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Lozier Lot at Bethlehem Baptist Graveyard
In March 2010, almost nine years ago, we went camping at Hamburg State Park near Warthen in Washington County, Georgia. It's a beautiful little place on Hamburg Lake, which is fed by the Little Ogeechee River. On our last morning there, I tried to get up with the sun and have my own amateur photo shoot. Here's an image I like from that early rise. After we left the park, we stopped by the Bethlehem Baptist Church Graveyard for a look-see. I have family from the Washington County area, so am always on the lookout for kin in the local cemeteries. I distinctly remember being rushed on that morning since my companion – having just dismantled the campsite and loaded the car – wasn't in the mood for one of my cemetery jaunts. (God bless him, he's been on several.) I was able to hurriedly snap a few photos, though. According to ExploreGeorgia.org, "Bethlehem Baptist Church (circa 1790) is the oldest baptist church, perhaps the oldest existing church of any denomination,
Mr. and Mrs. David P. Bass Dead
By S. Lincecum 04 March
A tombstone shared yesterday – the one that stands to honor the memory of Anna Bass Harvey – also memorializes her parents, David P. and Sarah Bass. An obituary each for David and Sarah follows. North Georgia Citizen (Dalton, GA) 15 August 1895 - pg. 3 [via Georgia Historic Newspapers ] MR. BASS DEAD. One of Dalton's Best Men Gone to his Reward. The sweet influence of no man in Dalton was more felt than that of Rev. D. P. Bass. His death last Thursday was a sad blow to Dalton in every sense of the word. It is superfluous to multiply words in commendation of him. No class in Dalton or Whitfield county but will miss him and [to] know him was to love him. He was suddenly stricken down and rapidly desolution [sic] took place in the body mortal but the spirit of the man and christian accompanied by the myriods [sic] of angels hastened to his home where the blessed "Peace, Peace, Peace" was found awaiting him that he so long sought and in his last breath cried out for.
The Death and Burial of Mrs. Anna Bass Harvey and Her Husband Henry
Anna Bass, wife of Henry Harvey, was born 1 April 1865. Upon her death on 29 March 1895, just a few days before her 30th birthday, Mrs. Harvey was laid to rest at West Hill Cemetery in Dalton, Whitfield County, Georgia. The following obituary is from a local newspaper. North Georgia Citizen (Dalton, GA) 4 April 1895 - pg. 2 [via Georgia Historic Newspapers ] LAID TO REST. The Death and Burial Of Mrs. Henry Harvey. That Mrs. Henry Harvey of Rome should die so young is a cross her relatives would find hard to bear was it not for the promise of our Savior that those dying in him should have everlasting life and to-day she is numbered among the blest in that home not made with hands. As Miss Anna Bass, she was one of Dalton's lovely flowers, and one who was loved by all who knew her. Mr. Henry Harvey wooed and won her for his bride six years ago, and with them went the blessings of a world of friends, but the inscrutible wisdom of God and jealous love of the angels for one so fai
Georgia Senator Trammell Starr and Whitecapping
Trammell Starr was, by nearly all accounts, a well-respected citizen of North Georgia. He was a lawyer and held political office, representing Whitfield County beginning in 1894. But there's also this proposed smear that created headlines across the country in the last month of 1894: Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio) 15 December 1894 - pg. 1 [via GenealogyBank ] A LURID TALE. A Witness States, Under Oath, That a Ku Klux Society Flourishes in Georgia at the Present Time. Atlanta, Ga., Dec. 14. – In the trial of the Whit | [
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By Dominique Turpin,
The CMO Is Dead
I have some sad news: The chief marketing officer is dead.
Fortunately, I'm talking about the CMO position rather than a particular person. But the decline of the CMO's influence is an alarming trend in companies that claim to put the customer first but, in reality, continue to be product-driven.
CMOs are increasingly powerless and peripheral. The CEO sets the overall strategy, the R&D and innovation teams design the product, and the CFO determines pricing and departmental budgets. The CMO, meanwhile, reports to a chief executive who often has only partial knowledge of the customer. No wonder some CMOs are considering a career change.
The CMO position is dead for several reasons.
1. Most CMOs are not really immersed in marketing activities. By this, I mean understanding, creating, and delivering value to the customer. Too many CMOs are constrained, focusing on PR and communications and not on products or pricing, so as not to invade the space of the chief innovation officer or the CFO.
2. CFOs have become more powerful. This is partly the result of tough trading conditions and short-term pressure from financial markets. The CFO has taken control of pricing decisions and is winning the race to the very top. The evidence today is that most chief executives have a finance or engineering background, and few come from the ranks of sales and marketing.
3. Marketing impact is often hard to measure. Marketing is more art than science. It's difficult to quantify the results of a marketing campaign, and to know whether all those millions of dollars spent have led to an increase in real sales. And when a downturn comes, the marketing budget is often the first to be cut.
4. Nobody has a clear idea of what marketing is. It's fuzzy. Ask 20 senior managers in any company what marketing is, and they will give 20 different answers. By contrast, do the same with finance or production, and most will come up with the same definition.
In some cases, marketing is still powerful and central to the corporate DNA. There are companies with a visionary founder who has a great understanding of the customer, like Steve Jobs at Apple or Ingvar Kamprad at IKEA. And there are family businesses, which are better than public companies at taking the long-term view needed in marketing.
But these cases tend to be the exceptions rather than the rule. At most companies, the power of the CMO is being eroded almost by the day. But instead of grieving over this, CMOs can take the following practical steps to reclaim some of their lost power:
Get rid of the CMO title. Create the new title of CCO—chief customer officer. This person must be the voice of the customer in the organization, taking views and messages from the market and spreading them internally. Changing a job title is clearly not enough, but there are other concrete steps that can be taken.
Get the CEO to be the CMO. CEOs can drive the customer-centricity agenda better than anyone else. They have the power to lead a company's culture, increase customer focus, and drive the recruitment of customer-oriented people. The CEO as CMO also sends a strong message throughout the organization that the customer is at the center of the company's key preoccupations and that marketing is everybody's job.
Get the CFO on board too. Doing this requires taking some of the fuzziness out of marketing. CCOs should try to produce hard numbers that show a return on investment and a clear impact on the company's financials. They could also take a refresher course in finance to get a better understanding of where CFOs are coming from. Even something as simple as having lunch with the CFO can help CCOs become more fluent financially.
Use customer knowledge to build influence. With backing from the big two in the C-suite, CCOs can use their teams' customer knowledge to influence discussions of product design and pricing, and make a company's offerings more sensitive to the market. Very few business leaders ask themselves, "What are my customer headaches?" But this is such a good question. Companies that can provide a product or service that make people's lives faster, easier, better, or cheaper will always be on the right track.
Back in the 1950s, management guru Peter Drucker wrote that a company has two | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 1.234299 | 0.540522 | 0.479805 | 1.311425 |
[email protected]
Swirl and Thread
I read…..therefore I am..
#Bookreview The Other Side of the Wall Andrea Mara @office_mum @PoolbegBooks
#Bookreview The Other Side of…
'There's something up with the people next door'
The Other Side of The Wall is the debut novel by Andrea Mara, a Dublin based freelance writer and award-winning blogger ( http://officemum.ie/ )
Just published by Crimson, a new imprint of Poolbeg Press, The Other Side of The Wall is psychological thriller that will have you questioning how well do you really know your neighbours….
I would like to take the opportunity to thank Poolbeg Press for my copy and today I have my unbiased and voluntary review so please do continue reading…
When Sylvia looks out her bedroom window at night and sees a child face down in the pond next door, she races into her neighbour's garden. But the pond is empty, and no-one is answering the door.
Wondering if night feeds and sleep deprivation are getting to her, she hurriedly retreats. Besides, the fact that a local child has gone missing must be preying on her mind. Then, a week later, she hears the sound of a man crying through her bedroom wall.
The man living next door, Sam, has recently moved in. His wife and children are away for the summer and he joins them at weekends. Sylvia finds him friendly and helpful, yet she becomes increasingly uneasy about him.
Then Sylvia's little daughter wakes one night, screaming that there's a man in her room. This is followed by a series of bizarre disturbances in the house.
Sylvia's husband insists it's all in her mind, but she is certain it's not – there's something very wrong on the other side of the wall.
Andrea Mara had me up very late last night as I devoured her novel The Other Side of The Wall.
With sinister disturbances and creepy vibes throughout, this is one hell of a debut.
Sylvia is back at work after maternity leave. She had looked forward to the prospect of having a cuppa in peace without the constant presence of sticky fingers and whinging voices. But, unfortunately, returning to her job does not turn out as planned. With her career set in the highly stressed world of the financial/corporate sector, Sylvia soon realises that she has walked straight into a hornet's nest. There is serious trouble in her department and it is Sylvia's role, as the departmental head, to get it sorted…no excuses!!
Sylvia is exhausted. With late night feeds and the stress of the job, Sylvia is finding the going very difficult. One night, while awake with her young baby, Sylvia looks out of the window and is convinced she sees the body of a child face down in the pond of the next door neighbour's back garden. Sylvia rushes next door only to find the pond is empty with nobody answering the door.
Sam and Kate are the new neighbour's next door to Sylvia. The house originally belonged to an elderly lady so it is now in need of substantial upgrading. Kate has recently given up her job in digital marketing to care for her children, but she is finding it very tough. She had visions of a rose-tinted lifestyle – the perfect mum with the perfect kids – but the reality turned out very different. With Sam, her husband, increasingly busy at work, Kate finds herself relegated to general dogsbody. She is feeling very hard done by, as she now spends her days in the company of small children and an endless list of housekeeping chores. A small bit of the green-eyed monster creeps in as Kate becomes somewhat bitter with the freedom Sam has away from the home all day.
Kate's Mum Laura runs a B&B in Galway so Kate packs her bags for the Summer and heads West. At least with her Mum, she might manage some 'me-time' and also it gives Sam an opportunity to get some work carried out inside the house.
As is common in most modern estates these days, does anyone really know their neighbours anymore? Long gone are the days when mothers and children spent hours out the front of their houses, with the mothers catching up on the local gossip as their children played hide-and-seek. These days most estates are extremely quiet during the | [
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AustraliaCoastal & Beach HolidaysCulture & HistoryFood & Wine HolidaysSpa & WellbeingThings to do
Ten of the best Australian destinations for romantics
You can't buy love, but you can certainly purchase a plane ticket to Romance-ville.
Here are ten of the best Australian destinations for romantics. Tick off all of them with the love of your life at least once.
There are few places on earth more romantic than the New South Wales capital. It's an intoxicating mix of the shimmering waters of Sydney Harbour, the golden sands of beaches like Bondi and Manly, the whimsy of the Opera House, and the quaint old world charm of The Rocks precinct. With all of that as a backdrop, Sydney offers many a memorable opportunity to gaze into each other's eyes. Say 'I love you' at the top of the 'Coat Hanger' with BridgeClimb Sydney, sip bubbles and sup on oysters at the iconic Opera Bar, or hold each other oh-so-tight on the Big Dipper at Luna Park (reopening with nine new rides in late 2021).
Need a place to stay? Browse Sydney accommodation options
Paris is known as the city of love, and while it's off the agenda for Aussie travellers at present, you can recreate the magic in Melbs. Take a stroll down the Paris end of Collins Street, get flaky over croissants from Lune, watch the world go by from a sidewalk café in Hardware Lane, and feast on escargot and French onion soup dripping with melted gruyere at The French Brasserie in Malthouse Lane. Top off your evening with a nightcap in the atmospheric basement Bar Margaux.
Need a place to stay? Browse Melbourne accommodation options
Feel French at a sidewalk café in Hardware Lane. Image – Visit Victoria
3. Great Ocean Road
Looking for a location for the perfect couple selfie? You can't beat the 12 Apostles at sunset on Victoria's Great Ocean Road. Logistically that can't be done on a day trip from Melbourne (unless you're up for a three hour drive home in the dark) but who needs an excuse to spend a couple of days in this sublime part of the country? Take long strolls on the beach, bliss out with an Ultimate Couples Retreat Package at Saltair Spa, and dine on the finest organic fare at celebrated Brae.
Need a place to stay? Comfort Inn The International is located in beautiful Apollo Bay, around an hour's drive from the 12 Apostles.
See the 12 Apostles at sunset. Image – Bigstock
The city of churches does sound promising as a destination for lovers, but there's more to Adelaide than bells and flying bouquets. For a start it's the gateway to some of the finest wine regions in the country. Enlist the services of Barossa Unique Tours and explore the Barossa in a classic Mustang convertible. Cruise along country roads, stop in at quaint stone cellar doors to taste-test their wares, and graze at fine-produce-providores like Maggie Beer's Farmshop and the Barossa Valley Chocolate Company.
Need a place to stay? Browse Adelaide accommodation options
5. Canberra
You might loath the politics, but you'll love the nation's capital as a couples' retreat. Drift high above the gentle stillness of Lake Burley Griffin at dawn on a hot air balloon flight, pack a picnic basket and head for Commonwealth Park, soak up the gravitas of Australia's finest museums, galleries and monuments, and take in the epic views of the region from Mount Ainslie at sunset. Canberra's dining scene won't fail to impress, and Pialligo Estate, Monster Kitchen and Bar, Aubergine and Rebel Rebel are all perfect for celebrating something special.
Need a place to stay? Quality Hotel Dickson Canberra offers comfortable and contemporary accommodation and onsite club facilities, including a restaurant, café, wine bar and lounge.
Fly high over Lake Burley Griffin in Canberra. Image – Visit Canberra
6. Sunshine Coast
While it's one of the most popular travel destinations | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 1.443513 | -1.253017 | -0.067128 | -0.26145 |
in the country, you can often feel like you have the Sunshine Coast in South East Queensland all to yourself, particularly if you avoid peak seasons. But even then, there are always opportunities to grab some alone time. Try the secluded beaches along the Noosa North Shore, soak up the natural splendour on the variety of hikes that crisscross Noosa National Park, explore less-visited Hinterland towns like Cooroy and Pomona, and enjoy winding country drives through the Mary Valley.
Need a place to stay? Enjoy a dash of contemporary luxury at Breeze Mooloolaba, Ascend Hotel Collection. It's right opposite the beach and close to a plethora of dining options.
You Might Be Interested In: Latte-filled doughnuts inside a tropical haven (Mooloolaba, QLD)
7. Wangaratta
Those looking to feed their passion should head for Wangaratta in north-east Victoria. This is one of the finest food and wine destinations in the country. The neighbouring Milawa Gourmet Region is delicious enough, but the delights of the King Valley are also within easy reach. Sample Italian-style wines at Sam Miranda and Pizzini, and match your finds with delectable morsels from the likes of the Milawa Cheese Company, Gamze Smokehouse and EV Olives. What's more, there's always an open fire within easy reach to cosy up in front of when temperatures drop. This list would not be complete without the mention of Quality Hotel Wangaratta Gateway's award winning Atrium Restaurant which offers a modern a la carte menu, featuring the best of regional and seasonal produce.
Need a place to stay? Quality Hotel Wangaratta Gateway features a range of stylish and sophisticated room types, including the newly refurbished Studio Spa Apartments with plush bathrooms.
Milawa Cheese Company. Image – Visit Victoria
8. Esperance
Two's company; anyone else is a crowd, and that's rarely a problem in Esperance – one of the country's most remote romantic destinations. What's more, Esperance is home to some of the best beaches in the country – and if you're really lucky, you might just get one all to yourself. Highlights include Cape Le Grand National Park's Lucky Bay (with its much-photographed beach-loving 'roos), neighbouring Hellfire Bay, and the sweeping expanse of Wharton Beach (roughly an hour's drive east of Esperance). Closer to town, try Blue Haven with its made-for-a-selfie staircase down to the sand.
Need a place to stay? Comfort Inn Bay of Isles sits right on the Esperance Esplanade and offers deluxe accommodation, an outdoor pool and complimentary Wi-Fi.
9. Cairns
Whisking your partner away to a tropical paradise is all in a day's work in Cairns in Tropical North Queensland. There are several quintessential patches of paradise that can be done as day trips from the city, including stunning Palm Cove (30 minutes' drive north of Cairns), the holiday enclave of Port Douglas (which sits at the end of one of the most divine coastal drives on the planet) and fabulous Fitzroy Island – a 45-minute cruise from Cairns on board the Fitzroy Flyer. Spend your day on the island relaxing on secluded palm-fringed coral beaches or hiking through the island's rainforested interior.
Need a place to stay? Comfort Inn Cairns City offers affordable accommodation on the edge of the CBD, just a short walk from the Esplanade, Cairns Aquarium, and cafes and restaurants.
Palm Cove. Image – Tourism and Events Queensland
10. Blue Mountains
They say love conquers all, but you'll both need to dig deep to take on some of the epic bushwalks within the Blue Mountains National Park west of Sydney (the seven kilometre, Grade 4 trek to the Ruined Castle springs to mind). That said, there are plenty of less strenuous options and few places as romantic as you gaze across soaring sandstone escarpments, deep ravines and plunging waterfalls from the region's many lookouts.
You May Be Interested In: A walking track that | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 1.245168 | -1.193319 | -0.006831 | -0.301293 |
Mestrado Profissionalizante em Administração e Economia. Ibmec.
FIFTEEN years ago this month, Thailand at last allowed its currency, the baht, to fall against the dollar, abandoning a long, losing battle with market forces. What followed was a five-year nightmare for emerging markets, as the financial crisis spread to Thailand's neighbours, then to Russia and Brazil, before eventually claiming Argentina and Uruguay in July 2002.
After the tossing and turning of 1997- 2002, the next decade went like a dream. In 2003 China resumed double-digit growth; India's economy expanded by 8%, a feat it would surpass in four of the next six years; Brazil's new president, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, appeased the IMF and the bond markets by cutting public debt and achieving the first of five annual current-account surpluses. Goldman Sachs released the first of its 2050 projections ("Dreaming with the BRICs", its catchy acronym for Brazil, Russia, India and China), suggesting that the big emerging economies would eventually inherit the Earth.
The crisis-hit countries emerged from devaluation, default and distress with low expectations, cheap and flexible currencies, scope to borrow and room to grow. Global capital markets welcomed them back, buying their equities and their bonds, even when denominated in their own currencies. The popular emerging-markets stockmarket index compiled by MSCI rose by over 350% from the end of 2002 to its peak in October 2007.
Rather than spend these capital inflows, emerging economies recycled them. They amassed foreign-exchange reserves as a guarantee against ever again succumbing to a currency crisis or the ministrations of the IMF. Some have even begun to help fund the fight against crises elsewhere.
But after a dream decade, something is amiss. China is now struggling to grow as fast as 8% (its GDP expanded by 7.6% in the year to the second quarter). India, a country that once aspired to double-digit growth, can now only dream of ridding itself of doubledigit inflation. None of the biggest emerging economies stands on the edge of a dramatic financial precipice, like their counterparts in the euro area, or a fiscal cliff, like America's. But their economic prospects have nonetheless started to head downhill.
Only 15 months ago, the IMF's forecasters expected Brazil's economy to grow by over 4% this year. This week their 2012 forecast was just 2.5%.
Some of this slowdown can be blamed on events elsewhere. Europe's pain, for example, has spread far beyond its immediate neighbours. The European Union remains the biggest foreign market for many emerging economies, buying about 19% of China's exports and 22% of South Africa's. Euro-area banks have also begun to sell assets and withdraw lending. They account for about 45% of credit to emerging Europe and a substantial share of trade credit in Asia.
Some of the slowdown was also orchestrated by governments nervous about price pressures or property bubbles. Poland's central bank raised rates as recently as May to quell inflation, which persists above its 2.5% target. China's premier, Wen Jiabao, fell into a game of chicken with the country's 50,000 property developers, waiting for them to cut prices, even as they waited for him to lift restrictions on multiple home purchases. As growth slows, policymakers will ease in response.
But there is more to this story. The slowdown is not simply a demand-side phenomenon, the result of weak exports and past tightening dragging growth below its long-run potential. The underlying rate of sustainable growth may also be less impressive than previously thought. As the IMF pointed out this week, the last decade or so may have "generated overly optimistic expectations about potential growth".
High commodity prices boosted some emerging economies, such as Brazil, Russia and South Africa. They also flattered emerging-market share prices.
The dream decade was also sweetened by rapid credit growth, according to the fund. The ratio of bank credit to GDP has risen steeply in many emerging economies | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | 1.209846 | 0.755954 | 1.037497 | 0.302053 |
over the past ten years. From trough to peak, it rose by over 20 percentage points in Brazil, China, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Malaysia, Poland, South Korea, Taiwan and Turkey. It rose almost as far in India and Russia.
In some emerging economies, the upswing began late in the decade. In China, the credit ratio has risen by over 27 points since 2008 alone. In others, it has already ended: in South Africa, Hungary and South Korea, the credit ratio has fallen substantially since the financial crisis.
A rising credit ratio may represent healthy "financial deepening" as the banking system does a better job of capturing household saving and reallocating it to its best use. But it may also reflect a potentially destabilising "financial cycle", an upswing in credit and other financial variables, which overlays and often outlasts the swings in GDP and inflation that mark conventional business cycles.
The upturn in the financial cycle may flatter growth, as easy credit encourages spending and speculation, boosting the value of collateral and thus easing credit further. This may have lulled emerging economies into thinking they could grow faster than they really can, just as permissive finance helped persuade the rich world that its growth was more stable than was actually the case.
When credit booms show up in inflation, central banks are typically quick to react. But consumer prices often remain tame, because rising exchange rates and imports fill the gap between expanding domestic demand and supply. That allows the booms to grow dangerously large. Selim Elekdag and Yiqun Wu of the IMF have identified 99 "credit balloons", episodes of fast credit growth over the past 50 years in rich and emerging economies alike. Of these balloons, 44 popped badly (resulting in a banking crisis, currency crisis or both) and another 13 very badly, with a 9% contraction of GDP on average.
As the financial cycle ebbs and emerging economies slow, must they forget the "dream" of an "emerging century"? Not yet. By 2010, the combined dollar GDP of the BRICs was already about 75% bigger than Goldman Sachs foresaw when it made its original projections seven years earlier. There is therefore a substantial margin for error.
The big emerging economies may never again grow as fast as they did after 2003. But the BRICs scenarios did not assume they all would. In its latest projections, released last year, Goldman Sachs envisioned average growth for the rest of this decade of 5.2% in Brazil, 5.4% in Russia, 6.3% in India and 6.9% in China. It now looks as if Brazil and Russia may fall short of this projection. But China and India can still dream of fulfilling it.
Questão 01) Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?
B) clarify the real scope of the BRICs in business environments and restrain their relevance.
D) encourage the emerging countries to become more economically creative and innovative for their own benefit.
Questão 02) Which of the following statements is neither expressed nor implied in this article?
D) The biggest emerging economies have now a more favorable financial conditions than their euro-area counterparts.
E) Now, the IMF's expectations about the growth of the Brazilian economy are lower.
E) Discuss and criticize competing theories.
A) "Rather than spend these capital inflows, emerging economies recycled them.." – (more than).
B) "But their economic prospects have nonetheless started to head downhill – (so).
C) "As growth slows, policymakers will ease in response." – (although).
D) "Now, unlike then, bank loans have not outstripped deposits."– (similar to).
A) The dream decade (2003 until 2010) may have created excessively positive growth anticipations.
B) Brazil's growth rate in 2012 could be expected to reach double-digit or no less than 4%.
C) The emerging countries should help fund the fight against crises elsewhere.
D) The emerging economies should have foreign-exchange reserves as a guarantee against succumbing to a currency crisis.
E) The Fund's ministrations should | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | 0.610055 | 0.942835 | 1.227579 | 0.764998 |
The media are minimising US and British war crimes in Iraq
The reporting of the Iraqi death toll - both in its scale and account of who is doing the killing - is profoundly dishonest
Tue 8 Nov 2005 02.11 EST
We were told that the Iraqis don't count. Before the invasion began, the head of US central command, General Thomas Franks, boasted that "we don't do body counts". His claim was repeated by Donald Rumsfeld in November 2003 ("We don't do body counts on other people") and the Pentagon last January ("The only thing we keep track of is casualties for US troops and civilians").
But it's not true. Almost every week the Pentagon claims to have killed 50 or 70 or 100 insurgents in its latest assault on the latest stronghold of the ubiquitous monster Zarqawi. In May the chairman of the joint chiefs of staff said that his soldiers had killed 250 of Zarqawi's "closest lieutenants" (or so 500 of his best friends had told him). But last week, the Pentagon did something new. Buried in its latest security report to Congress is a bar chart labelled "average daily casualties - Iraqi and coalition. 1 Jan 04-16 Sep 05". The claim that it kept no track of Iraqi deaths was false.
The report does not explain what it means by casualty, or if its figures represent all casualties, only insurgents, or, as the foregoing paragraph appears to hint, only civilians killed by insurgents. There is no explanation of how the figures were gathered or compiled. The only accompanying text consists of the words "Source: MNC-I", which means Multi-National Corps - Iraq. We'll just have to trust them.
What the chart shows is that these unexplained casualties have more than doubled since the beginning of the Pentagon's survey. From January to March 2004, 26 units of something or other were happening every day, while in September 2005 the something or other rose to 64. But whatever it is that's been rising, the weird morality of this war dictates that it is reported as good news. Journalists have been multiplying the daily average of mystery units by the number of days, discovering that the figure is lower than previous estimates of Iraqi deaths, and using it to cast doubts on them. As ever, the study in the line of fire is the report published by the Lancet in October last year.
It was a household survey - of 988 homes in 33 randomly selected districts - and it suggested, on the basis of the mortality those households reported before and after the invasion, that the risk of death in Iraq had risen by a factor of 1.5; somewhere between 8,000 and 194,000 extra people had died, with the most probable figure being 98,000. Around half the deaths, if Falluja was included, or 15% if it was not, were caused by violence, and the majority of those by attacks on the part of US forces.
In the US and the UK, the study was either ignored or torn to bits. The media described it as "inflated", "overstated", "politicised" and "out of proportion". Just about every possible misunderstanding and distortion of its statistics was published, of which the most remarkable was the Observer's claim that: "The report's authors admit it drew heavily on the rebel stronghold of Falluja, which has been plagued by fierce fighting. Strip out Falluja, as the study itself acknowledged, and the mortality rate is reduced dramatically." In fact, as they made clear on page one, the authors had stripped out Falluja; their estimate of 98,000 deaths would otherwise have been much higher.
But the attacks in the press succeeded in sinking the study. Now, whenever a newspaper or broadcaster produces an estimate of civilian deaths, the Lancet report is passed over in favour of lesser figures. For the past three months, the editors and subscribers of the website Medialens have been writing to papers and broadcasters to try to find out why. The standard response, exemplified by a letter from the BBC's online news service last week, is that the study's "technique | [
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Eric Burdon discusses the mysterious origins of 'The House of the Rising Sun' – a smash hit for him and the Animals in 1964. Interview by Tony Barrell
I'd been hearing 'The House of the Rising Sun' in folk clubs in Newcastle when I was about 17 or 18, from people who only knew one or maybe two verses and the guitar intro. But the Animals' UK tour with Chuck Berry in 1964 was the reason why we recorded the song. There were a few other bands on the bill, and they were playing Chuck Berry music as well. I just felt that everybody would be trying to out-rock Chuck Berry — and what was the point in that? So the challenge was to come up with something that wasn't in that vein.
We'd been playing around with 'The House of the Rising Sun' for a while, and I thought: "Wow, that's got to be our way out." We were due to close the first half of the show — because in those days you had intervals — and we thought that if we could do something that made people leave the theatre remembering something different about us, then we'd be ahead of the game.
It worked, it went down really well, and in the middle of the tour we decided to cut it in the studio. So we offloaded our instruments after a gig, put it all on the milk train, and arrived in London in the wee hours of the morning. We liberated a British Railways luggage handcart and put all the equipment on it and hauled it through the streets of London. It was a Sunday and there was nobody there; it was like a scene from The Day the World Ended. Actually, we were assailed by a British Railways guy. He said: "You can't take that — it belongs to British Railways!" He charged us £25 in the end, I think, for the handcart.
So we set up in this small studio — De Lane Lea studios [in Kingsway, London WC2] — and got some levels, much to the shock and surprise of the engineer, who had never recorded anything electric before. We did two takes, and that was it.
I'd spent a lot of time in Paris looking at the activities of prostitutes, and I realised that the client is just as socially damaged as the prostitute
The earlier version by Bob Dylan had come up with more lyrics for the song than I'd ever dreamt existed. We had to cut back on Bob's lyrics to make it work as a mere single, because it would have been way too long for any radio station to consider. Also we were up against the subject matter, which was kind of off-colour for the radio — prostitution. But I did that male-female switch-over — made it "the ruin of many a poor boy" instead of "girl" — which didn't seem to bother people.
It didn't bother me, because years earlier I'd spent a lot of time in Paris looking at the activities of prostitutes on the street, and I realised that the "john", the client, is himself just as socially damaged as the prostitute is. I was quite comfortable with the idea of a young man leaving the industrial north of America and speeding down to New Orleans, where all was accepted, and losing himself completely.
My theory is that it was a British or Irish tune that went across the Atlantic with the emigrants
There's been a lot of speculation about the song's origins. It's interesting — it's not a 12-bar blues chord sequence; it's not even a blues. I think it probably has its roots in a hymn. It's in a minor key, and that's what attracts people to it; it goes straight to people's souls because of it being a church thing. A while ago, The New York Times did an investigation, and said a girl called Georgia Turner in the Appalachian mountains was the first to record it. Which would uphold my theory that musically it was a British or Irish tune that went across the Atlantic with the emigrants — because they went to the Appalachians and mined coal in the same way they had done in Wales and Ireland. They couldn't afford the gasoline to come off the mountains, so it was a very insular society. The only people who had cars were the cops who were chasing the illicit whisky distillers. You see, the song conjures up so much: as soon | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 1.03052 | -0.182344 | 0.650161 | -0.323112 |
\section*{Abstract}
We present a novel implementation of a Monte Carlo particle-following code for solving the distribution function of minority species in fusion plasmas, called ASCOT5, and verify it using theoretical results for neoclassical transport. The code has been developed from ground up with an OpenMP-MPI hybrid paradigm to take full advantage of current and next generation many-core CPUs with multithreading and SIMD operations. Up to 6-fold increase in performance is demonstrated compared to a previous version of the code which only utilizes MPI. The physics model of the code is comprehensively validated against existing theoretical work, and it is shown to faithfully reproduce neoclassical diffusion across three different collisionality regimes. In simulations for realistic tokamak plasmas, including complex non-axisymmetric geometry, ASCOT5 is verified to reproduce results from the previous version ASCOT4.
\section{Introduction}
As experimental fusion research progresses towards reactor era with larger, more powerful and more complex devices such as Wendelstein 7-X, JT-60SA and ITER, increasing demand is placed on simulation results in support of design, preparation and operation of these experiments. In particular, predicting the behavior of fast ions in various plasma conditions is vital, both for achieving high performance and ensuring machine protection in terms of fast ion wall loads. Inclusion of additional physical processes affecting fast ion confinement, such as 3D magnetic perturbations, time-dependent MHD perturbations and complex synergies between plasma heating methods, further increases the complexity of the simulations.
At the same time, modern supercomputers are being designed for an ever-increasing degree of parallel processing at multiple levels. Typically, it has been sufficient to divide the problem into multiple simultaneously executing programs, which communicate with each other over a network using techniques such as MPI. However, modern processors have built-in parallelism in the form of multithreading as well as SIMD vector operations, which effectively perform the same arithmetical operations simultaneously for multiple values. Taking full advantage of the performance of these features requires modern programming methods and a code developed with the hardware features in mind.
A common computational approach to problems where finite orbit width is important, or the geometry is non-trivial, is charged particle orbit-following, where the trajectories of charged particles in a plasma are solved. This approach can further be used in a Monte Carlo method to solve the distribution of the particles in complex geometries, where many other approaches become inefficient. ASCOT is one such code, designed to follow minority particles, such as fast ions, in a fusion plasma in a realistic three-dimensional geometry. Up until ASCOT4, the previous versions of the code had been parallelized up to single core level with basic MPI parallelization. This approach has recently been found lacking on modern multithreaded, SIMD-enabled CPUs, in particular on many-core platforms such as Xeon Phi. Lack of multithreading and poor vectorization performance, as well as limited memory due to lack of shared memory programming, were identified as significant bottlenecks.
To fix these issues, a full rewrite of the codebase was undertaken, resulting in ASCOT5. The simulation code was rewritten in C using a hybrid OpenMP + MPI approach. The core simulation loop was explicitly written with SIMD execution in mind. The code was organized in a highly modular structure, with clear interfaces between different modules, in an attempt to improve the long-term maintainability of the code, a common problem with scientific codes.
In this paper we describe the ASCOT5 code and the particular solutions developed to utilize modern multithreaded, SIMD-enabled CPUs. Section~\ref{sec:physmodel} describes the core physics model, and section~\ref{sec:implementation} the parallelized code implementation. In section~\ref{sec:verification}, the correctness of the code is verified both against theoretical results as well as results with an older version of the code. Finally, the performance of the hybrid OpenMP + MPI code is compared to the earlier MPI-only version, and the scalability of the code is demonstrated.
\section{Physics model}
\label{sec:physmodel}
Like its predecessors~\cite{hirvijoki2014ascot, hirvijoki2015monte}, ASCOT5 solves the distribution function of a minority species in a toroidal magnetic confinement fusion device.
The evolution of the distribution function $f_a(\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{v}, t)$ for a test | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.976179 | 2.497582 | 1.693817 | 1.923625 |
particle species $a$ is described by the Fokker-Planck equation
\begin{equation}
\frac{\partial f_a}{\partial t}+\mathbf{v} \cdot \nabla f_a + \frac{q_a}{m_a} ( \mathbf{E} + \mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{B}) \cdot \nabla_{\mathbf{v}} f_a =
\sum_{b} -\nabla_{\mathbf{v}}\cdot\left[\mathbf{a}_{ab}f_a -\nabla_{\mathbf{v}}\cdot (\mathbf{D}_{ab}f_a)\right]
\end{equation}
where $\mathbf{x}$, $\mathbf{v}$ and $t$ are the position, velocity and time coordinates, $q_a$ and $m_a$ are test particle charge and mass, $\mathbf{E}$ is the electric field and $\mathbf{B}$ is the magnetic field.
Coulomb collisions between the test particles and the background plasma species, which are assumed to be Maxwellian, are included via the friction coefficient $\mathbf{a}_{ab}$ and the diffusion coefficient $\mathbf{D}_{ab}$.
ASCOT5 finds the approximate solution to the Fokker-Planck equation by solving the corresponding Langevin equation for a large number of markers that represent the distribution function $f_a$.
The Langevin equation, i.e., the equation of motion for each marker, is
\begin{equation}
d\mathbf{z} = \left[\mathbf{\dot{z}} + \mathbf{a}(\mathbf{z},t)\right] dt + \boldsymbol{\sigma}(\mathbf{z},t)\cdot d\boldsymbol{\mathcal{W}},
\end{equation}
where $\mathbf{z}$ are the phase space coordinates $\mathbf{x}$ and $\mathbf{v}$, $\mathbf{\dot{z}}$ is the coordinate time-derivative without Coulomb collisions, $\mathbf{a} = \sum_b\mathbf{a}_{ab}$, $\boldsymbol{\sigma}$ is defined by the relation $\sum_b 2\mathbf{D}_{ab} = \boldsymbol{\sigma}\boldsymbol{\sigma}^T$, and $\boldsymbol{\mathcal{W}}$ is a 6D vector of independent Wiener processes.
The distribution function $f_a$ is approximated by discretizing the equation in time, integrating it numerically, and at each timestep summing marker weight to a correct bin in a $\mathbf{x}$, $\mathbf{v}$ histogram.
ASCOT5 can also solve the guiding center distribution function.
The guiding center equations of motion are based on the non-canonical Hamiltonian dynamics~\cite{cary2009hamiltonian}, with the guiding center coordinates being $\mathbf{X}$, $v_\parallel$ and $\mu$ (guiding center position, parallel velocity, and magnetic moment).
The equations of motion and the transformation from particle to guiding center phase space are done to first order, and are valid in the relativistic regime \cite{hirvijoki2015guiding}.
However, the guiding center collision operator is a zeroth order operator adapted from~\cite{hirvijoki2013monte}.
For numerical integration, the Hamiltonian part of the Langevin equation, i.e. $\mathbf{\dot{z}}$ term, is solved first at the beginning of a timestep and the coordinates updated accordingly, and then the collisional part is solved and coordinates are updated.
The benefit of this separation is that one may use different numerical scheme to solve the Hamiltonian motion, i.e. solving an ordinary differential equation, than what is used to solve the collisional part, which is a stochastical differential equation.
For example, for fast particles it is usually the Hamiltonian motion that dominates the marker motion which can be solved efficiently using a higher-order Runge-Kutta method, whereas higher order stochastic Runge-Kutta methods may not offer any benefit in terms of computational cost.
The gyro orbit is solved numerically with a fixed timestep using the energy-conserving, relativistic volume-preserving algorithm~\cite{zhang2015volume}.
For the guiding center, the equations of motion are solved either with fixed timestep using RK4, or with adaptive timestep using the Cash-Karp algorithm, where the error is estimated using the difference between the fourth and fifth-order solutions.
The Coulomb collisions are solved using the numerical schemes discussed in~\cite{sarkimaki2018adaptive}, with small adaptions | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.571336 | 2.539111 | 0.634022 | 1.25071 |
.
Euler-Maruyama method is used in particle and fixed timestep guiding center modes, and Milstein method is used with the adaptive guiding center mode.
For a steady-state distribution function, the markers are simulated from their source location until they reach certain criteria for their end condition. For example, in the case of neutral beam injection (NBI) heating of a tokamak plasma, the orbits of the markers are followed as they slow down. Once the markers approach the temperature of the thermal plasma, defined as a multiple of the local temperature, they are considered thermalized and the simulation is terminated.
Particle losses are evaluated by checking for intersections between the particle trajectory and a surface representing the first wall of the device. The wall consists either of a 2D poloidal contour of the limiting surfaces, or an arbitrary 3D triangle mesh. The 3D mesh is stored in an octree structure to enable efficient searching of intersecting triangles, while limiting the number of memory accesses.
ASCOT5 requires magnetic field, electric field, plasma profiles, and wall model to be given as an input.
Inputs are implemented via interfaces, meaning that ASCOT5 is not restricted to a specific method when e.g. evaluating magnetic field at marker position.
