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). Malaya Tribune, p. 8; Our water supply. (1929, April 2). Malaya Tribune, p. 8; Prolonged drought. (1929, September 25). The Straits Times, p. 11; No water shortage in Singapore. (1935, February 12). Malaya Tribune, p. 12; Singapore's $5,670,000 water supply project. (1940, May 21). The Straits Times, p. 11. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
8. Public Utilities Board. (1988). Singapore's water supply. Singapore: Author, p. 4. (Call no.: RSING 628.1095957 SIN); Big efforts to build up city's water supply. (1946, May 30). The Straits Times, p. 3; Water rationing likely in Singapore. (1946, June 19). The Straits Times, p. 5; Public urged: 'Save more water'. (1946, June 29). The Straits Times, p. 3; $40,000,000 waterworks extension. (1946, November 20). The Straits Times, p. 5; Water may be rationed in S'pore. (1947, January 10). The Straits Times, p. 3; Water economy needed in S'pore. (1947, March 23). The Straits Times, p. 3; Water plan: Start made. (1948, May 23). The Straits Times, p. 3; $3 million water scheme is approved. (1948, June 28). Malaya Tribune, p. 1. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
9. Singapore must still save water. (1947, September 28). The Straits Times, p. 3; Use of water 'still rising'. (1948, April 10). The Singapore Free Press, p. 5; Water ration warning. (1949, April 29). The Straits Times, p. 1; Water rationing likely. (1949, June 27). The Singapore Free Press, p. 5; 'Save water' call to S'pore. (1950, February 14). The Singapore Free Press, p. 6; Rationed water in April? (1950, November 2). The Straits Times, p. 5; Singapore's stocks of water are running dry. (1951, June 19). The Straits Times, p. 5; Singapore has 40 days' water. (1951, November 15). The Straits Times, p. 7; Singapore's water. (1953, September 10). The Straits Times, p. 6; Daily use of water in S'pore rose 4m. gals in year. (1954, November 25). The Singapore Free Press, p. 7; The big thirst. (1956, October 24). The Straits Times, p. 6; Water shortage. (1958, May 26). The Straits Times, p. 6; S'pore water consumption. (1959, November 26). The Singapore Free Press, p. 6. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
10. Water shortage. (1958, May 26). The Straits Times, p. 6; Sizeable drop in reservoir water levels. (1958, October 15). The Singapore Free Press, p. 5; Singapore water from the Johore River – big scheme. (1959, November 7). The Singapore Free Press, p. 1; Sam, J. (1961, September 3). $70 m. water plan. The Straits Times, p. 1. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
11. Water rationing for Singapore. (1961, August 30). The Straits Times, p. 1; Rationing today – and an urgent appeal to 'save water'. (1963, April 23). The Straits Times, p. 4 | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -1.045315 | -0.386096 | 1.087708 | -0.049583 |
. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Jalelah Abu Baker. (2014, March 5). When it didn't rain, you just queued up. Retrieved 2018, August 20 from AsiaOne website: http://www.asiaone.com/singapore/when-it-didnt-rain-you-just-queued
12. New 'save water' plea: The forecast is 'no rain'. (1961, June 26). The Singapore Free Press, p. 1; Water rationing for Singapore. (1961, August 30). The Straits Times, p. 1; 4-hour downpour for Singapore. (1961, September 14). The Straits Times, p. 4; Water crisis. (1963, March 19). The Straits Times, p. 1; Rationing today – and an urgent appeal to 'save water'. (1963, April 23). The Straits Times, p. 4; No water rationing for today. (1963, July 13). The Straits Times, p. 6. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
13. Restrictions for 6-hour periods 4 times a week. (1961, August 31). The Straits Times, p. 18. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
14. Ration: Cut to twice a week. (1962, January 6). The Straits Times, p. 1; Singapore ends water rationing. (1962, January 26). The Straits Times, p. 1. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
15. S'pore rations water. (1963, April 23). The Straits Times, p. 1. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
16. Water: 12 hours off from today. (1963, April 30). The Straits Times, p. 1. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
17. Hours of water rationing are cut to six. (1964, January 3). The Straits Times, p. 5; Water cuts now only three days a week. (1964, January 28). The Straits Times, p. 4. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Public Utilities Board of Singapore. (1965). Annual report of the Water Department 1964. Singapore: Public Utilities Board of Singapore, p. 1. (Call no.: RCLOS 628.1 SIN)
18. Fading fast – that fear of water rationing in S'pore. (1965, April 4). The Straits Times, p. 10; Lee, G. (1968, April 20). Sultan opens $30m. waterworks. The Straits Times, p. 11. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
19. S'pore may introduce water rationing. (1971, May 4). The Straits Times, p. 7; These are the seven zones for the PUB water rationing scheme. (1971, May 9). The Straits Times, p. 7. Retrieved from NewspaperSG; Public Utilities Board Singapore. (1972). Annual report of the Water Department 1971 [Microfilm: NL 9979]. Singapore: Public Utilities Board, p. 1.
20. Now PUB acts to cut garage water waste. (1971, May 13). New Nation, p. 1; Chia, P. (1971, May 13). 'Don't waste water' plea gets good public response. The Straits Times, p. 1; Chia, P. (1971, May 14). Thank you and keep it up! The Straits Times, p. 1; Chia, P. (1971, May 15). Keep it up… The Straits Times, p. 1; Water use up again after three-day drop. (1971, June 3). The Straits Times, p. 4; Chia, P. (1971, June 9). Use of water stays below 100 million. The Straits Times, p. 10. Retrieved from | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -1.018145 | -0.720783 | 0.757755 | -0.176071 |
NewspaperSG.
21. Chia, P. (1971, May 28). PUB warns of action against water waste. The Straits Times, p. 8; Wasting water: PUB officers act. (1971, May 30). The Straits Times, p. 1; First 'waste water' fine. (1971, June 5). The Straits Times, p. 1. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
22. Tan, Y. S., Lee, T. J., & Tan, K. (2009). Clean, green and blue: Singapore's journey towards environmental and water sustainability. Singapore: ISEAS Publishing, pp. 260–261. (Call no.: RSING 363.70095957 TAN)
51 schools have water all day at exams time. (1963, October 29). The Straits Times, p. 4. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
Centre for Liveable Cities & Public Utilities Board. (2012). Water: From scarce resource to national asset. Singapore: Cengage Learning Asia. (Call no.: RSING 333.91095957 WAT)
Cholera – so water rationing eased in city. (1963, December 4). The Straits Times, p. 4. Retrieved from NewspaperSG.
The information in this article is valid as at February 2020 and correct as far as we are able to ascertain from our sources. It is not intended to be an exhaustive or complete history of the subject. Please contact the Library for further reading materials on the topic.
Water-supply--Singapore--History
Water security--Singapore--History
Domestic policy (Water Resource Management)
~ Recommendations ~
Four National Taps
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The sanitation system in Singapore
Singapore is served by a modern sanitation system in which all used water is collected through a network of sewers and ...
Bedok Reservoir, located off Reservoir Road in Bedok, was one of the two reservoirs built by the Public Utilities Board ...
Public Utilities Board
PUB, Singapore's national water agency, formerly known as the Public Utilities Board (PUB), is a statutory board under ...
NEWater
NEWater refers to the high-grade reclaimed water that has been purified with advanced membrane and ultraviolet technologies. ...
Seletar Reservoir
Seletar Reservoir was built in 1940 as the country's third impounding reservoir, to meet a surge in water demand after ...
Lower and Upper Peirce reservoirs
Lower Peirce Reservoir, officially opened on 26 March 1912, is the second-oldest impounding reservoir in Singapore. ...
Deep Tunnel Sewerage System
The Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS) was conceptualised in the 1990s as a sustainable, cost-effective solution to ...
Clean-up of Singapore River and Kallang Basin
The clean-up of Singapore River and Kallang Basin took place largely between 1977 and 1987. Besides the physical cleaning ...
MacRitchie Reservoir
Situated off Lornie Road and completed in the late 1860s, MacRitchie Reservoir was the first water supply system implemented ...
Pulau Semakau
Pulau Semakau is popularly known as one of the southern islands off the main island of Singapore. In the Urban Redevelopment ...
Major floods in Singapore
Floods are a common occurrence in Singapore usually caused by a combination of heavy rainfall, high tides and drainage ...
Coney Island (Pulau Serangoon)
Coney Island, also known as Pulau Serangoon, is located off the coast of Punggol in northeastern Singapore. Originally ...
Clean and Green Week
Launched in November 1990, the Clean and Green Week (CGW) took place for a week in November each year until 2007 when ...
Marina Barrage is | [
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Oscar Whimpey Evans
21 Aug 1895 - 14 Apr 1995
Life timeline of Oscar Whimpey Evans
arrow_back Back to Oscar Whimpey Evans
Oscar Whimpey Evans was 68 years old when John F. Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald in Dallas, Texas; hours later, Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in aboard Air Force One as the 36th President of the United States. John Fitzgerald Kennedy, commonly referred to by his initials JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963. He served at the height of the Cold War, and the majority of his presidency dealt with managing relations with the Soviet Union. As a member of the Democratic Party, Kennedy represented the state of Massachusetts in the United States House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate prior to becoming president.
Oscar Whimpey Evans was born on 21 Aug 1895
Queen Victoria surpasses her grandfather King George III as the longest reigning monarch in British history. Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. On 1 May 1876, she adopted the additional title of Empress of India. Queen Victoria surpasses her grandfather King George III as the longest reigning monarch in British history. Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. On 1 May 1876, she adopted the additional title of Empress of India.
Dracula, a novel by Irish author Bram Stoker, is published. Dracula is an 1897 Gothic horror novel by Irish author Bram Stoker. It introduced Count Dracula, and established many conventions of subsequent vampire fantasy. The novel tells the story of Dracula's attempt to move from Transylvania to England so that he may find new blood and spread the undead curse, and of the battle between Dracula and a small group of men and a woman led by Professor Abraham Van Helsing. Dracula, a novel by Irish author Bram Stoker, is published. Dracula is an 1897 Gothic horror novel by Irish author Bram Stoker. It introduced Count Dracula, and established many conventions of subsequent vampire fantasy. The novel tells the story of Dracula's attempt to move from Transylvania to England so that he may find new blood and spread the undead curse, and of the battle between Dracula and a small group of men and a woman led by Professor Abraham Van Helsing.
Spanish–American War: The Treaty of Paris is signed, officially ending the conflict. The Spanish–American War was fought between the United States and Spain in 1898. Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba, leading to US intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. American acquisition of Spain's Pacific possessions led to its involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine–American War. Spanish–American War: The Treaty of Paris is signed, officially ending the conflict. The Spanish–American War was fought between the United States and Spain in 1898. Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba, leading to US intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. American acquisition of Spain's Pacific possessions led to its involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately in the Philippine–American War.
Funeral of Queen Victoria. Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. On 1 May 1876, she adopted the additional title of Empress of India. Funeral of Queen Victoria. Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. On 1 May 1876, she adopted the additional title of Empress of India.
Oscar Whimpey Evans was 8 years old when The Wright brothers make their first attempt to fly with the Wright Flyer at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur, were two American aviators, engineers, inventors, and aviation pioneers who are generally credited with inventing, building, | [
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and flying the world's first successful airplane. They made the first controlled, sustained flight of a powered, heavier-than-air aircraft on December 17, 1903, four miles south of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. In 1904–05 the brothers developed their flying machine into the first practical fixed-wing aircraft. Although not the first to build experimental aircraft, the Wright brothers were the first to invent aircraft controls that made fixed-wing powered flight possible. The Wright brothers make their first attempt to fly with the Wright Flyer at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur, were two American aviators, engineers, inventors, and aviation pioneers who are generally credited with inventing, building, and flying the world's first successful airplane. They made the first controlled, sustained flight of a powered, heavier-than-air aircraft on December 17, 1903, four miles south of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. In 1904–05 the brothers developed their flying machine into the first practical fixed-wing aircraft. Although not the first to build experimental aircraft, the Wright brothers were the first to invent aircraft controls that made fixed-wing powered flight possible.
Oscar Whimpey Evans was 10 years old when Albert Einstein publishes his first paper on the special theory of relativity. Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics. His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. He is best known to the general public for his mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, which has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation". He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect", a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory. Albert Einstein publishes his first paper on the special theory of relativity. Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics. His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. He is best known to the general public for his mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, which has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation". He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect", a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory.
Oscar Whimpey Evans was 13 years old when Ford puts the Model T car on the market at a price of US$825. Ford Motor Company is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16, 1903. The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand. Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller, an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom, and a 49% stake in Jiangling Motors of China. It also has joint-ventures in China, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, and Russia. The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power. Ford puts the Model T car on the market at a price of US$825. Ford Motor Company is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16, 1903. The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand. Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller, an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom, and a 49% stake in Jiangling Motors of China. It also has joint-ventures in China, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, and Russia. The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power.
Oscar Whimpey Evans was 17 years old when The British passenger liner RMS Titanic sinks in the North Atlantic at 2:20 a.m., two hours and forty minutes after hitting an iceberg | [
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. Only 710 of 2,227 passengers and crew on board survive. RMS Titanic was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in the early hours of 15 April 1912, after colliding with an iceberg during its maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. There were an estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, and more than 1,500 died, making it one of the deadliest commercial peacetime maritime disasters in modern history. RMS Titanic was the largest ship afloat at the time it entered service and was the second of three Olympic-class ocean liners operated by the White Star Line. It was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast. Thomas Andrews, her architect, died in the disaster. The British passenger liner RMS Titanic sinks in the North Atlantic at 2:20 a.m., two hours and forty minutes after hitting an iceberg. Only 710 of 2,227 passengers and crew on board survive. RMS Titanic was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in the early hours of 15 April 1912, after colliding with an iceberg during its maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. There were an estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, and more than 1,500 died, making it one of the deadliest commercial peacetime maritime disasters in modern history. RMS Titanic was the largest ship afloat at the time it entered service and was the second of three Olympic-class ocean liners operated by the White Star Line. It was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast. Thomas Andrews, her architect, died in the disaster.
World War I: Battle of Étreux: A British rearguard action by the Royal Munster Fusiliers during the Great Retreat. World War I, also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the "war to end all wars", more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war, a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents' technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political change, including the Revolutions of 1917–1923 in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War twenty-one years later. World War I: Battle of Étreux: A British rearguard action by the Royal Munster Fusiliers during the Great Retreat. World War I, also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the "war to end all wars", more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war, a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents' technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political change, including the Revolutions of 1917–1923 in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War twenty-one years later.
World War I: Bulgaria joins the Central Powers. World War I, also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the "war to end all wars", more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over nine million combatants and seven million civili | [
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ans died as a result of the war, a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents' technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political change, including the Revolutions of 1917–1923 in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War twenty-one years later. World War I: Bulgaria joins the Central Powers. World War I, also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the "war to end all wars", more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war, a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents' technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political change, including the Revolutions of 1917–1923 in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War twenty-one years later.
World War I: Romania signed a secret treaty with the Entente Powers to enter the war in return for territorial considerations. World War I, also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the "war to end all wars", more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war, a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents' technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political change, including the Revolutions of 1917–1923 in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War twenty-one years later. World War I: Romania signed a secret treaty with the Entente Powers to enter the war in return for territorial considerations. World War I, also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the "war to end all wars", more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war, a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents' technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political change, including the Revolutions of 1917–1923 in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War twenty-one years later.
World War I: The Corfu Declaration, which leads to the creation of the post-war Kingdom of Yugoslavia, is signed by the Yugoslav Committee and Kingdom of Serbia. World War I, also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the "war to end all wars", more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war, a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents' technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts | [
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in history and precipitated major political change, including the Revolutions of 1917–1923 in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War twenty-one years later. World War I: The Corfu Declaration, which leads to the creation of the post-war Kingdom of Yugoslavia, is signed by the Yugoslav Committee and Kingdom of Serbia. World War I, also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the "war to end all wars", more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war, a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents' technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political change, including the Revolutions of 1917–1923 in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War twenty-one years later.
World War I: The Battle of Amiens ends. World War I, also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the "war to end all wars", more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war, a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents' technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political change, including the Revolutions of 1917–1923 in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War twenty-one years later. World War I: The Battle of Amiens ends. World War I, also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as the "war to end all wars", more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Over nine million combatants and seven million civilians died as a result of the war, a casualty rate exacerbated by the belligerents' technological and industrial sophistication, and the tactical stalemate caused by gruelling trench warfare. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history and precipitated major political change, including the Revolutions of 1917–1923 in many of the nations involved. Unresolved rivalries at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the Second World War twenty-one years later.
Oscar Whimpey Evans was 25 years old when The Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified, guaranteeing women's suffrage in America. The Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the states and the federal government from denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex. It was adopted on August 18, 1920. The Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified, guaranteeing women's suffrage in America. The Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the states and the federal government from denying the right to vote to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex. It was adopted on August 18, 1920.
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, is the husband and consort of Queen Elizabeth II. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, is the husband and consort of Queen Elizabeth II.
Adolf Hitler is released from Landsberg Prison. Adolf Hitler was a German politician, demagogue, and Pan-German revolutionary, who was the leader | [
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of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator, Hitler initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939, and was central to the Holocaust. Adolf Hitler is released from Landsberg Prison. Adolf Hitler was a German politician, demagogue, and Pan-German revolutionary, who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator, Hitler initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939, and was central to the Holocaust.
The United Kingdom general strike begins. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to its east, the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west, giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland. With an area of 242,500 square kilometres (93,600 sq mi), the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 66.0 million inhabitants in 2017. The United Kingdom general strike begins. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to its east, the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west, giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland. With an area of 242,500 square kilometres (93,600 sq mi), the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 66.0 million inhabitants in 2017.
Oscar Whimpey Evans was 33 years old when Walt Disney character Mickey Mouse premieres in his first cartoon, "Plane Crazy". Walter Elias Disney was an American entrepreneur, animator, voice actor and film producer. A pioneer of the American animation industry, he introduced several developments in the production of cartoons. As a film producer, Disney holds the record for most Academy Awards earned by an individual, having won 22 Oscars from 59 nominations. He was presented with two Golden Globe Special Achievement Awards and an Emmy Award, among other honors. Several of his films are included in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress. Walt Disney character Mickey Mouse premieres in his first cartoon, "Plane Crazy". Walter Elias Disney was an American entrepreneur, animator, voice actor and film producer. A pioneer of the American animation industry, he introduced several developments in the production of cartoons. As a film producer, Disney holds the record for most Academy Awards earned by an individual, having won 22 Oscars from 59 nominations. He was presented with two Golden Globe Special Achievement Awards and an Emmy Award, among other honors. Several of his films are included in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress.
Oscar Whimpey Evans was 34 years old when Babe Ruth becomes the first baseball | [
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player to hit 500 home runs in his career with a home run at League Park in Cleveland, Ohio. George Herman "Babe" Ruth Jr. was an American professional baseball player whose career in Major League Baseball (MLB) spanned 22 seasons, from 1914 through 1935. Nicknamed "The Bambino" and "The Sultan of Swat", he began his MLB career as a stellar left-handed pitcher for the Boston Red Sox, but achieved his greatest fame as a slugging outfielder for the New York Yankees. Ruth established many MLB batting records, including career home runs (714), runs batted in (RBIs) (2,213), bases on balls (2,062), slugging percentage (.690), and on-base plus slugging (OPS) (1.164); the latter two still stand as of 2018. Ruth is regarded as one of the greatest sports heroes in American culture and is considered by many to be the greatest baseball player of all time. In 1936, Ruth was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame as one of its "first five" inaugural members. Babe Ruth becomes the first baseball player to hit 500 home runs in his career with a home run at League Park in Cleveland, Ohio. George Herman "Babe" Ruth Jr. was an American professional baseball player whose career in Major League Baseball (MLB) spanned 22 seasons, from 1914 through 1935. Nicknamed "The Bambino" and "The Sultan of Swat", he began his MLB career as a stellar left-handed pitcher for the Boston Red Sox, but achieved his greatest fame as a slugging outfielder for the New York Yankees. Ruth established many MLB batting records, including career home runs (714), runs batted in (RBIs) (2,213), bases on balls (2,062), slugging percentage (.690), and on-base plus slugging (OPS) (1.164); the latter two still stand as of 2018. Ruth is regarded as one of the greatest sports heroes in American culture and is considered by many to be the greatest baseball player of all time. In 1936, Ruth was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame as one of its "first five" inaugural members.
Oscar Whimpey Evans was 35 years old when Great Depression: In a State of the Union message, U.S. President Herbert Hoover proposes a $150 million (equivalent to $2,197,000,000 in 2017) public works program to help generate jobs and stimulate the economy. The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations; in most countries it started in 1929 and lasted until the late-1930s. It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the world's economy can decline. Great Depression: In a State of the Union message, U.S. President Herbert Hoover proposes a $150 million (equivalent to $2,197,000,000 in 2017) public works program to help generate jobs and stimulate the economy. The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations; in most countries it started in 1929 and lasted until the late-1930s. It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the world's economy can decline.
Adolf Hitler announced that the conquest of Lebensraum in Eastern Europe, and its "ruthless Germanisation", were the geopolitical objectives of Reich foreign policy. Adolf Hitler was a German politician, demagogue, and Pan-German revolutionary, who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 | [
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and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator, Hitler initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939, and was central to the Holocaust. Adolf Hitler announced that the conquest of Lebensraum in Eastern Europe, and its "ruthless Germanisation", were the geopolitical objectives of Reich foreign policy. Adolf Hitler was a German politician, demagogue, and Pan-German revolutionary, who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator, Hitler initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939, and was central to the Holocaust.
Adolf Hitler ordered the German air force Luftwaffe reinstated, violating the Treaty of Versailles signed at the end of the First World War. Adolf Hitler was a German politician, demagogue, and Pan-German revolutionary, who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator, Hitler initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939, and was central to the Holocaust. Adolf Hitler ordered the German air force Luftwaffe reinstated, violating the Treaty of Versailles signed at the end of the First World War. Adolf Hitler was a German politician, demagogue, and Pan-German revolutionary, who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator, Hitler initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939, and was central to the Holocaust.
In Germany, Adolf Hitler receives 99% of the votes in a referendum to ratify Germany's illegal remilitarization and reoccupation of the Rhineland, receiving 44.5 million votes out of 45.5 million registered voters. Adolf Hitler was a German politician, demagogue, and Pan-German revolutionary, who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator, Hitler initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939, and was central to the Holocaust. In Germany, Adolf Hitler receives 99% of the votes in a referendum to ratify Germany's illegal remilitarization and reoccupation of the Rhineland, receiving 44.5 million votes out of 45.5 million registered voters. Adolf Hitler was a German politician, demagogue, and Pan-German revolutionary, who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator, Hitler initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939, and was central to the Holocaust.
At a conference in Munich, Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Neville Chamberlain, and Édouard Daladier reached a settlement, signing it at about 1:30 AM the next day, stipulating that Czechoslovakia must cede the Sudetenland to Germany. Adolf Hitler was a German politician, demagogue, and Pan-German revolutionary, who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator, Hitler initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939, and was central to the Holocaust. At a conference in Munich, Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Neville Chamberlain, and Édouard Daladier reached a settlement, signing it at about 1:30 AM | [
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the next day, stipulating that Czechoslovakia must cede the Sudetenland to Germany. Adolf Hitler was a German politician, demagogue, and Pan-German revolutionary, who was the leader of the Nazi Party, Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. As dictator, Hitler initiated World War II in Europe with the invasion of Poland in September 1939, and was central to the Holocaust.
World War II: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt orders the United States Customs Service to implement the Neutrality Act of 1939, allowing cash-and-carry purchases of weapons by belligerents. World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier. The vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most global war in history; it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease and the only use of nuclear weapons in war. World War II: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt orders the United States Customs Service to implement the Neutrality Act of 1939, allowing cash-and-carry purchases of weapons by belligerents. World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier. The vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most global war in history; it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease and the only use of nuclear weapons in war.
Second World War: A flotilla of "little ships" began a mass evacuation of British, French and Belgian troops cut off by the German army during the Battle of Dunkirk. World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier. The vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most global war in history; it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease and the only use of nuclear weapons in war. Second World War: A flotilla of "little ships" began a mass evacuation of British, French and Belgian troops cut off by | [
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the German army during the Battle of Dunkirk. World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier. The vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most global war in history; it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease and the only use of nuclear weapons in war.
World War II: The Battle of Crete ends as Crete capitulates to Germany. World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier. The vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most global war in history; it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease and the only use of nuclear weapons in war. World War II: The Battle of Crete ends as Crete capitulates to Germany. World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier. The vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most global war in history; it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease and the only use of nuclear weapons in war.
Second World War: Erwin Rommel launched the last major Axis offensive of the Western Desert Campaign, attacking the British Eighth Army's position near El Alamein, Egypt. World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier. The vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most global war in history; it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, premed | [
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itated death from starvation and disease and the only use of nuclear weapons in war. Second World War: Erwin Rommel launched the last major Axis offensive of the Western Desert Campaign, attacking the British Eighth Army's position near El Alamein, Egypt. World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier. The vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most global war in history; it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease and the only use of nuclear weapons in war.
World War II: Following the American capture of Makin Atoll, USS Liscome Bay was sunk by a torpedo from Japanese submarine I-175. World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier. The vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most global war in history; it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease and the only use of nuclear weapons in war. World War II: Following the American capture of Makin Atoll, USS Liscome Bay was sunk by a torpedo from Japanese submarine I-175. World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier. The vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most global war in history; it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease and the only use of nuclear weapons in war.
World War II: The Battle of Villers-Bocage: German tank ace Michael Wittmann ambushes elements of the British 7th Armoured Division, destroying up to fourteen tanks, fifteen personnel carriers and two anti-tank guns in a Tiger I tank. World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier. The vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most global war in history; it directly involved more than 100 million people from over | [
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30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease and the only use of nuclear weapons in war. World War II: The Battle of Villers-Bocage: German tank ace Michael Wittmann ambushes elements of the British 7th Armoured Division, destroying up to fourteen tanks, fifteen personnel carriers and two anti-tank guns in a Tiger I tank. World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier. The vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most global war in history; it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease and the only use of nuclear weapons in war.
Oscar Whimpey Evans was 50 years old when World War II: Hiroshima, Japan is devastated when the atomic bomb "Little Boy" is dropped by the United States B-29 Enola Gay. Around 70,000 people are killed instantly, and some tens of thousands die in subsequent years from burns and radiation poisoning. World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier. The vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most global war in history; it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease and the only use of nuclear weapons in war. World War II: Hiroshima, Japan is devastated when the atomic bomb "Little Boy" is dropped by the United States B-29 Enola Gay. Around 70,000 people are killed instantly, and some tens of thousands die in subsequent years from burns and radiation poisoning. World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier. The vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was the most global war in history; it directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. In a state of total war, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.560468 | 1.111547 | 2.504354 | 1.043271 |
, premeditated death from starvation and disease and the only use of nuclear weapons in war.
Gianni Versace, Italian fashion designer, founded Versace (d. 1997) Giovanni Maria "Gianni" Versace was an Italian fashion designer and founder of Versace, an international fashion house that produces accessories, fragrances, make-up, home furnishings, and clothes. He also designed costumes for theatre and films. As a friend of Eric Clapton, Diana, Princess of Wales, Naomi Campbell, Duran Duran, Madonna, Elton John, Cher, Sting, and many other celebrities, he was one of the first designers to link fashion to the music world. He and his partner Antonio D'Amico were regulars on the international party scene. On 15 July 1997, Versace was murdered outside his home at the age of 50 by spree killer Andrew Cunanan. Gianni Versace, Italian fashion designer, founded Versace (d. 1997) Giovanni Maria "Gianni" Versace was an Italian fashion designer and founder of Versace, an international fashion house that produces accessories, fragrances, make-up, home furnishings, and clothes. He also designed costumes for theatre and films. As a friend of Eric Clapton, Diana, Princess of Wales, Naomi Campbell, Duran Duran, Madonna, Elton John, Cher, Sting, and many other celebrities, he was one of the first designers to link fashion to the music world. He and his partner Antonio D'Amico were regulars on the international party scene. On 15 July 1997, Versace was murdered outside his home at the age of 50 by spree killer Andrew Cunanan.
Oscar Whimpey Evans was 52 years old when India gains Independence from British rule after near 190 years of Crown rule and joins the Commonwealth of Nations. India, also called the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia. India gains Independence from British rule after near 190 years of Crown rule and joins the Commonwealth of Nations. India, also called the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Charles, Prince of Wales Charles, Prince of Wales is the heir apparent to the British throne as the eldest child of Queen Elizabeth II. He has been Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay since 1952, and is the oldest and longest-serving heir apparent in British history. He is also the longest-serving Prince of Wales, having held that title since 1958. Charles, Prince of Wales Charles, Prince of Wales is the heir apparent to the British throne as the eldest child of Queen Elizabeth II. He has been Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay since 1952, and is the oldest and longest-serving heir apparent in British history. He is also the longest-serving Prince of Wales, having held that title since 1958.
Oscar Whimpey Evans was 57 years old when Elizabeth II is proclaimed Queen of the United Kingdom. Elizabeth II is Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms. Elizabeth II is proclaimed Queen of the United Kingdom. Elizabeth II is Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms.
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Winston Churchill is knighted by Queen Elizabeth II. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill was a British politician, army officer, and writer, who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. As Prime Minister, Churchill led Britain to victory in the Second World War. Churchill represented five constituencies during his career as Member of Parliament (MP). Ideologically an economic liberal and British imperialist, he began and ended his parliamentary career as a member of the Conservative Party, which he led from 1940 to 1955, but for twenty years from 1904 he was a prominent member of the Liberal Party. Winston Churchill is knighted by Queen Elizabeth II. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill was a British politician, army officer, and writer, who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. As Prime Minister, Churchill led Britain to victory in the Second World War. Churchill represented five constituencies during his career as Member of Parliament (MP). Ideologically an economic liberal and British imperialist, he began and ended his parliamentary career as a member of the Conservative Party, which he led from 1940 to 1955, but for twenty years from 1904 he was a prominent member of the Liberal Party.
Oscar Whimpey Evans was 59 years old when The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the landmark case Brown v. Board of Education, outlawing racial segregation in public schools because "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal" and therefore unconstitutional. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court of the United States. Established pursuant to Article Three of the United States Constitution in 1789, it has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all federal courts and state court cases, involving issues of federal law plus original jurisdiction over a small range of cases. In the legal system of the United States, the Supreme Court is generally the final interpreter of federal law including the United States Constitution, but it may act only within the context of a case in which it has jurisdiction. The Court may decide cases having political overtones, but does not have power to decide nonjusticiable political questions, and its enforcement arm is in the executive rather than judicial branch of government. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the landmark case Brown v. Board of Education, outlawing racial segregation in public schools because "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal" and therefore unconstitutional. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court of the United States. Established pursuant to Article Three of the United States Constitution in 1789, it has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all federal courts and state court cases, involving issues of federal law plus original jurisdiction over a small range of cases. In the legal system of the United States, the Supreme Court is generally the final interpreter of federal law including the United States Constitution, but it may act only within the context of a case in which it has jurisdiction. The Court may decide cases having political overtones, but does not have power to decide nonjusticiable political questions, and its enforcement arm is in the executive rather than judicial branch of government.
Oscar Whimpey Evans was 60 years old when Disneyland Hotel opens to the public in Anaheim, California. The Disneyland Hotel is a resort hotel located at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, owned by the Walt Disney Company and operated through its Parks, Experiences and Consumer Products division. Opened on October 5, 1955, as a motor inn owned and operated by Jack Wrather under an agreement with Walt Disney, the hotel was the first to officially bear the Disney name. Under Wrather's ownership, the hotel underwent several expansions and renovations over the years before being acquired by Disney in 1988. The hotel was downsized to its present capacity in 1999 as part of the Disneyland Resort expansion. Disneyland Hotel opens to the public in Anaheim, California. The Disneyland Hotel is a resort hotel located at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California, owned by the Walt Disney Company and operated through its Parks, Experiences and Consumer Products division. Opened on October 5, 1955, as a motor inn owned and operated by Jack | [
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Wrather under an agreement with Walt Disney, the hotel was the first to officially bear the Disney name. Under Wrather's ownership, the hotel underwent several expansions and renovations over the years before being acquired by Disney in 1988. The hotel was downsized to its present capacity in 1999 as part of the Disneyland Resort expansion.
Oscar Whimpey Evans was 62 years old when Space Race: Launch of Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth. The Space Race refers to the 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for dominance in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, aided by captured German missile technology and personnel from the Aggregat program. The technological superiority required for such dominance was seen as necessary for national security, and symbolic of ideological superiority. The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, uncrewed space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon. Space Race: Launch of Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth. The Space Race refers to the 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for dominance in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, aided by captured German missile technology and personnel from the Aggregat program. The technological superiority required for such dominance was seen as necessary for national security, and symbolic of ideological superiority. The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, uncrewed space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon.
