and the NH$_3$\,(3,3) brightness temperature > NH$_3$\,(1,1) brightness temperature which is shown in Figs \ref{J1745_33_to_11_image} and \ref{W28_33_to_11_ratio_image} as well as the spectra in Figs \ref{J1745_NH3_spectra_REG1}, \ref{J1745_NH3_spectra_REG2}, \ref{J1745_NH3_spectra_REG4}, \ref{W28_NH3_spectra_REG1} and \ref{W28_NH3_spectra_REG2}. Subsequently, in this work, where NH$_3$\,(3,3) brightness temperature > NH$_3$\,(1,1) brightness temperature, the NH$_3$\,(J,K), J=K > 2 emission is not expected to represent the same excitation temperature as the NH$_3$\,(1,1) transition and so it is assumed that the NH$_3$\,(J,K) J=K=3,4,5,6 emission is optically thin. The molecular clumps towards HESS\,J1745$-$303 and HESS\,J1801$-$233 with NH$_3$\,(3,3) brightness temperature > NH$_3$\,(1,1) brightness temperature were found to have extended emission in all four of the metastable ammonia transitions considered in the HOPS observations (NH$_3$\,(J,K) J=K=1,2,3,6). The molecular clouds towards both {HESS\,J1745$-$303 and HESS\,J1801$-$233 exist close to supernova remnants (SNRs) that are interacting with molecular clouds, evident by 1720 MHz OH masers. In addition, 7 mm observations of the regions displaying NH$_3$\,(3,3)-to-NH$_ | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -0.118797 | 1.656617 | 0.806172 | 0.030737 |
3$\,(1,1) brightness temperature ratios > 1 revealed extended SiO\,(1-0) emission which matches the morphology of the NH$_3$ emission.
Upper state column densities for each transition were calculated using the LTE analysis summarised by \citet{1986A&A...157..207U}. These values were divided by the total degeneracy (angular momentum degeneracy, g$_u = 2J + 1$ as well as spin and K degeneracy) and used to plot rotation diagrams. Rotation diagrams shown in Figs \ref{1745_region1_Nuplot}, \ref{1745_region2_Nuplot}, \ref{1745_region3_Nuplot}, \ref{W28_region1_Nuplot} and \ref{W28_region2_Nuplot} include upper-state column densities of each observed transition towards each region of extended NH$_3$ emission where NH$_3$\,(3,3) brightness temperature $\geqslant$ NH$_3$\,(1,1) brightness temperature. The rotation temperature of para NH$_3$ was estimated separately for the NH$_3$\,(J,K) J=K=1,2 transitions and the NH$_3$\,(J,K) J=K=4,5 transitions. The rotational temperature of ortho NH$_3$ was estimated using the NH$_3$\,(J,K) J=K=3,6 transitions, and it is assumed that T$_{\rm{36}} =$ T$_{\rm{45}}$.
ON/OFF deep pointing observations were taken at three positions towards HESS\,J1745-303, and two positions towards HESS\,J1801$-$233. These regions indicated in Fig. \ref{J1745_33_to_11_image}, which were chosen due to their high NH$_3$ (3,3)-to-(1,1) brightness temperature ratios, and Fig. \ref{W28_33_to_11_ratio_image} which were chosen due to their positions immediately post shock and pre shock where the shock position is traced by 1720 MHz OH masers. The method of \citet{1999ApJ...525L.105U} was used to estimate the ortho-to-para NH$_3$ abundance ratio. Figs \ref{1745_region1_Nuplot}, \ref{1745_region2_Nuplot}, \ref{1745_region3_Nuplot}, \ref{W28_region1_Nuplot} and \ref{W28_region2_Nuplot} display a straight line fit to the derived NH$_3$\,(4,4) and (5,5) column densities, where 1/slope = T$_{\rm{rot}}$. This rotational temperature was compared to the T$_{\rm{rot}}$ fit for the ortho NH$_3$\,(3,3) and (6,6), and in many cases the lines fitting each pair of column densities is almost parallel (indicating an equivalent T$_{\rm{rot}}$). Ortho-to-para NH$_3$ abundance ratios were estimated and used to produce reduced ortho NH$_3$\,(3,3) and (6,6) column densities ($\textit{ROCD}$s) according to
\begin{equation}
\textit{ROCD} = \textit{N}_{ortho}/\rm{OPR}_{est}
\label{equation:reduced_ortho}
\end{equation}
where $\textit{N}_{ortho}$ is the upper state ortho NH$_3$ column density for each transition, and $\rm{OPR}_{est}$ is the estimated NH$_3$ ortho-to-para abundance ratio. These 'reduced' ortho NH$_3$ column densities were then optimised with least squares fitting with a straight line fit to all NH$_3$\,(J,K) J=K=3,4,5,6 column densities. The ortho-to-para abundance ratio which gives the best fit is given in Table. \ref{table:OPR}.
\begin{table*
\centering
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.133635 | 1.661808 | 0.998046 | 0.296993 |
c c c|}
\hline
TeV Source &T$_{rot}$ &T$_{rot}$ &T$_{rot}$ & T$_{rot}$ & \\
and region & para & ortho & para &(3,3)-(6,6) & OPR \\
&(1,1),(2,2)&(3,3),(6,6)&(4,4),(5,5)&(reduced ortho)& best fit \\
&(K) &(K) &(K) &(K) & \\\hline
HESS\,J1745$-$303 & & & & & \\
region 1 & 68 & 222 & 239 & 224 &$1.5\pm0.3$ \\
region 2 & 64 & 256 & 232 & 234 &$1.8\pm0.6$ \\
region 3 & 91 & 247 & 181 & 239 &$1.7^{+0.3}_{-0.4}$\\\hline
HESS\,J1801$-$233 & & & & & \\
region 1 & 108 & 285 & 360 & 291 &$1.5\pm0.5$ \\
region 2 & 143 & 259 & - & - &> 2.0* \\\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{The T$_{rot}$ given for NH$_3$\,(3,3)-(6,6) (reduced ortho) = 1/(slope of the line fit to the column densities for regions defined in Figs. \ref{J1745_33_to_11_image} and \ref{W28_33_to_11_ratio_image} (adjusted according to the estimated NH$_3$ Ortho-to-Para abundance Ratio (OPR))) of the transitions for NH$_3$\,(J,K) J=K=3,4,5,6. The OPR given is that with the best fit to the NH$_3$\,(J,K) J=K=3,4,5,6 column densities. The * indicates a region where the apparent OPR fitted appears to be due to an incorrect division of transitions into temperature components rather than an enhanced OPR. Further details are outlined in the caption of Fig. \ref{W28_region2_Nuplot}.}
\label{table:OPR}
\end{table*}
It can be see in Table. \ref{table:OPR} that for all three regions investigated towards HESS\,J1745-303, a an OPR $\geqslant$ 1 is indicated (see Table. \ref{table:OPR}). We believe an OPR $\geqslant$ 1 indicates the previous passage of a shock through a gas cloud (see Section \ref{introduction}). The regions observed towards HESS\,J1745$-$303 with an OPR $\geqslant$1 lie outside the boundary of the SNRs in the region indicating that another shock is responsible for the enhancement of ortho-NH$_3$ over para-NH$_3$. Several radio continuum point sources, centred on a molecular CO (1-0) ring in the region, may be remnants of an OB association responsible for a superbubble \citep{1992ApJ...398..128U}.
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -0.691758 | 0.831226 | -0.06937 | -0.604231 |
]{./1745m303_OPR.eps}
\caption{An image of NH$_3$\,(3,3) peak pixel-to-NH$_3$\,(1,1) peak pixel emission towards TeV source HESS\,J1745-303. The image has been produced to only show the ratio in regions of significant NH$_3$\,(3,3) emission although some scanning artefacts from noisy pixels are still visible towards the galactic East and South edges of the mapping region. This image is overlaid with contours of TeV emission \textit{(black)} and the regions towards which the deep pointing spectra were taken \textit{(small black circles)}. Supernova remnants are indicated in large, solid blue circles, 1720 MHz OH masers are indicated with black $\times$s and pulsars are indicated in magenta diamonds.}
\label{J1745_33_to_11_image}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth, angle=0]{./1745_region1_NH3_spectra.eps}
\caption{NH$_3$\,(J,K) J=K=1,2...6 spectra from the region marked as region 1 towards HESS\,J1745-303 in Figure \ref{J1745_33_to_11_image}. The peak brightness temperature of the NH$_3$\,(3,3) emission is greater than that of the other transitions.}
\label{J1745_NH3_spectra_REG1}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth, angle=0]{./region1_1745_parameters_Nu_plot_fit.eps}
\caption{Rotation diagram for region 1 of HESS\,J1745$-$303 (shown in Fig. \ref{J1745_33_to_11_image}) where N$_u$, g$_u$, and E$_u$ are the column density, the statistical weight, and the energy for the upper levels of the transitions NH$_3$\,(J,K) J=K=1,2,...6. Rotational temperatures, T$_{\rm{rot}} =$ 1/slope, have been determined for three groups of transitions, and it can be seen, since the slopes are very similar, that the rotational temperature is similar for the ortho NH$_3$\,(3,3) and (6,6) transitions and the para NH$_3$\,(4,4) and (5,5) for which the rotational temperature given here was fit along with the OPR adjusted ortho column densities (shown as open cyan circles). Here an OPR of 2.0 was estimated. The best fit OPR is $1.5\pm{0.5}$.}
\label{1745_region1_Nuplot}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth, angle=0]{./1745_region2_NH3_spectra.eps}
\caption{NH$_3$\,(J,K) J=K=1,2...6 spectra from the region marked as region 2 towards HESS\,J1745-303 in Figure \ref{J1745_33_to_11_image}. The peak brightness temperature of the NH$_3$\,(3,3) emission is greater than that of the other transitions.}
\label{J1745_NH3_spectra_REG2}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth, angle=0]{./region2_1745_parameters_Nu_plot_fit.eps}
\caption{As in Fig. \ref{1745_region1_Nuplot}, for region 2 of HESS\,J1745$-$303 (shown in Fig. \ref{J1745_33_to_11_image}). For this region an OPR of 2.0 was estimated. The best fit OPR is $1.8\pm{0 | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -0.288274 | 1.111547 | 0.081709 | -0.30572 |
.6}$, indicating an OPR enhancement. This region lies towards the highest significance of TeV gamma-ray emission.}
\label{1745_region2_Nuplot}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth, angle=0]{./1745_region3_NH3_spectra.eps}
\caption{NH$_3$\,(J,K) J=K=1,2...6 spectra from the region marked as region 3 towards HESS\,J1745-303 in Figure \ref{J1745_33_to_11_image}. The brightness temperature of the NH$_3$\,(3,3) emission is greater than that of the other transitions.}
\label{J1745_NH3_spectra_REG4}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth, angle=0]{./region3_1745_parameters_Nu_plot_fit.eps}
\caption{As in Fig. \ref{1745_region1_Nuplot}, for region 3 of HESS\,J1745$-$303 (shown in Fig. \ref{J1745_33_to_11_image}). For this region an OPR of 1.5 was estimated. The best fit OPR is $1.7^{+0.3}_{-0.4}$.}
\label{1745_region3_Nuplot}
\end{figure}
ON-OFF deep pointing observations were taken at two positions towards HESS\,J1801$-$233. These regions are indicated in Fig. \ref{W28_33_to_11_ratio_image} and were chosen due to their positions immediately post shock and pre shock where the shock position is traced by 1720 MHz OH masers.