For example, magnetic field can be either evaluated analytically using a parametrized model for the poloidal flux~\cite{cerfon2010one}, or numerically interpolated with either 2D (axisymmetric field) or 3D splines (3D field).
Different implementations for the inputs are added as the need arises.
\section{Implementation}
\label{sec:implementation}
ASCOT5 was designed from ground up to maximize utilization of the SIMD vector operations. All calculations in the physics simulation loop operate on arrays of length $N_\mathrm{SIMD}$, which can be set depending on the platform. For processors with 256-bit AVX2 operations (Haswell etc.) this is equivalent to four 64-bit double precision floats, while for 512-bit AVX512 processors (Knights Landing, Skylake etc.) arrays of eight doubles are used.
All loops during particle simulation are parallelized with OpenMP \texttt{simd} pragmas. Additionally, all functions called during simulation, such as 3D magnetic field data access and interpolation, are implemented as vectorized functions declared using \texttt{declare simd} pragmas. This enables the compiler to execute nearly the entire core simulation loop with vector operations.
The physics calculations are identical for all particles being followed, so efficient lockstep evaluation of SIMD operations is always possible. However, as the simulation duration for each particle is dependent on their particular trajectory, not all elements are simulated for the same duration. A swapping mechanism was implemented where, after each iteration, particles that have reached their end condition are stored in an array for completed particles, and a fresh particle is retrieved from a queue to continue simulation in the particular slot in the $N_\mathrm{SIMD}$ arrays.
To enable multithreading, a number of worker threads, each operating on a single set of $N_\mathrm{SIMD}$ arrays, are launched and allowed to perform their simulation independently. Concurrent access is needed for tallying the particle distributions in the histograms, which is implemented using \texttt{atomic} pragmas. Swapping particles is also protected by \texttt{critical} sections to avoid race conditions. In addition to the simulation threads, additional maintenance threads are used for monitoring and reporting simulation progress.
Finally, MPI is used to launch multiple processes across a number of nodes in a typical supercomputing environment. During the simulation, each process is independent, storing its results only at the end, to be combined after the completion of the simulation.
\section{Verification}
\label{sec:verification}
Thorough verification of the code has been performed, first by verifying the code against known theoretical results~\cite{wesson2011tokamaks,helander2005collisional} for charged particles undergoing classical and neoclassical transport, and then benchmarking simulation results in realistic cases with ASCOT4, which in turn has been extensively benchmarked and validated both with other similar codes \cite{kramer2013simulation,asunta2015} as well as experimental measurements \cite{akaslompolo2016,varje2017,siren2017,varje2019,siren20 | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.362802 | 2.004423 | 1.188128 | 1.36202 |
19}.
\subsection{Comparison to theoretical results}
The particle transport in a uniform magnetic field, i.e. classical transport, is diffusive with a diffusion coefficient
\begin{equation}
D_C = \frac{1}{2}\rho_g^2\nu_{ab}
\end{equation}
where $\rho_g= mv_\perp/|q|B$ is the test particle Larmor radius and $\nu_{ab}$ collision frequency.
The collision frequency for electron-ion collisions is
\begin{equation}
\nu_{ei} = \sqrt{\frac{2}{\pi}}\frac{e^2n \ln\Lambda}{12\pi\varepsilon_0^2\sqrt{m_e T^3 }},
\end{equation}
and for ion-electron collisions $\nu_{ie} = (m_e/m_i)\nu_{ei}$.
Here $n$ is the density, $T$ the temperature, $\varepsilon_0$ the vacuum permittivity, $e$ the elementary charge, and $\ln\Lambda$ the Coulomb logarithm.
The transport in a tokamak, i.e. neoclassical transport, can be divided into three regimes depending on the collisionality, $\nu^* = \nu_{ab}/\Omega_\mathrm{orb}$, which is the ratio of the collision frequency and the test particle orbit transit frequency $\Omega_\mathrm{orb}= v\sqrt{\epsilon}/(\sqrt{2}q_pr)$, where $q_p$ is the safety factor, $\epsilon=r/R$, is inverse aspect ratio, $r$ is the minor radius and $R$ is the major radius.
At the low-collisional \emph{banana regime}, $\nu^*\ll \epsilon^{3/2}$, the diffusion coefficient is
\begin{equation}
D_B = \epsilon^{-3/2}q_p^2 D_C.
\end{equation}
At the opposite high-collisional limit, $\nu^* \gg 1$, is the \emph{Pfirsch-Schl\"uter regime} where the diffusion coefficient is
\begin{equation}
D_{PS} = q_p^2D_C,
\end{equation}
In between of these two regimes lies the \emph{plateau regime}, where the diffusion coefficient,
\begin{equation}
D_P = q_p^2 \frac{D_C}{\nu^*},
\end{equation}
is constant.
Reproducing classical transport with ASCOT5 is straightforward.
Markers are launched from a same initial position and simulated for a few collision times.
After the simulation, the variance calculated from the change in markers' position can be used to calculate the diffusion coefficient as $D=\mathrm{Var}[(\Delta x)]/ 2\Delta t$.
Here 200 markers are used.
Figure~\ref{fig:testclassical} shows the $1/B^2$ scaling for test protons in an uniform field and in electron-proton plasma, when only the ion-electron collisions ($n=10^{20}$ m$^{-3}$, $T=10$ keV) are considered (for simplicity).
The abbreviations in the figure stand for the different simulation modes: Gyro-Orbit simulation, Guiding Center Fixed time-step simulation, and Guiding Center Adaptive time-step simulation.
The formulas for neoclassical transport are accurate only for a circular plasma, which we take into account by choosing the parameters for the analytical magnetic field accordingly (with $R=6.2$ m, $r=0.6$ m, $B_0=5.3$).
For the neoclassical transport test we model test electrons and consider only electron-ion collisions.
The collisionality is adjusted by varying density ($n=10^{17}$~--~$10^{22}$ m$^{-3}$, $T=1$ keV) while keeping other parameters constant.
The diffusion coefficient is again evaluated from the change in markers' position.
A total of 100 markers are simulated and they are launched from the same radial position.
Figure~\ref{fig:testneoclassical} confirms that ASCOT5 produces correct transport in all regimes.
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{test_classicaltransport}
\caption{Classical diffusion coefficient. The analytically calculated numbers are | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.460616 | 1.786395 | 0.642988 | 0.962319 |
given by the solid line, while the various symbols correspond to values obtained with ASCOT5 using various approaches to orbit following as explained in the text.}
\label{fig:testclassical}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{test_neoclassicaltransport}
\caption{Neoclassical diffusion coefficient across the different collisionality regimes (note the logarithmic scales). The analytically calculated results for the circular geometry are given by the solid line, while the various symbols have the same meaning as in Fig.\ref{fig:testclassical}}.
\label{fig:testneoclassical}
\end{figure}
Common application of ASCOT5 is to study neoclassical transport of fast ions during their slowing-down process.
Therefore, we verify that ASCOT5 produces correct slowing-down energy distribution,
\begin{equation}
f_s(E) = \frac{S}{2\nu_s E}\frac{H(E_0-E)H(E-\beta E_\mathrm{th,i})}{1+(E_\mathrm{crit}/E)^{3/2}},,
\end{equation}
where $S$ is the birth rate of fast ions, $H$ is Heaviside step function and
\begin{equation}
\nu_s = \frac{6\sqrt{2\pi^2T^3}\varepsilon_0^2 m_a}{Z_\alpha^2 e^4 m_e^{\frac{1}{2}}n \log\Lambda}
\end{equation}
is the slowing down rate with $m_a$ and $Z_a$ being test particle mass and charge number, respectively.
Test particle initial energy is $E_0$, $E_\mathrm{min}$ is the energy below which a particle is considered thermalized, and
\begin{equation}
E_{crit} = \frac{m_aT}{m_i} \left( \frac{3\sqrt{\pi}m_e}{4m_i}\right)^\frac{2}{3},
\end{equation}
is the critical energy below which scattering with background ions starts to dominate.
Once particles have slowed-down, they become part of the thermal bulk whose energy distribution is Maxwellian
\begin{equation}
f_M(E) = 2 \sqrt{\frac{E}{\pi}} T^{-3/2} e^{-E/T}
\end{equation}
Figure~\ref{fig:slowingdown} verifies that both distributions are produced when fusion alpha particles, with initial energy $E_0=3.5$ MeV, are simulated and energy distribution collected.
Particles are simulated until they slow down to $E_\mathrm{min}= 50 T$.
Equilibrium distribution is collected by initializing markers with $E=T$ and simulating them for a few collision times.
\begin{figure}[th]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{slowingdown}
\caption{Energy distribution of fusion alpha particles corresponding to thermal equilibrium (top) and slowing-down (bottom) distributions given by analytical theory (solid line) and ASCOT5 simulations (symbols).
}
\label{fig:slowingdown}
\end{figure}
Additionally, it was verified that, with Coulomb collisions disabled, the energy, magnetic moment, and canonical momentum are conserved to a good accuracy.
\subsection{Fast ion simulations in 2D and 3D}
\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[height=0.45\textwidth]{jetlike_eq}
\hspace{1.5cm}
\includegraphics[height=0.45\textwidth]{iterlike_eq}\\
\includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{jetlike_profiles}
\includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{iterlike_profiles}\\
\caption{Equilibrium, wall contour and kinetic profiles for the JET-like case (left) and the ITER-like case (right).}
\label{fig:eq_benchmark}
\end{figure}
The verification with ASCOT4 was performed for two cases representing most common applications for ASCOT: a 2D JET-like case and a 3D ITER-like case. All simulations were performed with guiding-center following with a | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.080907 | 1.521647 | 0.400903 | 0.613213 |
fixed time step of $10^{-7}$ s. The JET-like case (figure~\ref{fig:eq_benchmark}, left) is based on an axisymmetric analytic equilibrium with 3 T toroidal field and 3 MA current, representing the size and shape of a typical H-mode plasma in the JET tokamak. The equilibrium was converted to a discretized 2D background with a grid resolution of 7-8 mm. A slowing-down simulation of $10^5$ markers representing 120 keV NBI particles was performed both for perpendicular and tangential co-current beam geometries.
The ITER-like (figure~\ref{fig:eq_benchmark}, right) case is similar to the planned ITER baseline 5.6 T / 15 MA plasma scenario. The axisymmetric analytic equilbrium was discretized with a resolution of 5.5 cm and combined with a 3D toroidal ripple field with a resolution of 0.67 degrees. The ripple was calculated using the BioSaw \cite{akaslompolo2015calculating} code. A 3D wall comprised of 86 016 triangles was constructed by revolving a 2D countour around the central axis. For the ITER-like case, $10^5$ isotropic 3.5 MeV fusion alpha particles were simulated, initialized with the AFSI fusion source code \cite{siren2017versatile}.
\begin{figure}[p]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.63\textwidth]{dist_jetlike} \\
\includegraphics[width=0.63\textwidth]{dist_jetlike_tan} \\
\includegraphics[width=0.63\textwidth]{dist_iterlike}
\caption{Comparison of ASCOT4 (solid) and ASCOT5 (dashed) distribution functions for perpendicular (top) and tangential co-current (middle) 120 keV NBI injected deuterons in a JET-like plasma, and for thermonuclear alpha particles (bottom) in an ITER-like plasma.}
\label{fig:dist_benchmark}
\end{figure}
In both cases, the slowing-down distributions calculated by ASCOT4 and ASCOT5 were found to closely agree both qualitatively and quantitatively (figure~\ref{fig:dist_benchmark}), reproducing the characteristic slowing-down rate and pitch scattering during the slowing-down process. Fast ion losses were likewise in agreement, with total losses reproduced within 1 \% between the two codes.
\section{Performance}
\begin{table}[ht]
\centering
\caption{Comparison of execution times between ASCOT4 and ASCOT5 for the two test cases on different CPU architectures}
\label{table:performance}
\begin{tabular}{l|cc}
& ASCOT4 & ASCOT5 \\
\hline
\emph{JET-like 2D} \\
Skylake 10x48 cores & 0:36:25 & 0:05:24 \\
Knights Landing 10x68 cores & 4:03:50 & 0:24:52 \\
\emph{ITER-like 3D} \\
Skylake 10x48 cores & 5:34:58 & 1:17:00 \\
Knights Landing 20x68 cores & \centering \footnote[1]{Unable to run ASCOT4 due to limited memory} & 2:33:19
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
The simulations presented in the previous section were repeated on a number of different CPU architectures to evaluate the performance of the code (table~\ref{table:performance}). For the Skylake and Knights Landing CPUs, $N_\mathrm{SIMD} = 8$ markers were simultaneously simulated, corresponding to the 512-bit vector operations (AVX-512). Additionally, on Knights Landing full hyperthreading with 4 threading was used, but hyperthreading was not available on the Skylake system used for the benchmarks.
Initial benchmark results were found to be disappointing, when ASCOT5 was only approximately 2-3 times faster than ASCOT4 in simulations with identical backgrounds, markers | [
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Ayushmann Khurrana Height, Age, Wife, Girlfriend, Family, Biography & More
Quick Info→
Wife: Tahira Khurrana
Hometown: Chandigarh, India
Bio/Wiki
Real Name Nishant Khurana [1]Quint
Nickname Ayush
Professions Actor, Singer, Writer
Famous Role "Vicky Arora" in film Vicky Donor (2012)
Physical Stats & More
Height (approx.) in centimeters- 175 cm
Weight (approx.) in kilograms- 70 kg
in pounds- 154 lbs
Body Measurements (approx.) - Chest: 40 inches
- Waist: 32 inches
- Biceps: 12 inches
Eye Colour Black
Date of Birth 14 September 1984
Age (as in 2019) 35 Years
Birthplace Chandigarh, India
Zodiac sign Virgo
Hometown Chandigarh, India
School St. John's High School, Chandigarh
College/University DAV College, Chandigarh
School of Communication Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh
Educational Qualification(s) Majored in English literature
Master's degree in Mass Communication
Debut Film: Vicky Donor (2012)
TV: MTV Roadies Season 2 (2004, as a contestant)
Religion Hinduism
Caste Khatri
Address Panchkula- House No. 1109, Sector 2, Opp. Bal Niketan School, Panchkula, Haryana 134109
Mumbai- First floor flat at Anmol Pride apartments on S V Road, Goregaon (West)
Hobbies Singing, Playing Guitar, Writing Poems
Awards, Honours, Achievements 2012- Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut for 'Vicky Donor'
2013- International Indian Film Academy Awards (IIFA) for "Star debut of the Year" for 'Vicky Donor'
2019- National Film Award for Best Actor for the film 'Andhadhun'
Girls, Affairs, and More
Affairs/Girlfriends Tahira Khurrana (Professor and Writer)
Marriage Date Year- 2011
Wife/Spouse Tahira Khurrana (2011-present)
Children Son- Virajveer (Born: 2 January 2012)
Daughter- Varushka (Born: 21 April 2014)
Parents Father- P. Khurrana (Astrologer and Politician)
Mother- Poonam Khurrana
Siblings Brother- Aparshakti Khurrana (Radio Jockey and Actor)
Sister- None
Food(s) Rajma-Chawla, Chicken Curry, Rasgullas, Imarti, Falooda-Kulfi, Halwa
Actor(s) Amitabh Bachchan and Ranveer Singh
Actresses Madhuri Dixit and Deepika Padukone
Film(s) Tezaab, Shakti, Deewar, Agneepath, Hum
Singer Chris Martin (Coldplay)
Colour(s) White, Blue
Director(s) Dibakar Banerjee, Shoojit Sircar, Sharad Katari, Rajkumar Hirani, Imtiaz Ali
Sport Cricket
Perfume Bvlgari Aqua
Destination New York
Style Quotient
Car Collection Audi
Money Factor
Salary (approx.) Rs. 2-3 Crore/Film
Net Worth (approx.) $6 million
Some Lesser Known Facts About Ayushmann Khurrana
Does Ayushmann Khurrana drink alcohol?: Yes
Ayushman Khurrana drinks alcohol
At the age of 4, when he watched Madhuri Dixit's 'Tezaab' (1988) in a theatre, he decided to become an actor.
Childhood photo of Ayushman Khur | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -1.113242 | -1.878549 | 0.00886 | -1.372644 |
rana
His mother is of half-Burmese descent.
His father also wanted him to be an actor.
According to Ayushman, he learned acting from her grandmother. She used to mimic Raj Kapoor and Dilip Kumar.
When he told his family & friends that he wanted to be an actor, they made fun of him. Not only that, but he was also initially rejected at some auditions with excuses such as his accent was too Punjabi and he had too thick eyebrows.
When he was 16 years old, he met his would-be wife Tahira Kashyap for the first time and he told her that he would marry her.
Ayushman's servant committed suicide in 2013 at his Goregaon apartment in Mumbai. However, Ayushman was not accused of that.
Apart from acting, he is also passionate about singing and in 2002, participated in a reality show "Channel [V] Popstars", and was the youngest contestants on the show (aged 17).
In 2004, his life took a turn when he won the MTV Roadies (Season 2), at the age of 20.
When he was in the final year of his Journalism exams, he gave his portfolio to someone for acting, but he asked him if he was interested in radio, after which he got a chance to work an RJ and later, as a VJ in MTV Channel.
In 2007, he became the youngest recipient of Young Achievers Award, for hosting the show Big Chai – Maan Na Maan, Main Tera Ayushmann.
He has worked in TV serials like Kayamat and Ek Thi Rajkumari.
From 2007 to 2012, he struggled a lot in Bollywood to get a role, and in 2012, he finally got his breakthrough with Vicky Donor, which was not only a surprise hit but also won many National Awards.
He also made his long awaiting singing debut with the song "Pani Da Rang" from the film Vicky Donor.
You would be surprised to know that during his initial days on TV, he donated his sperms.
He loves writing Hindi poems and is an active blogger.
His father, P. Khurrana, is a famous Astrologer & Numerologist, who suggested him to change the spellings of his name from "Ayushman Khurana" to "Ayushmann Khurrana."
In 2015, he released his autobiographical book called "Cracking the Code – My Journey To Bollywood," reflecting his struggle and path to success.
Ayushman Khurrana's Book 'Cracking the Code – My Journey To Bollywood'
He received critical acclaim for his performance in 'Gulabo Sitabo' (2020) in which he appeared alongside Amitab Bachchan.
Ayushmann Khurrana and Amitabh Bachchan in Guabo Sitabo
After watching Khurrana's performance in 'Gulabo Sitabo,' Palash Sen shared a post on his Instagram in which he posted a throwback photo of Khurrana and revealed that once Khurrana participated in a singing reality show, Popstars, which Palash had judged; however, Khurrana was rejected in the show.
Palash Sen's Instagram Post About Ayushmann Khurrana
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.425146 | -1.273457 | 0.330967 | -0.929937 |
A mix of clouds and sun. Slight chance of a rain shower. High near 70F. Winds ENE at 15 to 25 mph..
Partly cloudy skies. Low 51F. Winds ENE at 5 to 10 mph.
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Cinco de Mayo and Gwyneth Paltrow
Blythe Sinclair and Alan Quinn
Gwyneth Paltrow has partnered with Cointreau, the original crystal-clear orange liqueur, to celebrate Cinco de Mayo and the 70th anniversary of the Original Margarita!
Randy Beecher Celebrates 25 Years At Mille Fleurs: Piano Man Provides Lively Entertainment At San Diego's Premier "Best Piano Bar"
By Randy Beecher
The streets are quaint and quiet in this tucked away, affluent community in San Diego County, however the evening hours in the elegant Mille Fleurs lounge are filled with lively energetic music. Billed as the premier piano bar in the area for years, the man behind the piano, local favorite crooner, Randy Beecher skillfully performs a huge variety of music for his dynamic clientele. Randy warmly greets every guest entering the lounge, often standing for a hug from a "regular."
Red Sparrow Movie Review
By Asher Luberto
'Red Sparrow' seems to transpire in a distant Communist land, with a protagonist who is fed up by the conformity of powerful men who take advantage, and a fraudulent and sclerotic political system that is every bit as repulsive as those it employs. Although the uninhabited grand lavish buildings and stair ways, cold and lifeless weather, and unmissable Russian monuments say otherwise, the reality is, this is a world not too distant.
The Sun Is Rising on the Sun Valley Film Festival
By Claire Thomas
For its seventh year, the Sun Valley Film Festival, took place from March 14 to 18 and featured special appearances by actors and actresses, filmmakers, screenwriters and others in the film industry. Once only known as a ski resort town, Sun Valley, Idaho, is now the location of an annual film festival that is quickly growing in popularity. The Sun Is Rising on the Sun Valley Film Festival
Jason Aldean Fires Up The Crowd With Surprise Concert At Bassmaster Classic's Opening Night
Fans and bass fishing enthusiasts sung along as Jason Aldean performed on-stage while cheers and applause showed great appreciation for his partnership with Field and Stream. The support of this chart-topping musician was a successful kick-off for the weekend-long Bassmaster Classic competition.
AutomotiveBest BeachesBusiness TrendsDating And RelationshipsEducationFamilyFinanceFood & DrinkResortsSocial EventsThe ArtsThings To DoTop | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.150043 | -2.06543 | -1.055194 | -1.408061 |
package com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Items.Basic;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.core.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.core.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.core.collections.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Abilities.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Areas.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Behaviors.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.CharClasses.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Commands.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Common.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Exits.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Items.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Locales.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.MOBS.interfaces.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Races.interfaces.*;
import java.util.*;
import com.planet_ink.coffee_mud.Libraries.interfaces.*;
public class GenMap extends StdMap
{
@Override
public String ID()
{
return "GenMap";
}
protected String readableText="";
public GenMap()
{
super();
setName("a generic map");
basePhyStats.setWeight(1);
setDisplayText("a generic map sits here.");
setDescription("");
baseGoldValue=5;
setMaterial(RawMaterial.RESOURCE_PAPER);
recoverPhyStats();
}
@Override
public boolean isGeneric()
{
return true;
}
@Override
public String text()
{
return CMLib.coffeeMaker().getEnvironmentalMiscTextXML(this,false);
}
@Override
public String readableText()
{
return readableText;
}
@Override
public String getMapArea()
{
return readableText;
}
@Override
public void setMapArea(final String mapName)
{
setReadableText(mapName);
}
@Override
public void setReadableText(final String newReadableText)
{
final String oldName=Name();
final String oldDesc=description();
readableText=newReadableText;
doMapArea();
setName(oldName);
setDescription(oldDesc);
}
@Override
public void setMiscText(final String newText)
{
miscText="";
CMLib.coffeeMaker().unpackEnvironmentalMiscTextXML(this,newText,false);
recoverPhyStats();
}
@Override
public String getStat(final String code)
{
if(CMLib.coffeeMaker().getGenItemCodeNum(code)>=0)
return CMLib.coffeeMaker().getGenItemStat(this,code);
return CMProps.getStatCodeExtensionValue(getStatCodes(), xtraValues, code);
}
@Override
public void setStat(final String code, final String val)
{
if(CMLib.coffeeMaker().getGenItemCodeNum(code)>=0)
CMLib.coffeeMaker().setGenItemStat(this,code,val);
CMProps.setStatCodeExtensionValue(getStatCodes(), xtraValues, code,val);
}
private static String[] codes=null;
@Override
public String[] | [
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The Trial of Robert Durst
HBO's The Jinx was Robert Durst's trial by public opinion, but now the heir to a Manhattan real estate empire is in court on murder charges. How did he get here—and will his family survive the ordeal?
By Charles Bagli
Update: On January 10, 2022, Robert Durst died after going into cardiac arrest at the San Joaquin General Hospital in California, where he had been taken for testing. This story was originally published in the December 2019 issue of Town & Country.
In November 2015 hundreds of well-wishers crowded into the lobby of the 52-story tower at 4 Times Square, the skyscraper credited with kicking off the neighborhood's resurgence, to honor the people who built it. It was the 100th anniversary of the Durst Organization, and the family members behind the company—which has made them New York real estate royalty—were celebrating inside one of their most famous buildings.
Wait staff circulated with cocktails, and the lobby's brightly lit limestone walls were lined that evening with images of Joseph Durst and his son Seymour, who, with his brothers, became master developers, amassing a fortune estimated at $5.2 billion.
Robert Durst durning the making of the HBO documentary The Jinx.
Guests marveled at the models of the family's 11 skyscrapers jutting into the Manhattan skyline and at photographs of a string of striking residential buildings, such as the pyramidal Via 57 West, which overlooks the Hudson River. Among the participants were members of the fourth generation of Dursts to work at the family firm: Helena, Alexander, and Lucas. "We created an enduring family business, which supports tens of thousands of people and is responsible for changing the skyline," Douglas Durst, the family's current patriarch, told me that day. "With each generation, the business grows."
There was, however, one omission among all the memorabilia on display: an image of Robert A. Durst, Seymour's eldest son and the family's black sheep, who has been dogged by suspicions of murder for nearly four decades.
This week, Robert is scheduled to go on trial in Los Angeles for killing Susan Berman with a gunshot to the back of the head in Los Angeles nearly 20 years ago. The prosecution argues that Robert killed her because he feared she was about to betray him to the authorities, who had reopened the investigation into the 1982 disappearance of his first wife, Kathie McCormack Durst.
Robert, now 76 and sitting in the Los Angeles County Jail, has been estranged from his family for a quarter century. He is practically a taboo subject among the Dursts, one of his nephews tells me. Family friends, who follow Robert's comings and goings, say they are loath to bring him up in his family's presence for fear of alienating his normally stoic relations.
In addition to the HBO documentary The Jinx: The Life and Deaths of Robert Durst, which brought his case to an international audience and won an Emmy, Robert has been the subject of a lightly fictionalized movie, a couple of television specials, and numerous books. He casts a shadow on the family's reputation, and his upcoming trial for the murder of Berman is only the latest chapter in his long, strange story.
This family saga is about to enter its next act: a high-profile trial that will explore not only every nook and cranny of Robert's life but also delve into his privileged upbringing and his family's position in New York society.
The pyramidal Via 57 West, which overlooks the Hudson River, is a Durst property.
Joe Sohm/Visions of AmericaGetty Images
The upper echelon of New York's real estate world has had its share of rivalries and scandals (although they usually play out behind closed doors, lest they damage business or reputations). Remember Abe Hirschfeld, the real estate tycoon, self-proclaimed inventor of the open-air garage, and owner of the New York Post? In 2000 he was convicted of trying to hire a hit man to kill his business partner and served two years in | [
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prison. Afterward he ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. Senate.
But Robert Durst's story, spanning three deaths, three states, and nearly four decades, is in a category of its own. It also raises the question: How does a family like the Dursts handle such a public airing of its dirty laundry?
So far, people who would know say it hasn't affected the business, which involves 13 million square feet of Manhattan office space packed with blue chip tenants, apartments all across New York City, and projects in development in Dutchess County, New York, and Philadelphia. The Dursts are also still welcomed in philanthropic circles, where they're known for supporting environmental organizations (like the Trust for Public Land) and the performing arts.
Still, some social observers think the family will pay a price for Robert's public troubles. The family of Kathie McCormack, his first wife, filed a $100 million lawsuit against not only Robert Durst but against, among others, his current wife, Debrah Charatan; Douglas Durst and Wendy Durst Kreeger, as co-executors of the estate of Seymour Durst; the estate of Susan Berman; and Michael S. Struk, the detective (now retired) who first investigated Kathie's disappearance, in 1982. The suit alleged a wide-ranging conspiracy to keep hidden the death and disappearance of Kathie Durst, but sources have confirmed that it was dismissed yesterday.
"They are a low-key family," says the society publicist R. Couri Hay. "But they can't escape the raised eyebrows. I'm sure this is the last thing they want to talk about to anyone at an outing or charity event, but they will suffer for the alleged crimes of the brother."
And that's just what the family's patriarch wants to avoid. "While I think that Douglas manages the issue well," says Jonathan Durst, Robert's cousin and the president of the Durst Organization, "I hate to see what it does to him."
At the time of the 100th anniversary, Forbes ranked the Dursts at No. 59 on its list of the richest families in America. Even then the Dursts could not escape Robert's shadow. Nearly half the Forbes text describing the family was about Robert's legal troubles.
The Trials and Errors of Robert Durst
Real estate heir Robert Durst's wife, Kathleen McCormack Durst, went missing in January of 1982. Five days after her disappearance, Durst reported the incident to police. Kathleen's sister recalls hearing the news and telling her husband, "I think he killed her." While the case was reopened in 1999, it remains unsolved and Durst denies any involvement.
For a time in the early 2000s, Durst lived in Galveston, Texas. During that period he dressed as a woman and went by the name Dorothy Ciner. In 2001, the dead body of Morris Black, a neighbor of Durst's, was discovered along with blood leading from the apartment of the deceased to where Durst was living. Durst was arrested in 2001, but left town after posting bond.
After skipping bail in Galveston, Durst was apprehended by police in Pennsylvania. He was discovered wearing a wig and shoplifting in a store in Pennsylvania. After being tried in 2002 for Black's murder, he was acquitted. The judge in the case, Susan Criss, recently said, "I believe he did what he was accused of doing."
After instances of alleged trespassing in 2012 and 2013—when he was accused of being an unwelcome presence at a family properties in Manhattan—Durst was tried in 2014 but found not guilty. At the time he said, "I'm not spending my time running around 43rd Street wanting to shoot my brother."
Just before the airing of the final episode of The Jinx, the HBO series about Durst, Robert was arrested in New Orleans for the 2000 murder of Susan Berman. Despite having infamously uttered "What the hell did I do? Killed them all, of course" on the series, Durst maintains his innocence. His trial begins this week in Los Angeles.
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choose your relatives, but you can choose your friends," says Jeff Gural, a rival developer whose family owns a sizable stake in the Flatiron Building, among other New York attractions. "I think everybody is sympathetic, [but] I do think they're happy he's locked up."
The trial will no doubt generate another round of unwanted scrutiny for his family. "The Durst family has been one of the champions of New York City's growth," says Mitchell L. Moss, professor of urban planning and policy at New York University. "Seymour Durst was a genius at understanding that you could never fail if you built near a subway. His children and grandchildren have built on that tradition. Robert, the alleged killer, is a striking departure."
The Dursts emigrated to the United States from Eastern Europe more than a century ago. According to family lore, Joseph Durst landed on the Lower East Side in 1902, from Gorlice, Austria, with $3 sewn into his lapel.
He went from being a tailor's apprentice to selling children's clothing from a pushcart, eventually opening a garment factory with a partner. When his partner bought him out in 1915, Joseph used the proceeds to buy his first property, 1 W. 34th Street. He also got into banking, forming Capital National Bank, to make loans in the city's bustling garment district. When the bank was sold, he used the profits to focus on real estate, buying and selling existing buildings.
Joseph's sons Seymour, Roy, and David got into the business in the 1940s and pushed into development. Seymour was a skilled negotiator, with a talent for assembling small parcels into major development sites, first along Third Avenue and later in the Times Square area.
Robert's father Seymour Durst at his midtown office in 2002.
New York Daily News ArchiveGetty Images
Robert Durst grew up in Scarsdale, New York, outside Manhattan. As a child he was profoundly affected by the death of his mother in 1950, when she fell off the roof of the family house in a possible suicide. "I just remember [Robert] as a very difficult child," says his cousin Nan Rothschild. "He was the only one who was really difficult when we had family gatherings."
Robert Durst, age 14, with a scale model of the 28 story office building at 200 East 42nd Street developed by his father.
John Orris/The New York Times/Redux
Still, Robert graduated from Scarsdale High School, earned a degree in economics from Lehigh University, and attended graduate school in Los Angeles—though he never earned a doctorate, as he used to claim. In 1973, Robert joined the family business and was given the responsibility for collecting rents and, sometimes, negotiating leases. The same year, he married Kathie McCormack.
Kathleen McCormack and Robert Durst married on April 12, 1973—Durst's 30th birthday.
By the late 1970s, Robert's marriage to Kathie was unraveling. When she vanished, in 1982, only months before she was to graduate from medical school, the story hit the front pages of the tabloids—and Susan Berman helped manage the media. Robert told the police and reporters that his wife might have run away with a drug dealer. However, investigators and Kathie's friends and family long suspected Robert, who they said had become increasingly violent with his wife. Her sister Mary told me that as soon as Robert told her that Kathie was missing, she told her husband Tom Hughes, "I think he killed her." But with little evidence and no body, the story soon faded.
Although Robert still maintains that he doesn't know what happened to Kathie, he has conceded that much of what he told the police at the time was false. Whether he believed his son's story or not, Seymour Durst backed Robert and never offered Kathie's family any consolation, the McCormacks say.
"He told me on a number of occasions that Kathie was spotted in different parts of the country," Seymour's friend, the developer Larry Silverstein, told me in 2002. "But they were never able to get to her in time | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.897384 | 0.04347 | 1.073362 | -0.188403 |
."
The investigation went dormant and would remain that way for 18 years.
Robert returned to the fold in the mid-1980s. To outsiders he appeared to be his father's heir apparent, and he proudly told friends of regular Sunday breakfasts à deux with his father. Robert helped manage the business and was a presence on the New York social scene; he was friendly with Studio 54 founder Steve Rubell and regularly attended ballet performances. He traveled and dated women, one of whom, Debrah Charatan, a real estate executive, would eventually become his wife.
But by the late 1980s he was becoming increasingly erratic. According to family members Robert gave Charatan rent money he collected and stacks of company vouchers for black cars, until Douglas put a stop to it. As children the two brothers had fought constantly, and Douglas still worried about what his brother might do. Robert kept a heavy plumber's wrench on his desk, and Douglas countered by placing a length of pipe on his own.
Other family members shrugged off this kind of behavior until Robert took to using his uncle's garbage can as a urinal. "My uncles didn't frown on it as long as it was my wastebasket," Douglas says. "When it was their wastebasket it became an issue."
In 1992 the elder Dursts replaced Robert with Douglas as the successor trustee for the family trusts, and two years later they formally named Douglas heir apparent. Humiliated, Robert failed to turn up at a planned lunch and never returned to the office. He cut himself off from his friends in the real estate industry and even skipped his father's funeral, in 1995.
"To me," says Jonathan Durst, Robert's cousin and the president of the Durst Organization, "it was another indication of how erratic Bob's behavior was."
Susan Berman and Robert Durst in an undated photo. This week, Robert is scheduled to go on trial in Los Angeles for killing Berman, who died from a gunshot wound to the back of the head in Los Angeles nearly 20 years ago.
Robert's peripatetic existence, and the Durst family's world in New York, was rocked in October 2000, when he learned that the authorities had reopened the investigation into his wife's 1982 disappearance, setting off a new round of headlines.
Unbeknownst to the family, Robert was hiding out in Galveston, Texas, and New Orleans, posing as a mute woman. Investigators were eager to talk to Robert's friend Susan Berman, who was then living in Los Angeles, but before they could, Berman was found dead. Ten months later Robert was arrested in Galveston on charges of killing his neighbor, Morris Black, cutting up the body, and dropping the pieces in Galveston Bay.
Robert was acquitted of Black's murder despite his grisly testimony that he had cut up the body. Susan Criss, the Galveston County judge who heard the case, recently claimed she didn't believe that Durst shot Morris Black in self-defense. Criss said, "I believe he did what he was accused of doing."
Private detectives comb a portion of Galveston Bay in Galveston, Texas in search of the body of Morris Black. Durst was tried and acquitted of Black's death in 2003.
At that time the family's view of Robert changed dramatically. Douglas and his brother Tom feared for their lives. Their sister Wendy, who had tried to keep in touch with Robert, was devastated. In 2006, Robert settled a lawsuit against the family trusts for $65 million and severed his last ties to his relations.
From that point on, Douglas has had private investigators tracking Robert's movements. "Up until 2001," Douglas says, "I thought my brother was innocent."
Opening Old Wounds
The Dursts aren't your typical New York real estate moguls. They're not backslappers, storytellers, or self-promoters. Douglas tends to be taciturn, with a dry humor that requires you to listen closely or risk having the joke sail past your ears. "They've always been a low-key family," says Jeff Gural. "They didn't drive around in limousines. Seymour took the subway. There was nothing fancy about their lifestyle."
But Douglas doesn't | [
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'Pam & Tommy' and the Obsession With '90s Revisionism
Beginning with a pair of high-profile O.J. Simpson series in 2016, pop culture at large has transformed into a revolving door of public figures misconstrued by the mass media of a quarter-century prior
By Alison Herman Feb 3, 2022, 6:10am EST
Share All sharing options for: 'Pam & Tommy' and the Obsession With '90s Revisionism
Hulu/Getty Images/Ringer illustration
According to the calendar, the 1990s ended. According to film and TV, they merely went on hiatus. In 2016, the scripted miniseries The People v. O.J. Simpson: American Crime Story and the eight-hour documentary O.J.: Made in America premiered within months of each other, to equally rapturous acclaim. The former swept the Emmys, taking home nine trophies; the latter won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. In the half-decade since, the coincidence that brought both projects to air at around the same time has evolved into a more widely applicable playbook.
Beginning with the Simpson shows, pop culture at large transformed into a revolving door of public figures misconstrued by the mass media of a quarter-century prior, many of them women. (The two most sympathetic figures in the current understanding of Simpson's case are Nicole Brown Simpson and ex-prosecutor Marcia Clark.) It's a trend that spans media, encompassing feature films, docuseries, scripted shows, and podcasts. Subjects of this group portrait now include Lorena Bobbitt (Lorena), Monica Lewinsky (Impeachment: American Crime Story), Tonya Harding (I, Tonya), Tammy Faye Bakker (The Eyes of Tammy Faye), and Princess Diana (Spencer, the fourth and fifth seasons of The Crown). One could even argue that Yellowjackets, the Showtime drama that stars former ingenues like Christina Ricci as the haunted survivors of a '90s plane crash, is a more metaphorical exercise in the same underlying approach.
Last fall, the hosts of the popular podcast You're Wrong About announced they were abandoning the show's initial structure, which deconstructed the '90s and early '00s one media frenzy at a time. (Past topics included Harding, Simpson, Bobbitt, Bakker, and Diana.) The move was an early, self-aware sign that this particular form of revisionist history may be running out of steam. But Hollywood operates under a slower, more diffuse, and much higher-budget kind of groupthink, and at least for now, today's retell | [
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ings of yesterday's tabloid scandals go on. The latest example, Hulu's Pam & Tommy, does not inspire confidence that this specific strain of storytelling has much left to mine.
