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5376179 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriana%20Gil | Adriana Gil | Adriana Gil is a Bolivian political figure. She has been the party leader of Social Democratic Force (FSD), a movement which bills itself as a left-wing democratic alternative to the President Evo Morales's government.
Formerly an ally of Morales, Gil is widely credited with having garnered electoral support for him in the province of Santa Cruz, which is considered to be politically conservative. Gil broke with Morales in 2006 over several issues, including alleged corruption in the new government, its confiscatory policies, and the perception that Morales represents a trend towards an authoritarian ethnocentric order which is concerned solely about the interests of some of the indigenous Quechua and Aymara people.
Gil decries Morales, saying that Bolivians "voted for change, not for a dictator". In apparent retaliation for Gil's dissidence, Gil's farmland has undergone a process of seizure by Quechua squatters who hold permits for her land, signed by Rural Development Minister Hugo Salvatierra. Gil has accused Vice President Álvaro García Linera of leading a conspiracy to seize her land and others', a charge he has denied.
In 2008, Gil formed a new political party, Fuerza Demócrata (FD), with another former Morales supporter, Román Loayza. In mid-2009, Gil formed an alliance with Manfred Reyes Villa, a former mayor of Cochabamba. Reyes Villa was a losing candidate in Bolivia's 2009 presidential elections, having finished second behind President Evo Morales.
References
External links
Adriana Gil on Facebook.
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century Bolivian women politicians
21st-century Bolivian politicians
Political party founders
Candidates for President of Bolivia |
5376184 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu%20Chu | Chu Chu | Chu Chu, ChuChu, or Chu-Chu can refer to the following things:
ChuChu (The Legend of Zelda), a type of monster from The Legend of Zelda video game series
Chu-Chu, a character from Xenogears
A type of mouse from ChuChu Rocket!
Chuchu (magazine), a Japanese shōjo manga magazine
ChuChu, a character from the Kirby video game series
Ch'uch'u, also spelled Chuchu, a mountain in Bolivia
Chuchu, a pikachu kept by Yellow in Pokémon Adventures
Chayote, a vegetable known in Brazil as chuchu
ChuChu TV, a popular channel on YouTube for children
Jim Chuchu, a Kenyan film director, photographer, singer-songwriter and visual artist |
4040298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn%20Cunningham%20%28Nebraska%20politician%29 | Glenn Cunningham (Nebraska politician) | Glenn Clarence Cunningham (September 10, 1912 – December 18, 2003) was an American Republican politician.
He was born in Omaha, Nebraska on September 10, 1912 and graduated from the University of Nebraska at Omaha in 1935. He sold insurance for a while. From 1946 to 1948 he was a member of the Omaha board of education and a member of Omaha city council from 1947 to 1948. He was elected Mayor of Omaha from 1949 to 1954.
He was a delegate to the 1948 Republican National Convention and to the 1952 Republican National Convention. He was elected as a Republican to the Eighty-fifth United States Congress and to the six succeeding Congresses serving from January 3, 1957 to January 3, 1971. Cunningham voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, 1964, and 1968, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, but did not vote on the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. He lost his bid for renomination to the Ninety-second United States Congress in 1970 to then Douglas County Commissioner John Y. McCollister. He died on December 18, 2003, in Omaha. He was a member of the Episcopalian church and of Pi Kappa Alpha.
Glenn Cunningham Lake was named for Cunningham.
References
1912 births
2003 deaths
Omaha City Council members
Mayors of Omaha, Nebraska
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Nebraska
School board members in Nebraska
20th-century American politicians |
5376199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Tai-chung | Kim Tai-chung | Kim Tai-chung (June 5, 1957 – August 27, 2011), also known as Kim Tai-jong or Tong Lung (唐龍; Chinese stage name), was a Korean born taekwondo practitioner martial artist, actor and businessman. Kim was one of two stand-ins for Bruce Lee used to complete Game of Death after Lee died during filming. Kim also played the ghost of Bruce Lee in No Retreat, No Surrender.
History and early career
Acting
In the 1970s, Kim made his first Hong Kong movie debut in 1977 film Snuff Bottle Connection, along with Hwang Jang-lee and Roy Horan. Kim played Bruce Lee's character Billy Lo in 1978 film Game of Death, alongside Yuen Biao (who performed the acrobatics and stunts), Kim played Lee's character so well that the producers used him again a few years later.
In the 1980s, Kim played Bobby Lo in 1981 film Game of Death II alongside Hwang Jang-lee, Roy Horan, To Wai-wo and Lee Hoi-san. After Game of Death II, Kim returned to Korea and made his one and only local Korean film Miss, Please Be Patient (아가씨 참으세요) along with the former Korean beauty romance film star Jeong Yun-hui. However the film was a commercial failure despite its praise from the film critiques.
Then he joined the Korean and Taiwanese co-production film to play the role of Bruce Lee once again in 1982 film Jackie vs. Bruce to the Rescue (also known as Fist of Death) along with Lee Siu-ming (A Taiwanese Stuntman and Jackie Chan look alike.), which was a commercial and critical failure. Soon he took a break from acting after the release of this film.
In June 1985, Chinese film producer Ng See-yuen was looking for an actor to play the ghost of Bruce Lee in 1986 film No Retreat, No Surrender in his American debut and final film, which marked the film debut of Belgian martial artist actor Jean-Claude Van Damme as Ivan Kraschinsky. Kim played Bruce Lee to training Kurt McKinney's martial artist.
Retired from acting
After No Retreat, No Surrender, Kim returned to Korea and retired from acting at the age of 29 and became a businessman.
In 2008, Kim made a rare public appearance in Korea as part of a screening of Miss, Please Be Patient (아가씨 참으세요), which had originally been released in 1981. Kim had played a leading role in that film.
Death
On August 27, 2011, Kim died of stomach hemorrhage at the age of 54.
Filmography
Movies
Snuff Bottle Connection (1977)
Game of Death (1978)
Game of Death II (1981)
Miss, Please Be Patient (1981)
Jackie and Bruce to the Rescue (1982)
No Retreat, No Surrender (1986)
Documentary
Bruce Lee, the Man and the Legend (1984)
References
External links
South Korean male film actors
South Korean businesspeople
South Korean male taekwondo practitioners
1957 births
2011 deaths
Bruce Lee imitators
Deaths from gastrointestinal hemorrhage |
5376207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay%20attack | Relay attack | A relay attack (also known as the two-thief attack) in computer security is a type of hacking technique related to man-in-the-middle and replay attacks. In a classic man-in-the-middle attack, an attacker intercepts and manipulates communications between two parties initiated by one of the parties. In a classic relay attack, communication with both parties is initiated by the attacker who then merely relays messages between the two parties without manipulating them or even necessarily reading them.
Example attack
Peggy works in a high security building that she accesses using a smart card in her purse. When she approaches the door of the building, the building detects the presence of a smart card and initiates an exchange of messages that constitute a zero-knowledge password proof that the card is Peggy's. The building then allows Peggy to enter.
Mallory wants to break into the building.
Mallory approaches the building with a device that simulates a smart card, and the building responds by initiating the exchange of messages.
Mallory forwards the message to her accomplice Evelyn who is tailing Peggy as she runs errands in another part of town.
Evelyn relays the message to Peggy's smart card, listens for the answer, and forwards the answer to Mallory, who relays it to the building. Continuing in this way, Mallory and Evelyn relay messages between the building and Peggy's smart card until the building is satisfied that it is communicating with Peggy's smart card.
The building opens and Mallory enters.
References
External links
Academic Survey on Relay Attacks
Detailed Practical Example of Relay Attack on RFID system
Relay Attack Demonstration (and related Software and Paper)
Practical Relay Attack on Contactless Transactions by Using NFC Mobile Phones
Hacking (computer security)
Computer security exploits |
4040311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck%20Turner | Truck Turner | Truck Turner, also known as Black Bullet, is a 1974 blaxploitation film, starring Isaac Hayes and Yaphet Kotto, and directed by Jonathan Kaplan. The screenplay was written by Michael Allin, Leigh Chapman (under a pseudonym, Jerry Wilkes), and Oscar Williams. Hayes also scored the music for the soundtrack. The film was released by American International Pictures as a double feature with Foxy Brown.
Synopsis
Mack "Truck" Turner (Hayes) is a former professional football player who becomes a Los Angeles-based bounty hunter after an injury. Truck visits his girlfriend, Annie (Annazette Chase), who is in jail and wants to leave LA when released. Truck and his partner Jerry Barnes go to collect their bounty from Nate Dinwiddie, a bail bondsman, who refers them to Fogarty (Dick Miller), a bail bondsman after a pimp who skipped bail named Gator.
The two visit Dorinda (Nichelle Nichols), who runs Gator's stable of prostitutes. Truck and Jerry wait for Gator to visit, and chase him, but Gator escapes. A tip from Truck's friend Duke (Scatman Crothers) allows them to locate Gator again, and kill Gator when he attempts to shoot Truck.
Dorinda threatens Gator's former whores to keep them in line. Dorinda offers Gator's competing pimps a deal: whoever kills Truck gets to replace Gator while she runs the stable. The only pimp interested in the violence is Harvard Blue (Kotto). Truck survives several ambushes by Blue's goons.
When Blue points out that Dorinda will not be able to deal with Truck, they agree to share the cost of getting rid of Truck, and Blue will take over more control of Gator's stable. Blue's men force Nate to call Truck and tell him that there is a big job. Truck does not feel sober enough after a night of partying, so he calls Jerry, who dies in Blue's ambush.
Nate warns Truck of the hit out on him. Truck frames Annie for shoplifting, and the police arrest her. Truck visits Nate again in the hospital. Truck gives Nate Jerry's gun for protection, and then they shoot Blue's goons when they burst in. Blue flees, but Truck shoots him. Blue dies a few minutes later in the driver's seat of his car. Truck confronts Dorinda and more goons at her house, and kills her when she reaches for a gun.
Truck makes up with Annie as she gets out of jail. All of his belongings are packed in the car, and he promises he will go away with her, right away, if she takes him back. They drive off together, leaving LA for good.
Cast
Production
The film started as a script by Leigh Chapman about a caucasian bounty hunter. It was bought by Fred Weintraub who was in partnership with Larry Gordon. Chapman later recalled, "I remember going into the office and, with my usual insouciance? arrogance? announced that, in that case, I wasn’t going to do any freebie re-writes. The response? That’s OK. He doesn’t want you on the project anyway.... And then, it became a blaxloitation film … about pimps and whores, right? I don’t think any of that was in my script and I’m not sure why I even received a story credit. I used Jerry Wilkes [as a pseudonym. That’s part of my ex-husband’s name."
Kaplan says the film was written for Lee Marvin, Robert Mitchum, or Ernest Borgnine. "Larry Gordon at AIP said, "Well, we can't get any of them so now it's a black picture." Isaac Hayes was cast and that's how that came about."
Home media
In 2001 it was released on DVD.
In 2010, it was digitized in High Definition (1080i) and broadcast on MGM HD.
On July 7, 2015, Truck Turner was released on Blu-ray.
Attempted remake
In 2004, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Queen Latifah's production company, Flavor Unit Entertainment, attempted to remake the film, which was to have been written by Chris Frisina.
Soundtrack
The soundtrack for Truck Turner was composed by Isaac Hayes. The soundtrack failed to reach the mass popularity of the Hayes' previous soundtrack effort, Shaft soundtrack. It was originally released on a double record album on vinyl which are mostly found in the "bargain bins". However, in 1993, it was released in a double-CD album alongside Hayes' other lesser-known soundtrack for the movie Three Tough Guys and again released on its own CD in 2002. Some of the music score was used by filmmaker Quentin Tarantino in the Kill Bill series.
Track listing:
"Main Title (Truck Turner)"
"House Of Beauty"
"Blue's Crib"
"Driving In The Sun"
"Breakthrough"
"Now We're One"
"The Duke"
"Dorinda's Party"
"Pursuit Of The Pimpmobile"
"We Need Each Other Girl"
"A House Full Of Girls"
"Hospital Shootout"
"You're In My Arms Again"
"Give It To Me"
"Drinking"
"The Insurance Company"
"End Theme"
See also
List of American films of 1974
List of blaxploitation films
References
External links
1974 films
1970s action thriller films
American International Pictures films
Blaxploitation films
American thriller films
Films directed by Jonathan Kaplan
Films scored by Isaac Hayes
Isaac Hayes soundtracks
Albums produced by Isaac Hayes
Stax Records soundtracks
1970s English-language films
1970s American films |
4040314 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva%20Cruz | Eva Cruz | Eva Marie Cruz Dalmau (born January 22, 1974 in Toa Baja, Puerto Rico) is a member of the Puerto Rican national volleyball team. Cruz plays for Valencianas of Juncos in the Puerto Rican league of volleyball. She is for many "La Reina" (the queen) of volleyball in Puerto Rico.
She participated at the 2002 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship in Germany.
Cruz was the first player in the Puerto Rico women's volleyball league (Liga de Voleibol Superior Femenino) to have 4,000 points. She reached this mark on February 27, 2009. She reached 2,000 defenses on February 2, 2007, and 200 serves, to become second in league history.
Awards
Individuals
2006 Central American and Caribbean Games "Best Attacker"
See also
Volleyball in Puerto Rico
References
External links
News
Profile
1974 births
Living people
Puerto Rican women's volleyball players
People from Toa Baja, Puerto Rico
Volleyball players at the 2007 Pan American Games
Central American and Caribbean Games bronze medalists for Puerto Rico
Competitors at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games
Wing spikers
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in volleyball
Pan American Games competitors for Puerto Rico |
4040326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuyumi%20Ono | Fuyumi Ono | is a Japanese novelist best known for writing , which was adapted into a popular anime series. She is married to Yukito Ayatsuji, the author of the horror novel Another.
Biography
Ono is married to , a mystery novelist who writes under the pseudonym .
Her name after marriage to AYATSUJI Yukito, is UCHIDA Fuyumi, but she writes under her maiden name, which is Ono Fuyumi.
Before she started work on The Twelve Kingdoms, Fuyumi Ono wrote , a horror novel about a boy from another world. She later worked certain events from this novel into the Twelve Kingdoms series. Short stories set in the various kingdoms include: , , , and . In February, 2008, a new Twelve Kingdoms short story, "Hisho no Tori" (丕緒の鳥) was published in Shinchosha's Yomyom magazine.
On March 18, 2007, according to an interview at the Anime News Network, she is "currently rewriting a girls’ horror series (she) wrote long ago".
Major works
Akuryo Series (1989–92, 8 light novel volumes, Kodansha)
Ghost Hunt (also known as Nightmare Dwelling) (1994, 2 light novel volumes, Kodansha) – continuation of Akuryo Series but in a different setting
The Twelve Kingdoms (1992–2019, 9 novels and 2 short story collections, Kodansha, later Shinchosha)
Shiki (1998, novel in 2 volumes)
Works
Evil Spirit Series
Evil Spirit series (悪霊シリーズ - Akuryō series), Kodansha.
There are lots of Evil Spirits?! (悪霊がいっぱい!?) 1989.
There are really lots of Evil Spirits! (悪霊がホントにいっぱい!), 1989.
Too many Evil Spirits to sleep (悪霊がいっぱいで眠れない), 1990.
A lonely Evil Spirit (悪霊はひとりぼっち) 1990.
I Don't Want to Become an Evil Spirit! (悪霊になりたくない!), 1991.
Don't Call me an Evil Spirit (悪霊とよばないで), 1991.
I don't mind Evil Spirits 1 (悪霊だってヘイキ!〈上〉), 1992.
I don't mind Evil Spirits 2 (悪霊だってヘイキ!〈下〉), 1992.
Ghost Hunt Series
Ghost Hunt Series (ゴースト・ハントシリーズ) A continuation of the Evil Spirit series, but in a different setting
Nightmare Dwelling 1 (悪夢の棲む家(上)), 1994, Kodansha.
Nightmare Dwelling 2 (悪夢の棲む家(下)), 1994, Kodansha.
The Twelve Kingdoms
The Twelve Kingdoms series (十二国記), Kodansha, unless otherwise noted
Shadow of the Moon, Sea of the Shadow (月の影 影の海), 1992. US Publication: 3/2007, Tokyopop as The Twelve Kingdoms: Sea of Shadow
Sea of the Wind, Shore of the Labyrinth (風の海 迷宮の岸), 1993. US Publication: 3/2008, Tokyopop as The Twelve Kingdoms: Sea of Wind
Sea God of the East, Vast Sea of the West (東の海神 西の滄海), 1994. US Publication: 3/2009, Tokyopop as The Twelve Kingdoms: The Vast Spread of the Seas
A Thousand Miles of Wind, the Sky of Dawn (風の万里 黎明の空), 1994. US Publication: 3/2010, Tokyopop as The Twelve Kingdoms: Skies of Dawn
Aspired Wings (図南の翼), 1996.
"Drifting Ship" (漂舶), 1997 (short story)
Shore at Dusk, Sky at Dawn (黄昏の岸 暁の天), 2001.
Kashou's Dream (華胥の幽夢), 2001.
Prosperity in Winter (冬栄), originally published 4/2001 IN☆POCKET
Kashou (華胥), originally published 5/2001 Mephisto
Jougetsu (乗月)
Correspondence (書簡)
Kizan (帰山)
"The Birds of Hisho" (丕緒の鳥) 2/2008 (short story, published in Yomyom magazine)
"Rakusho no Goku" (落照の獄) 9/2009 (short story, published in Yomyom magazine)
The Birds of Hisho (丕緒の鳥), 2013, Shinchosha,
Silver Ruins, Black Moon (白銀の墟 玄の月), 2019, Shinchosha
Demon's Child (魔性の子 Mashō no Ko), 1991, Kodansha. . Loosely associated with The Twelve Kingdoms series
Other Novels
Can't Sleep on Birthday Eve (バースデー・イブは眠れない) 1988, Kodansha
Mephisto and Waltz! (メフィストとワルツ!) 1988, Kodansha , Continuation of Can't Sleep on Birthday Eve
Evil Spirits Aren't Scary (悪霊なんかこわくない), 1989, Kodansha.
Charmed 17 year old (呪われた17歳) 1990 朝日ソノラマ
17 Springs Passed (過ぎる十七の春 Sugiru Jūshichi no Haru), 1995, Kodansha. , an adaptation of Charmed 17 year old
Green Home Spirits (グリーンホームの亡霊たち) 1990年朝日ソノラマ刊
Home, Green Home (緑の我が家 Home、Green Home), 1997, Kodansha. 、an adaptation of Green Home Spirits
Strange Tōkei Tales (東亰異聞 - Tōkei Ibun) (runner-up for the 1993 Japan Fantasy Novel Award), 1994, Shinchosha.