More than 20 million viewers watch the first televised royal wedding when Princess Margaret marries Anthony Armstrong-Jones at Westminster Abbey. Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, was the younger daughter of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and the only sibling of Queen Elizabeth II. More than 20 million viewers watch the first televised royal wedding when Princess Margaret marries Anthony Armstrong-Jones at Westminster Abbey. Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, was the younger daughter of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and the only sibling of Queen Elizabeth II.
Diana, Princess of Wales (d. 1997) Diana, Princess of Wales was a member of the British royal family. She was the first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, the heir apparent to the British throne, and the mother of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex. Diana, Princess of Wales (d. 1997) Diana, Princess of Wales was a member of the British royal family. She was the first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, the heir apparent to the British throne, and the mother of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex.
Tom Cruise, American actor and producer Thomas Cruise Mapother IV is an American actor and producer. He started his career at age 19 in the film Endless Love (1981), before making his breakthrough in the comedy Risky Business (1983) and receiving widespread attention for starring in the action drama Top Gun (1986) as Lieutenant Pete "Maverick" Mitchell. After starring in The Color of Money (1986) and Cocktail (1988), Cruise starred opposite Dustin Hoffman in the Academy Award for Best Picture-winning drama Rain Man. For his role as anti-war activist Ron Kovic in the drama Born on the Fourth of July (1989), Cruise received the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama and his first Academy Award for Best Actor nomination. Tom Cruise, American actor and producer Thomas Cruise Mapother IV is an American actor and producer. He started his career at age 19 in the film Endless Love (1981), before making his breakthrough in the comedy Risky Business (1983) and receiving widespread attention for starring in the action drama Top Gun (1986) as Lieutenant Pete "Maverick" Mitchell. | [
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After starring in The Color of Money (1986) and Cocktail (1988), Cruise starred opposite Dustin Hoffman in the Academy Award for Best Picture-winning drama Rain Man. For his role as anti-war activist Ron Kovic in the drama Born on the Fourth of July (1989), Cruise received the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama and his first Academy Award for Best Actor nomination.
Michael Jordan, American basketball player and actor Michael Jeffrey Jordan, also known by his initials, MJ, is an American former professional basketball player. He played 15 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for the Chicago Bulls and Washington Wizards. His biography on the official NBA website states: "By acclamation, Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time." Jordan was one of the most effectively marketed athletes of his generation and was considered instrumental in popularizing the NBA around the world in the 1980s and 1990s. He is currently the principal owner and chairman of the NBA's Charlotte Hornets. Michael Jordan, American basketball player and actor Michael Jeffrey Jordan, also known by his initials, MJ, is an American former professional basketball player. He played 15 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for the Chicago Bulls and Washington Wizards. His biography on the official NBA website states: "By acclamation, Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time." Jordan was one of the most effectively marketed athletes of his generation and was considered instrumental in popularizing the NBA around the world in the 1980s and 1990s. He is currently the principal owner and chairman of the NBA's Charlotte Hornets.
Oscar Whimpey Evans was 69 years old when The Beatles make their first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show, performing before a "record-busting" audience of 73 million viewers across the USA. The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, they became widely regarded as the foremost and most influential music band in history. Rooted in skiffle, beat and 1950s rock and roll, the Beatles later experimented with several musical styles, ranging from pop ballads and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock, often incorporating classical elements and unconventional recording techniques in innovative ways. In 1963, their enormous popularity first emerged as "Beatlemania"; as the group's music grew in sophistication, led by primary songwriters Lennon and McCartney, the band were integral to pop music's evolution into an art form and to the development of the counterculture of the 1960s. The Beatles make their first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show, performing before a "record-busting" audience of 73 million viewers across the USA. The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, they became widely regarded as the foremost and most influential music band in history. Rooted in skiffle, beat and 1950s rock and roll, the Beatles later experimented with several musical styles, ranging from pop ballads and Indian music to psychedelia and hard rock, often incorporating classical elements and unconventional recording techniques in innovative ways. In 1963, their enormous popularity first emerged as "Beatlemania"; as the group's music grew in sophistication, led by primary songwriters Lennon and McCartney, the band were integral to pop music's evolution into an art form and to the development of the counterculture of the 1960s.
Winston Churchill, English colonel and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1874) Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill was a British politician, army officer, and writer, who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. As Prime Minister, Churchill led Britain to victory in the Second World War. Churchill represented five constituencies during his career as Member of Parliament (MP). Ideologically an economic liberal and British imperialist, | [
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he began and ended his parliamentary career as a member of the Conservative Party, which he led from 1940 to 1955, but for twenty years from 1904 he was a prominent member of the Liberal Party. Winston Churchill, English colonel and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1874) Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill was a British politician, army officer, and writer, who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. As Prime Minister, Churchill led Britain to victory in the Second World War. Churchill represented five constituencies during his career as Member of Parliament (MP). Ideologically an economic liberal and British imperialist, he began and ended his parliamentary career as a member of the Conservative Party, which he led from 1940 to 1955, but for twenty years from 1904 he was a prominent member of the Liberal Party.
Queen Elizabeth II opened the Severn Bridge, hailing it as the dawn of a new economic era for South Wales. Elizabeth II is Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms. Queen Elizabeth II opened the Severn Bridge, hailing it as the dawn of a new economic era for South Wales. Elizabeth II is Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms.
Jennifer Aniston, American actress and producer Jennifer Joanna Aniston is an American actress, film producer, and businessperson. She is the daughter of Greek-born actor John Aniston and American actress Nancy Dow. Aniston gained worldwide recognition for portraying Rachel Green on the television sitcom Friends (1994–2004), a role which earned her a Primetime Emmy Award, a Golden Globe Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award. The character was widely popular during the airing of the series and was later recognized as one of the greatest female characters in American television. Jennifer Aniston, American actress and producer Jennifer Joanna Aniston is an American actress, film producer, and businessperson. She is the daughter of Greek-born actor John Aniston and American actress Nancy Dow. Aniston gained worldwide recognition for portraying Rachel Green on the television sitcom Friends (1994–2004), a role which earned her a Primetime Emmy Award, a Golden Globe Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award. The character was widely popular during the airing of the series and was later recognized as one of the greatest female characters in American television.
Charles Manson goes on trial for the Sharon Tate murders. Charles Milles Manson was an American criminal, cult leader, and singer-songwriter. In the late 1960s, he formed what became known as the Manson Family, a quasi-commune in California. Manson's followers committed a series of nine murders at four locations in July and August 1969. In 1971, he was convicted of first-degree murder and conspiracy to commit murder for the deaths of seven people, all of which members of the group carried out at his instruction. Manson was also convicted of first-degree murder for two other deaths. Charles Manson goes on trial for the Sharon Tate murders. Charles Milles Manson was an American criminal, cult leader, and singer-songwriter. In the late 1960s, he formed what became known as the Manson Family, a quasi-commune in California. Manson's followers committed a series of nine murders at four locations in July and August 1969. In 1971, he was convicted of first-degree murder and conspiracy to commit murder for the deaths of seven people, all of which members of the group carried out at his instruction. Manson was also convicted of first-degree murder for two other deaths.
Tupac Shakur, American rapper and producer (d. 1996) Tupac Amaru Shakur, also known by his stage names 2Pac and Makaveli, was an American rapper and actor. He is considered by many as one of the best rappers of all time. Tupac Shakur, American rapper and producer (d. 1996) Tupac Amaru Shakur, also known by his stage names 2Pac and Makaveli, was an American rapper and actor. He is considered by many as | [
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one of the best rappers of all time.
Oscar Whimpey Evans was 77 years old when Munich massacre: Nine Israeli athletes die (along with a German policeman) at the hands of the Palestinian "Black September" terrorist group after being taken hostage at the Munich Olympic Games. Two other Israeli athletes were slain in the initial attack the previous day. The Munich massacre was an attack during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, in which the Palestinian terrorist group Black September took eleven Israeli Olympic team members hostage and killed them along with a West German police officer. Munich massacre: Nine Israeli athletes die (along with a German policeman) at the hands of the Palestinian "Black September" terrorist group after being taken hostage at the Munich Olympic Games. Two other Israeli athletes were slain in the initial attack the previous day. The Munich massacre was an attack during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, in which the Palestinian terrorist group Black September took eleven Israeli Olympic team members hostage and killed them along with a West German police officer.
Oscar Whimpey Evans was 78 years old when Elizabeth II, in her capacity as Queen of Australia, formally opened the Sydney Opera House on Bennelong Point in Sydney Harbour. Elizabeth II is Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms. Elizabeth II, in her capacity as Queen of Australia, formally opened the Sydney Opera House on Bennelong Point in Sydney Harbour. Elizabeth II is Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms.
Oscar Whimpey Evans was 80 years old when India's first satellite Aryabhata launched in orbit from Kapustin Yar, Russia. India, also called the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia. India's first satellite Aryabhata launched in orbit from Kapustin Yar, Russia. India, also called the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Oscar Whimpey Evans was 82 years old when Star Wars is released in theaters. Star Wars is a 1977 American epic space opera film written and directed by George Lucas. It is the first film in the original Star Wars trilogy and the beginning of the Star Wars franchise. Starring Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Peter Cushing, Alec Guinness, David Prowse, James Earl Jones, Anthony Daniels, Kenny Baker, and Peter Mayhew, the film focuses on the Rebel Alliance, led by Princess Leia (Fisher), and its attempt to destroy the Galactic Empire's space station, the Death Star. Star Wars is released in theaters. Star Wars is a 1977 American epic space opera film written and directed by George Lucas. It is the first film in the original Star Wars trilogy and the beginning of the Star Wars franchise. Starring Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Peter Cushing, Alec Guinness, David Prowse, James Earl Jones, Anthony Daniels, Kenny Baker, and Peter Mayhew, the film focuses on the Rebel Alliance, led by Princess Leia (Fisher), and its attempt to destroy the Galactic Empire's space station, the Death Star. | [
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Oscar Whimpey Evans was 83 years old when Jim Jones led more than 900 members of the Peoples Temple to mass murder/suicide in Jonestown, Guyana, hours after some of its members assassinated U.S. Congressman Leo Ryan (pictured). James Warren Jones was an American religious cult leader who initiated and was responsible for a mass suicide and mass murder in Jonestown, Guyana. He considered Jesus Christ as being in compliance with an overarching belief in socialism as the correct social order. Jones was ordained as a Disciples of Christ pastor, and he achieved notoriety as the founder and leader of the Peoples Temple cult. Jim Jones led more than 900 members of the Peoples Temple to mass murder/suicide in Jonestown, Guyana, hours after some of its members assassinated U.S. Congressman Leo Ryan (pictured). James Warren Jones was an American religious cult leader who initiated and was responsible for a mass suicide and mass murder in Jonestown, Guyana. He considered Jesus Christ as being in compliance with an overarching belief in socialism as the correct social order. Jones was ordained as a Disciples of Christ pastor, and he achieved notoriety as the founder and leader of the Peoples Temple cult.
Oscar Whimpey Evans was 84 years old when A coolant leak at the Three Mile Island's Unit 2 nuclear reactor outside Harrisburg, Pennsylvania leads to the core overheating and a partial meltdown. Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station (TMI) is a nuclear power plant located on Three Mile Island in Londonderry Township, Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna River just south of Harrisburg. It has two separate units, TMI-1 and TMI-2. The plant is widely known for having been the site of the most significant accident in United States commercial nuclear energy, on 28 March 1979, when TMI-2 suffered a partial meltdown. As per the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) report, the accident resulted in no deaths or injuries to plant workers or members of nearby communities. Follow-up epidemiology studies have linked no incidents of cancer to the accident. The reactor core of TMI-2 has since been removed from the site, but the site has not been decommissioned. In July 1998, Amergen Energy agreed to purchase TMI from General Public Utilities for $100 million. A coolant leak at the Three Mile Island's Unit 2 nuclear reactor outside Harrisburg, Pennsylvania leads to the core overheating and a partial meltdown. Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station (TMI) is a nuclear power plant located on Three Mile Island in Londonderry Township, Pennsylvania, on the Susquehanna River just south of Harrisburg. It has two separate units, TMI-1 and TMI-2. The plant is widely known for having been the site of the most significant accident in United States commercial nuclear energy, on 28 March 1979, when TMI-2 suffered a partial meltdown. As per the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) report, the accident resulted in no deaths or injuries to plant workers or members of nearby communities. Follow-up epidemiology studies have linked no incidents of cancer to the accident. The reactor core of TMI-2 has since been removed from the site, but the site has not been decommissioned. In July 1998, Amergen Energy agreed to purchase TMI from General Public Utilities for $100 million.
Oscar Whimpey Evans was 85 years old when Mount St. Helens erupts in Washington, United States, killing 57 people and causing $3 billion in damage. Mount St. Helens or Louwala-Clough is an active stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is 50 miles (80 km) northeast of Portland, Oregon and 96 miles (154 km) south of Seattle, Washington. Mount St. Helens takes its English name from the British diplomat Lord St Helens, a friend of explorer George Vancouver who made a survey of the area in the late 18th century. The volcano is located in the Cascade Range and is part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc, a segment of the Pacific Ring of Fire that includes over 160 active volcanoes. This volcano | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.73557 | 0.244627 | 1.944868 | -0.456873 |
is well known for its ash explosions and pyroclastic flows. Mount St. Helens erupts in Washington, United States, killing 57 people and causing $3 billion in damage. Mount St. Helens or Louwala-Clough is an active stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is 50 miles (80 km) northeast of Portland, Oregon and 96 miles (154 km) south of Seattle, Washington. Mount St. Helens takes its English name from the British diplomat Lord St Helens, a friend of explorer George Vancouver who made a survey of the area in the late 18th century. The volcano is located in the Cascade Range and is part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc, a segment of the Pacific Ring of Fire that includes over 160 active volcanoes. This volcano is well known for its ash explosions and pyroclastic flows.
Oscar Whimpey Evans was 86 years old when The first launch of a Space Shuttle (Columbia) takes place: The STS-1 mission. The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), as part of the Space Shuttle program. Its official program name was Space Transportation System (STS), taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development. The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights beginning in 1982. In addition to the prototype whose completion was cancelled, five complete Shuttle systems were built and used on a total of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011, launched from the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. Operational missions launched numerous satellites, interplanetary probes, and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST); conducted science experiments in orbit; and participated in construction and servicing of the International Space Station. The Shuttle fleet's total mission time was 1322 days, 19 hours, 21 minutes and 23 seconds. The first launch of a Space Shuttle (Columbia) takes place: The STS-1 mission. The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), as part of the Space Shuttle program. Its official program name was Space Transportation System (STS), taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development. The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights beginning in 1982. In addition to the prototype whose completion was cancelled, five complete Shuttle systems were built and used on a total of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011, launched from the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. Operational missions launched numerous satellites, interplanetary probes, and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST); conducted science experiments in orbit; and participated in construction and servicing of the International Space Station. The Shuttle fleet's total mission time was 1322 days, 19 hours, 21 minutes and 23 seconds.
Michael Jackson's sixth solo studio album, Thriller is released worldwide. It will become the best-selling record album in history. Michael Joseph Jackson was an American singer, songwriter, and dancer. Dubbed the "King of Pop", he was one of the most popular entertainers in the world, and was the best-selling music artist during the year of his death. Jackson's contributions to music, dance, and fashion along with his publicized personal life made him a global figure in popular culture for over four decades. Michael Jackson's sixth solo studio album, Thriller is released worldwide. It will become the best-selling record album in history. Michael Joseph Jackson was an American singer, songwriter, and dancer. Dubbed the "King of Pop", he was one of the most popular entertainers in the world, and was the best-selling music artist during the year of his death. Jackson's contributions to music, dance, and fashion along with his publicized personal life made him a global figure in popular culture for over four | [
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The original FIFA World Cup trophy, the Jules Rimet Trophy, is stolen from the headquarters of the Brazilian Football Confederation in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The FIFA World Cup, often simply called the World Cup, is an international association football competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War. The current champion is France, which won its second title at the 2018 tournament in Russia. The original FIFA World Cup trophy, the Jules Rimet Trophy, is stolen from the headquarters of the Brazilian Football Confederation in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The FIFA World Cup, often simply called the World Cup, is an international association football competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War. The current champion is France, which won its second title at the 2018 tournament in Russia.
The United Kingdom and China agree to a transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong, to take place in 1997. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to its east, the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west, giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland. With an area of 242,500 square kilometres (93,600 sq mi), the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 66.0 million inhabitants in 2017. The United Kingdom and China agree to a transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong, to take place in 1997. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to its east, the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west, giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland. With an area of 242,500 square kilometres (93,600 sq mi), the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 66.0 million inhabitants in 2017.
Cristiano Ronaldo, Portuguese footballer Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro GOIH ComM is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Italian club Juventus and the Portugal national team. Often considered the best player in the world and regarded by many as one of the greatest players of all time, Ronaldo has a record-tying five Ballon d'Or awards, the most for a European player, and is the first player to win four European Golden Shoes. He has won 26 trophies in his career, including five league titles, five UEFA Champions League titles and one UEFA European Championship. A prolific goalscorer, Ronaldo holds the records for most official goals scored | [
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in Europe's top-five leagues (395), the UEFA Champions League (120), the UEFA European Championship (9), as well as those for most assists in the UEFA Champions League (34) and the UEFA European Championship (6). He has scored over 670 senior career goals for club and country. Cristiano Ronaldo, Portuguese footballer Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro GOIH ComM is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Italian club Juventus and the Portugal national team. Often considered the best player in the world and regarded by many as one of the greatest players of all time, Ronaldo has a record-tying five Ballon d'Or awards, the most for a European player, and is the first player to win four European Golden Shoes. He has won 26 trophies in his career, including five league titles, five UEFA Champions League titles and one UEFA European Championship. A prolific goalscorer, Ronaldo holds the records for most official goals scored in Europe's top-five leagues (395), the UEFA Champions League (120), the UEFA European Championship (9), as well as those for most assists in the UEFA Champions League (34) and the UEFA European Championship (6). He has scored over 670 senior career goals for club and country.
Oscar Whimpey Evans was 90 years old when Space Shuttle program: STS-51-L mission: Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrates after liftoff, killing all seven astronauts on board. The Space Shuttle program was the fourth human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which accomplished routine transportation for Earth-to-orbit crew and cargo from 1981 to 2011. Its official name, Space Transportation System (STS), was taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development. Space Shuttle program: STS-51-L mission: Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrates after liftoff, killing all seven astronauts on board. The Space Shuttle program was the fourth human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which accomplished routine transportation for Earth-to-orbit crew and cargo from 1981 to 2011. Its official name, Space Transportation System (STS), was taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development.
Lionel Messi, Argentinian footballer Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward and captains both Spanish club Barcelona and the Argentina national team. Often considered the best player in the world and regarded by many as one of the greatest players of all time, Messi has won a record-tying five Ballon d'Or awards, four of which he won consecutively, and a record five European Golden Shoes. He has spent his entire professional career with Barcelona, where he has won 33 trophies, including nine La Liga titles, four UEFA Champions League titles, and six Copas del Rey. Both a prolific goalscorer and a creative playmaker, Messi holds the records for most official goals scored in La Liga (385), a La Liga season (50), a club football season in Europe (73), a calendar year (91), El Clásico (26), as well as those for most assists in La Liga (149) and the Copa América (11). He has scored over 600 senior career goals for club and country. Lionel Messi, Argentinian footballer Lionel Andrés Messi Cuccittini is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward and captains both Spanish club Barcelona and the Argentina national team. Often considered the best player in the world and regarded by many as one of the greatest players of all time, Messi has won a record-tying five Ballon d'Or awards, four of which he won consecutively, and a record five European Golden Shoes. He has spent his entire professional career with Barcelona, where he has won 33 trophies, including nine La Liga titles, four UEFA Champions League titles, and six Copas del Rey. Both a prolific goalscorer and a creative playmaker, Messi holds the records for most official goals scored in La Liga (385), a La Liga season (50), a club football season in | [
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Europe (73), a calendar year (91), El Clásico (26), as well as those for most assists in La Liga (149) and the Copa América (11). He has scored over 600 senior career goals for club and country.
Virat Kohli, Indian cricketer Virat Kohli is an Indian international cricketer who currently captains the India national team. An elegant right-handed batsman, Kohli is regarded as one of the best batsmen in the world. He plays for Royal Challengers Bangalore in the Indian Premier League (IPL), and has been the team's captain since 2013. Virat Kohli, Indian cricketer Virat Kohli is an Indian international cricketer who currently captains the India national team. An elegant right-handed batsman, Kohli is regarded as one of the best batsmen in the world. He plays for Royal Challengers Bangalore in the Indian Premier League (IPL), and has been the team's captain since 2013.
Avicii, Swedish electronic musician (d. 2018) Tim Bergling, better known by his stage name Avicii, was a Swedish musician, DJ, remixer and record producer. Avicii, Swedish electronic musician (d. 2018) Tim Bergling, better known by his stage name Avicii, was a Swedish musician, DJ, remixer and record producer.
Oscar Whimpey Evans was 95 years old when Nelson Mandela is released from Victor Verster Prison outside Cape Town, South Africa after 27 years as a political prisoner. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader, and philanthropist who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by tackling institutionalised racism and fostering racial reconciliation. Ideologically an African nationalist and socialist, he served as President of the African National Congress (ANC) party from 1991 to 1997. Nelson Mandela is released from Victor Verster Prison outside Cape Town, South Africa after 27 years as a political prisoner. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader, and philanthropist who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid by tackling institutionalised racism and fostering racial reconciliation. Ideologically an African nationalist and socialist, he served as President of the African National Congress (ANC) party from 1991 to 1997.
Elizabeth II, as Queen of Australia, signed letters patent allowing Australia to become the first Commonwealth realm to institute its own separate Victoria Cross award in its own honours system. Elizabeth II is Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms. Elizabeth II, as Queen of Australia, signed letters patent allowing Australia to become the first Commonwealth realm to institute its own separate Victoria Cross award in its own honours system. Elizabeth II is Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms.
Cardi B, American rapper Belcalis Marlenis Almanzar, known professionally as Cardi B, is an American rapper. Born and raised in The Bronx, New York City, she first attracted attention for discussing her career as a stripper on social media; coupled with her "no filter attitude", she became an Internet celebrity through Instagram. From 2015 to 2017, she appeared as a regular cast member on the VH1 reality television series Love & Hip Hop: New York, and released two mixtapes—Gangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 1 and Vol. 2. Cardi B, American rapper Belcalis Marlenis Almanzar, known professionally as Cardi B, is an American rapper. Born and raised in The Bronx, New York City, she first attracted attention for discussing her career as a stripper on social media; coupled with her "no filter attitude", she became an Internet celebrity through Instagram. From 2015 to 2017, she | [
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Car Of The Future: BMW ConnectedDrive Offers Ambitious Infotainment Upgrades
Chris Weiss October 7, 2011 Comment Now!
Think BMWs are plush and elegant now?
Munich hasn't even scratched the surface.
BMW provided a glimpse behind its research lab walls this week in detailing some of the things it's working on under the ConnectedDrive umbrella.
It's clear Bimmer mad scientists plan to make their cars so futuristic and intuitive even Michael Knight (a.k.a. The Hoff) will be jealous.
Today's section of the two-part look takes you inside the cabin, where the BMW of the future will be able to tailor to your every conceivable need and whim.
Before we get into specifics, here's how BMW frames its ConnectedDrive R&D: "The focus of all development work is the human being, which makes information about and insights into our customers around the world a key element of market research and development--now and in the future."
In other words, BMW wants to make the car more of an extension of its owner.
BMW ConnectDrive technologies
Consider the Infotainment Assistant an extension of the owner's brain. It's what BMW calls a personal butler. The technology combs through various data points--including music, podcasts, Facebook, email and your calendar--to deliver the most relevant content to you.
It funnels all this content into a "personalized radio station" of sorts, giving you customized music, news, email and social networking alerts, calendar reminders, etc. in a way that you don't even have to take your eyes off the road.
For example, if the Infotainment Assistant realizes you're late for a meeting that's inked in your calendar, it can automatically draft an email to coworkers explaining the hang-up. Similarly, if the car detects an email about the meeting getting bumped back, it will let you know so that you can take your time and grab that extra cup of coffee.
The information will show up on a display too, so the driver can skip items and choose what he wants played. So, if you don't want your music interrupted for mindless Facebook banter, or don't want your car sending off emails to your co-workers, you still have the final say. And the system analyzes your preferences and uses them in the future.
While the Infotainment Assistant will take care of a lot of your in-car needs, there will still be times when you'll have to physically take control--turning up the volume or air conditioning, for instance. BMW will make these simple tasks even simpler with gesture-recognition technology. Examples cited include motioning your hand to scroll through the display menu and waving to skip to the next music track.
Since BMW can't think of every possible in-cabin convenience and function, it will step farther into app culture. BMW already offers some of its own apps, and it will open its circuits to third-party developers, who will be able to build and sell apps for BMW cars--with full BMW vetting and approval, of course.
BMW kicked off the intellectual app process by discussing its own iPhone calendar app, which can display the calendar from your smartphone and read out entries to you, helping you plan your day on the go.
We're sure developers will be lining up to offer music, social networking and GPS-based apps. I'd love to see some type of Yelp app, where your car can just start reading out reviews of local restaurants or businesses as you pass by. Better yet, it could just filter out the best ones and tell you where to go.
BMW is also working on in-car Internet connectivity. The mobile LTE (4G) network will provide fast speeds and be able to deliver reliable Internet in a moving car.
BMW hasn't provided any type of time frame for the roll-out of these technologies, but it is clear that the automaker is working hard on redefining what the "luxury" in luxury automobile means.
In the next part, we'll take a look at how BMW's next wave of ConnectedDrive technologies will make cars safer--stay tuned.
High-Res Gallery: BMW ConnectDrive technologies
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Digital gangrene following arterial cannulation for invasive blood pressure monitoring is a dreaded complication. Radial artery is the preferred site for arterial cannulation but dorsalis pedis artery can be used in polytrauma patients when there are concomitant upper limb injuries. Though finger ischemia and gangrene following radial artery cannulation has been reported in literature, but gangrene of foot and toes following dorsalis pedis artery cannulation in adult is not yet reported. We are reporting a case of foot gangrene following dorsalis pedis artery cannulation in a patient of polytrauma with blunt trauma abdomen.
A 32-year old gentleman presented to our emergency department with polytrauma due to road traffic accident and sustained blunt trauma to abdomen with crush avulsion injury and multiple fractures of bilateral upper limbs. His vitals were Blood pressure - 108/56 mm Hg in lower limb, Pulse rate-132/min, Respiratory rate- 20/min, GCS-14/15, RTS (revised trauma score)- 7.841, ISS (injury severity score)- 75, TRISS(trauma injury severity score)-40.8% and FAST positive. Arterial blood gas analysis showed metabolic acidosis with lactic acidosis. Patient was intubated in emergency, right Internal Jugular Vein central line and left dorsalis pedis arterial cannulation was done due to fracture of bilateral upper limbs.
Intra-operative after giving laparotomy incision, there was sudden hypotension (BP- 76/34 mm Hg) which was managed with fluid and noradrenaline infusion. There was bowel perforation with peritonitis so thorough washout followed by closure with colostomy done. In the postoperative period, patient was kept in ICU for mechanical ventilation and vitals monitoring. In view of septic shock, noradrenaline support was continued. In the second postoperative day, patient developed patchy discoloration over dorsum of left foot, instep area and first 3 toes. Suspecting arterial thrombosis, arterial cannula was removed immediately and supportive treatment was started. The patient was in septic shock with coagulopathy (raised PT and INR), so heparin was avoided. Foot was covered and kept warm. Aspirin 100 mg/day OD and clopidogrel 75 mg/day was started. USG Doppler suggested pulsatile triphasic flow with normal flow velocities in CFA, SFA, popliteal artery, ATA and PTA and monophasic flow in dorsalis pedis artery. There was gradual progress of gangrene with demarcation and was limited to foot [Figure 1], [Figure 2]. Eventually patient succumbed to his injuries on POD 10. We suspect peripheral gangrene due to arterial thrombosis precipitated by low perfusion caused by high-dose vasopressors along with prolonged arterial cannulation as the causative factor.
Figure 1: Discoloration over dorsum of left foot and medial three toes on POD 2 and tape residue over dorsum showing site of arterial cannulation.
Figure 2: Discoloration over plantar aspect of medial three toes, medial aspect of foot and instep area.
To conclude, we strongly recommend monitoring of limbs for signs of ischemia in patients with any of above risk factors in whom cannula has to kept for prolonged period and early removal of cannula when benefit is less than risk of keeping arterial cannula.
Mandel MA, Dauchot PJ: Radial artery cannulation in 1000 patients. Precautions and complications, J Hand Surg 2(6):482- 485,1977.
Brzezinski M, Luisetti T, London MJ: Radial artery cannulation: acomprehensive review of recent anatomic and physiologic investigations,AnesthAnalg109(6):1763-1781, 2009.
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] | 1,024 | C4 | -0.565754 | 1.16865 | 0.45201 | 0.044018 |
Goals of Scientology
Jan van Helsing excerpt
Conspiracy against Scientology
Under attack since 1950s
The global enslavers
Scientology infiltrated
False teachings
Citizens Commission on Human Rights (CCHR)
The Manufacture of Madness
Purification rundown
IRS [now] runs scientology
sc-i-r-s-ology - govt took out
Politics and tonescale
Kinesology / e-meter
Scientology and remote viewing
[ Up ] [ Disinformation ] [ Discrediting ] [ Scientology infiltrated ] [ Psychiatry ] [ CCHR ] [ The Purification Rundown ] [ Sci-integrity ] [ Definitions ] [ Kinesiology ] [ Political spectrum ] [ Remote viewing ]
http://www.hasi.ws
Why infiltrate and discredit an organisation unless there's something to be kept hidden?
The last corporate entity to practice the subject of Scientology was the Church of Scientology of California. In the early 1980's a group of conspirators took over the Church. The conspirators dismantled the Church of Scientology of California and replaced it with three new corporations
Church of Spiritual Technology - CST
Religious Technology Center - RTC
Church of Scientology International - CSI
The above three corporate entities market the "Scientology Religion".
The way this is accomplished is that CSI alters, deletes, and fabricates LRH issues such as LRH HCOBs, books, and tapes. RTC then approves these alterations, deletions, and fabrications made to LRH issues by CSI. CST then accepts the "based on the works of LRH" issues and archives them in underground storage vaults "for future generations."
The above three corporate entities are co-conspirators in a fraud being perpetrated on the paying Scientology public. The executives of these corporations and Church promo make the false statement to the paying Scientology public that what they are purchasing and receiving is "pure, unadulterated LRH technology". They make this fraudulent statement while knowing full well that they have made thousands of alterations, deletions, and fabrications to LRH issues.
This Scientology evaluation involves -
Ending an era of false Scientology
False Scientology began in the 1980s and involved perverting and corrupting the true teachings of L. Ron Hubbard by -
Intentional misapplication of ethics or tech or policy that send a being down tone.
False Scientology is also called Reverse Scientology or Black Scientology.
The evaluation aims to re-establish true Scientology as taught by LRH.
Preliminary Statement
http://www.scientologyintegrity.org/htmldocs/prelimstatement.shtml
This statement is for telling you who we are and what this is all about. My name is Mike McClaughry and my wife's name is Virginia. I joined staff at San Francisco Org in early 1969. My first post was Communication Course supervisor in the Public Division.
SFO was a big org with about 150 staff and about 200 public on lines at all times. SFO also had a lot of highly trained Tech staff - several Class 8, Class 7, Class 6 and Class 4 auditors. In the summer of 1969 LRH issued the Hubbard Standard Dianetics Course. I took that course along with 200 other students. I was the best Dianetic auditor from that course and I audited in the HGC.
I then became the supervisor of the HSDC course and was also the Case Supervisor for all Dianetic auditing, both student auditors and HGC auditors. I had about 200 students on course and about the same number of cases I was C/Sing for. I also did cramming on Dianetic auditors.
When I was on staff I worked in both orgs so I was there all day long 7 days a week. After several months of wearing several Tech Division hats, the Tech Sec had a meeting of all tech staff and said the rest of the tech staff had to give me a hand with all of these hats I was wearing. He told me I could have any post I wanted as a reward for my work | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.671719 | 0.626176 | 0.556914 | -0.083102 |
. I said I wanted to be an HGC auditor, because I love to audit.
I became a Class 3 auditor and audited in the HGC for a year. At the time, HGC auditors were auditing 5 to 10 hours a week in the chair. I loved to audit so I stayed in session all day and I set a new HGC pattern by auditing 40 to 50 well done hours per week in the chair. Other HGC auditors then followed my example.
In 1971, the Hubbard Professional Course Supervisor Course came out and the ED of the org wanted me to take it. I wanted to keep auditing but when the ED said that the org would not be allowed to deliver courses without an HPCSC supervisor, I agreed to go.
I then supervised for the next 2 and ½ years. Every course in the org was put into one large room with myself as the supervisor. I had about 200 students on various courses. My academy produced over 400 Class 4 auditors per year. The ED told me that 90% of my course graduates resigned for another service. Years later my students would come up to me and say I was the best supervisor on the planet, and that included Flag supervisors.