Starring Lily James and Sebastian Stan as the namesake duo, Pam & Tommy traces the series of events that turned a sex tape recorded on the honeymoon of Baywatch actress Pamela Anderson and Mötley Crüe drummer Tommy Lee into an object of public fascination. As chronicled in the Rolling Stone article from which the eight-episode show is adapted, the true story is indeed stranger than fiction: The tape was stolen from the couple's Malibu mansion in 1995 by a disgruntled electrician and former porn star named Rand Gauthier (Seth Rogen, also an executive producer), who absconded with an entire safe in the dead of night after Lee abruptly fired Gauthier, refused to pay him for tens of thousands of dollars' worth of work, and threatened him at gunpoint. Gauthier then cut the safe open with a demolition saw, discovered what he had on his hands, and partnered with a scuzzy pornographer named Milton Ingley (Nick Offerman) to sell copies of the tape online. There, the tape generated an estimated $77 million in revenue, almost none of which Gauthier saw himself.
Sex, Drugs, and 'Pam & Tommy'
The story is a prime candidate for the "hindsight is 20/20" treatment—or more precisely, Anderson is. A blond bombshell with breast implants who rose to fame as a model for Playboy, Anderson was widely mocked as a sex-obsessed airhead both before and after the tape's release. (In an echo of the Simpson bonanza of 2016, Pam & Tommy arrives close on the heels of Secrets of Playboy, an A&E docuseries that takes a critical look at the legacy of Hugh Hefner and his publication.) There were even rumors Anderson and Lee had leaked the tape themselves. Anderson was rarely acknowledged for what she was: the victim of an appalling invasion of privacy, magnified by a technology whose impact was only just starting to make itself known. In a world where smartphone nudes are commonplace and many states have laws against revenge porn, we aren't so quick to snicker.
But whether Anderson deserves our sympathy is a separate question from whether Pam & Tommy succeeds at telling her story. The creative team's CVs suggest the show is well aware of the footsteps it's walking in. Created by screenwriter Robert Siegel (The Wrestler, The Founder), the first three episodes are helmed by Craig Gillespie, who also directed I, Tonya; the writing team includes D.V. DeVincentis, who won an Emmy for penning "Marcia, Marcia, Marcia," the Clark-focused episode of The People v. O.J. Simpson. (Other contributors include actress Lake Bell, who directs, and I Love Dick cocreator Sarah Gubbins, also a credited writer.)
Pam & Tommy borrows heavily, thematically and stylistically, from both these predecessors. Like I, Tonya, the show is brazenly maximalist—especially in the early episodes, which follow Anderson and Lee's race from a nightclub encounter to a Mexican beach wedding in 96 hours. Obtrusive music cues either triple-underscore we're in the '90s (Fatboy Slim, Nine Inch Nails) or, more distressingly, contrast "classy" standards (Jerry Fuller, Carl Coccomo) with a "trashy" spectacle we're invited to sneer at. (The honeymoon montage, which features Lee and Anderson having sex on a hotel balcony while she spills a drink in slow motion, is especially egregious.) The formal devices are often ostentatious, including a scene borrowed from Lee's own memoir in which the rock star debates his own penis, voiced by comedian Jason Mantzoukas. Pam & Tommy may not break the fourth wall, but it does throw the kitchen sink at it to find out what sticks.
Once the tape starts spreading like wildfire, though, the show pivots into People v. O.J. mode, performing image rehab for its heroine. In its first episodes, Pam & | [
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Tommy is more like Rand & Tommy, a damning, contemptuous indictment of two men whose need to prove themselves only blows up in their faces. Eventually, the focus shifts to Anderson, the only character for whom Pam & Tommy feels anything more tender than naked (if earned) condescension. The show even goes out of its way to make her especially innocent and undeserving; this version of Anderson is explicitly unaware Lee stiffed Gauthier, while the reality is more ambiguous. (Neither Anderson nor Lee was involved in, or gave their approval for, the production, so it's unlikely we'll ever know the truth.)
Yet even as Anderson fell victim to the same institutional misogyny as figures like Harding or Bobbitt, her story proves much harder to dramatize in compelling fashion. That's in part because her role in the tape saga is a passive one. Anderson has something happen to her—an undeniably awful situation, but one it's still hard to draw out over six-odd hours, as Pam & Tommy inexplicably chooses to. Whatever their parallels to Anderson, Clark and Lewinsky were relatively active agents in their own notoriety, providing fuel for their respective series. Apart from attempting to sue Penthouse out of publishing stills from the tape on some spectacularly bad legal advice, Anderson is largely in the passenger's seat.
It's possible to imagine Pam & Tommy working as a movie, one that doesn't have to belabor its points to fill running time. In this sense, the show is a classic case of form confusion, the increasingly widespread mismatch between a story and its chosen template. But Pam & Tommy worsens the problem by constantly spelling out its intended takeaways long after they've become obvious. "You're a bad person," Gauthier tells Lee. "Maybe I am," he replies, "but what about Pamela?" The line is an inartful rehash of the statement made by focusing the pilot entirely on the two men, with Anderson on the periphery of a rivalry she'll suffer from most. At first, Pam & Tommy lets the structure speak for itself, but it can't resist gilding the lily.
Later in the same episode, Anderson delivers the speech that will surely serve as James's Emmy reel. (With a platinum wig, redrawn eyebrows, and a breathy American accent, James delivers the kind of performance whose primary selling point is the actor's extreme transformation.) "They can't actually say that sluts don't get to decide what happens to pictures of their body," she cries of a judge who rules in Penthouse's favor. Again, it's a theme better conveyed by Anderson's interactions with lawyers and talk show hosts, who embody the entitlement she's trying to describe.
Such scenes make Pam & Tommy redundant, and not just internally. The show makes the same arguments as countless other '90s-set projects, and rarely as well. Anderson rightly tells Lee the sex tape scandal will be far worse for her—"BECAUSE I'M A WOMAN," she screams, the subgenre's de facto slogan. Pam & Tommy's struggles suggest we may be running out of high-profile tabloid stories to revisit, and that the cottage industry of said revisitations may be low on creative juice. The show's heart lies with Anderson, but in spirit it may be closer to aging rocker Lee, struggling to admit his time at the center of culture has already come and gone.
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RRSP hatchery First Hole program honored by governor
Purdy mayor Bo Prock resigns from position
Eagle Rock ambulance station expected to be complete in March
Year In Review 2019, Pt. 3
City of Cassville awards Employees of the Year
Haven of the Ozarks' Pet of the Week: Jax
CHS basketball coaches present to Rotary
Barry County Health Department releases December Food Service Report
Wheaton names November Students of the Month
91st Barry County Soils and Crops Conference Jan. 23
MDC reports 12,000 deer taken during alternative-methods portion
Purdy announces Homecoming, Tip-Off candidates
Three hurt in multi-vehicle crash south of Aurora last week
Rocky Comfort man charged with selling meth
Arkansas woman injured in crash, DWI charges sought
Two injured in Route Z crash
Three from CHS earn football Academic All State
New Cassville student organization travels to nation's capital
Missouri requests Federal Disaster Declaration
On June 24, acting on behalf of Governor Mike Parson, Lt. Governor Mike Kehoe requested that President Donald Trump issue a major disaster declaration to assist residents and businesses in 41 Missouri counties that have been hard hit by flooding, tornadoes, and severe storms beginning on April 29 and continuing throughout the spring.
"Historic long-term flooding continues to devastate families, businesses, and communities across Missouri," Governor Parson said. "As I've traveled across the state, I've seen families battling to clean up flood-damaged homes, and others struggling because their homes are still under water. In addition, in late May, our state was battered by tornadoes and storms that destroyed or heavily damaged almost one thousand homes. Communities and volunteers are working hard to help their neighbors, but there's a clear need for federal assistance to help Missouri families recover."
Governor Parson said joint Preliminary Damage Assessments, conducted by the State Emergency Management Agency, U.S. Small Business Administration, Federal Emergency Management Agency, and local officials, examined 1,650 primary homes, of which 953 had been destroyed or sustained major damage. The assessments also showed that 125 of 251 businesses that were examined had been destroyed or sustained major damage.
Based on the joint assessments, the state requests Individual Assistance for 41 Missouri counties. Individual Assistance would allow eligible residents to seek federal assistance with temporary housing, housing repairs, replacement of damaged belongings, vehicles, and other qualifying expenses as a result of the flooding and storms. Those counties are Adair, Andrew, Atchison, Barton, Boone, Buchanan, Callaway, Carroll, Chariton, Christian, Clark, Cole, Cooper, Dallas, Douglas, Gasconade, Greene, Grundy, Harrison, Hickory, Holt, Howard, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson, Laclede, Lafayette, Lewis, Lincoln, Livingston, Macon, Miller, Osage, Pike, Platte, Polk, Pulaski, Saline, St. Charles, St. Louis, and Ste. Genevieve.
Seven teams began conducting joint damage assessments today for Public Assistance, which would allow local governments and qualifying nonprofit agencies to seek federal assistance for reimbursement of emergency response and recovery costs, including repair and replacement costs for damaged roads, bridges, and other public infrastructure.
The state expects to request Public Assistance once joint Preliminary Damage Assessments are completed in 64 counties. Those counties are Adair, Andrew, Atchison, Barry, Barton, Bates, Bollinger, Buchanan, Caldwell, Camden, Carroll, Cedar, Chariton, Clark, Cole, Dade, Dallas, Daviess, Douglas, Dunklin, Gentry, Grundy, Harrison, Henry, Hickory, Holt, Jasper, Knox, Laclede, Lafayette, Lewis, Linn, Livingston, Macon, Maries, Marion, Mercer, Miller, Mississippi, Monroe, New Madrid, Nodaway, Ozark, Pemiscot, Perry, Pike, Pulaski, Putnam, Ralls, Ray, St. Clair, Ste. Genevieve, Sal | [
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titles people articles
[12/06/21 - 08:01 AM]
An Extraordinary Group of Renowned Artists Salutes This Year's Honorees in "The 44th Annual Kennedy Center Honors," Wednesday, Dec. 22 on CBS
This year's honorees include Lorne Michaels, Bette Midler, Justino Díaz, Joni Mitchell and Berry Gordy.
[via press release from CBS]
Following are honoree, presenter, performer and production credits for THE 44th ANNUAL KENNEDY CENTER HONORS, an entertainment special to be broadcast Wednesday, Dec. 22 (9:00-11:00 PM, ET/PT) on the CBS Television Network.
WELCOME: David Letterman Emmy(R) Award-winning television host, comedian, writer and producer and 2012 Kennedy Center honoree
HONOREE: Joni Mitchell GRAMMY(R) Lifetime Achievement Award recipient and GRAMMY Award-winning Canadian singer-songwriter and painter
FILM NARRATOR: Graham Nash GRAMMY Award-winning British-American singer-songwriter and musician
PRESENTERS: Cameron Crowe Academy Award(R)-winning director, producer, screenwriter, journalist, author and actor Dan Levy Emmy Award-winning Canadian actor, writer, director, comedian, and producer
TRIBUTE PERFORMERS: Norah Jones (Performs "The Circle Game," "A Case of You," "Help Me") GRAMMY Award-winning singer, songwriter, and pianist Ellie Goulding (Performs "Big Yellow Taxi") GRAMMY Award-nominated English singer and songwriter Brandi Carlile (Performs "River") GRAMMY Award-winning singer-songwriter and producer Herbie Hancock (Performs "Both Sides Now") GRAMMY Lifetime Achievement Award recipient, GRAMMY Award and Academy Award-winning jazz pianist, keyboardist, bandleader, composer and occasional actor and 2013 Kennedy Center honoree Brittany Howard (Performs "Both Sides Now") GRAMMY Award-winning musician, singer and songwriter
HONOREE: Justino Díaz Puerto Rican bass-baritone opera singer
FILM NARRATOR: Chita Rivera Tony(R) Award-winning actress, singer and dancer, 2002 Kennedy Center honoree; received 2009 Presidential Medal of Freedom
PRESENTERS: Grace Bumbry GRAMMY Award-winning mezzo-soprano/soprano opera singer, 2009 Kennedy Center honoree Denyce Graves GRAMMY Award-winning mezzo-soprano opera singer Chita Rivera Tony Award-winning actress, singer and dancer, 2002 Kennedy Center honoree; received 2009 Presidential Medal of Freedom
TRIBUTE PERFORMERS: Christian Van Horn (Performs "Votre Toast (Toreador Song)," "Final Scene from Faust") Bass-baritone opera singer Denyce Graves (Performs "Votre Toast (Toreador Song)") Mezzo-soprano opera singer Ariana Wehr (Performs "Votre Toast (Toreador Song)") Brazilian-born opera singer Hannah Shea (Performs "Votre Toast (Toreador Song)") Mezzo-soprano opera singer Ana María Martínez (Performs "Final Scene from Faust") Latin Grammy Award-winning Puerto Rican soprano opera singer Matthew Polenzani (Performs "Final Scene from Faust") Lyric tenor opera singer
HONOREE: Lorne Michaels Multiple Emmy Award-winning Canadian-American television producer and screenwriter, received 2016 Presidential Medal of Freedom
TRIBUTE PARTICIPANTS: Steve Martin Emmy Award and GRAMMY Award-winning and Tony Award-nominated actor, comedian, writer, producer and musician, and 2007 Kennedy Center honoree Kristen Wiig Academy Award and Emmy Award-nominated actress, comedian and | [
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writer Kate McKinnon Emmy Award-winning actress, comedian and writer Seth Meyers Emmy Award-winning comedian, writer, producer, actor and television host Kevin Nealon Emmy Award-nominated actor and comedian Pete Davidson Comedian, actor, film producer and screenwriter Amy Poehler Emmy Award-winning and GRAMMY Award-nominated actress, comedian, writer, producer and director Kenan Thompson Emmy Award-winning actor and comedian Michael Che Emmy Award-nominated stand-up comedian, actor and writer Colin Jost Emmy Award-nominated comedian, actor and writer Jimmy Fallon GRAMMY Award and Emmy Award-winning comedian, television host and actor Paul Simon (Performs "America") GRAMMY Lifetime Achievement Award recipient, multiple GRAMMY Award-winning musician, singer and songwriter, and 2002 Kennedy Center honoree
HONOREE: Bette Midler GRAMMY, Emmy and Tony Award-winning and Academy Award-nominated singer, songwriter, actress and comedian
FILM NARRATOR: Adele GRAMMY and Academy Award-winning singer, songwriter
PRESENTERS: Goldie Hawn Academy Award-winning actress, producer, and singer Scarlett Johansson Tony Award-winning and Academy Award-nominated actress Melissa Manchester GRAMMY Award-winning and Academy Award-nominated singer, songwriter and actress Barbara Hershey Emmy Award-winning and Academy Award-nominated actress
TRIBUTE PERFORMERS: Beanie Feldstein (Performs "Friends") Film, television and Broadway actress Kate Baldwin (Performs "Friends") Tony Award-nominated singer and actress Taylor Trensch (Performs "Friends") Stage and film actor Kelli O'Hara (Performs "Wind Beneath My Wings") Tony Award-winning and Emmy Award-nominated actress and singer Billy Porter (Performs "Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy," "Love is On the Way," "From a Distance") Emmy Award, GRAMMY Award and Tony Award-winning actor, singer and author
HONOREE: Berry Gordy GRAMMY Award-nominated former record executive, record producer, songwriter, film producer and television producer best known as the founder of Motown
FILM NARRATOR: Oprah Winfrey Emmy Award and Tony Award-winning talk show host, television producer, actress, author and philanthropist and 2010 Kennedy Center honoree
PRESENTERS: Smokey Robinson GRAMMY Lifetime Achievement Award recipient, GRAMMY Award-winning singer, songwriter, record producer and former record executive director, and 2006 Kennedy Center honoree
TRIBUTE PERFORMERS: Smokey Robinson (Performs "Did You Know") GRAMMY Lifetime Achievement Award recipient, GRAMMY Award-winning singer, songwriter, record producer and former record executive director, and 2006 Kennedy Center honoree "Ain't Too Proud" Broadway Cast (Performs "I'm Gonna Make You Love Me," "Ain't Too Proud to Beg") GRAMMY Award-nominated and Tony Award-winning musical based on the story of the Temptations Andra Day (Performs "God Bless the Child") GRAMMY Award and Academy Award-nominated singer, songwriter and actress Stevie Wonder (Performs "Fingertips Pt. 2," "My Cherie Amour," "You Are the Sunshine of My Life," "Superstition") GRAMMY Lifetime Achievement Award recipient, multiple GRAMMY Award and Academy Award-winning singer, songwriter, musician and record producer, and 1999 Kennedy Center honoree
PRODUCED BY: White Cherry Entertainment
EXECUTIVE PRODUCERS: Ricky Kirshner and Glenn Weiss
DIRECTOR: Glenn Weiss
WRITER: Dave Boone
SUPERVISING PRODUCER: Rob Paine
COORDINATING PRODUCER: Lisa Anderson
PRODUCTION DESIGNER: Steve Bass
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.100797 | -0.64906 | 0.164198 | -0.879974 |
HTING DESIGNER: Bob Dickinson
MUSIC DIRECTOR: Rickey Minor
CONDUCTOR: Patrick Vaccariello
RATING: To Be Announced
[december 2021]
· SHOWATCH
(series past and present)
· DEVWATCH
(series in development)
· MOVIEWATCH
(tv movies and mini-series)
Nickelodeon Greenlights Second Season of Hit Buddy Comedy Series "That Girl Lay Lay," from David A. Arnold and Will Packer Media
The series follows Lay Lay (Alaya "That Girl Lay Lay" High), an avatar from a personal affirmation app that magically comes to life, and her best friend Sadie (Gabrielle Nevaeh Green) as they navigate life as teenagers and discover who they truly are.
New Unconventional Comedy Series "Bust Down" to Premiere on Peacock Thursday, March 10
The series stars Jak Knight, Langston Kerman, Sam Jay and Chris Redd as four casino employees living dead-end lives with dead-end jobs in middle America, and the massive mess they manage to make out of it.
Video: Apple TV+ Releases the First Episode of "The Afterparty" on YouTube in Celebration of Today's Global Debut of the Murder-Mystery Comedy
The first three episodes of "The Afterparty" are now streaming on Apple TV+, followed by one new episode weekly, every Friday through March 4.
Peacock Announces An All-Star Lineup of Talent for Its Exclusive Daily Programming Streaming Throughout the Winter Olympics
The daily programming slate including Top Highlights will stream for free on Peacock's Olympic Spotlight Channel.
Fuse Backstage Set to Premiere Three, Original Music Documentaries Featuring Camila Cabello, Dua Lipa and DJ Khaled
Using interview and performance footage, viewers will get an intimate behind-the-scenes, all-access look at how these artists achieved their mega-success, what their personal lives were like before stardom, and the people who have supported them along the way.
Crackle Announces New Exclusives, Movies, and Series for February
The three primary Crackle Plus streaming services, Crackle, Popcornflix, and Chicken Soup for the Soul, are rolling out to new distribution touch points as either AVOD or FAST channels.
[01/27/22 - 11:33 PM]
Development Update: Thursday, January 27
Updates include: Showtime cancels comedies "Black Monday," "Work in Progress"; Juliana Canfield to star in Peacock's "The Missing"; and James Gunn teases another "The Suicide Squad" TV series spin-off.
Video: "Forecasting Love and Weather" - Official Trailer - Netflix
Inside a national weather service, love proves just as difficult to predict as rain or shine for a diligent forecaster and her free-spirited co-worker.
ABC News Announces Two Primetime Specials and Network-Wide Coverage in Recognition of Black History Month
Look for "Soul of a Nation Presents: Screen Queens Rising" and "Soul of a Nation Presents: X / o n e r a t e d - The Murder of Malcolm X and 55 Years to Justice" to air back-to-back on Thursday, February 3.
New Season of "The Circus" Premieres Sunday, March 6 at 8 PM ET/PT on Showtime
Hosted by John Heilemann, Mark McKinnon, Alex Wagner, and Jennifer Palmieri, the 16-episode season will air in two parts of eight episodes apiece, with the program returning in the fall for the second installment.
Video: Showtime Releases Official Trailer for "Super Pumped: The Battle for Uber" Premiering Sunday, February 27
Starring Emmy winner Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Emmy winner Kyle Chandler and Oscar and Emmy nominee Uma Thurman, the first season is based on Mike Isaac's bestselling book "Super Pumped: The Battle for Uber."
Crackle Plus, Publicis Media, and The General Will Launch New Series "Inside the Black Box"
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Delaware.gov | Text Only Governor | General Assembly | Courts | Elected Officials | State Agencies
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Delaware General Assembly : Delaware Regulations : Administrative Code : Title 4
Tour of Legislative Hall
Office of the Alcoholic Beverage Control Commissioner
1000 General Establishments and Clubs
Rule 1001(Formerly Rule 65) Bowling Alley Licensees
1.1 Pursuant to 4 Del.C. §512(f), the Delaware Alcoholic Beverage Control Commissioner is empowered to issue licenses for the sale of alcoholic beverages to the operators of bowling alleys for consumption on the bowling alley premises.
1.1.1 For the purposes of the Liquor Control Act, a bowling alley is defined as any bowling alley operation having ten bowling lanes in use for a period of at least six months.
1.1.2 The licensed area of the bowling alley encompasses the entire bowling alley premises including the concourse and lane areas.
1.1.3 The dispensation of alcoholic beverages must be at a counter separate from the counter from which food and/or snacks are dispensed. Stands or bars where alcoholic liquor is sold shall be clearly segregated and partitioned off from other concession areas. No other commodity shall be sold or dispensed therein. Such stands and storage facilities for alcoholic liquor shall be approved by the Commissioner prior to their use.
1.1.4 The provisions of File 22 shall apply to bowling alleys. In addition, all All storage facilities at serving bars or counters shall be kept locked at all times when not attended.
Rule 1002 (Formerly Rule 66) On-Premises and Off-Site Caterers
1.0 On-Premises Caterers
1.1 Pursuant to 4 Del.C. §512(g)(1), any caterer as defined by 4 Del.C. §101(8) may apply for a license to purchase alcoholic beverages and keep and sell such alcoholic liquors either by the glass or by the bottle for consumption on any portion of the premises of the caterer approved by the Commissioner for that purpose.
1.2 Caterers are empowered to sell alcoholic beverages pursuant to a license issued by the Commissioner only while providing the food and beverages at social gatherings held on the caterers' licensed premises. At least sixty (60) percent of the caterer's gross receipts must come from the sale of food.
1.3 The sale of alcoholic beverages shall only be allowed at events such as weddings, dinners, benefits, banquets, or other similar events for consideration pursuant to a written contract setting forth the price per person at the catered event, except that a cash bar may be utilized in conjunction with the catered event.
1.4 Persons not of sufficient age to consume alcoholic liquors shall be allowed and permitted to be on the licensed premises of the caterer so long as all of the other provisions of the Liquor Control Act and the rules of this Commission | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -1.325172 | -0.497057 | -0.210586 | -0.133065 |
er are being complied with.
2.0 Off-Site Caterers
2.1 Pursuant to 4 Del.C. §512 (g)(2), any off-site caterer may apply for a license to purchase alcoholic beverages and keep and sell such alcoholic liquors either by the glass or by the bottle for consumption on any portion of off-site premises approved by the Commissioner for that purpose.
2.2 Off-site Caterers are empowered to sell alcoholic beverages pursuant to a license issued by the Commissioner only while providing the food and beverages at social gatherings held at off-site premises approved by the Commissioner. At least sixty (60) percent of the caterer's gross receipts must come from the sale of food.
2.5 Each off-site catered event must be approved by the Commissioner no later than 20 days prior to the event. For the Commissioner to approve the location of the event, the following items must be submitted:
2.5.1 An executed contract between the caterer and their client that lists the day, date, and time of the catered event and explicit approval from both the tenant and the landlord/property owner that permits reasonable access to the catered event by members of the DATE or other recognized law enforcement agency to ensure compliance with The Liquor Control Act and the Commissioner's Rules.
2.5.2 A list of all products that will be transported to and sold at the catered event describing the type and amount of each product. This document serves as a waybill that must be present in the vehicle during the transportation of alcoholic beverages to and from the catered event.
Rule 1003 (Formerly Rule 75) A Rule Pertaining to the Closing of Package Stores, Taverns and Taprooms or Any Off-Premises Licensee
The purpose of this rule is to standardize procedures for closings of package stores, taverns and taprooms and any off-premises licensee while ensuring that residents of the neighborhoods in which the licensees operate are still able to make a lawful purchase of alcoholic beverages with reasonable convenience.
2.0 Applicability
This rule shall apply to all package stores, taverns and taprooms as well as other off-premises licensees licensed by the Commissioner.
3.0 Closings for Fourteen Days or Less
Licensees shall not be required to notify the Commissioner in order to close their establishments for a cumulative period of fourteen days or less in any calendar year or in order to change their hours of operation during such a limited period of time; provided, however, that any licensee which closes for fourteen days or less or temporarily changes its hours of operation shall conspicuously post notice of that fact at all public entrances to the licensed premises.
4.0 Closings for More Than Fourteen Days
4.1 Procedures
4.1.1 Whenever a licensed package store, tavern or taproom or other off-premises licensee intends to close for a period of more than fourteen days in any calendar year, or intends to close on specific days which when considered cumulatively amount to a period of more than fourteen days in any calendar year, the following procedure shall be followed:
4.1.1.1 The licensee shall submit a letter of intent to the Commissioner which must include the specific dates during which the licensee intends to be closed and the reasons for which the licensee intends to close. The letter of intent must be filed at least twenty days but not more than sixty days before the first day on which the licensee intends to close.
4.1.1.2 The letter of intent filed with the Commissioner shall be accompanied by certificates of the publishers of two newspapers circulated in the county in which the license operates. From the certificates it shall appear that the licensee has caused to be circulated in such newspapers at least three times within the period of twenty days immediately preceding the filing of the letter of intent with the Commissioner, a notice setting forth the intention of the licensee to close for a period of more than fourteen days in any calendar year, including the specific dates on which the licensee intends to be closed and advising the public of the right to object to the closure by filing a protest with the Commissioner. One of the notices shall appear in a newspaper circulated at the place in | [
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the county nearest to the location of the licensed premises.
4.1.1.3 On the same date that the letter of intent is submitted to the Commissioner, the licensee shall send notice by certified mail, return receipt requested, of its intent to close for a period of more than fourteen days in the calendar year, including the specific dates on which the licensee intends to be closed, to all licensed package stores, taverns and taprooms located within one mile of the licensed premises.
4.1.1.4 On the same date that the letter of intent is submitted to the Commissioner, the licensee shall conspicuously post a Public Notice sign at all public entrances to the licensed premises stating the intent to close and specifying the dates during which the licensed premises will be closed. The Public Notice sign shall be a minimum of 18 x 24" in size and shall remain posted at all public entrances to the premises throughout the entire time the establishment is closed.
4.2 Protests
4.2.1 Within ten days of the filing of the letter of intent with the Commissioner, a protest against the intended closing, signed by at least ten residents of the neighborhood wherein the license operates, may be filed with the Commissioner.
4.2.2 In the event such a protest is filed the Commissioner or the Commissioner believes that the closing would deprive the residents of the neighborhood the opportunity to make a lawful purchase of alcoholic beverages with reasonable convenience, the Commissioner shall hold a hearing to consider the sole issue of whether the intended closing of the licensed establishment would deprive residents of the neighborhood of the opportunity to make a lawful purchase of alcoholic beverages with reasonable convenience.
4.2.3 Such a hearing shall be conducted by the Commissioner.
4.2.4 Notice of the hearing, including its time and date and a recital of the protest shall be sent to the licensee and to each of the persons who signed the protest; provided, however, that it shall be sufficient to send notice to the attorney of any party represented by legal counsel.
4.2.5 A record from which a verbatim transcript can be prepared shall be made of any protested hearing.
4.2.6 After hearing all the evidence, if the Commissioner determines that the closing of the package store, tavern or taproom or other off-premises licensee will deprive the protesting neighborhood residents of the opportunity to make a reasonably convenient lawful purchase of alcoholic beverages, the closing shall not be permitted or the requested dates of closing shall be modified as determined by the Commissioner.
4.2.7 If the Commissioner determines, after hearing all of the evidence, that the closing will not deprive the protesting neighborhood residents of the opportunity to make a reasonably convenient lawful purchase of alcoholic beverages, then the closing shall be permitted.
4.3 Restrictions
4.3.1 Pursuant to the provisions of this rule, no licensee shall close its establishment for a period of more than 150 days cumulatively in any calendar year.
4.3.2 Any licensee which closes its establishment in accordance with the provisions of this rule shall still be required to comply with, and adhere to, all applicable provisions of the Liquor Control Act and the Commissioner Rules.
Rule 1004 (Formerly Rule 72) A Rule Pertaining to the Sale of Alcoholic Liquors by Multiple Activity Clubs
1.1 The Commissioner grants multiple activity club licenses to private country clubs that satisfy the definition for this particular class of license (4 Del.C. §101 [28]) and meet the requirements of the Commissioner's rules governing multiple activity clubs (Delaware Alcoholic Beverage Control Commissioner Rules 1007 and 1009). In addition, many non-profit, charitable organizations are granted gathering licenses pursuant to 4 Del.C. §514(b) and Commissioner Rule 602 to sell alcoholic liquors on the grounds and golf courses of private country clubs, outside of the licensed club house. The issuance of both types of licenses is consistent with the intent of the Liquor Control Act, which is to make alcoholic liquors available to members and guests, who are of legal drinking age, under strictly controlled conditions.
1.2 It is the finding of the Commissioner that the private country clubs licensed to sell alcoholic liquors in Delaware | [
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have established and enforced reasonable rules and guidelines governing the conduct of their members and guests. Responsible and lawful behavior is required of all members and guests. On various occasions, the Commissioner has approved the extension of country club liquor licenses to include areas of the grounds and golf course outside of the normally licensed club house. These events have been held for many years without incident. Several country clubs have now requested approval to expand their liquor license to allow for the sale and consumption of alcoholic liquors on the grounds and golf courses that they operate. Requests have been made to allow the selling of alcoholic liquors from concessionaire stands and mobile golf carts, and to permit the consumption of alcoholic liquors on the entire premises controlled by the country club.
2.1 This rule is promulgated pursuant to the Commissioner's authority to regulate the time, place, and manner in which alcoholic liquors are sold and dispensed (4 Del.C. §304). In addition, it is the purpose of this rule to implement and clarify the Commissioner's authority to license a multiple activity club, in this case a private country club, to sell alcoholic liquors for consumption on any portion of the premises approved by the Commissioner [4 Del.C. §512(a)]. In accordance with these statutes alcoholic liquors may be sold or dispensed in a manner consistent with Title 4 of the Delaware Code and Commissioner Rules.
2.2 By the promulgation of this rule, the Commissioner finds that alcoholic liquors may be sold and consumed on the grounds and golf courses of private country clubs that have been approved by the Commissioner in accordance with the provisions of this rule.
3.0 Definition; as used in this Rule
"Country club" means a privately owned and operated facility that provides social activities and recreation to its members, and operates a golf course. It must also be licensed by the Commissioner as a multiple activity club.
This rule shall govern the manner in which private country clubs sell and dispense alcoholic liquors outside of the licensed clubhouse. In addition, all other applicable laws and rules shall apply to all extension of a multiple activity club license.
5.1 The Commissioner may approve the sale and dispensing of alcoholic liquors on the grounds and golf courses of privately owned and operated country clubs provided, however, that they comply with the requirements that follow:
5.1.1 Submit to the Commissioner a diagram or plot plan that is drawn to scale and that clearly indicates the area(s) in or on which the sale, dispensing, and consumption of alcoholic liquors is requested;
5.1.2 Submit to the Commissioner a copy of the club's rules that govern the conduct of its' members and guests;
5.1.3 Submit to the Commissioner a written plan detailing the procedures it will follow to insure responsible and moderate consumption of alcoholic liquors on its premises;
5.1.4 Submit to the Commissioner proof that its' employees who serve, handle or manage the service of alcoholic liquors have successfully completed a Commissioner approved responsible beverage server training program.
5.2 The Commissioner may deny an application to extend a multiple activity club license if the applicant fails to provide for the responsible sale, handling, and consumption of alcoholic liquors or the extension of such a license is otherwise found to be adverse to the best interest of the public, adjoining property owners or the clubs members and guests. In addition, the Commissioner may revoke the extension of a country club's multiple activity club license for just cause.
5.3 The Commissioner may grant an extension of a country club's multiple activity license to permit consumption of alcoholic liquors on golf courses and grounds, provided that it is lawfully purchased on the premises. In addition, the Commissioner may approve the sale of alcoholic liquors from golf carts and concessionaire stands on the golf course provided that all alcoholic liquors are securely stored when not being offered for sale.
1005 (Formerly Rule 1407) A Rule Pertaining to Movie Theaters
This rule is promulgated pursuant to the Commissioner's authority to regulate the time, place, and manner in which alcoholic liquors are sold and dispensed (4 Del.C. §304). In addition, it is the purpose of this rule to implement and clarify the Commissioner's authority to license a movie theater to sell alcoholic | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.594283 | 0.134315 | -0.252166 | -0.001518 |
liquors for consumption on any portion of the premises approved by the Commissioner (4 Del.C. §512 (f)). In accordance with these statutes alcoholic liquors may be sold or dispensed in a manner consistent with Title 4 of the Delaware Code and Commissioner Rules.
By the promulgation of this rule, the Commissioner finds that alcoholic liquors may be sold and consumed on the premises of a movie theater that has been approved by the Commissioner in accordance with the provisions of this rule.
For purposes of this regulation, the following definitions shall apply.
"Alcoholic beverage" means a beverage consisting of no more than sixteen (16) ounces of beer, eight (8) ounces of wine, or two (2) ounces of spirits.
"Movie theater" means an indoor facility used to host showings of motion pictures which:
a. has a capacity of at least 500 patrons for any single movie showing or for showing of multiple movies in separate theaters at the same time;
b. shall host a minimum of 250 movie showings in any calendar year and shall be open at least 5 days a week;
c. has video cameras in each theater auditorium that allows supervision of movie patrons from a centralized or remote location during a movie showing; and
d. has a separate bar or location where alcohol is sold, served or dispensed that is separated from where food and non-alcoholic drink are sold.
3.0 Approved Course Required
All movie theater managers and employees involved in serving alcohol must successfully complete within 30 days from employment an approved course on the responsible service of alcoholic beverages.
4.0 Minors Prohibited
No minors are permitted to stand or sit at the bar or counter where alcoholic beverages are sold, served or consumed.
5.0 Dispensing Limitations
No more than one (1) alcoholic beverage may be sold to a patron at a time who is at least twenty-one (21) years old and no more than two (2) alcoholic beverages may be sold per patron per movie showing. The alcoholic beverage must be dispensed in a container that is clearly different from other non-alcoholic drinks and the patron purchasing the alcoholic beverage must be identified by a wrist band or similar means.
6.0 Inspection Required
A server trained individual must physically inspect each theater at least once during each movie showing to ensure that persons under the age of twenty-one (21) are not consuming alcohol.
Rule 1006 (Formerly Rule 32) A Rule Defining and Regulating Multiple Activity Clubs Licensed to Sell to Guests of Such Clubs and Guests of Members
1.0 Defining Multiple Activity Clubs
1.1 A licensed club whose gross revenue from the sale of alcoholic liquor does not exceed 40% of its total annual revenue from all sources and which either:
1.1.1 Serves meals at regular hours six days a week, or
1.1.2 Has a physical facility, regularly used by members of the club other than club rooms for the sale and service of food and alcoholic liquor and which facility is of a permanent nature and regularly used, i.e., tennis court, golf course, indoor pool, may apply for a Multiple Activity Club License.
1.2 A Multiple Activity Club License permits the sale of alcoholic liquor to guests of the club or guests of its members.
Rule 1007 (Formerly Rule 18) A Rule Regulating Clubs and Multiple Activity Clubs
1.0 Clubs
1.1 "The word "'club"' means a corporation or association created by competent authority, which is the owner, lessee or occupant of premises operated solely for objects of national, social, patriotic, political or athletic nature, or the like, whether or not for pecuniary gain, and the property as well as the advantages of which belong to or are enjoyed by the stockholders or by the members of such corporation or association."
1.2 At the time of the making of an application for a license under the Liquor Control Act, and at all times after the granting of a license, upon demand of the Commissioner, such 'club' shall produce at the office of the Commissioner, the original or a properly authenticated copy of its charter or articles of association, | [
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its minute books, membership and financial records, covering the full-period of its licensed existence.
1.3 Said charter, articles of association, minutes mad financial records will show that all profit from the sale of alcoholic beverages is controlled by the membership, and its properly elected officers, and used for the authorized objects of the club.
1.4 At the time of the making of an application for a license to sell alcoholic liquors and at any time after the granting of a license, upon demand of the Commissioner, such club shall furnish the Commissioner forthwith with a statement, signed by its President or Vice-President and notarized, setting forth the reason for organization of the club and the activities in detail carried on by the club.
1.5 No club licensed under the Delaware Liquor Control Act shall have or maintain any "peephole", "bell", "buzzer", or other warning device at any entrance to the club premises; and immediate access to all parts of the premises of the club shall at all times be accorded to DATE or the authorized representatives of the Commissioner, including all qualified police officers in the State of Delaware, when accompanied by DATE or an Inspector of the Commissioner, all of whom shall be permitted to enter immediately and given immediate access to all parts of the premises of a club without a search warrant.
Rule 1008 (Formerly Rule 19.1) Bottle Clubs - Licensing and Operation
1.0 Purpose and Scope
This Rule implements the 1982 and 1989 Amendments to the Liquor Control Act extending the jurisdiction of the Commissioner to so called "bottle clubs." 4 Del.C. §515, 515Aa, 902(7) and 554(aa), 60 Del. Laws, Ch. 232 (April 30, 1982), 67 Del. Laws, Ch. 122 (July 14, 1989). It applies to all businesses operated for profit where patrons carry onto the premises alcoholic liquors to be consumed thereon and removed by patrons upon their departure.
"Bottle Club" means an establishment operated for profit or pecuniary gain where persons enter upon the premises for the purposes of consuming alcoholic liquors which are brought onto the premises by customers of the establishment and are consumed therein and removed by such persons upon their departure.
"Consume" in any tense, means the act of drinking or eating alcoholic beverages and includes possession of an alcoholic beverage with the present ability to drink or eat it.
"Operated for profit or pecuniary gain" means a business owned by a sole proprietor, partnership, corporation or other business association where such owner is not exempt from federal or state taxes on income on the profits (or losses) from such business, or the profits (or losses) from such business are for the benefit of an individual partnership, corporation or other business association which is not exempt from federal or state taxes on income. An organization qualified to receive a gathering license under 4 Del.C. §514, shall be deemed to be not for profit or pecuniary gain unless the profits or losses from such enterprise are otherwise subject to federal or state tax on income.