For HESS\,J1801$-$233, the method used here cannot determine whether the OPR is enhanced in the regions indicated in Fig. \ref{W28_33_to_11_ratio_image}. Region 1 is immediately post shock and region 2 is immediately pre-shock where the shock position is traced by 1720 MHz OH masers. The best fit indicates that the OPR is enhanced in both regions which is consistent with a previous study \citep{2016MNRAS.462..532M} using NH$_3$ (J,K), J=K=1,2,3,4,6 to estimate the OPR in region 1. For region 2 (indicated in Fig. \ref{W28_33_to_11_ratio_image}) the rotational temperature for NH$_3$ (1,1) and (2,2) fits to the column densities of transitions up to the NH$_3$ (4,4) upper limit (as can be seen in Fig. \ref{W28_region2_Nuplot}), which may indicate that the higher J NH$_3$ (5,5) and (6,6) transitions are tracing a higher temperature component of the gas. If this were the case, the lower limit OPR for this region would not reflect the conditions of the gas. An enhanced OPR would not be expected in this region. In region 1 (indicated in Fig. \ref{W28_33_to_11_ratio_image}), the post shocked region, the determined OPR is consistent with 1, within errors, however an enhanced OPR could be expected in this region.
\begin{figure
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth, angle=0]{./W28_33_to_11_ratio_image.eps}
\caption{An image of NH$_3$\,(3,3) peak pixel-to-NH$_3$\,(1,1) peak pixel emission towards TeV source HESS\,J1801$-$233. This image is overlaid with contours of TeV emission \textit{(black)} and the regions towards which the deep pointing spectra were taken \textit{(blue circles)}. 1720 MHz OH masers are indicated with black $\times$s | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -0.44892 | 1.064827 | 0.320656 | -0.277419 |
which occur immediately post-shock of the SNR. The SNR shock here is moving from R1 towards R2.}
\label{W28_33_to_11_ratio_image}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth, angle=0]{./W28_region1_NH3_spectra.eps}
\caption{NH$_3$\,(J,K) J=K=1,2...6 spectra from the region marked as R1, towards HESS\,J1801$-$233, in Figure \ref{W28_33_to_11_ratio_image}. This region is post shock as the 1720 MHz OH masers effectively mark the current position immediately post shock, and the SNR is expanding with the shock moving towards R2. These spectral lines all display broad (> 6 km/s) linewidths and this region also displays extended SiO (1-0) emission. The brightness temperature of the NH$_3$\,(3,3) emission is greater than that of the other transitions.}
\label{W28_NH3_spectra_REG1}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth, angle=0]{./region1_W28_parameters_Nu_plot_OPR1.5.eps}
\caption{As in Fig. \ref{1745_region1_Nuplot}, for R1 of HESS\,J1801$-$233 (shown in Fig. \ref{W28_33_to_11_ratio_image}). For this region an OPR of 1.5 was estimated. The best fit OPR is $1.5\pm{0.5}$. This region is the post shocked region.}
\label{W28_region1_Nuplot}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth, angle=0]{./W28_region2_NH3_spectra.eps}
\caption{NH$_3$\,(J,K) J=K=1,2...6 spectra from the region marked as R2, towards HESS\,J1801$-$233, in Figure \ref{W28_33_to_11_ratio_image}. This region is pre shock as the 1720 MHz OH masers effectively mark the current position immediately post shock, and the SNR is expanding with the shock moving towards R2. The brightness temperature of the NH$_3$\,(3,3) emission is slightly less than that of the NH$_3$\,(1,1) emission and slightly greater than that of the NH$_3$\,(2,2) emission.}
\label{W28_NH3_spectra_REG2}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth, angle=0]{./region2_W28_parameters_Nu_plot_fit.eps}
\caption{As in Fig. \ref{1745_region1_Nuplot}, for R2 of HESS\,J1801$-$233 (shown in Fig. \ref{W28_33_to_11_ratio_image}). For this region an OPR of 1.5 was estimated. A lower limit OPR has been found (due to upper limits of NH$_3$\,(4,4) and (5,5) emission). This method indicates an OPR of > 2.0. As can be seen in this image however, the NH$_3$\,(3,3) and upper limit NH$_3$\,(4,4) column densities, with an OPR of 1.0, lie on the rotational temperature fit to the NH$_3$\,(1,1) and (2,2) emission (magenta line) indicating that the gas traced by these transitions may have an OPR of 1.0 and have a rotational temperature of that given by the NH$_3$\,(1,1) and (2,2) transitions. The NH$_3$\,(5,5) and (6,6) emission would then be tracing higher temperature gas, and the derived | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -0.444845 | 0.981769 | -0.082791 | -0.457822 |
OPR would not reflect the conditions of this gas. This region is the pre shocked region of molecular gas associated with HESS\,J1801$-$233.}
\label{W28_region2_Nuplot}
\end{figure}
\subsection{TeV emission from PWNe} \label{PWNe}
Pulsar Wind Nebulae or old relic PWNe are thought to be responsible for the TeV emission from many of the unidentified Galactic gamma-ray sources \citep{2008ApJ...682.1177C,2009ApJ...694...12M}. The population of likely TeV PWNe is thought to include 27 sources \citep{2013APh....43..287D}, although many of these sources do not have associated, observed pulsars. \citet{2008AIPC..983..195G} have identified seven TeV sources as confirmed PWNe. We have added HESS\,J1303$-$631 to this list as it has been since confirmed as a PWN \citep{2012A&A...548A..46H}, and meets the same requirements for confirmed PWNe proposed by \citet{2008AIPC..983..195G}.
In order to assess whether TeV sources in our study meet energetics constraints provided by confirmed PWNe, we have assumed that the TeV emission is at the same distance as the dense molecular gas traced by NH$_3$\,(1,1) emission and scaled the TeV luminosity of each source accordingly. We then calculated the range of spin down powers a pulsar producing this emission could have if the TeV emission was between 0.01\% and 7\% of the pulsar spin down power (as is the case for the population of seven confirmed PWN in \cite{2008AIPC..983..195G}). In Fig. \ref{image:PSR_plot}, the range of TeV luminosities for all TeV sources included in this study, along with the range of spin down powers these luminosities would translate to, with minimum and maximum TeV efficiencies of 0.001\% and 7\% respectively. It can be seen that, even with minimum TeV efficiency, the range of inferred spin down powers is between 10$^{34}$erg/s and 10$^{39}$erg/s, a range consistent with the population of pulsars likely to have an association with TeV emission identified by \citet{2013APh....43..287D}. Therefore all of the TeV sources included in this study of dense gas detected by NH$_3$\,(1,1) adjacent to TeV emission meet energetics requirements to be Galactic pulsar wind nebulae.
In addition, we believe the range of inferred spin down powers in Fig. \ref{image:PSR_plot} indicates that there could be a population of older TeV emitting PWNe, in the population of TeV sources included in this study, with a higher TeV efficiency (i.e. close to the maximum current TeV efficiency seen of 7\%, or even greater), which do not yet have associated, detected pulsars considered likely to have an association with TeV emission identified by \citet{2013APh....43..287D}. This population of TeV emitting PWNe is likely to become more apparent with the increasing sensitivity of TeV gamma-ray observations.
This method has not allowed for discrimination based on energetics requirements for those sources which are currently unidentified, which may be PWNe. Fig. \ref{image:PSR_plot} demonstrates this as TeV luminosities derived for all molecular cores detected in our study fall within the expected range for TeV emitting PWNe. This study is useful for more detailed studies for individual TeV sources which compare the morphology of dense gas with the TeV emission \citep[e.g.][]{2016MNRAS.458.2813V}. In the case of PWNe, which are produced leptonically through inverse Compton emission, the TeV emission often exhibits asymmetric morphology, and is expected to anti-correlate with molecular gas. This asymmetry can be explained by an inhomogeneous distribution of interstellar | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.005678 | 1.464545 | 1.223993 | 0.269166 |
gas around pulsars which strongly influences their development \citep[e.g.][]{2001ApJ...563..806B}. This study can be used to search for dense gas anti-correlated with asymmetric morphology of TeV emission to identify relic PWNe. In addition, these relic PWNe would be less likely to display 2-10 keV X-ray emission than the younger PWNe, in accordance with the ratio of gamma-ray to X-ray flux identified by \citet{2009ApJ...694...12M} to increase with PWNe age.
\begin{figure
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth, angle=0]{./PSR_plot_test.eps}
\caption{Spin down power vs age for pulsars from the ATNF Pulsar Catalog \citep{2005AJ....129.1993M} plotted with green dots. The population of pulsars deemed as likely TeV PWNe by \citet{2013APh....43..287D} have been over-plotted with black dots. It can be seen that the minimum spin down power for those pulsars likely associated with TeV emission is $\sim 10^{34}$\,erg/s. The TeV luminosity range (scaled according to molecular clump distance) is indicated by black, solid lines. The range of spin down powers for minimum apparent TeV efficiencies of 0.001\% and maximum apparent TeV efficiencies of 7\% for adjacent clumps' near and far distances are indicated by blue dashed and red dot-dashed lines respectively.}
\label{image:PSR_plot}
\end{figure}
\section{Discussion of Six Prominent Unidentified TeV sources}\label{six_sources}
Six TeV sources which have not been unambiguously connected to any counterpart at other wavelengths are discussed in detail here. These sources were chosen for their coincidence with star formation regions as evident by IR emission, H$_2$O masers and/or H69$\alpha$ emission or, as for HESS\,J1745-303, an anomalous NH$_3$ ortho-to-para brightness temperature ratio. Images of the peak pixel brightness temperature between velocities of $-200$km/s and $200$km/s of various molecular transitions along with spectra towards selected molecular gas clumps and infra-red features are displayed in Figures \ref{J1745m303_image} to \ref{J1729m345_IR_image}. A discussion of notable gas and infra-red features is included in the following section. The molecular transition gas maps seen in Fig. \ref{J1745m303_image} to \ref{J1729_J1731_image} have been chosen based on significant emission \textbf{(defined as > 3$\sigma$, where $\sigma \equiv {\rm{T}_{\rm{rms}}}/{\sqrt{5}}$)} seen towards or adjacent to the TeV emission. Maps of the other transitions searched for are not shown. Kinematic distance solutions and molecular clump masses for the dense gas (traced by NH$_3$ (1,1) emission) towards, and adjacent to, the six TeV sources discussed in this section are presented in Table \ref{table:six_sources_mass_etc}.
For the sources for which the TeV could possibly originate from cosmic ray protons, a simple calculation of diffusion time has been used to help assess the plausibility of the TeV emission coming from interactions between cosmic rays from a nearby accelerator and dense gas catalogued in this survey.