In the Fall of 1973 I was asked to join the Intelligence unit of the Guardian's Office. I said no to that, I love the tech and I want to stay in the tech division. They persisted and said I would be doing 4th dynamic auditing and that I could go up to OT 4 if I would join. So, I did.
While in training at the United States Guardian's Office, I read LRH issues wherein he said not to do anything illegal. I found out this policy was being violated and asked the Deputy Guardian for Intelligence at USGO if we did illegal things. He said we cross the line on occasion but then we get back on the right side of the law. I did not report this any further up lines because I was afraid to.
In early 1974 I was solo auditing on the Clearing Course, OT 2 and OT 3. I solo audited 10 to 14 hours per day and was the top solo auditor on AOLA lines. I then went on post in the Intelligence unit at SFO. The post was backlogged, with programs and orders that were years old. All GO posts in the world were backlogged like that. My staff and I did the unheard of - we applied the backlog policy and handled the backlog. Within a year, we had the post in PT, no more undone programs or orders in our area. I also got a lot of products of handled attackers and my seniors said I was the best AG I in the country.
As an Intelligence officer, I committed crimes, such as using lock picks to get into government agency files on Scientology. Committing these crimes was making me physically ill - I didn't like it, but I did not know how to gracefully extract myself from the GO and get back into tech where I really wanted to be.
In 1977 the FBI raided the USGO for infiltrating US government offices in Washington DC. I felt bad about that and looked at my failure to report the criminal activity further up lines than I did. I did promise myself I would never back down in applying KSW again, as I saw how much destruction can be caused by that. I have kept that promise to myself.
In 1979, I was asked to be the Security Officer at USGO. I took that post as a way of getting out of committing any more crimes. I held that post until the GO was disbanded in 1981. I was told I was in no trouble and that I could have any post I wanted in any org.
I then went to a meeting wherein I saw the new ED Int talking and when he finished, he and several other Sea Org members armed with wooden swords, marched out. They looked like "goose stepping" Nazis to me and I wanted no part of that so I left staff.
In June 1983, Virginia left the Sea Org to help her father plus raise her children outside the Sea Org. I then met and married Virginia and between us we had five children to raise. We basically spent the next seventeen years raising children and Virginia also did her OT levels up through and onto OT 7. By 1998, she had been on O | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.239197 | 0.244627 | 0.729063 | 0.016191 |
T 7 for over eight years.
In 1998 Virginia was at Flag for a six-month sec check that is required of OT 7s. She had come across an HCOB - CS Series 73RB - that said if a person is doing well on OT 7, they should not be interrupted with sec checks or anything else. This made the 6-month sec checks for OT 7s out tech, if the OT 7 was doing well on the level. Virginia was doing well on the level according to her and her C/S and so she requested Flag to apply CS Series 73 RB and let her go home. Flag and RTC refused to apply the HCOB, to her or anyone else.
Then I got a telephone call from Virginia telling me that Flag and RTC were refusing to apply an HCOB. At the time, I did not know what RTC was or who David Miscavige is. Now in my mind, no one refuses to apply an LRH HCOB, regardless of post title. So, I backed Virginia on applying KSW to whomever was refusing to apply this HCOB. The details of her effort to get this HCOB followed can be found under "An OT 7's Story."
Virginia was word cleared and checked out on every related issue on the subject of sec checking and passed every issue with full understanding. None of these other issues conflicted with CS Series 73, in fact they reinforced what it said - no interruptions of people doing well on OT 7, with sec checking or anything else. The Flag Qual Sec was impressed with Virginia's understanding of all of the issues on sec checking and passed her and said she was right. Virginia then asked "so, why can't we apply CS Series 73?" The answer was - "we can't because RTC would pull our license to deliver Scientology if we do not do 6-month sec checks on people on OT 7."
Virginia had a meeting with 3 other OT 7s wherein they discussed CS Series 73 and they decided the right thing to do was to get KSW applied. The Flag Ethics Officer was not at that meeting but she wrote a Knowledge Report about what happened there. The Flag Ethics Officer had interviewed all 4 OT 7s who were present at the meeting and then she invented a false story that conflicts with what the OT 7s told her. Thus started a black propaganda campaign on us that we opposed sec checking. The truth was they were applying KSW to an HCOB that says no sec checking of people on OT 7 if they are doing well on the level.
A Comm Ev was called and they violated policy in refusing to give us a copy of the Bill of Particulars and copies of the knowledge reports on us. The Comm Ev members wanted to know why we wanted copies and we said there are false reports in them that we need to correct. The Comm Ev members said they did not care about that, at which point we knew this was not a fact finding body, but just some people under orders to find us guilty based on false reports. At that point we refused to participate in the squirrel Comm Ev and asked for a new on-policy Comm Ev to be convened. That never happened.
We then found an earlier version of HCOB CS Series 73RB - it was CS Series 73RA. It was written when LRH was alive and was 12 pages long. CS Series 73RB was written after LRH's death and was only 5 pages long. So, someone had whacked 7 pages out of an LRH issue. We then knew that a major squirrel was at work altering LRH issues and I started an investigation to find out who it was.
We then started finding lots of LRH issues that had been altered, including LRH books and tapes. We then decided to not participate in any further services because we did not want to be part of a squirrel group.
OSA tried to handle us but I only had one question for OSA - are you going to put the LRH issues back into their original form and Comm Ev the responsible squirrels or not? Their answer was no. At which point we started informing other Scientologists about the alterations to LRH issues and then they expelled us to keep us from alerting others about the squirrels.
That is the background on what this is all about. What follows is even more interesting.
I decided to apply the Data Series and do an | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.814365 | 0.639154 | 0.328278 | -0.211487 |
Evaluation. I started an investigation into Church history to provide the data for the Evaluation. I had been working day and night on the time track of Church history when I decided to take a break and sleep in one morning. I was sleeping in our guest house and no one else was in the house except me. I was then bounced two feet up in the air by a force that hit me on the left shoulder. There was a Being in the room that had a spiritual strength that I have never even imagined could exist. It was Ron.
The first thing Ron said was that I had been sleeping long enough. He wanted me to get up and finish the time track I was working on. He was unhappy with the current Church management, especially for altering his issues. He said that we were responsible for handling the Church.
He was doing his part, and his part had a lot more to do with other factors, than the mere goings on of the Church on planet earth. Most of his time and efforts were spent doing that, but this was one cycle he was attending to, it was important, he was in a hurry, and he wanted to see some fast action to get this off-source management handled. He would enlist the help of some others, so we were not alone. He would do this and that to assist us, he would check up from time to time to see how we were doing, but mainly it was going to be up to us to handle this, as he had other matters to attend to.
And so, a new group was founded. It is an On-Source auditor association. I originally called it the Theta Group, but I have now renamed it - HASI.
An internet group was formed to investigate Church history and over 100 people joined. Its name is COS Investigations. I formed another internet group to analyze the data on the time track of Church history and it is called COS Evaluation. I ran these two groups on a policy of truth. The investigation was unbiased - we simply wanted to know the truth, regardless of how gruesome that truth may be. And so, if anyone could show something on the time track was not true, I changed it to reflect the truth.
Our time track showed that since its inception in 1950, Dianetics has been attacked. Thus it has an enemy. This enemy turns out to be the same people who are the source of Nazi mentality. They have a plan for world dominance that did not end with Hitler's defeat. They continued their Nazi agenda covertly after WW II. They plan to take control of the planet by forming a One World government by 2015. They are the source of wars and other ills and so they have created a 4th dynamic engram.
The CIA was formed right after WW II out of fragments of the Nazi intelligence network. The head of the CIA was an American Nazi - Allen Dulles. Another Nazi Front Group that was formed right after WW II was the World Federation for Mental Health. It is the members of the WFMH who have been attacking Dianetics and Scientology for decades. The Nazi CIA then used Nazi psychiatrists for its research into mind control - MK Ultra. Thus the Global Enslavers have developed the technology to turn every human being into a robot by implanting a mind-controlling computer chip in their body, and its being done.
Since the Nazis plan to enslave all of mankind, we have named them Global Enslavers.
Scientology is for making Free Beings and that flies in the teeth of the Global Enslaver plan to enslave all human beings. Thus the Nazi Global Enslavers attack Scientology.
In addition, the US Intelligence community was in a Psychic Warfare arms race with Russia in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The Russians were researching using people with psychic powers as a weapon. Psychic Warfare has two main branches - Psychic Spying and Psychic Influencing. Machines were also developed for implanting thoughts into your enemy at a distance, using microwaves. The machines are called psychotronics machines and their waves can also cause illness and death and so they are classified as a biological warfare weapon.
The US intelligence community was way behind Russia in developing Psychic Warfare and to close the Psychic Warfare gap, they infiltrated their agents into AOLA to get their hands on the OT levels. Several of their agents became OTs at AOLA and then they met at Stanford Research Institute and developed Psychic Warfare capabilities for | [
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the USA, with CIA funding.
The CIA Scientology OTs at SRI were highly successful at conducting Psychic Spying. They also scientifically proved an OT can effect a magnetic field with his thought. The guidance system for a nuclear weapon is a magnetic field and so they concluded that a Scientology OT might affect the path of a nuclear weapon. This caused an alarm within the US intelligence community because they realized a Scientology OT could spy on the government and might also affect the path of nuclear weapons. Thus they decided that Scientology was a National Security Risk. This gave them another motive for preventing anyone going OT.
Thus a series of events were put into play to take over the Church and sabotage the tech so as to prevent anyone going OT. And, a group of conspirators have done exactly that.
The effort of the Global Enslavers to stop Scientology, has created a 3rd dynamic engram. The subject of Scientology, the Bridge to freedom, is being intentionally sabotaged. Our Evaluation found the top Church management guilty of:
Wilful destruction of the group
Wilful destruction of the technology
Wilful destruction of the end product
The Church statistic on producing OTs is zero. The REASON is - PRACTICING or TOLERATING MISAPPLICATION. In other words, the subject is not being correctly applied per the original LRH issues. Ron has given the HASI three responsibilities:
1. Ensure that actual OTs are produced.
2. Handle the 3rd dynamic engram - the Enslaver takeover of the Church.
3. Handle the 4th dynamic engram - the Enslaver plan for world dominance.
In order to obtain those three products we have created several web sites:
www.hasi.ws is our organization for producing the three products stated above
www.scientologyintegrity.org - presents the time track of Church history and the Evaluation
www.ronstech.org - exposes the intentional misapplication of LRH tech and corrects it
www.ronsorgusa.org - presents the only On-Source course for handling OT 3 to OT 8 case
One more web site will be added to educate Non-Scientologists on the 4th D engram.
Mike McClaughry is the author and editor for all web sites - unless otherwise noted. The above is just hitting on some of the highlights up to the takeover of the Church. After the take over of the Church - the story gets even more interesting. So, who we are is a group of On-Source auditors working directly with Ron to make OTs. Despite the efforts of the Enslavers to sabotage the Bridge, Ron is still putting it there. And that is what this is all about.
Golden Age of Squirreling - Documented
http://www.scientologyintegrity.org/htmldocs/squirrel_documentation.shtml
There are thousands of alterations to LRH (L. Ron Hubbard) issues - this is no effort to document each one. The subject of Scientology, as given in LRH issues, has been replaced by a new subject called the "Scientology Religion".
The subject of Scientology and the "Scientology Religion" are NOT the same thing.
The subject of Scientology is contained in LRH issues only. The "Scientology Religion" has other authors than LRH, and their writings are presented under the legal title "based on the works of LRH."
In October 1993 a booklet was issued entitled Description of the Scientology Religion. This booklet was handed out at the IAS event to announce tax exemption.
[When did scientology get tax exemption status?]
The booklet defines two words – Scientology, The Scientology religion
It defines Scientology as –
Scientology is an applied religious philosophy. Its goal is to bring an individual to an understanding of himself and his life as a spiritual being and in relationship to the universe as a whole.
It defines the Scientology religion as –
The Scientology religion is based exclusively upon L. Ron Hubbard's research, writings and recorded lectures.
The key word in the definition of the "Scientology religion" is based upon.
And that is exactly what they have been doing – altering, deleting and fabricating LRH issues and obtaining a new copyright under the legal title "based on the works of LRH." In these new copyrighted works – CSI is the author, | [
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not LRH. In other words – they have replaced LRH as Source! Scientology is the works of LRH where LRH is the author. The "Scientology religion" is based upon the works of LRH, where CSI is the author.
The last corporate entity to practice the subject of Scientology was the Church of Scientology of California. In the early 1980's a group of conspirators took over the Church. The conspirators dismantled the Church of Scientology of California and replaced it with three new corporations –
The public is in a condition of Confusion. They think they are in the Church of Scientology, receiving Scientology. They are actually in a new corporate structure that markets the "Scientology religion."
The formula for Confusion is – Find Out Where You Are
Alteration of Scientology Axiom 3:
Axiom 3 on page 148 in the LRH book Phoenix Lectures -
Space, Energy, Objects, Form and Time are the result of considerations made and/or agreed upon or not by the static, and are perceived solely because the static considers that it can perceive them.
Axiom 3 on page 73 in the 1988 squirrel CSI Book Scientology 0-8 –
Space, Energy, Objects, Form and Time are the result of considerations made and/or agreed upon by the static, and are perceived solely because the static considers that it can perceive them.
Fabrication of a false datum on Tone Arm Action:
The 1988 Church of Spiritual Technology squirrel version of the book E-Meter Essentials has added this false datum:
An acceptable minimum of Tone Arm motion is 2.5 divisions per hour of auditing.
That false datum does not appear in the original LRH book E-Meter Essentials or any other LRH issue. Some suppressive manufactured that false datum.
Here is a quote from HCOB 25 September 1963 Adequate Tone Arm Motion:
Amount Per Session ------- Session Rating
25 Divs -----------------------Excellent
20 Divs -----------------------Good
15 Divs -----------------------Acceptable
10 Divs -----------------------Poor
5 Divs ------------------------Unacceptable
0 Divs ------------------------Harmful
The above quote shows the amount of tone arm motion for a 2 ½ hour session.
The Church of Spiritual Technology datum says that 2.5 divisions per hour is an acceptable minimum. In other words that datum says that 6.25 divisions per 2 ½ hour session is an acceptable minimum. That datum is false, it takes 15 divisions of tone arm action per 2 ½ hour session to qualify as being acceptable.
(For further data on this suppressive datum - see the link ronstech.org)
Alteration of PDC tape 20:
LRH original PDC tape 20 -
Therefore, we really do have the remedy before the assault weapon is produced.
Did you ever read poor old George Orwell's 1984? Yes, yes, that's wonderful.
That would be--- could be the palest imagined shadow of what a world would be like under the rule of the secret use of Scientology with no remedy in existence.
L. Ron Hubbard library squirrel version of PDC tape 20 -
The rest is Deleted.
Here is another section of the LRH original PDC tape 20 -
It's a very simple remedy. And that's-just make sure that the remedy is passed along. That's all. Don't horde it, don't hold it; and if you ever do use any Black Dianetics, use it on the guy who pulled Scientology out of sight and made it so it wasn't available. Because he's the boy who would be electing himself "The New Order." And we don't need any more new orders. All those orders, as far as I am concerned, have been filled.
Here is the L. Ron Hubbard library squirrel version of PDC tape 20 -
It's a very simple remedy. And that's-just make sure that the remedy is passed along. That's all. Don't hoard it and don't hold it.
More examples of alterations to LRH | [
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tapes:
Over 400 words have been deleted from the LRH tape Studying, Introduction.
Over 600 words have been deleted from the LRH tape Establishment Officer Tape # 1, ESTO's Instant Hat.
Alteration of HCOB 1 July 1985 CS Series 73 RA:
Here is the end of the 12 page LRH original HCOB C/S Series 73RA-
Due to the tremendous number of technical advances which have been made in the past decade, and the nature of these advances, maintaining the No-Interference Area rules to ensure that pcs move rapidly up the Bridge becomes the responsibility of every org, every mission, every unit and every individual Scientologist on this planet.
It is not only a responsibility. It is a trust.
Here is the end of the 5 page squirrel HCOB 2 August 1990 CS Series 73RB –
DELETED – the above ending is DELETED – along with 7 other pages of the original.
Yet enforcement of the above HCOB was considered vital by LRH.
A study of the LRH original shows that OT 7 is being squirreled.
For a full report on the sabotaging of OT 7 – see An OT 7's Story.
Fabrication of HCOB 18 June 1990 C/S Series 124:
This HCOB says it is a compilation – but when you look up the LRH references they supposedly compiled it from – you realize its not a compilation at all – they wrote the entire HCOB themselves.
Fabrication of off-source policies called "Scientology Policy Directives"
CSI has authored over a 100 "Scientology Policy Directives." There is no LRH policy that authorizes this type of issue. So orgs are being run on CSI squirrel policy.
Per HCO PL 5 March 1965 Policy: Source Of –
If it is not in an HCO Policy Letter, it is not policy.
Tech degrade –
The LRH book Dianetics Today is no longer being printed and sold.
Tech degrade -
Removal of data on GPMs from LRH tapes.
Per HCOPL 17 June 1970 Technical Degrades …
"…all the material of the Academy and SH courses IS in use."
The Goals Problem Mass is a mental mechanism that LRH gave many lectures on. It is vital case data for auditors, case supervisors, preclears and pre-OTs. The likely justifier for removing data on GPMs is that they are auditied a different way than the original process developed for auditing them. That justifier is invalid, here's why:
It is vitally important for auditors and case supervisors to understand and recognize mental mechanisms. An auditor is defined as one who listens and computes. What he is computing is - what mental mechanism is currently manifesting in the preclear's case. He then chooses the correct process to handle that mental mechanism.
Various processes have been developed down through the years to audit engrams. In 1950 they used a process called "repeater technique." Later a process called R3R was developed for running engrams.
Now – just because R3R was developed does not mean that "repeater technique" is no longer ever used. Worse yet, how crazy would it be to delete data about engrams from LRH lectures because a better technique called R3R was developed to run engrams? An auditor needs to understand the mental mechanism called an engram, regardless of what process he is using to run them. The same idea applies to GPMs.
It is insane and suppressive to delete data on GPMs from LRH lectures. It is a mental mechanism that auditors, case supervisors, preclears and pre OTs need to understand, in order to assist them in handling that type of case, regardless of what technique or process they are going to use to handle it.
Alteration of the Auditors' Code:
Here is the LRH issue of HCOPL 14 October 1968R The Auditor's Code
I promise to cooperate fully with the legal organizations of Dianetics and Scientology as developed by L. Ron | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.918972 | 0.753359 | 0.886867 | 0.077537 |
Hubbard in safeguarding the ethical use and practice of the subject according to the basics of Standard Tech.
The 1988 L. Ron Hubbard Library squirrel version in Scientology 0-8
I promise to cooperate fully with the authorized organizations of Dianetics and Scientology in safeguarding the ethical use and practice of those subjects.
Alteration of PDC Tape Two E-Meter: DEMO 1 December 1952:
1986 LRH version –
He's learned that if you're agreeing if you're going to do anything physically with the Mest universe...
1991 squirrel version –
He's learned that if you're going to do anything physically with the MEST universe...
Alteration of the LRH Book New Slant On Life:
Here is the LRH original book -
The politician, the reporter, the psychiatrist with his electric shock machine, the drug manufacturer, …
Here is the CSI squirrel book -
The politician, the reporter, the medico, the drug manufacturer, …
Note: There are 87 times where they alter LRH's words in the CSI squirrel book.
Alteration of LRH book Introduction to Scientology Ethics:
No person under sentence or awaiting a Committee of Evidence may petition the Office of LRH.
1998 L. Ron Hubbard Library squirrel version (page 369) –
No person under sentence or awaiting a Committee of Evidence may validly petition.
12. Any other answer to a student's demand for verbal technical or unusual solutions than the permitted:
"The material is in (HCO Bulletin, Policy Letter or tape)."
"What does your material state?"
"What word did you miss in the (Bulletin, Policy Letter or tape)?" and requests for unusual auditing solutions: "What did you actually do?"
1998 L. Ron Hubbard Library squirrel version –
Deleted – all of the above is deleted in the squirrel version.
The alterations to this book are many and not limited to the above examples. This includes squirrel definitions in the Glossary which do not match Tech Dictionary definitions, such as the word Tone Scale.
Dianetics The Modern Science of Mental Health has also been re-written by CSI, along with 913 other titles listed in the Library of Congress records. CST is the owner of the copyrights for all of these re-writes.
In all of these re-written books – LRH is NOT the author. CSI is the author.
In order to make it appear to the public that LRH is the author, LRH's name is made part of the copyrighted title, to deceive the public into thinking LRH wrote it:
SCIENTOLOGY: A NEW SLANT ON LIFE/L. RON HUBBARD
The above is the copyrighted TITLE of the book in Library of Congress records.
Notice that the book cover does not say BY L. Ron Hubbard.
In fact, none of the above re-writes are authored by LRH.
The issues are all "based on the works of LRH". The author is CSI.
In 1988 the Life Improvement Courses are released by CSI, making the bottom of the Bridge a minefield of squirrel alterations - all "Based On TheWorks of LRH."
For example -
Here is the original LRH PL 10 September 1982 –
This is called rip off. It is the exchange condition of robbers, tax men, governments and other criminal elements.
Here is the CSI squirrel Life Improvement Course "Dynamics of Money" page 45 –
This is called rip off. It is the exchange condition of robbers, most tax men, many governments and criminal elements.
Alteration of the LRH Book Self Analysis:
The original LRH book –
The technical name of the questioning process used in this volume is Dianetics Straight Wire with Validation MEST processing. This is actually not self-auditing. It is auditing done on the reader by the author. Actually, the reader is being audited by L. Ron Hubbard. Straight Wire processing is relatively safe on any case | [
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and is the most elementary process in Dianetics.
The 1989 squirrel version by L. Ron Hubbard Library –
Deleted – the above paragraph is deleted.
Note –
As usual, the alterations to the book are not limited to the above example, given here.
Alteration of the LRH book History of Man:
Comparison of the 1980 version to the 1988 squirrel version -
In the book are several points where the words "Scientology 8-8008" were changed to "Technique 80" or to "Technique 88" (page 11, 23, 87 of the 1988 issue)
The last 2 Pages about Scn 8-8008 are totally missing!
On page 130 is written:
"TECHNIQUE 88 is an E-meter technique. It can be run without an E-meter but this permits all manner of dodging and evading. And there are usually six or ten entirely different banks in any preclear beside his own lots of places to dodge into."
But the next sentence is missing: But SCIENTOLOGY 8-8008 solves all this for you.
Alteration of LRH tape lecture Study - Evaluation of Information:
1982 LRH version -
But of course, all GPMs are composed of words. They're actually not composed of English words; they're composed of significances which are connected to masses. These masses are very capable of pushing somebody's head off.
GPM words are the lions, the high voltage, the various other professional danger points with which you live in Scientology - the words, the words of the GPMs, and that sort of thing.
And when you start fooling around with GPMs, you know very well you can knock your head off; you know very well that this is not something to lightly fool with; you know very well what they can do to somebody. You see somebody around on crutches gimping around, he's got arthritus - arthitus, exclamation point, you see, and so on. What's the matter with him? Well, he's just all wound up in a GPM someplace; that's really all that is wrong with him. Even if it's an engram, why, it's held in place with a GPM.
1987 squirrel version -
Deleted – all the above has been deleted.
Note - The deletions and alterations to this tape are not limited to the above example.
Alteration of LRH SHSBC tape of 22 Jun 1961 Running CCHs:
Alteration of LRH SHSBC tape of 20 Feb 1962 What Is A Withhold:
over 1000 words deleted from each tape
The LRH orginal PDC Tape 15 The Logics: Infinity-Valued Logic 4 Dec 1952 –
You can get a much better fee- I tell you as auditors quite frankly- it's much easier to get a great deal of money out of somebody who's on a down spiral into becoming MEST than it is to get money out of somebody who is going on an up spiral toward becoming theta.
The 1991 squirrel version –
As you can see from the above documentation -
CST, RTC and CSI have conspired to destroy LRH original teachings through a constant campaign of alterations, deletions and fabrications of LRH issues.
CST, RTC and CSI have also conspired to commit felony fraud on the paying public by making the false statement that all of the subject has been made available in a "pure, unadulterated form."
MY EXPERIENCE AT SUNDAY SERVICE
I got a call from my local org recently about their Sunday Service, and found out some very interesting data.
As the 'service' got under way, we all stood, and there was a reading of the "Prayer for Total Freedom" contained at the back of the booklet. Now in my 15 years with Scientology, this was the first time I have EVER seen this "prayer". And based on all the books, PLs, Bulletins, etc. that I have read, and all the tapes I have listened to, | [
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this did NOT look like something Ron wrote. And again, there was no reference to the source of this 'prayer'.
Here is the actual text of the "Prayer for Total Freedom" contained in the booklet:
May the author of the universe enable all men to reach an understanding of their spiritual nature.
May awareness and understanding of life expand, so that all may come to know the author of the universe.
And may others also reach this understanding which brings Total Freedom.
At this time, we think of those whose liberty is threatened; of those who have suffered imprisonment for their beliefs; of those who are enslaved or martyred, and for all those who are brutalized, trapped or attacked.
We pray that human rights will be preserved so that all people may believe and worship freely, so that freedom will once again be seen in our land.
Freedom from war, and poverty, and want; freedom to be; freedom to do and freedom to have.
Freedom to use and understand man's potential - a potential that is God-given and Godlike.
And freedom to achieve that understanding and awareness that is Total Freedom.
May God let it be so.
(Thus endeth the reading of the holy words from the high-priests of the Church of Spiritual Technology.)
As the service progressed, there was a group process that was run on the 'congregation'. It did not have a title, it was simply being read out of the book by the 'minister'. It lasted about 15 or 20 min. At the end of the process, I asked the 'minister' for the source reference on that group process. He stumbled around looking through the 'sermon' for any reference to source, but after a minute or so, said that there wasn't one that he could find, and that we would find it after the 'sermon' was over.
We looked together for 5 min. or so for any references to the 'source' of the material contained in this book, including the group processes - there was none. The only 'source' reference that I could find on the little booklet (An Introduction to Church Services) was contained in VERY SMALL printing at the bottom of the back cover that said:
1999 L. Ron Hubbard Library All Rights Reserved
Note – L. Ron Hubbard Library is a front name for the Church of Spiritual Technology. CST claims to own the copyrights and trademarks of Dianetics and Scientology.
Suppressive Reasonableness
The following types of people have justifiers for the overt of altering LRH issues:
1. Those who are guilty of altering LRH issues.
2. Those who have a low confront of evil.
3. Those in fear of RTC = PTS.
4. Those who have some vested interest to protect, for example, a business.
All of the above types of people are reasonable about the High Crime (suppressive act) of altering LRH issues. Because they cannot confront the overt committed, they attempt to explain it all away instead of applying KSW and bringing the offenders to justice.
Here are some examples of justifiers given:
1. Mike and Virginia must have overts.
Fact – Even if Mike and Virginia were bank robbers it would not change the fact that the suppressive management is guilty of the High Crime of altering LRH issues.
2. Nothing important was changed.
Fact – To name just a few important changes - Axiom 3, GPM data, the false datum on tone arm action, and C/S Series 73. The statement that nothing important was changed is a lie.
3. We needed a new copyright for LRH issues that fell into the public domain.
Fact – This is a false solution for LRH issues falling into the public domain. The correct solution would be to get even more on-source so that people would gladly come to you because they are getting wonderful case gains from standard tech. Squirreling the tech sabotages case gain. Making copyrights more important than case gain is an altered importance.
Not to mention the fact that whatever LRH copyrights fell into the public domain, will remain in the public domain forever. No LRH copyrights were recovered by the false solution of altering LRH issues and then getting a new copyright on their squirrel issue.
Here is a quote from HCOPL 7 December 1969 The Ethics Officer, His Character
Reasonableness is suppressive since it lets oppression | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.318501 | 0.423721 | -0.042471 | -0.048555 |
continue without action being taken. Suppressive reasonableness is a common trait. It comes from THE INABILITY TO CONFRONT EVIL.
End Phenomena for Auditing Overts
Altering LRH issues is a High Crime. It is an overt of magnitude. That's the truth. When a person justifies an overt, this is what he is saying: "It wasn't really an overt because of (whatever justifier)."
That statement is always a lie, no matter what justifier he has for it. Because the as-is-ness of any overt is that it IS an overt. The person is practicing alter-is-ness (lies) by saying it is not an overt.
The auditor's job is to get the person to as-is the overt. That means getting the person to realize it IS an overt.
From LRH tape lecture - 2 July 1964 O/W Modernized and Reviewed:
"What overt have you committed?"
Think, think, think, think, think, think, think, think, think. "Well, I upset Joe."
"All right. Fine." You think you've gotten some place now. Of course you haven't gotten anyplace: your tone arm hasn't moved; there's been no cognition – there's been nothing like this.
Now, you think perhaps that his having told you, now, should somehow or another magically discharge this thing. No, why should it magically discharge it? He hasn't answered the auditing question, for one thing. He doesn't think it was an overt.
And you say, well, O/W doesn't work because nothing happened. Man, you didn't even get your big toenail wet on the side of the Pacific. The sixty-four dollar question now is "Well, why wasn't it an overt?"
"Oh, well, it wasn't an overt because Joe is a heel and because of this and because of that, and so forth, and he deserved it, and it's the common thing to do in those circumstances; everybody expected me to do it, and of course it was natural that I would because I have a reactive bank, and it forced me to do it."
Now, a guy can go on for some time on the justification of this overt. And you start to get tone arm action, tone arm action, tone arm action.
Until you get the thing worn down and eventually, all of a sudden he says, "Well, even though it could have been explained, you know, that was one hell of a thing to do to Joe. I shouldn't have done that to Joe. I'd completely forgotten. I had it completely in my choice whether I did it or didn't do it. And I did it.
And you see it blow. You got one "done," see, one "done" off the pc.
Now there is the auditing of O/W.
----End of quote from the LRH tape ----
All those people who have justifiers for the suppressive act of altering LRH issues, need to be audited on their justifiers until they reach the end phenomena –
That altering LRH issues is an overt of magnitude – it is a suppressive act.
The as-is-ness of any overt is – that it IS an overt. That is the truth of it.
Barrier to Theta Clear and OT
OT is not a piece of paper that states you finished a grade chart action.
The four states attainable with Scientology tech are:
Clear = Tone 4
Theta Clear = Tone 8
Cleared Theta Clear (OT) = Tone 20
Free Spiritual Being = Tone 40
Not only do these states have a tone level but they have certain abilities. A piece of paper that says one has attained these states when one does not have the tone level and abilities of that state – is a false piece of paper.
Those attempting to reach Theta Clear and OT inside the Church cannot make it. The Exisiting Scene inside the Church is that a suppressive top management has altered LRH issues. Scientologists inside the Church have a responsibility to apply KSW and bring the offenders to justice. It is an overt of omission if they do not do that and that makes them also guilty of the suppressive act. Those who carry out an illegal order are just as guilty as those who gave it.
So, Scientologists inside the | [
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Home > Formula 1 > Feature
What changes should Formula 1 fans expect to see in 2020?
Racing fans from around the world are currently buying their tickets for the new Formula 1 season, but what changes should they expect to see during the upcoming campaign?
Racing enthusiasts from around the world are looking to buy f1 tickets here as they prepare for the start of the 2020 Formula 1 season but with still over two months remaining until the start of the new campaign, what changes should they expect to see on the grid and calendar and what do we expect to attract their attention in the coming months?
The most notable alterations have come when compiling the schedule, with the decision made to introduce two new races to the calendar at the expense of the German Grand Prix, which has been removed from the sport for the third time in the space of six years. While the sport could always return to Hockenheimring or the Nurburgring in the future, it feels like time has moved on, and that will lead to races being staged in Vietnam and the Netherlands during the first half of the year, presenting fans with the ideal opportunity to become a part of history at a time when the powers-that-be are trying to freshen up the sport and attract a new fanbase.
The race in the Netherlands - which will be held on the first weekend in May - is effectively acting as the like-for-like replacement for Germany, and its emergence as a venue coincides with countryman Max Verstappen establishing himself as one of the stars of the sport. The 22-year-old was never a realistic challenger to eventual champion Lewis Hamilton last season, but the fact that the youngster has been rewarded for three wins and six podiums with a lucrative new contract highlights Verstappen's importance to Red Bull as a brand, as well as their need to keep him out of the clutches of Mercedes and Ferrari. The race at Circuit Zandvoort - located close to Amsterdam - is expected to be a sell out as Dutch supporters get their first taste of Formula 1 since 1985, and a sea of orange will be present in the stands as they look to help one of the fresh faces of the sport to victory on his home patch.
Despite the idea of another race being held in Asia initially being shut down by Bernie Ecclestone, that changed when Liberty Media entered the sport at the beginning of 2017 and three years on, the Vietnamese city of Hanoi is preparing to host its first race during the opening week of April. The race - the third of the calendar year - will be held on a street circuit, boasting 23 corners and one of the longest straights of the year at nearly one mile. With the race already having a place on the 2021 calendar, big things are expected, both in terms of a spectacle and a competitive race.