"Restaurant" means any establishment which is regularly used and kept open principally for the purpose of serving complete meals to persons for consideration, and which has seating at tables for 12 or more persons, and suitable kitchen facilities connected therewith for cooking an assortment of foods under the charge of a chef or cook. The service of only such food and victuals as sandwiches or salads shall not be deemed to be the service of "meals" [4 Del.C. §101(35)). In addition, a "restaurant" shall have a valid and current restaurant retailer license required by 30 Del.C. §2906.
3.0 General Policy
No establishment shall be operated for profit or pecuniary gain as a "bottle club" unless licensed by the Commissioner. Licensed "bottle clubs" shall, within the limits of their license, be held to the same standards of performance and financial responsibility as other types of license holders.
4.0 Standards of Operation for "Bottle Club"
4.1 Hours of Operation
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as a "bottle club" shall not permit the consumption of alcoholic beverages on its premises after 2:00 a.m. or before 9:00 a.m. on any day. The presence of alcoholic liquors on the premises of a "bottle club" between the hours of 2:00 a.m. and 9:00 a.m. shall be prima facie evidence of a violation.
4.2 Service of General Public.
4.2.1 A "bottle club" may require membership upon payment of a reasonable fee, but approval of such membership shall not be unreasonably denied. A club shall not charge an admission charge or fee, but may charge a cover or minimum during hours when live entertainment is actually being presented.
4.3 Service of Food
4.3.1 A reasonable selection of food shall be available from a written menu or menu board at all hours when alcoholic beverages are being consumed. The selection of foods shall include a choice of sandwiches, entrees, and non-alcoholic beverages.
4.4 Service of Persons Under 21
4.4.1 Minors may be admitted to the premises of a "bottle club." Minors may not consume alcoholic beverages at any time. It shall be a rebuttable presumption that minors found on the premises or departing therefrom who are found to have consumed alcoholic liquors or are in possession of alcoholic liquors, consumed or possessed such alcoholic liquors on the premises.
4.5 Service of Alcoholic Liquors.
4.5.1 A "bottle club" may serve food, non-alcoholic beverages, mixers and ice and may charge for such service. "Bottle clubs" may not mix or provide bartender service to patrons, nor may a "bottle club" chill or keep alcoholic liquors for customers. A "bottle club" shall not serve alcoholic liquors.
4.6 Presence of Intoxicated Persons on Premises
4.6.1 A "bottle club" shall not permit an intoxicated person to remain on its premises.
4.7 Design and Layout
4.7.1 In a "bottle club" there shall be seating at tables for not less than 12 persons. Seats at a bar shall not exceed 25% of the dining seats of the establishment.
Rule 1009 (Formerly Rule 24) Club Members, Multiple Activity Club Members and Sales of Alcoholic Liquor in Each Such Club
1.1 Except as provided herein, a license for the sale of alcoholic liquor by a club authorizes the sale of such alcoholic liquor to club members only. A member of a club is defined by Section 101, Chapter 1, Title 4, Delaware Code of 1953, as follows:
"Member of a club" means an individual who, whether as a charter member or admitted in accordance with the rules or the by-laws of the club, has become a member thereof, who maintains their membership by the payment of dues in the manner established by the rules or by-laws, and whose name and address is entered on the list of members supplied to the Commissioner at the time of the application for a license under Chapter 5 of this Title, or, if admitted thereafter, within eight days after his admission and payment of dues, if such dues are required. The Commissioner is authorized to extend the meaning of the words "member of a club" to include those who are granted temporary membership or membership of less than one year in accordance with a rule or by-law of the club approved by the Commissioner.
1.2 A guest may consume alcoholic liquor at a club provided that at all times the guest is on the licensed premises the host member of the club who introduced the guest also remains on the licensed premises and pays for the alcoholic liquor.
1.3 If the club in the form of a lodge desires members of subordinate lodges under the same grand lodge to have the privilege of buying alcoholic liquor at their club, this may be done by the lodge passing a resolution granting the privileges of the club to members of other subordinate lodges, providing such member presents their card indicating their membership in such subordinate lodge. A record shall be kept of the names of such members of subordinate lod | [
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The second phase's report, as said before, was published in the beginning of July 2011, two years later than expected when the process started. On top of the protection list are two geothermal areas, around Torfajökull glacier and Kerlingafjöll mountains, which both have been viewed as preferable exploitation areas by the energy industry and its representatives in committees concerning the Master Plan. Other areas scoring high on the protection list are geothermal area Vonarskarð and rivers Skaftá and Hólmsá, south-west of Vatnajökull glacier, the latest-mentioned being a part of Landsvirkjun's recently announced plan to build 14 new power-plants in the next 15 years. These areas are, according to the report's authors, the highest ranking natural treasures that were taken into account in the making of the report.
On the other hand the geothermal areas on Hellisheiði by mountain Hengill, the Reykjanes peninsula and volcano Krafla, as well as river Tungnaá, are listed on the top of exploitation areas. Geothermal energy production has been going on Hellisheiði since 2006 (where Saving Iceland's 2008 action camp was located ), resulting in highly increased sulphur pollution in the Reykavík capital area. There is a vast local opposition against the plant and the planned enlargement of it, its most recent manifestation being when residents of Hveragerði, living close by one of Reykjavík Energy's boreholes, called the police to complain about constant noise coming from the borehole. Further construction is currently taking place in Hellisheiði as well as in Tungaá river where Landsvirkjun is building its Búðarháls dam that will produce energy for increased aluminium production in Rio Tinto Alcan's smelter in Straumsvík, Hafnarfjörður. Already existing plans to increase geothermal energy production on the Reykjanes peninsula, for a planned Norðurál/Century Aluminum smelter in Helguvík, have resulted in worries of overexploitation – not only by environmentalists but also, and most recently, by Iceland's National Energy Authority.
When a glacial river is harnessed to generate electricity, this important function, and the binding of the greenhouse gas CO2, is diminished. What they generate is not green energy as the advocates of hydro-power plants and heavy industry maintain, but black energy. Dams and reservoirs hinder the function of glacial sediment in the oceans, and hence hydro-electric power plants that harness glacial rivers are far more harmful than has hitherto been believed.
The planned Þjórsá dams have also been highly criticised from a social perspective, most recently by a group of young locals who challenged Iceland's government "to state officially that no dams will be built in the lower Þjórsá river, against the peoples wishes." This happened shortly after a Supreme Court ruling stating that the decision of Environmental Minister Svandís Svavarsdóttir, to reject the construction of a dam in Urriðafoss waterfall in Þjórsá river, was illegal. The ruling was only a one small factor in the long and complicated farce concerning the Þjórsá issue – a farce including Landsvirkjun's attempts to bribe local residents and the company's threats of using expropriation in order to gain access to lands owned by people opposed to the dams. Following the publication of the Master Plan's second phase report, Guðmundur Hörður Guðmundsson, chairman of environmentalist organization Landvernd, expressed the organization's disagreement with Þjórsá's position on the exploitation list, stating that a much better and more detailed research has to be done on the planned dams' social impacts.
Interviewed by newspaper Fréttablaðið, natural scientist Guðmundur Páll Ólafsson voiced a very negative view towards the report, saying that the whole process of it marks the energy company's coming retrieval. "My criticism is mostly based on the premises that the exploitation options are always at the forefront, but not to protect the Icelandic nature and Icelandic natural treasures from the outburst | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | 0.788701 | 1.049254 | 1.744027 | 0.552498 |
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:introduction}
Visualizations are relevant in the reading comprehension process because they help understand data more naturally. Many content sources, such as scientific papers and news websites, present the information using charts, diagrams, or tables that complement the text to improve understanding of concepts and ideas~\cite{echeverria2009external}. However, to read this kind of document, we must split our attention between elements and mentally integrate the story, requiring more cognitive work~\cite{sweller2011split}.
In response to this problem, some content creators incorporate interactive charts in their documents that serve as a visual guide for the reader~\cite{segel2011storytelling}. In~\figref{fig:journalism}, we can see an example where the user hovers a text, and the chart highlights the associated region. This type of interactivity facilitates the exploration of the document content.
For instance, imagine a news website writer who wants to embed an existing graphic that complements a text presented in an article to generate an interactive experience that guides the reader to a quick understanding of the text-graphic document.
Generating interactive content is a tedious task, even with programming knowledge. Also, the content creator must manually annotate the links between the text and the graphic. Moreover, the writer does not always have access to edit an existing chart or the underlying data to redesign the chart for this type of content. Having a tool that reduces the effort in creating interactive content from text-graphics is the primary motivation for this research.
To build a tool that automatically generates interactive text-chart documents, it is necessary to combine the three main tasks studied in recent years:
(i) it identifies the chart in a document and maps it with the text that references it~\cite{pdffigures2, siegel2016figureseer}
(ii) obtain the underlying data that makes up the chart (\emph{i.e.}\xspace, identify the type of chart, get the texts that appear on the chart, identify the visual channels)~\cite{savva2011revision,poco2017reverse,poco2018extracting,cliche2017scatteract,harper2014deconstructing}, and
(iii) find the links between the text and parts of the chart~\cite{kong2014extracting, kim2018facilitating}. The latter is the least addressed, and the existing techniques are limited and do not automatically solve this task.
\figMotivation
In this work, we propose ChartText, a new method that automatically connects text with its respective area associated with the chart. Our method is the starting point for building a tool to help content creators generate interactive visualizations from static documents. Moreover, it is essential to clarify that we take for granted tasks (i) and (ii) to achieve this research result.
This approach can also work in semi-automatic mode, allowing the user to fix intermediate errors. Our method comprises two stages: In the matching stage, we generate individual links using different comparison operators between phrases in the text and textual elements in the chart. We combine the individual links in the grouping stage using each link's visual channel information. The grouped links, in general, are more meaningful and allow the creation of multiple applications. Here, we present two prototypes: In the first one, we make interactive documents using graphic overlays, facilitating the reading experience. We use voice instead of text to annotate charts in real-time in the second. For example, in a videoconference, our technique can automatically annotate a chart following the presenter's description.
We evaluate our results by measuring how similar the inferred links are to links manually annotated by experts in two datasets from academic and web documents. Also, we compare our results with KongExtraction~\cite{kong2014extracting}, a non-automated method based on crowdsourcing, which works only with bar charts.
In summary, the contributions of this work are:
\begin{itemize}
\item A method for linking text with visualization for multiple chart types. This method can work in two modes, fully automated and semi-automatic.
\item An application to make interactive documents by visualizing the links generated by our technique.
\item A proof of concept where we use audio instead of text to create video annotated charts in real-time.
\item A new dataset (text and charts) fully annotated for future comparisons. This dataset includes three chart types ( | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 1.019652 | 1.339957 | 0.456493 | 2.227195 |
bar chart, line chart, and scatter plots).
\end{itemize}
\section{Related Work}
Our work relates to two main areas: (i) chart interpretation and (ii) techniques and applications to facilitate the reading of documents.
\subsection{Chart Interpretation}
In recent years, methods and techniques have been developed to automatically extract the underlying data and visual encoding that build charts.
These techniques have applications such as the reuse and redesign of charts. One of the pioneers in this area is ReVision~\cite{savva2011revision}.
ReVision extracts the data that generates a visualization from an image in a bitmap format.
ReVision proposed a pipeline where initially the images are classified using the Support Vector Machine model~\cite{SVMHearst1998} to determine the type of chart (\emph{i.e.}\xspace, bar chart, line chart, and scatter plot).
Then, they used different image processing techniques and heuristics. These methods are adapted to the chart type and then used to filter elements in the image and identify the data.
Other works maintain the initial idea of ReVision but vary some components with more sophisticated models. For instance, FigureSeer~\cite{siegel2016figureseer} and Scatterract~\cite{cliche2017scatteract} use a Convolutional Neural Network~\cite{cnnlecun}.
The input of these systems consists of images and features based on the spatial information of the chart elements to enhance the classification task.
They also take advantage of the axis information and text labels to infer the data on line charts and scatter plots.
Later, ChartSense~\cite{jung2017chartsense} extended the data extraction support for five chart types (line chart, bar chart, area chart, foot chart, and radar chart), diversifying the heuristics to extract the data for each chart type but keeping the main idea proposed in the previous works.
Other works focused on recovering the visual encoding of the chart.
For instance, Harper et al.~\cite{harper2014deconstructing} developed a system to deconstruct visualizations created with the D3~library~\cite{bostock2011d3}.
This technique uses the data and graphic elements, which are easier to access in SVG images, to compose the visual encoding. In the same vein, Poco and Heer~\cite{poco2017reverse} proposed a pipeline to recover the visual encoding but for bitmap images.
The technique exploits only the textual elements and retrieves a visual encoding in a declarative language similar to Vega-Lite~\cite{satyanarayan2017vega}.
Later, Chen et al.~\cite{chen2019towards} presented a method to deconstruct bitmap infographics and generate templates that can be reused to create new infographics.
This method uses deep learning models to identify graphics elements.
Although we do not deconstruct charts in our work, we assume visual encoding as input. This assumption is valid since we can create visual encoding using the methods described above.
\subsection{Facilitating Reading of Documents}
Recently many works have appeared in this line.
Kong and Agrawala~\cite{kong2012graphical} introduced Graphical Overlays to create interactive charts by accessing the data and visual encoding (using ReVision~\cite{savva2011revision}).
We also have a similar application; however, we generate overlays based on the text accompanying a chart; in this sense, our goal is to facilitate document reading.
Other works take advantage of additional information that is accessible to enrich documents and visualizations. For instance, Metoyeret et al.~\cite{coupling-story} presented a technique that works on data-rich stories (\emph{i.e.}\xspace, texts with access to additional data such as tables). They proposed using text analysis to connect narrative sentences with visual elements that describe the rich data. Bryan et al.~\cite{temporal-summ} proposed a method to explore temporal data and find, through heuristics, points of interest in the data that allow the creation of explanatory visualizations. Hullman et al.~\cite{Contextifier} proposed a system that takes time series data on a company's stock to automatically create a line chart enriched with annotations from text analysis and metadata from news articles related to the company. These approaches | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.572016 | 1.225752 | 0.466356 | 1.549221 |
are helpful when we have access to the data that accompanies the document or visualization. However, we only need the chart texts available in the visual encoding, and it is easy to extract with fewer errors in our approach.
Later, Kong et al.~\cite{kong2014extracting} presented a crowdsourcing-based method for extracting links between charts and text in documents.
Nevertheless, they use people to annotate the document using crowdsourcing, unlike our work, which is fully automatic.
On the other hand, some works use tables instead of using visualizations.
Kim et al.~\cite{kim2018facilitating} presented an automatic technique to find links between tables and paragraphs.
This work uses NLP and heuristic techniques to connect table cells with text sentences.
Similarly, Badam et al.~\cite{Badam2018ElasticDC} proposed a web tool that relates the text to the tables and creates visualizations using these links.
To reduce the effort to create interactive documents, Latif et al.~\cite{linkingfra} proposed a framework for systematically generating documents that support text-visualization interaction.
This system allows users to annotate the links in declarative language.
Then, Cui et al.~\cite{Cui2019TexttoVizAG} proposed a method that converts text into infographics to facilitate reading. First, they identify parts of the text that refer to some data (\emph{e.g.}\xspace, numbers) and then use this information in templates that generate the image.
Later, Latif et al.~\cite{s.20191180} presented an approach for producing interactive documents for graph data, also using a declarative syntax that requires little to no programming skills.
Recently, Lai et al.~\cite{autoannotation} proposed a system with similar capabilities.
Nevertheless, they focus only on individual links; in our case, we have a second stage grouping the individual link to make more meaningful associations
Additionally, they require access to the encoded data, whereas our technique only requires the textual elements, representing a more straightforward task and less prone to error.
\section{Dataset}
\label{sec:dataset}
In this section, we first define the terminology used throughout the document. Then, we describe the data set supported by our technique and our assumptions. Finally, we depict how we create our dataset, the gold standard set in our evaluations.
\figVisualEncoding
\subsection{Definitions}
\label{section:definitions}
Before describing our technique, we must define some terms we often use throughout the document.
\myparagraph{Visual Encoding:}
It describes how we create the visualization, i.e., converting data into a visual representation.
%
In a visual encoding, we specify the graphical marks (\emph{e.g.}\xspace, points, bar, line) and map data variables to the visual channels (\emph{e.g.}\xspace, position, length, size).
%
For instance,~\figref{fig:link_types}~(a) is an example of visual encoding that describes the channel associated with the x-axis of the line chart shown in~\figref{fig:link_types}~(b).
%
Note that we have the scale information in this specification\,---\,which maps values from the data domain to the image range.
%
Our visual encoding also has information about the labels used in the chart (text and bounding boxes) for this particular case.
Our technique assumes that we receive the visual encoding specification containing visual channel information (\emph{i.e.}\xspace, x-axis, y-axis, and color-legend), which can be automatically generated by methods proposed in previous works~\cite{poco2017reverse,harper2014deconstructing}.
\myparagraph{Textual Element:} It is a region on the chart that contains the text. For instance, in~\figref{fig:link_types}~(b), the x-axis has textual elements such as \phrase{100 million}, and the color legend has the textual element \phrase{deptype}.
\myparagraph{Phrase:} A phrase is any text fragment in a paragraph. For example, in~\figref{fig:link_types}~(b), the colored texts represent three phrases.
\myparagraph{Individual Link:} We define as an individual link a connection | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.526505 | 1.106356 | 0.22965 | 1.832554 |
between a phrase and a textual element.
\figref{fig:link_types}~(b) shows some examples of individual links, each formed by a textual element and a phrase with the same number and color.
\myparagraph{Grouped Link:} A grouped link is a set of individual links. ChartText combines the links shown in~\figref{fig:link_types}~(b) to create a grouped link. Using this meaningful link, we can create a graphical overlay on the chart (more details in~\secref{section:grouping}).
\myparagraph{Case:} A case is a pair consisting of a chart and its associated paragraph. A case could contain many grouped links.
\subsection{Supported Visualizations}
Our method supports bar, line, and scatter plots as a result of the restrictions we defined to delimit the scope of this investigation:
i) the charts must represent the data using the cartesian space and a single color channel. We do not support visual channels such as orientation or size (\emph{e.g.}\xspace, it does not work for bubble charts);
ii) we do not support charts composed of multiple views. Trellis plot is an example of a chart type violating this constraint; and
iii) we only consider charts that use a single visual mark. For instance, Pareto plots violate this rule because it uses two graphical marks: bars and lines.
\subsection{Gold Standard (GS) Set}
To evaluate our results, we compare our outcomes with the grouped links manually annotated by visualization experts\,---\,from now on, we will call it the Gold Standard (GS) set. Our cases come from two data sources: news websites and academic documents.
\myparagraph{Web Documents (\texttt{WEB}\xspace):}
These are 24 cases taken from news websites and specialized platforms such as Pew Research (\url{pewresearch.org}) and The Economist (\url{economist.com}).
This dataset was collected and annotated in Kong et al.~\cite{kong2014extracting} and is available on the paper's website.
The authors' complete datasets contain 40 cases, of which we chose 24 that meet our restrictions (all images are bar charts with their associated texts).
Since our method requires visual encoding, we had to create the visual encoding manually.
\myparagraph{Academic Documents (\texttt{ACA}\xspace):}
This dataset has 75 cases extracted from the SemanticScholar (\url{semanticscholar.org/}) database, including figures and texts from scientific papers from computer science conferences such as ACM CHI and ACM UIST.
The cases in this dataset include the three chart types: 25 bar charts, 25 line charts, and 25 scatter plots.
Since this data had no annotations, we had to annotate the grouped links and visual encoding manually.
For this task, we follow the guideline proposed in Kong et al.~\cite{kong2014extracting}. In each paragraph-chart, we link the phrases with the textual elements. Each phrase must contain the minimum number of characters to refer to a textual element. For instance, in~\figref{fig:link_types}~(b), it would be possible to connect the phrase \phrase{DepType system} with the textual element \phrase{DepType} in the chart since adding the word \phrase{system} does not modify the meaning of the link. However, according to our guideline, we use \phrase{DepType} because it minimizes the selected text amount. The annotated groups comprise individual links (\emph{i.e.}\xspace, phrases and textual elements) that cover a fact entirely relating to text and chart. For instance, in~\figref{fig:link_types}~(b), the following fact is described in the text: \phrase{In the end with 100 million tokens, the accuracy of the Deptype system rises to 27\%.} and the individual links are highlighted in the paragraph and the chart (each individual link has the same color and numbering). If we remove any individual link in the example, the resulting group could not refer to the text's fact and would be meaningless.
The two authors of this paper (experts in the visualization area) created the gold standard set. Each worked separately to generate the individual and grouped links using printed text and charts. Afterward, they discussed the annotations, and the cases where they did not match were | [
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analyzed jointly (for this dataset, 30\% of the cases were discussed).
\section{Automatic Links Extraction}
We divide our method into two stages: matching and grouping.
In the \emph{matching} stage, we make a series of comparisons between the paragraph text and the textual elements to find individual links.
Then, in the \emph{grouping} stage, we combine the individual links that describe the same fact.
We take advantage of the information in the individual links' visual channels in this stage.
\subsection{Matching}
This stage aims to link single phrases to textual elements to obtain individual links.
First, we split the paragraph into syntactically consistent sentences. (\emph{e.g.}\xspace, nominal phrases, verbal phrases, and prepositional phrases).
For that, we decompose the paragraph into sentences using the sentence segmentation module of the spaCy library~\cite{spacy2}.
Then, we compute the syntactic constituency tree for each sentence using the constituency parser method proposed by Kitaev et al.~\cite{Kitaev-2018-SelfAttentive}\,---\,the constituency tree subdivides the sentence into syntactic phrases.
Each node in the tree represents a syntactic phrase; for instance,~\figref{fig:tree} shows the tree for the sentence \phrase{With 100 million tokens, the accuracy of the DepType system rises to 27.0\%}.
In this example, the first node with the label \emph{S} represents the first syntactic phrase corresponding to the complete sentence.
This phrase is then subdivided into three children nodes: \emph{PP}, \emph{NP} and \emph{VP} that correspond to three syntactic phrases, \emph{prepositional phrase}, \emph{noun phrase} and \emph{verbal phrase}, respectively.
After that, we traverse the tree and check whether the phrase associated with a node is related to any textual element in the chart.
For instance, in~\figref{fig:tree}, the node \emph{QP} (green box) corresponds to the phrase \phrase{100 million}, and it is related to the textual element \phrase{100 million} in the x-axis label.
The same happens with the other two phrases in~\figref{fig:tree} (orange, purple and red boxes).
Finally, we use different operators to compare the phrases with the textual elements: direct, unique word, semantic, and numerical value comparison.
\myparagraph{Direct Comparison.}
For each previously generated sentence, we check if any textual element is written precisely the same. If there is, then we create an individual link. This comparison helps identify proper nouns that are not defined in a vocabulary \emph{e.g.}\xspace, in~\figref{fig:tree}, the phrase \phrase{DepType} is the same as the textual element in the color legend.
\figUniqueWord
\myparagraph{Unique Word Comparison.}
It is common to have repeated terms in the textual elements with the same text role in the chart (see, for instance, legend labels in~\figref{fig:uniqueword}~(a).
This problem causes our direct comparison to generate false negatives because the phrases tend to reference the legend's terms that differentiate them (we call these terms unique words).
To solve this issue, we eliminate repeated words and keep the unique words on each textual element with the same text role.
In our example, we keep the terms \phrase{correct} and \phrase{incorrect} in the textual elements. These words are better candidates to match the phrases in the paragraph.
\myparagraph{Semantic Comparison.}
Sometimes phrases and textual elements are written using different words with the same meaning.
For instance, in~\figref{fig:uniqueword}~(b), the phrase \phrase{religious wear} is related to the textual element \phrase{religious items or clothing}.
We compare the phrases and textual elements to cover these cases using a word embedding approach that captures the sentence's semantic.
We tested multiple state-of-the-art techniques to convert phrases into high dimensional vectors; in the end, we opt for the Universal Sentence Encoder~\cite{cer-etal-201 | [
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8-universal} technique because it got the best results in our datasets. We perform an analogous process for textual elements.
Finally, we compute the similarity between a pair of vectors; we use the metric proposed by Cer et al.~\cite{cer-etal-2018-universal}, which calculates the cosine similarity and then use the $\arccos$ to convert the similarity into an angular distance ($\mathrm{sim}(\vect{u},\vect{v})=(1-\arccos(\frac{\vect{u}\cdot \vect{v}}{\|\vect{u}\|\|\vect{v}\|})/\pi)$).
Experimentally they noticed that this technique performs better than basic cosine similarity.
We form an individual link if the similarity is more significant than a threshold of $0.78$\,---\,we set up this value by calculating the F1 score (described in~\secref{sec:eval}) on the web document data (WEB) using different thresholds. We use the threshold that returns the best score.
\figBadNumeric
\myparagraph{Numerical Value Comparison.}
In this comparison, we first identify the numerical values in the paragraph using SpaCy's Named Entity Recognition~\cite{spacy2} module\,---\,we only use the entities of type PERCENT, MONEY, CARDINAL, and DATE. We then verify the numerical values in the scales' domain in the chart (x/y axes). For this, we use channels with numerical variables in the visual encoding. If the numerical value is within any scale, we create an individual link.
The above procedure can generate multiple false positives presented as two types of errors. \figref{fig:badnumeric} shows these error types.
\myparagraph{Error type I.}
In~\figref{fig:badnumeric}~(a), the phrase \phrase{72\%} is within the y-axis domain. However, the \phrase{72\%} does not refer to the \phrase{accuracy} (y-axis) or any other axis.
To fix the first type error, we proceed as follows. First, we make sure that the numerical phrase has a NUM tag. Then, using the dependency tree, we find the NOUN associated with this number. After that, we verify if it coincides with some of the four cases shown in~\figref{fig:refnum1}~(a). Finally, once we have the NOUN phrase, we compare it with the titles of the chart's axes (we use the same comparisons of the previous stage: direct, unique, and semantic) and create the individual link; otherwise, we discard it. The four cases we show in~\figref{fig:refnum1}~(a) results from an extensive analysis with different documents to cover as many scenarios as possible.
\myparagraph{Error type II.}
In~\figref{fig:badnumeric}~(b), we have an ``ambiguity" error, where the phrase \phrase{30\%} could belong to both the x-axis and the y-axis. However, reading the paragraph deduces that it refers to the x-axis (\phrase{Coverage PC}). To solve these problems, we generate a data structure that contains two types of information for each word: i) the syntactic dependency tree and ii) the Part of Speech (POS) tags.
To fix the second type of error, we proceed as follows. Remember that the numerical phrase is associated with both axes (ambiguity). Then, we look for the axes' titles (textual elements) and the numerical phrase in the tree. This search uses the same comparison as the previous steps. In~\figref{fig:refnum1}~(b), we can see an example for~\figref{fig:badnumeric}~(b); text in red is the numerical phrase, and the titles of the x-axis and y-axis are in green and blue, respectively. After that, we calculate the paths between the numerical phrase and the axes titles in the dependency tree (in~\figref{fig:refnum1}~(b), we can see these paths with blue and green lines). Finally, we select the phrase that has the shortest route. In our example, we will choose the phrase \phrase{Coverage PC}, discarding the link with the y-axis.
\figRefinement
\subsection{Grouping}
\label{section:grouping}
While individual links can already help generate interactive documents, as presented in Lai et | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.088379 | 1.189414 | -0.276935 | 1.139401 |
al.~\cite{autoannotation}. Combining individual links can get more meaningful relationships related to a narrative aspect.
For instance,~\figref{fig:link_types}~(b) shows the individual links; with that, we can only highlight the areas where the textual elements and phrases are located in the chart or paragraph, respectively.
In this example, phrases \phrase{100 million}, \phrase{27.0\%}, and \phrase{DepType} correspond to the \texttt{x-position}, \texttt{y-position}, and \texttt{color} channels, respectively. However, if we combine them, as the phrase \phrase{In the end, with 100 million tokens, the accuracy of the DepType system rises to 27.0\%} suggests, we can find a specific location in the plotting area.
To do so, we noticed that in our Gold Standard set, the grouped links annotated by the experts usually combine textual elements from different visual channels (\texttt{x-position}, \texttt{y-position}, and \texttt{color}). Thus, our method for grouping attempts to imitate how a human would do it.
\figGroups
\myparagraph{Transferring of the Visual Channel to the Phrases.}
The first step is to transfer the visual channel information (\emph{i.e.}\xspace, \texttt{x-position}, \texttt{y-position}, or \texttt{color}) from the textual elements to the associated phrases in the links.
For example, in~\figref{fig:tree}, the phrase \phrase{100 million} is linked to the textual element corresponding to an x-axis label.
Therefore, we transfer the channel x-position to that phrase (\phrase{100 million}). We apply the same procedure for the other sentences (\phrase{Deptype} and \phrase{27.0}).
\myparagraph{Searching Groups in Constituency Tree.}
We group the individual links whose phrases are close enough in the constituency tree and are associated with different visual channels.
To achieve this, nodes associated with individual link phrases inherit the phrase's visual channel (see~\figref{fig:groups} as an example).
To form the groups, we traverse the constituency tree, and for each node, we count the number of visual channels associated with its descendants.
Then, we choose those nodes that maximize the variability of visual channels, minimize the number of children nodes, and maximize the tree level\,---\,this last condition makes the sentences shorter.
In~\figref{fig:groups}, the highlighted region shows how the node S is selected to form a group (group 2). The node \emph{S} meets the conditions to form a group because it is an ancestor of nodes \emph{NP}, \emph{ADJP}, and \emph{NP} associated with visual channels \texttt{x-position}, \texttt{color}, and \texttt{y-position}. Finally, we combines the individual links related to this node and create a \emph{grouped link}.
\figSimilitud
\figResult
\section{Evaluation}
In this section, we first describe the metric used for our evaluations. Then, we discuss some quantitative and qualitative results to reason about good and bad scenarios.
\subsection{Metric}\label{sec:eval}
Our work's metric adapts the metrics proposed in object detection in images and information retrieval in texts. The objective is to evaluate how similar our grouped links are to the Gold Standard (GS) set. \figref{fig:similitud} will serve as a reference to explain each stage.
The F1 score gives us a value of 1 when two sets are identical and 0 when they are different. To interpret this score, let us see~\figref{fig:erroneous} as an example. On the right side of the figure, we can see the links on the GS, and on the left side, the links obtained by our method. If we had found all the correct links, we would have an F1 score of 1, but we failed to find the textual element for the phrase \phrase{84\%}\,---\,ChartText wrongly assigned the phrase with a numeric value in the x-axis, when in fact it belongs to the y-axis\,---\,causing the F1 score to decrease to 88\%. As the errors increase, the score decrease, \ | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.135927 | 0.992151 | -0.19002 | 1.119163 |
emph{e.g.}\xspace, if we remove the links related to the phrases \phrase{10\%} and \phrase{active agents} we will obtain a score of 66\%.
As we can see, each error in an individual link is, on average, a 12\% error, which gives us a clearer idea of how our method is behaving in all the cases.
To facilitate the description, we concentrate on a single \emph{case}, \emph{i.e.}\xspace, a set of grouped links. In \figref{fig:similitud}(a), the blue and red circles represent the grouped links of ChartText and the GS set, respectively. Ideally, there should be a one-to-one pairing; however, this seldom happens. The similarity value we use is the $F1= \frac{2 \cdot precision\cdot recall}{precision + recall}$ score; therefore, we need to calculate the precision and recall.
To calculate the precision, we take each grouped link from ChartText and look for the most similar grouped link in the GS set\,---\,later, we will explain what we mean by the most similar. Once we have the matching, we add their similarities and divide them by the total number of pairs (for our example in (a), the precision is 0.65). Intuitively, the precision tells us how good are the grouped links generated by ChartText.
Similar reasoning applies for recall but goes from the GS set to the grouped links generated by ChartText. (in our example in (b), the recall is 0.47). Intuitively, this value tells us to recover all the grouped links from the GS set. Finally, the F1 score for our case is 0.55.
In the previous paragraph, we mentioned that we look for the most similar grouped link in the other set given a grouped link. To assign a similarity value between grouped links, we first calculate the similarity between textual elements and phrases. The average of these values will be the similarity of the grouped link. Next, we explain how to compute both values.
\myparagraph{Textual Elements Similarity.}
Here, we also use the F1 score, and the procedure is similar to before but using the textual elements from the ChartText and GS set. For precision, we take each textual element from ChartText and look for its corresponding one in the GS set (this value will be 1 or 0, if it is correct or not), then we add these values and divide them by the number of textual elements in ChartText. For our example in (c), the precision is 1. Again, similar reasoning applies to the recall. For our example in (c), the recall is 0.5, and the F1 score is 0.66.
\myparagraph{Phrases Similarity.}
Similarly, we use the F1, precision, and recall scores as in the previous paragraph. The difference is that we use two sets of phrases, and the similarity between phrases is calculated with the Intersection over Union (IoU) metric since the sentences generated by ChartText do not precisely match the GS set. In our example in (d), we have a precision of 0.4, a recall of 0.5, and an F1 score of 0.5.
\subsection{Quantitative Results}
\figPhasesEval
Using the metrics described above, we performed a series of experiments to validate the results generated by ChartText.
\myparagraph{Comparison with KongExtraction~\cite{kong2014extracting}.}
We performed this comparison with the \texttt{WEB}\xspace dataset, which is the same used by KongExtraction. Our method obtains an average similarity of 50\%, while KongExtraction obtains 58\%.~\figref{fig:result_1}~(a) shows the similarity for each case in this dataset. It is important to note that although KongExtraction has a higher similarity, ChartText has certain benefits: i) our approach is fully automatic, while KongExtraction requires human participation through crowdsourcing; ii) KongExtraction needs to access the underlying data of the chart, while ChartText only requires access to the text present in the chart (available in the visual encoding), which is a simpler and less error-prone task in automation.
Additionally, we evaluate ChartText with the \texttt{ACA}\xspace dataset, and we get an average similarity of 66\%.~\figref{fig:result_1}~(b) shows the similarity for each | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -0.143251 | 0.929857 | -0.313696 | 1.038211 |
case in this dataset. In this experiment, we could not compare with KongExtraction since its code is unavailable, and it would be necessary to recreate the crowdsourcing environment.
\myparagraph{Evaluating phases for individual links.}
This experiment's objective is to validate the usefulness of each of the comparisons in the matching stage. For that, we compute our metrics after each comparison (\emph{i.e.}\xspace, before grouping): Direct, Unique Word, Semantic, and Numerical-value. Given that we do not have groups at this stage yet, we need to distribute the grouped links of the GS set into individual links. In~\figref{fig:phaseseval}, we can see the results of this experiment. As we advance in the pipeline, the F1, precision, and recall scores increase, validating each comparison's need. However, the precision score decreases slightly in the last comparison (Numerical-value). To explain this, let's remember that our method finds new individual links in each step, and some of them can be false positives. Nevertheless, this effect is compensated by an increase in the recall since we bring individual links with numerical values necessary for the grouping stage and the applications.
\myparagraph{Semi-automatic evaluation.}
On the other hand, it is possible to use ChartText in a semi-automatic mode where the user can intervene to solve specific problems (more details about human intervention in the Applications section).
In the semi-automatic mode, the user can manipulate and fix individual links so that the grouping stage will get better results.
We calculate each case's similarities to validate this statement, assuming that we have the perfect individual links.
Our results show similarities increased from 50\% to 68\% for the \texttt{WEB}\xspace dataset and from 66\% to 84\% for the \texttt{ACA}\xspace dataset.
\figErroneous
\subsection{Qualitative Results}
In this section, we present qualitative observations to explain the behavior in some relevant cases, taking into account the design of our method.
\myparagraph{Well-Performed Results.}
ChartText has good results when it is easy to associate the phrases with the visual channels (x-position, y-position, and color).
For instance, In \figref{fig:overlay_example}, the phrase \phrase{Oracle} is easily associated with a color legend label (color channel) in the chart.
Similarly, the phrase \phrase{96.23} is directly associated with a value on the y-axis (y-position channel), without any chance of being wrong because the x-axis only admits values less than or equal to 10.
Finally, the phrase \phrase{k = 10} explicitly indicates that the value 10 belongs to the axis with the title "k" which is the x-axis (x-position channel).
In this example, we notice that the three phrases that form the grouped link belongs to the short phrase \phrase{the Oracle achieve 96.23\% when k = 10}.
We designed our method to create grouped links with multiple channels, and the phrases are close to each other.
This behavior emulates how experts annotated the grouped links following this same criterion.
\myparagraph{Poorly Performed Results.}
ChartText does not get correct results when there is ambiguity in assigning the visualization role to a phrase.
Consider the case illustrated in \figref{fig:erroneous}~(a); On the left side, we can see the wrong output generated by ChartText, and on the right side, we can see the correct overlays generated with the grouped links in the Gold Standard Set.
Analyzing this case, notice that ChartText identified all the phrases correctly; however, the phrase \phrase{84} was incorrectly associated with the x-axis.
This error happens in the matching stages.
The phrase \phrase{84} is assigned to the x/y-axis because the value 84 fit in both scale's domains.
Then, using our rule-based approach and the syntactic distances to the phrases, ChartText determines that the phrase \phrase{84} belongs to the axis associated with the nearby phrase \phrase{active agents} (x-axis).
In other words, our approach could not identify the attribute (NOUN) related to the numerical phrase.
For this particular example, | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -0.047305 | 0.62358 | -0.38083 | 0.648629 |
we can see in the text that no phrase indicates that the \phrase{84\%} refers to the y-axis (\phrase{Cumulative probability}).
Another problematic case is shown in \figref{fig:erroneous}~(b).
The main problem is that ChartText requires additional context information to reference a phrase with a textual element.
In the GS set, the experts found two phrases associated with the chart.
For instance, experts decided that the phrase \phrase{40-something} means people between 40 and 49. It makes sense to link this phrase with the textual element \phrase{35-49} since it includes this age range.
The second phrase, \phrase{retires}, was associated with people over 65, which appears in the chart as \phrase{65+}. ChartText would need additional information to generate this link, such as the meaning of the phrase \phrase{40-something}. It is a challenging problem and requires more sophisticated models.
\section{Applications}
To demonstrate the usefulness of ChartText, we developed two applications: (1) A interactive document web tool and (2) Voice2Overlays, a tool that turns voice into overlays.