Shiki (屍鬼, literally Corpse Demon), 1998, Shinchosha.
Island of the Black Shrine (黒祠の島), 2001, Shodensha.
Kura no Kami (くらのかみ), 2003, Kodansha.
Zan'e (残穢), 2012, Shinchosha.
Short story collection
Ghost Stories Storybook (鬼談百景). Serialized since June 2000 in the magazine Yuu. published in 2012
Short story
London, 1888 (倫敦、1888) 10/1993 Logout
References
External links
Kōdansha's Twelve Kingdoms Site
J'Lit | Authors : Fuyumi Ono | Books from Japan
1960 births
20th-century Japanese novelists
21st-century Japanese novelists
Japanese fantasy writers
Japanese mystery writers
Living people
Light novelists
Japanese children's writers
Writers from Ōita Prefecture
Japanese horror writers
20th-century Japanese women writers
21st-century Japanese women writers
21st-century Japanese writers
Japanese women children's writers
Women horror writers |
5376215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA%20Cup%20Final%20referees | FA Cup Final referees | In English football, the FA Cup Final, the deciding match of the FA Cup competition, is considered the highest domestic honour for referees to be appointed to officiate.
The most recent final (2021) was refereed by Michael Oliver, with Stuart Burt and Simon Bennett as assistant referees; Stuart Attwell was fourth official and Dan Cook reserve assistant referee.
Selection
By modern tradition, individuals are appointed to referee an FA Cup Final only once, a rule that has been in practice since 1902. They may have previously appeared as an assistant referee or fourth official.
However, due to the global COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the tradition was broken when Anthony Taylor became the first referee for over a century to officiate a second cup final. This was decided to allow a referee who would be officiating in a maiden final to experience the occasion as intended, with friends and family present and a stadium full of fans. In 2021, with the same crowd restrictions in place, Michael Oliver also refereed a second final.
David Elleray commented on his selection for the 1994 FA Cup Final:
Referees and assistants are chosen by the Football Association for their impartiality and their assessed performance scores for previous seasons. Only one referee has ever been replaced under the impartiality rule; Mike Dean agreed to pull out following questions in the media about him being able to referee a Cup Final involving Liverpool as he is from the Wirral, a peninsula situated near the city. Alan Wiley took his place.
Officials are informed of the appointment by the FA Referees' Secretary and sworn to secrecy until a public announcement can be made, usually the following day. There then follows a period of media attention resulting in interviews and features appearing in the national press.
Traditions
When the Cup Final is held at Wembley Stadium, traditions include the "Eve of the Final" rally at a central London location, where the match officials are guests of honour at a meal provided for by the Referees' Association. Many members of the Association including serving and past Cup Final referees also attend.
Speeches are made and the officials are presented with mementos of the occasion and invited to autograph their refereeing colleagues' Cup Final programmes. The referees usually sleep at White's Hotel, with FA protocol stating that they should not leave the grounds.
On the morning of the Cup Final, the officials take a pre-match walk through Hyde Park before travelling by limousine to Wembley. Once there they are obliged once more to autograph Cup Final programmes and are invited to join any VIPs in the banqueting hall.
Fees
For the 2013-14 season the officials' fees for the Cup Final were: referee and assistant referees £375 each; fourth official £320 and a souvenir medal each, plus travelling expenses.
Referees
1872-1977
1978-2009: Fourth official era
2010-2017: Fourth official and reserve assistant referee era
2018—: VAR and AVAR era
Referees with more than one final
References
Association football in England lists |
5376225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani%20Sievinen | Jani Sievinen | Jani Nikanor Sievinen (; born 31 March 1974) is a former medley swimmer from Finland, who won the silver medal in the 200 m individual medley at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. In winning the World Championship 200m individual medley title in 1994, he established a new world record of 1:58.16 which lasted for almost nine years until it was broken by Michael Phelps (USA).
Jani Sievinen was married to Mari Sievinen. They have three daughters (born 2008, 2010 and 2013). Sievinen also has two sons (born 1997 and 2001) from his previous marriage to Susanna Sievinen.
References
Personal website: www.janisievinen.com
1974 births
Living people
People from Vihti
Olympic swimmers of Finland
Finnish male freestyle swimmers
Finnish male backstroke swimmers
Finnish male medley swimmers
Olympic silver medalists for Finland
Swimmers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
World record setters in swimming
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists in swimming
Sportspeople from Uusimaa |
5376253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisarazu%20Cat%27s%20Eye | Kisarazu Cat's Eye | is a humorous Japanese television show and movie series. To date, there have been two Kisarazu Cat's Eye movies: Kisarazu Cat's Eye Nihon Series (2003) and Kisarazu Cat's Eye World Series (2006).
Synopsis
The story follows a 21-year-old young man named Kohei (Okada Junichi) in Kisarazu, a city in Chiba, Japan. Diagnosed with cancer he has 6 months to live, but instead of being depressed, he decides to make something of the time he has left.
The show focuses mainly on Kohei and his close friends: They grew up on the same high school baseball team. Kohei, known as Bussan to his close friends, forms the group "Kisarazu Cat's Eye" which also consists of Bambi (Sakurai Sho), Master (Ryuta Sato), Ani (Tsukamoto Takashi), and Ucchi (Okada Yoshinori). The theme of the group is based on a manga (Japanese comic) called Cat's Eye or キャッツ アイ. The friends, however, play baseball during the day while getting into mischief at night. Sometimes they solve life crises; mainly, however, they solve smaller, humorous problems.
Cast
Bussan (Kohei Tabuchi) - Junichi Okada
Bambi (Futoshi Nakagomi) - Sho Sakurai
Ucchi (Uchiyama) - Yoshinori Okada
Master (Shingo Okabayashi) - Ryuta Sato
Ani (Kizashi Sasaki) - Takashi Tsukamoto
Mouko - Wakana Sakai
Kaoru Nekota - Sadao Abe
Yamaguchi-senpai - Tomomitsu Yamaguchi
Mirei Asada - Hiroko Yakushimaru
The cafe owner - Daisuke Shima
Sasaki Jun (Ani's brother) - Hiroki Narimiya
Rose (The Second Generation Kisarazu Rose) - Aiko Morishita
Ojii / Ozu Yujirou & Shintaro - Arata Furuta
Kousuke Tabuchi (Bussan's Father) - Fumiyo Kohinata
Setsuko (Master's wife) - Mihoko Sunouchi
Miiko (Ucchi's girl) - Kami Hiraikawa
Ichiko - Yumiko Nosono
Takeda (Police Officer) - Hiroki Miyake
Vice Principal - Yasuhito Hida
Kishidan (氣志團) playing a fictional version of themselves in episode 7
You (actress) - Asari Mizuki
Episodes
External links
Official website (in Japanese)
Kin'yō Dorama
2002 Japanese television series debuts
2002 Japanese television series endings
Baseball television series
Television shows written by Kankurō Kudō |
5376264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bollywood%20Saga | The Bollywood Saga | The Bollywood Saga: Indian Cinema () is a concise overview of the history of Bollywood. It was written by Dinesh Raheja and Jitendra Kothari, with a foreword by Ismail Merchant, and published in 2004 by Roli Books.
2004 non-fiction books
Hindi cinema |
5376270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enying | Enying | Enying is a town in Fejér county, Hungary. The Olympian Géza Mészöly was born here.
Twin towns – sister cities
Enying is twinned with:
Bad Urach, Germany
Huedin, Romania
Świerklany, Poland
Yukamenskoye, Russia
References
External links
in Hungarian
Populated places in Fejér County |
5376271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesa%20Hanski | Vesa Hanski | Vesa Hanski (born September 13, 1973 in Turku) is a retired male butterfly and freestyle swimmer from Finland, who competed in two consecutive Summer Olympics for his native country, starting in 1992.
References
sports-reference
1973 births
Living people
Olympic swimmers of Finland
Finnish male freestyle swimmers
Finnish male butterfly swimmers
Swimmers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Turku |
5376279 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Parkinson | Mark Parkinson | Mark Vincent Parkinson (born June 24, 1957) is an American businessman and former politician serving as head of the American Health Care Association (AHCA) and National Center for Assisted Living (NCAL). He served as the 47th lieutenant governor of Kansas from 2007 to 2009 and the 45th governor of Kansas from 2009 until 2011. He was also a state legislator.
Early life, family, education, and career
Parkinson was born in 1957 in Wichita, Kansas, to a family with roots in Scott City, where Parkinson still owns a farm. Parkinson’s father, Hank, worked in advertising, public relations and political consulting. He married his wife Stacy (née Abbott) in 1983. They have three children.
Parkinson graduated from Wichita Heights High School. In 1980, he graduated summa cum laude from Wichita State University. In 1984, he graduated first in his class at the University of Kansas Law School. Parkinson won the national moot court championship during law school.
Parkinson immediately entered private practice after graduation. He was a founding partner of Parkinson, Foth & Orrick in 1986. In 1996, Parkinson left his law practice to develop elder care facilities in Kansas and Missouri. His wife was an attorney. In 2006, Parkinson and his wife sold two care facilities in Shawnee.
Kansas Legislature
Parkinson served in the Kansas House of Representatives from 1991 to 1993. He served in the Kansas Senate from 1993 to 1997. The districts he represented included Olathe, Kansas. During his time in the legislature, he helped write the state’s death penalty law. He also wrote legislation to facilitate the consolidation of the Wyandotte County government. He stood out for opposing a bill that would have banned flag burning. Parkinson declined to run for reelection to the state senate in 1996.
From 1999 to 2003, he was chairman of the Kansas Republican Party. He secured this role in part from the support of Governor William Graves. In 2004, he served as chairman of the Shawnee Area Chamber of Commerce, and in 2005, served as the "Chair of the Chairs" of the six chambers of commerce in Johnson County.
Lieutenant Governor of Kansas
In May 2006, Governor Kathleen Sebelius announced that Parkinson had switched parties and was her running mate for her reelection campaign, succeeding retiring Lieutenant Governor John E. Moore, also a former Republican who had switched parties shortly before he joined a ticket with Sebelius. Parkinson's business experience and track record of working with both Republicans and Democrats were the reasons Sebelius stated for choosing him.
As lieutenant governor, Parkinson focused a significant amount of time on energy issues. He served as co-chairman of the Kansas Energy Council. He also served on the Wind Working Group. In 2008, Parkinson participated in a delegation of lieutenant governors on a trade mission to China. As chairman of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Advisory Group, Parkinson helped decide how to spend federal stimulus funds allocated to Kansas.
Governor of Kansas
In March 2009, President Barack Obama announced that Sebelius as his nominee for United States Secretary of Health and Human Services. Sebelius resigned as governor of Kansas following her confirmation on April 28, 2009; Parkinson was sworn in as governor the same day. Parkinson stated he would not be a candidate in the 2010 election and was succeeded by Sam Brownback.
During his time as governor, Parkinson had to implement spending cuts and tax increases in order to manage a budget deficit. Under his leadership, the state developed a comprehensive energy policy including net metering, and a 10-year plan for maintaining transportation infrastructure. Parkinson implemented a smoking ban that included public places; taxicabs and limousines; common areas in public and private buildings, condominiums and other multiple-residential facilities and entries to most buildings.
Parkinson opposed moving detainees from Guantanamo Bay. Parkinson signed legislation to create a private cause of action for victims of child pornography. Parkinson lobbied the governors of Missouri and Nebraska to preserve the Big 12 Conference. He led a trade mission to Taiwan and another to mainland China.
Citing his bipartisan support and ability to move the state forward in challenging economic times, The Topeka Capital-Journal named Parkinson "Kansan of the Year" in 2009. In late 2010, Parkinson was honored by Kansas Advocates for Better Care for his work in elder care. Parkinson received the organization's second annual Caring Award, which is given to recognize exemplary contributions of leadership in providing quality care for frail elders and persons with disabilities in Kansas.
Post-political career
Parkinson and his wife, Stacy, have been involved in several campaigns to benefit non-profit and public organizations. The Parkinsons led a $4.29 million fundraising campaign for Sunflower House in 2002. They led another fundraising drive for SAFEHOME in 2005. Together with two other couples, the Parkinsons co-chaired the University of Kansas’ fundraising efforts from 2012 to 2016. $1.5 billion was raised under their leadership.
As of 2020, Parkinson is president and chief executive officer of the American Health Care Association (AHCA) and National Center for Assisted Living. (NCAL) The group represented about 9,000 facilities when Parkinson joined the association. Parkinson helped heal a major rift in the AHCA/NCAL and brought numerous providers who left to form their own association back into the fold. As of 2020, AHCA/NCAL has about 14,000 members.
As president and CEO of AHCA/NCAL, Parkinson was recognized by CEO Update as a “Top Association CEO” of 2013. He was named to Modern Healthcare’s “100 Most Influential People in Healthcare in 2015 and 2020. Parkinson has been recognized as a “Top Lobbyist” by The Hill in 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020.
Electoral history
References
External links
Office of the Governor Mark Parkinson (archived)
Kansan of the Year December 26, 2009
Publications concerning Kansas Governor Parkinson's administration available via the KGI Online Library
|-
|-
1957 births
American lawyers
Methodists from Kansas
Governors of Kansas
Kansas Democrats
Kansas state senators
Lieutenant Governors of Kansas
Living people
Members of the Kansas House of Representatives
Politicians from Wichita, Kansas
State political party chairs of Kansas
University of Kansas alumni
Kansas Republicans
Democratic Party governors of Kansas |
5376280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghino%20di%20Tacco | Ghino di Tacco | Ghinotto di Tacco, called Ghino, was an outlaw and a popular hero in thirteenth century Italy. He was born in the latter half of the thirteenth century in La Fratta, which is now part of Sinalunga in the Province of Siena. Born the son of a Ghibelline nobleman Tacco di Ugolino and brother of Turino, he was a scion of the Cacciaconti Monacheschi Tolomei family.
Along with his father and brother, he made a career of robbery and plunder while being hunted by the Sienese Republic. After they were caught, his father was executed in Siena’s Piazza del Campo, while Ghino managed to escape and sought refuge in Radicofani, a fortified city on the Via Cassia on the border between the Sienese Republic and the Papal States. There Ghino continued his career as a bandit, but in the manner of a gentleman, always leaving his victims with something to live on. Boccaccio depicts him as a good brigand (Brigante buono) in the Decameron, when relating his kidnapping of the Abbot of Cluny, in the second story of the tenth day:
Ghino di Tacco piglia l'abate di Clignì e medicalo del male dello stomaco e poi il lascia quale, tornato in corte di Roma, lui riconcilia con Bonifazio papa e fallo friere dello Spedale.
Translation: Ghino di Tacco seizes the Abbot of Cluny, cures him of his stomach ailment and then releases him; the abbot, having returned to the Roman court, reconciles Ghino with Pope Boniface and makes him prior of the Hospital.
Dante, in Canto VI, lines 13–14, of his Purgatorio points to Ghino’s ferocity when he refers to the death of the Aretine Benincasa da Latrina (jurist in Bologna, then judge of the Sienese Podestà):
Quiv'era l'Aretin che da le bracciafiere di Ghin di Tacco ebbe la morte.
Translation: Here was the Aretine who met his death at the fierce hands of Ghin di Tacco.
Life
Youth
The exact date of Ghino’s birth is unknown, but it must have been in the latter half of the thirteenth century, as there are extant reports of the actions of the Banda dei Quattro (Band of Four) which comprised his father Tacco di Ugolino, his uncle Ghino di Ugolino, Ghino himself, and his younger brother Turino. From his childhood, Ghino accompanied his father on his raids near his place of birth, the small castle-farm of La Fratta in Valdichiana.
It is believed that they had to resort to brigand activities because of the taxes imposed by the Sienese church on land properties in favor of the Papal States. The tax was deemed excessive by Ghibelline nobles of La Fratta. At that time, all the castles in the region — Asinalonga (now Sinalunga), Scrofiano, Rigomagno, Farnetella, Bettolle, Torrita di Siena — were owned by the powerful Sienese family of Cacciaconti; this granted them a degree of impunity from the central government in Siena.
This impunity ceased in July 1279 when Tacco razed the castle in Torrita di Siena. In the battle which followed, one Jacopino da Guardavalle was seriously wounded by Tacco. For this reason, aided by the Counts of Santa Fiora, Tacco and the others from the Banda dei Quattro were found guilty and condemned by the court of the Commune of Siena, which sought them for many years before capturing them in 1285. After being tortured, his uncle Ghino di Ugolino and his father Tacco di Ugolino were executed in Piazza del Campo in 1286. The sentence was given by Benincasa da Laterina (born in Arezzo) who was later appointed as senator and auditor in the court of the Papal States. Ghino and his brother Turino escaped the execution because they were underage and remained outside the political scene for some years.
The flight to Radicofani
In 1290, Ghino di Tacco returned to the “remunerative activities” started by his father, having been ordered to pay damages of 1000 soldi in recompense for a robbery he had carried out near San Quirico d'Orcia. In the meantime, Ghino showed his intention to occupy a fortified position near Sinalunga without the authorization of the Sienese commune. This course of action was not tolerated by the Sienese authorities who forced Ghino into exile beyond the borders of the Republic.
Ghino fled and occupied the impenetrable fortress of Radicofani, still in the territory of the Sienese Republic, but on the border with the Papal States. Here Ghino took part in a fight for the ownership of the fortress, managed to conquer it, and made that his base for his acts of banditry. From the hill of Radicofani, Ghino continued to rob the travellers on the Via Francigena, an important route for pilgrims travelling to Rome, which here followed the ancient Via Cassia. Ghino ambushed travellers, established the real nature of the goods they were carrying, and then stripped them of almost everything, but left them enough to survive and offered them a banquet. On account of this behaviour and because he allowed students and poor people to pass without harm, Ghino was considered a "Thief and a Gentleman," a sort of Robin Hood ante litteram.
His notoriety
Jealous of his reputation, he decided to avenge his father and his brother, and went to Rome to seek out Benincasa da Laterina, who had become an influential and well-known judge at the court of the Papal States. Leading four hundred men and armed with a pike, he entered the Papal tribunal in Campidoglio and beheaded Judge Benincasa. He impaled the head on his pike and brought it back to Radicofani, where he exposed the scalp on the tower for a long time. It was from this real example of punishment, having something from black chronicle fact, a golpe and a knightly feat, that Dante cited in the quoted verses of his Commedia, describing the Second Terrace of Purgatory, where the Negligent were seeking atonement.