While significant changes have been made from an events perspective, the same cannot be said regarding personnel. Unlike ahead of the 2019 edition, driver changes have been kept to a minimum, with the most eye-catching switch arguably Esteban Ocon being introduced as a replacement for Nico Hulkenberg at Renault. The other alteration has come at Williams, with Robert Kubica exiting the team having picked up just one point on his return to the sport. The Pole has since announced the he has agreed a deal with Alfa Romeo, where he has become the reserve driver behind Kimi Raikkonen and Antonio Giovinazzi.
Williams have a tradition of handing opportunities to rookies and they have adopted the same approach this year with the signing of Nicholas Latifi. Nevertheless, the 24-year-old is no stranger at the team having acted as test driver last season, while also claiming four victories in Formula 2 to claim second position at the end of the campaign behind Nyck de Vries. With 2018 Formula 2 champion George Russell as his teammate, Williams now have two youngsters at the helm as they bid to achieve more than just the solitary top-10 which was recorded last year.
In theory, Williams have a better chance of meeting that goal with the 2020 season staging the most races in F1's history. Since 2016, the calendar has fluctuated between 20 and 21 races, but the upcoming edition will hold 22 races. The opening race continues to be held in Australia during the middle of March, with the concluding event taking place in Abu Dhabi at the | [
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Get an introduction to using Apache Spark's machine learning K-means algorithm in order to cluster Uber data based on location.
According to Gartner, by 2020, a quarter of a billion connected cars will form a major element of the Internet of Things. Connected vehicles are projected to generate 25GB of data per hour, which can be analyzed to provide real-time monitoring and apps, and will lead to new concepts of mobility and vehicle usage. One of the 10 major areas in which big data is currently being used to excellent advantage is in improving cities. For example, the analysis of GPS car data can allow cities to optimize traffic flows based on real-time traffic information.
Data discovery. The first phase involves analysis of historical data to build the machine learning model.
In this first post, I'll help you get started using Apache Spark's machine learning K-means algorithm to cluster Uber data based on location.
Google News uses a technique called clustering to group news articles into different categories based on title and content. Clustering algorithms discover groupings that occur in collections of data.
Clustering uses unsupervised algorithms, which do not have the outputs (labeled data) in advance.
K-means is one of the most commonly used clustering algorithms that clusters the data points into a predefined number of clusters (k). Clustering using the K-means algorithm begins by initializing all the coordinates to k number of centroids. With every pass of the algorithm, each point is assigned to its nearest centroid based on some distance metric, which is usually Euclidean distance. The centroids are then updated to be the "centers" of all the points assigned to it in that pass. This repeats until there is a minimum change in the centers.
Date/time: The date and time of the Uber pickup.
Lat: The latitude of the Uber pickup.
Lon: The longitude of the Uber pickup.
Base: The TLC base company affiliated with the Uber pickup.
First, we import the packages needed for Spark ML K-means and SQL.
We specify the schema with a Spark Structype (please note that if you are using a notebook, then you do not have to create the SQLContext).
Next, we load the data from a CSV file into a Spark DataFrame.
Using Spark 1.6 and --packages com.databricks:spark-csv_2.10:1.5.0, we create a DataFrame from a CSV file data source and apply the schema.
Note that with Spark 2.0, specifying the schema when loading data into a DataFrame will give better performance than schema inference.
In order for the features to be used by a machine learning algorithm, the features are transformed and put into Feature Vectors, which are vectors of numbers representing the value for each feature. Below, a VectorAssembler is used to transform and return a new DataFrame with all of the feature columns in a vector column.
Next, we create a KMeans object, set the parameters to define the number of clusters and the maximum number of iterations to determine the clusters, and fit the model to the input data.
Next, we use the model to get the clusters for test data in order to further analyze the clustering.
Now we can ask questions like, "Which hours of the day and which cluster had the highest number of pickups?"
How many pickups occurred in each cluster?
With a Zeppelin notebook, we can also display query results in bar charts or graphs. Below, the x-axis is the hour, the y-axis the count, and the colors are the different clusters.
You can register a DataFrame as a temporary table using a given name, for example, df.registerTempTable("uber"), and then run SQL statements using the SQL methods provided by sqlContext. An example is shown below in a Zeppelin notebook.
The model can be persisted to disk as shown below, in order to use later (for example, with Spark Streaming).
This tutorial will run on Spark 1.6.1.
You can download the code, data, and readme to run this example from here.
The example in this post can be run in the Spark shell or in a Zeppelin notebook. Log into the MapR Sandbox, as explained in Getting Started with Spark on MapR Sandbox, using user ID user01, password mapr. Copy the sample data file to your sandbox home directory /user/user01 using SCP as explained in the readme.
To run in the Spark shell, start the Spark shell with $spark-shell --master local.
Then | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | 0.311178 | 1.210179 | 1.256271 | 2.303088 |
When you're piloting a plane, it's important to be able to gather information at a glance. For this reason, aviation watches, which include a wide variety of subtypes, are defined by two primary characteristics: Built for functionality, they often have large, easily read dials with few impractical adornments. Secondly, many feature additional complications such as bezels (ex: rotating bezels or slide rule bezel), stopwatch, or tachymeter functionality. These features help with timing and measuring distances with precision.
Below, Jack Mason has gathered a few of our most popular aviation watches for the discerning pilot or would-be world traveler.
Sleekly simple, the Pursuit offers a great entry point into the world of aeronautical watches. A simple dial with highly visible indices, complemented by glow-in-the-dark SuperLuminova markings, creates a wristwatch that's easily read under any circumstances. The function of the watch is protected by a sapphire crystal, the hardest regularly used material behind diamonds, and is water-resistant at 100 meters. The operation of the Pursuit is tied together by a flawless Miyota 2315 movement for ultimate accuracy. Far from merely functional, the Pursuit has several aesthetic components designed to allude to the history of aviation which brought it to life. A starry design is found both on the crown of the watch as well as on the sculptural caseback. The caseback features a winged star, surrounded by a slanting pattern meant to replicate the perceived motion of a plane rotor. Two variations of the Pursuit are available: One with a navy blue dial, the other with a black dial. Both versions come with a brown Italian leather strap, featuring an Alcantara backing designed to improve comfort on the wrist and last well under duress of sweat. Highlights: Complex contemporary stylings complement this traditional aviation watch. Multiple dial options and attention to durability make this an all-around powerful entry point to this list.
Pursuit World Timer
The next option in the Pursuit line takes inspiration from the mid-20th century when constant air travel made knowing how to navigate timezones an essential skill for any traveler. The Pursuit World Timer The navy dial and white lettering are complemented by an easily adjustable bidirectional bezel. The bezel features airport codes for each of the 24 different time zones and a special coloring for Greenwich Mean Time, making it easy to convert time at a glance: no calculations needed. On the caseback, a star is flanked by outstretched wings. The airport codes are represented on the outer circumference, with the major city associated with each of them printed in full. The dial also showcases luminosity markings on the hands, indices, and hour markers for ease of legibility, and the 316L stainless steel case and sapphire crystal ensure a degree of protection to the piece. A watch that exudes a mixture of both form and function, the piece is complemented by a stainless steel bracelet. Thanks to quick release pins, the watch is also compatible with any Jack Mason 22mm strap. Highlights: The Pursuit World Timer has all the makings of an effective aviation watch, but the airport codes enumerated on both the bezel and caseback give it a distinct appeal for those who refuse to be confined to just one time zone.
Pursuit Chronograph
After examining one classic pilot's watch, and one with the international traveler in mind, we come to the first chronograph on the list. What sets this and all future chronographs apart from the previously listed watches are the complications: All chronographs by nature feature stopwatch capabilities and many include tachymeter functions as well. Both are exhibited in the Pursuit Chronograph. This take on the classic pilot's watch showcases an elegant crown and caseback design that looks to the skies. Highly visible indices marked with luminosity markings aid in legibility, and careful design features in both the case and crystal increase protection. The Pursuit Chronograph stands out among the previous watches on this list, as well as from other chronographs, thanks to its uniquely placed subdials located at the 6 o'clock, 9 o'clock, and 12 o'clock positions. Two variations of the Pursuit Chronograph exist. The first showcases a navy blue sunray dial, featuring | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 1.622839 | -0.134975 | 0.270278 | 0.067893 |
two white and one navy blue subdial. This style comes with a brown leather strap. The second version is a solid, matte black, featuring matching subdials and an Italian leather strap for a smooth, formal appearance. For further customization, quick release pins make it so that either Pursuit Chronograph is compatible with any 22mm Jack Mason Strap. Highlights: A distinct dial, diverse complications, and uniquely positioned subdials create a chronograph that melds practicality with original design mechanics.
Within a few short decades at the start of the 20th Century, air travel would go from an utter impossibility to a lived reality. The Avigator, short for "aerial navigator," takes inspiration from early men's watch designs to commemorate the Golden Age of Aviation. The sleekly integrated subdials, stopwatch, and tachymeter create a powerful but understated chronograph watch. It should be noted, discussing this historic timepiece, that the wartime use of watches contributed to the modern popularity of chronographs. Chronometers could be used to measure the distance from explosions and also served to allow precise military maneuvers when direct communication was impossible. Befitting a watch made for aeronautical use, a stainless steel case and sapphire crystal combine with 100-meter water-resistance testing for a watch as functionally durable as it is aesthetically appealing. All watches use uniquely textured sunray dials and feature winged stars on the caseback. Three models of the Avigator exist: The first is a subtle black sunray dial with white lettering and gold-accented indices. A second features a navy blue sundial while showcasing both white and blue subdials. The third is a starkly white dial with black lettering. All feature luminosity markings for added legibility and come with a matching leather band. Highlights: Distinctive sunray dials and a wide variety of customization options makes the Avigator a stunning option, easy to tailor to your own personal style.
Pursuit Automatic Box Set
At first glance, the Pursuit Automatic has a great deal of similarity to the very first watch we listed. It features the same streamlined design as the Pursuit. Examining the watch reveals similar water-testing, as well as a 316L stainless steel case and sapphire crystal. Once the watch is turned over, however, its secret is revealed in the caseback: The Pursuit Automatic, true to its name, uses a Miyota 8215 automatic movement. The other watches on this list use quartz movement. What this means is that the watch is battery-powered. Automatic watches, however, are a type of mechanical watch that uses complex machinery in order to power the rest of the watch. Unlike normal mechanical watches, which must be hand-wound, the Pursuit Automatic is powered by the kinetic energy created simply by wearing the watch on your wrist and moving normally. If the watch ever does wind down completely, it can be either hand-wound or gently turned in order to power it. Beyond merely being an interior detail, the automatic movement is visible in two important ways: The exhibition caseback gives a window into the machinery, which gives the watch its significance. Turning the watch over to examine the dial offers a subtler but just as significant difference: The movement of the hands. While quartz watches give a constant "tick tick" motion, automatic watches rely on a slowly unwinding hairspring, which causes a sweeping legato motion of hands. Two versions of the box set are available. One showcases a navy dial and stainless steel bracelet. The other reveals a monochromatic black dial and case, enhanced by a black Italian leather strap. Highlight: The Pursuit Automatic uses classical visual language to create an iconic interpretation of a pilot's watch using an iconic type of watch movement. These distinctive elements make it a beautifully simple timekeeper which belies a deep devotion to craftsmanship.
AOPA Pilot's Chronograph
When passion meets skill, greatness appears. The AOPA Pilot's Chronograph is the result of a long collaboration between the watchmakers of Jack Mason and the aeronauts of the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA). By combining a mutual love of the skies | [
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The Future of University Design Is Carbon-Neutral
Words by 3p Contributor
By Bob Best, Head of Energy and Sustainability, JLL
Carbon neutrality is about to go primetime in college campuses across the country. Already, a handful of smaller-sized colleges like Colby College, Middlebury College, and Green Mountain College have become carbon-neutral, while many more have goals to reach neutrality in the near future, including large institutions like the University of California system, which plans to reach carbon neutrality by 2025.
Aspiring for net zero carbon emissions is a natural extension of higher education's growing thirst for sustainability. And according to JLL's new report, it's a goal that's becoming more achievable. It's also more appealing to the diverse set of stakeholders comprising any campus community, from students and their parents to faculty, administrators, alumni, donors and the board of trustees.
Many of those constituents can appreciate carbon neutrality programs for their pragmatic benefits, such as cutting energy costs and earning rebates and incentives, or anticipating potential city and state energy and carbon mandates in the future.
There's also the positive feeling associated with participating in a campus community that walks the talk of social and environmental responsibility. The power of such perception is not insignificant: According to Princeton Review's Guide to Green Colleges, 61 percent of prospective college students say that having information about a school's environmental programs would influence their application or enrollment decisions.
So, what can you do to rally on your institution's neutrality goals?
Seven considerations on the road to carbon neutrality
Universities have traditionally been at the leading edge of sustainability initiatives. With the following in mind, they can stay ahead of the carbon-neutral trend, too.
Keep it interdisciplinary from the get-go—and beyond. Academia wouldn't be academia without dialogue, so open the doors for inclusive discussion at the earliest planning stages. I suggest creating sub-committees of potential stakeholders, including students, faculty, admin, and operational staff alike. Engage them in discussing both the benefits and challenges of going carbon-neutral, in terms of environmental and economic impact, as well as personal comfort and convenience. Nurture their participation throughout planning and implementation, which will also help foster widespread adoption in your efforts.
See how you measure up. If you haven't done so recently, then I recommend getting a campus-wide assessment of energy usage to identify opportunities for saving. Also consider an occupancy analysis to learn when space is underused, so that you can reduce or even turn off heating and cooling systems. You might turn up space that is entirely unneeded, and could even reveal space that is so underused, its occupants could be redistributed.Benchmarking sustainability practices amongst your peers can also help you not only understand where you are, encourage stakeholders to make bigger investments. Track the metrics that make most sense for your facilities, such as energy efficiency savings or percentage of renewable energy use.
Don't let the small picture interfere with big goals. Putting too much emphasis on fast payback can cost you in the long run. While there can be merit in quick wins like a straightforward lighting retrofit, it's very possible that more meaningful long-term results are possible with a project with more up-front costs. Focus on long-term value, not short-term points. When possible and appropriate, organize pilot programs of significant projects, so that you can better demonstrate long-term benefits of a major infrastructure update, for example.
Invest in smart buildings and renewables. There are many ways to tap ever-advancing smart technology. For example, wireless sensors can remotely monitor and control building equipment to make HVAC truly on-demand. Commissioning, while the most effective way to reduce energy, is expensive. Smart buildings can facilitate ongoing commissioning which can not only prevent equipment failure before it happens, but also keep track of the number of equipment failures, in turn notifying the capital planning process which equipment may need replacing. Using renewable energy generation is the shortest path to carbon neutrality.
Meanwhile the costs of renewable energy are falling, and are now on par with conventional energy sources in many areas. Onsite generation may be a longer-term goal, but there are other ways to "go renewable" with little to no up | [
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LETTUCE BRASILIANA Seeds
Price for Package of 100 seeds.
Brasiliana: Similar in nature to an Iceberg lettuce. Large, tightly wrapped head with crunchy leaves. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is an annual plant of the daisy family Asteraceae. It is most often grown
Brasiliana: Similar in nature to an Iceberg lettuce. Large, tightly wrapped head with crunchy leaves.
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is an annual plant of the daisy family Asteraceae. It is most often grown as a leaf vegetable, but sometimes for its stem and seeds. Lettuce was first cultivated by the ancient Egyptians who turned it from a weed, whose seeds were used to produce oil, into a food plant grown for its succulent leaves, in addition to its oil-rich seeds. Lettuce spread to the Greeks and Romans, the latter of whom gave it the name lactuca, from which the English lettuce is ultimately derived. By 50 AD, multiple types were described, and lettuce appeared often in medieval writings, including several herbals. The 16th through 18th centuries saw the development of many varieties in Europe, and by the mid-18th century cultivars were described that can still be found in gardens. Europe and North America originally dominated the market for lettuce, but by the late 20th century the consumption of lettuce had spread throughout the world.
Generally grown as a hardy annual, lettuce is easily cultivated, although it requires relatively low temperatures to prevent it from flowering quickly. It can be plagued with numerous nutrient deficiencies, as well as insect and mammal pests and fungal and bacterial diseases. L. sativa crosses easily within the species and with some other species within the Lactuca genus; although this trait can be a problem to home gardeners who attempt to save seeds, biologists have used it to broaden the gene pool of cultivated lettuce varieties. World production of lettuce and chicory for calendar year 2010 stood at 23 620 000/23,620,000 tonnes, half of which came from China.
Lettuce is most often used for salads, although it is also seen in other kinds of food, such as soups, sandwiches and wraps; it can also be grilled.[3] One variety, the woju (莴苣), or asparagus lettuce, is grown for its stems, which are eaten either raw or cooked. Lettuce is a rich source of vitamin K and vitamin A, and is a moderate source of folate and iron. Contaminated lettuce is often a source of bacterial, viral and parasitic outbreaks in humans, including E. coli and Salmonella. In addition to its main use as a leafy green, it has also gathered religious and medicinal significance over centuries of human consumption.
Taxonomy and etymology
Lactuca sativa is a member of the Lactuca (lettuce) genus and the Asteraceae (sunflower or aster) family.[4] The species was first described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in the second volume of his Species Plantarum.[5] Synonyms for L. sativa include Lactuca scariola var. sativa,[1] L. scariola var. integrata and L. scariola var. integrifolia.[6] L. scariola is itself a synonym for L. serriola, the common wild or prickly lettuce.[2] L. sativa also has many identified taxonomic groups, subspecies and varieties, which delineate the various cultivar groups of domesticated lettuce.[7] Lettuce is closely related to several Lactuca species from southwest Asia; the closest relationship is to L. serriola, an aggressive weed common in temperate and subtropical zones in much of the world.
The Romans referred to lettuce as lactuca (lac meaning milk in Latin), an allusion to the white substance, now called latex, exuded by cut stems.[9] This word has become the genus name, while sativa (meaning "sown" or "cultivated") was added to create the species name.[10] The current word lettuce, originally from Middle English, came from the Old French let | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.237053 | -0.300118 | 1.26703 | 0.833301 |
ues or laitues, which derived from the Roman name.[11] The name romaine came from that type's use in the Roman papal gardens, while cos, another term for romaine lettuce, came from the earliest European seeds of the type from the Greek island of Cos, a center of lettuce farming in the Byzantine period.
Lettuce's native range spreads from the Mediterranean to Siberia, although it has been transported to almost all areas of the world. Plants generally have a height and spread of 6 to 12 inches (15 to 30 cm). The leaves are colorful, mainly in the green and red color spectrums, with some variegated varieties. There are also a few varieties with yellow, gold or blue-teal leaves. Lettuces have a wide range of shapes and textures, from the dense heads of the iceberg type to the notched, scalloped, frilly or ruffly leaves of leaf varieties.[14] Lettuce plants have a root system that includes a main taproot and smaller secondary roots. Some varieties, especially those found in the United States and Western Europe, have long, narrow taproots and a small set of secondary roots. Longer taproots and more extensive secondary systems are found in varieties from Asia.
Depending on the variety and time of year, lettuce generally lives 65–130 days from planting to harvesting. Because lettuce that flowers (through the process known as "bolting") becomes bitter and unsaleable, plants grown for consumption are rarely allowed to grow to maturity. Lettuce flowers more quickly in hot temperatures, while freezing temperatures cause slower growth and sometimes damage to outer leaves.[16] Once plants move past the edible stage, they develop flower stalks up to 3 feet (0.9 m) high with small yellow blossoms.[17] Like other members of the tribe Cichorieae, lettuce inflorescences (also known as flower heads or capitula) are composed of multiple florets, each with a modified calyx called a pappus (which becomes the feathery "parachute" of the fruit), a corolla of five petals fused into a ligule or strap, and the reproductive parts. These include fused anthers that form a tube which surrounds a style and bipartite stigma. As the anthers shed pollen, the style elongates to allow the stigmas, now coated with pollen, to emerge from the tube.[15][18] The ovaries form compressed, obovate (teardrop-shaped) dry fruits that do not open at maturity, measuring 3 to 4 mm long. The fruits have 5–7 ribs on each side and are tipped by two rows of small white hairs. The pappus remains at the top of each fruit as a dispersal structure. Each fruit contains one seed, which can be white, yellow, gray or brown depending on the variety of lettuce.
The domestication of lettuce over the centuries has resulted in several changes through selective breeding: delayed bolting, larger seeds, larger leaves and heads, better taste and texture, a lower latex content, and different leaf shapes and colors. Work in these areas continues through the present day.[19] Scientific research into the genetic modification of lettuce is ongoing, with over 85 field trials taking place between 1992 and 2005 in the European Union and United States to test modifications allowing greater herbicide tolerance, greater resistance to insects and fungi and slower bolting patterns. However, genetically modified lettuce is not currently used in commercial agriculture.
Lettuce was first cultivated in ancient Egypt for the production of oil from its seeds. This plant was probably selectively bred by the Egyptians into a plant grown for its edible leaves,[21] with evidence of its cultivation appearing as early as 2680 BC.[9] Lettuce was considered a sacred plant of the reproduction god Min, and it was carried during his festivals and placed near his images. The plant was thought to help the god "perform the sexual act untiringly."[22] Its use in religious ceremonies resulted in the creation of many images in tombs and wall paintings. The cultivated variety appears to have been about 30 inches (76 cm) tall and resembled a large version of the modern romaine lettuce. These upright lettuces were developed by the Egyptians and passed | [
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to the Greeks, who in turn shared them with the Romans. Circa 50 AD, Roman agriculturalist Columella described several lettuce varieties – some of which may have been ancestors of today's lettuces.
Lettuce appears in many medieval writings, especially as a medicinal herb. Hildegard of Bingen mentioned it in her writings on medicinal herbs between 1098 and 1179, and many early herbals also describe its uses. In 1586, Joachim Camerarius provided descriptions of the three basic modern lettuces – head lettuce, loose-leaf lettuce, and romaine (or cos) lettuce.[12] Lettuce was first brought to the Americas from Europe by Christopher Columbus in the late 15th century.[23][24] Between the late 16th century and the early 18th century, many varieties were developed in Europe, particularly Holland. Books published in the mid-18th and early 19th centuries describe several varieties found in gardens today.
Due to its short lifespan after harvest, lettuce was originally sold relatively close to where it was grown. The early 20th century saw the development of new packing, storage and shipping technologies that improved the lifespan and transportability of lettuce and resulted in a significant increase in availability.[26] During the 1950s, lettuce production was revolutionized with the development of vacuum cooling, which allowed field cooling and packing of lettuce, replacing the previously used method of ice-cooling in packing houses outside the fields.
Lettuce is very easy to grow, and as such has been a significant source of sales for many seed companies. Tracing the history of many varieties is complicated by the practice of many companies, particularly in the US, of changing a variety's name from year to year. This was done for several reasons, the most prominent being to boost sales by promoting a "new" variety or to prevent customers from knowing that the variety had been developed by a competing seed company. Documentation from the late 19th century shows between 65 and 140 distinct varieties of lettuce, depending on the amount of variation allowed between types – a distinct difference from the 1,100 named lettuce varieties on the market at the time. Names also often changed significantly from country to country.[28] Although most lettuce grown today is used as a vegetable, a minor amount is used in the production of tobacco-free cigarettes; however, domestic lettuce's wild relatives produce a leaf that visually more closely resembles tobacco.
A hardy annual, some varieties of lettuce can be overwintered even in relatively cold climates under a layer of straw, and older, heirloom varieties are often grown in cold frames.[25] Lettuces meant for the cutting of individual leaves are generally planted straight into the garden in thick rows. Heading varieties of lettuces are commonly started in flats, then transplanted to individual spots, usually 8 to 14 inches (20 to 36 cm) apart, in the garden after developing several leaves. Lettuce spaced further apart receives more sunlight, which improves color and nutrient quantities in the leaves. Pale to white lettuce, such as the centers in some iceberg lettuce, contain few nutrients.
Lettuce grows best in full sun in loose, nitrogen-rich soils with a pH of between 6.0 and 6.8. Heat generally prompts lettuce to bolt, with most varieties growing poorly above 75 °F (24 °C); cool temperatures prompt better performance, with 60 to 65 °F (16 to 18 °C) being preferred and as low as 45 °F (7 °C) being tolerated.[30] Plants in hot areas that are provided partial shade during the hottest part of the day will bolt more slowly. Temperatures above 80 °F (27 °C) will generally result in poor or non-existent germination of lettuce seeds.[30] After harvest, lettuce lasts the longest when kept at 32 °F (0 °C) and 96 percent humidity. Lettuce quickly degrades when stored with fruit such as apples, pears and bananas that release the ripening agent ethylene gas. The high water content of lettuce | [
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(94.9 percent) creates problems when attempting to preserve the plant – it cannot be successfully frozen, canned or dried and must be eaten fresh.
Lettuce varieties will cross with each other, making spacing of 5 to 20 feet (1.5 to 6.1 m) between varieties necessary to prevent contamination when saving seeds. Lettuce will also cross with Lactuca serriola (wild lettuce), with the resulting seeds often producing a plant with tough, bitter leaves. Celtuce, a lettuce variety grown primarily in Asia for its stems, crosses easily with lettuces grown for their leaves.[17] This propensity for crossing, however, has led to breeding programs using closely related species in Lactuca, such as L. serriola, L. saligna, and L. virosa, to broaden the available gene pool. Starting in the 1990s, such programs began to include more distantly related species such as L. tatarica.[32] Seeds keep best when stored in cool conditions, and, unless stored cryogenically, remain viable the longest when stored at −4 °F (−20 °C); they are relatively short lived in storage.
At room temperature, lettuce seeds remain viable for only a few months. However, when newly harvested lettuce seed is stored cryogenically, this life increases to a half-life of 500 years for vaporized nitrogen and 3,400 years for liquid nitrogen; this advantage is lost if seeds are not frozen promptly after harvesting.
Culinary use
As described around 50 AD, lettuce leaves were often cooked and served by the Romans with an oil-and-vinegar dressing; however, smaller leaves were sometimes eaten raw. During the 81–96 AD reign of Domitian, the tradition of serving a lettuce salad before a meal began. Post-Roman Europe continued the tradition of poaching lettuce, mainly with large romaine types, as well as the method of pouring a hot oil and vinegar mixture over the leaves.[9] Today, the majority of lettuce is grown for its leaves, although one type is grown for its stem and one for its seeds, which are made into an oil.[21] Most lettuce is used in salads, either alone or with other greens, vegetables, meats and cheeses. Romaine lettuce is often used for Caesar salads, with a dressing that includes anchovies and eggs. Lettuce leaves can also be found in soups, sandwiches and wraps, while the stems are eaten both raw and cooked.[10] The consumption of lettuce in China developed differently from in Western countries, due to health risks and cultural aversion to eating raw leaves. In that country, "salads" were created from cooked vegetables and served hot or cold. Lettuce was also used in a larger variety of dishes than in Western countries, contributing to a range of dishes including bean curd and meat dishes, soups and stir-frys plain or with other vegetables. Stem lettuce, widely consumed in China, is eaten either raw or cooked, the latter primarily in soups and stir-frys.[44] Lettuce is also used as a primary ingredient in the preparation of lettuce soup.
Nutritional content
Depending on the variety, lettuce is an excellent source (20% of the Daily Value, DV, or higher) of vitamin K (97% DV) and vitamin A (21% DV) (table), with higher concentrations of the provitamin A compound, beta-carotene, found in darker green lettuces, such as Romaine.[31] With the exception of the iceberg variety, lettuce is also a good source (10-19% DV) of folate and iron (table).
Religious and medicinal lore
In addition to its usual purpose as an edible leafy vegetable, lettuce has had a number of uses in ancient (and even some more modern) times as a medicinal herb and religious symbol. For example, ancient Egyptians thought lettuce to be a symbol of sexual prowess[43] and a promoter of love and childbearing in women. The Romans likewise claimed that it increased sexual potency.[52] In contrast, the ancient Greeks connected the plant with male impotency,[9] and served it during fun | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.556393 | 0.240734 | 1.873139 | 1.301306 |
Neopteroplax is an extinct genus of eogyrinid embolomere closely related to European genera such as Eogyrinus and Pteroplax. Members of this genus were among the largest embolomeres (and Carboniferous tetrapods in general) in North America. Neopteroplax is primarily known from a large (~40 cm) skull found in Ohio, although fragmentary embolomere fossils from Texas and New Mexico have also been tentatively referred to the genus. Despite its similarities to specific European embolomeres, it can be distinguished from them due to a small number of skull and jaw features, most notably a lower surangular at the upper rear portion of the lower jaw.
Discovery
The type species, Neopteroplax conemaughensis, is known from a large skull found in Late Carboniferous shale during railroad renovations in Bloomingdale, Ohio. Although damaged by excavators, most of the left side of the skull can be reconstructed based on surviving fragments. The only other Neopteroplax fossils recovered from this site were a few rib and vertebra fragments. The site was geologically slightly younger than the famous Carboniferous deposits of the nearby Linton diamond coal mine. Other fossils found near the Neopteroplax skull include fragments of fin spines from Edaphosaurus and several small amphibians (including a Platyhystrix-like form), as well as teeth from early chondrichthyan fish like Cladodus, petalodonts, and cochliodonts. The skull was described, reconstructed and named by Alfred Sherwood Romer in 1963, as part of a study on various new Carboniferous embolomere fossils from Eastern North America. Citing similarities to certain European embolomeres (often referred to the genera Pteroplax or Eogyrinus), he named the skull Neopteroplax conemaughensis, in reference to both Pteroplax as well as the geological formation which the skull was found in (the Conemaugh series of Ohio).
Jaw fragments and vertebrae similar to those of N. conemaughensis have also been recovered from the Thrifty Formation of Texas, which lies close to the border between the Carboniferous and Permian periods. These Texan remains were assigned to the second species of Neopteroplax, Neopteroplax relictus. These two species are mainly differentiated by their geographical and temporal isolation. Large embolomerous vertebrae and jaws from the Wild Cow Formation of New Mexico have also been tentatively assigned to Neopteroplax by Lucas et al. (1999). Some sources, such as Marjanovic & Laurin (2019), have doubted the validity of these western remains' referral to the genus.
Description
Counting the enlarged cheek regions, the skull was 39.5 centimeters (15.6 inches) in length. The snout was moderately long and the skull as a whole was deep, although crushing has reduced this depth and splayed out the cheeks, making the fossil wider than it would have been when alive. The overall shape and texture was similar to that of most other embolomeres, although there is no trace of lateral line canals. Sutures between skull bones are difficult to interpret with certainty, but when visible, their arrangement and structure is similar to that of other embolomeres (particularly English specimens commonly referred to Pteroplax or Eogyrinus). For example, the lacrimal bone is excluded from the front edge of the orbit (eye socket) due to a downward branch of the prefrontal bone, and the broad squamosal bone is only weakly attached to skull bones above it. The orbits were roughly circular, in contrast with a well-preserved embolomere skull from Newsham (initially referred to Anthracosaurus and now considered the lectotype of Eogyrinus), which has more triangular orbits due to the shape of the jugal bone, which forms the lower rim of the orbit. On the other hand, the jugal of Neopteroplax otherwise resembles that of the Newsham skull due to extending down far enough that it wraps under the rim of the mouth. The premaxilla (at the tip of the snout) had three teeth, with the first two rather large and the last one much smaller. | [
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MexConnect.com Forums: General: General Forum: bring everything or leave it behind?
bring everything or leave it behind?
We are planning our move to the highlands for the next year or so. My question is: Is it better to move everything with us or sell most if it and bring on essentials? I know that appliances and electronics are suppose to be at least a year old and if we decide to move it all I need to start replacing some of those things now so they will be "used" when the time comes.
Any advice would be appreciated. Also, for you that moved it all, how did you do it and what company did you use? Did you find it less expensive to move instead of buying there?
Re: [dalford] bring everything or leave it behind?
The appliances need be only six months old, not a year.
Appliances cost a lot more here, and there are not nearly as many models to choose from.
We found it less expensive to move all our "stuff" than buy here. Electrical things are more expensive here. Much of the furniture is uncomfortable. Even Mexicans go to the US to purchase linens and bedding. Pillows generally resemble bricks with pillowcases. Ditto for the mattresses. These are generalizations. Yes, you can find furnishings more to your US taste, but you will pay more for them. One caveat: household appliances (stoves, refrigerators, washers and dryers) that are manufactured here have a greater tolerance for voltage highs and lows than those in the US and are better purchased here.
Re: [Georgia] bring everything or leave it behind?
Thanks, I never thought about the voltage surges. Wonder if a surge protector would solve that problem? Maybe one for each appliance and electronic. Anyone know?
Depending on where you live, you need a hell of a lot more than a surge protector. They only work within certain tolerances. Actually, the biggest threat is low voltage. At one point we were only getting 60 volts. Burned out even the toughest appliances and we have a whole house voltage corrector. We finally bit the bullet and put in our own transformer. Expensive. Worth it.
The man that works on our house recommended the Koblenz Professional regulator for our appliances. The company says it protects against low voltage, high voltage, spikes and lightening. It provides a $25,000 insurance policy for replacement on your appliances if it fails. Cost is about $45.00. We put one on all our appliances after a lightening strike friend all our electronis this past summer. We bought ours at WalMart in Toluca.