\subsection{Interactive Documents}
Using CharText, we build a proof-of-concept that generates interactive overlays from a chart in bitmap format based on a text that describes it.
This application exemplifies how our method would allow us to build tools that generate interactive documents.
This idea can be easily extrapolated in other more valuable applications in the real world.
For instance, a document editor allows a content creator (such as a web news writer) to embed a chart on a text and generate interactive documents with minimal effort and without programming knowledge.
Even at a more practical level, a plugin for a browser or a document reader (\emph{e.g.}\xspace, Adobe reader~\cite{adobeacrobat}) that allows the end-users to select the graphic and the text on which they wish to inquire and automatically generate the highlights between the chart and the phrases of the corresponding text.
\myparagraph{Overlays Generation.}
We built a web tool that supports text visualization interaction to show the overlays.
\figref{fig:overlay_example} shows an example of how the tool produces an overlay when the user selects a phrase in the text.
In the example, the tool highlights a point at the end of the curve that corresponds to the color legend \phrase{Oracle} (intersection of red lines).
This overlay corresponds to three phrases (highlighted in yellow): \phrase{Oracle}, \phrase{K=10}, and \phrase{96.23\%}.
These phrases belong to individual links in the same group, and we use the visual channel associated with each link to build the overlay.
For instance, we use the color information associated with the phrase \phrase{Oracle} to filter out only the pixels that correspond to that color in the chart.
Using this strategy, we highlight the correct curve in the chart.
To identify the point at the end of the curve, we use the spatial information associated with the phrases \phrase{K=10} and \phrase{96.23}.
Different overlays can be generated, depending on the type of chart and the visual channel associated with the group's links.
Now we explain the six overlay types supported by our application:
\figOverlayApp
\figOverlays
\begin{description}[style=unboxed,leftmargin=0cm]
\item[a) Line Segment.]
This overlay is used to represent a single value of an axis. We use the numerical value in the grouped link to draw a line segment along the chart's width or height. The orientation depends on the visual channel associated with the textual element (x-position or y-position).
\figref{fig:lineoverlays}~(a), shows an example when the numerical value belongs to the x-axis.
\item[b) Target Point.]
This type of overlay is generated when, in the grouped link, there are two textual elements related to two different chart numerical axes. In this case, as shown in \figref{fig:lineoverlays}~(b), we draw two line segments from the axes (orthogonal directions). The intersection represents the target point | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.300989 | 0.680683 | -0.073853 | 1.179877 |
to which the phrase refers.
\item[c) Color Filter.]
When a phrase in the grouped link refers to a color legend on the chart, we filter out the chart's pixels with other colors, highlighting only the relevant color. To achieve this, we increase the transparency of the pixels that do not correspond to the target color (\figref{fig:lineoverlays}~(c)).
\item[d) Bounding Box.]
We use this type of overlay to highlight a bar or a group of bars, as shown in \figref{fig:lineoverlays}~(d). The Bounding Box is used when only one individual link refers to a nominal axis (only for bar charts).
\item[e) Highlighted Bar.]
This type of overlay is proper when we want to highlight a bar (\figref{fig:lineoverlays}~(e)).
We generate this overlay when there are two phrases in the grouped link: one related to a color legend and another related to a numerical axis label.
To create this overlay, we increase the pixels' transparency that does not correspond to the target color (we could still have multiple bars with the same color).
Then, we increase the pixels' transparency that does not correspond to the axis label in the grouped link, reducing it to one highlighted bar.
\item[f) Target Bar.]
This overlay is a specialization of the target point but applied to bar charts.
\figref{fig:lineoverlays}~(f) shows an example of this type of overlay.
It is generated when the grouped link contains textual elements from all three visual channels (x-position, y-position, and color). We need to highlight the bar and the numerical value associated with the bar.
We first highlight the bar using the same strategy to generate the Highlighted Bar to create this overlay.
Then, we draw a line segment representing the numerical value of the axis.
\end{description}
\myparagraph{Semi-automatic Tool.}
Our tool has a semi-automatic mode that allows users to interact with the interface to fix intermediate results.
Specifically, the user can verify, correct, or remove individual links. Once the user is satisfied with the results, ChartText continues with the grouping stage and generates the overlays.
For example, in~\figref{fig:semiauto}~(a), we correct the problem presented in~\figref{fig:erroneous}~(a). When we double click on the phrase \phrase{84\%}, the system displays a panel where it is possible to select the textual element associated with the phrase.
In this particular case, ChartText erroneously linked the phrase \phrase{84\%} with an x-axis; however, we fix this link, choosing the correct value in the \texttt{y-axis}.
By making this change and executing the grouping stage, ChartText manages to generate the correct grouped link, which is displayed as an overlay in~\figref{fig:erroneous}~(a-right)
Similarly, we can fix the error presented in~\figref{fig:erroneous}~(b); we double click the \phrase{retires} in the text to pop-up the panel in~\figref{fig:semiauto}~(b), then we select the correct textual element (\phrase{+65}).
\figSemiauto
\subsection{Voice2Overlays}
We can use ChartText as the primary system component to convert voice to overlays. This functionality provides interactivity to static charts in environments such as conferences and video calls.
The application receives as input the audio containing the reference to the chart. Then, we use a speech-to-text tool to convert audio into text.
We take advantage of these tools to detect pauses in speech and generate sentences;
This segmentation is beneficial since our method works better with short phrases, improving the analysis during the grouping stage.
This feature also helps us determine how long an overlay should remain in view. For this, we take the time when the API generates a new sentence as a reference. We add the new overlay and remove the previous one based on it.
Once we have the sentence, we use ChartText to get the grouped links and generate the graphical overlays.
\figVoiceOverlaysOne
To demonstrate the usefulness of this application, we decided to conduct a proof of concept.
We selected two videos from Ted Talks conferences, where | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.109266 | 0.415935 | -0.49795 | 0.747289 |
presenters explain a chart to the audience, an ideal scenario for our application.
We extracted the audio fragment for each video and reconstructed the chart's visual encoding shown in the video.
Then, we use the Google~speech-to-text~API~\cite{google_cloud_speech_to_text} to convert the audio to text. Finally, we use our method to extract the links and generate the overlays for each sentence in the audio.
The first video is entitled \phrase{Why you should love statistics}; in the video, the presenter uses a bar chart to explain the percentage of young people with low numeracy in 12 countries. \figref{fig:app2} shows the results obtained for the first video. \figref{fig:app2}-top shows the frames of the original video and the sentences referring to the chart. \figref{fig:app2}-bottom shows the overlays on the chart generated by ChartText. For instance, for the first phrase \phrase{Leading the way the USA nearly 40 percent}, there is an overlay that highlights the first bar of the chart. We can see the results of this example in the accompanying video.
The second video is entitled \phrase{Germany: Low Crime, Clean Prisons, Lessons for America}. The presenter explains the U.S. incarceration rate between 1925 and 2012 using a scatter plot in this video. \figref{fig:v2o_case2} shows the results obtained.
The top part shows the sentences extracted from the original video with a reference frame as in the first video. The bottom part shows the overlays generated by our method.
In this example, we obtained three overlays: The first overlay highlights a date range (\phrase{1925 to 1975}) on the x-axis and a value (\phrase{100}) on the y-axis.
The second and third overlays highlight specific dates on the x-axis (\phrase{1940} and \phrase{1970}, respectively).
\section{Limitations and Future Work}
Our work has some limitations and possible improvements presented in this section.
\myparagraph{Dataset.}
One of the significant limitations of this work is the small amount of annotated data available to relate the text to visualizations.
In this work, we are making another fully annotated dataset, including three chart types; however, this is still insufficient to archive this task successfully.
It is impossible to explore other techniques and approaches without an extensive dataset, such as using machine learning models instead of the rule-based system currently used.
As future work, we propose to design the processes of annotating an extensive dataset to relate text and visualizations.
\myparagraph{Improvement in the Numerical-value phase.}
As we saw in our evaluation, the Numerical-value comparison is necessary for the grouping stage, affecting the generation of overlays.
However, our method is not robust enough, generating false positives in the individual links.
The main problem lies in using heuristics and templates to identify the numerical phrases that do not correspond to the chart's axes.
In future work, we intend to experiment with more robust methods from natural language processing.
We will have to generate a larger dataset with annotated text examples.
Using it, we could train a machine learning model to identify the NOUNs associated with the numerical phrases more precisely without rules.
\myparagraph{Support for complex charts}.
In this research, we limited the scope of ChartText to simple charts but were commonly used to display results with descriptive statistics (bar charts, line charts, and scatterplots).
However, this is a starting point for future works that perform the same task on more sophisticated graphics (i.e., that overload graphic markup and visual channels).
For instance, there are two graphic marks in a Pareto chart: bars and lines. Our technique does not support this chart type but supports each type separately. A possible extension of our approach, having the data properly annotated, would help solve this problem.
\figVoiceOverlaysTwo
\myparagraph{End-to-end Generation of Interactive Documents.}
ChartText assumes that we have: i) visual encoding and ii) chart and text location within a document.
These are valid assumptions since previous works~\cite{pdffigures2, mapAnalysis2018,poco | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.648773 | 0.909093 | 0.39104 | 1.614995 |
2018extracting,harper2014deconstructing} address these problems with relatively good results under certain conditions.
In this work, we decided not to enter into those areas because we focused on finding the links between the text and the chart, which is already difficult.
As future work, we propose implementing and integrating all the components mentioned above to build a fully automatic system that takes as input a document (in PDF format) and generates an interactive document.
With this framework, it will be possible to implement plugins for web browsers or document readers tools such as Adobe Acrobat Reader~\cite{adobeacrobat}.
\section{Conclusions}
This paper presents ChartText, a method automatically extracting links between text and visualizations. We evaluated our results by comparing them with manual annotations made by experts on two datasets (web and academic documents).
We compare our ChartText with KongExtraction~\cite{kong2014extracting} (a non-automatic method based on crowdsourcing strategy) for the web documents.
Our approach obtained a similarity of 50\% compared to 58\% of KongExtraction. Despite our lower score, it is essential to highlight that: i) our method provides a fully automatic approach, ii) we support more chart types, and iii) we do not need access to the underlying data; we only need the charts' textual elements.
We also make a second dataset containing 75 cases, including three chart types from academic documents. In this dataset, Chartext got an average similarity of 66\%.
Although our method is automatic, we have a semi-automatic mode that allows the user to fix intermediate errors (individual links). We experimented with perfect individual links to evaluate this functionality, and our scores rose to 68\% and 84\% for the web and academic documents, respectively.
Finally, we presented two applications. The first is a tool to generate interactive documents. The second is Voice2Overlays, which converts a speaker's voice into visual aids on a chart.
\section{Related work}
Our work relates to two main areas: (i) chart interpretation and (ii) techniques and applications to facilitate the reading of documents.
\subsection{Chart Interpretation}
In recent years, methods and techniques have been developed to automatically extract the underlying data and visual encoding that build up charts.
These techniques have applications such as the reuse and redesign of charts. One of the pioneers in this area is ReVision~\cite{savva2011revision}.
ReVision extracts the data that generates a visualization from an image in a bitmap format.
ReVision proposes a pipeline where initially the images are classified using the Support Vector Machine model~\cite{SVMHearst1998} to determine the type of chart (\emph{i.e.}\xspace, bar chart, line chart, and scatter plot).
Then, they use different image processing techniques and heuristics. These methods are adapted to the type of chart and then used to filter elements in the image and identify the data.
Other works maintain the initial idea of ReVision but vary some components with more sophisticated models. For instance, FigureSeer~\cite{siegel2016figureseer} and Scatterract~\cite{cliche2017scatteract} use a Convolutional Neural Network~\cite{cnnlecun}.
The input of these systems consists of images and features based on the spatial information of the chart elements to enhance the classification task.
They also take advantage of the axis information and text labels to infer the data on line charts and scatter plots, respectively.
Later, ChartSense~\cite{jung2017chartsense} extended the data extraction support for five chart types (line chart, bar chart, area chart, foot chart, and radar chart), diversifying the heuristics to extract the data for each chart type but keeping the main idea proposed in previous works.
Other work focuses on recovering the visual encoding of the chart.
For instance, Harper et al.~\cite{harper2014deconstructing} developed a system to deconstruct visualizations created with the D3~library~\cite{bostock2011d3}.
This technique uses the data and graphic elements, which are easier to access in SVG images, to compose the visual encoding. In the same vein, Poco and Heer~\cite{poco2017reverse} propose a pipeline to recover the visual encoding but for bitmap images.
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.935423 | 1.469736 | 0.839346 | 1.847732 |
technique exploits only the textual elements and retrieves a visual encoding in a declarative language similar to Vega-Lite~\cite{satyanarayan2017vega}.
Later, Chen et al.~\cite{chen2019towards} present a method to deconstruct bitmap infographics and generate templates that can be reused to create new infographics.
This method uses deep learning models to identify graphics elements.
Although we do not deconstruct charts in our work, we assume that we have the visual encoding as input. This assumption is valid since we can create visual encoding using any of the methods described above.
\subsection{Facilitating the Reading of Documents}
Recently many works have appeared in this line.
Kong and Agrawala~\cite{kong2012graphical} introduce Graphical Overlays to create interactive charts by accessing the data and visual encoding (using ReVision~\cite{savva2011revision}).
We also have a similar application; however, we generate overlays based on the text accompanying a chart; in this sense, our goal is to facilitate document reading.
\change{
Other works take advantage of additional information that is accessible to enrich documents and visualizations. For instance, Metoyeret et al.~\cite{coupling-story} present a technique that works on data-rich stories (\emph{i.e.}\xspace, texts with access to additional data such as tables). They propose using text analysis to connect narrative sentences with visual elements that describe the rich data. Bryan et al.~\cite{temporal-summ} propose a method to explore temporal data and find, through heuristics, points of interest in the data that allow the creation of explanatory visualizations. Hullman et al.~\cite{Contextifier} propose a system that takes time series data on a company's stock to automatically create a line chart enriched with annotations from text analysis and metadata from news articles related to the company. These approaches are helpful when we have access to the data that accompanies the document or visualization. However, we only need the chart texts available in the visual encoding and easy to extract with fewer errors in our approach.
}
Later, Kong et al.~\cite{kong2014extracting} presented a crowdsourcing-based method for extracting links between charts and text in documents.
Nevertheless, they use people to annotate the document using crowdsourcing, unlike our work, which is fully automatic.
On the other hand, there are works that, instead of using visualizations, use tables.
Kim et al.~\cite{kim2018facilitating} presented an automatic technique to find links between tables and paragraphs.
This work uses NLP and heuristic techniques to connect table cells with text sentences.
Similarly, Badam et al.~\cite{Badam2018ElasticDC} proposed a web tool that relates the text to the tables and creates visualizations using these links.
To reduce the effort to create interactive documents, Latif et al.~\cite{linkingfra} proposed a framework for systematically generating documents that support text-visualization interaction.
This system allows users to annotate the links in a declarative language.
Then, Cui et al.~\cite{Cui2019TexttoVizAG} proposed a method that converts text into infographics to facilitate reading. First, they identify parts of the text that refer to some data (\emph{e.g.}\xspace, numbers) and then use this information in templates that generate the image.
Later, Latif et al.~\cite{s.20191180} presented an approach for producing interactive documents for graph data, also using a declarative syntax that requires little to no programming skills.
Recently, Lai et al.~\cite{autoannotation} proposed a system with similar capabilities.
Nevertheless, there are two significant differences: First, they use short textual descriptions tied to visual elements in the chart.
For instance, the phrase \phrase{the red point} in the context of a scatter plot refers to the graphical mark "point" and the legend label \phrase{red.} Our work identifies textual descriptions related to a narrative aspect of the visualization; for instance, \phrase{the oracle achieves 96.23\% when k=10}.
In other words, they focus only on individual links; in our case, we have a second stage grouping the individual link to make more | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.84576 | 1.521647 | 0.969355 | 1.731364 |
Home Home Mecha Slave Contract Mecha Book 4 Chapters Mecha Chapter 159: Coerce
Mecha Chapter 159: Coerce
by exiledrebelsscanlationsupdated on July 22, 2021 August 2, 2021 11 Comments on Mecha Chapter 159: Coerce
"Hmph, worthy of the bloodline of the Mystical Beast Family." The exotic beast snorted coldly, looking at Luo XiaoLou in a complex and indecipherable manner. However, in the end, its eyes gradually filled with madness and resentment.
"No, I can't keep him alive."
Shao Rong took a step back and narrowed his eyes at the exotic beast, not compromising at all, "You're really embarrassing me like this. You're going to put him to death even though he helped you remove the restraint? I can't help but start to doubt the possibility of us working together."
For the first time the exotic beast looked up to face Shao Rong squarely. Shao Rong's upturned eyes were nothing short of madness and indifference.
The exotic beast hesitated for a second, and finally said with glittering eyes, "Fine, I can spare him for your sake. But I don't feel comfortable leaving such an afterthought. I need to inject him with something."
Shao Rong froze, "What kind of stuff?"
The exotic beast said icily, "You don't have to worry. It will just remove the exotic beast gene from his body, and then he'll be completely human."
With a wave of his hand, he was already handing two reagents to Shao Rong, "I think you understand what's in here."
Shao Rong touched the fluff under his hand, still a little hesitant.
"As you said, he's more human oriented, so maybe you, a blood relative, would prefer him to become a full human." The exotic beast licked his lips and stared into Shao Rong's eyes.
Shao Rong took two steps and placed Luo XiaoLou on the counter, "I hope you don't do anything else."
The folds on the exotic beast's face moved as if smiling, "Of course! I won't let you down."
He held down the constantly tossing Luo XiaoLou with one hand, and with the other he took the blue reagent and injected it into the bottom of Luo XiaoLou's neck.
Luo XiaoLou felt a sudden spinning sensation. The relaxation he felt when he became beastly was completely replaced by painful dizziness.
No, at this rate, he would definitely-
The exotic beast picked up the red reagent under Shao Rong's watchful eye, and as he leaned towards Luo XiaoLou, a very fine beam of light was shot at him.
The reagent shattered, followed by several other beams of light shooting at the exotic beast and Shao Rong. Both were shocked, the energy was too huge. But there was no way there could be anything beyond the two of them on the entire floating island. The two of them retreated back sharply.
A huge dark blue mecha appeared out of nowhere behind the tower, and a huge knife pointed at them.
"Leave now." An electronic voice rang out.
Shao Rong froze, but as if sensing something, he moved a few steps back. He looked at Luo XiaoLou on the platform and moved his fingers.
The exotic beast, on the other hand, turned pale, "Holy beast mecha? Who – who are you? No – no one is driving the mecha? What does this mean?"
"Leave immediately, I won't let you hurt him, or I'll break the First Law and kill you, even if no one else does." The dark blue mecha said in a frigid tone.
The exotic beast stared covetously at the mecha fervently and angrily, "Why are you helping a half-beast that's headed towards humans if you haven't claimed them? If you don't have a master, I can be your master. You know that I'm the last pure-blooded exotic beast in the world."
A blue light flashed in | [
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the dark blue mecha's eyes, and without answering, he raised his knife.
The exotic beast finally took a step back as well. He slanted a vicious glare at Luo XiaoLou on the stage then slowly said, "Well, when you think about it, you can always come to me." After saying that, he turned to Shao Rong, suppressing his rage and murderous intent, the nails on his claws growing violently, "I'm going to have some fun and finish those people and then we'll leave."
Luo XiaoLou barked, but he realized he didn't seem to have the means to speak.
"Halt. You must leave the sealed island immediately." The dark blue mecha looked at the stage and continued.
The exotic beast turned to the mecha incredulously, "Have you been invaded by a virus? Why can't we kill humans? Aren't you forgetting something? Or is the word loyalty not entered into your system?"
In response to those questions, the mecha didn't speak, only began to aim the long range dual particle sniper rifle placed on its shoulder.
The exotic beast looked at the mecha with anger, "You think you can save those people? Have you forgotten that you were invented by our exotic beast kind? Even if I don't go personally, I can use the Source of Consciousness force to force them to commit suicide." Saying that, the exotic beast slowly raised its hand.
Luo XiaoLou resisted the pain in his body and stood up.
The dark blue mecha was silent for a few seconds. Whle the particle gun didn't fire, it emitted an intense light that surrounded the exotic beast's entire body. Luo XiaoLou could see clearly that it was all Source of Consciousness Force in the form of energy.
The mecha was definitely125, but its appearance had changed. It was more majestic and overbearing. Was this the effect of the upgrade?
Even though Luo XiaoLou's Source of Consciousness power had now risen to advanced, he had never seen so many Source of Consciousness power streams than what surrounded the exotic beast just now.
In the shroud of light, the exotic beast suddenly cried out to the sky, its voice filled with pain.
"Now I've cut off your Source of Consciousness power from controlling those humans, and you yourself are seriously injured. If you don't leave now, even if I don't do anything more, you won't be able to leave this place," 125 declared coldly.
The exotic beast stared at the dark blue mecha in shock, and even Shao Rong put his usual smile on his face.
Just at this moment, footsteps suddenly sounded outside, while someone shouted, "Go in here and take a look, maybe they're in here." It was Yuan Nuo's voice.
The three people in the hall and the mecha were stunned, and they quickly realized that almost all the people in the left and right halls were there.
Shao Rong and the exotic beast looked at each other, and the exotic beast began to change at a rate that was visible to the naked eye, becoming someone with aquamarine hair, androgenous, beautiful and feminine.
The dark blue mecha disappeared when the others weren't looking, and it took with it the shattered energy shield on the floor.
Only Luo XiaoLou, who was on stage, didn't have time to do anything before Yuan Xi stalked in from outside with a gloomy face.
Seeing the furious Yuan Xi, Luo XiaoLou was devastated. His leg was still bleeding and he could barely stand up, it was already too late to hide. He caught sight of the exotic beast making a face like he was about to faint – of course, he was badly injured – and Shao Rong held him up from the other side.
Yue Shang's eyes lit up when he saw the two, and he mouthed, "Shao Rong, what are you doing here?"
Shao Rong calmly said, "I was walking at the end of the line, I heard someone here shouting for help and came over after talking to you guys."
Yue Shang was stunned and wondered, "Is that so? I can't remember exactly what happened."
Luo ShaoTian stared at Sh | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.442276 | 0.280965 | -0.304338 | -0.946381 |
ao Rong and said coldly, "You were fine while the rest of us were all under the control of something?"
Shao Rong smiled and raised an eyebrow, "Maybe the thing that controls us isn't strong enough and just happened to miss me. By the way, isn't there one less person in your group too? How do you explain that?"
Luo ShaoTian gave Shao Rong a chilly look and didn't say another word.
"Have you seen Luo XiaoLou?" asked Yuan Xi.
Shao Rong glanced at the stage with a smile and said smoothly, "No. When I came over, this was the only person here. Could His Highness Prince Consort have gone elsewhere?"
Yuan Xi's face was getting heavier and heavier. Luo XiaoLou's life wasn't in danger, that was certain, but it felt awful that he wasn't around. Why would Luo XiaoLou leave alone?
Yuan Xi turned to the blue-haired young man, "Who is he?"
Shao Rong took one look at Yue Shang and said, "I'm not sure, but this guy was left here when I came in. He said himself that he was captured by the exotic beast and it seemed to be making a sacrifice for a ritual."
The blue-haired young man shivered and said in a trembling voice, "Your Highness, my name is Qian Heng, I was captured by those things. At the time, I was taking a commercial ship to my uncle's home, but when I was passing near the Zawen base, the entire ship was plundered here. Those exotic beasts were killing one person a day, and I'm the last. Fortunately, you guys made it here…" the exotic beast actually cried quietly.
Yuan Xi looked at the man being held by Shao Rong in confusion, feeling that something was wrong.
Luo XiaoLou, on the other hand, was staring at the group, while the exotic beast's voice rang in his ears, "I suggest you don't say anything. Don't do anything. If I'm exposed, then you won't be able to hide your identity. Also, if I can't leave, not only will you not survive, but I'll bury everyone here."
Luo XiaoLou didn't quite believe that last statement, but he was worried about hurting Yuan Xi if the exotic beast got violent and hurt someone.
Shao Rong said, "I think Qian Heng should be fine."
Yue Shang looked twice and also said, "If what you say is true, don't worry, we'll take you out."
Luo XiaoLou was still staring toward them. He actually hoped that Yuan Xi would take the opportunity to kill the exotic beast. If he was allowed to leave, the consequences would be unimaginable.
But he wasn't able to move right now, and 125 couldn't make an appearance.
Yuan Xi watched for a few seconds, although he felt something was wrong, he was anxious to find Luo XiaoLou and waved his hand at Yuan Nuo, "Take him to get checked out and hand him over to Captain Kent."
After saying that, Yuan Xi walked up to the stage and quickly saw three boxes, one of which had already been opened. The middle one and the one on the far right were untouched.
And next to the three boxes, there was actually an animal of the same color as the stage. A white-furred, round body with sea-blue round eyes full of cowering fear, ears drooping down, and a tail wrapped around its legs.
"What is this thing? A Landa Planet animal?" Abel asked in surprise.
His words drew the attention of everyone in the hall.
Walking to the edge of the stage, Yuan Xi grabbed the hair on the back of its neck and picked up the chubby animal, which seemed to be frightened but gave up after a slight struggle. It had even hooked its tail onto Yuan Xi's arm to keep its balance, and was now looking up at Yuan Xi with a sad face.
Yuan Nuo stared in amazement, "There are actually such docile animals here? I thought they were all just like that perverted plant."
Yuan Xi had a strange feeling in his heart. This animal he was holding was constantly trembling and | [
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Vermont Organics Bar Soap's super-mild handmade soap bars are USDA Certified Organic to Food Standards. Made from a hypoallergenic vegetable base of organic Coconut, Palm, Olive and Palm Kernel oils, we use natural, aromatherapy essential oils and botanical extracts to alter the effects of this moisturizing soap base on your skin. All bars are facial quality. Different blends for different skin types.
It takes nearly a month to handcraft a bar of Vermont Soap. Only this 200 year old process yields a bar of soap suitable for the most sensitive skin. For more information see below; What is soap?
All of our products are free of artificial colors, fragrances or preservatives. We use Rosemary Extract as a natural preservative. No animal products (except honey soap), animal by-products or testing.
Available Scents include: peppermint magic, honey, citrus sunrise and oatmeal lavendar. Please note scent in remarks box when ordering.
Vermont Soap Organics takes oils, which make you greasy, and turns them into soap, which make you clean. This process is called saponification (making soap). Soap is fascinating stuff. It is actually a salt that foams! This crystalline nature of soap allows it to be made clear as glass when boiled in alcohol with sugars. Now a salt is what you get when you mix an acid and a base together. The acids and bases neutralize each other and a salt forms in the process. Soap, is made from acidic oils and an alkaline solution. Think of it like a child's seesaw. Oil and alkali must be in balance to make the perfect bar of soap.
When you mix oils, alkali and water, they chemically react and turn into soap and glycerin. At Vermont Soap Organics they stir the glycerin back in to add to the moisturizing qualities of the final product.
Where does alkali come from?
In the old days, rainwater was filtered through hardwood ashes (coconut husk and plantain ashes in Africa and South Pacific, oak and maple here in New England) to make a Potassium Hydroxide solution. Bar soaps are made from Sodium Hydroxide. This is what you get when you run electricity through salt water. Modern day Potassium Hydroxide is made from a similar process.
Soap is very unusual, acting like a snake with two heads. The oily head hates water and the alkali head loves water. When you mix soap and water, this love/hate relationship causes soap to lather.
Is glycerin good for my skin? YOU BET!
Glycerin is in fact more valuable by weight than soap. Milled soaps remove their glycerin by adding salt to their batch. Most glycerin in turn is used as a stabilizer in Food and Cosmetics production, as well as an inhibitor in cigarette paper which allows it to burn more evenly. With glycerin removed, the end result is a soap that dries your skin! That's because glycerin, mixed with a little oil and water left in the soap, creates a hand-lotion-in-soap effect. This allows us to create a bar that cleans and removes oils, while soothing sensitive skin.
What about glycerin clear bars?
True transparent soap is made by boiling the soap base in alcohol and sugars. Heat and pressure may also be used. Pluses are a high glycerin content and mild pH. Negatives are a bar that dissolves quickly, and often contains artificial colors, fragrances, and alcohol which can dry your skin. Propylene glycol (antifreeze) and triethanolalamine (TEA) are used to make the "melt and pour" soap base of many so called vegetable glycerin bars. Not our idea of natural!
What does "French Milled" mean?
One of the early uses for stainless steel was to run soap base between 2 rollers. They began experimenting with running hot and cold water through the rollers. French milled soap was born! Advantage is a milder, longer lasting bar. These higher quality bar soaps are not milder than handmade soaps.
What is the alternative? Vermont Soap Organics!
We recommend natural handmade or | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | 0.72485 | -0.450986 | 0.564086 | 0.772587 |
"poured" soaps. These traditional, poured and cured processed soaps last nearly twice as long as most mass market bars. Our soap is mixed in small batches and poured into wooden molds. The end result is an opaque premium bath and body bar that is mild enough for the most sensitive skin. Many sufferers of dermatitis can find relief from these types of soaps.
Problem: When alkali and oil fail to merge chemically, Alkali Salts (sodium hydroxide and oxygen) are left in the product. Alkali Salts have a high pH and are very drying to the skin. Many commercial soaps are full of these salts. It is estimated that about 25% of us are sensitive to this irritant.
So here was the challenge - to make a high glycerin, non-alcohol bar soap without using the artificial fragrances and colors used to mask poor quality bases. The answer was to take a giant step back in time!
Western Soap had its origins in ancient Greece on the Island of Lesbos. There, animal sacrifices were made to the Goddesses. Because the sacrifices were often cremated, hardwood ashes would accumulate (an early source of alkali). These ashes mixed with the tallow of the sacrificed animals. It is said that after a heavy rain a yellow runoff from the fire pit made its way downhill from the temple. The local women washing their clothes in the river noticed that their clothes were cleaner when the river ran yellow. History remembered their poet, Sappho, who wrote of these times and honored her with the definition Saponification - the chemical name for soap making. These are the same women who invented banks.
Over time it was learned that adding salt water to the mixture would precipitate the removal of glycerin and excess water, thus making the soap harder, and not subject to the month long curing process required of true handmade soap. This old-fashioned "yellow soap" was used for laundry, dishes, and the occasional bath.
In France during the reign of Louis the 14th, bathing was considered an oddity not the norm. It is said that King Louis guillotined 3 soap makers for making soap that irritated his very sensitive royal skin. In desperation the 4 remaining soap makers in Paris got together and invented a method of pouring and curing the soap - taking a month to make a single bar. They saved their own necks, and the world got handmade soap (a.k.a. poured soap, cold process soap, farm soap, cured soap).
Vermont Soap Organics is made using a modern version of this three hundred year-old method. Certified organic oils of Palm, Coconut, Olive and Palm Kernel are blended and mixed at precise temperatures with an alkali solution. (Modern Alkali is made by running electricity through salt water.) The batch is mixed for hours, allowing it to thicken slowly. When it is ready, botanical concentrates and organic herbs, spices and grains are added. The batch is then poured into wooden molds and kept warm for about three days. As the soap solidifies, alkali salts begin to rise to the top like cream. Around the fourth day the soap, now solid in block form, is removed from the molds, skimmed of all alkali salts, and cut into individual bars. The bars are then placed on custom made oak and stainless steel screened drying racks and cured for about three more weeks. This process produces the mildest soap that can be made. Often lasting about twice as long as conventional bars, this soap is extremely moisturizing and soothing to your skin.
Various herbal extracts called essential oils are used to enhance and individualize the soaps, as well as to accommodate various skin types. Peppermint Magic, Balsam Swirl, and Citrus Sunrise contain natural astringents making them suitable for skin that is not dry. Lavender relaxes pores making it the perfect soap for normal to dry skin. Shea Butter creates a soap that works best on the driest skin types. Add organic oatmeal and you have Oatmeal Lavender, excellent for dry sensitive skin. Our Honey soap is great for combination skin combining the exfoliating benefits of cornmeal with the moisturizing properties of honey and the natural astringent properties found in clove oil. Woodspice is naturally deodorizing and stimulating and is great for | [
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Portland at crossroads of human trafficking
The Portland Alliance, April 2006
In a city famous for its politicized public citizenry, the nonprofit civic organization City Club of Portland stands out as a respected forum for community education. Its Friday Forums series was established to bring pressing civic issues to concerned citizens, and on Feb. 17 the topic of pressing social concern discussed was human trafficking.
Portland is in the midst of a slow awakening on just how pervasive modern human slavery is here in the United States and globally. The problem of slavery has always plagued humans, but globalization in the past 15 years has exacerbated the situation. In that time, trafficking in human beings has reached epidemic proportions as desperate searches for work have been fuelled by economic disparity, gender inequality and the disruption of traditional livelihoods.
Traffickers face few risks and earn huge profits, greater profits than drug and arms trafficking by some estimates, because unlike drugs and weapons, human slave labor is repeatedly exploitable. Criminals prosecuted for trafficking drugs receive higher sentences than those found guilty of trafficking human beings into slavery.
Consistent statistics on the number of victims and size of organized criminal trafficking rings are nearly impossible because trafficking is by its nature an underground business. Efforts are currently being taken by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to develop a database comparing statistics gathered around the world. By most estimates, the overwhelming majority of victims are female and trafficking for prostitution accounts for about half of all trafficking while exploitive farm work, factory work, and domestic servitude make up the other half.
As the problem has grown, so has the attention the issue is receiving among human rights organizations and governments tasked with responding to the increase in victims. Following the lead of Amnesty International, the Coalition Against Trafficking in Women and other international organizations committed to abolishing slavery, this spring the Daywalka Foundation will set up at Portland State University's Hatfield School of Government to continue its anti-trafficking advocacy. Daywalka Executive Director Christopher Carey spoke at City Club's Friday Forum about the scope of the problem, "The U.S. State Department estimates that 600,000 to 800,000 people a year are trafficked across international borders. The International Labor Organization estimates that upwards of 12 million people live as slaves as a result of trafficking in the world today. In South Asia this problem is particularly acute."
Carey is a lawyer who has spent the past few years building the Daywalka Foundation to the international success story it has become. Started by activist and humanitarian Mark West, a close friend of Carey, Daywalka's original focus was on educating young Nepalese girls to keep them from being trafficked. Raising money so girls could attend school is necessary because sexism that favors boy children over girl children results in uneducated girls particularly vulnerable to traffickers. In the spirit of focusing energies on girls and women, the name Daywalka is a pseudonym for the first trafficking survivor who told her story to the founders ten years ago.
Supplying school fees was helpful but advocates wanted to try a more integrated approach, so money was raised to send students from Seattle University to Nepal to learn in deeper detail how to provide more ambitious, longer-lasting aid. One of these students, Sahar Romani, went on to become a program assistant and created Kalam, a poetry curriculum for stigmatized youth that helps build self-confidence and the student's thirst for more education.
It's estimated 80 percent to 90 percent of trafficking victims are females, therefore women from a variety of castes were trained as teachers and to become positive female role models to the girls around them. Information about the tricks and lies of prosperity told by traffickers and pimps are part of that education.
But the education of victims did not address the corruption of law enforcement and judges. Corrupt courts rife with bribery from brothel-owners and other profiteers don't effectively prosecute criminals, and too often children rescued from brothels were placed back into the hands of traffickers | [
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Carey elaborates, "One of the most effective ways we have found to insure justice to victims and survivors is hiring private attorneys to help represent those victims and survivors. They help provide them access to all services of justice, not just healthcare but prosecution, reintegration and repatriation, and job training as necessary."
In 2002, political instability in Nepal became particularly heated and it was determined Daywalka's continued presence could put their colleagues in danger. The program was disrupted and energies turned toward preventing trafficking in the United States.
Daywalka's primary model has been using Women and Children Security Resource Centers (WCSRC) to create collaborations between law enforcement, social service providers, public health agencies, shelters and other nongovernmental organizations. The joint venture with Portland State University's Hatfield School of Government will largely focus on integrating Portland's services in much the same way. Other goals of the merger are to produce a comprehensive anti-trafficking library and to put on a training conference that would train public servants likely to encounter trafficking victims in identifying victims and provide them the help they need.
Also high on Daywalka's agenda is the passage of Oregon's first anti-trafficking legislation. The past few years have seen incredible movement by the federal government to address the issue. The Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) was signed into law in October 2000 and was amended in 2003 to close loopholes and provide more specific protections for victims. In April 2003, the PROTECT Act was signed into law to allow prosecutions of Americans who travel abroad to abuse minors.
The Bush Administration has taken most of the credit for the recent mobilization against slavery, but the true story is one of many people involved in a bipartisan cooperation all too rare in modern American politics. Back in 1999 the late Paul Wellstone introduced the International Trafficking of Women and Children Victim Protection Act in the Senate and his legacy is well-known to liberal and conservative anti-trafficking advocates. In January 2006 President Bush signed the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act after Sen. Sam Brownback (R-Kansas) and Rep. Deborah Pryce (R-Ohio) joined with Rep. Carolyn Maloney (D-N.Y.) to push forth the anti-trafficking legislation. Rep. Maloney has also pioneered against trafficking by working with New York State Attorney General Eliot Spitzer to put sex tour operators in New York out of business.
States are following the federal government's lead in pursuing traffickers within their borders. The first state to pass specifically anti-trafficking legislation was Hawaii in 2004. Act 92 makes it a felony offense, with a sentence of up to five years in prison, to sell or offer to sell travel services for the purpose of engaging in prostitution and authorizes suspension or revocation of a travel agency registration for violations. Most states have laws against promoting prostitution, but Hawaii is the first state to specifically criminalize the activities of sex tour operators by recognizing the link between prostitution and trafficking: "The purpose of this Act is to promote and protect the human rights of women and girls exploited by sex tourists . . . In so doing, the legislature forcefully declares Hawaii's unequivocal opposition to any form of sex tourism, whether it is child sex tourism or sex tourism involving adults."
Because Oregon is situated between California and Washington and those two states have the largest trafficking problems in the country, Portland is a conduit city as well as a destination for criminal rings that run up and down the West coast. Liz Rogers from Catholic Charities, a service-providing agency for trafficking victims, spoke after Christopher Carey at the City Club Friday Forum about the difficulties in going after traffickers when Oregon has no anti-trafficking law, "Most trafficking victims want to be safe and they want this to stop. They want the people that are doing this to be stopped and to be punished. It's really difficult when you're working just under a federal law without state legislation support to go after traffickers."