To calculate the distance $d$ travelled by cosmic ray protons in a given time, $t$, we have used:
\begin{equation}
d=\sqrt{2D(E_p,B)t}
\label{equation:diff_dist}
\end{equation}
where $D(E_p,B)$ is the diffusion coefficient dependent on maximum proton energy, $E_p$ and magnetic field $B$ according to:
\begin{equation}
D(E_p,B) = \chi D_0 (\frac{\rm{E_p/GeV}}{B/3\mu\rm{ | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.19808 | 1.708528 | 1.399728 | 0.415892 |
G}})^{0.5}\,\rm{cm}^2\,\rm{s}^{-1}
\label{equation:diff_coeff}
\end{equation}
from \citet{2007Ap&SS.309..365G}. $D_0$ is the average Galactic diffusion coefficient \citep{1990acr..book.....B}, $\chi$ is the diffusion suppression coefficient
(assumed to be $<1$ inside molecular cores; 1 outside) \citep{1990acr..book.....B,2007Ap&SS.309..365G}. The magnetic field strength as a function of density $n_{H_2}$\,cm$^{-3}$ using:
\begin{equation}
B(n_{H_2}) \sim 10(\frac{n_{H_2}}{300\mu\rm{G}})^{0.65} \mu\rm{G}
\label{equation:Crutcher_Bfield}
\end{equation}
was taken from \citet{1999ApJ...520..706C} based on their Zeeman splitting measurements in molecular clouds.
\begin{table*
\caption{All molecular detections from molecular clumps with NH$_3$\,(1,1) emission towards Galactic TeV sources. This table shows an extract from the full table, which is available from the online appendix. For individual sources such as HESS\,J1745$-$303, the large spread of distances between different molecular clouds, may be due to the clouds being located at different distances along the line of sight, or perhaps due to intrinsic movement of the molecular clouds. HESS\,J1745$-$303 is located close to the CMZ, and so the Galactic rotation curve used here does not include solutions for the distances to several molecular clouds observed. For HESS\,J1745$-$303 we believe the clouds are separated into several distinct distance groups. These distance ambiguities will investigated further in an upcoming paper (de Wilt, P. \& Rowell, G. in preparation).}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|c c c c c c c c c|}
\hline
TeV Source & NH$_3$ & NH$_3$ & NH$_3$\,(1,1) & kinematic & distance & H$_2$ &$N_{NH_3}$ & H$_2$ \\
& (1,1) & (1,1) &\textit{V$_{\rm{LSR}}$} &near &far &mass (near)& $\times10^{13}$& density \\
&\textit{l} &\textit{b} & (km/s) &(kpc) &(kpc) &M$_{\odot}$ &(cm$^{-2}$)&(cm$^{-3}$)\\\hline
HESS\,J1626$-$490 & 334.71 & 0.04 & $-$86.46 & 5.5 & 8.6 & 0.2 & 7.7 &1.3$\times10^3$ \\
HESS\,J1640$-$465 & 338.09 & 0.01 & $-$40.00 & 3.3 & 11.2 & 1153 & 8.4 &5.8$\times10^2$ \\
& 338.33 & 0.14 & $-$36.59 & 3.1 & 11.4 & 100 & 1.3 &1.2$\times10^2$ \\
& 338.47 & 0.04 & $-$37.01 & 3.2 & 11.3 & 975 | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -0.660511 | 0.981769 | 0.286137 | -0.234492 |
& 5.2 &3.1$\times10^2$ \\
HESS\,J1729$-$345 & 353.28 & $-$0.06 & $-$16.09 & 3.9 & 10.2 & - & - & - \\
HESS\,J1745$-$303 & 358.37 & $-$0.46 & 6.50 & - & - & 353 & 1.2 &0.6$\times10^2$ \\
& 358.46 & $-$0.38 & $-$3.73 & 3.3 & 9.3 & 186 & 2.4 &2.2$\times10^2$ \\
& 358.59 & $-$0.81 & 2.66 & 19.4 & - & - & & \\
& 358.64 & $-$0.40 & $-$6.71 & 6.3 & - & 0.1 & 0.4 &6.7$\times10^2$ \\
& 358.80 & $-$0.36 & $-$29.73 & - & - & 23827 & 11.1 &2.0$\times10^2$ \\
& 358.81 & $-$0.51 & $-$54.02 & - & - & - & & \\
HESS\,J1804$-$216 & 8.14 & 0.22 & 17.96 & 3.7 & 10.5 & 517 & 3.0 &1.8$\times10^2$ \\
& 8.25 & 0.17 & 17.10 & 3.5 & 10.7 & 212 & 1.4 &1.0$\times10^2$ \\
& 8.40 & $-$0.28 & 36.71 & 6.7 & - & 7669 & 3.4 &0.6$\times10^2$ \\
& 8.68 & $-$0.40 & 36.71 & 6.4 & - & 8091 & 4.8 &1.0$\times10^2$ \\
HESS\,J1848$-$018 & 30.72 & $-$0.07 & 92.16 & 5.2 & 9.2 & 1942 & 6.3 &2.9$\times10^2$ \\
& 30.78 & $-$0.08 & 94.30 & 5.1 & 9.1 & 1.2 & 4.8 &8.1$\times10^3$ \\
& 30.81 & $-$0.04 & | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -1.735449 | -0.470777 | -0.926082 | -1.696452 |
93.87 & 5.1 & 9.1 & 1909 & 5.9 &2.6$\times10^2$ \\
& 30.98 & $-$0.14 & 77.25 & 4.4 & 10.0 & - & - & - \\\hline
\end{tabular}
\label{table:six_sources_mass_etc}
\end{table*}
\subsection{HESS\,J1745$-$303}
\textbf{HESS\,J1745$-$303} in Fig. \ref{J1745m303_image} is a source where NH$_3$\,(1,1) emission is coincident with the TeV peak. Of particular interest here is the broad line emission of all thermal molecular line transitions towards the TeV centroid. HESS\,J1745$-$303 partially overlaps both the molecular cloud and the SNR G$359.1-0.5$. The SNR G$359.1-0.5$ interacts with a molecular cloud as evident by a cluster of 1720 MHz OH masers towards the SNR rim. This SNR has been attributed to producing this broad line emission, however the broad line emission has a kinematic velocity which differs from that of the masers by around 50 km/s and the broad emission line region lies outside the boundary of the SNR observed in radio continuum (see Fig. \ref{J1745m303_image} where the SNR boundary is indicated). Broad line molecular gas is only observed towards one region of the gamma-ray emission, defined as region A by \citet{2008A&A...483..509A} (and indicated in Fig. \ref{J1745m303_image}), which includes the highest TeV gamma-ray significance region, the 7$\sigma$ contour. The molecular line emission detected in our study, within the 7$\sigma$ significance contour, includes this broad emission line cloud (FWHM > 10\,km/s), the spectra of which are displayed in the LHS of Fig. \ref{J1745m303_image}. In addition to broad emission lines, NH$_3$\,(3,3) emission is observed to have a higher peak brightness temperature than NH$_3$\,(2,2) and (1,1). As discussed in Section \ref{ortho-para}, this molecular cloud has an enhanced ortho-to-para NH$_3$ abundance ratio which we believe is due to the previous passage of a shock through the cloud. The nature of the shock is not clear as this gas is outside the boundary of the observed SNRs in the region. Non-thermal broadening (i.e. from turbulence) of these spectral lines dominates over the thermal broadening ($<$ 4 km/s) which further supports that a shock as passed through this molecular cloud. This will be discussed in more detail in a future study (de Wilt, P. \& Rowell, G. in preparation).
There are several other potential sources of cosmic-ray hadrons and/or electrons in the region which include two energetic pulsars, an additional SNR, G359.0-0.9, (all of which are indicated in Fig. \ref{J1745m303_image}) and a further radio continuum feature seen in archival data taken as part of the Molonglo Galactic Plane Surveys \citep{1999ASPC..168...43G}, which, could potentially be another SNR (de Wilt, P. \& Rowell, G. in preparation).
Previous studies have discussed the lack of molecular cloud emission towards the West and South-West components of TeV emission in HESS\,J1745$-$303 \citep[e.g.][]{2008A&A...483..509A, 2012PASJ...64....8H}. Our study confirms a lack of broad molecular line emission towards these components of TeV emission | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -0.251933 | 1.119334 | 0.740943 | -0.365802 |
, and therefore suggests that there is no Galactic ridge molecular cloud counterparts to the West and South-West components of the TeV source. We have identified dense molecular gas through NH$_3$ transitions which are found towards region B (as defined by \citet{2008A&A...483..509A} and seen in Fig. \ref{J1745m303_image}) which may be associated with the TeV emission. The NH$_3$ emission from these dense gas cloud cores exhibits narrow linewidths ($<$\,4\,km/s) which suggests that the emission is foreground or background to the Galactic Centre. \citet{2012MNRAS.426.1972P} state that the sensitivity of the HOPS observations mean that it is unlikely that any emission seen is background to the Galactic Centre, which makes it likely that these clouds are foreground to the GC. The association between this newly detected gas and the TeV emission is being investigated further and the results will be presented in a future paper. The narrow line NH$_3$\,(1,1) emission extent and spectrum can be seen in Fig. \ref{J1745m303_image}.
Fig. \ref{J1745m303_IR_image} shows that no active star formation is seen overlapping the TeV centroid in either the Spitzer infra-red bands nor in the molecular tracers used in our study. A similar situation is seen towards HESS\,J1801$-$233, the TeV peak towards the interacting SNR W28 \citep{2011MNRAS.411.1367N}. The lack of IR emission here supports the interpretation of the broad line emission not being associated with heating due to star formation processes, but perhaps due to additional energetics such kinetic energy provided by a shock which has passed through the gas cloud. As the gas lies outside the boundary of the SNR G359.1-0.5 as seen in radio continuum, we propose that there has been another shock which has passed through the cloud, producing the post-shocked gas characteristics of broad line emission, an ortho-to-para brightness temperature ratio > 1 as well as extended SiO\,(1-0) emission.
\begin{figure*
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth, angle=0]{./J1745m303_i_sp_new.eps}
\caption{12\,mm peak pixel maps of molecular line emission towards the TeV source \textbf{HESS\,J1745$-$303}. TeV significance contours (4-7$\sigma$) \citep{2008A&A...483..509A} are shown in black. Images of the peak pixel along the line of sight between local standard of rest (LSR) velocities $-$200 and 200 km/s of NH$_3\,(J,K), (J=K=1,2,3)$ are seen. Broad line emission is displayed in the spectra of all thermal lines seen towards the 7$\sigma$ TeV significance contour, however no H$_2$O masers or H69$\alpha$ emission is detected in our study. Spectra from a dense cloud core towards the SW component of TeV emission is seen (on the RHS here) offset in velocity from the broad emission by $\sim$55 km/s. The size of the region each of the spectra displayed in this image and Figs \ref{J1640m465_image}, \ref{J1848m018_image}, \ref{J1626m490_image}, \ref{J1804m216_image} and \ref{J1729_J1731_image} is taken from is given by one 12\,mm beam size (displayed in each image).}
\label{J1745m303_image}
\end{figure*}
\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics[width=0.75\textwidth]{./1745m303_spitzerRGB.eps}
\caption{\textit{Spitzer GLIMPSE/MIPSGAL} three-colour (RGB=24/8/4.5$\mu m$)M Jy sr$^{-1}$) image of the | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.153758 | 1.204988 | 0.560948 | -0.175438 |
region towards HESS\,J1745$-$303 (the TeV emission is indicated by white contours). Several 'rings' can be seen in the green, 8$\mu m$ emission, however there is no widespread star formation shown in these IR bands towards the TeV emission.}
\label{J1745m303_IR_image}
\end{figure*}
\subsection{HESS\,J1640$-$465}
Fig. \ref{J1640m465_image} displays NH$_3$\,(1,1) emission towards the edges of the TeV gamma-ray source \textbf{HESS\,J1640$-$465}. The gamma-ray emission is seen towards the SNR G338.3$-$0.0 and a giant H{\sc ii} region G338.4+0.1, both detected in radio continuum at 843 MHz \citep{1996A&AS..118..329W}. The faint ASCA X-ray source AX J1640.7$-$4632 \citep[see][]{2001ApJS..134...77S} is coincident with HESS\,J1640$-$465, as is the Fermi-LAT source 3FGL J1640.4$-$4634. A separate TeV source named HESS\,J1641$-$463, with a harder spectral index, to the edge of this TeV source is seen \citep[see][]{2014ApJ...794L..16L} towards the SNR G338.5+00.1.