After this macabre and theatrical feat, Ghino returned to val d'Orcia and resumed his acts of plunder, acquiring a legendary aura as a fierce and undefeated fighter. At this time, another event occurred which was to place him again under the literary spotlight. Boccaccio, in the second tale of the tenth day of Decameron, tells of how Ghino di Tacco behaved with the Abbot of Cluny. He, while travelling back from Rome after giving Pope Boniface VIII the money coming from the taxes exacted by the French Church, decided to take a cure for his liver and stomach (which were suffering from the Roman banquets) at the thermal spa of San Casciano dei Bagni. Ghino, knowing of the abbot’s coming, prepared an ambush and kidnapped him, without harming him in any way. Ghino locked the abbot in his tower in the fortress of Radicofani, giving him only bread and dried beans to eat and Vernaccia di San Gimignano to drink. This dietary regimen “miraculously” cured the abbot’s stomach pains, and he convinced the Pope to grant a pardon to Ghino di Tacco for the assassination of Benincasa, and appointed him as a Knight of St. John and Prior of the Ospedale di Santo Spirito (Hospital of the Holy Spirit). Ghino became loved again, even by Siena.
His end
Some historians claim that Ghino died in Rome. Others, such as Benvenuto da Imola, have noted that after the Papal and Sienese pardons he had no need to hide, and have argued that as a fundamentally kind man he devoted himself to acts of altruism and was killed in the first half of the fourteenth century while trying to stop a fight among foot soldiers and peasants in Asinalonga, only two kilometers from his birthplace. As an authority, Benvenuto da Imola has the advantage of being a near contemporary. He used to say that "[Ghino] wasn't so bad as some people write … but was an admirable, great and valorous man", thus furthering the rehabilitation of the character of Ghino di Tacco which had been begun by Dante and continued by Boccaccio.
Cultural references
The prominent Italian politician Bettino Craxi used the pseudonym “Ghino di Tacco” when signing his op-eds in the Italian Socialist Party's newspaper Avanti!; ironically, Craxi's political career ended amid a country-wide corruption scandal, and he eventually had to flee the country to avoid jail, while his party imploded and disappeared from the political scene.
In Radicofani and Sinalunga two monuments in honour of Ghino di Tacco have been recently erected.
Bibliography
Bentivogli, B. (1991), La vendetta di Ghino di Tacco. Per il commento a 'Purgatorio ', VI 13-14, in «Filologia e Critica», XVI, pp. 267–71
Bentivogli, B. (1992) Ghino di Tacco nella tradizione letteraria del Medioevo, a cura di Bruno Bentivogli, Salerno editore, 124pp, Rome
B. Craxi, Ghino di Tacco. Gesta e amistà di un brigante gentiluomo, Koinè Nuove edizioni, 148pp.
Guastaldi, A. (1984), Sinalunga nella storia. Edizioni Lui', Sinalunga
See also
Summary of Decameron tales
Palazzo Ghini
Notes
External links
The official website of the castle
Fernando Giaffreda: Ghino di Tacco
valdorcia.it : Ghino di Tacco
Site of the Parco della Val d'Orcia : The fortress of Radicofani
Ghino di Tacco: robbery, assault and forgiveness (in English)
Demetrio Piccini: Il Bandito Ghino di Tacco (Cartoons)
Sinalunga.it : La Fratta
13th-century births
Year of death unknown
People from Sinalunga
Italian thieves
Characters in The Decameron |
5376283 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerre%20Hancock | Gerre Hancock | Gerre Edward Hancock (February 21, 1934 – January 21, 2012) was an American organist, improviser, and composer. Hancock was Professor of Organ and Sacred Music at the University of Texas at Austin. He died of cardiac arrest in Austin, Texas, on Saturday, January 21, 2012.
Hancock was born in Lubbock, Texas. He received his Bachelor of Music degree from the University of Texas at Austin and his Master of Sacred Music degree from Union Theological Seminary in New York, from which he later received the Unitas Distinguished Alumnus Award. A recipient of a Rotary Foundation Fellowship, he also studied in Paris at the Sorbonne and during this time was a finalist at the ARD International Music Competition.
Hancock served as Organist at Second Baptist Church in Lubbock, Texas; Assistant Organist at Saint Bartholomew's Episcopal Church, New York; Organist and Choirmaster at Christ Church (now Christ Church Cathedral) in Cincinnati, Ohio; and Organist and Master of the Choristers at Saint Thomas Church Fifth Avenue in New York City from 1971 to 2004.
Hancock studied organ with E. William Doty, Robert Baker, Jean Langlais, and Marie-Claire Alain, and improvisation with Nadia Boulanger and Searle Wright (1918–2004). A Fellow of the American Guild of Organists, Hancock was a member of its National Council and was a founder and past president of the Association of Anglican Musicians. He served on the faculty of The Juilliard School in New York City and taught improvisation on a visiting basis at the Institute of Sacred Music, Yale University in New Haven, CT, and The Eastman School of Music in Rochester, New York.
In 1981, he was appointed a Fellow of the Royal School of Church Music and in 1995 was appointed a Fellow of the Royal College of Organists. Hancock received honorary Doctor of Music degrees from the Nashotah House Seminary and The University of the South at Sewanee, Tennessee. In May 2004 he was awarded the Doctor of Divinity degree (Honoris causa) from The General Theological Seminary in New York. He is listed in “Who’s Who in America,” and his biography appears in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd edition. In 2004 he was honored in a ceremony at Lambeth Palace in London where he was presented the Medal of the Cross of St. Augustine by the Archbishop of Canterbury. In May 2009, Hancock was made Doctor of Music (Honoris causa) at Westminster Choir College in Princeton, NJ. In June 2010, Hancock was presented the International Performer of the Year Award by the New York City Chapter of the American Guild of Organists. This is viewed by many as the most distinguished award that the American Guild of Organists bestows upon its colleagues.
A featured recitalist and lecturer at numerous regional conventions of the American Guild of Organists and at national conventions of the Guild in Philadelphia, Cleveland, Boston, Washington DC, Detroit, Houston and New York City, Hancock also represented the AGO as recitalist at the Centenary Anniversary of the Royal College of Organists in London. Hancock was heard in recital in many cities throughout the United States and worldwide. On occasion he performed in duo recitals with his wife, Judith Hancock.
His compositions for organ and chorus are widely performed. He recorded for Gothic Records, Decca/Argo, Koch International and Priory Records, both as a conductor of The St. Thomas Choir and as a soloist.
Selected Compositions
Organ solo
Air: a prelude for organ (composed 1960. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000)
Fantasy on "Divinum Mysterium" (. Melville, NY: H. W. Gray, 1973)
A paraphrase of "St. Elizabeth" (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975)
Prelude on "Hyfrydol" (Melville, NY: H. W. Gray, 1979)
Prelude and fugue on "Union Seminary" (Melville, NY: H. W. Gray, 1983)
Prelude on "Slane" (In: The AGO 90th-anniversary anthology of American organ music, ed. Philip Brunelle. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988)
Fanfare on "Antioch" (Joy to the world) (In: The Oxford book of Christmas organ music, ed. Robert Gower. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995)
A meditation on "Draw us in the spirit’s tether" (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998)
Variations on "Coronation" (Orleans, MA: Paraclete Press, 2000)
An Evocation of "Urbs beata Jerusalem" (Orleans, MA: Paraclete Press, 2016)
Variations on "Palm Beach" (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001)
Toccata (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003)
Variations on "Ora Labora" (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004)
A Laredo fanfare (Orleans, MA: Paraclete, 2016)
Two organs
Holy week (Orleans, MA: Paraclete Press, 2007)
Bibliography
Gerre Hancock: Improvising: how to master the art. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
Discography
The organ music of Gerre Hancock. Todd Wilson and Kevin Kwan, Organists. Organs at St. Thomas Church, New York. Richmond, VA: Raven Records, 2014. 2 CDs.
The Music of Gerre Hancock. The Saint Thomas Choir of Men and Boys, Fifth Avenue, New York; the Saint Thomas Brass; Jeremy Filsell. Signum Classics, 2021.
References
1934 births
2012 deaths
University of Paris alumni
University of Texas at Austin faculty
American classical organists
American male organists
Organ improvisers
Juilliard School faculty
Texas classical music
Recipients of the Cross of St Augustine
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century American male musicians
Male classical organists |
5376287 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polg%C3%A1rdi | Polgárdi | Polgárdi is a town in Fejér county, Hungary, reportedly the site where the Sevso Treasure was discovered.
Geography
Polgárdi is located at an altitude of about 144 metres, about 12 kilometres northeast of Lake Balaton, a resort area in western Hungary popular with German tourists, and about 30 kilometres southeast is Sárbogárd. About 17 kilometres northeast of Polgárdi is the city Székesfehérvár. South of Polgárdi runs the M7 motorway. In addition, the city is connected to the railway line from Székesfehérvár to Tapolca.
History
Lake Balaton was popular with Romans, especially for the generals who ruled Pannonia, the Roman province that now includes parts of Bosnia, Croatia, Hungary, Romania, and Albania. It was a hub of the Roman Empire, and therefore the site of trade routes and wars. In the fourth and fifth centuries Goths and Vandals swept down from the north.
In the Middle Ages, there were three settlements at the present Polgárdi site: Cinca, Polgárdi, and Bökény-somlyó. The first mention of Polgárdi dates from 1277. Since 1397, George Batthyány owned the land, until 1945 when the land left the control of the Batthyány family.
The nearby town of Fehérvár was settled in 1543, but it was often a double taxation victim (both the Hungarian landowners and the Turks paid the locals), so the population fell dramatically. Local people also actively participated in the 1848-49 War of Independence. After the expulsion of the Ottoman Turks, many locals were attracted to settlements, and civic development began in Polgárdi in the 19th century.
It is the reported location of the controversial Sevso Treasure, traced back to a villa excavated in the area, dating back to the late Roman Empire period. Hungarian authorities claim that the treasure was discovered by a young soldier, József Sümegh, in around 1975–76 near the town. Sümegh's body was found in a nearby cellar in 1980. The official investigation at the time determined that he had committed suicide, but later the police came to the conclusion that he had been killed. As of 2012 the criminal investigation is still ongoing.
Since 2013 it is the seat of the Polgárdi District, which ended in late 2014. The settlements that belonged to the Polgárdi District then became part of the Enyingi or Székesfehérvár District.
Sights
Reformed Church, built 1807–1811 (Late Baroque)
Catholic Church, Szent István király, built 1853
Twin towns – sister cities
Polgárdi is twinned with:
Dinkelland, Netherlands
Grafrath, Germany
Petrești, Romania
Vlčany, Slovakia
References
External links
in Hungarian
Populated places in Fejér County |
5376292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20L%C3%A1la | Jan Lála | Jan Lála (born 10 September 1938 in Libická Lhotka) is a Czech football player. He played for Czechoslovakia, for which he played 37 matches and scored one goal.
He was a participant in the 1962 FIFA World Cup, where Czechoslovakia won the silver medal.
In his country he spent his best years playing for SK Slavia Prague.
References
Slavia Prague profile
1938 births
Czech footballers
Czechoslovak footballers
1962 FIFA World Cup players
Living people
SK Slavia Prague players
FK Ústí nad Labem players
FC Lausanne-Sport players
Czechoslovakia international footballers
Czechoslovak expatriate footballers
Czechoslovak expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Expatriate footballers in Switzerland
Association football defenders
People from Havlíčkův Brod District
Sportspeople from the Vysočina Region |
5376301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyj%C3%B3lfr%20d%C3%A1%C3%B0ask%C3%A1ld | Eyjólfr dáðaskáld | Eyjólfr dáðaskáld (poet of deeds) was a skald active in the early 11th century. He was the court poet of Eiríkr Hákonarson for whom he composed the Bandadrápa, his only known poem. Eight stanzas and a refrain are preserved of the Bandadrápa in the kings' sagas, primarily Heimskringla, and in Skáldskaparmál. The content of the poem is also summarized in Fagrskinna. The preserved parts of Bandadrápa relate Eiríkr's early deeds; his killing of Skopti, his becoming a jarl at a young age, his raids in the Baltic and his attack on Ladoga. Judging from the Fagrskinna summary the complete poem was much more extensive, going up to the battle of Svöldr and beyond. It may have been composed around the year 1010.
Apart from what can be surmised from his poetry nothing is known about Eyjólfr. He may have been an Icelander like most known skalds of the period. The refrain of the Bandadrápa celebrates Eiríkr for conquering lands "according to the will of the gods", a phrase borrowed from Einarr skálaglamm's Vellekla. This pagan reference in a poem about the ostensibly Christian Eiríkr may suggest that the poet was himself a pagan.
References
Finlay, Alison (editor and translator) (2004). Fagrskinna, a Catalogue of the Kings of Norway. Brill Academic Publishers.
Eyjólfr dáðaskáld: Bandadrápa 1-9
Viking Age poets
11th-century poets
Norwegian poets |
5376302 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martonv%C3%A1s%C3%A1r | Martonvásár | Martonvásár is the 11th largest town in Fejér county, Hungary. It's a popular tourist destination in Hungary because of the Brunszvik Palace where Ludwig van Beethoven stayed and wrote "Für Elise". There is also a museum for Beethoven. The town is also famous for its English garden.
Gallery
External links
in Hungarian
Populated places in Fejér County
Palaces in Hungary |
5376303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium%20chloride | Vanadium chloride | Vanadium chloride may refer to:
Vanadium(II) chloride, VCl2
Vanadium(III) chloride, VCl3
Vanadium(IV) chloride, VCl4
Vanadium(V) chloride, VCl5 |
5376309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20R.%20Neal | John R. Neal | John Randolph Neal (November 26, 1836 – March 26, 1889) was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives for Tennessee's 3rd congressional district.
Biography
Neal was born near Clinton, Tennessee in Anderson County son of John O'Brien and Permelia Young Neal. He attended the common schools and Hiwasse College in Monroe County, Tennessee. He graduated from Emory and Henry College in Emory, Virginia in 1858. He taught school at Post Oak Springs and studied law; was admitted to the bar in 1859, and commenced practice in Athens, Tennessee. At the beginning of the war, he married to Mary E. C. Brown, daughter of Franklin Brown. They had three children; Dr. John R. Neal, Jr., Professor of Law at the University of Tennessee, and Scopes Trial attorney; Commander George F. Neal, U. S. N. and D. S. O. from King George V for distinguished service during World War I for sinking a German submarine, and Navy Cross from Congress for loyal service; and Amanda Neal Wheelock.
Career
During the Civil War, Neal enlisted in the Confederate Army and was elected captain of a Cavalry troop, which afterward became a part of the 16th Battalion, Tennessee Cavalry. He was subsequently promoted to lieutenant colonel of the battalion. He taught school for several years, settled at Rhea Springs, Tennessee, and continued the practice of law. He was a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1874. He served in the Tennessee Senate in 1878 and 1879, and served as its presiding officer in 1879.
Neal was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-ninth and Fiftieth Congresses. He served from March 4, 1885 to March 3, 1889, but declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1888 on account of ill health.
Death
Neal died at Rhea Springs, Tennessee, in Rhea County on March 26, 1889 (age 52 years, 120 days). He is interred at the W.F. Brown family cemetery in Post Oak Springs, Roane County, Tennessee.
References
External links
1836 births
1889 deaths
Members of the Tennessee House of Representatives
Tennessee state senators
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee
19th-century American politicians
People from Anderson County, Tennessee
People from Athens, Tennessee |
5376312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20sacrifice%20in%20Aztec%20culture | Human sacrifice in Aztec culture | Human sacrifice was common in many parts of Mesoamerica, so the rite was nothing new to the Aztecs when they arrived at the Valley of Mexico, nor was it something unique to pre-Columbian Mexico. Other Mesoamerican cultures, such as the Purépechas and Toltecs, and the Maya performed sacrifices as well and from archaeological evidence, it probably existed since the time of the Olmecs (1200–400 BC), and perhaps even throughout the early farming cultures of the region. However, the extent of human sacrifice is unknown among several Mesoamerican civilizations. What distinguished Aztec practice from Maya human sacrifice was the way in which it was embedded in everyday life. These cultures also notably sacrificed elements of their own population to the gods.
In 1519, explorers such as Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan and made observations of and wrote reports about the practice of human sacrifice. Bernal Díaz del Castillo, who participated in the Cortés expedition, made frequent mention of human sacrifice in his memoir True History of the Conquest of New Spain. There are a number of second-hand accounts of human sacrifices written by Spanish friars, that relate to the testimonies of native eyewitnesses. The literary accounts have been supported by archeological research. Since the late 1970s, excavations of the offerings in the Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan, and other archaeological sites, have provided physical evidence of human sacrifice among the Mesoamerican peoples. As of 2020, archaeologists have found 603 human skulls at the Hueyi Tzompantli in the archeological zone of the Templo Mayor.
A wide variety of interpretations of the Aztec practice of human sacrifice have been proposed by modern scholars. Many scholars now believe that Aztec human sacrifice, especially during troubled time like pandemic or other crisis, was performed in honor of the gods. Most scholars of Pre-Columbian civilization see human sacrifice among the Aztecs as a part of the long cultural tradition of human sacrifice in Mesoamerica.
Role of sacrifice in Aztec culture
Sacrifice was a common theme in the Aztec culture. In the Aztec "Legend of the Five Suns", all the gods sacrificed themselves so that mankind could live. Some years after the Spanish conquest of Mexico, a body of the Franciscans confronted the remaining Aztec priesthood and demanded, under threat of death, that they desist from this traditional practice. The Aztec priests defended themselves as follows:
What the Aztec priests were referring to was a cardinal Mesoamerican belief: that a great and continuing sacrifice by the gods sustains the Universe. A strong sense of indebtedness was connected with this worldview. Indeed, nextlahualli (debt-payment) was a commonly used metaphor for human sacrifice, and, as Bernardino de Sahagún reported, it was said that the victim was someone who "gave his service".
Human sacrifice was in this sense the highest level of an entire panoply of offerings through which the Aztecs sought to repay their debt to the gods. Both Sahagún and Toribio de Benavente (also called "Motolinía") observed that the Aztecs gladly parted with everything. Even the "stage" for human sacrifice, the massive temple-pyramids, was an offering mound: crammed with the land's finest art, treasure and victims; they were then buried underneath for the deities.
Additionally, the sacrifice of animals was a common practice, for which the Aztecs bred dogs, eagles, jaguars and deer. The cult of Quetzalcoatl required the sacrifice of butterflies and hummingbirds.
Self-sacrifice was also quite common; people would offer maguey thorns, tainted with their own blood and would offer blood from their tongues, ear lobes, or genitals. Blood held a central place in Mesoamerican cultures. The 16th-century Florentine Codex by Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún reports that in one of the creation myths, Quetzalcóatl offered blood extracted from a wound in his own penis to give life to humanity. There are several other myths in which Nahua gods offer their blood to help humanity.
Another theory is that human sacrifice was used to supply protein and other vital nutrients in the absence of large game animals, though this argument is controversial.