Re: [drmike] bring everything or leave it behind?
Thanks, that sounds very resonable. Knowing that you recently moved, did you move your stuff or buy when you got there? What movers did you use (if at all)?
There are two schools of thought on this topic: bring it all and bring nothing. I'm a proud alumna of the bring it all on down school. Of course, that depends upon your stuff and your style. There are some folks who keep on using old stuff, right down to having furniture reupholstered, and there are those who have the desire and ability to completely start from scratch.
Costco and Sears have far more selection than they did a decade ago, but everything comes at a cost much, much higher than similar goods would cost in the U.S. If I were to do it all over again, I'd do exactly what I did years ago: start stocking up on stuff years in advance of the move. Now my appliances have reached the replacement stage, and it's an expensive proposition. A side-by-side refrigerator with an ice maker goes for roughly 50% more in Mexico, even on sale, than a comparable model in the US. The same for a washer. And for a stainless steel gas grill.
Use that one-time opportunity to import your worldly effects duty-free.
Interview several moving companies. You're apt to find a wide variation among their estimates.
Like Georgia and Jennifer we brought it all.
We used a self-pack service where they dropped off the trailer, we loaded it over 4 days, and it was in Mexico before we were, but delivered two weeks after we arrived. Cost for the 28 foot tailer, Cleveland to Ajijic was around $10K. We brought all | [
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the tools, the 3 bunk scaffolding and rooms of furniture, that are spread up and down the Lake Chapala northshore on loan to those without a comfy couch, bed, etc.....I don't need it all or want it all in this house and loaning it out is better than storing it, it would be ruined in a storage locker for long. You can bring too much but we expected to have a second place as a rental by now, and be building eventually. Although those thoughts have changed.
I am pretty sure Georgia had a full service move which packed it and unpacked it about 4 years before us.
Why bring it all, because we like it all, its us, we are used to it, most of its been in the family since forever....if not mine then my husbands, the camelback couches, there are 3, have been recovered so many times I couldn't leave them behind on this great adventure. I can't wait to find the right room for them and dress them up in a vibrant fabric and maybe paint the legs...god forbid. I am also going to paint the interior of a 30s Baker china cabinet with bubble glass doors....probably bright tourquoise. These things remind me of my people, raising my girls, and being a young wife, a middle wife and a retired wife. They remind me of how excited my mother would have been to do this, and most of all I brought myself with me in the form of things that provide continuity in my thoughts and memories. As a young retiree at 50, I have literally decades ahead, and I want the new person I grow to be and the person I have been to coexist among the comfort we have been able to provide for ourselves. We are also mindful that as we age we wanted our past around us, we didn't want to acquire all new that no one else in our world had experienced living with but the two of us. When I am old and ailing I want to be looking at the dresser front I have seen thru all my life and have it trigger many lost thoughts and memories.
Does the stuff fit in here, well, yes and no, its me that has trouble figuring out what to do and colors because the quality of light is so different and I want my environment to be different but its so new its hard to choose. Of course I've looked at the same things all my life, so that impedes changing too much, but when it inspiration comes I will really know it and embrace it. That will be fun! Of the frou-frou things, china, crystal, etc... I brought it all, and just about everyone I know who sold all that type of stuff wishes they had kept it. Not that anything is fancy, but the realization is that now you might actually use it, just because you have it and you finally have the time to fuss with tablesetting and hand washing and polishing. Its one of those things that if you had it and enjoyed it, you will miss it, if you didn't it won't matter to you.
Just in 4 years there are many, many options in this area for furniture. Couches, chairs etc... are more comfortable and readily available, Sears even carries Pier One wicker stuff - at a premium, but still its here - even Ethan Allan can be ordered thru their DF store...in fact you can order it from your US home and it gets delivered to DF and then onto you....they figure it all out. So the limitations of a decade ago are no longer.
Also the limitation of a one time deal on your FM3 is also showing some flexibility......but if you decide not to bring stuff,make sure only one of you gets the initial FM3, so the person holding the FMT can bring in a households worth at a later date when getting their own FM3.
Re: [jennifer rose] bring everything or leave it behind?
The third option, which we adopted, is "bring some of it".
Jennifer made some good points on bringing the "memories". We did a variation on that: brought the things we knew we couldn't replace and got rid of all the stuff that tends to accumulate. This is an opportunity for a really good sorting.
The appliance issue is debatable. We had no choice since our NOB home sold on condition of leaving the appliances. We did some serious shopping here and found some very nice appliances at good prices. We didn't feel we needed the giant family size side by side fridge any longer and settled for a smaller model which | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | 0.1839 | -1.504787 | -1.354662 | -1.082987 |
is causing us to be more disciplined in our food shopping mode. Now we are throwing out fewer frozen items that get out of date and freezer burned. We found basic models of washer and dryer at what seemed to be about U.S. prices. The thing we noticed about pricing here is that the basic models are decently priced, but as soon as the bells and whistles are added, the price escalates way more than it did NOB.
There is also the price of moving those heavy appliances to be considered.
Books are one of those things that need to be thought of in terms of the cost per pound of moving them, divided by the sentimental value of keeping them and multiplied by the space they take up,. We left most of ours behind. Like clothing - if you haven't used in in a few years, you probably don't need to move it.
Shopping for new furniture and accessories can be fun, up to the point that you realize you liked your old stuff better. So: the answer is, as always, "it depends".
Thank all of you for your ideas and replies! I have an Amish cherry dining room suite that I would like to bring along with sofa and mattress sets. Do I need to worry about termites in the highlands? I read that they are a problem on the coast. Again, thanks for all your input.
Termites? We got termites. They are Mexican termites with sombreros and pistolas. They are hungry ones, too.
Keep your eyes peeled for the little devils.
Re: [Gringal] bring everything or leave it behind?
So, what do you do about your wood furniture? Do you have furniture made of special woods? Are they in every area?
There are sprays available for when you see the little speckled evidence that the critters are around. This has worked for me. They list termites on the label when it's lethal to them. I think I got mine at Home Depot.
A friend of mine bought a new home in a Lake Chapala area tract. Termites were already in the wood that was used in her bathroom and closets, so you never know.
Major appliances bought here will be under warranty here.
At our home in Chula Vista, we had loads of scorpions and termites, but when we moved into Ajijic village (above the carretara) we had none. A lot depends on whether you have vacant lots nearby.
More important to me were the mattress sets. No box springs were available when I tried to buy them, just deep mattresses. The queen-size mattress already in our home weighed slightly less than my car, and I'm not kidding. Please do bring your mattress sets down with you.
We did this also, brought some. We gave our kids everything they wanted and gave lots of stuff to charity thrift shops. Then we had a garage sale. Then we gave the remainder to other thrift shops. We had Strom (Before Strom White) move the rest. We had their minimum load 12x8x8 I think.
I wish now that we had kept a storage space for some valuable stuff that was marginal. For example I sold my folding ladder, worth about $300 here for $20. With bouganvillas, etc. we need a tall ladder. We could have brought that down later, in a carload - of course, we go north to San Diego often with our car. If you are coming from Alaska, this is probably not good advice.
Re: [PeggyS] bring everything or leave it behind?
One can buy "good" mattresses in Mexico. Many stores carry good mattresses. Re: box spring, when one thinks about it, exactly what part does a box spring play? We took a page from our RV. RV's do not use a "box spring". We chose not to have a box spring. We had a local carpenter build a box with a heavy plywood top with a hinged cover for a great storage area underneath. Our bed is very comfortable and we haven't been sorry for our decision. Our guest room has the standard boxed set and we talk of having it converted. Another benefit, no dusty underside to clean. I have noticed they now are selling pillowtop mattresses in the better furniture stores.
Re: [thriftqueen] bring everything or leave it behind?
In addition to bringing what | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | -0.291331 | -1.373711 | -0.597922 | -0.61941 |
we wanted we also left marginal items in a POD stored in a warehouse. We have a young adult who we expected to move into an apartment within a couple months of our move, so the storage was odds and ends of furniture and household goods she might use, and the pieces parts for an entire 1961 TR-3 without body or chassis. We recently returned north to clear that stuff out and move the TR3 and some "keeper" stuff into a smaller on the ground storage unit. The young adult doesn't have any intention of apartment living anytime soon, so that stuff just wasn't cost effective to store indefinitely. The TR3 is going onto EBay soon because after 20 years of storing the interest is not there to put it back together.
The three bank of scaffolding we brought has been the most used item off the truck. Several women have refused to allow me to offer it for their construction projects because as they say " I told him to sell it at the garage sale and we got about $100 and have needed it from day one, if he knows your husband got to bring his I will never hear the end of it." Bring those tools etc.. and ladders, if you are used to having access to them you will miss them a lot.
I gave all the books away and kept just those with really interesting and timeless topics. All the garden books went because they dont have anything to tell me about here and thus would be useless. I did bring the recent two years worth of best sellers and book list tittles to give to LCS, and did that right away. Current reading stock is a big thing with me and I just do not understand who is choosing the obscure titles that LCS says is their NEW selection...the stuff stinks and there'd be better reading found on the $2.98 stack in the back of any Borders.
Each daughter has two very large plastic sealable tubs with all their stuff in it and it was all sent to each of them - they protested that I should keep it, but I said "out of my life or in the trash, you choose" that part was probably the hardest to do and caused some hurt feelings. I just don't know what they expected, they have homes with basements and attics, and its not my stuff and the realization that mom just didn't care about the placemat made in 2nd grade for Mothers Day was a real hard thing for them to get over. For heaven's sake the thing had been in the box since the late 80s.
Anyway, knick-knack type stuff was the hardest because those represented vacations, family things (clocks, pictures, bronze shoes of people long gone etc...) so we brought most of it since it fit in 3 or 4 boxes, I wasn't particularly careful packing it in hopes of some natural attrition by breakage and the rest languishes in old lawyer glass front bookcases because the dust here is just too much to have any of it sitting around.
Family photos were the worst, nobody really looks at them anymore and there were thousands. We always kept some in a big brass bowl on the coffee table in the family room and plan to do that again, but the rest are being cataloged and sent off to a company in California who will scan them all, a shoebox worth for about $100 US, and then I can dump them. We are doing that even with most of the old family photos back to the turn of the century, those will go to a sister or two without my asking them if they want them, because they will say no., as they have before. I found the service in a NYT article.
We like a hard bed so the platform is good for us, but the idea of having one made for storage purposes is terrific. We brought a queen mattress and upholstered headboard farmed it out to a friends guest room. Lucky for us the furniture in our house here was minimal and not very good, and what had been good quality had been banged around alot so it looked crappy. Most of it has been sold or sent on to charity and the maid had the pick of some.
Esperanza will fall over when she finds out that I am taking the mahogany dining chairs and table to the auto painter to be sprayed a nice color, but then this stuff has been around me forever, and it deserves to be bright and shiny in its new life here. I am however only painting the interior of the china cabinet. By the way, his charge is $150 pesos per chair and $400 for | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | -0.260764 | -1.329586 | -0.79159 | -1.325844 |
#ifndef PCL_1_8_SEGMENTATION_IMPL_CONDITIONAL_EUCLIDEAN_CLUSTERING_HPP_
#define PCL_1_8_SEGMENTATION_IMPL_CONDITIONAL_EUCLIDEAN_CLUSTERING_HPP_
#include <pcl_1_8/segmentation/conditional_euclidean_clustering.h>
template<typename PointT> void
pcl_1_8::ConditionalEuclideanClustering<PointT>::segment (pcl_1_8::IndicesClusters &clusters)
{
// Prepare output (going to use push_back)
clusters.clear ();
if (extract_removed_clusters_)
{
small_clusters_->clear ();
large_clusters_->clear ();
}
// Validity checks
if (!initCompute () || input_->points.empty () || indices_->empty () || !condition_function_)
return;
// Initialize the search class
if (!searcher_)
{
if (input_->isOrganized ())
searcher_.reset (new pcl::search::OrganizedNeighbor<PointT> ());
else
searcher_.reset (new pcl::search::KdTree<PointT> ());
}
searcher_->setInputCloud (input_, indices_);
// Temp variables used by search class
std::vector<int> nn_indices;
std::vector<float> nn_distances;
// Create a bool vector of processed point indices, and initialize it to false
// Need to have it contain all possible points because radius search can not return indices into indices
std::vector<bool> processed (input_->points.size (), false);
// Process all points indexed by indices_
for (int iii = 0; iii < static_cast<int> (indices_->size ()); ++iii) // iii = input indices iterator
{
// Has this point been processed before?
if ((*indices_)[iii] == -1 || processed[(*indices_)[iii]])
continue;
// Set up a new growing cluster
std::vector<int> current_cluster;
int cii = 0; // cii = cluster indices iterator
// Add the point to the cluster
current_cluster.push_back ((*indices_)[iii]);
processed[(*indices_)[iii]] = true;
// Process the current cluster (it can be growing in size as it is being processed)
while (cii < static_cast<int> (current_cluster.size ()))
{
// Search for neighbors around the current seed point of the current cluster
if (searcher_->radiusSearch (input_->points[current_cluster[cii]], cluster_tolerance_, nn_indices, nn_distances) < 1)
{
cii++;
continue;
}
// Process the neighbors
for (int nii = 1; nii < static_cast<int> (nn_indices.size ()); ++nii) // nii = neighbor indices iterator
{
// Has this point been processed before?
if (nn_indices[nii] == -1 || processed[nn_indices[nii]])
continue;
// Validate if condition holds
if (condition_function_ (input_->points[current_cluster[cii]], input_->points[nn_indices[nii]], nn_distances[nii]))
{
// Add the point to the cluster
current_cluster.push_back (nn_indices[nii]);
processed[nn_indices[nii]] = true;
}
}
cii++;
}
// If extracting removed clusters, all clusters need to be saved, otherwise only the ones within the given cluster size range
if (extract_removed_clusters_ ||
(static_cast<int> (current_cluster.size ()) >= min_cluster_size_ &&
static_cast<int> (current_cluster.size ()) | [
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] | 1,024 | Github | -1.346909 | 0.864968 | -1.193272 | -0.280423 |
Artificial intelligence can provide the data points and analysis we need to optimize our lives and decision-making processes. But how far should we allow such intelligence to actually direct our lives? BLINK's Editor-in-Chief, Signe Wandler, spoke with Chris Dancy, self-proclaimed 'Human Cyborg' and possibly the most connected human on earth, who monitors every element of his life from diet to sleep to brainwaves, to see if AI has reduced the gap between man and machine.
Chris Dancy is talking to me from his walking treadmill desk in Tennessee. While we converse, his brainwaves are on display across the room. His heart rate is 81 beats per minute and he's speaking at about 77 decibels. He's also recording our call or, more specifically, his contribution to it. Great soundbites, he warns, may get recycled. Given that he is connected to up to 700 systems at any given moment, this seems like the least of what might be re-processed at a later date. Chris Dancy is the tracking man, the ultimate quantified self, an individual determined to keep hold of what matters most in his life. It's a quest Dancy began in 2008, the year he became fascinated by the idea that today's avalanche of data might lead to the human race hitting its attention limit. "You only have so much time and attention, and how you manage both defines your lifestyle, your health… everything," he says. "Just consuming mountains of information creates problems, and may distract you from the things you care most about." And so, at the age of 40, Dancy set out to make sure this didn't happen to him: to make sure that he was in charge.
the sky. He started the process by scraping his social media profile to get a sense of what he was sharing online. Then he moved on to other aspects of his existence. "One of the barriers to tracking is that it takes a lot of work. If you've used Jawbone or other wearables, it's easy to just forget to turn them on," he says. And as for all the apps currently available? "Some of them are pretty abusive, either yelling or beeping at you for not walking or for overeating. That's not likely to be very motivating." The most important behavior that Dancy tracks is his sleep, so that he can be sure he's getting enough rest to function at his self-defined best. According to Dancy, every human in the world has struggled with sleep. He uses feedback loops like home lights that automatically switch on and off at pre-set times to help keep him on the right road.
In addition to the work it takes, Dancy argues that tracking requires us to pay more attention to ourselves, which can be hard for those who may view such behavior as navel-gazing or, worse, self obsession. Naturally, Dancy doesn't see it that way; what he's doing helps him keep in touch with who he really is so he can develop a stronger, faster and smarter self. His "data-driven lifestyle" has, in fact, helped him lose one hundred pounds. He began by simply taking pictures of his meals on Instagram to identify what he was eating as well as geo-tagging his credit card to see where he was splurging on food. And having recorded nearly every bit of his life, he was able to comb through thousands of events that seemed to trigger unhealthy eating over time: the people he'd met, the phone calls he'd taken… even the specific music and TV shows he'd consumed prior to unhealthy binges. Once he detected atterns in the data, Dancy was able to make positive changes, reducing the temperature at home in response to evidence that higher temperatures encouraged greater indulgence, as well as restricting his behavior by blocking credit card purchases at his favorite fast food joints.
There's an unsolvable tension in Dancy's work, in that it requires more and more technology to track his very human behavior and activity. He encourages individuals to do things the old-fashioned way whenever possible. You might be able to ask an app or Siri about the weather but, sometimes, it's easier to just look out the window. Become too conditioned to talking to machines, Dancy says, and you forget to use your own innate abilities. "Artificial intelligence will never be able to use our senses and, at this point, at least, it won | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | 1.071276 | 0.122635 | 0.264618 | 1.04833 |
Selling something online? Beware the scam buyer
The Drum / By Karen Tong
Posted Tue 3 Jan 2023 at 6:46pm Tuesday 3 Jan 2023 at 6:46pm Tue 3 Jan 2023 at 6:46pm , updated Wed 4 Jan 2023 at 12:59am Wednesday 4 Jan 2023 at 12:59am Wed 4 Jan 2023 at 12:59am
Linda Johnston, pictured with her husband, was one of the thousands of Australians targeted by scammers while selling second-hand items online. (Supplied)
abc.net.au/news/selling-something-online-beware-the-scam-buyer/101824012
When Linda Johnston posted an advertisement on Gumtree to sell a set of three suitcases, she was surprised to hear from an interested buyer within 15 minutes.
"I was excited to get such a quick sale, because sometimes you're waiting weeks," the 61-year-old resident of Sellicks Beach in South Australia says.
The buyer didn't ask for a steep discount either — something she had experienced many times before.
It looked like a promising sale, with one catch.
The 'Australia Post' scam
Linda's potential buyer lived in Forster on the New South Wales Mid North Coast and would need to arrange shipping.
Linda screenshot messages received from a scammer, which included a link to an "Australia Post" website. (Supplied)
"I can pay through AusPost and arrange delivery right now," the buyer wrote in a message, adding that an Australia Post courier would be in touch to arrange a time to pack and pick up the suitcases.
Then, the buyer sent a link to "confirm order" and "receive your money".
Linda clicked on the link and was taken to what looked like a genuine Australia Post site.
The fake website had the Australia Post logo at the top of the page and shipment details below. (Supplied)
"I realised it was a scam when they were asking for bank card details – not the bank account details," Linda says.
"I just felt pretty stupid – this is probably the first time I've gotten close to being scammed like this."
More than $7 million lost in classified scams in Australia
Linda is not alone.
How to spot a scam buyer
The buyer is willing to purchase your item without having viewed it in person
The buyer makes a transaction that involves an overpayment and requests a refund
A buyer asks to pay via money order, wire transfer, international funds transfer, pre-loaded card or electronic currency.
Source: ACCC Scamwatch
In 2022, more than 9,000 classified scams were reported to the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) costing Australians more than $7 million.
Classified scams trick people on classified websites, like Facebook Marketplace and Gumtree, into thinking they are dealing with a legitimate buyer or seller – but it's a scammer.
For sellers, a common scam the ACCC has identified is a "buyer" making up stories to pay for shipping or insurance via a third party with the promise of reimbursement.
Also be wary of overpayment scams, the ACCC warns.
That's when scammers invent an excuse for an overpayment, then request a refund of the excess amount.
The overpayment scam
Sally posted a portable air conditioner on Facebook Marketplace for $200, and promptly received a message from "Mary" who wanted to buy it.
"The first red flag for me? There was absolutely no negotiation on price," she says.
Sally proceeded with the sale cautiously.
The buyer wanted to pay via PayPal and asked for Sally's email address – "which I hesitantly gave," she says.
Then, Sally received a message from the buyer asking if she received an email from PayPal.
Sally spotted the scam a mile away, then blocked and reported "Mary". (Supplied)
Sure enough, there was an email from "PayPal" in her spam folder.
"'Mary' had transferred $1,00 | [
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Deciding to bid to become European Capital of Culture in 2023 was just the start.
It focused the mind on two things: the year 2023, and culture. If we're going to bid, there's no getting past them two.
It also sharpened the edge of a series of already cutting questions, led by the biggie: what culture?
Since the decision was made to bid, culture and 2023 have been used as a prism for almost everything in the city. Is this new piece of theatre right for a city that wants to be a Capital of Culture? Is this new building up to the standards of Europe in 2023? Does cutting the opening hours of these libraries harm our chances of winning with a bid? Can we be a first-rate European Capital of Culture in 2023 if our football team is still in the second division?
It increased the volume if not the clarity of conversation about Leeds, Europe, culture and the future, bringing to the surface all the optimism, cynicism and confusion you would expect from such a loaded bunch of concepts and terms. Noise and static might work as a sound sculpture — as anyone who remembers the day in 2009 when Hans Peter Kuhn's installation was switched on beneath the Neville Street railway bridge will confirm — but it won't win you any Capital of Culture bids, or give you much fun stuff to do during the nomination process.
That should explain why Leeds City Council are currently trying to create a Cultural Strategy for the city for 2017-2030: to get some clarity about the city's cultural strengths, wants and intentions; to form ideas about starting points, ending points and legacies for the Capital of Culture bid; and to give the city the references and tools it needs to grow culturally, for the next decade and a half, whether the bid succeeds or not.
It doesn't explain the what. A completed Culture Strategy is hard to picture, which makes it difficult to contribute to making one. Over the last few weeks, we've been trying to get our heads around it, because Leanne Buchan — the council officer charged with guiding the process, who describes herself as co-authoring the strategy with the entire city — asked us to gather some contributions, and to help encourage more people to get involved. So we figured we'd better know what we're talking about, because it's hard to ask people to help make something that nobody can imagine.
The method we settled upon was to describe how the Culture Strategy will be used, which is like this: as a guide to any significant future development, event or project that takes place in Leeds. Say there's an idea to build a new theatre in Leeds; that's got to be checked against the Culture Strategy, to see if it's something Leeds needs or wants, and how it should be developed so that it's an asset to the people, and complements what Leeds already has. Or if, after the Grand Départ, say a Formula 1 Grand Prix is proposed for Leeds. Can the organisers show, with reference to the Culture Strategy, how that will contribute to life in Leeds?
Or for another example, take the South Bank. It was once and still is Holbeck and Hunslet, LS11 and LS10, the areas just south of the Aire that, since major industry and railways moved out, have felt disconnected from the traditional city centre — what few people in Leeds yet call the North Bank — and from the residential communities that provided the workforce there: Wortley, Holbeck, Hunslet, East End Park.
That area has begun to change already, in Holbeck Urban Village, where the Round Foundry and Marshall's Mill became offices; The Midnight Bell, Cross Keys, Engine House and Northern Monk opened as pubs and restaurants; Holbeck Underground Ballroom and Old Chapel Studios established centres for entertainment creation and consumption; and in Hunslet, where Clarence Dock has changed its name to Leeds Dock and found its calling, as home to Sky's digital campus; and where campuses for Leeds City College, Leeds College of Building and Ruth Gorse Academy hem Duke Studios' new home on Sheaf Street.
It will change even more in the next fifteen-twenty years. If High Speed Rail becomes real, the HS2 station will form a T with the old station, like a literal dancer starting to spell Trains with their arms; Burberry have bought Temple Works and acres of vacant land around it, for a new factory, museum, homes, public | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | 1.753258 | 0.345854 | 0.940663 | 1.402496 |
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Desmos: A Definitive Guide on Graphing and Computing
Algebra, Calculus, Computing, Functions & Operations, General Math, Graphing, Math Tools, Probability & Statistics, Statistics
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Think you're fond of of graphing and computing stuffs? Great! Because you might remember this thing called the Texas Instrument TI-83 from the old days. Sure, while programmable calculators in general are still pretty much popular these days, the graphing calculators from the 21st-century are also coming in waves as we speak — potentially disrupting the market of scientific computing and educational technology.
In particular, there's a certain education startup out there, relentlessly seeking to hijack our Internet browsers and mobile devices into a — should we say — graphing extravaganza. And it comes with a funky name as well: Desmos.
Yep. You've heard it right. As Greek-mythology-inspired as it sounds, Desmos actually has nothing to do with the giant monster responsible for turning Mount Olympus into rubble through the wrath of infernal flames. Instead, it is probably better known as an innocent-looking math tool for the scientifically-minded, making applied math ever more palatable and entertaining!
Oh. Don't believe in the mighty power of Desmos? Good job! Because it'll then be our duty to beg to differ, and attempt to convince you otherwise. Indeed, if at the end of the module you still find the scope of Desmos' functionalities unappealing, then — and only then — shall we concede defeat and return to our ivory tower for more advanced Buddhist meditation training! On the other hand, if you're just way too lazy to read the 12-page Desmos user manual, and are looking for more concrete examples to kick-start the creative process, then this one is for you too!
Graphing with Desmos
Defining Functions
Calculus-Related Functions
Other Equations
Graph Segmentation
Simultaneous Graphing
Animation with Undefined Parameters
Computing with Desmos
Elementary Calculations
Computational Commands
Definite Integrals
Statistics with Desmos
Graph Setting
Collapsible/Expandable Folders
Saving / Sharing Graphs
What is the single word people think of when they hear online graphing calculator? Graphing of course! Indeed, this is something that Desmos does incredibly well — despite having a user interface that appears to be deceptively simple. In what follows, we will see how to we can use Desmos to graph equations, functions and inequalities of different forms, before introducing some bonus features such as graph segmentation, simultaneous graphing and animations!
Desmos' user interface. See the cursor? That's where most of the magic happens!
When it comes to graphing, equation is one of those first words that comes to mind. On the other hand, it can also be construed as an umbrella term encompassing a plethora of mathematical objects such as explicit functions, implicit functions, parametric equations and polar curves. In what follows, we will illustrate how each of them can be graphed in Desmos — one step at a time.
Before doing any graphing though, we need to first learn how to type out a few math symbols that are frequently sought for. To that end, we have provided a partial list of common symbols supported in Desmos — along with their associated commands:
The Multiplication symbol | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.165136 | 0.174547 | 0.494151 | 1.731364 |
can be obtained by typing * (Shift + 8 on US keyboards).
The Division line can be obtained by typing / (i.e., backslash).
$\pi$ can be obtained by typing pi, and $\theta$ by theta. The same goes other Greek Letters such as $\alpha$, $\beta$, $\tau$ and $\phi$.
$\sqrt{}$ by sqrt, and $\sqrt[n]{}$ by nthroot (after which the value of $n$ can be adjusted manually).
Use the key ^ (Shift + 6 on US keyboards) to create a superscript (e.g., $2$ in $x^2$), and the key _ (Shift + Hyphen on US keyboards) for a subscript (e.g., $1$ in $a_1$).
The ceiling function by ceil(), the floor function by floor(), and the sign function by sign().
The absolute value symbol by | (i.e., Shift + \ on US keyboards).
For some commands (e.g., division, superscript, subscript), typing them out can move the cursor to the upper or lower area. In which case, you can use the arrow keys to help you navigate around the expression and type out what you want. Other times, you might need to use parentheses to group some of your expressions together — before they can be properly interpreted by Desmos.
Traditionally, the most popular functions are the ones expressed in terms of $x$, which can be typed into a command line as follows:
\begin{align*} y = \text{some algebraic expressions in terms of }x \end{align*}
By reversing the roles of $x$ and $y$, functions in terms of $y$ can also be typed out into a command line as follows:
\begin{align*} x = \text{some algebraic expressions in terms of }y \end{align*}
Yep. It's a full house. Just type in the trig functions using the above names!
So, what kinds of functions are supported in Desmos? Basically, all of the elementary functions you can think of! These include the 6 basic trigonometric functions, exponential/logarithmic functions (through the commands exp, ln and log), polynomials, and rational functions. In addition, the 6 basic inverse trigonometric functions — along with the 6 basic hyperbolic functions — are readily supported by simply typing out the function's name as well.
Now, if a function in terms of $x$ is meant to be referred on a repeated basis, then a name can be assigned to it by replacing the $y$ on the left-hand side with, say, $f(x)$. In a similar manner, a function in terms of $y$ can also be assigned a name as well, from which we can define and name a compound function in a command line — without having to resort to rewriting the expressions again and again:
$y = 2f(3x-3)+e$
$g(y) = \dfrac{\pi}{f(y)}$
$f_1(x)= 55f(x)+43g(x) – 100 h(x)$
$y = g(x)^2 \cdot \left( g(x)^{f(x)} \right)$
$h(x) = 2 g(f(x)) + 3 g(f(x))$
And in case you're wondering, the polar functions are equally supported in Desmos as well. However, do note that in this case, the functions will have to be typed out using $r$ and $\theta$ as the designated variables instead (e,g., $r=\frac{1}{2} \theta^2$).
Polar curves and compound functions in action!
As it turns out, Desmos is remarkably receptive to calculus-based expressions as well. For example, once a function in terms of $x$ is given, by attaching $\dfrac{d}{dx}$ in front of it, the graph of its derivative function can be readily produced — without having to resort to the explicit formula of the derivative. Similarly, the derivative of a function in terms of $y$ can also be graphed by appending $\dfrac{d}{dy}$ in front of it. Pretty neat, right?
Alternatively, if a function has already been assigned a name, we can also use the prime notation to denote its derivative function (as in $f'(x)$). Apart from being easy to implement, the prime notation also has the advantage of being able to refer to higher derivatives by simply adding a few extra $'$ (e.g., $g"$), which — comparing to the repeated use | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.133741 | 0.807866 | 0.384764 | 1.195056 |
of $\dfrac{d}{dx}$ — is definitely a plus to have.
Of course, if Desmos is good with the derivative functions, then it shouldn't a surprise that it also supports the integral functions as well. For the record, the integral operator symbol $\int$ can be obtained by typing int into the command line, after which you will have use the arrow keys to navigate around the lower/upper limits and the integrand.
A note of caution though: when setting up an integral function — especially the ones involving multiple integral operators — you want to take that extra care to make sure that the variable of integration is different from the variable(s) in the limits. In doing so, you are in effect removing yourself from the need of punching Desmos for real, in case the expression doesn't turn out to be exactly Desmos-interpretable. 🙂
Derivative and Integral Functions. Line 2 and Line 3 refer to the same function by the way.
To define a piecewise function in Desmos, we can use the following syntax on a command line:
\begin{align*} y \ (\text{or }x) = \{ \text{condition 1}: \text{definition 1}, \text{condition 2}: \text{definition 2}, \ldots \} \end{align*}
As with other functions, a piecewise function can also be given a name by simply replacing the leftmost variable with the name of the function. This way, we can recycle the function repeatedly without having to redefine it ever again.
For example, let's say that we are interested in defining the function $f$ as the sign function. That is:
\begin{align*} f(x) = \begin{cases} -1 & x<0 \\ 0 & x=0 \\ 1 & x>0 \end{cases} \end{align*}
then this would be the expression we want to type into the command line:
\begin{align*} f(x)=\left\{x<0:-1, x=0:0, x>0:1\right\} \end{align*}
which should produce the following figure:
The sign function. Note that Line 1 and Line 2 are equivalent.
In some occasions, it might be necessary to use the $\le$ and $\ge$ symbols to define a function accurately. In which case, just know that the $\le$ symbol can be obtained by typing out < and = in that order, and the $\ge$ symbol by typing out > and = , again in that order.
Since Desmos has its interface in Cartesian coordinates by default, it's only natural that one would use it to plot equations expressed in terms of $x$ and $y$. In fact, implicit functions such as that of a circle, an ellipse or a hyperbola are all very good candidates for this.
However, what is less clear is that Desmos can also interpret parametric equations as well, provided that we type in the equations for $x$ and $y$ as if they were the coordinates of the points instead (as in $(2\cos t, 3 \sin t)$ ), and that the variable $t$ — the designated variable for parametric equations in Desmos — is used throughout the expression. For some reason, Desmos simply won't take any other variable such as $x$ or $\theta$ for this purpose.
On a more optimistic side, if you manage to type in a parametric equation the right way, then you should be able see an inequality about the domain popping up right underneath the command line. Don't take this for granted by the way, because this is where you get to configure the range of the variable $t$, which in essence determines the portion of the parametric equations that is actually displayed on the graph.
All right. So far so good? Here's a figure illustrating how implicit functions and parametric equations work out in Desmos:
Implicit functions and parametric equations — basically a bunch of conic sections!
Think that was quite a list of equations already? Know this: almost all equations can be turned into inequalities by replacing the $=$ sign with $<$, $>$, $\le$ or $\ge$, thereby easily doubling the amount of graphs one can plot in Desmos. Just a caveat though: don't do it in a command line where naming the function is precisely the primary goal.