The molecular line emission seen in HOPS data shows broad ($\sim 5$\,km/s) NH$_3$ emission in the (1,1) to (3,3) inversion transitions, indicative of shocked/excited gas towards the giant H{\sc ii} region G338.4$+$0.1, located between the two TeV sources. Several H$_2$O masers \citep{2011MNRAS.416.1764W} are seen towards and surrounding this TeV source (seen in Fig. \ref{J1640m465_image}), indicating the ongoing star formation in the region. All of the detected molecular line transitions have a far kinematic distance matching that of both of the SNRs in the region ($\sim$11 kpc, \citealt{2007A&A...468..993K}).
The pulsar PSR J1640$-$4631 has been recently discovered by \citet{2014ApJ...788..155G}, using the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR), towards HESS\,J1640$-$465 with a a spin-down luminosity of 4.4$\times10^{36}$ erg s$^{-1}$. The pulsed X-ray emission and the TeV centroid of HESS\,J1640$-$465 occur at the centre of the SNR G338.3$-$0.1. This, together with the morphology of the molecular material detected in our study (which surrounds the TeV emission), may favour a PWN model for the TeV emission. Rescaling the TeV flux (> 1\,TeV) to the distance of the SNRs and NH$_3$ emission gives a gamma-ray luminosity of $2.4\times10^{34}$\,erg/s. Assuming that PSR\,J1640$-$4631 is linked to SNR G338.2$-$0.0, and so is at a distance of 11 kpc, and is powering the PWN HESS\,J1640$-$465, the apparent efficiency of PSR\,J1640$-$4631 would be $\sim$0.05\%, within the range of confirmed TeV PWNe, $0.01$ to $7\%$ \citep{2008AIPC..983..195G}.
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.432766 | 1.345149 | 1.292135 | -0.029977 |
34, also catalogued as 1FGL\,J1640.8$-$4634, the Fermi-LAT GeV source coincident with HESS\,J1640$-$465, has a spectrum (from five years of Fermi-LAT data) which joins smoothly to the TeV spectrum \citep{2014ApJ...794L..16L}. This smooth spectrum from GeV to TeV favours a hadronic origin to the TeV gamma-rays, and has been reproduced by a hadronic model of HESS\,J1640$-$465 \citep{2014ApJ...794L..16L}, however the spectrum can also be reproduced by fine tuning to a leptonic, PWN model \citep[see][]{2014ApJ...788..155G}, and so this possibility cannot be ruled out.
Adjacent to HESS\,J1640$-$465 is the TeV source HESS\,J1641$-$463 \citep{2014ApJ...794L...1A}. This source has a harder spectral index than HESS\,J1640$-$465 and several possible counterparts including SNR G338.5$+$0.1, several X-ray sources (which may point towards a PWN scenario) have been identified \citep{2014ApJ...794L...1A}. HESS\,J1641$-$463 could also be a TeV binary system, although no variability in TeV gamma-rays or X-rays has been observed in current data \citep{2014ApJ...794L...1A}. The spectrum of the GeV source 3FGL\,J1641.1$-$4619c is very soft \citep[see][]{2014ApJ...794L..16L}, compared to the hard TeV spectrum detected by H.E.S.S. \citep{2014ApJ...794L...1A} which suggests different origins for the GeV and TeV gamma-rays. \citet{2017MNRAS.464.3757L} have used observations of many molecular and atomic transitions towards HESS\,J1640$-$465 and HESS\,J1641$-$463 to gain an understanding of total gas distribution and mass to explore both hadronic and leptonic TeV emission scenarios.
\citet{2017MNRAS.464.3757L} find that in a hadronic origin for the gamma-ray emission, the cosmic-ray enhancement rates are $\sim10^3$ and $\sim10^2$ times the local solar value for HESS\,J1640$-$465 and HESS\,J1641$-$463 respectively. In the hadronic case, if HESS\,J1641$-$465 were produced by runaway protons from the SNR G338.3$-$0.0 and applying the diffusion distance estimate according to Equation \ref{equation:diff_dist}, protons of 100 TeV would take $\sim$10,000 yrs to travel from the SNR to the second TeV source if moving through the dense gas. In this case, however, we would expect the TeV gamma-rays to peak along with the density of molecular gas, which, as can be seen in Fig. \ref{J1640m465_image} appears not to be the case. As outlined by \citet{2017MNRAS.464.3757L}, and which can be seen in Table \ref{table:all_sources}, in the highest density region, there are molecular cloud cores at different distances along the line of sight, which could allow for CR diffusion between them. This would allow for the CRs to diffuse faster, and using the diffuse gas parameters of \citet{2017MNRAS.464.3757L}, we calculate that 100 TeV protons would take $\sim$1600 yrs to diffuse from SNR G338.3$-$0.0 to HESS\,J1641$- | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.28129 | 1.750057 | 1.629261 | 0.296993 |
$463. As the age of SNR G338.3$-$0.0 has been estimated from 1-2 kyr up to 5-8 kyr, this would allow time for VHE CRs to travel from SNR G338.3$-$0.0 to produce the TeV emission from HESS\,J1641$-$463, between dense cloud cores (as outlined in \citet{2017MNRAS.464.3757L}).
\begin{figure*
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth, angle=0]{./J1640m465_i_sp_new.eps}
\caption{12\,mm peak pixel maps of molecular line emission towards the TeV sources \textbf{HESS\,J1640$-$465} and \textbf{HESS\,J1641$-$463} (which are indicated by solid, black contours). Three gas clumps are seen traced by NH$_3$\,(1,1) emission, all adjacent to the TeV emission. Two of these clumps (for which the spectra are shown above) display H$_2$O maser emission and H69$\alpha$ emission indicating both ongoing star formation and ionised gas.}
\label{J1640m465_image}
\end{figure*}
\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics[width=0.75\textwidth]{./1640_1641_spitzerRGB.eps}
\caption{\textit{Spitzer GLIMPSE/MIPSGAL} three-colour (RGB=24/8/4.5$\mu m$)M Jy sr$^{-1}$) image of the region towards HESS\,J1640$-$465 and HESS\,J1641$-$463. Two giant H{\sc ii} complexes are seen as prominent features of this image. G338.4$+$0.1 lies between the two TeV sources. These H{\sc ii} complexes are both traced by H69$\alpha$ in our study (seen in Fig. \ref{J1640m465_image}.}
\label{J1640m465_IR_image}
\end{figure*}
\subsection{HESS\,J1848$-$018}
\textbf{HESS\,J1848$-$018} is located towards the W43 star forming region. No obvious counterparts for the TeV emission such as SNRs or energetic pulsars are seen towards HESS\,J1848$-$018 \citep{2008AIPC.1085..372C}. The high mass stellar cluster W43 is offset from the centroid of the TeV emission within a giant molecular cloud with mass $\sim10^6$\,M$_\odot$ detected in both sub-millimetre wavelengths \citep{2003ApJ...582..277M} and $^{13}$CO \citep{2006ApJS..163..145J}. This cluster contains the high mass binary system, WR 121a, catalogued by \cite{2001NewAR..45..135V} and classified as a colliding wind binary (CWB) by \citet{2011ApJ...727..105A}. Our observations (Fig. \ref{J1848m018_image}) reveal broad NH$_3$ emission lines in the giant molecular cloud as well as H$_2$O maser emission and H69$\alpha$ emission indicative of ongoing star formation and ionised gas towards WR\,121a. The H69$\alpha$ emission traces the H{\sc ii} region G30.8$-$0.0 \citep{1985ApJ...296..565L}.
The infra red dark cloud (IRDC) G030.97$-$00.14, catalogued by \citet{2006ApJ...641..389R}, is seen towards the TeV centroid in Fig. \ref{J1848_IR_image}, overlapping a gas clump detected in NH$_3 | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.187551 | 1.059636 | 0.919145 | -0.091324 |
$\,(1,1) by our study. Spectra towards this gas clump are displayed on the LHS of Fig. \ref{J1848m018_image}, which show H$_2$O maser emission, indicative of active star formation. Due to the coincident IRDC, we suggest that this is an early star formation region, slightly foreground to the W43 region which provides much of the extended, background 8$\mu$m emission in Fig. \ref{J1848_IR_image} which is being absorbed by the cold, dense gas.
Colliding wind binaries are expected to produce leptonic gamma-ray emission through Inverse Compton (IC) scattering up to a few GeV \citep[e.g.][]{2006MNRAS.372..801P,2013A&A...558A..28D}. Theoretical models suggest that, given a suitable environment, stellar winds which are ejected during the high mass star evolution may also be able to accelerate hadrons as effectively as SNRs \citep[see][and references therein]{2011A&A...526A..57F}. If the CWB WR 121a is indeed responsible for the TeV emission, then approximately 3$\%$ of the kinetic power of the wind-wind collision (estimated to be $\sim10^{36}$\,erg.s$^{-1}$ in the system WR140 \citep{2006MNRAS.372..801P}) is converted into TeV emission. This agrees with numerical simulations of relativistic collision-less shocks, which indicate that at least 10$\%$ of energy is converted into relativistic particles downstream of the shock \citep{2008ApJ...682L...5S}.