It is debated whether these rites functioned as a type of atonement for Aztec believers. Some scholars argue that the role of sacrifice was to assist the gods in maintaining the cosmos, and not as an act of propitiation. Aztec society viewed even the slightest tlatlacolli ('sin' or 'insult') as an extremely malevolent supernatural force. To avoid such calamities befalling their community, those who had erred punished themselves by extreme measures such as slitting their tongues for vices of speech or their ears for vices of listening. Other methods of atoning wrongdoings included hanging themselves, or throwing themselves down precipices.[16]
What has been gleaned from all of this is that the sacrificial role entailed a great deal of social expectation and a certain degree of acquiescence.
Holistic assessment
Flower wars
According to Diego Durán's History of the Indies of New Spain (and a few other sources that are believed to be based on the Crónica X), the Flower Wars were a ritual among the cities of Aztec Triple Alliance and Tlaxcala, Huexotzingo and Cholula. This form of ritual was introduced probably after mid-1450s following droughts and famine caused many deaths within the Mexican highlands. The droughts and damage to the crops were believed to be punishment by the gods for feeling unappreciated instead of being honored properly. Therefore, the Flower Wars became a way to obtain human sacrifices in a very structured and ceremonial manner which were then used as offerings.
This type of warfare differed from regular political warfare, as the Flower war was also used for combat training and as first exposure to war for new military members. In addition, regular warfare included the use of long range weapons such as atlatl darts, stones, and sling shots to damage the enemy from afar. During Flower wars, warriors were expected to fight up close and exhibit their combat abilities while aiming to injure the enemy, rather than kill them. The main objective of Aztec Flower warfare was to capture victims alive for use later in ritual execution, and offerings to the gods. When death occurred from battling in a Flower War, it was considered much more noble than dying in a regular military battle. Additionally, death in the Flower Wars contained religious importance as those who died were thought to live in heaven with the war god, Huitzilopochtli.
Sacrifice ritual
Human sacrifice rituals were performed at the appropriate times each month or festival with the appropriate number of living bodies, and other goods. These individuals were previously chosen to be sacrificed, as was the case for people embodying the gods themselves, or members of an enemy party which had been captured and prepared to be sacrificed. Even enemies of the Aztecs understood their roles as sacrifices to the gods since many also practiced the same type of religion. For many rites, the victims were expected to bless children, greet and cheer passers-by, hear people's petitions to the gods, visit people in their homes, give discourses and lead sacred songs, processions and dances.
A great deal of cosmological thought seems to have underlain each of the Aztec sacrificial rites. Most of the sacrificial rituals took more than two people to perform. In the usual procedure of the ritual, the sacrifice would be taken to the top of the temple. The sacrifice would then be laid on a stone slab, a chacmool, by four priests, and their abdomen would be sliced open by a fifth priest with a ceremonial knife made of flint. The most common form of human sacrifice was heart-extraction. The Aztec believed that the heart (tona) was both the seat of the individual and a fragment of the Sun's heat (istli). The chacmool was a very important religious tool used during sacrifices. The cut was made in the abdomen and went through the diaphragm. The priest would grab the heart which would be placed in a bowl held by a statue of the honored god, and the body would then be thrown down the temple's stairs. The body would land on a terrace at the base of the pyramid called an apetlatl.
Before and during the killing, priests and audience, gathered in the plaza below, stabbed, pierced and bled themselves as auto-sacrifice. Hymns, whistles, spectacular costumed dances and percussive music marked different phases of the rite.
The body parts would then be disposed of, the viscera fed to the animals in the zoo, and the bleeding head was placed on display in the tzompantli or the skull rack. When the consumption of individuals was involved, the warrior who captured the enemy was given the meaty limbs while the most important flesh, the stomach and chest, were offerings to the gods.
Other types of human sacrifice, which paid tribute to various deities, killed the victims differently. The victim could be shot with arrows, die in gladiatorial style fighting, be sacrificed as a result of the Mesoamerican ballgame, burned, flayed after being sacrificed, or drowned.
Those individuals who were unable to complete their ritual duties were disposed of in a much less honorary matter. This "insult to the gods" needed to be atoned, therefore the sacrifice was slain while being chastised instead of revered. The conquistadors Cortés and Alvarado found that some of the sacrificial victims they freed "indignantly rejected [the] offer of release and demanded to be sacrificed".
Scope of human sacrifice in Aztec culture
Some post-conquest sources report that at the re-consecration of Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan in 1487, the Aztecs sacrificed about 80,400 prisoners over the course of four days. This number is considered by Ross Hassig, author of Aztec Warfare, to be an exaggeration. Hassig states "between 10,000 and 80,400 persons" were sacrificed in the ceremony. The higher estimate would average 15 sacrifices per minute during the four-day consecration. Four tables were arranged at the top so that the victims could be jettisoned down the sides of the temple. Additionally, many historians argue that these numbers were inaccurate as most written account of Aztec sacrifices were made by Spanish sources to justify Spain's conquest. Nonetheless, according to Codex Telleriano-Remensis, old Aztecs who talked with the missionaries told about a much lower figure for the reconsecration of the temple, approximately 4,000 victims in total.
Michael Harner, in his 1977 article The Enigma of Aztec Sacrifice, cited an estimate by Borah of the number of persons sacrificed in central Mexico in the 15th century as high as 250,000 per year which may have been one percent of the population. Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxochitl, a Mexica descendant and the author of Codex Ixtlilxochitl, estimated that one in five children of the Mexica subjects was killed annually. Victor Davis Hanson argues that a claim by Don Carlos Zumárraga of 20,000 per annum is "more plausible". Other scholars believe that, since the Aztecs often tried to intimidate their enemies, it is more likely that they could have inflated the number as a propaganda tool. The same can be said for Bernal Díaz's inflated calculations when, in a state of visual shock, he grossly miscalculated the number of skulls at one of the seven Tenochtitlan tzompantlis. The counter argument is that both the Aztecs and Diaz were very precise in the recording of the many other details of Aztec life, and inflation or propaganda would be unlikely. According to the Florentine Codex, fifty years before the conquest the Aztecs burnt the skulls of the former tzompantli. Archeologist Eduardo Matos Moctezuma has unearthed and studied some tzompantlis. In 2003, archaeologist Elizabeth Graham noted that the largest number of skulls yet found at a single tzompantli was only about a dozen. In 2015, Raùl Barrera Rodríguez, archeologist and director of the Urban Archaeology Program at National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH), discovered a skull rack and skull towers next to the Templo Mayor complex that could have held thousands of skulls. However, as of 2020, only 603 skulls have ever been found associated with human sacrifice.
Every Aztec warrior would have to provide at least one prisoner for sacrifice. All the male population was trained to be warriors, but only the few who succeeded in providing captives could become full-time members of the warrior elite. Accounts also state that several young warriors could unite to capture a single prisoner, which suggests that capturing prisoners for sacrifice was challenging.
There is still much debate as to what social groups constituted the usual victims of these sacrifices. It is often assumed that all victims were 'disposable' commoners or foreigners. However, slaves – a major source of victims – were not a permanent class but rather persons from any level of Aztec society who had fallen into debt or committed some crime. Likewise, most of the earliest accounts talk of prisoners of war of diverse social status, and concur that virtually all child sacrifices were locals of noble lineage, offered by their own parents. That women and children were not excluded from potential victims is attested by a tzompantli found in 2015 at Templo Mayor in the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan.
It is doubtful if many victims came from far afield. In 1454, the Aztec government forbade the slaying of captives from distant lands at the capital's temples. Duran's informants told him that sacrifices were consequently 'nearly always ... friends of the [Royal] House' – meaning warriors from allied states.
Sacrifices to specific gods
Huitzilopochtli
Huitzilopochtli was the tribal deity of the Mexica and, as such, he represented the character of the Mexican people and was often identified with the sun at the zenith, and with warfare, who burned down towns and carried a fire-breathing serpent, Xiuhcoatl. He was considered the primary god of the south and a manifestation of the sun, and a counterpart of the black Tezcatlipoca, the primary god of the north, "a domain associated with Mictlan, the underworld of the dead".
Huitzilopochtli was worshipped at the Templo Mayor, which was the primary religious structure of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan. The Templo Mayor consisted of twin pyramids, one for Huitzilopochtli and one for the rain god Tlaloc (discussed below).
When the Aztecs sacrificed people to Huitzilopochtli (the god with warlike aspects) the victim would be placed on a sacrificial stone. The priest would then cut through the abdomen with an obsidian or flint blade. The heart would be torn out still beating and held towards the sky in honor to the Sun-God. The body would then be pushed down the pyramid where the Coyolxauhqui stone could be found. The Coyolxauhqui Stone recreates the story of Coyolxauhqui, Huitzilopochtli's sister who was dismembered at the base of a mountain, just as the sacrificial victims were. The body would be carried away and either cremated or given to the warrior responsible for the capture of the victim. He would either cut the body in pieces and send them to important people as an offering, or use the pieces for ritual cannibalism. The warrior would thus ascend one step in the hierarchy of the Aztec social classes, a system that rewarded successful warriors.
During the festival of Panquetzaliztli, of which Huitzilopochtli was the patron, sacrificial victims were adorned in the manner of Huitzilopochtli's costume and blue body paint, before their hearts would be sacrificially removed. Representations of Huitzilopochtli called teixiptla were also worshipped, the most significant being the one at the Templo Mayor which was made of dough mixed with sacrificial blood.
Tezcatlipoca
Tezcatlipoca was generally considered the most powerful god, the god of night, sorcery and destiny (the name tezcatlipoca means "smoking mirror", or "obsidian"), and the god of the north. The Aztecs believed that Tezcatlipoca created war to provide food and drink to the gods. Tezcatlipoca was known by several epithets including "the Enemy" and "the Enemy of Both Sides", which stress his affinity for discord. He was also deemed the enemy of Quetzalcoatl, but an ally of Huitzilopochtli. Tezcatlipoca had the power to forgive sins and to relieve disease, or to release a man from the fate assigned to him by his date of birth; however, nothing in Tezcatlipoca's nature compelled him to do so. He was capricious and often brought about reversals of fortune, such as bringing drought and famine. He turned himself into Mixcoatl, the god of the hunt, to make fire. To the Aztecs, he was an all-knowing, all-seeing nearly all-powerful god. One of his names can be translated as "He Whose Slaves We Are".
Some captives were sacrificed to Tezcatlipoca in ritual gladiatorial combat. The victim was tethered in place and given a mock weapon. He died fighting against up to four fully armed jaguar knights and eagle warriors.
During the 20-day month of Toxcatl, a young impersonator of Tezcatlipoca would be sacrificed. Throughout a year, this youth would be dressed as Tezcatlipoca and treated as a living incarnation of the god. The youth would represent Tezcatlipoca on earth; he would get four beautiful women as his companions until he was killed. In the meantime he walked through the streets of Tenochtitlan playing a flute. On the day of the sacrifice, a feast would be held in Tezcatlipoca's honor. The young man would climb the pyramid, break his flute and surrender his body to the priests. Sahagún compared it to the Christian Easter.
Huehueteotl/Xiuhtecuhtli
Xiuhtecuhtli is the god of fire and heat and in many cases is considered to be an aspect of Huehueteotl, the "Old God" and another fire deity.
Both Xiuhtecuhtli and Huehueteotl were worshipped during the festival of Izcalli. For ten days preceding the festival various animals would be captured by the Aztecs, to be thrown in the hearth on the night of celebration.
To appease Huehueteotl, the fire god and a senior deity, the Aztecs had a ceremony where they prepared a large feast, at the end of which they would burn captives; before they died they would be taken from the fire and their hearts would be cut out. Motolinía and Sahagún reported that the Aztecs believed that if they did not placate Huehueteotl, a plague of fire would strike their city. The sacrifice was considered an offering to the deity.
Xiuhtecuhtli was also worshipped during the New Fire Ceremony, which occurred every 52 years, and prevented the ending of the world. During the festival priests would march to the top of the volcano Huixachtlan and when the constellation "the fire drill" (Orion's belt) rose over the mountain, a man would be sacrificed. The victim's heart would be ripped from his body and a ceremonial hearth would be lit in the hole in his chest. This flame would then be used to light all of the ceremonial fires in various temples throughout the city of Tenochtitlan.
Tlaloc
Tlaloc is the god of rain, water, and earthly fertility. The Aztecs believed that if sacrifices were not supplied for Tlaloc, rain would not come, their crops would not flourish, and leprosy and rheumatism, diseases caused by Tlaloc, would infest the village.
Archaeologists have found the remains of at least 42 children sacrificed to Tlaloc at the Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan. Many of the children suffered from serious injuries before their death, they would have to have been in significant pain as Tlaloc required the tears of the young as part of the sacrifice. The priests made the children cry during their way to immolation: a good omen that Tlaloc would wet the earth in the raining season.
In the Florentine Codex, also known as General History of the Things of New Spain, Sahagún wrote:
Xipe Totec
Xipe Totec, known as "Our Lord the Flayed One", is the god of rebirth, agriculture, the seasons, and craftsmen.
Xipe Totec was worshipped extensively during the festival of Tlacaxipehualiztli, in which captured warriors and slaves were sacrificed in the ceremonial center of the city of Tenochtitlan. For forty days prior to their sacrifice one victim would be chosen from each ward of the city to act as ixiptla, dress and live as Xipe Totec. The victims were then taken to the Xipe Totec's temple where their hearts would be removed, their bodies dismembered, and their body parts divided up to be later eaten. Prior to death and dismemberment the victim's skin would be removed and worn by individuals who traveled throughout the city fighting battles and collecting gifts from the citizens.
Calendar of sacrifice
The 52-year cycle
The cycle of fifty-two years was central to Mesoamerican cultures. The Nahua's religious beliefs were based on a great fear that the universe would collapse after each cycle if the gods were not strong enough. Every fifty-two years a special New Fire ceremony was performed. All fires were extinguished and at midnight a human sacrifice was made. The Aztecs then waited for the dawn. If the Sun appeared it meant that the sacrifices for this cycle had been enough. A fire was ignited on the body of a victim, and this new fire was taken to every house, city and town. Rejoicing was general: a new cycle of fifty-two years was beginning, and the end of the world had been postponed, at least for another 52-year cycle.
Sacrifices were made on specific days. Sahagún, Juan Bautista de Pomar and Motolinía report that the Aztecs had eighteen festivities each year, one for each Aztec month. The table below shows the festivals of the 18-month year of the Aztec calendar and the deities with which the festivals were associated.
Primary sources
Visual accounts of Aztec sacrificial practice are principally found in codices and some Aztec statuary. Many visual renderings were created for Spanish patrons, and thus may reflect European preoccupations and prejudices. Produced during the 16th century, the most prominent codices include the Ríos, Tudela, Telleriano-Remensis, Magliabechiano, and Sahagún's Florentine. A contrast is offered in the few Aztec statues that depict sacrificial victims, which show an Aztec understanding of sacrifice. Rather than showing a preoccupation with debt repayment, they emphasize the mythological narratives that resulted in human sacrifices, and often underscore the political legitimacy of the Aztec state. For instance, the Coyolxauhqui stone found at the foot of the Templo Mayor commemorates the mythic slaying of Huitzilopochli's sister for the matricide of Coatlicue; it also, as Cecelia Kline has pointed out, "served to warn potential enemies of their certain fate should they try to obstruct the state's military ambitions".
In addition to the accounts provided by Sahagún and Durán, there are other important texts to be considered. Juan de Grijalva, Hernán Cortés, Juan Díaz, Bernal Díaz, Andrés de Tapia, Francisco de Aguilar, Ruy González and the Anonymous Conqueror detailed their eyewitness accounts of human sacrifice in their writings about the Conquest of Mexico. However, as the conquerors often used such accounts to portray the Aztecs in a negative light, and thus justifying their colonization, the accuracy of these sources has been called into question. Martyr d'Anghiera, Lopez de Gomara, Oviedo y Valdes and Illescas, while not in Mesoamerica, wrote their accounts based on interviews with the participants. Bartolomé de las Casas and Sahagún arrived later to New Spain but had access to direct testimony, especially of the indigenous people.
Juan de Grijalva and Juan Díaz
Juan de Grijalva was one of the first Spaniards to explore Mexico and traveled on his expedition in 1518 with Juan Díaz. Diaz wrote Itinerario de Grijalva before 1520, in which he describes the aftermath of a sacrifice on an island off the coast of Veracruz. He said, When he reached said tower the Captain asked him why such deeds were committed there and the Indian answered that it was done as a kind of sacrifice and gave to understand that the victims were beheaded on the wide stone; that the blood was poured into the vase and that the heart was taken out of the breast and burnt and offered to the said idol. The fleshy parts of the arms and legs were cut off and eaten. This was done to the enemies with whom they were at war.
Bernal Díaz
Bernal Díaz corroborates Juan Díaz's history:
In The Conquest of New Spain Díaz recounted that, after landing on the coast, they came across a temple dedicated to Tezcatlipoca. "That day they had sacrificed two boys, cutting open their chests and offering their blood and hearts to that accursed idol". Díaz narrates several more sacrificial descriptions on the later Cortés expedition. Arriving at Cholula, they find "cages of stout wooden bars ... full of men and boys who were being fattened for the sacrifice at which their flesh would be eaten". When the conquistadors reached Tenochtitlan, Díaz described the sacrifices at the Great Pyramid:
According to Bernal Díaz, the chiefs of the surrounding towns, for example Cempoala, would complain on numerous occasions to Cortés about the perennial need to supply the Aztecs with victims for human sacrifice. It is clear from his description of their fear and resentment toward the Mexicas that, in their opinion, it was no honor to surrender their kinsmen to be sacrificed by them.
At the town of Cingapacigna Cortez told the chiefs that for them to become friends and brothers of the Spaniards they must end the practice of making sacrifices. According to Bernal Diaz:
On meeting a group of inhabitants from Cempoala who gave Cortes and his men food and invited them to their village:
Hernán Cortés and the Anonymous Conquistador
Cortés was the Spanish conquistador whose expedition to Mexico in 1519 led to the fall of the Aztecs, and led to the conquering of vast sections of Mexico on behalf of the Crown of Castile.
Cortés wrote of Aztec sacrifice on numerous occasions, one of which in his Letters, he states:
The Anonymous Conquistador was an unknown travel companion of Cortés who wrote Narrative of Some Things of New Spain and of the Great City of Temestitan which details Aztec sacrifices.