A working group recently formed to create an anti-trafficking bill for | [
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Buy Brides Web site A Background South Jamaica Center For Youngsters And Mother and father, Inc
Listen )) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea Spanning 10,990 square kilometres (4,240 sq mi) in location, it is the third-greatest island of the Better Antilles and the fourth-greatest island country in the Caribbean Jamaica lies about 145 kilometres (90 mi) south of Cuba , and 191 kilometres (119 mi) west of Hispaniola (the island containing the countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic ). EVER given that I was a teenager, I've desired to pay a visit to Jamaica and savour its Caribbean heat, its vitality, its organic attractiveness. The exuberance and musical audacity of reggae has been a continual in my existence and Jamaican culture often seemed so self-assured that I craved to expertise it very first-hand.
The neighborhood folks I spoke to knew the land employed to be a single large sugar plantation but didn't know that it was named right after a tiny Scottish glen. Without a doubt, Jamaicans who dwell in towns referred to as Inverness, Roxborough and most-poignantly, Culloden, look typically unaware that their towns have been named right after areas in Scotland.
I wasn't stunned as a result to find out that several Jamaicans named Wedderburn nevertheless populate southern and western Jamaica – even though we can not know how several are descendants of slaves who have been just provided the identify of their owners, rather than the progeny of dubious master-slave relationships.
There look to be some guys that accept and encourge this friendship. I have a pal who was seeing a person who was presently married. All seemed to have been proceeding effectively – effectively as effectively as they can do beneath individuals conditions – until finally he invited her residence for drinks with his wife! He just desired them to know each and every other, and in truth imagined they could have been excellent pals as it seemed they had a good deal in frequent – apart from him that is.
Jamaican guys have nuff gal" AND Jamaican females have nuff man" – it really is just that Jamaican females know far better than to boast, and Jamaican guys dislike getting reminded that their girlfriends and wives are not waiting quietly at residence although they go out to examine out the new ting…….
George and Clar Weah met at a U.S. branch of Chase Bank. Weah was captivated by the Jamaican native's attractiveness and the rest, as they say, is historical past. Clar resides in Fort Lauderdale, Florida and is a productive businesswoman she owns a bakery and Caribbean restaurant. They have three youngsters: George Weah Jr., Timothy Weah, and Tita Weah.
So thank you Suzanne and Satyen Raja for your remarkable course, and for sharing this gold nugget of wisdom! You modified a damaging pattern that had existed in the two of our families for generations. You aided me to be a far better particular person, mom, wife, and daughter-in-law although also producing me so significantly happier. I really like my in-laws now and truly feel genuinely blessed to have them in my existence.
Dunn wrote A Tale of Two Plantations to examine the personal lives and collective experiences of some 2,000 slaves on the Mesopotamia sugar estate in western Jamaica and Mount Airy Plantation in tidewater Virginia. He studied Jamaican data intensely for this story. Nevertheless, he missed an earlier marriage record for Dr. Henry Barham identified in the Jamaican Anglican Church data.
Edward Thache Jr. almost certainly plied the neighborhood Caribbean waters as a mariner, like his father just before him and his half-brother Thomas right after 1725-30. The town of Kingston, not too long ago created a port to substitute the earthquake and fire-destroyed Port Royal, across the bay, could have attracted Edward's maritime interests, as it did the loved ones of "notorious" pirate Thomas Barrow. Barrow's father of the identical identify served Jamaica for twenty-five years as the Attorney-Basic – interestingly, several of individuals years as a blind man who at some point died in 1725.
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Volume 7, Issue 12
Anatomical results, rebleeding and factors that affect the degree of occlusion in ruptured cerebral aneurysms after endovascular therapy
Eduardo Murias Quintana1,
Alberto Gil Garcia1,
Pedro Vega Valdés1,
Hugo Cuellar2,
Ángela Meilán Martínez1,
Antonio Saiz Ayala1,
Serafin Costilla Garcia1,
Dolores Escudero Augusto3,
Julio Cesar Gutierrez Morales4,
Antonio López García4
1Department of Radiology—Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
2Department of Neurosurgery, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
3Department of Critical Care, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
4Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
Correspondence to Dr Eduardo Murias Quintana, Department of Radiology—Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Julián Clavería s/n, Oviedo, Asturias 33006, Spain; emuriass{at}hotmail.com
Object To present a series of ruptured cerebral aneurysms in consecutive non-selected patients treated with endovascular therapy, analyzing the initial degree of occlusion, its anatomical evolution mid-term and the variables that could statistically affect them.
Methods 251 aneurysms were first treated with coiling (embolization). 203 patients were followed up with conventional angiography for 6–8 months after the initial treatment and 182 were followed up with three-dimensional time of flight MR angiography at18–24 months. Postoperative and mid-term anatomical results were evaluated anonymously and independently using the modified Montreal Scale.
Results The initial rate of complete occlusion was 70.9%, with rates of neck remnants and aneurysm remants of 18.3% and 10.7%, respectively. The recurrence rate was 13% after 6 months and 2% between 6 months and 2 years. The rate of retreatment was 11%. Statistically, the variables that were found to be related to the initial degree of occlusion were the use of a remodeling balloon technique (p=0.012), the size of the aneurysm neck (p=0.044) and the size of the aneurysm (p=0.004). The recanalization rate at mid-term depended on the size of the aneurysm. Although aneurysms with partial occlusion initially tended to evolve to a worse degree of closure than those with complete occlusion initially, the relationship was not statistically significant (p=0.110).
Conclusions Embolized aneurysms can develop a worse degree of closure even when the initial occlusion is complete. The degree of occlusion depends directly on morphological factors and the use of balloon-assisted techniques. The recanalization rate at mid-term depends on the size of the aneurysm and probably on the density of the packing achieved with the initial treatment.
Magnetic Resonance Angiography
Subarachnoid
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2014-011300
Since the publication of the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) in 2002, most centers have accepted that ruptured brain aneurysms can be treated safely with embolization.1 ,2 The most important guidelines state that, if both surgical and endovascular techniques are feasible, the latter is the technique of choice.3 ,4
Several problems intrinsically associated with endovascular treatment have been described, including a higher rate of partially occluded aneurysms and a higher rate of recanalization compared with surgical treatment.3 Since the publication of the CAR | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.256518 | 1.412633 | 0.703958 | 0.628391 |
AT study and ISAT studies, we know that the recanalization rate and partial occlusion closure have a direct influence on the rebleeding rate.1 ,2 ,5–9
In studies without retreatment and with a high rate of partial occlusion closures such as ISAT, the rebleeding rate increased progressively from the first month up to 2 years. The retreatment of partial occlusion closures prevents rebleeding, as shown by the CLARITY study in which no rebleeding was observed after the first month and throughout the first year.1 ,8 Retreatment can be done by endovascular or surgery techniques.10 ,11
Another problem is the recanalization of aneurysms treated with endovascular techniques. Embolized aneurysms should therefore be followed long-term either by arteriography or, in recent times, by MR angiography (MRA). The aim is to detect a worsening in the degree of occlusion.12–15
It is therefore necessary to know the variables that influence the degree of initial occlusion of the aneurysm and to analyze the rate of worsening of the degree of occlusion and retreatment in order to try to minimize the rate of rebleeding and recanalization.
This study examined the anatomical and rebleeding results obtained in a series of consecutive unselected patients with ruptured cerebral aneurysms following initial embolization, with a minimum follow-up of 2 years. We compared our results with those in the literature and analyzed the variables related to the anatomical results in the short- and mid-term.
An experienced neuroradiologist and an experienced neurosurgeon analyzed each aneurysm associated with a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and the endovascular option was chosen when both techniques were feasible or embolization was the better option. As reported in other related articles, the following aneurysms were not included: dissecting, fusiform, those associated with arteriovenous malformation and those previously treated with coils or clips. Variables such as age, past medical history (hypertension, diabetes and smoking) and aneurysm-related variables (location, neck size and dome:neck ratio) were recorded.
Treatment methodology
The majority of coils used were biological (Cerecyte; Micrus Endovascular Corporation, California, USA) and in a small percentage of cases a Guglielmi detachable coil (GDC) was used (Boston Scientific Neurovascular, Fremont, California, USA). When it was anatomically possible, treatment using the remodeling technique was chosen using Hyperglide or Hyperform balloons (ev3/Covidien). After the introduction of the first coil, 5000 units of heparin were administered and the patient was maintained coagulation-free for 24 h after the procedure using sodium heparin and prescribed antiplatelet treatment with 100 mg aspirin for 1 month.
Clinical assessment
All hospitalized patients were assessed using the Hunt and Hess scale, the Glasgow coma scale and the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) scale. On discharge, a clinical assessment was carried out after 1 month and 1 year using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS).
The angiographic complications were separated into thromboembolisms due to the presence of a thrombus or a compromised space in a cerebral artery (independently of the percentage of flow reduction) and rupture of the aneurysm when contrast leakage was observed or coils were protruding into the subarachnoid space without contrast leakage.
The presence of vasospasm was assessed by clinical monitoring, transcranial Doppler and/or digital subtraction angiography (DSA) post-intervention. The patients were also monitored for stroke and hydrocephalus.
Anatomical assessment
The initial assessment of the degree of occlusion was investigated by DSA immediately after the treatment of the aneurysms with the consensus of two experienced neuroradiologists using the Montreal scale. This scale divides the degree of aneurysm occlusion into three groups: complete occlusion, neck | [
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remnants and aneurysm remnants.
The evolution of the degree of closure of the aneurysm was analyzed by angiography at 6 months and monitored with MRA 18–24 months after the initial treatment (time of flight 1.5 T, GE). The aneurysms were divided into three groups after initial DSA based on the consensus of two experienced neuroradiologists: improvement, no change or worsening. We identified those aneurysms that required retreatment and those which had rebled.
A statistical analysis was performed using the clinical (high blood pressure, age, gender and diabetes), anatomical (aneurysm and neck size, distance neck:dome and location) and treatment-related factors (degree of initial closure, use of assisted techniques and complications) to study the relationship with the degree of initial occlusion and the anatomical evolution of the aneurysms.
Continuous variables are represented using averages, SDs and minimum, maximum and average values. The continuous variables were compared using parametric tests (Student–Welch test or Welch–Robust test depending on the case) or non-parametric tests (Kruskal–Wallis) on variables that did not follow a normal distribution. The categorical variables are described using relative and absolute frequencies and the relationships between the categorical variables were measured using the exact χ2 test. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were carried out to establish which variables really had an influence on each prognosis. The qualities of the models were assessed using the area under the curve. p Values <0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.
From 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2009, 721 patients were admitted to our center with SAH, of which 312 were diagnosed as having a cerebral aneurysm. After discounting non-saccular aneurysms, as previously mentioned, the sample was reduced to 273 aneurysms. After clinical assessment, 22 of these were chosen for surgical treatment: 14 because they had compressive hematoma with clinical instability and it was not possible to provide the necessary level of continuous patient care in our center (8 middle cerebral artery (MCA), 4 M2 MCA and 2 pericallosal), six due to coil instability (all dome neck <2 mm) and two because arterial cervical access was not possible. Thus, 251 aneurysms were included in the review (figure 1).
Anatomical evolution of the aneurysms following initial treatment (first row) in the DSA after 6–8 months (second row) and after MR angiography after 18–24 months (third row). DSA, digital subtraction arteriography; SAH, subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Aneurysm characteristics
Two hundred and twenty-six aneurysms were located in the anterior circulation (90%), with 28.2% in the internal carotid artery, 44.3% in the anterior communicating artery, 12.3% in the middle cerebral artery and 10% in the vertebrobasilar system. The average size of the aneurysms was 7.1 mm, with 32 aneurysms <3 mm (12.7%) and four giant aneurysms (1.6%). 92% of the aneurysms had a neck size <4 mm and the dome:neck ratio was >1.5 in 75.6% (table 1).
Demographic and aneurysm characteristics
Intervention characteristics
The average period up to the intervention (time from bleeding to treatment) was 58.3 h, with a minimum of 2 h and a maximum of 19 days. Treatment was carried out in the first 72 h in 88% of the 221 patients. Assisted techniques were used in 146 patients (58.2%), including 143 patients (57%) with the remodeling technique. Stent-assisted embolization, double catheterization and parent vessel occlusion were each used in one case | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.262292 | 1.4905 | 1.202474 | 0.663808 |
(0.4%).
Thromboembolic complications were observed in 22 patients (8.8%), leading to a neurological deficit in six cases (2.4%) and death in four patients (1.6%). Intraprocedural aneurysm rupture occurred in 11 patients (4.4%), which led to a worsening of the neurological condition in two patients (0.8%) and death in another two (0.8%). Rebleeding occurred in four patients (1.5%), which led to a worsening of the neurological condition in two patients (0.8%) and death in another two (0.8%). The permanent morbidity rate related to the procedure was 3.2% and the related death rate during the procedure was 2.4%.
Ninety patients (36%) developed hydrocephalus during follow-up imaging, and it was considered appropriate to use ventricular drainage in 82 patients (91.1%). Sixty-nine patients (27.5%) met the ultrasound criteria for cerebral vasospasms, which was clinically and/or angiographically compatible in all of them. Fifty-nine patients (23.5%) had cerebral ischemia in the follow-up neuroimaging. One hundred and seven patients complied with the post-intervention anticoagulant protocol (62.5%) and 150 patients complied with the post-intervention antiplatelet protocol (59.8%) (table 2).
Patient distribution according to clinical grade on hospitalization on the WFNS scale over a series of different endovascular treatments
Initial aneurysm occlusion
Complete occlusion was achieved in 178 patients (70.9%), neck remnants were observed in 46 patients (18.3%) and aneurysm remnants in 27 patients (10.7%) (table 3). The variables that were found to be significantly related to the degree of occlusion were the use of a remodeling balloon (p=0.012), aneurysm neck size (p=0.044) and aneurysm size (p=0.004).
Immediate anatomical results of our series compared with previous series
At 6-month follow-up
Four patients were retreated using endovascular techniques during the three first 3 months after treatment because of initial partial occlusion of the aneurysm, and subsequently they continued follow-up treatment. Two hundred and three patients underwent the first control arteriography; 35 died and 13 refused to do the control.
The degree of closure occlusion worsened in 36 patients (15 had complete closure, 5 neck remnants and 6 aneurysm remnants). Treatment remained stable in 146 patients (10 had neck remnants and 4 had aneurysm remnants after the initial treatment). An improvement in the degree of closure was observed in 31 patients, evolving to complete closure occlusion (20 had neck remnants and 11 had aneurysm remnants after the initial treatment).
At 2 year follow-up
Eighteen patients were retreated following the first angiographic control (12 were re-embolized and 6 were treated by surgery). One hundred and eighty-two patients continued monitoring with MRA after 2 years of the initial treatment (3 patients died). In four patients the degree of occlusion worsened (1 had stable neck remnants after 6 months and 3 had stable complete closure after 6 months). Treatment remained stable in the rest of the aneurysms.
Aneurysm retreatment and reopening rates
We therefore obtained a rate of worsening in the degree of occlusion of 13% (26/203) after 6 months and 2% (4/182) after 2 years and a retreatment rate of 11% (table 4).
Comparison of our anatomical results after 2 years with those of the Fern meta-analysis and the CLARITY study
Variables that affect worsening in the degree of closure
A statistically significant relationship was found between aneur | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.548772 | 1.246517 | 1.080535 | 0.410832 |
ysm size and worsening of the degree of closure (p=0.010). The degree of closing tended to worsen more in aneurysms with a low degree of packing than in those with complete occlusion in the initial treatment (p=0.110).
To comply with the recommendations for large randomized trials in real situations and as observed in the CLARITY study, our results come from consecutive non-selected patients.12 Also, the distribution of our series is similar to other published series such as ISAT and CLARITY in terms of age, gender and patient history.
However, in our sample we had more MCA aneurysms, a higher percentage of microaneurysms, a much higher percentage of patients in a poor clinical condition and fewer posterior circulation aneurysms than in the ISAT trial. We can consider that our interventional complications and mRS score at discharge are within the standards.
Post-embolization anatomical results
For optimal aneurysm occlusion it has to be either closed completely or to have neck remnants left to preserve the origin of a branch.8 We obtained optimal occlusion in approximately 90% of our cases. These results are similar to those obtained in the CLARITY study. Although there are different anatomical classifications, we have compared the morphological results in coiled aneurysms with previously published series in table 3.8 ,16–21 Clinical factors such as the patient's clinical condition at admission and postoperative complications were not statistically related to the initial degree of occlusion.
The degree of initial occlusion is directly influenced by aneurysm-related anatomical factors. Some aneurysms with a larger diameter or bigger neck (factors treated as continuous variables) tend to present initially with a lower degree of packing. This ratio is also maintained if we analyze aneurysms with a neck size >4 mm. The initial use of the remodeling balloon technique increases the degree of occlusion in the aneurysms, giving a statistically significant relationship between its use and complete closure. This assisted technique is therefore fundamental to achieving a suitable degree of occlusion initially. On the other hand, no significant relationship was found between the degree of initial closure and the location of the aneurysm, either in the anterior or posterior circulation.
In the mid-term we confirmed that some aneurysms tend to reopen (recanalyze) even when complete occlusion was achieved after the initial treatment. It is therefore necessary to monitor all embolized aneurysms after endovascular treatment, even if complete occlusion was achieved.
The recanalization rate of endovascular-treated aneurysms in previous series ranges from 10% to 20%; in our series the recanalization rate was 13% after 6 months and 2% between 6 months and 2 years. The tendency to recanalize therefore tapers off significantly with time, a finding that has already been described in some related articles.1 ,8 ,20 ,22–25
Moreover, partially treated aneurysms can develop complete occlusion, probably due to re-epithelialization of the neck. In our study the proportion was close to 15% and occurred mainly during the first 6 months after embolization.
We did not consider that the patient's clinical condition at admission and the postoperative complications were related to worsening in the degree of occlusion. Other published studies have found a direct relationship with age, high blood pressure and smoking. In fact, these last two factors have become critical, being the cornerstone of any medical treatment when preventing recanalization of aneurysms. In our study we only recorded the presence of high blood pressure and smoking while the patient was in hospital care and not during follow-up, so only limited conclusions can be drawn in this regard.
We found a statistically significant relationship between aneurysm size and worsening in the degree of occlusion, with greater worsening over time in larger aneurysms than in small ones. This same conclusion has been reported in other studies.7 ,8
Some previous studies have found that aneurysms with a greater packing density after initial treatment are less likely to have worsening in the degree of occlusion than aneurysms with a low packing density. In our study there was no statistically significant relationship (p=0.110) due | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.228987 | 1.474927 | 0.759548 | 0.896545 |
to the small sample size, with results similar to some described in other studies.8
Rebleeding
One of the most significant findings was the absence of rebleeding after the first month and during the first 2 years, which is similar to the results obtained in the CLARITY study. In the ISAT study the rate of rebleeding was 1.2% in the first month and 7% between the first month and 2 years in the endovascular arm.1 ,6
We found that obtaining complete occlusion is key to avoiding rebleeding and to achieving results similiar to those obtained with surgery. The use remodeling balloon in acute phase in all cases or early retreatment with endovascular stent-assisted techniques will improve the results.
The rate of retreatment in our study was higher than in the ISAT study but the same as in the CLARITY study. This is probably explained by the larger number of aneurysms with optimal occlusion in our study and in the CLARITY study than in the ISAT study.
It is important to consider the role of surgery in the retreatment of partially treated aneurysms, especially in young patients, and endovascular stent-assisted techniques in order to reduce the rate of rebleeding and partially treated aneurysms. Prospective trials are needed to compare the two methods.
Although embolized aneurysms tend to have a higher rate of recanalization, even if complete occlusion is achieved after the initial treatment, the rate of early rebleeding is very low. Early rebleeding occurs in patients with aneurysm remnants, so early retreatment is essential in this group. Aneurysm recanalization occurs mainly in the first months after embolization, and long-term follow-up after 2 years is needed only in selected cases.
The degree of initial occlusion depends directly on morphological factors and the use of the balloon remodeling technique. The rate of mid-term reopening depends directly on the size of the aneurysm and probably on the packing density achieved in the initial treatment.
These data suggest that the evolution of endovascular therapy has steadily decreased the rate of rebleeding, increasing the complete occlusion of cerebral aneurysms. This has enabled us to achieve our objective of similar results between surgery and endovascular therapy in terms of rebleeding and recanalization.
Molyneux A,
Kerr R,
Stratton I, et al
. International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) of neurosurgical clipping versus endovascular coiling in 2143 patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: a randomised trial. Lancet 2002;360:1267–74. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11314-6
Molyneux AJ,
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Birks J, et al
. Risk of recurrent subarachnoid haemorrhage, death, or dependence and standardised mortality ratios after clipping or coiling of an intracranial aneurysm in the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT): long-term follow-up. Lancet Neurol 2009;8:427–33. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70080-8
Bederson JB,
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. Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke 2009;40:994–1025. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.191395
Lagares A,
Gomez PA,
Alen JF, et al
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.164541 | 1.272473 | 0.605331 | 0.972438 |
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Long range vision
Discoveries on protein essential in forming the brain make agreement with multinational feasible
Carlos Fioravanti
may. 2003
Two weeks before Christmas last year, as a reward for the ceaseless efforts of the research group that he coordinates, Antonio Carlos Martins de Camargo – a physician by training who found his way into research in biochemistry and eight years ago set himself up in the Butantan Institute – signed a contract with the multinational pharmaceutical industry Merck, Sharp & Dohme. The agreement, which has only two pages, establishes a common objective for the teams from Butantan and from the company headquartered in Essex, in the United Kingdom: to develop medicines using a protein that represents one of the ramifications of work that was started back in the 40s by one of Brazil's greatest scientists, Maurício Rocha e Silva.
From a discrete birth, it soon proved to be promising, and even, in recent years, essential, as a succession of scientific articles signed by researchers not only from Brazil, but also from the United States, Europe and Japan, proved the crucial role of this protein in regulating a series of functions, from the transmission of pain to the formation of the brain during gestation.There is still no forecast of what medicines may arise, nor when, but the prospects for this joint work are opening up a new chapter in the story that was born at the end of the 60s, as developments of Rocha e Silva's discoveries, and is far from ending.
In one of the next episodes, there should be a clash between the big names of world science, in search of recognition of the authorship of the discovery of the protein to which Camargo dedicated almost half of his life. This month, if possible, the researcher from Butantan intends to demonstrate, once and for all, that the protein that he himself discovered and called endooligopeptidase A or endoA – presented in two articles, one published in 1969 in Biochemical Pharmacology , and another, two years later, in the Journal of Neurochemistry – is the same that the Americans, Germans and Japanese rediscovered in 2000 and baptized as Nudel, nuclear distributing-like protein, describing its activity in forming the cerebral cortex in independent articles published in December of that year in Neuron . "It is not enough for us to be and to be seen to be honest, like Caesar's wife", says he. "We Brazilians have to prove our honesty at every moment."
But Camargo learned how to wait, as the agreement with the pharmaceutical industry demonstrates; it was stitched together with the same diplomatic sense that, coupled with diligence in work, made it possible for him to be hired by the Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (USP) at the end of the 60s, transferred to the Biomedical Sciences Institute at USP in São Paulo in 1984, to form a research nucleus at Butantan, and to become the coordinator of the Center for Applied Toxinology (CAT), one ofthe Cepids (Research, Innovation and Diffusion Centers) that make up FAPESP's special program.
"We only accepted Merck's proposal after the patent for the protein had been lodged", he says. "We cannot be in a hurry, so as not to lose everything we have already done." And what they have achieved is by no means little. Studying the properties of this protein has made it possible to educate almost 30 masters and doctors, besides being one of the oldest research lines supported continuously by FAPESP. The first project in Camargo's name, without counting earlier ones, signed by his supervisors, date back to 1970. There followed another 45 projects supported by research grants, for laboratory infrastructure and for trips abroad, or by means of scholarships for the pupils.
Now at the age of 66, the physician born in São Carlos is part of a generation of researchers that show engagement with their own scientific problems, without expecting immediate recognition. "It is difficult to resist the temptation of the new technologies, which give immediate results, but we cannot neglect real science, which takes time", says one disciple of Rocha e Silva. The scientists of this lineage, nowadays in the region of 60, 70 or even 80 years of age, adopt | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 1.198978 | 0.589838 | 1.019565 | 0.957259 |
Darwin's style of doing science: they value the formulation of hypotheses that can explain what has been seen and the search for evidence that sustains or overturns the original hypothesis.
Some time ago, however, there was a serious risk of the Darwinian style even being mistaken for arrogance. "I was so involved with a research program that I wasn't worried about what other people thought", he recognizes. "I didn't want to please, but to explore my ideas and to do a good job, which I knew would be important sooner or later."In 1962, when he set foot in a laboratory for the first time, Camargo was in his second year of studies in Medicine. He had to assist at child births and surgical operations, but research was what he really wanted to do.
Aware of his real vocation, he knocked at the door of one of Rocha e Silva's assistants, Sêrgio Steiner Cardoso, who gave him the chance of taking part in a study on controlling the regeneration of tissues of the human body. Camargo worked in this line until 1966, when he went on the track of the protein that has called the attention of Merck. He himself was at the time an assistant of Maurício Rocha e Silva, known for being as spontaneous as he was brilliant, to the point of not measuring his words when addressing his colleagues.
Rocha e Silva convinced him in seconds to forget the regeneration of tissues and to take part in the search for the working mechanisms of bradykinin, a molecule that regulates blood pressure, discovered in 1948 by Rocha e Silva himself and by Wilson Beraldo (bradykinin reduces the pressure in the bloodstream and raises it in the central nervous system). At that time, the priority was to identify a group of special proteins, or enzymes, responsible for the transient effect of bradykinin. Applied in the brain of a rabbit, bradykinin would leave the animal hypertensive, restless and panting for a couple of minutes. Afterwards, the rabbit would become catatonic, spread out on the table, incapable of moving.
The evidence suggested the existence of enzymes capable of deactivating bradykinin – if kept in check, they could allow bradykinin to act for a longer time. Not even today would it be easy to prove this idea, since the proteins mingle or act on their own, or in conjunction, when they activate or deactivate other proteins. Camargo asked for a loan of the peptides (protein fragments) that another of Rocha e Silva's assistants, Sêrgio Henrique Ferreira, to this date with the School of Medicine of USP in Ribeirão, had just discovered in the venom of jararaca.
Known as the bradykinin potentiating factor (BPF), this molecule blocks the action of the enzyme that destroys bradykinin. Years later, in one of the most notable results of this group, BPF inspired the creation of captopril, one of the best selling antihypertensive agents in the world, which earns some US$ 5 billion a year for the American laboratory Bristol-Myers Squibb, which since 1977 has held the patent for the synthetic version of this peptide.
The refusal
One of the enzymes that annul the action of bradykinin was endoA, as was to be seen later. At that point of time, it was only seen that Ferreira's peptide left rabbits with hypertension, restless and panting for up to one hour. But it still remained to be discovered which enzyme was cutting – or degrading – the bradykinin. The years went by, until Camargo's team purified endoA, at times running the risk of being electrocuted. "Twenty years ago, one of the ways of separating peptides was to use high voltage electrophoresis, applying a tension of 3000 volts to a sheet of paper with the proteins", says he, without any nostalgia for these methods, which used to take four or five hours of work. Today, it is possible to separate peptides in moments, without any danger of unexpected shocks.
Even knowing the difficulties he would have to overcome, Camargo avoids the easy ways. In 1972, he was finishing his postgraduate studies with Lewis | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.929989 | 0.919475 | 1.137918 | 1.091336 |
Greene, at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, in New York, when he met Sêrgio Cardoso again, the same one who had opened up the gates of the world of science to him. Cardoso, who had transferred himself to the United States, gave him another chance: to follow him, as his right hand man, in the task of setting up a protein laboratory at the University of Tennessee. His former student would receive a salary five times higher than in Brazil, besides winning a house ready for installing himself with his wife and three small children. Camargo said no. He preferred to go back, having decided to create a protein center in Brazil.
He left Brookhaven without forgetting a comment that he had had to swallow weeks after having arrived there, two years before, in 1970. He was unwrapping some packages of equipment, when a technician commented to Greene, the head of the laboratory: "This is the work that a Latin American doctor can do in the United States". Months later, in Ribeirão, he formed a team that accepted the challenge of assembling the equipment, instead of buying it all ready. Not just for the savings that they actually achieved, cutting costs by half, but also because they wanted to discover how it worked, and particularly how to fix the protein analyzer, the most important apparatus of them all. It was a challenge only overcome with the help of two technicians from Brookhaven, Nicholas Alonso and Rosalyn Shapanka, who had already taken part in the initial studies of endoA – both appear as co-authors of the first articles on the characterization of the protein.
If there is one piece of advice that Camargo willingly offers his team, it is: do not be afraid of pursuing your own ideas. "I never believed that the biological role of endoA was to destroy bradykinin", he confesses. With time, the group demonstrated that there was, in actual fact, a family of similar proteins – and that is how endoB arose, a few years after endoA. The two sufficed to give weight to the suspicion that they could have a broader action, acting in the formation or destruction of other proteins and in the regulation, not only of pain and blood pressure, as was thought at first, but also in hormonal control, cell growth, interaction between nerve cells, or the equilibrium of water in the organism, as was ascertained, over the years, as these molecules started to be studied all over the world.
EndoA and endoB are part of a group of enzymes called oligopeptidases, which destroy only peptides, and not entire proteins, as is usual. Camargo put forward this concept in 1976, in Biochemistry and in the Journal of Biological Chemistry , describing endoB, but nobody paid any attention right away. Recognition was to come 19 years later, when a Pole called Vilmos Fulop, from the University of Warwick, in Britain, cited his studies when reporting the crystallization of endoB, in the Cell magazine. In another polemical article, published in 1996 in the Biochemical Journal, Camargo demonstrated that the protein isolated in the testicle of a rat by a team from the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, United States, was not the same one he had extracted from the brain of a rabbit, and now suspected that the same molecule could have more than one function in the organism.
Today, it is Miriam Hayashi, whom Camargo got to know in Tokyo in 1990, who is dedicating herself body and soul to proteins. A Pharmacy graduate, she was working on research into anticancer drugs at the Japanese branch of Roche. After one year over there, she was already thinking about going back to Brazil. In Butantan since 1993, she is dealing with endoA and endoB using molecular biology, complementing what had been done before.
It was Miriam who sequenced endoA, made up of 345 units – or amino acids. It also she who attested to the importance of this protein, by means of an experiment carried out with an embryo of an African frog (Xenopus laevis ). In four of the embryo's eight cells – those that are going to form the right side or the left, while the other four are going to form the opposite side of the body -, she applied a high dose of the gene that induces the production of this protein. There was deformation of the | [
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eye and of the brain of the tadpoles, but only on the side in which the protein appeared in excess, indicating that any imbalance in its quantity could be harmful.
It was important evidence, but it came along with a disappointment. As soon as the experiment was concluded, at the end of 2000, Miriam read inNeuron an article by American researchers who took the merit for the discovery, for publishing first the results that she had arrived at months before. It was not enough, though, to take her wind away. Besides the object of her study, she seems to have inherited from Camargo a taste for betting on her own paths.
<br><p>This work first appeared on <a href="http://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/">Pesquisa FAPESP</a> under a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license</a>. Read the <a href="https://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/en/long-range-vision/" target="_blank">original here</a>.</p><script>var img = new Image(); img.src='https://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/republicacao_frame?id=21125&referer=' + window.location.href;</script>
Two weeks before Christmas last year, as a reward for the ceaseless efforts of the research group that he coordinates, Antonio Carlos Martins de Camargo – a physician by training who found his way into research in biochemistry and eight years ago set himself up in the Butantan Institute – signed a contract with the multinational pharmaceutical industry Merck, Sharp & Dohme. The agreement, which has only two pages, establishes a common objective for the teams from Butantan and from the company headquartered in Essex, in the United Kingdom: to develop medicines using a protein that represents one of the ramifications of work that was started back in the 40s by one of Brazil's greatest scientists, Maurício Rocha e Silva. From a discrete birth, it soon proved to be promising, and even, in recent years, essential, as a succession of scientific articles signed by researchers not only from Brazil, but also from the United States, Europe and Japan, proved the crucial role of this protein in regulating a series of functions, from the transmission of pain to the formation of the brain during gestation.There is still no forecast of what medicines may arise, nor when, but the prospects for this joint work are opening up a new chapter in the story that was born at the end of the 60s, as developments of Rocha e Silva's discoveries, and is far from ending. In one of the next episodes, there should be a clash between the big names of world science, in search of recognition of the authorship of the discovery of the protein to which Camargo dedicated almost half of his life. This month, if possible, the researcher from Butantan intends to demonstrate, once and for all, that the protein that he himself discovered and called endooligopeptidase A or endoA – presented in two articles, one published in 1969 in Biochemical Pharmacology , and another, two years later, in the Journal of Neurochemistry – is the same that the Americans, Germans and Japanese rediscovered in 2000 and baptized as Nudel, nuclear distributing-like protein, describing its activity in forming the cerebral cortex in independent articles published in December of that year in Neuron . "It is not enough for us to be and to be seen to be honest, like Caesar's wife", says he. "We Brazilians have to prove our honesty at every moment." But Camargo learned how to wait, as the agreement with the pharmaceutical industry demonstrates; it was stitched together with the same diplomatic sense that, coupled with diligence in work, made it possible for him to be hired by the Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo (USP) at the end of the 60s, transferred to the Biomedical Sciences Institute at USP in São Paulo in 1984, to form a research nucleus at Butantan, and to become the coordinator of the Center for Applied Toxinology (CAT), one ofthe Cepids (Research, Innovation and Diffusion Centers) that make up FAPESP | [
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's special program. "We only accepted Merck's proposal after the patent for the protein had been lodged", he says. "We cannot be in a hurry, so as not to lose everything we have already done." And what they have achieved is by no means little. Studying the properties of this protein has made it possible to educate almost 30 masters and doctors, besides being one of the oldest research lines supported continuously by FAPESP. The first project in Camargo's name, without counting earlier ones, signed by his supervisors, date back to 1970. There followed another 45 projects supported by research grants, for laboratory infrastructure and for trips abroad, or by means of scholarships for the pupils. Now at the age of 66, the physician born in São Carlos is part of a generation of researchers that show engagement with their own scientific problems, without expecting immediate recognition. "It is difficult to resist the temptation of the new technologies, which give immediate results, but we cannot neglect real science, which takes time", says one disciple of Rocha e Silva. The scientists of this lineage, nowadays in the region of 60, 70 or even 80 years of age, adopt Darwin's style of doing science: they value the formulation of hypotheses that can explain what has been seen and the search for evidence that sustains or overturns the original hypothesis. Some time ago, however, there was a serious risk of the Darwinian style even being mistaken for arrogance. "I was so involved with a research program that I wasn't worried about what other people thought", he recognizes. "I didn't want to please, but to explore my ideas and to do a good job, which I knew would be important sooner or later."In 1962, when he set foot in a laboratory for the first time, Camargo was in his second year of studies in Medicine. He had to assist at child births and surgical operations, but research was what he really wanted to do. Aware of his real vocation, he knocked at the door of one of Rocha e Silva's assistants, Sêrgio Steiner Cardoso, who gave him the chance of taking part in a study on controlling the regeneration of tissues of the human body. Camargo worked in this line until 1966, when he went on the track of the protein that has called the attention of Merck. He himself was at the time an assistant of Maurício Rocha e Silva, known for being as spontaneous as he was brilliant, to the point of not measuring his words when addressing his colleagues. Rocha e Silva convinced him in seconds to forget the regeneration of tissues and to take part in the search for the working mechanisms of bradykinin, a molecule that regulates blood pressure, discovered in 1948 by Rocha e Silva himself and by Wilson Beraldo (bradykinin reduces the pressure in the bloodstream and raises it in the central nervous system). At that time, the priority was to identify a group of special proteins, or enzymes, responsible for the transient effect of bradykinin. Applied in the brain of a rabbit, bradykinin would leave the animal hypertensive, restless and panting for a couple of minutes. Afterwards, the rabbit would become catatonic, spread out on the table, incapable of moving. The evidence suggested the existence of enzymes capable of deactivating bradykinin – if kept in check, they could allow bradykinin to act for a longer time. Not even today would it be easy to prove this idea, since the proteins mingle or act on their own, or in conjunction, when they activate or deactivate other proteins. Camargo asked for a loan of the peptides (protein fragments) that another of Rocha e Silva's assistants, Sêrgio Henrique Ferreira, to this date with the School of Medicine of USP in Ribeirão, had just discovered in the venom of jararaca. Known as the bradykinin potentiating factor (BPF), this molecule blocks the action of the enzyme that destroys bradykinin. Years later, in one of the most notable results of this group, BPF inspired the creation of captopril, one of the best selling antihypertensive agents in the world, which earns some US$ 5 billion a year for the American laboratory Bristol-Myers Squibb, which since 1 | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 1.158222 | 0.685874 | 1.399728 | 1.134342 |
977 has held the patent for the synthetic version of this peptide. The refusal One of the enzymes that annul the action of bradykinin was endoA, as was to be seen later. At that point of time, it was only seen that Ferreira's peptide left rabbits with hypertension, restless and panting for up to one hour. But it still remained to be discovered which enzyme was cutting – or degrading – the bradykinin. The years went by, until Camargo's team purified endoA, at times running the risk of being electrocuted. "Twenty years ago, one of the ways of separating peptides was to use high voltage electrophoresis, applying a tension of 3000 volts to a sheet of paper with the proteins", says he, without any nostalgia for these methods, which used to take four or five hours of work. Today, it is possible to separate peptides in moments, without any danger of unexpected shocks. Even knowing the difficulties he would have to overcome, Camargo avoids the easy ways. In 1972, he was finishing his postgraduate studies with Lewis Greene, at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, in New York, when he met Sêrgio Cardoso again, the same one who had opened up the gates of the world of science to him. Cardoso, who had transferred himself to the United States, gave him another chance: to follow him, as his right hand man, in the task of setting up a protein laboratory at the University of Tennessee. His former student would receive a salary five times higher than in Brazil, besides winning a house ready for installing himself with his wife and three small children. Camargo said no. He preferred to go back, having decided to create a protein center in Brazil. He left Brookhaven without forgetting a comment that he had had to swallow weeks after having arrived there, two years before, in 1970. He was unwrapping some packages of equipment, when a technician commented to Greene, the head of the laboratory: "This is the work that a Latin American doctor can do in the United States". Months later, in Ribeirão, he formed a team that accepted the challenge of assembling the equipment, instead of buying it all ready. Not just for the savings that they actually achieved, cutting costs by half, but also because they wanted to discover how it worked, and particularly how to fix the protein analyzer, the most important apparatus of them all. It was a challenge only overcome with the help of two technicians from Brookhaven, Nicholas Alonso and Rosalyn Shapanka, who had already taken part in the initial studies of endoA – both appear as co-authors of the first articles on the characterization of the protein. If there is one piece of advice that Camargo willingly offers his team, it is: do not be afraid of pursuing your own ideas. "I never believed that the biological role of endoA was to destroy bradykinin", he confesses. With time, the group demonstrated that there was, in actual fact, a family of similar proteins – and that is how endoB arose, a few years after endoA. The two sufficed to give weight to the suspicion that they could have a broader action, acting in the formation or destruction of other proteins and in the regulation, not only of pain and blood pressure, as was thought at first, but also in hormonal control, cell growth, interaction between nerve cells, or the equilibrium of water in the organism, as was ascertained, over the years, as these molecules started to be studied all over the world. EndoA and endoB are part of a group of enzymes called oligopeptidases, which destroy only peptides, and not entire proteins, as is usual. Camargo put forward this concept in 1976, in Biochemistry and in the Journal of Biological Chemistry , describing endoB, but nobody paid any attention right away. Recognition was to come 19 years later, when a Pole called Vilmos Fulop, from the University of Warwick, in Britain, cited his studies when reporting the crystallization of endoB, in the Cell magazine. In another polemical article, published in 1996 in the Biochemical Journal, Camargo demonstrated that the protein isolated in the testicle of a rat by a team from the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, United States, was not the same one he had extracted from the brain of a rabbit, and now sus | [
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babyfir77
IMDb member since August 2003
Using a format I saw another IMDB user page:
Favorite movies (just a few):
The Die Hard series
Lethal Weapon series
Friday the 13th series
Guilty Pleasures:
Horror of Party Beach
Jason X
Favorite Disney/Pixar:
Toy Story series
Snow White & the Seven Dwarfs
Most hated:
The Day the Earth Stood Still (remake)
Planet of the Apes (Burton's)
Fun With Dick and Jane (Carrey)
Taking of Pelham 1 2 3 (Travolta)
Lost in Space (movie)
The Story of Mankind
Favorite Actors (not in order):
Favorite Actress (ditto):
Favorite Directors:
Favorite TV Shows (I'm retro):
The Outer Limits (original series)
The Twilight Zone (original series)
Saturday Night Live (70s-90s)
Batman (60s)
See more▼See less▲
Lifetime Total
Poll Taker
IMDb Member
Most Recently Rated
Lucy and the Great Airport Chase
Here's Lucy
See all 5,023 ratings »
An error has ocurred. Please try again
94 titles | Public
All of these movies I rate a "1." I'll make comments on a few of them. Some may actually go up....but most will not! I have written them in reverse chronological order, i.e. current movies to oldies.