Coincident with HESS\,J1848$-$018 are the Fermi-LAT source 3FGL J1848.4$-$0141 \citep{2015ApJS..218...23A} and HAWC source 1HWCJ1849$-$017c \citep{2016ApJ...817....3A}. While spectra of the HESS and HAWC sources have not been published, a continuous spectrum from Fermi-LAT energies up to tens of TeV (where HAWC is most sensitive) would point towards a hadronic origin to the gamma-rays, as leptonic sources are expected to cut off at lower energies. Further studies to determine the TeV morphology of HESS\,J1848-018 would be beneficial in determining whether the CWB WR 121a is a possible counterpart to the TeV emission. The cold, dense core detected by NH$_3$ observations in our study towards the IRDC G030.97$-$00.14 is within 2 arcmin of the TeV centroid and could provide a target for accelerated hadrons. A study of the morphology of more diffuse gas (i.e. that traced by $^{12}$CO(1-0) and H{\sc i}) is planned, and will give clues as to the origin of the TeV gamma-rays.
\begin{figure*}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth, angle=0]{./J1848m018_i_sp_new.eps}
\caption{12\,mm peak pixel maps of molecular line emission towards the TeV source \textbf{HESS\,J1848-018}. The centroid position of TeV emission is indicated by a + and intrinsic size by the dashed, circle. Peak brightness temperature images (as described in Fig. \ref{J1745m303_image}) of NH$_3$\,(1,1) , H$_2$O maser and H69$\alpha$ are shown. The mapping region is indicated by a green, dashed box and does not cover the extent of the TeV emission. The RHS spectra display emission in all molecular line transitions included in our study, indicating dense gas along with ongoing star formation and ionised gas towards the stellar cluster W43. The LHS spectra display emission in NH$_3$\,(1,1) and NH$_3$\ | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.529222 | 1.604706 | 1.356691 | 0.137619 |
,(2,2) indicating dense gas and H$_2$O emission indicating ongoing star formation towards the TeV emission centroid.}
\label{J1848m018_image}
\end{figure*}
\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics[width=0.75\textwidth]{./1848_spitzerRGB.eps}
\caption{\textit{Spitzer GLIMPSE/MIPSGAL} three-colour (RGB=24/8/4.5$\mu m$)M Jy sr$^{-1}$) image of the region towards HESS\,J1848$-$018. The TeV emission is displayed as in \ref{J1848m018_image}. Notable features in this IR image include a saturation of 24$\mu m$ emission towards the W43 stellar cluster which contains CWB WR 121a as well as excess emission seen in all IR bands surrounding this region. The IRDC G030.97-00.14 is also seen, towards the TeV centroid (indicated by a black cross), which matches the position of the gas clump traced by NH$_3$\,(1,1) emission seen in Fig. \ref{J1848m018_image}.}
\label{J1848_IR_image}
\end{figure*}
\subsection{HESS\,J1626$-$490}
The centroid of \textbf{HESS\,J1626$-$490} is found within 0.5$\ensuremath{^\circ}$ of the SNR G$335.2+0.1$ which has been noted as a possible source of accelerated particles responsible for the TeV emission \citep[see][]{2011A&A...526A..82E}. An H{\sc i} void is seen in Southern Galactic Plane Survey \citep[SGPS,][]{2005ApJS..158..178M} data between velocities of $-24$ and $9$ km/s which is thought to correspond to the SNR \citep{2011A&A...526A..82E}. The GeV Fermi-LAT source 3FGL\,J1626.2$-$4911 is coincident with HESS\,J1626$-$490, however the GeV and TeV spectra are not well matched and so the sources may not be associated.
Our study reveals NH$_3$\,(1,1) emission towards the TeV peak which can be seen in Fig. \ref{J1626m490_image}. The NH$_3$\,(1,1) emission has a kinematic velocity of -86km/s, giving implied kinematic distance solutions $\sim$5.5 kpc (near) and $\sim$8.6 kpc (far). The position of the molecular clump traced by NH$_3$ emission in our study corresponds to that of an IRDC which can be seen in Fig. \ref{J1626m490_IR_image}. This indicates that it is foreground to the widespread IR emission. This IRDC, MSXDC G334.70+0.02, has been previously catalogued by \citet{2008ApJ...680..349J}. The widespread IR emission is assumed to originate from the complex containing the H{\sc ii} region G$334.684-0.107$, which has a distance of 12.8 kpc \cite{2005A&A...429..497R}. Both the near and far kinematic distances of the NH$_3$ clump are foreground to the H{\sc ii} region so this does not resolve the distance ambiguity.
HI absorption towards the SNR G335.2+0.1 seen in HI data from SGPS \citep{2005ApJS..158..178M} indicates a SNR distance between 5.9 and 12.4 kpc. Assuming the SNR and NH$_3$ detected molecular core are at the same distance, we can assign the far distance of 8.7 kpc to the NH$_3$ (1,1) emission detected in this study. At a distance | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -0.02336 | 1.256899 | 1.024945 | -0.18113 |
of 8.7 kpc, the distance for CR protons to travel from the SNR shell to the far side of HESS\,J1626-490 is 76 pc. Using equations \ref{equation:Crutcher_Bfield} and \ref{equation:diff_dist} and assuming an average gas density of 1$\times10^2\,$cm$^{-3}$ towards the TeV emission, $10^{13}\,$eV CR protons would take $\sim$5,300\,yrs to traverse this distance, and lower energy cosmic rays would take a longer time. This would indicate a middle-aged or old SNR, at an age similar to other TeV emitting SNRs where a hadronic scenario is supported.
\begin{figure*
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth, angle=0]{./J1626m490_i_sp_new.eps}
\caption{12\,mm peak pixel maps of molecular line emission towards the TeV source \textbf{HESS\,J1626$-$490}. TeV emission is indicted by black contours, Fermi-LAT sources are indicted by dashed, red ellipses, the SNR G335.2$+$0.1 is indicated by a blue circle. Very little molecular emission towards this TeV source is detected in our study. A dense clump, traced by NH$_3$\,(1,1) emission is seen towards the TeV peak which also displays H$_2$O maser emission. Several molecular clumps are seen, traced by emission from several transitions, are seen below the SNR G335.2$+$0.1 in this image, away from the TeV emission.}
\label{J1626m490_image}
\end{figure*}
\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics[width=0.75\textwidth]{./1626_spitzerRGB.eps}
\caption{\textit{Spitzer GLIMPSE/MIPSGAL} three-colour (RGB=24/8/4.5$\mu m$)M Jy sr$^{-1}$) image of the region towards HESS\,J1626$-$490. TeV emission is indicated by white contours, Fermi-LAT sources are indicted by dash, red ellipses, the SNR G335.2$+$0.1 is indicated by a cyan circle. Widespread 8$\mu\,m$ emission is seen, likely arising from poly-aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission. Several small 24$\mu\,m$ emission can be seen as yellow sources, which traces heated dust. The IRDC MSXDC G334.70$+$0.02 is indicated towards the TeV emission.}
\label{J1626m490_IR_image}
\end{figure*}
\subsection{HESS\,J1804$-$216}
\textbf{HESS\,J1804$-$216} is seen towards a number of interesting features including SNR G8.7$-$0.1 \citep{1986AJ.....92.1372O} and several H{\sc ii} regions observed as part of catalogues \citep{1997ApJ...488..224K,1996ApJ...472..173L,1982A&A...108..227W}. The high spin down power ($2.2\times10^{36}$\,erg/s) PSR J1803-2137 offers a plausible PWNe emission scenario for HESS\,J1804$-$216. However, the nature of the TeV source and its association with the X-ray sources found towards this object is still unclear \citep{2007ApJ...670..643K}. There is a 1720 MHz OH maser along the border of SNR G8.7$-$0.1. This maser signals a shock interaction between the SNR and dense clouds \citep{1998ApJ...508..690F} however, this maser is not coincident with the TeV emission as seen in Fig. \ref{J1804m21 | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.049321 | 1.21537 | 1.137918 | -0.083893 |
6_image}. Several dense cloud clumps are seen in our study and are traced by the emission lines indicated in Table \ref{table:all_sources}.
The dense gas seen in our study mainly surrounds the published extent of TeV emission. Thus, the morphology of the cool, dense gas supports a PWNe scenario for the TeV emission. However, there is infra-red poly-aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission over the extent of the TeV emission, indicating that there is likely diffuse molecular material in this region not detected in our study. The lack of detected 12\,mm emission towards the 1720 OH maser suggests that there are undetected molecular clouds in our study, since molecular material with a density $\sim 10^5$\,cm$^{-3}$ is needed to produce 1720 MHz OH maser emission \citep{1999ApJ...525L.101W,1999ApJ...511..235L}. This additional molecular material as well as atomic material traced by H{\sc i} may provide enough target material for a hadronic origin of the TeV emission. Almost all NH$_3$\,(1,1) emitting clumps near HESS\,J1804$-$216 display H$_2$O maser emission (as seen in Fig. \ref{J1804m216_image}).
HESS\,J1804$-$216 is one of the brightest unidentified TeV sources and so may provide the opportunity for improved angular resolution studies and energy dependent morphology studies in TeV gamma-rays, potentially reducing confusion between counterparts at other wavelengths. Further studies of molecular gas, including tracers of warmer and more diffuse gas such as $^{12}$CO(1-0), CS (1-0) and H{\sc i} emission should be undertaken in this region to account for more of the gas mass than is implied by our studies.
\begin{figure*
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth, angle=0]{./J1804m216_i_sp_new.eps}
\caption{12\,mm peak pixel maps of molecular line emission towards the TeV source \textbf{HESS\,J1804$-$216}. TeV emission is indicted by black contours, Fermi-LAT sources are indicted by dashed, red ellipses, the SNR G8.7$-$0.1 is indicated by a blue circle. The molecular emission detected in our study is limited to the edges of TeV emission. All molecular clumps detected show H$_2$O and/or H$69\alpha$ emission.}
\label{J1804m216_image}
\end{figure*}
\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{./1804_spitzerRGB.eps}
\caption{\textit{Spitzer GLIMPSE/MIPSGAL} three-colour (RGB=24/8/4.5$\mu m$)M Jy sr$^{-1}$) image of the region towards HESS\,J1804$-$216. TeV emission is indicated by white contours, Fermi-LAT sources are indicted by dash, yellow ellipses, the SNR G8.7$-$0.1 is indicated by a solid, cyan circle and the pulsar PSR B1800$-$21 is indicated by a magenta diamond. Widespread 8$\mu\,m$ emission is seen, and numerous regions of heated dust (traced by 24 $\mu\,m$ emission) are seen, especially along the outside edge of the SNR, possibly indicating triggered star formation.}
\label{J1804_IR_image}
\end{figure*}
\subsection{HESS\,J1729$-$345}
\textbf{HESS\,J1729$-$345} (aka HESS\,J1731$-$347 B) is offset from a TeV shell, HESS\,J1731$-$347 A \citep{2011A&A...531A..81H}, and lies near the direction of the H{\sc ii} region G353.3 | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.508844 | 1.365913 | 1.202474 | 0.217306 |
81$-$0.114 catalogued in \citet{1987A&A...171..261C} at a distance of > 7.5 kpc which is not traced in this study. Previously, this H{\sc ii} region has been suggested as an indication for a molecular cloud complex, possible counterpart to HESS\,J1729$-$345. This molecular cloud complex is seen, traced by PAH emission in Fig. \ref{J1729m345_IR_image}. In this work a dense gas clump, traced with emission from the NH$_3$\,(1,1) transition is seen towards HESS\,J1729$-$345, at a velocity of $-16$\,km/s. This gas feature is seen in Fig. \ref{J1729_J1731_image} and also, as an IRDC in Fig. \ref{J1729m345_IR_image}. As this molecular cloud is seen as an IRDC, we can deduce that the NH$_3$ emission is foreground to the PAH emission which rules out the far kinematic distance solution of the NH$_3$ and tells us that the NH$_3$ cloud core is at 3.2 kpc. The kinematic distance of this gas feature is 3.8 kpc, within errors of a previous distance estimate of the SNR, based on it's assumed connection to the compact H{\sc ii} region G353.42$-$0.37, of 3.2 $\pm 0.8$kpc \citep{2008ApJ...679L..85T}. This is however foreground to a more recent SNR distance estimate of 5.2 - 6.2 kpc based on the assumption that the SNR is within the 3 kpc expanding arm \citep{2014ApJ...788...94F}. Further preliminary discussion about the distance of this source can be seen in \citet{Maxted:2015tsa} which details CS (1-0) emission.