The Anonymous Conquistador wrote, They lead him to the temple, where they dance and carry on joyously, and the man about to be sacrificed dances and carries on like the rest. At length the man who offers the sacrifice strips him naked, and leads him at once to the stairway of the tower where is the stone idol. Here they stretch him on his back, tying the hands to the sides and fastening the legs ... Soon comes the sacrificing priest—and this is no small office among them—armed with a stone knife, which cuts like steel, and is as big as one of our large knives. He plunges the knife into the breast, opens it, and tears out the heart hot and palpitating. And this as quickly as one might cross himself. At this point the chief priest of the temple takes it, and anoints the mouth of the principal idol with the blood; then filling his hand with it he flings it towards the sun, or towards some star, if it be night. Then he anoints the mouths of all the other idols of wood and stone, and sprinkles blood on the cornice of the chapel of the principal idol. Afterwards they burn the heart, preserving the ashes as a great relic, and likewise they burn the body of the sacrifice, but these ashes are kept apart from those of the heart in a different vase.
Archaeological evidence of human sacrifice
Modern excavations in Mexico City have found evidence of human sacrifice in the form of hundreds of skulls at the site of old temples.
Other human remains found in the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan contribute to the evidence of human sacrifice through osteologic information. Indentations in the rib cage of a set of remains reveal the act of accessing the heart through the abdominal cavity, which correctly follows images from the codices in the pictorial representation of sacrifice.
Proposed explanations
Ecological explanation
Different anthropological or other sources have attempted to explain a possible ecological explanation of the need for human sacrifices to supplement overall Aztec diet. Harner's main argument lies within his claim that cannibalism is needed to assist the diet of the Aztecs. He claimed that very high population pressure and an emphasis on maize agriculture, without domesticated herbivores, led to a deficiency of essential amino acids amongst the Aztecs. As population increased and the amount of available game decreased, the Aztecs had to compete with other carnivorous mammals, such as dogs, to find food. Harner believes that although intensified agricultural practices provided the Aztec society a surplus of carbohydrates, they did not provide sufficient nutritional balance; for this reason, the cannibalistic consumption of sacrificed humans was needed to supply an appropriate amount of protein per individual. Harris, author of Cannibals and Kings, has propagated the claim originally proposed by Harner, that the flesh of the victims was a part of an aristocratic diet as a reward, since the Aztec diet was lacking in proteins.
However, Bernard Ortiz Montellano offers a counter argument and points out the faults of Harner's sources. First off, Ortiz challenges Harner's claim of the Aztecs needing to compete with other carnivorous mammals for protein packed food. Many other types of foods were available to the Aztecs, including meat from salamanders, fowls, armadillos, and weasels. These resources were also plenty available due to their need to subsist in Lake Texcoco, the place where the Aztecs had created their home. In addition, even if no herbivores were available to eat, the nutrients needed were found in the leaves and seeds of amaranth which also provided protein. Lastly, the Aztecs had a highly structured system in which chinampas and tribute provided a surplus of materials and therefore ensured the Aztec were able to meet their caloric needs.
Ortiz's argument helps to frame and evaluate the gaps within Harner's argument. Part of the issue with Harner's reasoning for Aztec use of cannibalism was the lack of reliability of his sources. Harner recognized the numbers he used may be contradicting or conflicting with other sources, yet he continued to use these sources and claimed them as reliable. Ortiz qualifies Harner's sources as Spanish propaganda, and states the need to critique primary sources of interactions with the Aztecs. By dehumanizing and villainizing Aztec culture, the Spaniards were able to justify their own actions for conquest. Therefore, encounters with sacrificial cannibalism were said to be grossly exaggerated and Harner used the sources to aid his argument. However, it is unlikely that the Spanish conquerors would need to invent additional cannibalism to justify their actions given that human sacrifice already existed, as attested by archeological evidence. Overall, ecological factors alone are not sufficient to account for human sacrifice and, more recently, it is posited that religious beliefs have a significant effect on motivation.
Religious explanation
Sacrifices were ritualistic and symbolic acts accompanying huge feasts and festivals, and were a way to properly honor the gods. Victims usually died in the "center stage" amid the splendor of dancing troupes, percussion orchestras, elaborate costumes and decorations, carpets of flowers, crowds of thousands of commoners, and all the assembled elite. Aztec texts frequently refer to human sacrifice as neteotoquiliztli, "the desire to be regarded as a god". These members of the society became an ixiptla—that is, a god's representative, image or idol.
For each festival, at least one of the victims took on the paraphernalia, habits, and attributes of the god or goddess whom they were dying to honor or appease. Through this performance, it was said that the divinity had been given 'human form'—that the god now had an ixitli (face). Duran says such victims were 'worshipped ... as the deity' or 'as though they had been gods'. Even whilst still alive, ixiptla victims were honored, hallowed and addressed very highly. Particularly the young man who was indoctrinated for a year to submit himself to Tezcatlipoca's temple was the Aztec equivalent of a celebrity, being greatly revered and adored to the point of people "kissing the ground" when he passed by.
Posthumously, their remains were treated as actual relics of the gods which explains why victims' skulls, bones and skin were often painted, bleached, stored and displayed, or else used as ritual masks and oracles. For example, Diego Duran's informants told him that whoever wore the skin of the victim who had portrayed god Xipe (Our Lord the Flayed One) felt he was wearing a holy relic. He considered himself 'divine'.
Political explanation
Politically, human sacrifice was important in Aztec culture as a way to represent a social hierarchy between their own culture and the enemies surrounding their city. Additionally, it was a way to structure the society of the Aztec culture itself. The hierarchy of cities like Tenochtitlan were tiered with the Tlatoani (emperor) on the top, the remaining nobles (pipiltin) next who managed the land owned by the emperor. Then the warriors, the pochteca (merchants), commoners and farmers. Then the lowest level of the hierarchy consisted of slaves and indentured servants. The only way of achieving social mobility was through successful performance as a warrior. This shows how important capturing enemies for sacrifice was as it was the singular way of achieving some type of "nobility".
Within the system of organization based on hierarchy, there was also a social expectation contributing to the status of an individual at the time of their sacrifice. An individual was punished if unable to confidently address their own sacrifice, i.e. the person acted cowardly beforehand instead of brave. Then, instead of being sacrificed honorably, their lowly death paralleled their new lowly status. Where one's body traveled in the afterlife also depended on the type of death awarded to the individual. Those who died while being sacrificed or while battling in war went to the second-highest heaven, while those who died of illness were the lowest in the hierarchy. Those going through the lowest hierarchy of death were required to undergo numerous torturous trials and journeys, only to culminate in a somber underworld. Additionally, death during Flower Wars was considered much more noble than death during regular military endeavors.
See also
Aztec religion
Human sacrifice in Maya culture
Human trophy taking in Mesoamerica
Footnotes
Bibliography
Ingham, John M. "Human Sacrifice at Tenochtitln." Society for Comparative Studies in Society and History 26 (1984): 379–400.
External links
" The Custom of Aztec Burial" is a part of the Tovar Codex from around 1585
Aztec society
Aztec mythology and religion
Human sacrifice
Sacrificios Aztecas (mexicas) |
5376316 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois%20Archaeological%20Survey | Illinois Archaeological Survey | The Illinois Archaeological Survey is a society of professional archaeologists and other technical professionals, dedicated to identifying and preserving important archaeological resources throughout the state of Illinois. The survey was founded in 1956 and is one of the oldest professional archaeological societies in the Americas.Beyond its bulletins, circulars, monographs, and special publications, the survey produces a peer-reviewed academic journal of archaeology entitled Illinois Archaeology. An annual fall conference focuses on some of the previous year's more significant archaeological endeavors. The annual business meeting takes place just prior to the conference.
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The Illinois Archaeological Survey was conceived at the Urbana Archaeological Conference in January, 1956. The IAS has since been involved in a variety of activities. Illinois' state historic preservation office tasked the IAS with cataloging sites of interest in 1971. During that survey, the IAS, via partnerships with museums and universities, identified more than 25,000 sites, although not all of these have been made public. The IAS has sponsored the Illinois Archaeology Awareness Month, which takes place in September. Illinois celebrated its bicentennial in 2018, and the IAS produced a leaflet highlighting projects in the state beginning in the 1700-1800s. The site includes short videos depicting field work in Illinois.
References
External links
Illinois Archaeology
Illinois State Archaeological Survey
Archaeological professional associations |
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Extreme Weight Loss
Hoarding: Buried Alive
Jon & Kate Plus 8 / Kate Plus 8
Little People, Big World
Supernanny
World's Strictest Parents
17 Kids and Counting
Split Ends
The Biggest Loser
The Rachael Ray Show
Toddlers & Tiaras
Extreme Couponing
Mystery Diagnosis
Dating Naked (Brazil)
References
External links
Discovery Home & Health Latin America
Home Health
Warner Bros. Discovery networks
Television channels and stations established in 1998
Defunct Australian television channels
English-language television stations in Australia
ms:Discovery Real Time |
5376325 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adony | Adony | Adony (formerly Duna-Adony; ; or ) is a town in Fejér County, Hungary.
Twin towns – sister cities
Adony is twinned with:
Oberweser, Germany (1995)
Szczekociny, Poland (2001)
Cehu Silvaniei, Romania (2009)
People
Teréz Csillag, actress
References
External links
in Hungarian
Aerialphotgraphs of Adony
The jewish community in Adony On JewishGen website.
Populated places in Fejér County
Shtetls
Jewish communities in Hungary
Jewish communities destroyed in the Holocaust |
5376327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek%20Vesel%C3%BD | František Veselý | František Veselý (7 December 1943, in Prague – 30 October 2009) was a Czech football player. He played on the right wing and was known for his technique. He spent his best football years playing for SK Slavia Prague.
He played for Czechoslovakia, for whom he appeared in 34 matches and scored three goals. He was a participant in the 1970 FIFA World Cup and in the 1976 UEFA European Championship, where Czechoslovakia won the gold medal. In extra time of the semi final of EURO 1976 against the Netherlands, he provided a pass to Zdeněk Nehoda, who scored to give Czechoslovakia a 2–1 lead. He then scored himself as the game finished 3–1 and the team reached the final.
Veselý died of heart failure on 30 October 2009 at the age of 65.
References
Zemřel František Veselý, legendu fotbalu zradilo srdce
1943 births
2009 deaths
Czechoslovak footballers
Czech footballers
Czechoslovakia international footballers
1970 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 1976 players
UEFA European Championship-winning players
Footballers from Prague
Austrian Football Bundesliga players
SK Slavia Prague players
Dukla Prague footballers
SK Rapid Wien players
Expatriate footballers in Austria
Czechoslovak expatriate footballers
Czechoslovak expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Association football forwards
First Vienna FC players |
5376330 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sameksha | Sameksha | Sameksha Singh (born 8 October 1985), known mononymously as Sameksha, is an Indian film and television actress. She has played a range of characters in various series and films, in multiple languages including Tamil, Telugu, Punjabi, Hindi and Kannada.
Personal life
Sameksha is a Punjabi and she was born on 8 October 1985 in Chandigarh. Sameksha later relocated to Mumbai to pursue a career in acting.
In July 2020, Sameksha married singer Shael Oswal in Singapore.
Career
Sameksha made her debut in the film industry when director Puri Jagannadh cast her as the lead in the 2004 Telugu film 143. Months later, she subsequently appeared in the 2005 Tamil film Arinthum Ariyamalum, where she starred opposite Navdeep and Arya.
Sameksha earned further success with the 2014 drama Fateh, following which she was awarded the Balraj Sahni Honour Award for contributions to Punjabi cinema. Sameksha's role in Vaapsi (2016) was critically acclaimed in various film festivals.
Sameksha, alongside film work, made her television debut on Sahara One's Zaara – Pyaar ki Saugat, in the titular role. She also played a parallel lead role in the long-running soap opera Yahaaan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli on Zee TV. She also portrayed the role of Roshni in the crime thriller Arjun on Star Plus, followed by a stint in the political thriller, P.O.W.- Bandi Yuddh Ke.
From 2017 to 2018, she portrayed Olympias in Sony TV's historical drama Porus opposite an ensemble cast of Laksh Lalwani, Rohit Purohit and Rati Pandey.
In 2018, she played Parminder in the Star Plus sitcom Khichdi Returns. From 2018 to 2019, she played Saudamini in Colors TV's Tantra.
Filmography
Films
Television
References
External links
Indian film actresses
Actresses in Tamil cinema
Living people
1985 births
Actresses in Telugu cinema
Actresses from Chandigarh
Indian television actresses
21st-century Indian actresses
Actresses in Hindi television
Actresses in Kannada cinema
Actresses in Hindi cinema
Actresses in Punjabi cinema |
5376332 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryll-Nardzewski%20fixed-point%20theorem | Ryll-Nardzewski fixed-point theorem | In functional analysis, a branch of mathematics, the Ryll-Nardzewski fixed-point theorem states that if is a normed vector space and is a nonempty convex subset of that is compact under the weak topology, then every group (or equivalently: every semigroup) of affine isometries of has at least one fixed point. (Here, a fixed point of a set of maps is a point that is fixed by each map in the set.)
This theorem was announced by Czesław Ryll-Nardzewski. Later Namioka and Asplund gave a proof based on a different approach. Ryll-Nardzewski himself gave a complete proof in the original spirit.
Applications
The Ryll-Nardzewski theorem yields the existence of a Haar measure on compact groups.
See also
Fixed-point theorems
Fixed-point theorems in infinite-dimensional spaces
References
Andrzej Granas and James Dugundji, Fixed Point Theory (2003) Springer-Verlag, New York, .
A proof written by J. Lurie
Fixed-point theorems
Theorems in functional analysis |
5376334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20Wapowski | Bernard Wapowski | Bernard Wapowski (1475-1535) was one of the earliest Polish cartographers and is credited for making the first detailed map of Poland in 1526. Wapowski is considered to be the "Father of Polish Cartography". Wapowski served as the secretary of King Sigismund the Old and made several advancements in Polish cartography by creating several maps of Eastern Europe including Poland, Sarmatia, Scandinavia, Warmia (Ermland), and Pomerania with some assistance from Nicolaus Copernicus.
Life
Wapowski was born near Przemyśl at the family's village of Wapowce (hence his surname, the adjective formed from the village's name). Wapowski's first map of Poland is believed to have been made in Rome around 1505-1506. Wapowski arrived in Rome in 1505 where he joined Erasme Ciołk's Polish Embassy, was introduced to Pope Jules II by the Ambassador, and was placed under the protection of Cardinal Peirre Jules II. Wapowski stayed in Rome for several years at the Court of the Holy See where he worked on his map of the Jagellonian States using Cardinal Nicolas de Cuse's map that was printed in 1491. In 1526 Wapowski was serving as secretary to the King of Poland when Nicolaus Copernicus assisted him in mapping the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Wapowski studied at the University of Kraków where him and his life-long friend Nicolaus Copernicus were taught by Albert Brudzewski. In the 15th century the birth of modern cartography took place after the rediscovery of Ptolemy's Geography (150.A.D.) and Wapowski drafted maps of Polish and Rutherian lands for the 1507 and 1508 editions of Geography. Wapowski also assisted his friend Marco Beneventano in revising Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa's map of Germany for the Rome edition of Geography in 1507. Wapowski's most notable map was created and published in Kraków in 1526 and was the first large-scale (1:1,260,000) map of Poland and is the earliest extant map of Poland according to the highest scientific standards. Many of Wapowski's maps, including the famous 1526 map of Poland, were printed and published by Florian Ungler.
Nicolaus Copernicus learned skills in cartography to assist with Wapowski's map in 1507 and drew a map of Prussia in 1510. Wapowski also assisted Copernicus with his work; in 1535 Wapowski published an Almanach that contained Copernicus's astrological tables from De Revolutionibus. Wapowski did some historical writing as well; he wrote a continuation of Jan Długosz's History of Poland. Wapowski and his maps influenced other cartographers. The 1526 maps of Poland might have been used by Gerard Mercator (1554) and Sebastian Muenster for drafting maps of Europe. Other cartographers influenced by Wapowski include: Waclaw Grodecki and Andreas Pograbka
In 1535, Bernard Wapowski wrote a letter to a gentleman in Vienna urging him to publish an enclosed almanac, which he claimed was written by Copernicus. This is the first and only mention of a Copernicus almanac in the historical records. The almanac was likely Copernicus's tables of planetary positions. The Wapowski letter mentions Copernicus's theory about the motions of the earth. Nothing came of Wapowski's request because he died a couple of weeks later.
20th Century Discoveries and Restoration
Currently, none of Wapowski's maps are intact and have been lost to time. It is most likely that Wapowski's maps burnt in the Great Fire of 1528 in Kraków, the capital of Poland at the time. Only fragments of Wapowski's maps have been found. In 1932, fragments of Wapowski's map of 1528 were accidentally discovered by Casimir Piekarski in the bindings of a Bochnia's salt register. In 1935, Dr. Charles Buczek worked on restoring Wapowski's map from the fragments. These fragments were preserved in the Warsaw Central Archives of Old Records, but were destroyed by the Germans in the uprising in Warsaw in 1944.
See also
List of Poles
References
External links
Nicolaus Copernicus
Letter against Werner addressed to Bernard Wapowski
15th-century Polish historians
Polish male non-fiction writers
Polish cartographers
Canons of Kraków
1475 births
1535 deaths
16th-century cartographers
16th-century Polish historians |
5376341 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aba%2C%20Hungary | Aba, Hungary | Aba is a town in Fejér county, Hungary.
In 1559 it was property of Mihály Cseszneky and Balázs Baranyai.
Notable residents
Imre Taussig (1894–1945), footballer
Demographics
Sources
Szíj Rezső: Várpalota
Fejér megyei történeti évkönyv
Hofkammerarchiv Wien
Dudar története
References
External links
in Hungarian
The jewish community in Aba On JewishGen website.
Populated places in Fejér County
Jewish communities destroyed in the Holocaust |
5376348 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20%28EP%29 | Soil (EP) | Soil is the first EP by American metal band SOiL. According to the band's vocalist, Ryan McCombs, this release was referred to by the band as "the worm disc". The tracks "Broken Wings" and "She" reappeared on a second EP, El Chupacabra, in 1998. Songs from both EPs then appeared on Soil's first album, Throttle Junkies, the following year.
Track listing
"Broken Wings" – 4:20
"No More, No Less" – 3:07
"She" – 3:28
"Same Ol' Trip" – 3:57
"Yellow Lines" – 5:09
Personnel
Ryan McCombs – vocals
Adam Zadel – guitar, backing vocals
Shaun Glass – guitar
Tim King – bass guitar
Tom Schofield – drums
References
1997 debut EPs
Soil (American band) albums |
5376361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meganoidi | Meganoidi | Meganoidi is an Italian rock band from Genoa. Initially ska-core with veins of punk, the band has changed over the years, with the style now trending towards progressive rock.