My Top Eight Favorite Batman Films 1966-2012
8 titles | Public
Batman, need I say more? Rating based on my personal enjoyment.
My Top Ten Hitchcock Films
Will update when I make changes.
Additions and Deletions to the 10s
Not in any order, but this list is to keep track of what new tens I have and also what movies fell from the tens.
Celebs I DISLIKE!!!!
32 people | Public
Current and past. Grrrrrr!
My Top Ten Steven Spielberg Films
Will update when I make changes
My Favorite 163 Movies Rated Ten
163 titles | Public
Time for a new update. Django Unchained makes the list, and Batman Forever makes a huge jump from the previous 1-149 list.
My Top Ten James Bond Movies
Ranking the 007 films! Don't expect to find From Russia With Love, Goldeneye, or On Her Majesty's Secret Service here. They rank low to me!!!!
Movies Rated 9
Here is a celebration of those movies that come close to being a 10. Now some of the movies will never be a 10, while a few are oh-so-close to being a 10. Comments will be made when appropriate! In date order, recent first!
Most Over Rated Movies!
Movies that are enjoyed by many, but I sure disagree. In reverse chronological order.
The Man from Utah
The Lawless Frontier
Family Guy: Con Heiress (2018)
Episode 8, Season 17
To Get the Joke in the Middle, Use Close Captioning
17 December 2018 - 4 out of 20 users found this review helpful.
Wow, does this episode get a lot of hate!!!! Well, I thought it was pretty good, but of course not great. One story as Mr Herbert falling in lust with someone else, and Stewie & Brian trying to con some ladies. But the part that you need to use close caption to understand the joke is the extremely ridiculous long name of the most richest heiress. What makes it funny is that Stewie repeats the same name after Brian does and just read it! It is hilarious. We use close captions for all the shows so we don't miss any jokes.
Lost in Space: Space Beauty (1968)
Episode 21, Season 3
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -1.545254 | -2.158871 | -1.370801 | -1.706571 |
An Enteraining Third Season Episode!
22 March 2018 - 1 out of 1 users found this review helpful.
I find myself in disagreement with the rating and the other reviews of this episode, thus I wish to put in my two cents. I love this episode! Now I didn't give it a 10, but just enjoy the storyline, the return of Farnum (in a far superior story to A Day at the Zoo ---I hate Oggo, but that's another story), a nice surprise appearance by Dee Hartford (though not captivating as she was as Verda in Season 2). The humor isn't over the top as some episodes are. Using envy is different for this episode. The sequence I didn't care for was the Robot playing female. But decent villains, a good showdown at the end. A lot of fun!
Family Guy: Boy (Dog) Meets Girl (Dog) (2018)
Episode 10, Season 16
Another Entertaining Episode - FG is Far From Dead
22 January 2018 - 4 out of 6 users found this review helpful.
I just caught this episode from Hulu/Yahoo View. A very enjoyable episode with the focus on Chris and Brian with Stewie. I was pleased that I read two positive reviews here on IMDb. On WatchMojo, FG was chosen as one of the shows that they secretly wishes was cancelled. I was against that opinion but other fans slammed me saying the show now sucks. But the rating for the episodes here are around 7.0 and higher, which are good ratings. Love the show, especially egotistical Brian. Keep rocking, Family Guy!
The Rifleman: The Legacy (1959)
A Different Type of Story, But Compelling
23 November 2017 - 2 out of 2 users found this review helpful.
Well let's say I was compelled to write a review for this episode. I'm not a Westerns fan but I do enjoy watching The Rifleman, The Cisco Kid, and Bonanza. The Rifleman I especially enjoy because it is a 30 minute program. This particular episode was enjoyable. Fans of the show know that there is always a villain in the episode. But it is a surprise who the "villain" turned out to be. Another reason I wanted to voice my opinion is that the other two reviews for this episode were negative, while you can see, I gave it a 10. It is for the story, the characters and emotions that make it engaging. Sure, more could have been addressed, but for what it is, and released during my birth year of 1959, I couldn't have been more pleased over 50 years later!!!! Cool to see James Franciscus guest in this episode.
The Cisco Kid: Romany Caravan (1952)
Fun With a Black Bear!
I wasn't around when The Cisco Kid was on TV. I discovered episodes on Hulu. Amazing for a show around 1952 to be in color. Both leads are quite magnetic, thus the show lasted for at least six seasons. I'm watching them in sequence and am only on season 2. This episode is one of my favorites. It involves a Gypsy camp, a pretty Gypsy girl, an older lady bear trainer, a black bear and two villains. What makes this episode stand out is the comedy on the part of Pancho, who is frightened of the harmless bear. There are some good fights and plenty of humor. This show is a little different from the prior ones, which all more or less stuck to a particular formula. Highly recommended though before I put in my rating, it only scored a 6.5 from ten voters. Tsk Tsk Tsk. Post Script: Hooray, due to the number of votes on this episode, my rating upped the score to 7.2 Far out!
The Simpsons: Puffless (2015)
Animals Rule!!
24 October 2015 - 9 out of 12 users found this review helpful.
Well, after watching this terrific episode and reading that very negative review here, that was enough to inspire me to write a review here.
"Puffless" is a two-story show. The first is about Patty and Selma attempting to quit smoking and also splitting up, to the horror of Homer. He does come up with a new use | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.31502 | -1.712433 | -0.879458 | -0.97737 |
for bleach. My favorite gag involved the sisters dumping all of their cigarette packs in a bowl and lighting them up to dispose of them. The next scene cracked me up. I won't give that away!
The other story, that occurs simultaneously with the sisters one, is of Maggie and her new family friends. This is the one that really rocks!! A surprise animal makes an appearance, while the phrase "Black Hawk Down!" is uttered in a clever moment.
A near great episode. I hope the other reviewer stops watching The Simpsons. He'll be happier and can gripe on some other show. Trust me, this one is good! Currently rated 7.3.
Mahha GoGoGo: The Man on the Lam (1967)
Different and Great Episode - Disregard the Low Rating!
I just finished this wonderful episode that I felt was worth rating on IMDb. I get to the page and it is rated a shockingly low 5.0 by 10 viewers. Well, what's ten, anyway? It's not thousands, like movies get.
They rate it low for one thing: there is no car race in it.
Why do I give it a 10? Story. Characters. This one is off-beat and if you like the characters of Speed, Sprital and Chim Chim, then you should like this one.
Without giving too much away, an escaped convict enters the life of a young girl Sprital's age. He has a couple secrets. Then he meets Speed and that's when the action occurs. The Mach Five does get used. There are other villains in this show, as well as an appearance by Inspector Detector.
It's an excellent episode despite the low rating. I will write about it because it is worth seeing!
The Twilight Zone: Sounds and Silences (1964)
Unappreciated Comedy That I Enjoyed
5 February 2015 - 6 out of 6 users found this review helpful.
When viewers watch the Twilight Zone, they usually look for a great story and drama. This one is a full-blown comedy that Rod Serling wrote. It took me a few viewings to really enjoy this one, and I do!
Watching a person get what they deserve is a common theme in the Twilight Zone world, and Roscoe gets his. Basically the episode's highlights are the sound effects, from roaring battles to water dripping.
The visual treats, like the vigorous shaking of objects due to the booming sound, are wonderfully funny.
Roscoe is ridiculed by his employees and his wife. His priorities are his military recordings and his business, and his wife is not one of them.
I have notated the IMDb ratings for Twilight Zone a couple times and both times Sounds and Silences finished second to the bottom in fan favorites. Oh well. I don't see how someone would like episodes like Black Leather Jackets over this one. But if you have a decent sense of humor, check this episode out!
The Simpsons: Treehouse of Horror XXV (2014)
A Clockwork Parody That Will Satisfy Clockwork Fans!
This review will disregard the opening and closing stories. I love Clockwork Orange (though not a ten for me, strong nine). This parody was brilliant! Using some of the same musical score as the film and just enough tweaks to follow the storyline in the short time to fill a third of a Simpsons' episode.
Moe as the leader, not bad! Great references of the eye clamps and the fast motion action in tune with the William Tell Overture (and the latter is definitely not sexual).
I will submit a notation on the Clockwork Orange IMDb page to lead fans to this clever episode!
Nice reference of Kubrick. I wonder what Malcolm McDowell thinks of this episode?
One Hour Photo (2002)
My Favorite Robin Williams Movie, Even if it is Not a Comedy
13 August 2014 - 6 out of 8 users found this review helpful.
I just don't tire of this film. On the evening of his announced passing, we watched this film as a tribute to this unique individual. By the way, on the DVD he provides audio commentary. A rarity from him.
Basically the story is about a lonely man who identifies himself with a | [
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family and it become an obsession. Strong performances and the music is perfect for this film.
As a former one hour photo worker, I can identify with some of the aspects of his job. Also I worked at Wal Mart and the filmmakers replicated its look pretty well.
I sure wouldn't want a boss like Gary Cole's character! He is subtle and tyrannical!
This movie was even written up in Fangoria back then. Not bad for a non-gory film. Well there was a small scene with blood or a photo chemical......
If you get the DVD, check out the outtakes. There you'll see Williams doing his shtick, sort of showing the comic side of One Hour Photo. It is pretty funny!
Thanks, Robin.
Keep 'Em Flying (1941)
Solid A&C Film!
A fun, likable film with a good supporting cast. I have the first volume of the Abbott & Costello collection and I would rank this movie up there with Hold That Ghost as the highlights of the collection.
For Keep 'Em Flying, Bud and Lou are friends of Jinx Roberts, a 1940s version of Tom Cruise's Maverick (Top Gun). He does his flying his own way! Good chemistry between the three. Dick Foran plays Jinx. I remembered him from two Universal Studios Mummy films.
Then there is great supporting characters played Martha Raye, Carol Bruce, and William Gargan. Raye is especially funny playing twins that befuddle our heroes.
I was surprised to find out that Carol Bruce was in Planes, Trains & Automobiles (she plays Joy). I'll have to look for her in it.
A pretty decent storyline, maybe a few too many songs, and a hilarious scene involving a runaway torpedo on land. Check it out!
Great Film!
22 July 2014 - 0 out of 2 users found this review helpful.
Re-watched this classic from my video library the other night. Still fantastic! Great performances by all of the actors. Very believable and Mr. Jingles, the mouse, rocks!
Of course it is the story that drives the movie, and it is well-written. I usually read Stephen King's works before watching the films, but in this instance, I didn't have interest in the books (!) and just dove into the film, based on the trailer and having Tom Hanks in it.
Percy Wetmore, what a punk!
Tom Hanks and Michael Clarke Duncan deserved their Oscar nominations. Kudos to director Frank Darabont. What a vision! I met him about a decade before he directed this film. Who knew what he would do, though it is a follow up to The Shawshank Redemption. I didn't care for his The Majestic, but I digress.
So if you're in the mood for a great, emotional, character-driven film and don't mind the length (at over three hours, it moves!), check this out!
Family Guy: Meg Stinks! (2014)
Classic!
14 June 2014 - 5 out of 6 users found this review helpful.
I feel for Meg. It seems like the only ones who barely tolerate her are her brothers. In this episode she becomes Peter's new buddy. You know that's not necessarily a good thing!
Meanwhile, Brian has a nasty encounter with an obnoxious skunk. Brian loses and the family suffers, as well as their entire living room!! The remedy is to Brian in the yard until the smell dissipates. Brian cries that he's "an inside dog," but Lois ignores his pleas.
So Brian learns to be a survivalist, even though he's just in the yard, not like he's out in the wild. It is an amusing sequence.
To keep the bad taste the series is known for, there is a sly reference to Andrea Yates, the mother who drowned her five children. Sick, but you know no topic is safe from the writers!
One of Family Guy's best shows. Check it out!
Diff'rent Strokes: The Bicycle Man: Part 2 (1983)
Balancing Comedy With Hints of Child Molestation
This was a very interesting and well-acted story. Part two carefully walks along the tightrope of comedy and strong serious | [
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ness.
Very believable acting by Gordon Jump (famous for WKRP in Cincinnati), Gary Coleman, and Shavar Ross (whom I recall from the fifth Friday the 13th movie).
Plenty for Conrad Bain, Dana Plato and Todd Bridges to do within the episode, but the whole show here centers around Jump and the boys.
It's scary for the audience because we know how bad the situation can possibly get, but the writing is well done and the conclusions are believable. I caught it on YouTube recently. Check it out!
Lost in Space: West of Mars (1966)
Awful - Fails as a Comedy and a Western
3 July 2013 - 1 out of 1 users found this review helpful.
This episode has never been one of my favorites. In my most recent re-assessment, it went down even further.
Plot: A Dr. Smith-lookalike named Zeno, fugitive from law, has switched places with our Dr. Smith. Smith must exonerate his own name with the help of Will, while the Robinsons have to survive the encounter with Zeno/Smith.
Along with many season two episodes, this story is full of sophomoric humor. But I did not find the humor here as funny as other episodes. The Western moments are so so. The cheap-looking sets.....and basically the story.
I scribbled down four segments that really bothered me. 1) The Robot refuses to defend himself against Zeno. He can fight Satyrcons, a Robotoid, but won't stand up to a pushy Zeno.....wuss!
2) This was probably an error in the dialog. In the sequence in which Smith and Will leave the saloon, Will calls the fake Zeno "Dr. Smith." Yet in a few minutes when they are riding the Space Enforcer's ship back to their planet, Will said he couldn't tell if the fake Zeno was Dr. Smith or Zeno! What changed his mind?
3) Back to the Robot. He wasn't warned, but he chose not to confide in any of the Robinsons that Zeno was pretending to be Zeno. The Robot was putting the Robinsons in danger. No "Warning, warning" from the Bubble Headed Booby.
4) When both Zeno (dressed as Smith) and the fake Zeno are together, none of the Robinsons could tell them apart! Even with the fake Zeno talking like and acting like Dr. Smith. Because Zeno said he had hurt his head, making him act different (like carrying a gun, threatening Don), the Robinsons are nice and naive enough to believe his story. At least when the fake Zeno went for the lunch, Don figured it out.
One of the worst. I'm glad to see Allan Melvin (the stupid Space Enforcer....who said I know Zeno's voice anywhere and Zeno and Smith's voices are not even close!). But in a horrible show.....
The Outer Limits: The Inheritors: Part I (1964)
I May Be the Only Hater of The Inheritors! Fine, then!
22 May 2013 - 0 out of 27 users found this review helpful.
I have re-watched this so-called classic episode over the years. I just re-ranked this from my previous rating of 6. For me, it is even worse than Children of Spider County.
Granted, I did like the conclusion of part 2, which the men reveal why they were doing their mysterious work. But mainly there are reasons why I hate The Inheritors: 1) The story. Uninteresting and dull. I've seen better mysteries and just better TOL episodes. The story is the backbone of each episode and this one is non-engaging. I am the only one who apparently feels this way. To date I am the only one to give it a 1 and it is ranked 8.4 by the spoiler's and is number two all-time for TOL (My God!).
2) Robert Duvall. Okay maybe I'm biased, but I never cared for him. Disliked his earlier episode The Chameleon, also. I do not like practically anything Duvall's done or been in, including the overrated Godfather. The only show I did like was The Twilight Zone episode called M | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -1.018145 | -1.080411 | -0.64477 | -1.372644 |
iniature. Again, the story rose above his appearance but he was credible in it. The Inheritors, even without Duvall, would still be awful to me. But his appearance did not help! 3) No monsters. Well, there can be no monsters, even though that was the selling point of The Outer Limits. I loved The Human Factor and it didn't really he a monster (well, Major Brothers!). But I guess a monster would have ruined the realism of the storyline.
I may watch this wretched episode one more time.....when I purchase the DVD set... Then that's it!!!!! A fine conclusion for part 2 doesn't make up for the sleep-fest of part 1!
The Dark Knight Rises (2012)
Worthy Conclusion to the Batman Trilogy
8 August 2012 - 3 out of 7 users found this review helpful.
It's pretty cool to go to a movie when you don't know the details of what will happen. I saw the trailer, which was great and did not give away too much (cool football/explosion sequence). By the way, worst trailer of all time is Rocky IV. It gives away a big spoiler.
The Dark Knight Rises exceeded my expectations. Christopher Nolan once again kept his visionary style moving along. Sure the movie is long, but it never dragged. Also the story was quite engaging. I love all those references to the two prior films. The twist with Miranda's story near the end sure caught me off-guard.
I was surprised that the Batman character wasn't on screen that much. However when following the story, it all made sense. My sons really enjoyed the menace of Bane. He was very deadly. I got a kick out of Dr. Crane returning.
We certainly will get the DVD. Batman Begins is my favorite of the three, and possibly on repeated viewings I will up this film to a 10. Meantime, it is a trip to read the great reviews and the idiotic pans about this film on IMDb. By the way, the synopsis written on this page for TDKR was superb. Hats off to you writers!
One reviewer I read had a great closing line for his review, which I love to repeat: To All You Haters, You Have My Permission to Die!!!!!
Lost in Space: Mutiny in Space (1967)
Possibly a Bottom Ten Worst LIS Episode!!!
I don't mind if the show gets silly, as long as the storyline and characters are interesting. This one is Nada! Admiral Zahrk is a loud-mouthed blow-hard, supposedly a loose takeoff from Mutiny on the Bounty. It fails miserably here.
This morning I watched this episode twice from my DVD collection. Masochist, you may say!!! The first time was just to watch and re-rate, the second time was to count the number of times Zahrk says "Mr. Kidnoe." What an obsession of this character! Well, the amusing parts of the episode had Dr. Smith renamed Mr. Spindlelegs, the Robot talking like a raspy pirate for a brief moment, Will pointing a gun at a human character (very rare on the show for the lad). But this is far out-weighed by the boring storyline. Sure, shanghaied but do they get anywhere? No, must be traveling in space in slow motion because Professor Robinson sure reversed their traveling quite a while after the alien ship lifted off.
Also Zahrk in general is very irritating (almost down there with the Toymaker). His constant shouting, his stupid sneezing. Like Roseanne Roseannadanna used to say, "It was so funny I forgot to laugh!" It is unfunny.
For you collectors, how to you like the foursome on that DVD disc? Questing Beast, Toymaker, Space Vikings (which I vote as the best of the sorry lot) and this episode. Man, Lost in Space sure hit a dry spell.
Zahrk says or shouts "Mr. Kidnoe" 22 times in this episode!
Jumanji (1995)
Board Games Can Be Deadly!
This is a roller-coaster of a film. So much action, danger and fun! I'm glad, however, that there was not a sequel. This is enough story for a single film. Robin Williams was terr | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.420051 | -1.393177 | -0.874975 | -1.334698 |
ific as the adult Alan Parrish, returning to the world after being whisked away many years ago as a child because his game piece landed on an unfortunate space.
Bradley Pierce and cute Kirsten Dunst were also superb as the orphaned children. The situations they are involved in are wild and exciting. From lions to uncontrollable monkeys to a deranged hunger, they face them bravely. A lot of CG effect, but convincing.
The film, directed by Joe Johnston, who also managed the equally thrilling Jurassic Park III, keeps the action moving along. Just like a roller-coaster, there are moments the viewers can catch their breaths.
I also like the ending, which shows some heart in the way (BIG SPOILER) that is satisfactorily allows the kids to stop from becoming orphans. A fun film!
Spider-Man 3 (2007)
Currently at 6.3 But I Disagree!
Let's see, I love the original Marvel Spider-Man comics. I like Sam Raimi, Tobey McGuire and Kirsten Dunst. JK Simmons terrific as always. The storyline, not bad. I think the problem was making Sandman too sympathetic. Not a big bad villain as in other Spidey films or super hero films in general.
Venom took care of the nastiness. But I still enjoyed the film, also having Harry Osborne appear in two of the climactic fights.
It was pretty cool and funny to see Peter Parker be rotten and it was done much better than Superman III (whoever remembers that one). Whenever a clip is shown of Spiderman 3, you can bet it will show Peter Parker strutting down the street in his black threads!!! Mr. Big Shot!
So even though Sandman was not a real baddie, he still was quite formidable as an opponent, and the film was enjoyable. Okay, I even liked it better than the original, mainly because I didn't care for how the Goblin looked.....
Manhattan Murder Mystery (1993)
A Terrific Allen Effort!
9 January 2012 - 1 out of 2 users found this review helpful.
There are some movies that require more than a single viewing for me to either "get it" or enjoy it. Some of Charlie Chaplin's films are in this category. So is North By Northwest. Add this film to it.
I was always amused by the phone sequence near the end when the friends prepare an audio tape recording. A very funny scene! Highlight of the movie, in fact.
Maybe I paid attention more the second viewing. I don't always view movies a second time --- if I don't like it, why bother? MMM has a good blend of comedy and mystery, with a terrific on-screen chemistry between Diane Keaton and Woody Allen. Honestly, I like this film much more than the renown ANNIE HALL.
Marty (1955)
Loneliness and Shyness Does Not Get Outdated
I first saw this gem of a movie at a retrospective theater with my wife. It was quite sentimental and believable. Well acted performances by all, especially the leads, Ernest Borgnine and Betsy Blair.
We can relate to the shyness of both leads. I used to hang out with guys kind of like Marty's friends.....kind of. We wouldn't go around saying, "What do you feel like doin'?" It is great to see Borgnine win the Oscar. Is it deserved? I suppose. Probably is first film as a non-villain. I find it hard to believe Joe Mantell (Angie) was voted for Best Supporting Actor, though. He was terrific, but to be nominated? Also the movie is a lesson in peer pressure. Good thing Marty didn't give into it......at the end.
Mil gritos tiene la noche (1982)
Low Budget, But Fun and Bloody!
Another guilty pleasure film of mine. Sure, badly dubbed, but I enjoy it for the storyline and the violence. I sure can distinguish this film from others that I dislike (such as I Spit On Your Grave, Savage Weekend, and The Burning, to name a few).
Christopher George, a plus. Great title, a plus! I saw this | [
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Legal Malpractice Litigation
Personal and Family Litigation
Catastrophic Personal Injury
Michael P. Cross
Emily R. Fiscus
James E. Fogg
Elizabeth J. Hyatt
Susan Hardie Jacks
Peter A. McClenahan
Michael T. Mihm
Thomas Neville
Mike Ogborn
Murray Ogborn
Nicole M. Quintana
Wiley Reynolds
Clayton E. Wire
Representing Bankruptcy Trustees
Bankruptcy Litigation and Bankruptcy Trustee Representation
Our Experience With Bankruptcy and Bankruptcy Trustee Litigation
Our bankruptcy litigation team has represented clients at both the trial and appellate levels in all kinds of bankruptcy, insolvency, and creditors' rights litigation, whether in bankruptcy courts or in other forums. Our trustee litigation team specializes in a variety of matters pursued by bankruptcy trustees, including Ponzi-scheme cases involving hundreds of defrauded investors, fraudulent conveyances, other fraud claims, intellectual property claims, actions against aiders and abettors of corporate and individual debtors, and actions against professionals for negligence and malpractice. We have litigated cases across the country, including Colorado, Texas, Arizona, and Tennessee.
About Bankruptcy Litigation
Whether Chapter 7, 11, 13 or Liquidating Trustees, bankruptcy trustees frequently find themselves administering estates that hold unliquidated causes of action that – if successfully pursued – could result in significant recovery for creditors. These causes of action could vary from simple two-party disputes to complex litigation involving multiple defendants and claims. Trustees frequently hire special counsel to prosecute the estate's claims rather than turn to their general bankruptcy counsel. Special counsel's engagement can be on an hourly basis or, more typically, on a contingent-fee basis. Bankruptcy trustees engage special counsel to pursue claims arising in bankruptcy cases – such as preference and fraudulent conveyance claims – but also non-bankruptcy claims including fraud-based claims, securities fraud, legal malpractice, intellectual property disputes, and breach of fiduciary duty. Based upon the nature of the claims and the parties involved, the cases may be filed in bankruptcy court, state court, or other federal trial or appellate courts.
Where We Represent Clients
Our Bankruptcy Litigation lawyers have appeared in courts across the country, including Colorado, Texas, Arizona, Louisiana, Arkansas, Florida, and Delaware.
Our Special Counsel-Bankruptcy Trustee Practice
We represent bankruptcy trustees on an hourly fee basis, a contingent fee basis, hybrid hourly and contingent fee, and other alternative fee arrangements. We endeavor to customize our fee arrangement to accommodate the special needs of insolvent bankruptcy estates so that valuable estate assets can be liquidated.
Click here for more information about our alternative fee arrangements.
Breach of Fiduciary Duty, Securities Fraud, Aiding and Abetting - In an adversary proceeding filed in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the District of Arizona, Susan Hardie Jacks and her team represented the reorganized debtors' trust formed to pursue claims arising out of a real estate fraud scheme that involved more than 100 institutional lenders and private investors that provided more than $70 million dollars to the debtors or their straw buyers based on fraudulent representations. The defendants were title companies that were sued for (i) aiding and abetting breaches of fiduciary duty, (ii) breaching their contracts, (iii) fraud, (iv) securities fraud, and (v) breaching their fiduciary duty in the handling of over 1,200 title transactions. After five years of litigation, two sets of defense counsel, and two appeals taken by the defendants, the case settled favorably to the Liquidating Trustee. Greenbelt Claims Recovery, LLC v. Transnation Title Insurance Company et al., Adversary No. 09-00218 in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Arizona. | [
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Ponzi Scheme/Real Estate Fraud Litigation – Susan Jacks and her team were special counsel to the chapter 7 trustees of the bankruptcy estates of a real estate developer and his affiliated companies who perpetrated a Ponzi scheme using straw buyers and promises of "guaranteed returns on investment." The case involved more than 80 defendants, many of which were early investors in the scheme who received repayment of their capital and handsome returns on investment while other late investors and creditors were unpaid as of the bankruptcy filing date. After years of litigation on procedural issues, the Trustee recovered more than $1 million for the estates. Joseph M. Hill, Trustee of Juliet Homes, LLC et al. v. Alex Oria, et al., Consolidated Adv. No. 09-03429, In the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of Texas, Houston Division.
Breach of Contract and Breach of Warranty. In a chapter 11 case filed in Phoenix, Arizona, Susan Jacks was lead special counsel to a corporate debtor that manufactured electronic goods. The liquidating debtor pursued claims against a Hong Kong circuit board maker and the debtor's Alabama-based customer based on allegations of faulty design and manufacture. The case settled favorably for the debtor. TFS Electronic Manufacturing Services, Inc. v. Topsearch Printed Circuit Boards and Avocent Corporation, No. 06-01586-PHX-SMM, in the United States District Court for the District of Arizona.
Business Tort – Fraud and Embezzlement – $632,000 Jury Verdict and Non-Dischargeability Judgment. When a private equity fund discovered that the CEO of one its companies was embezzling by selling off-the-books inventory and laundering the proceeds through offshore bank accounts, Michael Mihm and Susan Jacks represented the fund in its lawsuit against the CEO and his wife. After a 10-day trial, a Fort Worth, Texas, jury awarded $632,000 to the fund as compensation for its losses caused by the CEO's theft. The defendants attempted to prevent entry of judgment by filing chapter 7 bankruptcy, but Susan Jacks and Mr. Mihm obtained relief from the automatic stay to obtain a final judgment and then prevented the CEO's discharge of that liability in a second several-day trial before the U.S. Bankruptcy Court. International Beauty Products, LLC v. Garth Beveridge, Dinah Beveridge and Craig Beveridge, District Court for Tarrant County Texas, 48th Judicial District; International Beauty Products, LLC v. Garth and Dinah Beveridge, Adversary No. 08-04096, in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Texas, Fort Worth Division
Intellectual Property Ownership, Fraudulent Conveyance and Attorney Malpractice Litigation - Susan Jacks and her colleagues were special counsel to HHCS, a chapter 11 corporate debtor in a case pending in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Middle District of Tennessee. HHCS had no financial resources to protect valuable intellectual property or to pursue causes of action against former management and other third parties. Susan Jacks' was part of the trial team that commenced several adversary proceedings on behalf of the debtor and prevailed in the cases that went to trial as well as in a contested plan confirmation hearing:
One case was the consolidation of two adversary proceedings, one against the debtor's former president and another against numerous other companies that were affiliates of the president, in which the debtor sought the declaration of its rights in intellectual property as well as recovery of fraudulent conveyances to former management and its affiliates. Following a week-long trial, the firm obtained a judgment for over $7 million in cash and a declaratory judgment that intellectual property valued at many millions of dollars was property of the debtor's bankruptcy estate. The court's opinion is reported at In re Holcomb Health Care Servs., LLC, 329 B.R. 622 (Bankr. M.D. Tenn. 2004). The judgment paved the way for a handsome settlement among the debtor, the | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.341745 | 0.992151 | 1.227579 | -0.045788 |
Hypotony and the Argus II retinal prosthesis: causes, prevention and management
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6302-063XStanislao Rizzo1,
Pierre-Olivier Barale2,3,
Sarah Ayello-Scheer3,
Robert G Devenyi4,5,
Marie Noelle Delyfer6,7,
Jean-François Korobelnik6,7,
Aleksandra Rachitskaya8,
Alex Yuan8,
K Thiran Jayasundera9,
David N Zacks9,
James T Handa10,
Sandra R Montezuma11,
Dara Koozekanani11,
Paulo Stanga12,
Lyndon da Cruz13,
Peter Walter14,
Albert J Augustin15,
Lisa C Olmos de Koo16,
Allen C Ho17,
Bernd Kirchhof18,
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6574-388XPaul Hahn19,
Lejla Vajzovic20,
Raymond Iezzi21,
David Gaucher22,23,
J Fernando Arevalo10,
Ninel Z Gregori24,
Peter Wiedemann25,
Emin Özmert26,
Jennifer I Lim27,
Flavio A Rezende28,
Suber S Huang29,
Francesco Merlini30,
Uday Patel30,
Robert J Greenberg30,
Sally Justus31,
Daniela Bacherini1,
Laura Cinelli1,
Mark S Humayun32,33
1 Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Ophthalmology, University of Florence, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
2 Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U968, CNRS UMR 7210, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
3 CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France
4 Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
5 Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
6 Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team LEHA, UMR1219, Universite de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
7 Department of Ophthalmology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
8 Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
9 W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
10 The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
11 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
12 Manchester Vision Regeneration (MVR) Lab, Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, NIHR Manchester Clinical Research Facility and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
13 NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
14 Department of Ophthalmology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
15 Department of Ophthalmology, Staedtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
16 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington Medicine Eye Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
17 The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Mid Atlantic Retina, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
18 Department of Retina and Vitreous Surgery, Center of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
19 New Jersey Retina, Teaneck, New Jersey, USA
20 Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
21 Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic Minnesota, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
22 Nouvel Hôpital Civil, University Hospital of | [
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Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
23 Laboratoire de Bactériologie (EA-7290), Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
24 Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA, Miami, Florida, USA
25 Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitatsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
26 Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
27 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
28 Department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
29 Retina Center of Ohio, South Euclid, Ohio, USA
30 Second Sight Medical Products Inc, Sylmar, California, USA
31 Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
32 University of Southern California (USC) Roski Eye Institute, USC Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics, Los Angeles, California, United States
33 Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
Correspondence to Professor Stanislao Rizzo, Ophthalmology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence 56124, Italy; stanislao.rizzo{at}gmail.com
epiretinal implant
hypotony
outer retinal degenerative diseases
retinal prosthesis
The Argus II retinal prosthesis (Second Sight Medical Products, Sylmar, CA, USA) is an electronic epiretinal implant designed for use in patients with end-stage retinitis pigmentosa, as well as for other outer retinal degenerative conditions, such as choroideremia, Leber's congenital amaurosis, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Usher syndrome and rod–cone disease.1 This device was tested in a clinical trial of 30 subjects in the USA and in Europe to measure the rate of serious adverse events (SAEs) and to assess its effects on functional vision and visual acuity.2–4 Subjects performed better on visual tasks with the device turned on and retained these improvements at 5 years postsurgery.4 Additionally, an acceptable safety profile enabled approval of the device for consumer use by the European regulatory authorities in 2011 (Conformité Européenne (CE) mark) and by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2013 (FDA approval).
The implant is composed of an extraocular component, namely, an electronics case and implant coil, as well as an intraocular component involving a 60-electrode array that is tacked over the macula (figure 1). The extraocular and intraocular components are connected by a trans-scleral silicone-coated polyamide electrode cable, and the implantation procedure involves a 5.2 mm pars plana sclerotomy incision to insert the electrode array and the electrode cable into the eye. The sclerotomy is then sutured around the cable and covered by an allograft or autograft material.5
The Argus II retinal prosthesis. Labelled image of the Argus II implant (adapted from Humayun et al 2).
As with any system having both intraocular and extraocular components, the trans-scleral electrode cable that traverses the sclerotomy permanently is a high-risk feature of the device, as leakage through the pars plana incision can result in chronic hypotony. The percentages of clinical trial subjects who experienced hypotony were 10.0% at …
Contributors Planning the research and conception or design of the work: SR. Data collection: SR, POB, SAS, RGD, MND, JFK, AR, AY, KTJ, DZ, JTH, SRM, DK, PES, LDC, PW, AJA, LCODK, ACH, BK, PH, LV, RIj, DG, JFA, N | [
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Upon Selznick's (1966) analysis of the Tennessee Valley Authority, much of the organizational literature has included the environment in their analysis. Institutional theory, population ecology, resource dependence theory, and neo-institutional theory each attempt to explain the relationship between organizations and their environments. Each theory addresses different questions: institutional thoery asks how are organizations politically molded by their institutional enviornment; population ecology examines why some organizations fail and other succeed; resource dependence theory addresses how organizations interact with their environment; and neo-institutional theory investigates the impact of institutional forces on organizational behavior. When addressing these issues, each theory makes its own claims and assumptions which comes with it's own set of strengths and weaknesses.
Whereas early organizational theory conceptualized organizations as systems closed to their external environment, Selznick's (1966) analysis of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) demonstrates organizations can never fully achieve closure. Organizations require continuity, homogeneity and consent, which creates a need for a set of formal and informal relations internal to the organization. However, organizations have to respond to their institutional environment, which is the result of the organizations own activities and the activities of external groups. In fact, organizations can deviate from their intended purpose due to the institutional environment. Selznick found that although the TVA intended to have grass roots democratic administrative structure, attempts of democracy were negated due to pressures from the institutional environment. In his analysis, Selznick examines exactly how this process occurred.
The institutional environment is the rules, regulations and norms to which organizations must abide in order to maintain legitimacy and support. For example, in order for a dental practice to be viewed as legitimate and survive here in town, the dentist must abide by a set of internal and external institutional norms, like having a building, providing employees with a salary, dressing professionally and dentist accreditation. However,according to Selznick's institutionalism, the institutional environment is not some abstract entity, autonomous from individuals. People run institutions and organize them in ways to better achieve their interests (Stinchcombe 1997).
According to institutional theory, organizations change as a result of coersive pressures from the institutional environment. The institutional environment molds organizations through cooptation through both formal and informal mechanisms. According to Selznick (1966:13): "Cooptation is the process of absorbing new elements into the leadership or policy-determining structures of an organization as a means of averting threats to its stability or existence." Cooptation can occur theory formal or informal means. Formal cooptation occurs when the process of absorbing new elements into leadership is public. An example of formal cooptation is a change in official appointments to key posts. Formal cooptation is associated with problems of legitimacy for the ruling group. Informal cooptation, on the other hand, occurs when the process of absorbing new elements into leadership is private. Informal cooptation is associated with pressure from powerful groups in the external environment. For example, although it was intended to be a grassroots administration, preexisting agricultural institutions were able to influence the decisions of the TVA, and create a constituency relationship between land-grant colleges and the Agricultural Relations Department of the TVA. Tensions between the formal structures of the organization and institutional power resulted in cooptation and a deviation from its intended purpose.