To get it started, here's a list of inequalities you can try out and get the juice flowing:
Plane: $y<2x$
Circle: $x^2+y^2 \le 3^2$
Inside of a Polar | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.121323 | 0.714425 | -0.215069 | 1.407555 |
Curve: $r<3\cos ^2\theta$
Area Between Two Functions (e.g., $f(x) \le y \le g(x)$)
Space in Between Implicit Functions: $2xy+y^2<4$
And here's what happened when we throw in these inequalities into Desmos.
A diverse range of inequalities in Desmos.
which is pretty cool. And that's just a start!
When a valid equation/inequality is entered into a command line, Desmos will — by default — plot its graph by assuming the full domain under which the equation/inequality is satisfied. However, this doesn't always yield the desired effects, and there are occasions where it's preferable not to do so. In which case, one can always choose to segment the graph by imposing restrictions on the equation/inequality in question — as long as the following syntax rule is being adhered to:
\begin{align*} \text{equation/inequality} \, \{ \text{condition 1}\}\{ \text{condition 2} \} \ldots \end{align*}
For example, to graph the function $x^2$ with the domain restricted to only the positive numbers, the following line would do:
\begin{align*} y=x^2 \, \{ x>0 \} \end{align*}
Of course, the restriction could have been an inequality on $y$ as well, as in the graph of the function $x^2$ where $y$ is restricted to the interval $[5,15]$:
\begin{align*} y=x^2 \, \{ 5 \le y \le 15 \} \end{align*}
or perhaps an inequality concerning both $x$ and $y$:
\begin{align*} y=x^2 \, \{ x+y<5 \}\{x>0\} \end{align*}
In fact, the restriction(s) could have been any number of equations/inequalities, involving any combination of the designated variables (e.g., $x$, $y$, $r$, $\theta$), with the caveat being that the variables in the restrictions need to be compatible with the equation/inequality they are restricting in the first place (e.g., a polar equation can only be restricted using the polar variables $r$ and $\theta$).
Sounds a bit obscure? Here's a picture for more info:
A showcase of graph segmentation. Note that only the relevant variables can be used in the restriction clauses.
Tired of plotting very similar graphs one by one? Well, despair not, for there is a way out when you're with Desmos. Indeed, if an equation/inequality is expressed in terms of some parameter(s), which is itself defined as a list of multiple numbers, then multiple graphs can be created simultaneously for each of these numbers once and for all.
Hmm, what are we talking about here? Here's an accompanying picture to help us out:
Woah! What is this!?
As you can see here, by defining a function with the dummy parameter $a$, which is itself defined as a list with the numbers $1$, $2$, $3$ and $4$, we were able to graph a total of four functions simultaneously with a mere two lines. Talk about laziness and efficiency!
And if you're feeling a bit adventurous, you can certainly try entering an equation/inequality with multiple parameters, each of which is defined as a list on its own with equal sizes. In fact, this "graphing-in-bulk" method has proved to be a formidable technique in drastically slowing down / paralyzing our computers and mobile devices!
On a more serious note though, if you're looking to exploit the functionalities of Desmos to its fullest, this one is a must. Not only will it automate a graphing process that would otherwise be annoyingly tedious to carry out, but it also prevent us from reinventing the wheel when a template for the graphs is already readily available. Oh, here comes another one!
A figure with 10 quadratic functions. Not our fingerprint.
When you enter a line of mathematical expression containing an undefined parameter, Desmos will give you to option to include a slider for that parameter, which has the capability of allowing you to adjust of its value manually — or even better yet — create an animation out of it by allowing the value of the parameter to increase/decrease automatically.
In particular, the slider will allow you to control the range and the increment size of the parameter in question, along with the speed and the direction | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.112832 | 0.579456 | 0.051673 | 1.114104 |
with which the parameter changes. And the reason why it matters, is because by having sliders controlling the behaviors of our parameters of interest, it becomes possible for us to create various animated objects such as movable points, rotating equations and animated regions/boundaries.
For example, to model a particle moving along a sine-wave trajectory, all we need to do is to embed an undefined parameter into the coordinates of the sine wave (as in $(a, \sin 2\pi a)+3$ ), before activating the slider for the parameter using the "play" button. And if the point is meant to be moving along a circular path instead, putting an expression such as $(3\cos a – 5, 3\sin a + 6)$ into the command line would do. Furthermore, if the trajectory of a movable point actually defines a function, then Desmos will automatically make the point draggable across the $x$-axis, making it easier to manipulate than ever!
But then of course, movable points are just one of the many features animation has to offer. For example, if we wish to investigate the contribution of the different parameters of a depressed cubic equation, then we can do so by entering $y=x^3+ax^2+bx+c$ into the command line, before activating the sliders for $a$, $b$ and $c$ in any combination we please. Actually, why not toy around with the sliders a bit first and observe how the shape of the graph changes during this process!
Moving curves in actions! See the full-screen animation for a cooler effect..
And if instead of having one function change its shape, you are interested in seeing several functions under a common parameter moving all at once, then you can — for example — try typing out $y=ax$, $y=ax^2$, $y=ax^3$ into three command lines, activate the slider, and watch as the polynomials move in tandem with pride!
While the interface of Desmos is primarily composed of a graphing grid than anything else, the fact still remains that it was built fundamentally for computing purpose — and will probably always be. In fact, we will soon see that Desmos — while obviously well-equipped to perform basic computations — can be hijacked into doing a whole bunch of non-graph-related stuffs such as calculating a partial sum, estimating the roots of a function, determining the value of a definite integral, or even finding the greatest common factors from a list of integers!
In Desmos, any mathematical expression involving addition, subtraction, multiplication (*), division (/) and exponentiation (^) can be put into a command line, so that if the expression entered contains no variable whatsoever, then the output can be calculated and returned right back to you — usually in a blink of an eye.
In addition, if some functions such as $f$ and $g$ were already being defined in the command lines and we wish to evaluate an expression involving their function values (e.g., $4f(15)+2g(0)+5$), then we are warranted to type in that same expression into a command line as well, after which Desmos would be more than happy to comply with our request. What's more, by using the prime notation, we can even get Desmos to evaluate the derivative of a function at a specific point (e.g., $f'(3)$).
By default, when an equation is entered into a command line, Desmos will give us the option to display the key points (e.g., intercepts, local maxima, local minima) on the graph — whenever applicable. Furthermore, if we choose to display these key points, then Desmos will give away the coordinates of these points for free as well — usually up to the first four decimal digits if we just zoom in the graph.
Using the slider trick, we manage to nail down the root of the cubic function $x^3+x+1$ up to 6 decimals. Note that the root from the graph is only accurate up to 4 decimals.
Alternatively, if we are given a function $f$ and we are interested in making a more accurate estimation for the coordinates of a key points (e.g., root finding), we can always try typing in $f(a)$ in a new line and activate the slider for $a$, which in turn allows us to control the value of $a$ manually, and see its effect on $f$ in real-time. In fact, if we just configure the step of the slider to $10^{-6}$ (i.e., the smallest valid increment), then we should be able score a few extra decim | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.704472 | 0.849395 | 0.854589 | 1.690888 |
als this way.
Furthermore, by naming the mathematical expression we want to compute, we can pass down the output of the computation into a new variable, subsequently using it for other fancier purposes such as building elaborate computations — or graphicalizing the output of the computations into figures and animations.
When it comes to large-scale computations, it is sometimes more cost-efficient to take the time to construct a list of numbers first, than to manually write down the mathematical expressions one after another. In which case, just know that in Desmos, we can use the square-bracket keys to create a list, whose members could either enumerated explicitly, or implicitly by typing three dots (as in $[7,8, \ldots ,22]$).
In fact, one can also create a list where the members are listed implicitly but with a non-trivial increment (as in $[2,7, \ldots, 42]$), where the increment can be made to be as big as $5635$, or as small as $0.01$ — a flexibility which makes Desmos a powerful tool for defining a large set of numbers.
In Desmos, the square-bracket keys are specifically conceived for the purpose of enumerating the members of a list. For delimiters which serve to group an algebraic expression together, use parentheses instead.
So why exactly do we even bother with creating a list? Because we can use it to run "bulk computations" for each of the members in the list! And if we intend to use a list on a repeated basis, then we can choose to assign a name to the list, and pass the name down into the command lines for even fancier purposes which include, among other:
Performing a transformation on the list.
Simultaneously graphing several functions of the same family.
Plotting a series of points/line/mathematical objects on the graph.
Calculating the sum of a list — or any other computation which depends on numerically manipulating the members in the list.
All of which are exemplified in the figure below:
List definition, list transformation, simultaneous graphing and list-related computation.
In some occasions, you might it easier to embed the listing and the computations into one single command line, but as the task complexity grows, you might want to consider writing them down in several lines instead to improve legibility and facilitate future references.
In addition to the standard features offered by a scientific calculator, Desmos has a bit of extra commands available to a typical programmable calculator as well. For example, we can use Desmos to compute the greatest common factor using the gcd command — as long as we adhere to the following syntax:
\begin{align*} \gcd (\text{number 1}, \ldots, \text{number n}) \end{align*}
A list of miscellaneous functions available from the Desmos keyboard menu
In a similar manner, we can also compute:
The least common multiple (through the lcm command)
The minimum of multiple numbers (through the min command)
The maximum (through the max command)
The least positive residue of $a$ under the modulus $b$ (by entering mod(a,b))
The number of combinations available when choosing $r$ objects from $n$ objects (by entering nCr(n,r))
The number of permutations when choosing $r$ objects from $n$ (by entering nPr(n,r))
The factorial of $n$ (by entering n!)
For example, if your grandpa offers you the chance of choosing 5 giant gummy bears from the 15 that he has to offer, then you can use Desmos to figure out how many ways you can choose the gummies by typing nCr(15,5) into a command line, and be delighted to find out that you actually have $3003$ choices that you can exercise freely. That is, $20+$ times more choices than gummies!
As for the factorial, we've got an interesting fact for you: Desmos can calculate the factorial of a number up to $170!$, which is easily more than double of what can be achieved using a TI-83 — or any of its variants for that matter!
Actually, we are not quite done with the computational commands yet. Here's five more interesting unary operations — for your pleasure:
ceil(): The ceiling function. It allows you to return the ceiling of a number.
floor(): The floor function. It returns the floor of a number. Both ceil and floor are relevant in building the staircase functions.
round(): The rounding function which | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.454503 | 0.32509 | 0.910179 | 1.953982 |
rounds a number to an integer.
abs(): The absolute value function. Using the vertical bar key | is preferred though.
sign(): The sign function discussed a bit earlier, which comes in handy in simplifying some obscure mathematical expressions.
If you look closely at the above figure with the Desmos keypad, you might notice something that looks like a summation sign, along with the Pi product symbol right next to it. Yep. That's definitely something Desmos can handle for sure!
For example, let's say that you want to estimate the value of the infinite series $\displaystyle \frac{1}{1^2}+\frac{1}{2^2}+\cdots$, then one of the things you can do is to type something like this into the command line:
\begin{align*} \sum_{i=1}^{1000} \frac{1}{i^2} \end{align*}
For the record, the $\sum$ symbol can be typed out using the sum command, after which you will have to use the arrow keys to navigate around and specify the lower/upper limits. By default, Desmos uses $n$ (instead of $i$, for example) as the main index variable, but you can always change it to another variable at your own discretion — as long as you choose a variable that is not pre-defined for other purposes.
Here, out of curiosity, we decided to toy around with the upper limit a bit, and found that Desmos seems to top out at $9,999,999$ — just one unit short $10$ millions. That's an astounding improvement from the age of programmable calculators!
Watch as Desmos performs some lightning-fast calculations your brain will never be able to!
And it gets even better: by using an undefined parameter as the upper limit and configuring the slider accordingly. we get to turn the output of the computations into an animation — as you can see in the figure on the left-hand side. Watch as Desmos showcases its impressive number-crunching power in real-time!
Alternatively, we can also evaluate the product of a sequence using the prod command, and — if needed — stack up as many summations and products as we like. By nesting one operator inside another, we can also evaluate complex mathematical expressions such as those involving double summation or triple product — for instance.
In fact, with just a bit of imagination, we can even turn the result of computations into an animated graph, by converting the numbers into an animated line segment, or — if we so prefer — convert the numbers into a comparative diagram of our liking!
What`s more, the sum and prod commands are not restricted to the computations of numbers either. For instance, we could try plotting out the $n$th-degree Taylor polynomials of $\cos x$ by leaving $n$ as an undefined parameter, so that once we turn on slider with $1$ as the step-size, we should start to see a bunch of functions flashing like crazy!
Looking to calculate the area below a strange-looking curve? Struggling to model the total distance traveled by an annoying fly? Or maybe you just want to project your annual revenue for the next year? Either way, the definite integral should have you covered!
In Desmos, the integral symbol $\int$ can be typed out using the int command, after which you can use the arrow keys to navigate around and enter the upper/lower limits. Of course, when defining a definite integral, it's necessary to include the differential in such a way that the variable of the differential corresponds to the variable in the function you wish to integrate on.
Similar to the cases with the summation and product operators, you are also free to stack up as many integral symbols as you like, and use Desmos to evaluate, say, a double integral (e.g., the volume of a geometrical figure) or even a triple integral (e.g., the total mass of a metal rod). But whichever the case, it's always a good idea to get into the habit of using parentheses judiciously, so that Desmos understands your expression correctly at each stage of the construction. Otherwise, it's not our fault if Desmos refuses to parse your expressions like it's crazy!
So what else can you do with the integral operator? For one, you can try mixing it with summation and product operators, since they are after all the same kind of operator anyway. Alternatively, you can also use integrals to define an equation or an inequality (e.g., integral function), and do all kinds of stuffs with it such as verifying the First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus!
A show | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.307102 | 0.473037 | 0.431388 | 1.316484 |
case of triple integral, integral function and the First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus!
In addition to the standard graphing/computing features available to most graphing calculators, Desmos also has some neat, native statistical features for the analytically-driven, data-minded individuals. While it's certainly no replacement for specialized statistical softwares such as R or SPSS, its capabilities in creating/manipulating tables, computing statistical measures and providing regression models should be more than enough to cover the basics for the non-statisticians among us!
While a list of data forms the basis of univariate statistics, having a table of data with multiple columns opens us to the whole new world of multivariate statistics, a branch of science which is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore in this day and age — where big data and information mining proliferates.
And while you'll most likely not use Desmos for processing big data involving giant tables and fancy metrics, the fact remains you can still create a table in Desmos through the "add item" menu ($+$ sign in the upper-left corner), and enter the data manually as you see fit. Being primarily a graphing calculator in nature, Desmos seems to prefer presenting a new table with two humble columns by default: the first column $x_1$ presumably for the $x$-values, and the second column $x_2$ for the $y$-values.
Naturally, this setup would lead to the use of table as a way of plotting multiple points of a function, by first filling out a list of input values in the $x_1$ column, followed by redefining the name of the second column as a function of $x_1$ — so that Desmos can learn to automatically fill in the second column all on its own.
If you intend to have the values under the first column to be equally spaced, but are too lazy to enter the values yourself manually, then you can auto-fill the first column by pressing Enter repeatedly — after entering the first two values into the column.
In fact, by creating as many columns as we want, we can extend this point-plotting feature a bit to three or four functions simultaneously, All we have to do is to make sure that "function columns" are labeled as a function of $x_1$, and watch as Desmos auto-fills the rest of the table and graph for us. No need to ever redo the $x$-values over and over again!
Point-plotting with a table. Note that the points are plotted for each of three functions simultaneously.
Now, does that mean that you always have produce a table in Desmos from scratch? Not really. In fact, if you're familiar any spreadsheet software, you could import the table to Desmos via a simple keyboard copy-and-paste shortcut (Ctrl+C to copy, Ctrl+V to paste). While for a small two-column table, importing data can sometimes be an overkill. For a giant, multi-dimensional table with a dozen of variables, the copy-pasting shortcut can be a true life-saver.
By the way, did you notice the circle icons on the top of most columns? Not only are these icons created every time we create a new column, but they are also our only gateway towards customizing the appearance of the points on the graph as well. By clicking on the gear icon followed by the relevant circle icon, Desmos will give us the option to change the color of the points under the entire column. Alternatively, we can also adjust the graphing style between the points here, by choosing to have either line segments or curves passing through them — a feature which comes in handy for drawing figures or making polygon plots.
To be sure, if you name a column as a function of another pre-existing column, then the values under the new column will be determined by those under the old column. However, if you choose to label the new column as a new variable, then you are in effect making it possible for the entries under the column to assume any numerical value.
(for the record, a new variable doesn't include any of the pre-defined variables such as $x$ and $y$. However, when you attach a new subscript to a pre-defined variable, it does become a new variable as a result.)
When you can manipulate the data by simply dragging the points, stats is great.
Moreover, for each of the columns that are labeled as a new variable, you can make the points underneath it draggable through the drag setting (accessible again via the gear and circle icons). By configuring the points so that they are either draggable in the horizontal directions, vertical directions, or in every directions, you are essentially giving | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.33699 | 0.183631 | 0.170026 | 1.518864 |
yourself the choice of manipulating the data visually — which in many cases is more effective than manipulating the data numerically.
A list of stats functions from the Desmos keypad.
Every time we are given a collection of numbers — either in the form of a list or a column from a table — we can compute some statistical measures based on them. Here's a list of native, unary statistical commands supported in Desmos:
Mean: Use the mean() command to obtain the arithmetic mean of a list of numbers, which can be defined explicitly (e.g., $\mathrm{mean}([2.5,5.7,15,3]) $), or referred to via a variable name (e.g., $\mathrm{mean}(a_1) $).
Median: Use the median() command to return the middle number (for a set with an odd number of data) or the mean of the two middle numbers (for a set with an even number of data).
Standard Deviation: use the stdev() command for sample standard deviation, and stdevp() for population standard deviation.
Mean Absolute Deviation: use the mad() command to find the mean of all absolute deviations of a list.
Variance: use the var() command to obtain the sample variance.
Total: use the total() command to find the sum of all numbers in the list.
Length: use the length() command to find out the number of data in the list.
Extrema: use the min() command for the minimum, and max() for the maximum.
Additionally, here's a list of binary statistical commands supported in Desmos, with slightly more delicate syntax:
Quantile: To obtain the $p$-quantile of a list $a$, type in quantile(a,p) into a command line. Note that $p$ must be presented as a decimal between $0$ and $1$.
Covariance: To obtain the sample covariance between the lists $a$ and $b$, type in cov(a,b) or cov(b.a) into a command line.
Correlation: To obtain the Pearson correlation coefficient between the lists $a$ and $b$, type in corr(a,b) or corr(b,a) into a command line.
To be sure, the fact that these are about the only native commands supported in Desmos doesn't mean that these are the only statistical measures we are restricted to. In fact, we could , for example, evaluate the range of a list $a$ by using the command max(a) - min(a), and calculate the Inter-Quartile Range by using quantile(a,0.75) - quantile(a,0.25).
In fact, with just a bit of imagination and ingenuity, it is possible to make out some line charts and bar graphs in Desmos as well. All that is required is some ability in drawing multiple vertical bars and line segments — and perhaps the ability in doing so at the right spots as well. Here's a figure to keep the idea of data visualization in the loop!
Visual statistics in action.
All in all, producing charts and diagram in Desmos is more of an art than an actual science! Click to Tweet
When looking at a series of points and its associated scatter plot, it's only natural that we seek to further understand the nature of relationship — if any — between the two variables in question. In which case, it makes sense that we use regression models to explain and predict the behaviors of one variable from another. In fact, if we apply the "right" regression model to the data, we can — more often than not —uncover surprising insights that would have been hard to obtain otherwise.
In Desmos, if you have a table with even just two columns — say $x_1$ and $y_1$ — then you can create a regression model for the associated points to your heart's content. For a linear regression model, just type in $y_1 \sim mx_1 + b$ into a new line, and Desmos will be more than happy to provide a best-fitting line for you. For a quadratic model, you can type in something along the line of $y_1 \sim a{x_1}^2+b x_1 + c$, and a parabola should be ready for you in a blink of an eye. Additionally, if you prefer fitting a higher-degree polynomial instead, or maybe you just find an exponential or a logistic model to be more appropriate, then you are certainly welcome try out those as well — as long as you follow the "regression syntax" outlined a bit above.
What's more, while the graphing | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.394048 | 0.649536 | 0.596364 | 1.948922 |
interface of Desmos is built primarily for 2D graphing, that actually doesn't deter us from doing multivariate regression either. Indeed, if we are given a giant table with 4 columns — says $x_1$, $x_2$, $x_3$ and $y_1$ — then we can fit a linear model for these variables by simply typing something along the line of $y_1 \sim ax_1+bx_2+cx_3 +d$ into the command line, so that even if Desmos is not properly equipped to plot graphs involving multiple independent variables, we can continue to run multivariate regression as if nothing happened in the first place!
While a variable name usually takes the form of a single letter in Desmos, we are still free to use as much subscripts as we want to. For example, instead of using P as a variable for population size, we might just as well use Population instead, thereby eliminating the need of guessing what the variable stands for in the near future.
At the end of the day, whichever regression model we choose, Desmos will always be glad to present us with the least-square line for the data, along its parameters (e.g., slope, intercept) and the correlation/$r^2$ of the model. Additionally, we can also use the grey "plot" button (under "residuals" tag) to include the residuals into both the graph and the table — and if we are adventurous enough — pass on the residual variable into the command line again for more detailed analysis!
Regression in Desmos. Note that multivariate regression can still be performed — just not graphed.
All right. With most of the main features now settled, let's move on to some other miscellaneous functionalities which you might find useful from time to time. In particular, we'll see how to use Desmos to tweak around the graph setting, create notes, organizing lines into folders, and make use of the saving and sharing functionalities!
If you look at the upper-right corner of Desmos' user interface, you should be able to see an icon with a wrench on it. Why bothers? Because this is the place where you can have access to the Graph Setting menu, which contains a plethora of global setting that one can tweak around for practical and not-so-practical purposes. These include, among others:
Toggling the grid from rectangular form to circular form — or disabling it entirely.
Labeling the $x$ and $y$-axes.
Changing the step size of each axis (e.g., using $\dfrac{\pi}{2}$ as step-size when graphing trigonometric functions).
Interpreting the angles in either degree or radian.
The Graph Setting Menu in Desmos.
In addition, underneath the wrench icon, you should be able to see a $+$ and a $-$ icon. As one would expect, these icons are used for zooming in and zooming out the graph, respectively, and when either of the features is exercised, you will see beneath the $-$ icon an additional home icon, which allows you to return to the default zoom level. Think of it as some sort of safety net in case you blow up the graph out of proportion (literally)!
A note is exactly that: a note for yourself and others looking at your graph and command lines. To create a new note, click on the command line where you want the note to appear, then type a " (i.e., the double-quote symbol) to turn the command line into a line for note. While admittedly a non-computational feature, a note can still be used to include any comment, instruction or explanations deemed relevant to the graph and the surrounding computations thereof. In fact, we can even add a few hyperlinks here and there to spice up the discussion a bit. Just remember to start the link with a http or https prefix though.
A showcase of folder in Desmos.
While primarily a cosmetic feature, a folder is integral tool for organizing your command lines into a coherent set of groups — the latter of which can collapsed or expanded upon demand. Similar to the case with a note, a folder can be created by first clicking on the command line where the folder should appear, and then by accessing the Add Item menu via the $+$ icon near the upper-left corner. Once a folder is created, it can be given a label, after which a command line can be dragged in or out of the folder with ease, and the triangular arrow icon next to it can be used to expand/collapse the folder as one wishes.
While graphical calculators are excellent tools for | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.610734 | 0.283561 | 0.009084 | 1.544162 |
creating geometrical figures, there are certain times where an image goes beyond simple geometry and needs to be imported from somewhere else instead. Fortunately, this is a feature well supported in Desmos, where an image can be added to the graph the same way a folder is added to a command line.
By default, Desmos likes to place an image so that its center is located at the origin, although we can still move/resize the image by dragging along its center or the 8 boundary points surrounding it. In addition, an image's opacity can be adjusted through the Gear Icon, and its dimensional values / coordinates of the center can also be configured numerically. Heck, we can even sneak in some undefined parameters in them, thereby turning a static image into a flying picture — where the dimension changes from one place to another!
Find the mighty power of Desmos appealing and intend to use it extensively in the near future? Then it makes sense that you create an account, and work on your graphs while logged into the account. Why? Because then you can actually save these graphs for real, and share them with other like-minded individuals!
In fact, working on a graph while logged in allows you to give a title to the graph, so that if you decide to save it for later, a simple Ctrl + S will do. On the other hand, any saved graph can also be deleted — if needed to — by hitting the $\displaystyle \times$ button next to the name of the graph to be deleted.
The Share Graph Menu in Desmos. Why not elect to have your graph considered for staff pick and see what happens? 😉
And if you're feeling generous enough, you can always share your work with others by generating a link for the graph — through the green Share Graph icon near the upper right corner. Remember, Desmos is a cloud-based application after all, which means that every time you save a graph and publish it somewhere online, you are in effect contributing to an ever-growing database of Desmos modules — all in the name of science and technology!
Ouf! That's quite a bit on an innocent-looking online graphing calculator isn't it? By the way, if you've manage to make it this far, you are already a true hero on your way to becoming a power user of Desmos! At the end of the day, whether you decide to use Desmos for graphing, computing, statistics or other purposes, the hope is that you would find a way to leverage these functionalities and adapt them to your own needs. Who knows, maybe you can even turn some of your inspiration into a fruitful, creative process — with perhaps a bit of technical twist along the way!
All right. Ready for the recap? Here's a jam-packed interactive table on what we've covered thus far:
Greek Letters ($\pi, \theta, \alpha, \beta$)
Roots ($\sqrt{}, \sqrt[n]{x}$)
Sign Function
Parentheses
Functions (in terms of $x$)
Functions (in terms of $y$)
Trig Functions
Logarithmic Functions
Polynomial Functions
Rational Functions
Inverse Trig Functions
Function Naming
Compounding Functions (via $+$, $-$,$\times$, $\div$, $\hat{}$ and $\circ $)
Polar Functions
More Equations
Derivative Operator
Prime Notation
Integral Operator
Lower/Upper Limits (Integral)
Integrand
Syntax (Piecewise Functions)
Naming a Piecewise Functions
$\le, \ge$ Symbols
Cartesian Coordinates
Implicit Equations (e.g., circle, ellipse, hyperbola)
Parametric Equations
Designated Variable
Adjusting the Domain (Parametric Equations)
Circles (Inside or Outside)
Polar Curves (Inside or Outside)
Area (between two functions)
Space (in between the implicit functions)
Restriction (Syntax)
Restriction on $x$
Restriction on $y$
Restriction Involving Both $x$ and $y$
Restriction Involving Other Designated Variables
Dummy Parameter
Using Multiple Parameters
Undefined Parameter
Adjusting Range (Parameter)
Increment Size (Parameter)
Speed (Parameter)
Direction (Parameter)
"Play" Button (Slider)
Movable Point
Multiple Parameters (On a Command Line)
Common Parameter (On Multiple Command Lines)
Exponentiation
Function Values (Evaluation)
Derivatives | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.387935 | -0.027583 | 0.017714 | 1.513805 |
(Evaluation)
Key Points (Intercepts, Local Maxima, Local Minima)
Displaying Coordinates (Key Points)
Root Finding (Using Slider)
Naming Expressions
Creating a List
Explicit Enumeration
Implicit Enumeration
List Naming
List Transformation
Simultaneous Graphing (Using List)
Plotting Multiple Mathematical Objects (Using List)
List-Related Calculations
Least Common Multiple
Least Positive Residue
Combination (Counting)
Permutation (Counting)
Rounding Function
Absolute Value Function
$\sum$ (Operator)
$\prod$ (Operator)
Arrow Keys (Navigation)
Dummy Variable
Upper/Lower Limits (Summation)
Animating Series Calculation
Nesting Operators
Animated Graph (Series)
Taylor Polynomial
Upper/Lower Limits
Double/Triple Integrals
Integral Function
Table vs. List
Creating a Table
Plotting Multiple Points on a Function (Table)
Creating Multiple Columns (Table)
Importing Spreadsheet Data
Adjusting Color (for Points in the Table)
Graphing Style (Points in the Table)
New Variable (as Column Name)
Draggable Points
Statistical Measures
Quantile
(Sample) Covariance
Inter-Quartile Range
Line Charts / Bar Graphs
Scatter Plot
Regression Model
Quadratic Regression
Higher-Polynomial Model
Exponential Model
Logistic Model
Multivariate Regression
Use of Subscripts (Variable Naming)
Parameter (Least-Square Line)
Correlation / $r^2$ (Least-Square Line)
Residual (Least-Square Line)
Grid Setting (Rectangular vs. Circular)
Labeling Axes
Configuring Step Size
Angle Setting (Degree vs. Radian)
Zoom In / Zoom Out
Default Zoom Level
Creating a Note (Keyboard Shortcut)
Purpose (Note)
Adding Hyperlinks
Creating a Folder
Naming a Folder
Adding / Removing Lines from a Folder
Expanding / Collapsing a Folder
Importing an Image
Adjusting Opacity
Coordinates of the Center
Dimensional Values
Moving / Resizing Images (Visually vs. Numerically)
Embedding Undefined Parameters
Title (Graph)
Saving a Graph
Deleting a Graph
Generate a Link for the Graph
And with that, this definitive guide on Desmos has now come to an end. Of course, that doesn't mean that it's over yet — for there is yet another way to use Desmos which has great aesthetic and pedagogical value, and that is in the creation of computational drawings!
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Collin Turk says:
Yeah. It's pretty cool. Figured out the one with the p-series. 🙂
Math Vault says:
Yep. You've got it. 🙂
Rayray says:
As a middle-grade student, my knowledge is basic.
How can I add an x-intercept in Desmos? I need an x-intercept, but I only know how to do a y-intercept and Google is failing me. XD
Hi Rayray. There is no innate function for x-intercept for good reason — because a function or an equation can have 0 or multiple copies of them.
However, all is not lost though, as Desmos will display the coordinates of the x-intercepts if you click on them on the graph. The coordinates are up to a few decimal points of accuracy, and you can type | [
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Remade Abroad: The Baker & The Beauty
Remade Abroad: Accused
Loving Lucy in Mexico
Making Money in Korea
Earning their Ten Percent
Israeli romantic drama The Baker & The Beauty is getting a US makeover. Peter Traugott, executive producer and president of Keshet Studios, tells DQ about adapting the show for American audiences.
Every holiday season, there's one film Peter Traugott always likes to watch – British romantic comedy Notting Hill. "I'm a huge fan," the Keshet Studios president says of the 1999 movie, starring Julia Roberts and Hugh Grant.
Traugott had long sought a way to bring the idea behind the film – two people from vastly different worlds falling in love – to television. And his move to launch Keshet Studios, the US production arm of Israeli distributor Keshet International, in 2015 gave him the perfect opportunity.
At that time, Keshet Broadcasting's Channel 2 (now known as Keshet 12) was airing The Beauty & The Baker (pictured above). Created by Assi Azar, the show follows a seemingly impossible love story between a baker and an international supermodel. "When I saw The Baker & The Beauty, I immediately thought, 'Oh, it's a TV version of Notting Hill,' which I'd always wanted to do," Traugott says. "And now we had some underlying IP to show buyers in the US how it could be a TV show."
Peter Traugott
However, it was several years before the show would be pitched to US buyers, with Traugott wary of targeting broadcast networks that were, at that time, in a state of flux.
"It felt like a great broadcast show, but broadcast, in that moment, really wasn't doing these kinds of big, light romantic dramas," Traugott explains. "They were still in the edgier, 'let's compete with cable' phase. There were things that were a little more franchise-orientated, police shows, medical shows, law shows or things that might compete with cable.
"We were concerned that, if we took it out before its time, it wouldn't get the attention it deserved. So we sat on it for a bit and it felt like, in the last couple of years, broadcast started to open up again and go back to what I call 'entertaining shows.' This felt like, if we got it right, it could be one of those shows, and the development process started 18 months ago."
Traugott pitched the idea to friend and writer Dean Georgaris (Bluff City Law, The Brave) to see if he was equally keen and whether he wanted to do it himself. Georgaris subsequently came up with a take on a US adaptation, which was then developed into a detailed pitch including thoughts on how the show might run over a number of seasons.
Executives at US network ABC liked the idea and commissioned scripts, before ordering a pilot in January last year. The show, produced by Universal Television and ABC Studios in association with Keshet Studios, was then picked up to series last May, and the nine-episode first season is set to debut this April.
Traugott says what he liked about the original Israeli series, beyond its one-line 'Notting Hill: The TV Show' pitch, was the fun world the characters inhabited. "There is a wish-fulfilment aspect to it, certainly for our Baker character. It just felt like great escapism," he says. "You come home from work and you want to get caught up in a world. The Israeli version did a great job of that. One of the things I quite liked about that version and ours is it's not only a clash of class, in the sense the Beauty is far more monied than the Baker, but a culture clash."