Biography
The group was formed in 1997 in Genoa. Its name comes from the main antagonists from the anime series Daitarn 3 ("We Meganoidi are those who / no longer win battles against Daitarn 3 / ..."). The group was initially composed of voice, guitar, bass and drums, and included a trumpet the next year. In the same year, the band released its first set of demos, Supereroi vs Municipale, composed of five songs.
Three years later, the band added a saxophonist and a percussionist (Francis "Cisco" Di Roberto) and made its first album, Into the Darkness, Into the Moda. This album reveals influences of ska punk or ska-core and punk rock.
"King of ska e Supereroi", a single from the album Into the Darkness, Into the Moda, became the theme for the TV program Le Iene.
After the G8
In its next album, the band migrated to a more experimental alternative rock sound. This change in style is associated with a change in mentality, due to events during the G8 in Genoa. Meganoidi began to feel "out of the loop", based on the title of the album Inside the Loop and the song of the same name.
The band's lack of funds did not affect the quality of its recording. The new album was recorded at the Green Fog Studio, mixed in Canada by Vic Florentia (who had already worked for Tool and Danko Jones) and burned by Joe Lambert at Classic Sound in New York. The album comes under the independent label Green Fog Records, created by the group to support independent music. The CD was sold at €13 as a sign of opposition to the ideology of record companies.
In May 2005, And Then We Met Impero, a progressive rock EP with a melancholy sound, was released. This album points to influences from Pink Floyd, but was criticized by early fans.
On 28 April 2006, the third album, Granvanoeli, was released. The style is similar to And Then We Met Impero, but the songs are slower and five tracks are sung in Italian. Two music videos were filmed for the tracks "Dai pozzi" and "Un approdo."
The band's most recent album, Al posto del fuoco, was released on 10 April 2009.
Band members
Current
Davide Di Muzio - voice
Luca Guercio - trumpet and guitar
Andrea Torretta - guitar
Riccardo Armeni - bass
Saverio Malaspina - drums
Past members
Francesco "Cisco" Di Roberto - percussion
Fabrizio Sferrazza - saxophone and synthesizers
Discography
1998 - Supereroi vs Municipale (EP)
2001 - Into the Darkness, Into the Moda
2003 - Outside the Loop, Stupendo Sensation
2005 - And Then We Met Impero (EP)
2006 - Granvanoeli
2009 - Al posto del Fuoco
2012 - Welcome in Disagio
Festivals
Independent Days Festival (main stage), Bologna - 2005
External links
Official homepage
Green Fog Records
Green Fog Studio
Meganoidi - unofficial site
Italian rock music groups
Italian ska groups |
5376374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20S%C3%A3o%20Tom%C3%A9%20and%20Pr%C3%ADncipe | Human rights in São Tomé and Príncipe | The U.S. Department of State's Country Report on Human Rights Practices for São Tomé and Príncipe states that the government generally respects the human rights of its citizens, despite problems in a few areas.
São Tomé and Príncipe is one of 11 sub-Saharan African countries rated "free" in the 2006 Freedom in the World survey published annually by Freedom House, a pro-democracy organization that monitors political rights, civil liberties, and press freedom around the world. On a scale from 1 (most free) to 7 (least free), São Tomé received a 2 for both political rights and civil liberties.
Political rights
From independence in 1975 until 1990, the country was a one-party state with restricted political rights. In 1990, citizens approved a constitution that established a multiparty democracy.
Since then, nine national elections in São Tomé and Príncipe have taken place: four elections for president (in 1991, 1996, 2001, and 2006) and five for the National Assembly (1991, 1994, 1998, 2002, and 2006). All of these elections were conducted to be generally free, fair, and transparent by domestic and international monitors.
Elections at the local level were conducted for the first time in 1992. Príncipe was granted autonomy in 1994 and elected a regional assembly and government in 1995.
Civil liberties
Freedoms of assembly, association, movement, and religion are constitutionally guaranteed and generally respected by the government. Academic freedom is respected.
Press freedom
According to the U.S. State Department, "The law provides for freedom of speech and of the press, and the government generally respected these rights. It also notes that some journalists practice self-censorship."
Television and radio are state operated and there are no independent stations, due to economic and market constraints. There is no law prohibiting the establishment of such stations and all opposition parties have access to the state-run media, including a minimum of three minutes per month on television. Opposition newsletters and pamphlets criticizing the government circulate freely.
São Tomé's press is rated as 'free' by the Freedom House organization. In its 2006 Press Freedom Survey, São Tomé ranked 5th out of Sub-Saharan Africa's 48 countries in terms of press freedom – trailing only Mali, Mauritius, Ghana, and South Africa.
Freedom House describes the country's press freedom situation as follows: "The Constitution of São Tomé guarantees freedom of the press and the government has an exemplary history of respecting these rights in practice. Publications that criticize official policies circulate freely without journalists being arrested, jailed, tortured or harassed. However, journalists do practice a good degree of self-censorship, and often depend on official news releases for their reports which inhibits the growth of investigative journalism. Lack of advertising revenue, technology, media training and poor salaries also constitute major handicaps for journalists."
Other prominent press freedom organizations such as Reporters Without Borders (RSF), International Press Institute (IPI), and the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) don't include São Tomé in their annual reports.
Rule of law
Judiciary and judicial process
An independent judiciary, including a Supreme Court with members designated by, and responsible to, the National Assembly, was established by the 1990 referendum on multiparty rule. The Supreme Court has ruled against both the government and the president, but is occasionally subject to manipulation. The court system is overburdened, understaffed, inadequately funded, and plagued by long delays in hearing cases.
The law provides for the right to a fair public trial, the right of appeal, the right to legal representation, and, if indigent, the right to an attorney appointed by the state. Defendants are presumed innocent, have the right to confront witnesses, and to present evidence on their own behalf. However, inadequate resources resulted in lengthy pretrial detentions and greatly hindered investigations in criminal cases.
Conduct of security forces
There were no reports that the government or its agents committed arbitrary or unlawful killings, torture, or politically motivated disappearances.
Prison conditions
Prison conditions in the country are described as "harsh, but not life-threatening" in the state department's report. Facilities are reportedly overcrowded, and food was inadequate. Some pretrial prisoners were held with convicted prisoners.
The government permits human rights monitors to visit prisons.
Capital punishment
Capital punishment in São Tomé and Príncipe was abolished in 1990. São Tomé and Príncipe ratified the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights on January 10, 2017.
Corruption
Official corruption is a serious problem. São Tomé and Príncipe was not surveyed in Transparency International's 2005 Corruption Perceptions Index.
Societal discrimination
The law provides for the equality of all citizens regardless of sex, race, racial origin, political tendency, creed, or philosophic conviction, and while the government actively enforced these provisions, women faced discrimination. Domestic violence against women occurred, including rape, but the extent of the problem was unknown. Although women have the right to legal recourse-–including against spouses–-many were reluctant to bring legal action or were ignorant of their rights under the law. Tradition inhibited women from taking domestic disputes outside the family.
The law stipulates that women and men have equal political, economic, and social rights. While many women have access to opportunities in education, business, and government, in practice women still encountered significant societal discrimination.
Mistreatment of children was not widespread; however, there were few protections for orphans and abandoned children. Child labor was a problem.
There were no reports that persons were trafficked to, from, or within the country.
Worker rights
The rights to organize, strike, and bargain collectively are guaranteed and respected. Few unions exist, but independent cooperatives have taken advantage of the government land-distribution program to attract workers. Because of its role as the main employer in the wage sector, the government remains the key interlocutor for labor on all matters, including wages. Working conditions on many of the state-owned cocoa plantations are harsh.
Historical situation
The following chart shows São Tomé and Príncipe's ratings since 1975 in the Freedom in the World reports, published annually by Freedom House. A rating of 1 is "free"; 7, "not free".
International treaties
São Tomé and Príncipe's stances on international human rights treaties are as follows:
See also
LGBT rights in São Tomé and Príncipe
Human rights in Africa
Notes
1.Note that the "Year" signifies the "Year covered". Therefore, the information for the year marked 2008 is from the report published in 2009, and so on.
2.As of Independence on 12 July 1975, and 1 January for years thereafter.
3.The 1982 report covers the year 1981 and the first half of 1982, and the following 1984 report covers the second half of 1982 and the whole of 1983. In the interest of simplicity, these two aberrant "year and a half" reports have been split into three year-long reports through interpolation.
References
External links
2005 Human Rights Report on São Tomé and Príncipe - US Department of State
Freedom of expression in São Tomé and Príncipe - IFEX
Freedom in the World 2011 Report, by Freedom House
Sao Tome and Principe
Law of São Tomé and Príncipe
Society of São Tomé and Príncipe |
4040329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392%20in%20English%20football | 1991–92 in English football | The 1991–92 season was the 112th season of competitive football in England.
Overview
First Division
The last league championship before the creation of the Premier League was won by Leeds United who overhauled Manchester United thanks to the efforts of, among others, Gordon Strachan, Lee Chapman, David Batty, Gary Speed, Gary McAllister and Eric Cantona. After runners-up Manchester United came newly promoted Sheffield Wednesday.
Defending champions Arsenal slipped to fourth place and were never a serious threat to retain their title. The previous season's runners-up Liverpool dropped to sixth, below Manchester City, in their first full season under the management of Graeme Souness. It was Liverpool's first finish outside the top two since 1981.
Newly promoted West Ham United were relegated in bottom place, with another newly promoted side – Notts County – following days later. The last day of the season saw Luton Town lose their top flight status after ten seasons.
Second Division
John Lyall took Ipswich Town back to the First Division after a six-year absence. The Suffolk club were followed by runners-up Middlesbrough, but it was play-off winners Blackburn Rovers whose promotion made the biggest headlines. Bankrolled by millionaire chairman Jack Walker and managed by former Liverpool boss Kenny Dalglish, Rovers beat Leicester City 1–0 in the play-off final to end a 26-year absence from the top flight.
The Second Division relegation places were occupied by Port Vale, Plymouth Argyle and Brighton & Hove Albion. Brighton had been losing finalists in the play-offs just twelve months before going down, but their fortunes had been ruined by financial problems and the loss of striker Mike Small to West Ham United in the 1991 close season.
Third Division
New manager Phil Holder guided Brentford to a surprise Third Division championship success, while Terry Cooper's Birmingham City occupied the runners-up spot. The play-offs were won by Chris Turner's Peterborough United.
The Third Division relegation zone was occupied by Shrewsbury Town, Bury, Torquay United and Darlington.
Fourth Division
Burnley won the Fourth Division title and became the second team, after Wolverhampton Wanderers, to have been the champions of all four divisions of the Football League. Also going up were Rotherham United, Mansfield Town and play-off winners Blackpool.
On 25 March 1992, Aldershot were declared bankrupt and obliged to resign from the Football League following a long battle to stay afloat – their record was expunged. Carlisle United finished bottom, but there was no relegation from the league in the 1991–92 season. Conference champions Colchester United returned to the league after a two-year absence.
FA Cup
Liverpool's Graeme Souness compensated for a disappointing season in the league by winning the FA Cup. They beat Second Division underdogs Sunderland 2–0 in the final.
League Cup
Manchester United missed out on the league title but achieved success in the League Cup with a 1–0 triumph against Nottingham Forest in the final.
League tables
First Division
This was the last season of the Football League First Division as the top division of English football before the creation of the FA Premier League.
Leeds United and Manchester United fought a fierce duel for the title, with the leadership changing several times, before Leeds finally clinched the title. A key factor in their success was the new year arrival of French forward Eric Cantona, while a key factor in United's downfall was a shortage of goals in the second half of the season where they dropped points against several teams they had been widely expected to beat. Consolation for the unsuccessful title challenge at Old Trafford came in the shape of EFL Cup glory. Sheffield Wednesday's third-place finish was their highest for decades, while defending champions Arsenal finished fourth and suffered an early exit in the European Cup as well as a shock first hurdle exit from the FA Cup at the hands of Wrexham. Manchester City finished fifth for the second season in a row. Liverpool finished sixth but compensated for a disappointing league season by winning the FA Cup in their first full season under the management of Graeme Souness.
Two young players who made a major impact in the First Division were Ryan Giggs of Manchester United (voted PFA Young Player of the Year) and Steve McManaman of Liverpool.
FA Cup holders Tottenham Hotspur endured a disappointing season, finishing a lowly 15th in the league, their chances of further success not helped by the season-long absence of Paul Gascoigne through injury. Gascoigne's projected move to Lazio in Italy was finally confirmed at the season's end, when top scorer Gary Lineker followed Gascoigne out of the White Hart Lane exit door to finish his playing days in Japan.
Newly promoted West Ham United and Notts County went straight back down, joined by a Luton Town side who had enjoyed a memorable 10-year run in the top flight. Coventry City narrowly avoided relegation after a decline in form during the final four months of the season after Terry Butcher was controversially sacked as manager in favour of Don Howe, who himself left in the close season to be replaced by Bobby Gould.
Oldham Athletic survived in their first top flight season for nearly 70 years.
Second Division
The Second Division promotion race was an exciting one throughout the season, with the promise of extra wealth for the promoted clubs after the creation of the lucrative new FA Premier League was confirmed. The first team to secure promotion were champions Ipswich Town, who ended their six-year exile from the top flight. The second team to go up were Middlesbrough, who clinched runners-up spot on the final day. The final promotion place went to Blackburn Rovers, who had thrived since the takeover of the club by local millionaire Jack Walker the previous season, his masterstroke coming in the autumn of 1991 when he appointed Kenny Dalglish as manager and allowed him to spend millions on building a promotion-winning team. Blackburn had entered the new year looking all set to go up automatically, but a run of bad results meant that they had to win their final game of the season to qualify for the playoffs. They finally won promotion with a Wembley win over Leicester City, who had now played at the famous stadium five times and lost each time.
The Second Division promotion race had also seen a few unlikely contenders. Swindon Town, under the management of former England star Glenn Hoddle, had gone top of the table for the first time in their history in October, but an eighth-place finish was not enough for even a place in the playoffs. Southend United, playing at this level for the first time, briefly topped the table on New Year's Day, but eventually faded to finish in mid-table. Their brief lead of the table came at the expense of Cambridge United, another side hopeful of a unique third successive promotion. Unlike Southend, the East Anglian side remained in the hunt right up to the end of the season, finishing fifth and qualifying for the playoffs, but a heavy defeat to Leicester City in the semi-finals ended their dreams of playing in the new Premier League.
Sunderland failed to finish anywhere near the top of the Second Division but enjoyed a remarkable run to the final of the FA Cup, where they lost to Liverpool.
Third Division
Brentford, who had played in the Third and Fourth Divisions for most of the postwar era, clinched the Third Division title to secure a place in the new Division One. They were joined by runners-up Birmingham City, who finally escaped from this division at the third attempt, and playoff winners Peterborough United, who won a second successive promotion to secure second-tier football for the very first time.
West Bromwich Albion, playing in the Third Division for the first time, were in the promotion race throughout the season but eventually finished seventh to miss out on the playoffs. Bolton Wanderers, who had only missed out on promotion on goal difference a year earlier, could only manage a mid table finish and sacked manager Phil Neal after nearly seven years in charge.
Newly promoted Darlington and Torquay United both suffered an instant relegation back to the league's basement division. They went down with Bury and Shrewsbury Town: the former had been in the playoffs a year earlier, while the latter had been in the Second Division three years earlier.
Fourth Division
Burnley sealed the Fourth Division title to end their seven-year spell in the league's basement division and become only the second team to win all four divisions of the English league. They were joined by newly relegated Rotherham United, Mansfield Town and playoff winners Blackpool.
After spending several years struggling to stay afloat, Aldershot were declared bankrupt and obliged to resign from the league on 25 March 1992, having played 36 games in the Fourth Division – their record was expunged. Carlisle United finished bottom of the Fourth Division, but there was no relegation from the league this season due to the continued expansion of the Football League, although Colchester United's return to the league after two years would make them its 93rd member rather than its 94th due to the demise of Aldershot.
However, there were doubts about the future of Maidstone United, who were struggling with huge debts and low crowds, after they were refused planning permission to build a new stadium on land they had bought in Maidstone. There were also problems with their tenancy of the Watling Street stadium in Dartford, which left them with the threat of being without a stadium for the 1992–93 season.
Events
Premier League gets go-ahead
1991–92 was the last season of the four-division Football League. For 1992–93, the First Division would become the breakaway FA Premier League, and the Football League would contain just three divisions. The new league was seen as the last chance to maintain interest in a sport which had been blighted in recent years by numerous incidents of hooliganism and images of decay at football grounds which had contributed to the Bradford Fire Disaster and the Hillsborough Disaster.
Leeds grab title a decade after relegation
Leeds United won the last-ever league championship after a decade of relegation and before the creation of the FA Premier League, two years after returning to the top flight. Driving force in the title triumph was experienced midfielder Gordon Strachan, who helped Leeds overtake Strachan's former club Manchester United in the title race.
Dalglish makes comeback to deliver promised land to Blackburn
Blackburn Rovers, managed by former Liverpool manager Kenny Dalglish, won promotion to the new F.A Premier League to end a 26-year exile from the top flight of English football. Their triumph was sealed with a 1–0 win over Leicester City in the playoff final, thanks to a penalty from Mike Newell – a former Leicester striker.
Aldershot go bust
Aldershot, who had been plagued with financial problems for two years, finally went out of business on 25 March. Their Fourth Division record was expunged and their place in the Football League was taken over by Colchester United for the 1992–93 season. A new club Aldershot Town was formed almost immediately, and joined the Third Division of the Isthmian League for the following season.
League Cup win at last for United
Manchester United won the League Cup for the first time in their history after Brian McClair scored the only goal of the game in a 1–0 win over Nottingham Forest at Wembley. It was some consolation for their failed title challenge.
Souness delivers Cup glory for Reds
Liverpool won the FA Cup for the fifth time in their first full season under the management of Graeme Souness, beating Second Division underdogs Sunderland 2–0 in the final at Wembley. Ian Rush set a new record for scoring in FA Cup Finals at Wembley with his 5th goal.
Burnley enter the history books
Burnley won the last Fourth Division championship to join Wolves as only the second English team to have been champions of all four divisions of the English league. It was Burnley's first successful season after a period of misery which had almost seen them relegated to the Conference in 1987.
The Owls make an impressive comeback
Newly promoted Sheffield Wednesday finished third in the league and qualified for the UEFA Cup, confounding suggestions that 37-year-old player-manager Trevor Francis was too inexperienced to keep the Owls in the top flight.
Euro final returns to Wembley
Wembley hosted the European Cup final for the first time in 14 years. Barcelona of Spain beat Sampdoria of Italy 1–0.