If the molecular clump detected in this study was a counterpart to HESS\,J1729$-$345, the TeV emission could arise from $\pi^{0}$ decay resulting from p-p collisions between cosmic-rays accelerated in the SNR. The SNR is at a distance of 3.2 kpc \citep{2008ApJ...679L..85T}, as is the molecular clump towards HESS\,J1729$-$345 traced by NH$_3$\,(1,1) in our study. At this distance and with an angular separation between the centre of the SNR and HESS\,J1729-345 of $\sim0.5\ensuremath{^\circ}$, the protons would have travelled approximately 30 parsecs. Using the method outlined in Section \ref{observations}, it would take $\sim$140 yrs for a $10^{14}$\,eV proton to diffuse from the SNR (HESS\,J1731$-$347) to HESS\,J1729$-$345 and $\sim$1400 yrs for a $10^{12}$\,eV proton. With a SNR age estimate of 27,000 yrs \citep{2008ApJ...679L..85T}, protons would have sufficient time to travel and interact with the molecular gas towards HESS\,J1729$-$345 and produce the TeV emission.
\begin{figure*
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.95\textwidth, angle=0]{./J1729_J1731_i_sp_new.eps}
\caption{12\,mm peak pixel maps of molecular line emission towards the TeV sources \textbf{HESS\,J1729$-$345} and HESS\,J1731$-$347. TeV emission is indicted by black contours, at the 4-7 $\sigma$ significance levels \citep[from][]{2011A&A...531A..81H}, and the defined 'towards' and 'adjacent' regions for HESS\,J1729 | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.404237 | 1.594323 | 1.338759 | 0.1275 |
$-$345 and HESS\,J1731$-$347 are represented by a black, thin, solid circle, and the area between this circle and a black, thin dashed circle respectively. The edge of the 12\,mm mapping region is indicated by the x-axis. Two molecular clumps can be seen, one towards the Galactic East from HESS\,J1729$-$345 at a velocity matching that identified for the SNR by \citet{2008ApJ...679L..85T}. The spectra for molecular transitions detected from this clump are seen on the RHS of the image.}
\label{J1729_J1731_image}
\end{figure*}
\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics[width=0.75\textwidth]{./1729_1731_spitzerRGB.eps}
\caption{\textit{Spitzer GLIMPSE/MIPSGAL} three-colour (RGB=24/8/4.5$\mu\,m$)M\,Jy\,sr$^{-1}$) image of the region towards HESS\,J1729$-$345 and HESS\,J1731$-$347. TeV emission is indicated by white contours. Widespread 8 $\mu\,m$ emission is seen towards HESS\,J1729$-$345 along with numerous regions of heated dust (traced by 24 $\mu\,m$ emission). This emission is assumed to be background to the molecular emission traced by our study which is towards part of the IRDC which can be seen extending from the SNR to HESS\,J1729$-$345.}
\label{J1729m345_IR_image}
\end{figure*}
\section{Conclusions / Further Work}
The first large scale systematic study of dense (> 10$^4$\,cm$^{-3}$) gas towards Galactic TeV sources has been completed. HOPS equivalent coverage provides a good first look at distribution and dynamics of dense gas towards Galactic TeV sources. Knowledge about gas density profiles towards TeV sources allows for more robust studies of cosmic ray diffusion. Preliminary results suggest 12\,mm NH$_3$ inversion transitions, used to estimate NH$_3$ ortho-para ratios, could be used to search for regions of dense gas with previous shock activity. With this first look, we have found dense gas counterparts to unidentified regions of TeV emission including HESS\,J1745$-$303B and HESS\,J1745$-$303C as well as HESS\,J1848$-$018 and HESS\,J1626$-$490 which indicate it is likely there is a hadronic component to these sources.
Further observations of TeV sources showing dense gas overlap traced by the NH$_3$\,(1,1) emission seen in the H$_2$O Galactic Plane Survey would be beneficial at millimetre wavelengths. Further 12\,mm observations would provide more sensitivity to dense gas clumps traced by NH$_3$ emission. Observations at 7\,mm to trace molecular transitions such as SiO (1-0) which traces shocked gas and CS (1-0) which traces the denser features of gas clouds will provide better understanding of the mechanisms producing the relativistic particles producing the TeV gamma-rays as well as understanding the kinematics of the densest parts of gas towards these TeV gamma-ray sources. Further 12\,mm observations which include the NH$_3$\,(4,4) and (5,5) transitions would be beneficial to estimate the NH$_3$ OPR in sources which we have found an anomalous NH$_3$\,(3,3)-to-(1,1) brightness temperature ratio.
In addition, studies of particle transport within individual TeV sources should include not only the dense gas described here, but observations of moderately dense molecular gas, e.g. that traced by CO(1-0), and atomic gas, traced by HI, in order to understand density profiles of molecular clouds towards and adjacent to the TeV emission. The Mopra CO Survey \citep{2013PASA...30...44B} provides a large scale study for more diffuse gas towards Gal | [
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Kari Rueslåtten (Trondheim, 3 de outubro de 1973) é uma cantora, compositora e musicista norueguesa, que ficou conhecida como primeira vocalista da banda de doom metal experimental The 3rd and the Mortal entre 1992 e 1995. É considerada também uma das mulheres pioneiras na cena do metal europeu, inspirando diversas outras cantoras do gênero.
Carreira musical
Unchain, The 3rd and the Mortal e Storm (1991–1995)
Kari Rueslåtten nasceu na cidade norueguesa de Trondheim, Trøndelag. Após participar na demo Beyond Time de uma banda local chamada Unchain em 1991, ela se juntou ao grupo de doom metal experimental The 3rd and the Mortal com apenas 19 anos de idade, banda com a qual gravou uma demo autointitulada em 1993, o EP Sorrow, e o álbum Tears Laid in Earth, ambos lançados pela gravadora Voices of Wonder em 1994.
Após a sua saída do grupo em 1995 devido à razões pessoais, ela se juntou à banda Storm, fortemente inspirada na música tradicional nórdica. No entanto, o projeto se dissolveu pouco depois do lançamento do primeiro e único álbum, Nordavind, após algumas declarações de Rueslåtten à mídia norueguesa dizendo que ela não havia concordado com o conteúdo lírico anticristão de algumas canções, o que gerou animosidade entre ela e os demais membros Fenriz e Satyr.
Carreira solo e hiato (1995–2005)
O primeiro lançamento solo de Rueslåtten saiu ainda em 1995, Demo Recordings. O segundo álbum, Spindelsinn, foi lançado em 1997 atráves da Sony Music da Noruega, sendo totalmente cantado no idioma norueguês como um tributo à cultura nórdica. Ela ainda foi indicada na categoria "Melhor Cantora Feminina" no Norwegian Grammy Awards. Seu terceiro disco, Mesmerized, foi lançado em 1998.
Passado esse período, Rueslåtten se mudou temporariamente para Londres, Inglaterra com o intuito de se aperfeiçoar em produção musical, na tentativa de obter o tipo de sonoridade que sempre desejou em sua música. Como resultado disso, foram lançados posteriormente os experimentais Pilot (2002) e Other People's Stories (2005). Após os concertos promocionais de Other People's Stories no final de 2005, Rueslåtten decidiu dar uma pausa em sua carreira artística.
Retorno à musica e The Sirens (2013–presente)
A cantora retomou sua carreira musical em 2013 com uma releitura da canção "Why So Lonely" do The 3rd and the Mortal, que teve a participação do tecladista do Nightwish, Tuomas Holopainen. A faixa foi sucedida pelo lançamento do álbum completo Time to Tell em 2014. E desde então, Rueslåtten tem permanecido artisticamente ativa com o lançamento dos discos To the North (2015), Silence Is the Only Sound (2017) e Sørgekåpe (2020).
Entre 2014 e 2016, ela se juntou às cantoras Anneke van Giersbergen (ex-The Gathering) e Liv Kristine (ex-Theatre of Tragedy) no supergrupo The Sirens. O projeto uniu as principais vocalistas da primeira geração do female-fronted metal que foram responsáveis por inspirar diversas bandas do gênero. O trio fez algumas turnês pela Europa e América do Sul tocando canções inéditas, bem como clássicos das bandas que às consagraram, além de material de suas | [
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] | 1,024 | Wikipedia | 0.260912 | -0.530631 | -0.452895 | -1.131053 |
Oprah is easily one of the benchmarks or portrayal of a successful woman in our lifetime, and we've definitely been inspired one way or another through her platform.
Queen of Daytime TV, talk show host, actress, philanthropist and now media mogul, there's nothing Oprah Winfrey cannot do. Now chairwoman, CEO and COO of her OWN network and publisher of OWN magazine, here are 10 reasons why we love Oprah!
Things did not go all smooth sailing for Oprah when she first started out in her career. According to Business Insider, at age 23, Winfrey was fired from her first evening news reporter job with Baltimore's WJZ-TV because she got too emotionally invested in her stories. A Baltimore TV producer reportedly told her that she was "unfit for television news". Did she let that define her? NO WAY, she obviously moved on to greater things.
According to Inc.com, The Oprah Winfrey Show which aired for 25 seasons over 8 years became one of the highest ranking shows in American history. In 2011, Oprah was the best-paid female in the entertainment industry, according to Forbes Magazine, and remains the richest self-made woman and only black female billionaire. It's no wonder we adore her!
Winfrey certainly was not born with a silver spoon in her mouth. She is a self-made woman who had humble beginnings and worked her way up. She proved to the world that success is possible with love, determination and hard work.
Sourcing from Biography.com, Oprah Gail Winfrey was born on January 29, 1954, in Kosciusko, rural Mississippi. After a troubled adolescence in a small farming community, where she was sexually abused by male relatives of her mother, Vernita, she moved to Nashville to live with her father, Vernon, a barber and businessman. She entered Tennessee State University in 1971 and began working in radio and television broadcasting in Nashville.
In 1976, she moved to Baltimore, Maryland, where she hosted the TV show People Are Talking. Her success led to nationwide fame and a role in Steven Spielberg's 1985 film The Color Purple, for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.
Winfrey launched the Oprah Winfrey Show in 1986 as a nationally syndicated program. In 2009, Oprah Winfrey announced that she would be ending her program when her contract with ABC ended, in 2011. Soon after, she moved to her own network, the Oprah Winfrey Network, a joint venture with Discovery Communications.
Yes, you know what we're talking about. Over the years Oprah never held back when it comes to giving, especially to those in need. Every other week she is paying off someone's mortgage, or bringing in their long lost family member whom they haven't seen in 20 years and more. Also sourcing from Miami News Times, there was one with the trip to Australia on a plane flown by John Travolta.
Amongst all the extraordinary gifts, this is our all time favourite. On her 19th season in 2004, everyone in the audience got a CAR! Let's relieve the episode shall we?
Oprah is known to be a pro at doing very exclusive and personal interviews with the biggest celebrities in the world. For instance, the live episode of Oprah's sit down with Michael Jackson was one of the most-watched interview on television. Michael, the very private entertainer who had refused to give an interview for 14 years was willing to speak to Oprah.
According to Oprah.com, on February 10th 1993, the live event drew a worldwide audience of 90 million people!
"It was the most exciting interview I had ever done," Oprah says.
We love that Oprah is an independent woman and does thing the unconventional way in terms of not getting married and not having kids!
Winfrey has been in a relationship with her partner Stedman Graham for 30 years, without a marriage license. Also, we love that the woman is the one bringing home the bacon their relationship is still standing strong.