Institutional theory is a significant study in the field of organizational sociology, as it forced researchers to include the environment in their analysis. Institutional theory demonstrates how organizations can "take a life of their own" despite the will of organizational leaders. This advanced the field of organizational studies by moving research beyond the closed system approach and viewing organizations as systems open to the external environment.
Like institutional theory, population ecology is an open systems theory that includes the environment in its analysis. Population ecology primarily ask the question: why do some organizations survive and other fails. However, whereas Selznick's institutional theory included individuals and group behavior in his analysis, population ecology does not. Population ecology analysis is conducted at the population level. From this perspective, a population is a group of similar organizations. For example, a population could be oil and gas production companies or independent breweries. Population ecology analyzes the effect of population characteristics on organizational outcomes. For example, how does the number and age of oil and gas production companies or independent breweries relate to | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | 0.747945 | 1.599514 | 0.788239 | 1.776899 |
the survival rate of the population. However, by focusing on the population, population ecology minimizes the importance of individuals, groups and organizations as social actors.
According to population ecology, organizations are determined by their external environment. Organizations that best fit the environment survive and others fail (Hannan and Freeman 1977). From the population ecology perspective, organizations go through three stages: variation, selection and retention. Throughout the stage of variation, organizations within the population implement and try out different mechanisms. At this stage, organizations are loosely coupled, meaning that they are made up of loose, flexible relations. As organizations develop over time, they become more tightly coupled and less adaptable to change (Hannan and Freeman 1984). Selection is a process in which organizations are selected by the environment. From this perspective, organizations with a superior fit with the environment succeed; those with a poor fit fail. Additionally, the selection process favors organizations which have developed concrete organizational structures that are difficult to change (Hannan and Freeman 1984). Retention is the stage where some organizations with certain structures grow while others do not. However, once they arrive at the retention phase, organizations are tightly coupled with a structure made up of many inflexible relationships. Organizations face constraints limiting them from changing their structure and adapting to the external environment. As such, population ecology minimizes the importance of individual organizational change and adaption (Singh and Lumsden 1990).
Like institutional theory, population ecology accounts for the importance of legitimacy for organizations to survive. From the population ecology perspective, the selection process favors organizations with legitimacy and institutional support (Sing and Lumsden 1990). Furthermore, legitimacy is affected by population density. Legitimacy is low when a new organizational form first emerges and becomes increasingly legitimate as the population density expands (Hannan and Carrol 1995). Although Hannan and Carrol (1995) claim their is no inconsistency between institutional and population ecology arguments, the two perspectives are different. Whereas institutional theory accounts for group influence on what is determined legitimate, population ecology assumes legitimacy is purely the result of population size (Baum and Powell 1995).
There are both strengths and weaknesses associated with the population ecology view of organizational environments. One of the strengths of population ecology is that it shows how organizations are constrained by their environment (Hannan and Freeman 1984). This forces researchers to address issues of the environment when developing organizational theory. However, although population ecology promotes researchers to address the environment, it takes on the extreme view of environmental determinism. Population ecology just explains how environments influence organizations; it does now explain how organizations influence their environments. Furthermore, by viewing organizations as passive agents, population ecology fails to explain change among individual organizations. Instead, it sees single organizations as relatively stable and change as something that occurs primarily at the population level, as a result of the environmental selection process (not variation within organizations). However, there is ample evidence of individual companies making dramatic changes to their structure and taking action to influence their institutional environment. For example, over the course of time, General Motors has dramatically changed its organizational structure and it has used political pressure to influence public policy in such a way that ensures its survival. In conclusion, population ecology is problematic, as it fails to account for these empirical events. It leaves out organizations and individuals as social actors and fails to explain change within organizations.
Whereas institutional theory and population ecology examine how environments shape organizations, resource dependence theory specifically addresses question of how organizations interact with their environment and how resources are collected and distributed in organizations. Organizations must interact with their external environment in order to obtain the resources necessary for organizational survival (Pfeffer and Salancik 1978). However, unlike population ecology, resource dependence theory does not view the organization as a passive actor. Resource dependence theory claims that organizations act interact with their environment and attempt to shape it to increase their environmental fit (Aldrich and Pfeffer 1976). In short, from the resource dependence perspective, organizations both are shaped by and shape their external environment.
According to resource dependence theory, organizations are not essentially cooperative; instead they are characterized by conflict over power and resources. Organizations are made up of coalitions with multiple and competing interests. As such, conflict and instability is embedded within organizations. Since organizations | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | 0.794135 | 1.609897 | 0.592778 | 2.090589 |
are dependent upon resources controlled by their environment, they are uncertain of their survival. Those who are seen to best manage critical uncertainties are able to have power in organizations. As such, as ideas about the critical uncertainties facing an organization shift, so does power in organizations. Groups attempt to acquire power by decreasing capital dependence, and controlling critical resources and information systems. Organizational change is the result of competing groups exercising power in an attempt to decrease uncertainty and increase power and control.
Resource dependence theory contradicts population ecology explanations of the factors contributing to organizational survival. Whereas population ecology relates survival rates to population characteristics like population density, resource dependence theory relates survival rates to an organization's position within the resource dependence network. For example, population ecology would claim corporate takeovers are the result of problems with legitimacy and organizational fit (e.g., a small organizational size, and low return on equity). On the other hand, resource dependence would claim it is the result of resource dependence relations (e.g., structural autonomy, organizational constraint on others and both indirect and direct interlocks). Palmer, Barber, Zhou and Soysal (1995) conduct an empirical analysis testing the explanatory power of the competing theories. They found resource dependence perspectives receive more empirical support (Palmer, Barber, Zhou and Soysal 1995).
Resource dependence theory is a strong, influential theory which accounts for power relations within and between organizations (Davis and Cobb 2010). Unlike population ecology, resource dependence theory recognizes organizations as powerful social actors. Organizations are characterized as political entities characterized by competition and complexity. Organizational goals are not always singular or clear. The dominance of particular goals in organizations is the result of power relations. In conclusion, resource dependence theory provides a stepping stone to understand the influence of power on organizational behavior.
Institutional theory also incorporates the environment into their analysis. Specifically, it addresses how institutionalized myths and beliefs affect organizational behavior. Like resource dependence theory, neo-institutionalism asserts organizations are dependent upon their external environment to survive. Organizational needs for legitimacy, stability and material resources are influenced by the external environment (Meyer and Rowan 1977). Community values and norms affect resource access, which in turn influence the organization's development. As such, institutionalized myths and beliefs are critical factors determining organizational outcomes.
According to neo-institutionalism, organizational behavior is not the effect of rationally calculated action, but the result of taken-for-granted, institutionalized myths (Davis, Diekmann and Tinsley 1994). Institutional myths are stories and explanations which take on a rule-like status governing human behavior (Meyer and Rowan 1977). For example, an institutional myth in the United States is that an architect must be licensed to be effective, and as a result, if all other things are held constant, individuals, with rule-like status, will choose to hire a licensed architect over a non-licensed one. As such, architects are obligated to become and stay licensed. In conclusion, organizations are pressured to incorporate institutionalized myths into their formal structure to increase their legitimacy and survival capacities.
Like population ecology, neo-institutionalism focuses on continuity and similarities among organizations and fails to adequately explain organizational change. From this perspective, as organizations develop, they are less likely to change as the field becomes increasingly stable. According to neo-institutionalism, organizations face isomorphic pressures. Isomorphism is how institutional myths constrain organizations and force them to become increasingly homogeneous. Isomorphism has a major influence on organizations. According to Meyer and Rowan (1977:538): "Isomorphism with environmental institutions has some major consequences for organizations: (a) they incorporate elements which are legitimated externally, rather than in terms of efficiency; (b) they employ external or ceremonial assessment criteria to define the value of structural elements, and (c) dependence on externally fixed institutions reduced turbulence and maintains stability. As a result, it is argued here, institutional isomorphism promotes the success and survival of organizations." In short, the selection process favors organizations which are similar to their institutional environment due to isomorphic pressures. As organizational fields develop, organizations which survive within the field tend to become | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | 0.843043 | 1.770822 | 0.775687 | 1.832554 |
increasingly simular. As such, neo-institutionalism fails to adequately explain differentiation and change among organizations.
According to neo-institutionalism, institutional myths influence organizations through mimetic, normative and coercive isomorphic pressures (DiMaggio and Powell 1983). Mimetic isomorphism is how organizations tend to become increasingly similar as a result of standard responses to uncertainty. For example, it can be argued that due to the success of Kinder Morgan, oil and gas distribution companies facing uncertainty mimicked the prestigious company and began to adopt the Master Limited Partnership organizational structure. Normative isomorphism is how organizations tend to become increasingly similar as a result of professionalization. For example, a psychiatrist will prescribe medication over natural remedies to manage depression due to American Psychiatric Association best practices and standards learned at professional conferences. On the other hand, coercive isomorphism is the result of political action and the coercive authority of groups. For example, political action may result in environmental regulations to which organizations are forced to conform. In short, according to neo-institutionalism, organizational behavior and change is a result of particular mimetic, normative and coercive institutional pressures. However, in a study of change among private liberal art colleges, Kraatz and Zajac (1996) found little support for neo-institutional arguments: schools become increasingly different over time and do not mimic prestigious organizations in their field. As such, neo-institutional theory does not adequately explain how organizations respond and adapt to their institutional environment.
The assumptions and claims of neo-institutional theories come with their own set of strengths and weaknesses. Neo-institutionalism accounts for the institutional environment. However, this element is often taken to the extreme, such that it fails to account for individuals. Whereas institutional theory focuses on how individuals use coercive pressures to attempt to organize the institutional environment in a way that better achieves their interests, neo-institutionalism tends to emphasize mimetic pressures and ignore coercive ones (Mizruchi and Fein 1999). Like population ecology, neo-institutional theories make the fault of studying society without studying people and minimize the importance of how groups use power to better achieve their interests at the expense of others.
Since Selznick's (1966) analysis of the Tennessee Valley Authority, political ecology theory, resource dependence theory and neo-institutional theory has attempted to explain the relationship between organizations and their external environment. Institutional theory affirms organizations can deviate from their original purpose due to their institutional environment. Population ecology theorists believe that the environment determines organizational outcomes. Resource dependence theorists, on the other hand, claim that the environment and the organization influence each other in an attempt to control resources. Finally, institutional theory asserts organizational behavior is a result of particular mimetic, normative and coercive institutional pressures. The different theories make different assumptions, which comes with their own strengths and weaknesses.
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Baum, Joel A.C. and Walter W. Powell. 1995. "Cultivating an Institutional Ecology of Organizations: Comment on Hannan, Carroll, Dundon, and Torres." American Sociological Review 60:529–538.
Davis, Gerald and Adam Cobb. 2010. "Resource Dependence Theory: Past and Future." Pp. 21-42 in Stanford's Organization Theory Renaissance, 1970-2000. Bingley, NY: Emerald Group.
Davis, Gerald F., Kristina A. Diekmann, and Catherine H. Tinsley. 1994. "The Decline and Fall of the Conglomerate Firm in the 1980s: The Deinstitutionalization of an Organizational Form." American Sociological Review 59:547–570.
DiMaggio, Paul J. and Walter W. Powell. 1983. "The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | 0.612092 | 1.698146 | 0.669887 | 1.589697 |
Collision Story of the Week: Failing Brakes and the Rain
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Collision Story of the Week: New Driver Learns The Hard Way
A New Driver's First Big Lesson on the Road
April 27, 2021 April 27, 2021 by CollisionCare
The crunch of colliding steel and glass shattered the peace of Connie Peter's Saturday night in the rural outskirts of Vancouver, B.C. Surrounded by woodland and driving alone in the dark, with few cars in sight, the crash echoed briefly… then stopped as quickly as it had started. An ominous quiet settled over the scene of the incident, but all was not calm, as Connie had just been hit by a drunk driver.
It was summertime and, hoping to do a good deed, Connie borrowed her mother's full-sized sedan and volunteered to be the designated driver after a party. After dropping off several of her female friends at their homes, she returned to the event to pick up another set of partygoers. By then it was late and the roads seemed darker than ever. Only 18-years-old and still a new driver, Connie took her role as a designated driver seriously and was especially vigilant behind the wheel.
However, all the caution in the world couldn't prevent what happened next. Without any warning, Connie's view of the road was blinded by another vehicle's high beams, as the car made instant contact with the front bumper of Connie's mother's car.
For a moment Connie only felt immobilizing shock, but she managed to exit her vehicle and assess the situation. Thanks to her seatbelt and the sturdy build of her mother's car, she'd amazingly suffered no physical injuries.
Out of the other vehicle stepped an older man who was clearly intoxicated, yet also uninjured. Their vehicles had seen better days, but there was no serious damage done to Connie's mother's sedan that a Certified Collision Care Provider would not be able to fix. Looking back, she admits that the hardest part of the experience was letting her mother know about the collision!
Image courtesy of Connie Peters, automotive journalist & influencer
Today, Connie drives vehicles for a living and her reviews are frequently posted on Instagram, Youtube, and in blogs. Many of her reviews cover next-generation safety features, which is not surprising given that they are, after all, what kept her safe and well during her fateful first collision. Connie knows firsthand the importance of maintaining those safety features with top-quality auto body repairs. It's not just about buying the car with the futuristic 'bells and whistles' but choosing a Certified Repair Provider who properly cares for (and repairs them!), most especially after those 'bells and whistles' have been subjected to an accident.
Should the unthinkable ever happen again, Connie will be prepared and thankful that such meticulous documentation goes into a Fully Documented Certified Repair. While Connie's career led her to pay careful attention to the vehicles that she reviews, she still vividly remembers the night of that collision like it occurred yesterday.
If you have recently been involved in an auto collision, go to our smart locator today to quickly and conveniently connect to a Certified Repair Provider that can dedicate the same level of attention and integrity to your vehicle's repair that Connie's family car needed after her collision. Wherever you live in North America, we have a light in every region, so you stay safe on the road.
Author: CollisionCare
Assured Performance Network 16-B Journey, Suite #200, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656 [email protected] 949-221-0010
CollisionCare
Assured Performance Network
16-B Journey, Suite #200, Aliso Viejo, CA 92656
[email protected]
The Moment That Changed One Texan's Life
White-Glove Service: What It Is & Why You Need It
© All Rights Reserved 2022 Assured Performance Collision Care, An Independent, Non- | [
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Nobelists, Students and Journalists Grapple with the Antiscience Movement
The annual Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings in an ancient German city takes on an extremely timely problem
By David L. Levine on July 26, 2017
Harbor, Lindau, Germany Credit: Julian Herzog Wikimedia (CC BY-SA 4.0)
I was fortunate to be invited to the 67th Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings, held in Lindau, Germany, June 25 to June 30. I was one of 70 journalists from 20 countries. Each year, about 30 Nobel laureates come to Lindau to meet between 400 and 500 undergraduates, PhD students, and post-doc researchers from all over the world. The goal of the meetings is to foster the exchange among scientists of different generations, cultures, and disciplines.
At the opening ceremony, Countess Bettina Bernadotte, president of the Council of the Lindau Meetings spoke about the need for scientists to respond to those who challenge scientific facts. "Scientists cannot ignore what is happening in the world," she said. "Some rulers, and people, seem to feel threatened by progress and the fact-oriented power of science." This was also the theme of the keynote address, "Science as an Insurance Policy to the Risks of Climate Change," by Nobel laureate Steven Chu. Due to a family emergency that prevented Chu from being present, the speech was read by William E. Moerner, Nobel laureate in Chemistry.
Moerner was also part of the panel at a press conference held June 27 titled "Science in a Post-Truth Era." It was held, perhaps appropriately, at the Marionette Theater in Lindau, where operas are performed by puppets. The panel was moderated by Zulfikar Abbany, science editor of Deutsche Welle and also included Helga Nowotny, vice-president of the Council for the Lindau Meetings and former president of the European Research Council; Arturo Borja, director of international cooperation at the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT); and conference attendees Marian Nkansah, of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana and Melania Zauri of the Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.
Moerner began by reminding the audience that "science is not an alternative fact or a belief system. It is something we have to use if we want to push our future forward." As one of the 36 laureates who signed the Mainau Declaration on Climate Change at the 65th Lindau meeting, Moerner said he was frustrated that President Trump pulled out of the Paris Accords. "I am extremely concerned that evidence-based methods are not being used to make scientific decisions. But equally concerned that we have not been able to get this message across to the public."
Nowotny noted that the questioning of scientific information is not new (think Galileo) and that alternative facts can be found throughout history. "We have never lived in a truth era," she said. She went on to say that while it is true that European governments stand by the Paris Accords, there is still a lot of questioning of science. "We must help people understand the scientific process. We have failed to do that as scientists. We need better outreach to schools, families and the media."
Borja, who is a political scientist, said it is a mistake to expect logic in political campaigns. "Politicians want votes. They don't believe it matters what they tell people to get them." He noted that "the iterative process of science leaves uncertainty that some politicians can use to support their efforts to gather more votes."
Moerner said that scientists have plenty of outrage in their hearts but don't have a great answer to bullying by anti-science forces. "The marches, op-eds and meetings have not worked. We need to do better." Both Moerner and Nowotny noted that scientists must do a better job explaining the scientific method.
"A great example is cold fusion," Moerner said. "It was right until it was proven wrong." He noted that scientists are not priests and their findings are subject to change. "This uncertainty empowers our critics but science acts on maximum probability and that is how we close in on the truth." Moerner said that the media's tendency to | [
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Q: Restrict cipher suite selection using Openssl s_server I want to test my client against a test server, so I am using OpenSSL s_server command. The goal is to configure the server to select only 1 cipher suite which I configure. This way I can test different cipher suites sent by client. I cannot change the cipher suit list on the client side.
To start the server I use:
`{` openssl s_server -accept 50000 -cert ../server/server_certificate.pem -key ../server/private_key.pem -CAfile ca_certificate.pem -cipher ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 -serverpref -state -debug -status_verbose }
To test whether the server selects the configured cipher suite, I start the client as
openssl s_client -connect 3.135.190.131:50000 -cert ../client/client_certificate1.pem -key ../client/private_key.pem -CAfile ca_certificate.pem
But when I start connect the client to the server, the server selects: TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 instead of the configured: ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
Also, I checked the trace and the client does send the ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 in the cipher suite list.
Can you suggest what could be wrong on the server side command?
A: Your server and client want to speak TLS 1.3 which has its own strict set of ciphersuites which does not include ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384.
These can be changed with the -ciphersuites argument to s_server. The set of ciphersuites is in addition to the TLS 1.2 ciphers set by -ciphers. Per the [man page](https://www.openssl.org/docs/man1.1.1/man1/openssl-s_server.html:
-cipher val
This allows the list of TLSv1.2 and below ciphersuites used by the server to be modified. This list is combined with any
TLSv1.3 ciphersuites that have been configured. When the client sends
a list of supported ciphers the first client cipher also included in
the server list is used. Because the client specifies the preference
order, the order of the server cipherlist is irrelevant. See the
ciphers command for more information.
-ciphersuites val
This allows the list of TLSv1.3 ciphersuites used by the server to be modified. This list is combined with any TLSv1.2 and
below ciphersuites that have been configured. When the client sends a
list of supported ciphers the first client cipher also included in the
server list is used. Because the client specifies the preference
order, the order of the server cipherlist is irrelevant. See the
ciphers command for more information. The format for this list is a
simple colon (":") separated list of TLSv1.3 ciphersuite names.
If we try completely removing the TLS 1.3 ciphersuites, leaving only the TLS 1.2 ciphers, here's what happens on the server side:
$ openssl s_server -accept 50000 -cert node.crt -key node.key -CAfile ca.crt -cipher ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 -serverpref -state -debug -status_verbose -ciphersuites ""
Using default temp DH parameters
ACCEPT
write to 0x55c8894b0bd0 [0x55c8894c83f0] (7 bytes => 7 (0x7))
0000 - 15 03 03 00 02 02 28 ......(
SSL3 alert write:fatal:handshake failure
SSL_accept:error in error
ERROR
139842681824576:error:141FC0B5:SSL routines: | [
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] | 1,024 | StackExchange | -1.120034 | 0.6703 | -0.530452 | -0.135594 |
Especially in instances where the lectionary does not treat the text sequentially, as is the case here, it's important to explore exactly what it was that Jesus heard. In this instance, he heard about the death of John the Baptist in a gruesome affair involving his head being delivered to Herod's wife, Herodias, on a silver platter. It seems that John had gotten on Herodias' bad side. Beware the thin skin of politicians. This had to have been on Jesus' mind as he withdrew. To a deserted place. By himself. In case you missed any of the clues that Jesus went to be alone, Matthew drives the point home in a redundant manner.
The place that I connect with Jesus in this text is not in the Eucharistic metaphor but in his grief. One imagines that he is mourning the death of his cousin and forerunner. My father died rather unexpectedly about 2 months ago at the point that I am writing this entry, and so it is inevitably the lens with which I view Scripture right now. We don't know how long Jesus stays in the deserted place by himself but it reads as a brief interlude. He doesn't get a lot of time and space because the crowd follows him on foot along the shore.
You know, with 2000 years of Christian history and living in a Judeo-Christian society, we might take these stories and the divinity of Jesus for granted, forgetting that he was also human. He must have felt the emotional, spiritual, and physical fatigue of his grief- compounded by the fact that this foreshadowed his own execution. Yet in the midst of it all he sees the crowd and has compassion for them. And he resumes his work of curing the sick.
I had to do a funeral very shortly after I returned from burying my dad, and on the 2-month anniversary of his death I was in the cardiovascular ICU with someone who was in critical condition—this was the same kind of unit in which my dad spent the last 24 hours of his life. It takes extra emotional energy now to be present and the recovery time for me after these moments is significant. And so I wonder what was the cost to Jesus to do this? To show up in this moment and be present to the crowd and to his disciples? Have you had an experience like this? And more to the point—what members of your congregation have had experiences like this? "The show must go on," right? Do we ever afford ourselves the quiet and the space to do life's essential work? Whether that's grief? Joy? Or something else? I did withdraw to a deserted place by myself and that is following Jesus' example as much as anything else in the Gospels.
One of the challenges of preaching on this proper is that this is such a familiar story. In an entry in the periodical Christian Century, Lauren Winner recommends reading Scripture in a location different from what you're used to. I did this and I found myself wondering—were there really 5000 men plus the women and children? Or did the disciples overestimate the size of the crowd because they underestimated their ability?
And what about that crowd? What did it feel like to be fed from this abundance? Were they even in on the miracle or was that simply between the disciples and Jesus?
One other aspect of the text that we miss if we go by the lectionary rather than read the Gospel all at once is that an almost identical situation comes up shortly after this takes place.
Or something like that. I'm paraphrasing.
Jesus must have a bottomless well of patience, because goodness knows the disciples. Just. Don't. Get it.
But there is good news in that for us. No matter how many times we have to relearn the same lesson. No matter how many times we make the same mistake. No matter how many times we miss an opportunity.
Jesus has patience with us—and we always get another chance to gather the loaves and fishes, and to share in the feast.
The Rev. Ann Dieterle is the Rector of St. Paul's Episcopal Church in Wilkesboro, North Carolina. She enjoys walking with her goldendoodle, Gordon, throwing culinary theme parties for her friends, and is a proud Star Wars nerd. Ann graduated from Sewanee and Florida State University, and hopes to add Australia to the list of continents she's visited before | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | 1.709785 | 0.240734 | -0.155444 | 0.962319 |
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Explanatory Statement
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Details: F2020L01340
Export Control (Sheepmeat and Goatmeat Export to the European Union Tariff Rate Quotas) Amendment (Brexit Transition Period) Order 2020
- F2020L01340
In force - Latest Version
Orders/Other as made
This instrument amends the Export Control (Sheepmeat and Goatmeat Export to the European Union Tariff Rate Quotas) Order 2019 to adjust the tariff rate quota (TRQ) administration to cater for the United Kingdom (UK) ending its Brexit transition period on 31 December 2020 and the consequential requirement to create separate TRQs for each of the European Union (EU) and the UK for sheepmeat and goatmeat, and make other consequential amendments.
Administered by: Agriculture, Water and the Environment
+ Sunset Information
Sunset Details
Sunset Date
To sunset on
Registered 23 Oct 2020
Tabling History
Tabled HR 26-Oct-2020
Tabled Senate 09-Nov-2020
To be repealed 16 Feb 2021
Repealed by Division 1 of Part 3 of Chapter 3 of the Legislation Act 2003
F2020L01340
I, Jemma Martin, as delegate of the Secretary of the Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, make the following order.
Dated 1 October 2020
Jemma Martin
Residues and Food Branch
Exports Division
1............ Name............................................................................................................................. 1
2............ Commencement............................................................................................................. 1
3............ Authority....................................................................................................................... 1
4............ Schedules...................................................................................................................... 1
Schedule 1—Amendments 2
Export Control (Sheepmeat and Goatmeat Export to the European Union Tariff Rate Quotas) Order 2019 2
This instrument is the Export Control (Sheepmeat and Goatmeat Export to the European Union Tariff Rate Quotas) Amendment (Brexit Transition Period) Order 2020.
(1) Each provision of this instrument specified in column 1 of the table commences, or is taken to have commenced, in accordance with column 2 of the table. Any other statement in column 2 has effect according to its terms.
1. The whole of this instrument
The day after this instrument is registered.
Note: This table relates only to the provisions of this instrument as originally made. It will not be amended to deal with any later amendments of this instrument.
(2) Any information in column 3 of the table is not part of this instrument. Information may be inserted in this column, or information in it may be edited, in any published version of this instrument.
3 Authority
This instrument is made under section 23A of the Export Control Act 1982.
4 Schedules
Each instrument that is specified in a Schedule to this instrument is amended or repealed as set out in the applicable items in the Schedule concerned, and any other item in a Schedule to this instrument has effect according to its terms.
Schedule 1—Amendments
Export Control (Sheepmeat and Goatmeat Export to the European Union Tariff Rate Quotas) Order 2019
1 Section 1
Omit "(Sheepmeat and Goatmeat Export to the European Union Tariff Rate Quotas)", substitute "(Tariff | [
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Rate Quotas—Sheepmeat and Goatmeat Export to the European Union and United Kingdom)".
Repeal the section, substitute:
5 Purpose of this instrument
This instrument provides for, and in relation to, the establishment and administration of a system of tariff rate quotas for the export of sheepmeat and goatmeat to the European Union and the United Kingdom.
3 Section 6 (definition of access amount)
Repeal the definition, substitute:
access amount means:
(a) for the EU and a quota year—the total carcase equivalent weight of eligible meat for the EU that may, under the import tariff quota for CN code 0204 that is specified for Australia in the Annex to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 1354/2011, be exported from Australia to the EU in the quota year at a reduced tariff rate; or
(b) for the UK and a quota year—15,349,000 kilograms.
Note: The Regulation mentioned in paragraph (a) could in 2020 be viewed on the EUR‑Lex website (https://eur‑lex.europa.eu).
4 Section 6 (definition of Australian tariff rate quota)
Repeal the definition.
5 Section 6 (paragraph (a) of the definition of carcase equivalent weight)
Omit "eligible".
6 Section 6 (definition of consignment)
Omit "of eligible meat".
7 Section 6 (definition of eligible meat)
After "eligible meat", insert ", for a quota destination,".
8 Section 6 (paragraph (d) of the definition of eligible meat)
Omit "EU", substitute "quota destination".
9 Section 6 (definition of EU)
Omit "during any UK withdrawal transition period", substitute "in relation to the quota year starting on 1 January 2020".
10 Section 6 (definition of exporter)
Omit "to the EU".
11 Section 6
quota destination means the EU or the UK.
UK means the United Kingdom.
12 Section 6 (definition of UK withdrawal transition period)
13 Part 2 (heading)
Repeal the heading, substitute:
Part 2—Use of access amounts
Omit all the words after "the export", substitute "of eligible meat to a quota destination within the access amount for the quota destination and a quota year.".
After "exporter's tariff rate quota entitlement,", insert "for a quota destination".
Omit "allocated or transferred to the exporter in relation to the quota year", substitute "for the quota destination and quota year allocated or transferred to the exporter".
17 Paragraph 8(a)
After "entitlement", insert "for the quota destination and quota year".
18 Paragraph 8(b)
Repeal the paragraph, substitute:
(b) amounts of the exporter's tariff rate quota entitlement for the quota destination and quota year cancelled under section 14, 15, 16 or 18;
19 Paragraphs 8(c) and (d)
Omit "in the quota year", substitute "for the quota destination and quota year".
20 Subsection 9(1)
Omit "under subsection 10(1) for a quota year", substitute "for a quota destination and a quota year under subsection 10(1)".
22 Subsection 10(1)
Omit "to be allocated to each applicant under section 9 for a quota year", substitute "for a quota destination and a quota year to be allocated to each applicant under section 9".
23 Subsection 10(1) (method statement, step 2)
After "for the", insert "quota destination and".
24 Subsection 10(1) (method statement, paragraph (b) of step 4)
26 Paragraph 10(2)(a)
Omit "under this section for the quota year", substitute "for the quota destination and quota year under this section".
27 Section 11
11 Penalty amount
(1) For the purposes of step 2 of the method statement in subsection 10(1), an applicant is subject to | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -1.594162 | 0.428912 | -0.883941 | -0.477111 |
a penalty for a quota destination and a quota year if the applicant's certified exports for the quota destination and the previous quota year (as worked out under subsection (2)) are less than 90% of the applicant's annual entitlement for the quota destination and the previous quota year (as worked out under subsection (3)).
(2) The applicant's certified exports for the quota destination and the previous quota year are the sum of:
(a) the amounts stated in certificates (if any) issued to the applicant under section 19, before the end of 30 November in the previous quota year, for export of consignments to the quota destination in the previous quota year; and
(b) the entitlement‑based amounts stated in certificates (if any) issued to the applicant under section 20, before the end of 30 November in the previous quota year, for export of consignments to the quota destination in the previous quota year.
Note: The amount stated in a certificate is disregarded if the certificate is cancelled (see subsection 23(4)). See also section 24 for the effect of annotations of certificates.
(3) The applicant's annual entitlement for the quota destination and the previous quota year is the total of the amounts of tariff rate quota entitlement for the quota destination and previous quota year allocated or transferred to the applicant under sections 10, 13 and 17, reduced by the sum of:
(a) amounts (if any) of tariff rate quota entitlement for the quota destination and the previous quota year transferred by the applicant under section 13; and
(b) amounts (if any) of the applicant's tariff rate quota entitlement for the quota destination and the previous quota year cancelled under section 14, 15 or 16.
(4) If the applicant is subject to a penalty, the applicant's penalty amount for the quota destination and the quota year is half the amount by which the applicant's annual entitlement for the quota destination and the previous quota year exceeds the applicant's certified exports for the quota destination and the previous quota year.
28 Section 12 (definition of AA)
After "access amount for", insert "the quota destination and".
29 Section 12 (definition of applicant's accredited exports)
After "eligible meat", insert "for the quota destination".
30 Section 12 (at the end of the definition of applicant's quota exports)
Add "for export of consignments to the quota destination".
31 Section 12 (definition of total accredited exports)
32 Section 13 (at the end of the heading)
Add "before 1 November".
33 Subsections 13(1) and 14(1)
After "entitlement", insert "for a quota destination and the quota year".
35 Paragraph 15(1)(b)
(b) the balance of the exporter's tariff rate quota entitlement for a quota destination and the quota year was greater than zero at any time in the quota year, and the exporter wants to apply for an additional amount of tariff rate quota entitlement for the quota destination and quota year.
After "in a quota year", insert "in relation to the balance of the exporter's tariff rate quota entitlement for a quota destination and the quota year,".
Omit "cancelled in the quota year", substitute "for the quota destination and quota year cancelled".
Repeal the subsection (not including the note), substitute:
(1) At any time before the Secretary allocates amounts under section 17 in relation to a quota destination and a quota year (additional allocations after 1 November), an exporter may apply to the Secretary for a tariff rate quota certificate for the export of a consignment of eligible meat to the quota destination in the quota year within the access amount for the quota destination and the quota year.
After "entitlement for", insert "the quota destination and".
Omit "goods", substitute "consignment".
After "eligible meat", insert "to a quota destination".
Omit "EU", insert "quota destination".
(1) At any time between | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -1.621332 | 0.620985 | -0.95836 | -0.574349 |
when the Secretary allocates amounts under section 17 in relation to a quota destination and a quota year (additional allocations after 1 November) and the end of the quota year, an exporter may apply to the Secretary for a tariff rate quota certificate for the export of a consignment of eligible meat to the quota destination in the quota year within the access amount for the quota destination and the quota year.
Omit "to subsection (6)", substitute "to subsection (7)".
After "amount", insert "for the quota destination and quota year".
Repeal the subsection, substitute:
(6) The uncommitted access amount, for a quota destination and a quota year at a particular time, is the sum of:
(a) the amount (if any) that remained unallocated after the Secretary allocated amounts for the quota destination and quota year under section 17; and
(b) any amounts of tariff rate quota entitlement for the quota destination and quota year cancelled under section 18 before that time;
reduced in accordance with paragraph (5)(b) for certificates issued to applicants under this section before that time.
Omit "to the EU", substitute "to a quota destination".
60 Subparagraph 23(2)(b)(iv)
Omit "an appropriate EU authority annotates a tariff rate quota certificate", substitute "a quota destination authority annotates a tariff rate quota certificate for export of a consignment to the quota destination".
(4) An annotation of a certificate issued under section 20 affects the applicant's entitlement‑based amount (if any) for the quota destination and quota year before it affects the uncommitted access amount for the quota destination and quota year.
Omit "eligible meat", substitute "mutton, lamb or goatmeat".
64 At the end of subsection 25(1)
Omit "under the Australian tariff rate quota", substitute "for which a certificate was issued under section 19 or 20".
After "section 20 to the uncommitted access amount", insert "for a quota destination and a quota year".
After "entitlement", insert "for a quota destination and a quota year".
(1) The Secretary may arrange for the use, under the Secretary's control, of computer programs for any purposes for which the Secretary may, or must, under this instrument:
(a) make a decision; or
(b) exercise any power or comply with any obligation; or
(c) do anything else related to making a decision referred to in paragraph (a), or related to exercising a power or complying with an obligation referred to in paragraph (b).
(1A) However, subsection (1) does not apply in relation to:
(a) making a decision for which an application for reconsideration may be made under section 29; or
(b) reconsidering such a decision under subsection 30(1).
(3) The Secretary is taken to have:
(a) made a decision; or
(b) exercised a power or complied with an obligation; or
(c) done something else related to the making of a decision or exercise of a power or compliance with an obligation;
that was made, exercised, complied with or done by the operation of a computer program under an arrangement made under subsection (1).
Omit "subsection (3)", substitute "paragraph (3)(a)".
(1) This instrument applies:
(a) in relation to exports of eligible meat to the EU in the quota year starting on 1 January 2020 and later quota years; and
(b) in relation to exports of eligible meat to the UK in the quota year starting on 1 January 2021 and later quota years.
Note: In relation to the quota year starting on 1 January 2020, EU is defined to include the UK (see section 6).
71 Sections 40 and 41
Repeal the sections, substitute:
40 Application for tariff rate quota entitlements for 2021 quota year
For the quota year starting on 1 January 2021, section 9 applies as if:
(a) the reference to a quota destination in subsection 9(1) were a reference to both the EU and the UK; and
(b | [
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) the reference in subsection 9(2) to an amount of tariff rate quota entitlement for the quota destination and quota year were a reference to amounts of tariff rate quota entitlement for the EU and quota year and the UK and quota year.
41 Determining initial allocations for 2021 quota year
(1) For the quota year starting on 1 January 2021, subsection 10(1) is taken to have been replaced by subsection (2) of this section.
(2) The Secretary must determine the amount of tariff rate quota entitlement for the EU and the UK and a quota year to be allocated to each applicant under section 9, using the following method statement.
Method statement
Step 1. Use the formula in section 42 to work out the step 1 amount for each applicant.
Step 2. If the step 1 amount for an applicant is less than 12,000 kg:
(a) the amount is excluded; and
(b) the applicant is excluded and is not allocated an amount of tariff rate quota entitlement for either the EU or the UK and the quota year under this section.
Step 3. Use the formula in section 42 to distribute the total of the amounts excluded under step 2 among the applicants who were not excluded, and add the amount distributed to each such applicant's step 1 amount to reach the applicant's step 3 amount. For this purpose:
(a) replace references in the formula to CAA with references to the total of the amounts excluded; and
(b) replace references to all applicants with references to applicants who were not excluded.
Step 4. Apportion the step 3 amount for each of the remaining applicants as follows:
(a) 20% for the EU; and
(b) 80% for the UK.
Step 5. Round the amounts to the nearest kilogram, with 0.5 of a kilogram to be rounded up. If after this the sum of the amounts apportioned for a quota destination exceeds the access amount for that quota destination, round all the amounts apportioned for the quota destination down to the nearest kilogram instead.
Step 6. For an applicant not excluded at step 2:
(a) the amount of tariff rate quota entitlement for the EU and the quota year allocated to the applicant is the amount apportioned for the EU at step 4, rounded in accordance with step 5; and
(b) the amount of tariff rate quota entitlement for the UK and the quota year allocated to the applicant is the amount apportioned for the UK at step 4, rounded in accordance with step 5.
42 Formula for determining initial allocation for 2021 quota year
(1) For the purposes of the method statement in section 41, the formula is the following:
applicant's accredited exports is the carcase equivalent weight of all the applicant's exports of EU‑eligible meat from an EU‑accredited establishment to any foreign country in the performance period for the quota year, including amounts exported by another exporter in the performance period that have been transferred to the applicant under section 25.
applicant's all‑quota exports is the total of the amounts stated in certificates issued to the applicant under section 19 or 20 in the performance period for the quota year.
CAA means the sum of:
(a) the access amount for the EU and the quota year; and
(b) the access amount for the UK and the quota year.
total accredited exports is the carcase equivalent weight of all applicants' exports of EU‑eligible meat from an EU‑accredited establishment to any foreign country in the performance period for the quota year, including amounts exported by another exporter in the performance period that have been transferred to an applicant under section 25.
total all‑quota exports is the total amount of applicant's all‑quota exports for all applicants.
(2) In subsection (1):
EU‑eligible meat means eligible meat for the EU.
(3) In using the formula in subsection (1), a reference to certificates issued under section 19 or 20 in the performance period for the quota year is taken to include a reference to certificates issued under section 15 or 16 | [
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