Keegan rescues Newcastle
Newcastle United sacked manager Ossie Ardiles, just 36 hours after he was told by chairman John Hall that his job was safe. Hall appointed former striker Kevin Keegan as manager in hope of staving off relegation from the Second Division – and he succeeded.
Awards
In his last season at Tottenham Hotspur before joining Nagoya Grampus Eight of Japan, Gary Lineker was voted FWA Footballer of the Year after scoring 35 goals in all competitions during the 1991–92 season.
The PFA Players' Player of the Year award went to Manchester United's central defender Gary Pallister.
The PFA voted Manchester United's 18-year-old winger Ryan Giggs as Young Player of the Year, ahead of Steve McManaman, Nick Barmby and Giggs' United teammate, Lee Sharpe. Like Pallister, Giggs also picked up a League Cup winner's medal, but just missed out on the league title.
Successful managers
Leeds United manager Howard Wilkinson brought the league championship trophy to Elland Road just two seasons after they gained promotion to the First Division.
Manchester United's Alex Ferguson added another trophy to the Old Trafford boardroom, this time the club's first-ever League Cup.
Graeme Souness marked his first full season as Liverpool manager with an FA Cup triumph.
Trevor Francis had a successful first season as player-manager of Sheffield Wednesday, who finished third in the league and qualified for the UEFA Cup to end a 28-year absence from European competitions.
John Lyall brought First Division football back to Ipswich Town for the first time since 1985–86.
Kenny Dalglish put together an impressive squad to win promotion to the new FA Premier League for fallen giant Blackburn Rovers.
Brian Little transformed Leicester City from relegation candidates the previous season into promotion contenders, reaching the play-off final in his first season in charge.
Phil Holder had a successful first season in management by winning the Third Division title with Brentford.
Chris Turner guided Peterborough United to a second successive promotion as they won the Third Division playoffs to claim a place in the second tier of the English league for the first time in their history.
Jimmy Mullen won the last-ever Fourth Division title with Burnley, who joined Wolverhampton Wanderers in the distinction of having been champions of all four divisions of the English league.
Roy McDonough steered Colchester United to title success in the Conference to return the club to the Football League after a two-year exile.
Top goalscorers
First Division
Ian Wright (Crystal Palace/Arsenal) – 29 goals
Second Division
Duncan Shearer (Swindon Town/Blackburn Rovers)/David Speedie (Blackburn Rovers) – 23 goals
Third Division
Dean Holdsworth (Brentford)/Iwan Roberts (Huddersfield Town) – 24 goals
Fourth Division
Dave Bamber (Blackpool)/Phil Stant (Mansfield Town) – 26 goals
Famous debutants
29 January 1992: Ray Parlour, 18-year-old midfielder, makes his debut for Arsenal in their 2–0 league defeat against Liverpool.
2 May 1992: Eddie Newton, 20-year-old midfielder, comes on and scores as a substitute on his debut for Chelsea in the final game of the league season as they lose 2–1 to Everton.
Notable retirements
John Bailey, left-back who was part of Everton's 1984 FA Cup winning team, retired in January while playing for Bristol City in the Second Division.
Alan Devonshire, midfielder who was influential in West Ham United's successes between 1976 and 1990, retired at the end of the season after completing his career with a two-season spell at Watford.
Brian Talbot, 38-year-old former Arsenal and England midfielder, played his final league game as player-manager of Aldershot in the autumn.
Dave Bennett, FA Cup winner with Coventry City in 1987 and runner-up with Manchester City in 1981, retired from professional football after breaking his leg while on loan at Shrewsbury Town from Swindon Town, although he returned to playing at non-league with Nuneaton Borough.
Diary of the season
3 July 1991 – After a year in Spain with Real Sociedad, former Sheffield Wednesday striker Dalian Atkinson returns to England in a £1.6million move to Aston Villa. Mike Milligan ends his year-long spell at Everton and returns to Oldham Athletic for £600,000.
8 July 1991 – Chelsea pay Celtic £1.4million for defender Paul Elliott.
9 July 1991 – Leeds United sign striker Rod Wallace from Southampton for £1.6million and defender Tony Dorigo from Chelsea for £1.3million.
10 July 1991 – Lennie Lawrence ends nine years as manager of Charlton Athletic to become the new manager of Middlesbrough in place of Colin Todd. Charlton in turn announce that coaches Alan Curbishley and Steve Gritt will replace Lawrence as a co-managerial team. Everton striker Graeme Sharp ends 11 years at the club to sign for Oldham Athletic in a £500,000 deal, with Paul Warhurst heading out of Boundary Park in a £750,000 move to Sheffield Wednesday.
11 July 1991 – Former Liverpool striker John Aldridge returns to England in a £250,000 move to Tranmere Rovers, becoming their record signing after spending two years in Spain with Real Sociedad.
12 July 1991 – Ron Atkinson looks to the future when he signs 18-year-old defender Ugo Ehiogu for Aston Villa from West Bromwich Albion for £40,000. Former Tottenham Hotspur manager Peter Shreeves leaves Watford to return to White Hart Lane as a coach, having worked at Vicarage Road on the coaching staff of former Tottenham player Steve Perryman.
15 July 1991 – Mark Wright moves from Derby County to Liverpool for £2.2million. Denmark goalkeeper Peter Schmeichel joins Manchester United for £550,000.
19 July 1991 – Liverpool break the national transfer record by paying Derby County £2.9million for striker Dean Saunders.
20 July 1991 – Aston Villa sell David Platt to A.S. Bari of Italy for £6.5million – the most expensive fee for a British player, and more than double the latest record paid by a British club.
23 July 1991 – Nottingham Forest pay a club record £2million for Millwall striker Teddy Sheringham, who was the Football League's top goalscorer last season. Amstrad computer tycoon Alan Sugar joins forces with Tottenham Hotspur manager Terry Venables to take the club over; Venables becomes chief executive and hands over management of the first team to Peter Shreeves, who only returned to the club as a coach eleven days ago.
25 July 1991 – 37-year-old midfielder Jimmy Case moves from Southampton on a free transfer to AFC Bournemouth, who sell defender Shaun Teale to Aston Villa for £300,000. Second Division Middlesbrough sign striker Paul Wilkinson from Watford for £500,000.
26 July 1991 – Joe Royle further boosts Oldham Athletic's squad, ready for their first top flight season in almost 70 years, with a £400,000 move for Coventry City captain Brian Kilcline.
30 July 1991 – The Football Association wins High Court approval, ahead of the Football League, to launch the new Premier League from next season.
31 July 1991 – Coventry City pay £130,000 for 22-year-old striker Paul Furlong from Isthmian League side Enfield.
1 August 1991 – Liverpool sell Peter Beardsley to Everton for £1million. Tottenham Hotspur defender Mitchell Thomas moves to West Ham for £500,000, and announce that injured midfielder Paul Gascoigne is set to move to Italian club Lazio at the end of the season.
6 August 1991 – Keith Curle becomes the most expensive defender in Britain when he joins Manchester City from Wimbledon for £2.5million. Kevin Richardson becomes the third player to leave Real Sociedad for an English club this summer when he is sold to Aston Villa for £450,000.
7 August 1991 – Liverpool sell Steve Staunton to Aston Villa for £1.1million. Terry Cooper resigns as manager of Third Division club Exeter City and is replaced by Alan Ball.
9 August 1991 – Within 48 hours of leaving Exeter City, Terry Cooper is named as the new Birmingham City manager.
10 August 1991 – League champions Arsenal and FA Cup winners Tottenham Hotspur share the FA Charity Shield with a goalless draw at Wembley.
13 August 1991 – Mark Walters follows his former Rangers manager Graeme Souness to Liverpool in a £1.25million deal. Don Howe's brief return to Wimbledon's coaching staff ends when he announces his decision to leave the club with immediate effect, in response to manager Ray Harford's decision to resign from the club within the next six months. West Ham United prepare for their First Division comeback by signing striker Mike Small from Brighton & Hove Albion for £400,000.
15 August 1991 – Sheffield Wednesday pay a club record £1.2million for Rangers and England goalkeeper Chris Woods, while Liverpool sell defender Gary Gillespie to Celtic for £925,000 and Everton's Stuart McCall heads to Rangers for £1.2million. England winger Trevor Steven, formerly of Everton, becomes the most expensive English footballer in a £5million move to French league champions Marseille, where he will play alongside fellow England international Chris Waddle.
16 August 1991 – Tottenham Hotspur pay a club record £2.2million for Chelsea and Scotland striker Gordon Durie, while Coventry City pay a tiny fraction of that fee when signing Zimbabwean striker Peter Ndlovu from Highlanders for £10,000.
17 August 1991 – The Football League season begins. Arsenal begin their defence of the First Division title with a 1–1 home draw against Queens Park Rangers. Manchester United beat newly promoted Notts County 2–0 at Old Trafford. New Aston Villa Ron Atkinson begins his spell in charge at Villa Park with a 3–2 away win over his old club Sheffield Wednesday. Tottenham Hotspur's new head coach Peter Shreeves begins his second spell in charge with a 3–2 win at Southampton. Oldham Athletic lose 2–1 to Liverpool at Anfield in their first top flight game for 68 years.
Barnet begin their Football League career with a 7–4 home defeat by Crewe Alexandra in the Fourth Division.
19 August 1991 – Cardiff City pay a Fourth Division record fee of £100,000 for Chester City striker Carl Dale.
21 August 1991 – 19-year-old midfielder Steve McManaman scores his first goal for Liverpool in a 2–1 defeat against Manchester City at Maine Road.
22 August 1991 – Charlton Athletic announce that they will stay at Upton Park until at least January owing to delays on the renovation of The Valley, where they last played in September 1985.
28 August 1991 – Leeds United win 4–0 at Southampton in the league, with Gary Speed and Gordon Strachan both scoring twice from midfield.
29 August 1991 – Ian Porterfield boosts the Chelsea midfield with a £575,000 move for Sheffield United's Vinnie Jones.
30 August 1991 – Former Tottenham Hotspur full-back Cyril Knowles dies of cancer aged 47. Three months ago he retired as manager of Hartlepool United shortly after taking them to promotion to the Third Division.
31 August 1991 – August draws to a close with Manchester United top of the First Division with 11 points from their first five games. Liverpool, Manchester City, Nottingham Forest and Tottenham Hotspur occupy the next four places, while winless Sheffield United, Queens Park Rangers and Luton Town occupy the bottom three places in the top flight. Carlton Palmer becomes the unlikely first scorer of a hat-trick in this season's First Division, finding the net three times in a 4–1 home win for Sheffield Wednesday over QPR. Ipswich Town lead the way in the Second Division, with Bristol City second. The playoff zone is occupied by Cambridge United, Tranmere Rovers, Wolverhampton Wanderers and Leicester City. Nottingham Forest sign winger Kingsley Black from Luton Town for £1.5million.
2 September 1991 – Don Mackay becomes the first managerial casualty of the season when he is sacked by Blackburn Rovers after more than four years in charge. Coach Tony Parkes is appointed caretaker manager. Within hours of his dismissal, Graham Carr resigns from Fourth Division side Maidstone United (deep in debt and reportedly at threat of closure in only their third season as a Football League club) after eight months at the helm, with the club's general manager, Bill Williams taking over as first-team manager for the third time in his career.
7 September 1991 – 17-year-old winger Ryan Giggs scores his first league goal of the season in Manchester United's 3–0 home win over Norwich City. A mere 3,231 fans watch Wimbledon's home game against Luton Town – the lowest postwar attendance at a First Division game.
11 September 1991 – A year into his reign as England manager, Graham Taylor sees the national side lose for the first time when they go down 1–0 to a reunified Germany side in a friendly at Wembley.
14 September 1991 – Arsenal beat a Crystal Palace side containing their transfer target Ian Wright 4–1 in the league at Selhurst Park. Kevin Campbell scores twice.
16 September 1991 – Nigel Jemson, the striker whose goal won the League Cup for Nottingham Forest 17 months ago, moves to Sheffield Wednesday for £800,000.
18 September 1991 – Dean Saunders becomes the first player to score four goals in a European game for Liverpool as they defeat Kuusysi Lahti 6–1 at Anfield in the UEFA Cup first round first leg. Alan Smith of Arsenal also scores four in a 6-1 European win – at home to Austria Vienna in the European Cup first round first leg. There is misery for Liverpool, however, as John Barnes suffers an achilles injury and is ruled out until the new year.
20 September 1991 – Tottenham Hotspur defender Terry Fenwick, 31, is sentenced to four months in prison for drink-driving.
21 September 1991 – First Division leaders Manchester United beat struggling Luton Town 5–0 at Old Trafford, with Brian McClair and Mark Hughes both scoring twice. Peter Beardsley scores a hat-trick in Everton's 3–0 home win over Coventry, and Gary Lineker scores four goals in Tottenham's 5–3 away win over Wimbledon.
23 September 1991 – Arsenal pay a club record £2.5million for Crystal Palace striker Ian Wright. Palace manager Steve Coppell uses the windfall from the transfer to pay Palace's record fee of £1.8million for Sunderland striker Marco Gabbiadini.
25 September 1981 – Ian Wright scores on his Arsenal debut in a 1–1 draw with Leicester City at Filbert Street in the second round first leg of the EFL Cup.
28 September 1991 – Ian Wright scores a hat-trick on his league debut for Arsenal in a 4–0 win at Southampton.
30 September 1991 – Manchester United lead the First Division by six points from Leeds United at the end of September. Sheffield United are bottom of the table, with only one league win from eleven games. The Second Division is being led by a thriving Middlesbrough side in their first season under the management of Lennie Lawrence. Ipswich Town occupy second place. Swindon Town, Wolverhampton Wanderers, Leicester City and Cambridge United occupy the playoff zone.
1 October 1991 – Leeds United suffer their first league defeat of the season when they are beaten 1–0 at Selhurst Park by Crystal Palace.
3 October 1991 – John McGrath, the former Preston North End manager, becomes Halifax Town's 23rd manager in 45 years as successor to Jim McCalliog.
4 October 1991 – Liverpool sign 19-year-old Welsh-born right back Rob Jones from Fourth Division Crewe Alexandra for £300,000.
5 October 1991 – Leeds United get their title challenge back on track with a 4–3 home win over struggling Sheffield United, although they are still three points behind leaders Manchester United, who have two games in hand. Steve Hodge and Mel Sterland both score twice. Luton Town's struggles continue when they lost 4–0 at Aston Villa in a welcome victory for Ron Atkinson's team after a slow start to his first season in charge. Sheffield Wednesday move fourth with a 4–1 home win over Crystal Palace. Terry Butcher, at 32 the youngest manager in the league, has got off to a good start to his second season as manager of Coventry City, who occupy fifth place after a 1–0 win at West Ham.Tony Cottee becomes Everton's second hat-trick scorer of the league campaign, scoring all three goals in a 3–1 home win over Tottenham.
6 October 1991 – Rob Jones makes his debut for Liverpool in a goalless draw with Manchester United at Old Trafford. Mark Hughes is sent off for the hosts and Gary Ablett is sent off for the visitors.
7 October 1991 – Ray Harford leaves Wimbledon and is replaced by Aston Villa's reserve team coach Peter Withe.
8 October 1991 – John Impey, who won promotion to the Third Division with Torquay United just weeks after his appointment as manager last season, is sacked after six months in the job after his side lost seven out of eight games in the league. 28-year-old player Wes Saunders is appointed caretaker manager – making him the youngest manager in the Football League. Winger Jimmy Carter moves from Liverpool to Arsenal for £500,000.
12 October 1991 – Kenny Dalglish, who has recently returned to management with Second Division Blackburn Rovers, eight months after leaving Liverpool, has a dream start with his new team, who crush struggling Plymouth Argyle 5–2 and stand fourth in the league. Middlesbrough remain top despite being held to a goalless draw at home by seventh-placed Wolves. Ipswich, second in the table, are held to a 2–2 draw by Brighton at the Goldstone Ground. Cambridge United are third after an impressive 3–0 home win over Sunderland.
16 October 1991 – England beat Turkey 1–0 at Wembley in their penultimate 1992 European Championship qualifying game. Wales lose 4–1 to Germany in a game in which Dean Saunders is sent off and Ryan Giggs, still not 18 until the end of next month, becomes their youngest full international.
17 October 1991 – Everton buy 20-year-old defender Matt Jackson from Luton Town for £600,000.
19 October 1991 – Arsenal's four-match winning run in the league ends with a 1–1 draw against leaders Manchester United at Old Trafford. Second placed Leeds cut the gap at the top to two points with a 4–2 win at Notts County, although Alex Ferguson's men still have a game in hand. Liverpool's relatively short start to the season continues with a 2–2 draw at Chelsea and they still only occupy 10th place, although they have played fewer games than any of the teams above them. Sheffield United remain bottom despite a 4–2 home win over Nottingham Forest, only their second win in the league this season.
21 October 1991 – Fourth Division strugglers York City dismiss manager John Bird after winning just 2 of their first 11 games.
24 October 1991 – Justin Fashanu signs a trial contract with Newcastle United, who are battling against relegation from the Second Division. Kenny Dalglish makes his first signing for Blackburn Rovers, signing defender Alan Wright from Blackpool F.C. for £500,000 – a record fee for a Fourth Division player.
26 October 1991 – The last unbeaten start in the First Division ends when Manchester United lose their 13th game of the season 3–2 at Sheffield Wednesday. They also surrender their leadership of the First Division, which is taken by Leeds United after their 1–0 win over Oldham Athletic – the first time that Leeds have led the English league since they won the league title in Don Revie's last season as manager in 1974. Arsenal keep their hopes of retaining the league title on track with a 2–0 home win over Notts County, who are now just one place above the relegation zone after their fine start to the season gave way to a run of bad results. Manchester City are third in the league and four points off the top of the table after a 3–2 home win over Sheffield United.
29 October 1991 – York City appoint John Ward as their new manager. The club had initially been set to appoint Billy McEwan as successor to John Bird, but a dispute over wages and the personal recommendation of England manager Graham Taylor resulted in outgoing City chairman Michael Sinclair appointing Ward in his last major decision before handing his own role over to Douglas Craig.
31 October 1991 – The Second Division promotion race is still led by Middlesbrough, but second place is now occupied by a Cambridge United side in the hunt for a unique third successive promotion. The play-off zone is occupied by Charlton Athletic, Swindon Town, Ipswich Town and Derby County.
2 November 1991 – Billy Bremner is sacked as manager of Fourth Division strugglers Doncaster Rovers, who are kept off the bottom of the Football League only by an Aldershot side in massive financial turmoil. The club's youth coach, Steve Beaglehole replaces Bremner as manager. Manchester United regain their lead of the First Division with a 2–0 win over Sheffield United, who are still bottom of the table. Leeds are held to a goalless draw by Wimbledon, which means that Alex Ferguson's team are now leading the league by a single point and having a game in hand. Liverpool's erratic form continues with a 2–1 home defeat to Crystal Palace, while Manchester City maintain their title push with a 3–0 away win over struggling Southampton, whose 21-year-old striker Alan Shearer is now being strongly linked with a move to the likes of Manchester United and Liverpool.