"When people were pressuring me to get married and have children, I knew I was not going to be | [
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Does Duolingo Work?
By Erik Ofgang
The popular language learning app Duolingo can work well for those who use it regularly but has its limitations.
(Image credit: Duolingo)
Duolingo is the world's most downloaded education app according to the Pittsburgh-based company.
The free app has more than 500 million registered users who can choose from 100 courses in more than 40 languages. While many use the app on its own, it is also utilized as part of school language classes through Duolingo for Schools.
Duolingo gamifies the learning process and uses AI to provide individualized lesson plans for users. But how well does Duolingo actually work when it comes to the notoriously difficult process of teaching a second language to an adolescent or adult?
Dr. Cindy Blanco, a well-known language scientist who now works for Duolingo, has helped conduct research into the app that suggests using it can be as effective as traditional college language courses.
Laura Wagner, a psychology professor at Ohio State University who studies how children acquire language, uses the app personally. Though she has not conducted research into the app, which is designed for older kids or adults, she says there are aspects of it that align with what we know about language learning and that she trusts Blanco's research on the topic. However, she adds there are limitations to the technology.
"Our research (opens in new tab) shows that Spanish and French learners who complete the beginning-level material in our courses – which covers levels A1 and A2 of the international proficiency standard, CEFR – have reading and listening skills comparable to students at the end of 4 semesters of university language courses," Blanco says, via email. "Later research also shows effective learning for intermediate users and for speaking skills, and our latest work has tested the effectiveness of our English course for Spanish speakers, with similar findings."
How effective Duolingo is depends in part on how much time a user spends with it. "It took learners in our Spanish and French courses an average of 112 hours to have reading and listening skills comparable to four U.S. university semesters," Blanco says. "That's half as long as it actually takes to complete four semesters."
What Duolingo Does Well
Wagner is not surprised by this efficacy because, at its best, Duolingo is combining aspects of how both children and adults learn languages. Kids learn through full immersion in the language and constant social interactions. Adults learn more through conscious studying.
"Adults often are actually quite a bit faster to learn language at the very beginning, probably, because they can do things like read, and you can hand them a vocabulary list, and they can memorize it, and they actually have better memories in general," Wagner says.
However, adult and adolescent language learners lose this lead over time, as this type of rote memorization may not be the most effective way to learn a language. "Adults can over memorize, and it's not always clear that they're getting the implicit understanding that is actually the basis of real fluency," she says.
"Duolingo is fascinating because it's sort of splitting the difference," Wagner says. "It's taking advantage of a lot of the things that adults can do well, like reading, because there are words all over these apps. But there are a few things that are actually a little bit like early child language learning. It throws you in the middle of everything, and is just like, 'Here are a bunch of words, we're gonna start using them.' And that's very much a child's experience."
Where Duolingo Has Room for Improvement
Despite its strengths, Duolingo is not perfect. Pronunciation practice is an area in which Wagner suggests the app leaves something to be desired as it can be extremely forgiving of mispronounced words. "I don't know what it is trying to pick up on, but it doesn't care," Wagner says. "When I go to Mexico, and I say something the way I said it to Duolingo, they look at me, and they just laugh."
However, Wagner says even that imperfect vocabulary practice is helpful because it makes the learning on the app more active and gets users at least saying some approximation of the word.
Blanco also acknowledges that pronunciation is a challenge for Duolingo. Another area the app is working to improve on is around helping students to master everyday speech.
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St. Kitts: Lessons in History, Emancipation, Culture Shock, and Women's Lib
As we finished our mini-bus tour of the island of St. Kitts, our local guide informed us that it was the final day of the Carnival celebration– it started at Christmas, and that there would be a huge parade through the center of town, Basseterre. While confused about the timing (this was January 2nd after all; Carnival is usually associated with pre-Lent festivities and usually takes place in late February or early March), we were excited to be a part of the local merriment and beelined it to the historic center.
It was like nothing I'd ever witnessed. Perhaps like me, when you think of Carnival, you think of colorful parades in Rio de Janeiro, Mardi Gras bead-throwing in New Orleans, or elegantly dressed masqueraders in Venice. This was a little bit of all of that, sans the elegance, but also disturbingly more.
The Carnival parade, or Sugar Mas (Sugar, ostensibly because of the importance of sugar cane as a resource, and Mas, which is short for masquerade) seemed endless. It began about 3pm and continued non-stop until midnight. Clowns hid their faces behind elaborately painted masks and stilt-walkers called Moko-Jumbies lumbered through the downtown streets.
Floats carrying string, steel, and brass bands and their mammoth speakers blasted incessant cacophonies of thumping, screeching, bumping, booty-shaking beats. And booties in the parade and on the sidelines were certainly doing their fair share of shaking.
Many participants in the parade –male and female–dressed in ornate costumes, accentuated with feathers, tropical-colored and rhinestoned garments, and hastily plastered body glitter. A significant number were scantily clad, leaving little to the imagination. Most donned sensible shoes (wise move considering how much walking they'd do in the parade).
I'm no prude, but excess can be oppressive, and sensory claustrophobia set in on me as this celebratory scene enveloped every available space around me.
My senses were bombarded from every direction and in every manner. It was nearly too much: the raucous cheering, the deafening music, the dizzying array of colors, the mélange of food stall smells, the free-flowing alcohol (full disclosure: I did not imbibe), the bare skin, and the twerking–gawd, the twerking!
As a visitor from somewhere that doesn't have street parties like this, I tried to make sense of it all. It wasn't Lent yet, so why Carnival? If it's related to religion, why the brazen lack of clothing? What does this celebrate? What do the costumes signify? Why are the masks scary? How can you party like this for 10 nights in a row? What is this all about really?
The hardest thing to grapple with was how the women were portraying themselves. I assumed, because of all the kids participating and spectating, that this was meant to be a family-friendly event. Yet seeing women of all shapes, sizes, and ages in revealing attire, grinding against men and other women, and simulating intercourse on the pavement in the name of "dancing" made me question that.
As we finished our mini-bus tour of the island of St. Kitts, our local guide informed us that it was the final day of the Carnival celebration– it started at Christmas, and that there would be a huge parade through the center of town, Basseterre.
These women (who conceivably may have been everything ranging from waitresses, mothers, veterinarians, entrepreneurs, and hotel staff to grandmothers, hairstylists, secretaries, scuba instructors, nursery school teachers, and computer engineers) were choosing to be ogled at, fondled, and catcalled…publically, in all their sparkly and befeathered glory.
Not only that, they were often the initiators of the bump-and-grind action, hauling men up on the backs of floats so that they could be better seen by their adoring crowd. | [
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What was I not understanding about this?
Don't get me wrong. I was grateful to be a witness to this. Like the other parade-goers, I was caught up in the spirited nature of the parade, mesmerized by the pageantry of colors, delighted by the richness of the costumes, and moved by the festiveness that moved through both participants and onlookers. But my mind could not wrap itself around–what seemed to be–the self-degradation of these vivacious, strong, complex women. The images of them haunted me throughout the rest of the day and early evening as we explored the rest of the town.
The partying was not confined to the parade route. Throughout the web of streets were food vendors selling gut-bombs of every variety, drink vendors who seemed to purvey only "the hard stuff", carts hocking balloons and plastic toys, and parents buying them for their wide-eyed children. Everyone was in a good mood. It was a party, after all.
We found a quieter area of town and came upon Independence Square (former site of the slave market). While no monument to the emancipation of the island's slaves adorns the park, residents need no reminder that the oppression suffered by their ancestors shaped the history of this island.
It's inescapably woven into their heritage and informs their present. But the same is true of independence in practice. How does one choose to live: enslaved to the ghosts of the past, or embracing freedom in the here and now?
As we headed back to our ship, we saw many locals stealing a quiet moment from the excitement of the festival, enjoying quality time with friends, family, and lovers. Rick–being the bolder of the two of us–really wanted to know more about the celebration and asked several people about it along the way. Most everyone basically said, "It's a party. It's Carnival. We always do this after Christmas." No other explanation given, even when prodded.
Finally we encountered a man who proudly told us, "This is part of our story of emancipation." I was confused because Emancipation was given on August 1, 1834. I asked him about that. He said, "Yes, that's true, but this time of year was historically when slaves were not working in the fields. It was their 'time off,' the time when they could celebrate their long-held cultural traditions in relative freedom from their oppressors. "
Couldn't it be that these women define for themselves how they want to look, what they believe is beautiful and valued, and what they can do with their own bodies?
And then a light bulb went on for me. If what he said was true–and I want to believe that it is–then perhaps the audacious behavior of the men and women in the parade was about more than being lewd in public. Maybe it's a form of cultural freedom. Perhaps they make their own societal rules about what is appropriate and what is empowering. Couldn't it be that these women define for themselves how they want to look, what they believe is beautiful and valued, and what they can do with their own bodies? And that certainly is something to celebrate.
And maybe I, as a traveler, can learn to better withhold judgment. Perhaps I can learn to not impose my societal values on another's culture. I don't know the answers, and I'm not sure I'm even asking the right questions when I consider all this, but I think that accepting the fact that I don't know opens the door to learning more about the cultures I encounter in my travels.
St. Kitts: Lessons in History, Emancipation, Culture Shock, and Women's Lib was originally published here.
About Trish Feaster
For a decade and a half, Trish Feaster has traveled throughout Europe, the Philippines, Central and South America, and in the good old U.S. of A. During her nearly fifteen-year tenure as a high school Spanish teacher in California, Trish shared her love of travel with her students by taking them on annual trips to Europe. These days, she's expanding her "classroom" even more and working as a tour guide and guidebook researcher in Europe for Rick Steves Europe Through the Back Door.