The original Israeli version of The Baker & The Beauty, with Rotem Cela (left) and Aviv Alush (centre) as the romantic drama's central couple
The US version moves the story from Tel Aviv to sun-drenched, vibrant Miami, where Daniel Garcia (Victor Rasuk) is working in the family bakery and doing everything his Cuban-American family expects of him. But when he meets international superstar Noa Hamilton (Nathalie Kelley) on a wild night out, he is pushed into the spotlight.
"Daniel and his family live in a version of Little Havana in Miami and that's their world, | [
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10-Story, 428-Unit Mixed-Use Building Tops Out at 30-02 39th Avenue, Long Island City
1:00 pm on January 4, 2017 By Reid Wilson
Construction has topped out on the 10-story, 428-unit mixed-use building under development at 30-02 39th Avenue, in the Dutch Kills section of Long Island City. Progress on the structure, including façade installation, can be seen thanks to photos posted to the YIMBY Forums. The latest building permits indicate the project encompasses 413,138 square feet and rises 123 feet to its main roof. There will be 3,181 square feet of retail space on the ground floor, followed by 428 residential units across the ground through 10th floors. The apartments should average 679 square feet apiece, indicative of rentals. The Lightstone Group is the developer and Gerner, Kronick + Valcarcel (GKV Architects) is the architect. Completion is expected later this year.
Nine-Unit Residential Project Planned at 167 Lorimer Street, Williamsburg
11:30 am on January 4, 2017 By Reid Wilson
An anonymous Brooklyn-based LLC has filed applications for two buildings with a total of nine residential units at 167 and 169 Lorimer Street, in the Broadway Triangle section of Williamsburg. A four-story, three-unit building measuring 10,989 square feet is slated for 167 Lorimer Street, while a six-story, six-unit building measuring 13,824 square feet is planned at 169 Lorimer Street. Across both buildings, the apartments should average 2,034 square feet apiece, indicative of units with family-sized configurations. De-Jan Lu's Greenwich Village-based architecture firm is the architect of record. The 6,900-square-foot assemblage is mostly vacant, except for a 20-foot-wide, single-story warehouse. Demolition permits were filed in November.
Twin Two-Story, Two-Family Houses Coming to 3258 Waterbury Avenue, Country Club
A Valhalla, N.Y.-based property owner has filed applications for two two-story, two-family houses at 3258 and 3260 Waterbury Avenue, in the East Bronx's Country Club section. The new buildings will measure 4,232 square feet and 4,225 square feet, respectively. Across both, the full-floor residential units should average 1,774 square feet apiece, indicative of apartments with family-sized configurations. Each structure will also come with three off-street parking spaces. Gino O. Longo's College Point-based firm is the architect of record. The 8,123-square-foot lot is occupied by a two-story house. Demolition permits were filed in September.
Richmond University Medical Center Files for Two-Story, 34,200-Square-Foot Expansion at 355 Bard Avenue, Randall Manor
8:00 am on January 4, 2017 By Reid Wilson
The Richmond University Medical Center has filed applications to expand, by 34,175 square feet, its hospital, located at 355 Bard Avenue in Randall Manor, located on Staten Island's North Shore. The project includes a state-of-the-art two-story emergency department and the reconstruction of a 503-car parking lot. Last year, the City Council designated $13.5 million toward the $60 million expansion, Staten Island Advance reported. Staten Island Borough President James Oddo also allocated $2.5 million for the project. A construction timeline has not been disclosed. Midtown West-based Bohler Engineering is the applicant of record.
Scaffolding Removal Underway at 19-Story, 60-Unit 153 Remsen Street, Brooklyn Heights
7:30 am on January 4, 2017 By Evan Bindelglass
It's been a little over four months since we checked in on the construction at 1 | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.322492 | -0.839023 | 0.390144 | -0.883769 |
53 Remsen Street, in Brooklyn Heights. Now, scaffolding removal is underway at the 19-story, 60-unit building between Clinton and Court streets. The progress can be seen thanks to a photo sent to YIMBY by prolific construction chronicler Tectonic. Quinlan Development and Lonicera Partners are the developers. Navid Maqami's S9 Architecture is responsible for the design.
Construction Progressing at Three-Building, 76-Unit Mixed-Use Redevelopment at 1875 Broadway, Bushwick
Foundation work appears to be underway on the eight-story, 18-unit mixed-use building under development at 1875 Broadway, located on the corner of DeSales Place in eastern Bushwick. The new building, with 7,019 square feet of community facility space, is part of the ongoing redevelopment of the former Our Lady of Lourdes convent. The project includes the conversion of a four-story structure at 11 DeSales Place and the construction of a six-story structure to the north, which has topped out, featuring an additional 58 residential units and 1,215 square feet of community facility space.
Lightstone Group Tests Waters for 244-Unit Condominium Tower at 130 William Street, Financial District
The Lightstone Group is now exploring market demand for a 244-unit condominium tower at its Financial District development site at 130 William Street. The developer is abandoning previous plans, filed in March 2015, for a 50-story residential-hotel tower, The Real Deal reported. The latest building applications at the Department of Buildings have been amended to reflect the change in plans. Although the number of units don't match reports, the latest filings detail a 61-story, 188-unit tower with 15,373 square feet of retail across the cellar through second floors. The structure would measure 386,588 square feet and rise 750 feet in height. Goldstein, Hill & West Architects is the architect of record.
Two Four-Story, Eight-Unit Residential Buildings Planned at 1605 New York Avenue, East Flatbush
An anonymous Brooklyn-based LLC has filed applications for two four-story, eight-unit residential buildings at 1603 and 1605 New York Avenue, located on the southern end of East Flatbush. The buildings will measure 6,867 square feet each. Across both, the apartments should average 697 square feet apiece, indicative of rentals. Both will also include an upper penthouse level that will connect to the two apartments on the fourth floors. Jeffery S. Orling's Mount Vernon, N.Y.-based architecture firm is the architect of record. The 4,000-square-foot lot is occupied by a two-story, wood-framed house. Demolition permits were filed in November.
City Planning Commission Kicks Off Public Review for Midtown East Rezoning
5:00 pm on January 3, 2017 By Rebecca Baird-Remba
The City Planning Commission voted this morning to certify the rezoning of Midtown East, beginning the public review process for a dramatic upzoning that the city hopes will generate new office buildings.
27-Story, 97-Key Pestana Hotel Planned at 23 East 39th Street, Midtown East
The Pestana Hotel Group has purchased, for $16 million, a 99-year ground-lease for the 2,469-square-foot vacant lot at 23 East 39th Street, in Midtown East. The hotelier is planning to develop a 27-story, 97-key hotel at the site, Commercial Observer reported. Building permits, approved by the Department of Buildings in December 2015, are currently on file for a 27-story, 96-key structure, which YIMBY reported on in 2014. The plans indicate the tower will encompass 39,964 square feet and rise 273 feet to its pinnacle. Gene Kaufman's SoHo-based architecture firm is behind the plans, although it wasn't stated if Pestana | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | 0.109436 | -0.422759 | 0.668093 | -0.622256 |
will move forward with the same design. Arbalest Capital Corp. is the property owner. The site was home to a five-story building until March 2016, when it was demolished.
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Schlock & Awe
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The home of film critics Matty Budrewicz and Dave Wain who, for the past eight years, have parlayed their shared, lifelong obsession with horror, B-movies, and direct-to-video shenanigans into a writing career.
John Dies at the End (2012)
The great Don Coscarelli created Phantasm, one of my favourite horror series of all time, and in recent years has been lauded for bringing Joe Lansdale's novella to the screen in the cult-tastic Bubba Ho-Tep. His new film, John Dies at the End keeps him in Bubba's territory of the trippy scenario as he adapts David Wong's (Jason Pargin) book that was first published as a webserial in 2001, before hitting print in 2007.
Our two heroes of the story are Dave (Chase Williamson) and John (Rob Mayes) who are old high school buddies turned spiritual exorcists albeit with a quasi-psychic element. At the start of the film we find Dave separated from John as he begins to confide to a reporter, Arnie Blondestone (Paul Giamatti) the details of their special powers and the current perilous situation they find themselves in.
The aforementioned situation regards the somewhat apocalyptic headache of the pending end of the world which may be the result of the sentient alien drug that has been dubbed 'soy sauce'. This narcotic gives people psychic abilities such as being aware of events that are yet to take place – all well and good you may think, but alas ingestion of the drug actually turns you into a host for an alien monster with designs firmly on ruling the planet.
Dave tells Arnie how at a party one evening he received a phone call from John who seemed to be in quite a state. He ended his night out to attend to his friend, but when he found him it seemed obvious that he'd taken something, a something which transpired to be 'soy sauce'. Dave relays to Arnie that he too managed to accidentally take a hit of the drug, which although initially disorientating, he soon realised that the only way to get to the bottom of his friends precarious situation was to stay on the substance.
This meeting between Dave and Arnie Blondestone provides the glue to holding the film together, as outside of this the movie is peppered with random events, surrealism and insane humour that could have easily lead it into disarray. Here though Coscarelli gets it spot on and manages to preserve a narrative that allows the film a level of unhinged craziness whilst retaining the backbone of a storyline.
The film has so much to recommend about it, from the gonzo plot to the brilliant lead pairing of Williamson and Mayes – both of whom have little feature film experience yet turn in natural, confident performances with sparkling chemistry between the two of them. We're also treated to a few cameos from the likes of Clancy Brown, Doug Jones and (of course) the inimitable Angus Scrimm.
John Dies at the End is an unconventional film amidst a sea of predictability in the movie world. It's a genre bending mind melt which makes you double up with laughter one minute and cover your eyes in disgust the next. While most of our horror icons from the late 70s seem content in semi-retirement or trawling out the same old schlock, Don Coscarelli once again shows his ingenuity and provides us with an immensely enjoyable piece of cinema.
March 22, 2016 November 17, 2017 Dave WainReviews
Previous Post Jack's Motel (2012)
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The Schlock Pit is the home of film critics Matty Budrewicz and Dave Wain who, for the past seven years, have parlayed their shared, lifelong obsession with horror, B-movies, and direct-to-video shenanigans into a writing career.
Featuring Reviews, Retrospectives, Essays and more!
All content Budrewicz/Wain
Follow Matty on Twitter
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We all know that we need to try and stay fit and healthy, but some of us believe that doing so might end up being incredibly expensive. After all, you will need to buy all the right kinds of sports clothes, and you might even want to fork out for a gym membership so that you can use all of their machines and join their classes. Sounds quite costly, right? Well, you might be surprised to hear that staying fit doesn't have to actually cost you that much. There are ways you can bring down the overall cost of getting fit. Here are some great ideas that you might want to use.
Joining a gym isn't always expensive. In fact, most gyms will offer regular offers that will give you the chance to sign up for a discounted price. If you check out Club Fitness, you will see that there is a chance to enjoy a free pass. Quite a few gyms have similar schemes such as this. It's a good way to figure out whether or not you will actually enjoy going to the gym before you are obliged to pay for a full membership. Once it is time for you to pay in full, it is worth checking online coupon sites as some gyms often release vouchers and coupons for discounts.
Worried that you won't be able to afford any new gym clothes? There are ways you can get cheap sports clothes, and one of the best ways to go about that is to buy when the shops are having sales. More often than not, sales occur in between fashion seasons, so you should be able to find some discounted clothes in late summer and late winter. It's also worth signing up to some sports brands' mailing lists as quite a few clothing companies email their subscribers to let them know about exclusive deals and discounts. As a subscriber, you will also be the very first to find out about when exactly the sales will be taking place.
If you aren't too keen on going to a gym, it's still possible to stay fit in your own home. There are now lots of fitness apps that you can download onto your smartphone or tablet device, for instance. There are some that are filled with lots of workout ideas. You just need to select one of the workouts from the list and then find a bit of floor space in your home to get started. You don't need any equipment, and you'll find that the workouts vary in length, so you'll be able to squeeze one in no matter how busy you are!
As well as apps, you might want to use YouTube as well for even more workout inspiration. There are lots of YouTubers who focus on fitness. Most of them are qualified PTs and trainers in certain kinds of workouts and exercises. They create weekly videos for their audience that include all kinds of fitness-related content, including workout routines, recipes, and other handy tips to help you get fitter. You just need to enter "workout" in the search bar and millions of videos will pop up that you can start using straight away. It's worth narrowing down your searches, though, so that you find workouts that will suit your tastes. Whether you prefer some gentle Yoga or intense HIIT classes, I'm sure that you'll find a workout on YouTube.
It might also be worth visiting your local library. Libraries are great places to go for books, DVDs, and other resources, and some of the materials that they have on loan will be fitness related. If you look through all their DVDs, you will definitely find some fitness DVDs that provide you plenty of inspiration for workouts. There will also be cookbooks and other books about different sports and fitness that you can loan and take home with you for a period of time. Best of all, it's free to become a library member and start loaning out their resources!
There are lots of ways you can keep fit just by going outside more. One great idea is to go out for a run. You don't need to buy any fancy equipment or join a run to get into jogging – all you need is the open road in front of you! However, it is worth going to a specialist running shop to get your gait analyzed so that you can find out the best shoes for you. Some people may be prone to running injuries, such as shin splints, and they will need running shoes that have support in the soles. These will be the only thing that you need to spend a considerable amount of money on to get started with running, but you should see it as an investment as it will keep | [
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Gary O'Neill's 89th-minute equaliser snatched an ill-deserved point for Drogheda United, but Bohemians will rue a glut of missed chances after throwing away a two-goal lead at Dalymount Park. It was a tale of two strikers as Dinny Corcoran's brace put the home side two up within the half hour, but it was O'Neill who had the last word, capitalising on sloppy Bohs defending to keep the visitors on top of the fledgling SSE Airtricity League table.
In a game of numerous chances, slack defending, and some excellent attacking football, Owen Heary will be by far the more disappointed manager, with his Pro License classmate Robbie Horgan content with a point on his trip back up the M1, writes KEVIN FAGAN.
Bohs made two enforced changes from last week's comprehensive opening victory over UCD, with Ryan McEvoy and Kevin Devaney replacing the injured Dave Mulcahy and Karl Moore respectively. However, it was McEvoy's midfield partner Craig Walsh who ignited this game in the 14th minute. The former 'Football's Next Star' candidate burst through two challenges on the left flank, and unleashed a sublime through ball with the outside of his right boot. The pass curled majestically into the path of Dinny Corcoran, who controlled well, steadied himself, and tucked the ball neatly into the bottom corner past Dave Ryan.
Bohs were showing the kind of attacking flair that has many fans chirping about a top half finish already, with Paddy Kavanagh again weaving some magic in the hole behind Corcoran. It was a slaloming run from Kavanagh that instigated Bohs' second. He cut inside from the left flank, showed quick feet, and toe-poked it across to Corcoran, who was felled from behind by a lunging Alan McNally. The familiar shiny-topped figure of referee Dave McKeon pointed to the spot without hesitation. Though Ryan McEvoy enquired about taking the penalty, there was no prying the ball from Corcoran, who confidently slotted the ball into the same corner to make it 2-0 before the half hour.
The boisterous home crowd sang 'we are top of the league', and there seemed to be little danger of note from a sluggish Drogheda, who hadn't registered a shot on target until a 35th minute disaster. Left back Jack Memery was off the pitch having treatment for a burst lip, but the confusion that occurred between Dean Delany and Roberto Lopes was baffling. A hopeful long punt seemed to be skipping too far ahead of the chasing Gary O'Neill, who at one point, checked his run as he thought Delany was going to gather. However, the Bohs keeper never came, Lopes let O'Neill go, and the Drogs hitman somehow squeezed the ball in from a stupendously-tight angle. It was the kind of goal a manager has nightmares about.
Despite the setback, Bohs could have all-but killed the game either side of half time. First, a lightning break involving Walsh, Kavanagh, and Steven Beattie put Corcoran clean through, but the striker flashed his shot high and wide with a hat-trick at his mercy. Then, just six minutes after the restart, Corcoran combined with Kevin Devaney to release Kavanagh, who blazed over from 16 yards with only Ryan to beat. Knowing glances were shared among the Bohs faithful – these missed chances were going to cost the men in black (with a splash of red) dear.
Drogheda had two great chances to equalise before the goal eventually came, and both involved sheer luck combined with heroic defending. First, a weak Delany punch fell straight to Eric Foley, but the midfielder could only head straight back at the Bohs keeper. Then, with just 4 minutes remaining, Aidan Price made an awesome block on the goal-line to deny Cathal Brady. Bohs went up the other end immediately, and when Beattie's cross found sub Stephen Traynor's head 8 yards out, the victory should have been secured. Traynor however, headed straight at Ryan, and Bohs were finally punished for a lack of ruthlessness in the 89th minute | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | 0.796852 | -0.608423 | 0.11847 | -0.630043 |
Posts by Tim Hannah
Up Front: Well, Read Women, in reply to Emma Hart, 11:49 Jul 23, 2015
He messed up the saying. By saying Zadie Smith, who he claims to like, "does not come close to a cigar" he's calling her crap, not a close second but far down the ranks.
Which is probably just bad writing...
Wellington • Since Jan 2007 • 228 posts Report Reply
Envirologue: Choose Wisely, Grasshopper:…, 21:34 Jun 4, 2015
Regarding any putative sidelining of Metiria: this blog is concerned entirely with James and his selection, and what it might mean for where the Greens go next. It really is that simple…
But it isn't that simple.
The screw up on the election results doesn't in itself invalidate your arguments, but it does suggest you're not that interested in the current NZ Green party. Honestly I reckon that's why you ignore the other leader and anything about the Greens that couldn't be read in the NBR.
You need more than old critiques of 90's German Greens.
(Though your conclusion about being careful and not fucking up? Sure, yeah. Yup.)
It's a litle weird that a 1000+ word piece on Green leadership doesn't mention Metiria Turei.
Yes, their vote collapsed yet again last election night. They shed more than 36,500 votes – a 14.8 per cent drop on 2011 – and one MP.
Anyone want to fact check this? It's really wrong.
247000 in 2011. 257000 in 2014. That's not shedding any votes.
Hard News: Not doing justice, in reply to Pete George, 10:26 Aug 13, 2014
That's interesting Deborah. In Palmerston North a dick on a John Key billboard and boobs on a Labour billboard. That's the same themes on the National and Labour billboards in Dunedin.
Maybe it's just a coincidence of hoons.
Think you're onto something really big here, Pete. Judging from my limited knowledge of classical Roman graffiti, this secret society of dick and tit favouring vandals is older than the Catholic Church.
Hard News: Te Reo Māori in schools:…, 14:08 Jul 24, 2014
Lastly, all of us need to realise that the desires we have for our schools and students, need to be modelled and lived in our communities and in our wider society.
Oh yes this. My local school is 1/3 kura kaupapa. My naive assumption was that te reo would pour out of the those classes and 'infect' the rest of the school. After seeing the place for around 5 years I'm pretty convinced that that isn't really happening, the rest of the kura seems about on par with standard schools (um, I think, maybe my perception is skewed).
I think that's because the tamariki from the kura speak Māori in class, but they don't really use Māori with non-Māori speakers. And why would they? Why should they? - easier to speak English.
For those of us who want our kids to learn more te reo than we did, the onus is on us to encourage them to use it - at home, in the community.
Schools can support that, but if Māori is taught and used only in school it will largely stay only in school. The best thing we can do is become more proficient ourselves.
Hard News: Spring Timing, in reply to steven crawford, 10:43 Mar 14, 2014
You should read Meteria's third reading speech on the Foreshore and Seabed bill - about a third of the way down this page.
This Parliament is at a pivotal moment in our nation's history: to return to our paternalistic past, or take the path of justice and peace, and we are about to blow it. We will blow it on greed, on the desire for power, on intellectual fallacies, and on political expediency | [
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Dustin's Dynasty
Shining a light into the normality of Autism/Asperger's
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Marquail Johnson
outdoorboy34 Accidental, Homicide June 24, 2020 5 Minutes
Updated Aug 16, 2013 at 3:03 PM, Peoria News Journal
A major investigation is underway to determine whether the discovery of an 8-year-old missing autistic boy's body Thursday morning was the result of a tragic accident or foul play. Marquail Johnson was reported missing after he was last seen by his mother about 7:45 p.m. Wednesday playing near his home, 810 S. Western Ave. A relative saw him between 8:15 and 8:30 p.m. in the alley behind 740 S. Western Ave.
A major investigation is underway to determine whether the discovery of an 8-year-old missing autistic boy's body Thursday morning was the result of a tragic accident or foul play.
Marquail Johnson was reported missing after he was last seen by his mother about 7:45 p.m. Wednesday playing near his home, 810 S. Western Ave. A relative saw him between 8:15 and 8:30 p.m. in the alley behind 740 S. Western Ave.
At 10 p.m., the boy was reported missing to police as a possible abduction.
About 8 a.m. Thursday, the boy's body was found inside an older model refrigerator with a door that latches closed from the outside behind the relative's house at 740 S. Western Ave. The appliance was unplugged and upright near the back door of the home.
Three houses and an empty lot separate the boy's home from the spot where the body was found.
A woman who identified herself as a close friend of Marquail's mother described him as "just a regular kid who was out playing" Wednesday night.
"He was a good kid. He was a child of God," Sandra Carter said as she sat on a South Western Avenue curb while police worked across the street. "He was ready to start school, just in a couple of days."
She added: "This is crazy."
Authorities shut down traffic in the 700 and 800 blocks of South Western Avenue as they investigated. A chain link fence was covered with a white sheet at the rear of the home where a deputy coroner eventually removed the body, and crime scene technicians handed off several brown paper bags of evidence.
As the coroner's van backed up to the fence and a stretcher was unloaded, a woman collapsed in the street and loudly wailed. Several people rushed to help her and led her back to the home of the missing boy, where a | [
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crowd had gathered.
Peoria County Coroner Johnna Ingersoll said Marquail was pronounced dead at 8:27 a.m. and that his body had no outward signs of injury. An autopsy performed Thursday night determined Marquail likely died of suffocation. The autopsy did not find any evidence of trauma.
District 150 Superintendent Grenita Lathan said the district's pupil support team would be at Trewyn School on Thursday, where teachers gathered for staff development after a rally in the morning. A teacher at the school mourned the death and its timing.
"The staff is torn up," a Trewyn teacher said as the district's annual back-to-school rally at Bradley University ended. "What a way to start the school year."
Peoria police described a man who may have been seen with Marquail before he disappeared as an "older" white male, 5-feet-8-inches to 5-feet-10-inches tall, with a medium build, gray hair and beard, wearing a yellow shirt and blue pants.
By Thursday afternoon, that subject was described by police as a person still wanted for questioning who should be stopped if seen in the area of South Peoria where the boy disappeared but whom officers did not yet have probable cause to arrest.
Authorities labeled the inquiry a "suspicious death investigation." One complicating factor in determining the nature of the death is the state of the body: the boy was unclothed inside the appliance when he was found.
Lisa Gerontes-Bowe, president of the Peoria Chapter of the Autism Society of America, said the boy's developmental condition could have played a role in either scenario. Autistic children sometimes wander and disrobe for comfort, but also could be lured away by someone who knows their condition.
"People with autism sometimes have a tough time tolerating clothing; they have sensory issues," Gerontes-Bowe said. "It's very typical for kids with autism to wander. They don't understand the danger."
About half of autistic children are prone to wander, according to a recent study in the journal Pediatrics. Wandering has led to the deaths of more than 60 children across the country in the last four years, according to a recent analysis by The Associated Press and autism advocacy groups.
Matt Buedel can be reached at 686-3154 or [email protected]. Follow him on Twitter @JournoBuedel. Pam Adams contributed to this story.
Posted Nov 14, 2013 at 6:42 PM
PEORIA — The death of an 8-year-old boy who was found inside a refrigerator in August was ruled a homicide at an inquest Thursday.
A coroner's jury deliberated more than 30 minutes before handing down the ruling in the death of Marquail Johnson, who was found Aug. 15 inside a refrigerator behind 740 S. Western Ave.
The boy was last seen by his mother about 8 p.m. Aug. 14 while playing with his cousins at a vacant lot at 810 S. Western Ave. and was reported missing to police at 10 p.m. After more than 50 police officers searched the neighborhood, the boy was found the next morning behind his aunt's house, inside an unplugged, older model refrigerator with a door that latches closed from the outside. He was pronounced dead at the scene.
The jury at the Peoria County Coroner's Office heard testimony from Peoria police Detective Amanda Chalus on the pertinent findings of the investigation so far.
Chalus said it still is unclear how Johnson ended up inside the refrigerator and how long he was inside. The body was discovered by the homeowner while officers were inside of the residence conducting their second search of the home, according to Chalus.
Through interviews, investigators determined that kids in the neighborhood did not play in that house's backyard, which was surrounded by a chain-link fence and could only be accessed by the back door of the home.
The boy's body was nude when discovered, with the rest of his clothes inside the refrigerator. An autopsy performed by Peoria County Coroner Johnna In | [
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] | 1,024 | CommonCrawl | -0.481525 | -0.617751 | 0.365039 | -0.122313 |
February 9th 2004 was just another regular day for most people, more than likely nothing out of the ordinary occurred that will make you remember that day for the rest of your life. But for some February 9th 2004 changed their lives forever and that day from the past will be forever etched in their memory banks.
School bus driver Butch Atwood passes the scene and offers help to a female but she declines assistance and the bus driver continues East 200 yds to his house where he pulls nose first into the driveway facing away from the road. he goes into his house to call 911.
SO………WHY WITH THE ABOVE INFO DID THEY WAIT 13 MINUTES TO DISPATCH FD & EMS UNITS TO THE SCENE. Faith Westman stated UNKNOWN INJURY & car in the ditch. Protocol is to send FD & EMS when there are unknowns.
Did Atwood actually tell Hanover dispatch something that changed the decision to tone out FD & EMS.? There is NO indication in the Hanover / Atwood narrative from the log above that would warrant them to call out FD & EMS after it was not done originally. INTERESTING FOR SURE.!!
REMEMBER THAT FRED MURRAY'S FOIA REQUEST………DID NOT INCLUDE THE HANOVER LOGS THAT INCLUDE THE CALL FROM ATWOODS RESIDENCE.
ALSO THERE IS EVIDENCE OUT THERE THAT SAYS THERE WAS ANOTHER 911 CALLER THAT REPORTED THE SATURN OFF THE ROAD BEFORE FAITH WESTMAN EVER CALLED AT 7:27.
IF there truly is evidence that there was another 911 caller reporting the accident then it fits right in with the SCANNER CALL overheard by 2 people at approx 7 pm on the night of Feb. 9th 2004. These people listening to the scanner heard the call for "a vehicle slid off the road on Swiftwater rd. driver left in private vehicle, FD & EMS called back.
The 1st GCSD log ever given to the family…..TAKE NOTICE OF BLANK AREA B4 SATURN ACC.
Atwood leaves the scene and Faith says she sees activity in and around the car, lights going on and off and then a flurry of activity around the trunk. So Faith is still watching the scene AFTER Atwood pulls away and there is activity and Faith is still on the phone with 911, so what is being told to Ronda Marsh, was Ronda told about the bus.? It would seem at this point that with LE on the way that 911 would be questioning the caller even more to assess the scene and give the responding officer more info.
SO…….If Faith was still on the phone with 911 why did she just go back to what she was doing b4 she made the call. If she was not relaying info to 911 why keep her on the phone.? Faith has stated she was on the phone w/ 911 for 17 minutes, the time it took for Sgt. Cecil Smith to arrive. Faith never sees the driver leave the scene…..Yet she is surprised when Officer Smith comes to her door asking her where the female is. Perfect timing or intentional timing…? This just does not make sense..!
7:46 pm Sgt. Cecil Smith arrives on scene to find the Saturn abandoned with NO driver in sight. Smith, a retired Army Intelligence Officer examines the scene and at some point speaks to Atwood and the Westman's and determines it was a female after talking to Atwood. FD & EMS arrive on scene at 7:56 & 7:57, the FD unit had 8 people on board, the EMS unit had 2 EMT's.
7:54 BOL put out……."H-2 request all FD units BOL for female about 5′ 7″ on foot, victim of crash.
8:02 pm……EMS released from scene after only 6 minutes.
8:49……FD clears the scene, enroute back to station. 8:59 back at quarters but unavailable. Back in service at 9:41. So they | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | -1.474611 | -0.57168 | 0.064674 | -1.237302 |
were out of service for 42 minutes after arriving back at station.
8:50…..Lavoies has the Saturn…..H-2 clears the scene, but not the actual call (where did he go).? Was he searching the area and IF so….WHERE..?
9:26…..Sgt Smith is clear of Maura call and dispatched to Suicide call on Lime Kiln rd.
Now let's pick this apart because there is so much surrounding the incident at the Weathered Barn scene as well as the days after that leave so many unanswered questions.
#1. When was the actual 1st call to 911….and who made that call.?
#2. Why when Faith called 911 at 7:27 and reported a 10-25 with unknown personal injury did they only tone out Police and not FD & EMS. There was a 13 minute delay in toning out FD & EMS. WHY..?
#3. Why did it take Sgt. Cecil Smith 17 minutes to reach the scene.? Where was He responding from.?
#4. Why IF Faith was on the phone for 17 minutes was it not mentioned to dispatch that there was a 40 foot big yellow school bus on scene.?
#5. Why was the BOL only put out to the West to the FD units.?
#6. Why did they not go any further East than the intersection of Bradley Hill rd. and Rte 112 that night.?
#7. Why did they only talk to Atwood and the Westman's and NOT go to any of the local residences that night.? Some of those people were not spoken to until a week later OR more.
#8. Why did the accident report state that the officer was responding to the report of a car into a tree when that was never mentioned in the narrative by Faith.?
#9. Why did the officer state that the Saturn had hit a tree when writing the report 6 days later.? It was obvious that it had not hit a tree and one would think an 'Army Intelligence Officer' now Sgt. of a police dept. would know that is NOT the TRUTH.
#10. Why was lavoie's auto called for the tow service that night when Northland Towing was on the call list rotation for that night and had actually been called earlier in the day around 4:30 to pull a Haverhill cruiser out of a snowbank.
#12. Why did they not put out a BOL to all the surrounding areas that evening.?
#13. Why was the Saturn towed to and placed in the personal garage of Mike lavoie.? The Saturn was not brought to the business garage owned by Lavoie.
#14. Why when Mr. Murray saw the Saturn on Friday the 13th at Lavoies PRIVATE garage was the RAG still stuffed in the tailpipe.?
#15. Why did the police INSTRUCT Fred Murray to remove the RAG from the tailpipe before trying to start the car on 2/13/04.
#17. Why was the RAG in the tailpipe not treated as evidence at the scene and treated as such.? Why was the rag not put into evidence.?
#18. Was the Rag EVER treated as evidence and IF so was it EVER actually FORENSICALLY tested.?
#19. What happened to the bag with 3 or 4….2 liter soda bottles witnessed by Abbey Kennedy from the FD unit.?
#20. How did Susan Champy witness the passenger side door open when she passed the scene at approx. 7:55 pm.? How can that be possible when LE says the doors were locked and it was not entered until they obtained a warrant.?
#21. Who were the 2 bystanders with Sgt. Smith that were witnessed by Susan Champy when she went by the scene at about 7:55.?
#22. What was the acceleration and thud that was heard by the Westman's.? Since We know now that the Saturn NEVER hit the tree there has to be another explanation for those noises. Remember the Westman's heard this from inside the house with closed windows and doors……It had to be a significant noise for sure.
#23. How did the Marrotte's actually see anything that night | [
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considering the vantage point from the kitchen window.? The view is directly thru the dense forest so at best, Mr Marrotte would have most likely seen the reverse lights but as for any other activity that is questionable.
#24. The Westman's stated that NO other cars passed the scene that night…..although Atwood contradicts that statement by saying he saw at least 3 or 4 pass by but could not identify any of them. I find this interesting because Mr. Westman is adamant that the Saturn was heading EAST and He knows that because of the way the headlights shine in their windows. So…..IF Atwood is not lying about seeing the cars go by and Faith was on the phone with 911 either watching the scene and Tim was back in the office, how on earth could they have missed 3 or 4 vehicles go by…..AND most likely SLOW DOWN because there is a disabled car in the wrong lane. NONE of those cars stopped to offer assistance.? Did one of those cars stop and Faith saw something..? Did Faith turn away because she saw something..?
#25. Why did Atwood give 2 different scenarios of what he witnessed to the cops.?
A. He came upon the scene and witnessed the driver from the face up with the airbag deployed, he shone a flashlight on her and spoke to her from the steps of the bus.
B. He came upon the scene and witnessed Maura getting out of the car on the drivers side and struggling a bit bc the car was close to the snowbank. He said he got off the bus this time and talked to her over the car.
#26. Why did NHSP Commander John Scarinza lie about having a trooper on scene that night.? Why did it take almost 4 days for Scarinza to admit there was a NHSP Trooper there that night. Why did John Monaghan NOT sign off at the scene in an official capacity.