View all posts by Trish Feaster
The Girl's Guide to Carnival in Brazil
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 1.666312 | -0.127837 | 0.418835 | 1.240591 |
/// <reference path="_references.ts"/>
module powerbitests.mocks {
import SQExprBuilder = powerbi.data.SQExprBuilder;
import defaultVisualHostServices = powerbi.visuals.defaultVisualHostServices;
export class TelemetryCallbackMock {
public static callbackCalls: number = 0;
public target() {
TelemetryCallbackMock.callbackCalls++;
}
};
export class AppInsightsV2Mock {
public trackPageViewTimes: number = 0;
public trackEventTimes: number = 0;
public trackEventLastActivityName: string = null;
public trackEventLastAdditionalData: any = {
id: null,
start: null,
end: null,
isInternalUser: null,
userId: null,
category: null,
sessionId: null,
client: null,
build: null,
cluster: null,
};
public trackPageView(): void {
this.trackPageViewTimes++;
}
public trackEvent(activityName: string, additionalData: any): void {
this.trackEventTimes++;
this.trackEventLastActivityName = activityName;
this.trackEventLastAdditionalData = additionalData;
}
}
export var DefaultLoggerMockType: number = 1;
export class MockTimerPromiseFactory implements jsCommon.ITimerPromiseFactory {
public deferred: JQueryDeferred<void>;
public create(delayInMs: number): jsCommon.IRejectablePromise {
if (!this.deferred) {
this.deferred = $.Deferred<void>();
}
return this.deferred;
}
public resolveCurrent(): void {
expect(this.deferred).toBeDefined();
// Note: we need to read the current deferred field into a local var and null out the member before
// we call resolve, just in case one of timer callbacks recursively creates another timer.
var deferred = this.deferred;
this.deferred = undefined;
deferred.resolve();
}
public reject(): void {
expect(this.deferred).toBeDefined();
// Note: we need to read the current deferred field into a local var and null out the member before
// we call reject, just in case one of timer callbacks recursively creates another timer.
var deferred = this.deferred;
this.deferred = undefined;
deferred.reject();
}
public expectNoTimers(): void {
expect(this.deferred).not.toBeDefined();
}
public hasPendingTimers(): boolean {
return !!this.deferred;
}
}
export function createVisualHostServices(): powerbi.IVisualHostServices {
return defaultVisualHostServices;
}
export class MockTraceListener implements jsCommon.ITraceListener {
public trace: jsCommon.TraceItem;
public logTrace(trace: jsCommon.TraceItem): void {
this.trace = trace;
}
}
export function dataViewScopeIdentity(fakeValue: string | number | boolean): powerbi.DataViewScopeIdentity {
var expr = constExpr(fakeValue);
return powerbi.data.createDataViewScopeIdentity(expr);
}
export function dataViewScopeIdentityWithEquality(keyExpr: powerbi.data.SQExpr, fakeValue: string | number | boolean): powerbi.DataViewScopeIdentity {
return powerbi.data.createDataViewScopeIdentity(
powerbi.data.SQExprBuilder.equal(
keyExpr,
constExpr(fakeValue)));
}
function constExpr(fakeValue: string | number | boolean): powerbi.data.SQExpr {
if (fakeValue === null)
return SQExprBuilder.nullConstant();
if (fakeValue === true || fakeValue === false)
return SQExprBuilder.boolean(<boolean>fakeValue);
return (typeof (fakeValue) === 'number')
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] | 1,024 | Github | -1.336041 | 0.356237 | -1.354662 | -0.626367 |
.SQExprBuilder.double(<number>fakeValue)
: powerbi.data.SQExprBuilder.text(<string>fakeValue);
}
export class MockVisualWarning implements powerbi.IVisualWarning {
public static Message: string = 'Warning';
// Allow 'code' to be modified for testing.
public code: string = 'MockVisualWarning';
public getMessages(resourceProvider: jsCommon.IStringResourceProvider): powerbi.IVisualErrorMessage {
var details: powerbi.IVisualErrorMessage = {
message: MockVisualWarning.Message,
title: 'key',
detail: 'val',
};
return details;
}
}
export function setLocale(): void {
powerbi.visuals.DefaultVisualHostServices.initialize();
}
export function getLocalizedString(stringId: string): string {
return defaultVisualHostServices.getLocalizedString(stringId);
}
export class MockGeocoder implements powerbi.visuals.IGeocoder {
private callNumber = 0;
private resultList = [
{ x: 90, y: -45 },
{ x: 90, y: 45 },
{ x: -90, y: -45 },
{ x: -90, y: 45 },
{ x: 0, y: 0 },
{ x: 45, y: -45 },
{ x: 45, y: 45 },
{ x: -45, y: -45 },
{ x: -45, y: 45 },
];
/** With the way our tests run, these values won't be consistent, so you shouldn't validate actual lat/long or pixel lcoations */
public geocode(query: string, category?: string): any {
var resultIndex = this.callNumber++ % this.resultList.length;
var deferred = $.Deferred();
deferred.resolve(this.resultList[resultIndex]);
return deferred;
}
public geocodeBoundary(latitude: number, longitude: number, category: string, levelOfDetail?: number, maxGeoData?: number): any {
// Only the absoluteString is actually used for drawing, but a few other aspects of the geoshape result are checked for simple things like existence and length
var result = {
locations: [{
absoluteString: "84387.1,182914 84397.3,182914 84401.3,182914 84400.9,182898 84417.4,182898 84421.3,182885 84417.4,182877 84418.2,182865 84387.2,182865 84387.1,182914", // A valid map string taken from a piece of Redmond's path
geographic: [undefined, undefined, undefined], // This needs to be an array with length > 2 for checks in map; contents aren't used.
absoluteBounds: {
width: 34.2,
height: 49,
},
}]
};
var deferred = $.Deferred();
deferred.resolve(result);
return deferred;
}
}
export class MockMapControl {
private element;
private width;
private height;
private centerX;
private centerY;
constructor(element: HTMLElement, width: number, height: number) {
this.element = element;
this.width = width;
this.height = height;
this.centerX = width / 2;
this.centerY = height / 2;
}
public getRootElement(): Node {
return this.element;
}
public getWidth(): number {
return this.width;
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] | 1,024 | Github | -1.346909 | 0.070724 | -1.062367 | -0.64534 |
Water shortages and rationing in Singapore
by LCNA:Centre for Liveable Cities, Singapore
Singapore is considered to be one of the most water-stressed countries in the world. It is heavily dependent on rainfall due to the lack of natural water resources, and limited land is available for water storage facilities.1 Prolonged dry spells cause or threaten to cause water shortages, the most recent being in 1990.2 Under severe conditions, water rationing was implemented; the last occasion was in 1963–64 though there have been mock water rationing exercises since then.3
Water shortages in pre-independence Singapore
Providing an adequate supply of water was a challenge during much of Singapore's pre-independence history. Despite the completion of the Impounding Reservoir (later renamed MacRitchie Reservoir) in 1867 and its subsequent expansion, there was not enough supply to meet the increasing demand.4 The droughts of 1885, 1895 and 1902 put such severe pressure on water stocks that the municipal authorities restricted the water supply to as little as two hours a day.5
To meet growing demand, two more impounding reservoirs were built in Singapore and water schemes were developed in Johor to provide an additional source of supply.6 Still, there continued to be anxiety over water shortages during dry spells.7 The government began looking into developing new water sources in Johor in the 1940s, but their plans were interrupted by the Second World War. After the Japanese Occupation, Singapore faced another water crisis as consumption rose beyond the capacity of existing resources by 1946. To alleviate the situation, the government expanded the capacity of existing facilities and restarted efforts to import more water.8
Despite the progressive completion of these projects, Singapore's water supply remained barely sufficient to meet consumption needs.9 Recognising the urgent need to develop new water sources, the government began developing major water schemes in Johor in the late 1950s.10 However, before these projects could be completed, severe droughts hit Singapore and Johor, forcing the government to impose water rationing in 1961 and 1963.11 Through radio broadcasts and newspapers, the public was also constantly reminded to save water and reduce wastage.12
Water rationing in 1961 and 1963
For the purpose of water rationing, Singapore was divided into seven zones. When water rationing was imposed on 1 September 1961, the water supply was cut off at fixed times every day, with each zone receiving no supply for six hours four times a week based on a predetermined schedule.13 With rainfall in January 1962, water rationing was lifted on 26 January.14 However, daily water rationing was imposed again on 23 April 1963, with the supply in each zone cut off for six hours four times a week.15 Seven days later, more severe restrictions were introduced, with the water supply cut off for 12 hours three times a week.16 This lasted almost nine months until the Public Utilities Board (PUB), which had been formed in May 1963, eased the restrictions in January 1964 after sustained heavy rainfall. Water rationing was finally lifted on 28 February 1964.17
Water situation in post-independence Singapore
The water supply from Johor was significantly increased with the completion of two new waterworks in 1965 and 1968.18 However, another dry spell in early 1971 led to warnings of water rationing again.19 The PUB appealed to the public to conserve water and promoted water-saving ideas such as bathing no more than once a day, putting a brick in the toilet cistern, and using buckets instead of hoses when washing vehicles. Posters were also put up in public places. Appeals were sent directly to consumers with high water usage, while all PUB bills incorporated the reminder, "Water is precious. Don't waste it."20 In addition, the PUB took legal action against those caught wasting water, an offence that carried a maximum fine of S$500.21 The campaign, now known as Singapore's first "Water is Precious" campaign, succeeded | [
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in reducing water consumption, thus staving off water rationing.22 Since then, public education programmes have been a key component of Singapore's water demand strategy.23
Centre for Liveable Cities
1. PUB. (2016). Our water, our future. Singapore: PUB, p. 2. (Call no.: RSING 333.910095957 OUR); Tortajada, C., Joshi, Y.K., & Biswas, A.K. (2013). The Singapore water story: Sustainable development in an urban city-state. New York, NY: Routledge, p. 1. (Call no.: RSING 363.61095957 TOR)
2. Tortajada, C., Joshi, Y.K., & Biswas, A.K. (2013). The Singapore water story: Sustainable development in an urban city-state. New York, NY: Routledge, p. 117. (Call no.: RSING 363.61095957 TOR)
3. Tan, Y. S., Lee, T. J., & Tan, K. (2009). Clean, green and blue: Singapore's journey towards environmental and water sustainability. Singapore: ISEAS Publishing, pp. 125–126. (Call no.: RSING 363.70095957 TAN)
4. Tortajada, C., Joshi, Y.K., & Biswas, A.K. (2013). The Singapore water story: Sustainable development in an urban city-state. New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 9–10. (Call no.: RSING 363.61095957 TOR); Yeoh, B.S.A. (2003). Contesting space in colonial Singapore: Power relations and the urban built environment. Singapore: Singapore University Press, p. 207. (Call no.: RSING 307.76095957 YEO); Shorthand report of the Legislative Council. Singapore, 27th June, 1870. (1870, August 6). The Straits Times, pp. 2, 5. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
5. Presgrave, D. G. (1885, April 28). Municipal notice. The Straits Times, p. 4; Untitled. (1895, May 22). The Straits Maritime Journal and General News, p. 3; A water famine. (1902, September 4). The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser Weekly Mail Edition, p. 145. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
6. Singapore water supply. (1912, March 20). The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser, p. 12. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Yeoh, B. S. A. (c2003). Contesting space in colonial Singapore: Power relations and the urban built environment. Singapore: Singapore University Press, p. 181. (Call no.: RSING 307.76095957 YEO); Tortajada, C., Joshi, Y. K., & Biswas, A. K. (2013). The Singapore water story: Sustainable development in an urban city-state. New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 10, 13–15, 18. (Call no.: RSING 363.61095957 TOR); Public Utilities Board. (1988). Singapore's water supply. Singapore: Author. (Call no.: RSING 628.1095957 SIN)
7. Singapore water supply. (1911, June 29). The Straits Times, p. 6; The water shortage. (1923, November 28). The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser (Weekly), p. 5; Water shortage. (1926, April 17). The Straits Times, p. 9; The water supply. (1927, September 20 | [
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29936,
450,
4094,
3273,
482,
29889,
313,
29896,
29929,
29906,
29941,
29892,
3979,
29871,
29906,
29947,
467,
450,
25960,
12362,
5254,
322,
4702,
29883,
424,
488,
2087,
1765,
7608,
313,
22606,
368,
511,
282,
29889,
29871,
29945,
29936,
13062,
3273,
482,
29889,
313,
29896,
29929,
29906,
29953,
29892,
3786,
29871,
29896,
29955,
467,
450,
7357,
1169,
10277,
29892,
282,
29889,
29871,
29929,
29936,
450,
4094,
11421,
29889,
313,
29896,
29929,
29906,
29955,
29892,
3839,
29871,
29906,
29900
] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.449599 | 0.267987 | 0.811551 | 0.69037 |
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