#29. Why was there a rogue Haverhill PD cruiser, the #001 B & W SUV seen by Karen McNamara on Swiftwater rd. where she was passed by said SUV going in the same direction with blue lights on. Again this SUV was seen by KM when she reached the intersection of Rte 112 and Goose lane. The SUV was headed East towards Lincoln. KM headed East to Lincoln and could see the blue lights off and on as it went around the corners and over the small hills but eventually lost sight of the SUV. KM reached the WBC on Rte 112 and when turning the corner noticed the #001 SUV nose-to-nose with the Black Saturn in the eastbound lane. She drove past the scene, did not see anyone and continued on her way home.
#30. Why did the Haverhill PD and the NHSP lie about the #001 Haverhill SUV being in service that night.? They insist that the #001 was OUT OF SERVICE. It was being used earlier in the day and the last cop known to be driving it was Chief Jeff Williams.
#31. Why did Chief Jeff Williams call the GCSD dispatch the next morning at 7 am and request to speak with the head of dispatch ASAP.? Why did Williams need to speak to Tommy Andross ASAP. Was he frantic about something.?
#32. Why was the 1st copy of the GCSD log given to the family an edited and manipulated version.? Why were there 3 different versions of the GCSD log for the event of the same evening.?
#33. Why was the box of Franzia wine crushed and broken (leaking).? It was NOT caused during the spin-out. These boxes are very solid and contain an inner plastic bladder, it is very hard to make one leak.
#34. Why did Sgt. Smith tell the Westman's about the rag in the tailpipe..?
#36. Why when KM came fwd again about the #001 Haverhill cruiser being seen at the WBC on Feb 9th 2004 did Chuck West come out of the woodwork and adamantly state that "Whatever you think you saw did not happen" & "What you are stating is a very serious accusation and is criminal" WOWZA…..! That sounds like a threat to Me.
#37. Why in April of 2004 did Det. Bruno and Hubbard from the NHSP come to My work | [
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The Nintendo Download list is in for North America, continuing to specify what gaming delights promise to keep you occupied throughout the week ahead.
Wario Land 4 continues to expand the Wii U Virtual Console's Game Boy Advance slate, whilst Mega Man II and III blast their way to 3DS. Genius Sonority's zany The "DENPA" Men 3: The Rise of Digitoll will once again sweep you into the realms of augmented reality, whilst Nicalis deliver classic JRPG Grinsia to the handheld as well.
* Aqua Moto Racing 3D – For a limited time, Aqua Moto Racing 3D is 25 percent off in the Nintendo eShop on Nintendo 3DS. This offer ends at 9am PT on May 29th.
* ATLUS – ATLUS wants you to pack your map and go exploring! Starting 9am PT on May 12th through 9am PT on May 19th, Etrian Odyssey Untold: The Millennium Girl and Etrian Odyssey IV: Legends of the Titan are on sale in the Nintendo eShop on Nintendo 3DS.
* Joindots – For a limited time, Joindots is discounting select games in the Nintendo eShop on Nintendo 3DS, including 3D Games Collection, Jewel Match 3 and Murder on the Titanic. This offer ends at 9am PT on May 22nd.
* Trine 2: Director's Cut – Now through 9am PT on May 26th, experience the fantasy action and physics-based puzzles of Trine 2: Director's Cut for 50 percent off in the Nintendo eShop on Wii U.
Bask in the greedy glory of treasure hoarding as you hop, roll and zombify Wario through 20 huge, puzzle-packed levels. This critically praised platformer sees our stubby anti-hero in search of gold, jewels and riches beyond imagining. But when his insatiable need for loot lands him in a twisted pyramid of traps, he'll need your wits to help him get out.
In Mega Man II, jump and blast your way through a barrage of maniacal robotic monsters while collecting a variety of weapons and items to help fight more Robot Masters. Who is this stranger from the future called Quint? Can Mega Man reach Dr. Wily before time's up? Suit up, power up and let's go!
The sinister Dr. Wily has taken control of an offshore oil rig to drill to the center of the Earth. By reaching the molten core, he will be able to collect energy in order to power his latest invention. Sounds like a recipe for disaster, and Mega Man must put a stop to this! Join robotic dog Rush and walking suitcase Flip-Top as you progress through Dr. Wily's fiendish fortress, battling various Robot Masters and collecting their weapons before facing the mad scientist and his final robotic creation.
Mama is back in her gardening gloves planting the seeds of friendship! Make your animal friends happy by growing flowers, fruits and vegetables they can sell in their forest shops. With intuitive, stylus based-activities, customization and tons of fun rewards, Garden Mama 2: Forest Friends will get you growing in no time!
THE "DENPA" MEN 3 is the third game in the expansive, augmented-reality RPG series that lets players catch and form parties of Denpa Men to conquer perilous dungeons and explore a new world.
Grinsia, Kemco's classic 16-bit style JRPG, follows a family of three treasure hunters who go out in search of some ancient ruins said to be full of untold riches. Their adventure begins with little incident, but little do they know that they'll be caught up in a more sinister plot as the fate of the world hangs in the balance.
This is a leisure game that simulates real parking. It's a parking game. Your goal is to become the "Park Star". So you have to park the car as quickly as possible without damaging and avoid other cars. Tokyo Tower, Louvre Museum in Paris, Burj Al Arab Hotel in | [
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] | 1,024 | C4 | -0.228499 | -1.133621 | 0.196027 | -0.527706 |
Q: Extracting data form another section with same ID (Appcelerator) I have the following JSON: (its simplified a bit for you)
{ returnJSON = {
studentDataVOs = {
finalGrades = (
{
grade = A;
percent = 100;
sectionid = 7744;
reportingTermId = 801;
},
{
grade = B+;
percent = 89;
sectionid = 7745;
reportingTermID = 801;
});
reportingTerms = (
{
id = 801;
title = S1;
},
{
id = 802;
title = S2;
});
sections = (
{
id = 7744;
termID = 801;
courseTitle = Physics;
courseCode = 88A;
},
{
id = 7745;
termID = 801;
courseTitle = Government;
courseCode = 90B;
});
};
};
}
I am building an app using Appcelerator Titanium that displays a table view with the data hopefully showing the following:
Physics (88A) - S1 (Grade: A, 100%)
Government (90B) - S1 (Grade: B+, 89%)
...and so on...
I have the table view set up and the following code extracts the data from the sections and puts it in the labels of the table view:
var response = JSON.parse(response);
var sections = response.returnJSON.studentDataVOs.sections;
for (i=0;i<sections.length;i++) {
var courseName = sections[i].courseTitle;
var courseCode = sections[i].courseCode;
}
What I cannot figure out is how to go about fetching the grade, and term title for each individual class. As you can see, the data for each section contains an ID and termID, which direct me to a section in the finalGrades and reportingTerms that contains the ID or termID, where I need to fetch the final grades, percents, and term titles.
Can anyone help me with this? I have been trying on and off for two days trying to figure this out...
A: You should create indexes for each field you've listed. It's pretty simple:
//for example you have user list
var users = [{
id : 1, email : '[email protected]',
nickname : 'John'
}, {
id : 2, email : '[email protected]',
nickname : 'Peter'
}];
//and you need to query user by his email, id and nickname
//first, create 3 index list
var usersIdIndex = {}, usersEmailIndex = {},
usersNicknameIndex = {};
//then fill them
users.forEach(function(user){
usersIdIndex[user.id] = user;
usersEmailIndex[user.email] = user;
usersNicknameIndex[user.nickname] = user;
});
//now you can get users by any of this fields
//for example
console.log(usersIdIndex[2].nickname== 'Peter');
console.log(usersNicknameIndex['John'].email == '[email protected]');
A: Sections -> Final Grades
In the sections list, I would pass a variable in the tablerow that I could use to query for the next set of data. You need the section id to associate the data with the data in the final grade, so I would add it to my table row.
When creating your table:
// This loop to loop through the data.
function getSections(_args){
var response = JSON.parse(response);
var sections = response.returnJSON.studentDataVOs.sections;
for (i=0;i<sections.length;i++) {
createMyRow({
courseName: sections[i].courseTitle,
courseCode: sections[i].courseCode,
sectionId: sections[i].id
});
}
}
// This function creates the | [
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Structure Along the Edge
The Cassini spacecraft stares at the Huygens Gap -- the region between Saturn's outer B ring and the ringlets of the prominent Cassini Division -- in this high-resolution view.
Ring scientists think that the scrambled pattern seen here in the B ring's outer edge might represent gravitational clumping of particles there -- that is, the self-gravity of groups of particles orbiting together makes them form clumps. This may be due to the fact that this region is compressed periodically, owing to perturbations by the moon Mimas. The outer B ring edge (at left) is, in fact, sculpted by an orbital resonance with Mimas.
The clumping feature may be due to the fact that this region is compressed periodically, owing to perturbations by Mimas.
This view looks toward the sunlit side of the rings from about 44 degrees below the ringplane. The image was taken in visible light with the Cassini spacecraft narrow-angle camera on May 10, 2008. The view was acquired at a distance of approximately 270,000 kilometers (168,000 miles) from Saturn. Image scale is 1 kilometer (0.6 mile) per pixel.
Part of the southern hemisphere on dwarf planet Ceres is seen in this image taken by NASA's Dawn spacecraft. This left side of the image shows the eastern rim of Urvara crater.
Dawn HAMO Image 81
The Sun blew out a coronal mass ejection along with part of a solar filament over a three-hour period on Feb. 24, 2015, as seen by NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO).
Brief Outburst
This close-up view of Saturn's turbulent atmosphere shows what may be two vortices interacting. Some of the bright clouds in the scene appear to be casting dark shadows, suggesting they are at high...
Such Great Heights
The shepherd moons Prometheus and Pandora drive the quirky F ring in its circuit of Saturn, while Mimas lurks in the distance. This view looks toward the unilluminated side of the rings from about...
Mimas and the Shepherds
An illuminated quarter of the moon Tethys is imaged near a swath of Saturn's rings. Though the moon appears to be hanging directly below the rings, Tethys is actually farther from the Cassini spac...
Rings and Quarter Tethys
Pandora loops around Saturn, confining the narrow F ring as it goes. Craters are visible on the moon's surface in this view. See Pandora's Color Close-up for a closer view of Pandora (84 kilometer...
Ring Escort
A shepherd moon can do more to define ring structures than just keep the flock of particles in line, as Cassini spacecraft images such as this have shown. Prometheus (102 kilometers, or 63 miles a...
The Hand of Prometheus
The oblate moon Mimas displays the cratered surface of its anti-Saturn side. North on Mimas (396 kilometers, or 246 miles across) is up and rotated 1 degree to the left. The image was taken in vis...
Rugged Mimas
These six narrow-angle color images were made from the first ever 'portrait' of the solar system taken by Voyager 1, which was more than 4 billion miles from Earth and about 32 degrees above the ec...
Solar System Family Portrait
Cassini captured this striking view of Saturn's moon Dione on July 23, 2012.
Dramatic Dione
Happy New Year from the Cassini mission! For a higher resolution version, click here. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/
+ View Unannotated Version The dark hot spot in this false-color image from NASA's Cassini spacecraft is a window deep into Jupiter's atmosphere. All around it are layers of higher clouds, with ...
Peering Deep into Jupiter's Atmosphere (Annotated)
In this 20-second exposure, a meteor lights up the sky over the top of a mountain ridge near Park City, Utah.
Falling from Space
Based on the first direct measurements ever obtained of Martian rocks and terrain, scientists on NASA's Mars Pathfinder mission report | [
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Coconino County Warrant Check
Coconino County
Search for Coconino County AZ warrants. A warrant check can provide information on arrest warrants, search warrants, bench warrants, prior warrants, current warrants, outstanding warrants, police warrant reports, criminal charges, criminal history, and background check information.
A Police Department in Coconino County Arizona is a local law enforcement agency charged with maintaining order by stopping crimes and conducting investigations. Coconino County Police Departments also issue warrants. The police issue arrest warrants if they have reason to suspect that an individual has committed a crime. Coconino County arrest warrants contain information on the suspect and the charges. Police Departments also issue search warrants, which contain information about the suspected individual as well as the evidence police are seeking. Warrants make up an important part of an individual's criminal history, making a Coconino County warrant check a key step in performing a background check. Police Departments maintain records of all warrants they issue, which may be available online.
Flagstaff Police Department Flagstaff AZ 911 East Sawmill Road 86001 928-779-3646
Page Police Department Page AZ 808 Coppermine Road 86040 928-645-2462
Williams Police Department Williams AZ 501 East Route 66 86046 928-635-4421
A District Attorney in Coconino County Arizona prosecutes cases on behalf of the public, which can include both criminal and civil cases. The Coconino County District Attorney's Office may also work with law enforcement and the courts to issue warrants such as arrest warrants, search warrants, and bench warrants. These warrants contain information on the suspected criminal, the legal charges, and any evidence sought by Coconino County law enforcement. They also contain information on individuals who avoid court appearances or refuse to comply with court orders. A Coconino County warrant check can identify individuals with court-ordered warrants, which provides important information about someone's criminal history. District Attorneys may provide online access to their warrant records.
Coconino County District Attorney Flagstaff AZ 110 East Cherry Avenue 86001 928-679-8200
A Sheriff's Department in Coconino County Arizona is a local law enforcement agency that polices crime and conducts investigations, often at the county level. Coconino County Sheriff's Departments also issue warrants if they have reason to suspect that someone has committed a crime, including arrest warrants and search warrants. Arrest warrants contain descriptions of the suspect and the criminal charges in the investigation. Sheriff's Departments may also issue search warrants, which contain information about the targeted individual and the evidence sought by law enforcement. Warrants make up an important part of a person's criminal history, so a Coconino County warrant check is a key step in performing a thorough background check. Sheriff's Departments maintain detailed records for their warrants, which may be available online.
Coconino County Sheriff's Office Flagstaff AZ 911 East Sawmill Road 86001 928-774-4523
A Court in Coconino County Arizona is a judicial body charged with resolving legal disputes, including both criminal and civil charges. Coconino County Courts also play a central role in issuing warrants. When the police or sheriff wants to issue an arrest warrant or search warrant for a suspected criminal, a judge must first sign the warrant. These documents contain personal information on the suspect, the criminal charges, and any evidence sought by law enforcement. Coconino County Courts also issue bench warrants for individuals who avoid court appearances or refuse to comply with a court order. Warrants are an important part of a person's criminal history, and performing a Coconino County warrant check is a key step in conducting a thorough background check. Courts maintain detailed records for warrants issued by judges, which may be available online.
Coconino Superior Court Flagstaff AZ 200 North San Francisco Street 86001 928-679-7600
Flagstaff Justice Court | [
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\subsubsection[1]{\vspace{3pt}\noindent\textbf{#1.}}
\pgfplotsset{compat=1.16}
\usetikzlibrary{positioning, patterns}
\title{Cracking Double-Blind Review:\\ Authorship Attribution with Deep Learning}
\author{Leonard Bauersfeld\thanks{$^*$ equal contribution} \and Angel Romero$^*$ \and Manasi Muglikar \and Davide Scaramuzza \\
Robotics and Perception Group, University of Zurich
}
\begin{document}
\maketitle
\begin{abstract}
Double-blind peer review is considered a pillar of academic research because it is perceived to ensure a fair, unbiased, and fact-centered scientific discussion.
Yet, experienced researchers can often correctly guess from which research group an anonymous submission originates, biasing the peer-review process.
In this work, we present a transformer-based, neural-network architecture that only uses the text content and the author names in the bibliography to attribute an anonymous manuscript to an author.
To train and evaluate our method, we created the largest authorship-identification dataset to date. It leverages all research papers publicly available on arXiv amounting to over 2 million manuscripts.
In arXiv-subsets with up to 2,000 different authors, our method achieves an unprecedented authorship attribution accuracy, where up to 95\% of papers are attributed correctly.
Thanks to our method, we are not only able to predict the author of an anonymous work but we also identify weaknesses of the double-blind review process by finding the key aspects that make a paper attributable. We believe that this work gives precious insights into how a submission can remain anonymous in order to support an unbiased double-blind review process.
We have open-sourced the necessary tools to reproduce our experiments.
\end{abstract}
\urlstyle{rm}
\begin{center}{\small \textbf{Code}: \url{https://github.com/uzh-rpg/authorship_attribution}}
\end{center}
\urlstyle{tt}
\input{sections/01_introduction}
\section{Related Work}
Perhaps one of the oldest examples of authorship attribution (AA) was to identify the co-writers of William Shakespeare in 36 plays (collectively called \textit{"Shakespeare canon"} \cite{hope_1994}), which began in the late 17th century.
The research on authorship attribution became much more popular in 1964 when researchers studied "The Federalist" papers \cite{mosteller1963_federalist}.
After this, AA advanced through the development of more involved hand-crafted feature extractors for text, resulting in over 1000 different published approaches by the year 2000 \cite{rudman1997_over1000, holmes1998_stylometry}.
Subsequently, the computer-assisted approaches were further automated, and prior to the machine learning era, two dominant approaches existed: profile-based AA and instance-based AA (IAA) \cite{stamatatos2009_survey}.
The former extracts one feature vector (author profile) per author and compares the feature distance of a given text with all author profiles, whereas IAA extracts a feature vector per text sample and uses a classifier (e.g. SVM \cite{stamatatos2009_survey}) to distinguish authors.
Along with the rise of short electronic messages (e-mails, tweets) came a growing interest in text classification (e.g., hate speech \cite{davidson2017_automatedhatespeech}, polarizing rhetoric tweet analysis \cite{Ballard22}) and AA using short texts (e.g., detect 'hacked' accounts \cite{li2017_socialnetworkattribution}). Machine learning proved to be vital for this task since learned feature descriptors like \emph{document embedding} \cite{agun2017_documentembedding} outperform classic character n-gram \cite{bojanowski2016_word2vecngram} and bag-of-words approaches. N-gram convolutional nets also show competitive performance \cite{shrestha2017 | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.628395 | 1.293237 | 0.93349 | 1.513805 |
_convolutional}.
From a text-length perspective, research papers are more similar to news articles and books than to tweets.
In \cite{iyer2019_mlframework} a uni-gram feature in combination with an SVM is used for news articles and book AA, and they achieve 83\% classification accuracy on a dataset with 50 authors.
In \cite{qian2017_dlauthorship} a study comparing different network architectures (LSTM, GRU, Siamese network) on similar data is presented, and a near-perfect classification is achieved, also on a dataset with only 50 different authors.
In \cite{ma2020_survey} and \cite{sari2018_approachesattribution} it is confirmed that deep networks achieve very competitive performance on AA and authorship profiling (AP) tasks.
The results obtained on public benchmark datasets in those works are used as \emph{baselines}, although they are focused on single-author documents (non-research articles) and are only applied to the comparably small benchmarks.
For research papers, solving authorship attribution is a more complex task due to the length of the texts, their heterogeneity (mathematical symbols, reference sections, etc.), and the vast amount of possible authors.
Therefore, authorship attribution has been applied to research articles only in very rare cases, such as \cite{simen2016_researchpapers}, where the (not publicly available) training and testing datasets are rather limited (403 authors, 1683 papers).
The recent advances in natural language processing (NLP), namely the development of transformer-based architectures, allow us to tackle these difficulties.
Transformers have shown impressive capabilities in NLP for mid-sized text lengths, e.g., BERT \cite{devlin2019_bert}, its smaller counterpart DistilBERT \cite{sanh2020_distilbert}, and BigBird, for longer sized sequences \cite{zaheer2020bigbird}.
The success of transformers has enabled applications such as ancient text restoration and attribution, polarizing tweet analysis \cite{Ballard22}, hate speech detection \cite{Huang21}, emotion recognition in conversation \cite{Geng22} and song analysis \cite{Wang22icassp}.
In \cite{cruz2020_baselines} results indicate the usefulness of using such networks as feature extractor.
The increasingly large number of studies on the use of scientific documents with bibliometric applications shows the growing interest of the bibliometric community in authorship attribution \cite{editorial_mining}.
Specifically, machine learning applied to bibliometrics has steadily been getting more traction in the last decade \cite{decadeCitation}.
In \cite{author_id_citations}, the authors analyse the use of solely the reference section to predict the possible authors of scholarly papers.
However, all the aforementioned research focuses either on the analysis of the texts themselves or solely on the references.
To the best of the authors' knowledge, this work presents the first approach, where both sources of information are combined.
\input{sections/dataset}
\section{Architecture}
In this section, we present the architecture and sub-architectures (see Fig.~\ref{fig:pipeline}) that are used throughout this paper.
\begin{table*}[t!]
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{5pt}
\def1.1{1.1}
\centering
\caption{{This table summarizes the authorship identification accuracy in \% on the test split of the different arXiv datasets four our method.}}
\label{tab:results_arxiv}
\vspace*{-6pt}
\begin{tabularx}{1\linewidth}{lC||C|ccccc||C|ccccc}
\toprule
& & \multicolumn{6}{c||}{Only first 512 Words} & \multicolumn{6}{c}{Document in Chunks of 512 Words}\\[6pt]
\rotatebox{90}{Input} & \rotatebox{90}{Epochs} & \rotatebox{90}{LR} & \rotatebox{90}{D100} & \rotatebox{90}{D20 | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.520391 | 1.511265 | 1.137918 | 1.316484 |
0} & \rotatebox{90}{D300} & \rotatebox{90}{D400} & \rotatebox{90}{D500} & \rotatebox{90}{LR} & \rotatebox{90}{D100-C} & \rotatebox{90}{D200-C} & \rotatebox{90}{D300-C} & \rotatebox{90}{D400-C} & \rotatebox{90}{D500-C}\\
\midrule
Content & 40 & 1e-5 & 45.5 & 64.7 & 78.9 & 89.0 & 92.0 & 1e-5 & \bf 70.0 & 84.8 & \bf 90.3 & 94.8 & 96.3 \\
Content & 10 & 1e-4 & 49.7 & 68.9 & 82.4 & 91.3 & 92.9 & 1e-4 & & \bf 85.6 & \bf 90.3 & 94.4 & 95.7 \\
References & 10 & 8e-4 & 54.3 & 71.0 & 79.8 & 89.6 & 90.2 & 8e-4 & 54.3 & 71 & 79.8 & 89.6 & 90.2 \\
Ref (no self) & 10 & 8e-4 & 43.3 & 62.9 & 75.5 & 84.3 & 86.4 & 8e-4 & 43.3 & 62.9 & 75.5 & 84.3 & 86.4 \\
\bf Ref+Cont & 10 & 3e-4 & \bf 60.5 & \bf 79.0 & \bf 87.0 & \bf 94.3 & \bf 93.1 & 5e-5 & & 81.1 & \bf 90.3 & \bf 96.0 & \bf 96.6 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabularx}
\vspace*{-10pt}
\end{table*}
\subsection{DistilBERT}
First we present the architecture that has been used to process the main text of the papers (without the references).
For this task, we have chosen to use DistilBERT, a transformer architecture based on a distilled version of BERT. It is smaller, faster, cheaper, and lighter, offering up to 60\% faster speeds than BERT while retaining 97\% of its language understanding capabilities \cite{sanh2020_distilbert}.
In order to convert the raw text to a format that the DistilBERT architecture can take as input, a tokenizer to convert the words to tokens needs to be used.
The tokenizer used in our case is based on WordPiece \cite{wordpiece}.
Both the DistilBERT transformer model and the tokenizer have been initialized with a pre-trained version.
Specifically, we use the checkpoint called \emph{distilbert-base-uncased}, which was pre-trained on BookCorpus \cite{bookcorpus} and the English Wikipedia.
One of the main limitations of most transformer architectures is that they have a limited input size.
In the case of DistilBERT, this limit is 512 tokens which means that either only the first 512 tokens can be used or the dataset is divided into chunks as described in the previous section.
One solution that has been tried to solve this problem is to use BigBird \cite{zaheer2020bigbird}, which is a transformer architecture specifically designed for longer sequences and that offers an input limit of 4096 tokens.
However, due to the increased size and complexity of the BigBird transformer, training times are very long, and there is no noticeable | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -0.981464 | 0.165462 | -0.926082 | -0.552371 |
increase in accuracy compared to a chunked dataset trained with DistilBERT.
When training on such chunked datasets, the chunks are processed independently of each other. During the evaluation, all parts of the text that come from the same paper are evaluated consecutively, and the output logits are averaged before converting them to probabilities and selecting the author with the highest probability.
As we will show in the results part, this approach proves to be extremely successful and improves the evaluation accuracy by 5-10\% (absolute) when compared to only inputting the first part of the paper to DistilBERT.
\subsection{Reference Histogram Embeddings}
There are many different ways of extracting the key information from the references section of a paper.
One of the most direct ones, and the one that resembles the most of how a human reader would do it, is looking directly at the relative frequency of appearance of different author names.
To do this, all the extracted author names (see Section~\ref{sec:dataset}) in the dataset are concatenated to build a vocabulary. Only authors that appear frequently (more than 50 times) are added to the vocabulary of size $N_\text{Hist}$.
Next, for every paper, we create a vector with the same number of elements as the vocabulary, which contains the number of times that each author in the vocabulary appears in the reference section of that paper.
This vector is what we call the Reference Histogram Embedding (RHE).
Once we have the RHE for each paper, it is passed through a 2 layer MLP that compresses it to a vector size of 128.
This vector is then directly concatenated with the output embeddings of the DistilBERT architecture. This joint vector is then fed to the 2-layer classifier, as shown in Fig. \ref{fig:pipeline}.
\input{sections/results}
\input{sections/discussion}
\section{Conclusion \& Discussion}
We presented a transformer-based classification architecture for research papers that leverages, for the first time, a combination of the syntactic richness and topic diversity contained in research content and the information contained in the reference section. Our results show that combining both sources of information increases the authorship attribution accuracy.
In cases where only limited text content is available to the network, including references increases the performance significantly (up to $11\%$).
Overall, our method achieves $70\%$ accuracy on the D100-C dataset, containing over $2000$ authors, which is unprecedented to the best of our knowledge.
On smaller datasets ($<50$ authors) and some benchmarks, the proposed architecture robustly identifies an author correctly well over 90\% of the time, beating state-of-the-art results.
While our DistilBERT-based approach outperforms all baselines on large datasets such as \textit{Legal} and \textit{IMDb62}, it fails to outperform simple n-gram baseline on small datasets.
The likely explanation here is the data-hungry nature of transformers limits the performance of our approach on smaller datasets.
However, this is not truly a limitation as AA for research papers deals with very large datasets.
Lastly, we also present a large-scale authorship-identification dataset by leveraging 2 million research papers publicly available on arXiv.
We believe that this line of research---albeit having great implications for double-blind review---ultimately helps to improve the review process. Thus, we conclude our paper by summarizing the key insights into how a submission can remain anonymous in order to support an unbiased, double-blind review process.
\begin{itemize}
\item \emph{Abstract and introduction}: already the first 512 words enable robust authorship attribution.
We believe that this is because the abstract and introduction often express the authors creative identity together with the research field.
These personalized characteristics enable identification of the authors.
\item \emph{Self-citations}: The papers in our dataset contain, on average, 10.8\% self-citations.
Those citations easily give away the authors' identity as highlighted by the results shown in Tab.~\ref{tab:results_arxiv}.
Therefore, it is beneficial to omit many self-citations in the submission for double-blind review.
\item \emph{Citation diversity}: | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 1.082144 | 1.682573 | 1.424834 | 1.979279 |
Even without the self-citations, the references can be used to identify the author. By also including citations of less well-known papers authors can make authorship attribution more difficult. At the same time, more equal visibility is given to all research papers in the authors' field.
\end{itemize}
\section{Ethical Considerations}
The task of AA for research papers has some ethical concerns as it offers a potential way of breaking the double blinded peer review system, a pillar of academic research.
While the proposed methodology challenges this double blind peer review system by uncovering the author identity only from text and references, we believe our method can help establishing an improved peer review system.
By analysing our method and providing insights into how a paper can be attributed to an author, we hope to guide authors towards a writing style that improves double-blind review. Therefore, we believe that the possible negative consequences are outweighed by the opportunity of this exciting research direction, which has not been thoroughly pursued in the past.
For this very reason, we also open-source all the tools required to reproduce our experiments and further develop our methodology under
\urlstyle{rm}
\url{https://github.com/uzh-rpg/authorship_attribution}.
\urlstyle{tt}
\section{Results}
\vspace{-1pt}
This section presents the results achieved using the proposed architecture presented in the previous section and depicted in Fig. \ref{fig:pipeline}. This architecture has been implemented using the \emph{Hugging Face} library for transformers \cite{hugging_face_2020}.
First, results on our new \emph{arXiv} dataset are presented along with an ablation study of the optimal learning rate. Then we present a small ablation on the network architecture itself. Finally, its performance is compared to existing approaches on benchmark datasets unrelated to scientific research article AA.
\begin{figure}[t!]
\centering
\input{media/Accuracy}
\vspace*{-18pt}
\caption{The two plots visualize the results presented in Tab.~\ref{tab:results_arxiv}. On the left the 'non-C' datasets using only the first 512 words are used, on the right the full paper is used. Although the AA accuracy degrades with an increasing number of authors, our approach retains an impressive 60\% for 2070 authors.}
\label{fig:accuracy}
\vspace*{-18pt}
\end{figure}
\subsection{Our Dataset}
When applying our approach to the arXiv dataset, different network architectures are possible, namely a) only content ("Content"), b) only references with and without self-citations ("References", "Ref (no self)) and c) content with references ("Ref+Cont"). The results for all architectures applied to all versions of the dataset are summarized in Tab.~\ref{tab:results_arxiv}, and visualized in Fig.~\ref{fig:accuracy}.
From Table~\ref{tab:results_arxiv} it is visible that including the references in almost all cases -- as expected -- increases the accuracy by up to 8\%. When all self-citations are removed from the references ("Ref (no self)") the accuracy of a reference-only design drops by over 10~p.p. for the large D100 set. Furthermore, a boost in performance is visible when comparing the non-C datasets (first 512 words only) with the whole documents. This is especially pronounced in the large datasets where relative improvements of up to 30\% (content only) are observed. However, this boost in performance comes at the cost of dramatically increased training times, as shown in Table \ref{tab:training_times}.
\begin{table}[t!]
\caption{{Comparison of training times on an Nvidia Quadro RTX 8000 GPU for the best model from Tab.~\ref{tab:results_arxiv}. For the D300-C, 10 epochs, content only, is used. The last column reports the increase in accuracy when including the full document (C) is used.}}
\label{tab:training_times}
\vspace*{-6pt}
\centering
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | 0.103917 | 0.929857 | -0.180998 | 0.759938 |
\toprule
& First 512 Wo\-rds (non-C) & Full Document (C) & $\Delta$~Accu\-racy\\
\midrule
D100 & 13h:08m & 11d:04h:40m & 9.5\% \\
D200 & 1h:35m & 17h:49m & 6.6\% \\
D300 & 49m & 4h:35m & 3.3\% \\
D400 & 17m & 1h:57m & 1.7\% \\
D500 & 11m & 54m & 3.1\% \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabularx}
\end{table}
It is also important to remark that gains in evaluation accuracy that are attributed to solely combining the references with the content come nearly for free in terms of training time, as training times are similar with and without the reference part added to our architecture.
The evaluation boost is more prominent when dealing with bigger datasets where only the first 512 are used. For example, it is interesting to see in Table \ref{tab:results_arxiv} for the column D100 that a) there is an absolute gain of almost 11 \% when using the references combined with the content w.r.t. only using the content information; and b) the reference alone architecture yields a 54.3\% prediction accuracy, a result that is impressive by itself. Even more so, as D100 is a dataset that has more than 2000 possible labels.
However, for the chunked datasets, the accuracy increase attributed to the consideration of the references gets diminished, although, for D300-C, D400-C and D500-C in Table~\ref{tab:results_arxiv} the best results (by a small margin) are obtained through this strategy.
The reason for this decrease in the difference is thought to be related to the nature of transformers. It is known that transformer architectures excel at large amounts of data \cite{fabien2020}. This is evident in our experiments when comparing the chunked versions with the first-words-only ones. It is, therefore, to be expected that the increase in performance when adding the reference information is less prominent for an intensively trained transformer.
One can also argue that all cited references are somehow related to the content of the paper. In a case where the content network has access to the whole article, this might not add much new information. In the case where only the first 512 words are used, it is credible that the references add valuable information not included otherwise.
\begin{table}[t!]
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{4.3pt}
\caption{{Ablation of the learning rate for 10 epochs.}}
\label{tab:ablation}
\centering
\vspace*{-6pt}
\begin{tabularx}{1\linewidth}{X|rrrrr}
\toprule
\multirow{2}{*}{Rate} & Content & \multicolumn{2}{c}{References} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Ref+Cont}\\
& D300 & D300 & D500 & D300 & D500-C \\
\midrule
1e-5 & 78.8 & & & & 93.1 \\
2e-5 & 81.3 & & & & 95.7 \\
5e-5 & 81.3 & & & & \bf 96.7 \\
1e-4 & \bf 82.4 & 79.3 & 86.7 & 84.5 & 95.7 \\
2e-4 & 82.1 & \bf 80.2 & 87.6 & 86.5 & 94.1 \\
3e-4 & & & & \bf 87.4 & \\
4e-4 & 81.2 & 79.6 & 89.2 & | [
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] | 1,024 | ArXiv | -0.186044 | 0.867564 | -0.150513 | 0.423481 |
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