4 November 1991 – Bryan Robson announces his retirement from international football after 90 full caps for England since 1980.
5 November 1991 – Benfica, the Portuguese champions, join the race to sign Paul Gascoigne and table a £6million bid for him.
6 November 1991 – Arsenal's European Cup quest is ended by Benfica. Manchester United's defence of the European Cup Winners' Cup ends with defeat by Atlético Madrid.
8 November 1991 – Kenny Dalglish's spending spree at Blackburn Rovers begins with a £700,000 move to bring defender Colin Hendry back to the club from Manchester City.
9 November 1991 – Cambridge United move to the top of the Second Division for the first time in their history after beating Ipswich Town 2–1, putting themselves on course for a unique third successive promotion.
11 November 1991 – Aldershot manager Brian Talbot resigns with the club well adrift at the bottom of the Fourth Division. With the club in no position to pay for a new manager, team captain Ian McDonald is appointed as player-manager for the rest of the season.
12 November 1991 – First Division strugglers Notts County pay a club record £750,000 for Sheffield United striker Tony Agana.
13 November 1991 – England secure qualification for the European Championship Finals by drawing 1–1 with Poland in Poznań.
14 November 1991 – Blackburn Rovers pay a club record £1.1million for Everton striker Mike Newell. The Football Association confirms that the Premier League will open next season with 22 clubs.
16 November 1991 – The Manchester derby ends in a goalless draw at Maine Road. Leeds go top of the First division with a 2–0 home win over QPR. Aston Villa move into fourth place with a 1–0 home win over Notts County.
17 November 1991 – Gary Lineker announces that he will retire from international football after the European Championships. The first top flight Steel City derby for almost a quarter of a century sees Sheffield United beat Sheffield Wednesday 2–0 at Bramall Lane.
18 November 1991 – Everton sign Rangers striker Mo Johnston for £1.5million.
20 November 1991 – Gary Lineker agrees to join Nagoya Grampus Eight of Japan for £1million on a two-year contract at the end of the season.
23 November 1991 – Justin Fashanu signs for Torquay United as manager Wes Saunders looks to boost his side's hopes of Third Division survival. In the First Division, Manchester United regain their lead with a 2–1 home win over West Ham United. Manchester City's title hopes are dented with a 2–2 draw at bottom-of-the-table Luton Town, who have won just two of their first 17 league games.
24 November 1991 – Leeds regain their lead of the First Division with a 4–1 away win over Aston Villa.
26 November 1991 – The first penalty shoot-out in FA Cup history sees Rotherham United eliminate Scunthorpe United after both Fourth Division clubs draw 3–3 in their first round replay.
28 November 1991 – Gordon Cowans leaves Aston Villa for the second time, this time signing for Blackburn Rovers in a £200,000 deal. His place in the Villa midfield is filled by Garry Parker from Nottingham Forest for £650,000.
30 November 1991 – Leeds United remain First Division leaders, with Manchester United still one point behind and with a game in hand. Third-placed Manchester City are eight points adrift of top place. Sheffield United, meanwhile, have climbed away from bottom place, and are now just one place and two points adrift of safety, ahead of Luton Town and Southampton. Cambridge United remain top of the Second Division, with Middlesbrough in second place. Derby County, Blackburn Rovers, Ipswich Town and Leicester City occupy the play-off places. Both of the top two First Division side win today, Leeds beating Everton 1–0 at home at Manchester United beating Crystal Palace 3–1 at Selhurst Park. Down in the Second Division, Cambridge United are still top after three weeks, one point ahead of second placed Middlesbrough and third placed Derby County. Middlesbrough missed the chance to go top with their 2–1 defeat at fourth placed Blackburn. Leicester City have broken into the Second Division playoff zone after a 2–1 win over Derby at the Baseball Ground. Newcastle United, among the pre-season promotion favourites, have made a dismal start to the season and are now 17th in the Second Division, having lost 3–0 at Barnsley.
3 December 1991 – Liverpool suffer a shock fourth round exit from the League Cup to Third Division Peterborough United, who beat them 1–0 at London Road.
4 December 1991 – Ossie Ardiles pays Leicester City £250,000 to bring Irish international striker David Kelly to Newcastle United.
5 December 1991 – Sunderland pay a club record £900,000 for West Bromwich Albion striker Don Goodman.
6 December 1991 – Chelsea sign striker Clive Allen from Manchester City for £250,000.
7 December 1991 – Leeds retain their lead of the First Division with a 2–0 win at Luton, with Manchester United keeping up the pressure with a 4–0 home win over Coventry City, who have slumped to 15th place in the table. Sheffield Wednesday climb into third place with a 3–0 home win over Chelsea. Manchester City's title challenge is fading fast with a 3–1 defeat at Aston Villa. Liverpool's frustrating season continues with a 1–1 draw at Southampton, restricting them to 10th place.
9 December 1991 – Bill Fox, president of the Football League and chairman of Blackburn Rovers, dies after a short illness at the age of 63. Former Manchester United and Arsenal striker Frank Stapleton moves into management as player-manager of Third Division side Bradford City.
11 December 1991 – Millwall receive the go-ahead to relocate to a new 20,000-seat stadium at Bermondsey. Construction work is expected to begin within the next few months and chairman Reg Burr is hoping to have his team playing in their new stadium for the 1993–94 season.
13 December 1991 – Liverpool pay Arsenal £1.5million for midfielder Michael Thomas, the player whose last minute goal deprived them of the league title in 1989.
14 December 1991 – Leeds drop two points in the league when Tottenham hold them to a 1–1 draw at Elland Road. Former Everton player Joe Royle hosts his former club for the first time as Oldham manager, and the newly promoted Latics hold their opponents to a 2–2 draw at Boundary Park. Blackburn go top of the Second Division for the first time this season with a 3–0 home win over Bristol Rovers.
15 December 1991 – In the only Football League action of the day, Manchester United return to the top of the First Division with a 3–1 win over Chelsea at Stamford Bridge.
18 December 1991 – Liverpool climb into fourth place in the league with a 2–1 win over Tottenham at White Hart Lane.
20 December 1991 – Luton Town achieve only their third league win of the season by beating Coventry 1–0 at Kenilworth Road. Southampton, second from bottom in the First Division, manage a 1–1 draw at home to Notts County, who have now fallen into the relegation zone. Newcastle United's woes continue with a 2–0 defeat at Plymouth Argyle, who climb out of the Second Division drop zone.
21 December 1991 – Ian Wright scores all four of Arsenal's goals as they beat Everton 4–2 in the league at Highbury. Chelsea defeat Oldham Athletic by the same scoreline at Stamford Bridge. Liverpool and Manchester City draw 2–2 at Anfield. QPR's upturn continues with a 1–0 at Norwich lifting them four positions into 13th place. Sheffield Wednesday keep up the pressure on the top two with a 2–0 home win over Wimbledon. Down in the Second Division, an exciting encounter at the Goldstone Ground sees Millwall beat Brighton 4–3, with the home side now battling against relegation just months after being in the playoff final and on the brink of the First Division. Wolves are just two points above the relegation zone.
22 December 1991 – Cambridge United miss out on the chance to regain their surprise lead of the Second Division when they are held to a 1–1 draw at Southend United, who occupy an impressive fifth place in the league halfway through their first season in the Second Division.
23 December 1991 – Manchester City pay Liverpool £900,000 for Steve McMahon.
26 December 1991 – Southend United take over at the top of the Second Division in their first season at this level, but within hours are displaced by Blackburn Rovers. In the First Division, Manchester United defeat Oldham Athletic 6–3 at Boundary Park, Leeds United are held 3–3 at home by Southampton, and Arsenal lose 1–0 at struggling Luton Town. Other exciting Boxing Day action includes a 3–1 home win for Aston Villa over West Ham United and Coventry's 3–0 win over Sheffield United at Bramall Lane. In the Second Division, Watford climb clear of the relegation zone with an impressive 4–0 win at Millwall.
28 December 1991 – The Merseyside derby ends in a 1–1 draw at Goodison Park. Luton Town's survival hopes are given a major boost when they beat Chelsea 2–0 at Kenilworth Road. Defending champions Arsenal are now seventh in the league and 15 points behind leaders Manchester United after they lose 1–0 to Manchester City at Maine Road. Notts County move clear of the drop zone with a 3–0 win over West Ham, which pushes the East Londoners into the bottom three. Blackburn fall off the top of the Second Division with a 2–1 defeat at third place Ipswich. Portsmouth close in on the playoff places by beating Middlesbrough 4–0 at Fratton Park. Bottom club Oxford United boost their survival hopes with a 3–0 home win over Sunderland.
29 December 1991 – Manchester United remain top of the First Division with a 1–1 draw at home to their nearest rivals Leeds United, who have now drawn four league games in a row.
30 December 1991 – Denis Smith is sacked after nearly five years at Sunderland. Malcolm Crosby takes over as caretaker manager.
31 December 1991 – The year draws to a close with Manchester United top of the table by two points and with two games in hand over second-placed Leeds United. Their closest challengers, Sheffield Wednesday and Manchester City, are nine points behind the leaders. The relegation zone is occupied by Southampton, West Ham United and Luton Town. In the Second Division, Cambridge United have restored their lead at the top, level on points with Blackburn Rovers, Ipswich Town and Middlesbrough. Southend United and Leicester City, just one point behind them, complete the top six.
1 January 1992 – Manchester United suffer a shock 4–1 home defeat by Queens Park Rangers, with Dennis Bailey scoring a hat-trick. Leeds United overtake them at the top of the First Division with a 3–1 away win over relegation-threatened West Ham United. The Second Division promotion race sees Blackburn regain their lead with a 2–1 home win over Cambridge United, who drop to sixth in the league. Southend maintain their promotion challenge with a 4–0 home win over Newcastle, who are now just one point clear of the drop zone and faced with the prospect of third tier football for the first time in their history. Wolves continue their climb up the table with a 2–0 win at Grimsby, while Portsmouth's promotion hopes are hit by a 3–2 defeat at Plymouth, whose three points help them stay clear of the drop zone. Gary Lineker receives an OBE and Tom Finney an MBE in the New Year's Honours.
2 January 1992 – Maidstone United manager Bill Williams admits defeat in his attempt to revive the club's fortunes and reverts to his previous position as general manager. Williams' assistant Clive Walker is left with the task of turning things around for the club, who are kept off the foot of the table only by the shockingly awful seasons being experienced by Aldershot and Doncaster Rovers.
4 January 1992 – Arsenal, defending league champions, lose 2–1 at Wrexham, who finished bottom of the Fourth Division last season, in the FA Cup third round. Non-league Farnborough Town hold West Ham United to a 1–1 draw at Upton Park, while Crystal Palace are beaten 1-0 by Leicester City.
6 January 1992 – Terry Butcher, at 33 the youngest manager in the First Division, is sacked by Coventry City and replaced by his 56-year-old assistant Don Howe.
10 January 1992 – Notts County sell Paul Rideout to Rangers for £500,000.
11 January 1992 – Defender Gary Ablett makes the move across Stanley Park to join Everton from Liverpool for £750,000, on the same day that his new club loses 1–0 to Manchester United at Old Trafford, with an Andrei Kanchelskis goal taking Alex Ferguson's team back to the top of the league. Liverpool's improvement continues as a 2–1 home win over Luton Town takes them into third place, sending the visitors back into the relegation zone, while Sheffield United climb out with a 4–2 away win over bottom club Southampton. Coventry draw 2–2 at home with QPR in their first match under the management of Don Howe. Second Division leaders Blackburn beat Bristol City 4–0 at Ewood Park. Brighton keep their survival bid on track with a 3–1 home win over Barnsley. A mid-table clash at Roker Park sees Sunderland beat Millwall 6–2 with Don Goodman scoring a hat-trick. Newcastle have fallen into the relegation zone after being held to a 2–2 draw by Watford at Vicarage Road.
12 January 1992 – Lee Chapman takes Leeds back to the top of the First Division with a hat-trick against his old club Sheffield Wednesday in a 6–1 win at Hillsborough.
14 January 1992 – Holders Tottenham Hotspur are knocked out of the FA Cup by Aston Villa in a third round replay. West Ham United struggle to a 1–0 win in their replay against Farnborough Town.
15 January 1992 – Manchester United defeat Leeds United 1–0 in the FA Cup third round showdown between the leading two teams in the First Division.
18 January 1992 – Leeds United and Manchester United both drop points, with Crystal Palace holding the hosts to a 1–1 draw at Elland Road and Manchester United being held to a 1–1 draw by Notts County at Meadow Lane. Liverpool continue to recover their league form with a 3–2 win over Oldham at Boundary Park. Newcastle's Second Division campaign continues to go from bad to worse with a 4–3 home defeat to Charlton Athletic, who remain firmly in the hunt for a playoff place, as do a resurgent Wolves with a 3–0 home win over Watford.
19 January 1992 – Wimbledon sack Peter Withe after three months as manager and replace him with reserve team manager Joe Kinnear.
22 January 1992 – Bolton Wanderers sign 19-year-old midfielder Jason McAteer from Northern Premier League side Marine. Manchester United regain their lead of the First Division when a Mark Hughes goal gives them a 1–0 home win over Aston Villa.
25 January 1992 – Aston Villa beat Derby County 4–3 in the FA Cup fourth round at the Baseball Ground. Wrexham hold First Division West Ham United to a 2–2 draw at Upton Park.
30 January 1992 – Derby County pay a club record £1.2million for striker Marco Gabbiadini, just four months after he joined Crystal Palace.
31 January 1992 – Manchester United are still top of the First Division as January ends, with a two-point lead over Leeds United and a game in hand. After four straight league wins, Liverpool are third, but remain eight points off top place. Luton Town, Southampton and West Ham United occupy the bottom three places. The Second Division promotion race is being led by Blackburn Rovers, while Southend United's unlikely promotion challenge continues as they occupy second place. Ipswich Town, Middlesbrough, Leicester City and Cambridge United lie in the play-off zone. French striker Eric Cantona rejects the offer of a contract with Sheffield Wednesday after a trial period.
1 February 1992 – Frenchman Eric Cantona agrees to join Leeds United on the same day that his new club return to the top of the First Division with a 3–0 home win over Notts County, while Manchester United are held to a 1–1 draw by Arsenal at Highbury. Chelsea climb into sixth place with a 2–1 win over Liverpool at Anfield. Sheffield United climb into 17th place with a 5–2 win over Nottingham Forest at the City Ground. Blackburn remain top of the Second Division with a 2–1 home win over Swindon Town. Southend remain second with a 1–0 home win over Watford, with Ipswich still level on points with them after beating Millwall 3–2 away from home. Wolves beat Leicester 1–0 at home to move within three points on the playoffs.
4 February 1992 – Wrexham's FA Cup run ends with a 1–0 defeat at home to West Ham United in their fourth round replay. Manchester United sell out-of-favour goalkeeper Jim Leighton, who has played for the first team just once in the last 18 months, to Dundee for £250,000.
5 February 1992 – Swansea City winger Alan Davies, 30, is found dead in his car near his home in South Wales. Davies played for Manchester United in the 1983 FA Cup final, and later played for Newcastle United and Bradford City. Southampton knock Manchester United out of the FA Cup on penalties in a fourth round replay. Teddy Sheringham scores a hat-trick for Nottingham Forest as they beat Crystal Palace 4–2 in the League Cup quarter-final at the City Ground.
6 February 1992 – Newcastle United, second from bottom in the Second Division, sack manager Ossie Ardiles after 11 months in charge and replace him with former striker Kevin Keegan. Eric Cantona signs for Leeds United from Nîmes Olympique in a £900,000 deal after turning down a contract with Sheffield Wednesday.
7 February 1992 – Former Liverpool and England midfielder Terry McDermott is appointed as Kevin Keegan's assistant. Liverpool legend Bob Paisley resigns from the club's board of directors due to ill health, ending a 53-year association with the club.
8 February 1992 – Kevin Keegan starts his managerial career on a high note as Newcastle beat Bristol City 3–0 at home. Arsenal end a seven-match winless run in the league with a 1–0 win at Notts County, but Leeds United's title bid takes a blow when they suffer a 2–0 defeat at Oldham Athletic, with Manchester United's 1–1 home draw with Sheffield Wednesday being enough to keep them on top. Sheffield United's upturn continues with a 4–2 home win over Manchester City. Wimbledon beat Aston Villa 2–0 to ensure that they stay clear of the relegation zone and begin their recovery from dismal mid-season form. Blackburn's 3–2 win over Grimsby at Blundell Park ensures that their remain one point ahead at the top of the Second Division, despite second-placed Ipswich's 5–2 home win over Portsmouth. Swindon climb into fourth place with a 2–1 home win over Brighton. Down in the Third Division, a clash between local rivals sees West Bromwich Albion retain their lead of the table with a 3–0 away win over Birmingham City, who stand fourth in the table during their third season at this level.
9 February 1992 – With the club slipping back into the relegation zone after an initial run of good form under caretaker manager Wes Saunders, Third Division strugglers Torquay United take the bold move of appointing Yugoslav manager Ivan Golac until the end of the season.
13 February 1992 – Second Division strugglers Plymouth Argyle sack manager David Kemp.
15 February 1992 – Nottingham Forest thrash Bristol City 4–1 at the City Ground in the FA Cup fifth round. Chelsea beat Sheffield United 1–0 in a match in which Vinnie Jones is booked inside the first ten seconds of play. In the league, Arsenal keep their fading title hopes alive with a 7–1 home win over fellow outsiders Sheffield Wednesday at Highbury.
19 February 1992 – Alan Shearer scores on his full England debut in a 2-0 friendly win over France at Wembley. Also making his debut are Liverpool's Rob Jones and Everton's Martin Keown.
20 February 1992 – The Football Association confirms that it will launch the new FA Premier League for next season, contested between the 19 highest-placed teams in this season's final First Division table and the champions, runners-up and playoff winners in the Second Division.
21 February 1992 – Aston Villa pay a club record £1.7million for Oldham Athletic defender Earl Barrett.
22 February 1992 – Manchester United open up a four-point lead at the top of the First Division by beating Crystal Palace 2–0 at Old Trafford, with Mark Hughes scoring twice and Peter Schmeichel making a spectacular save from a Simon Rodger shot. Liverpool fall to a 3–0 defeat to Norwich City at Carrow Road.
23 February 1992 – Leeds are held to a 1–1 draw by Everton at Goodison Park, which means they are still three points behind Manchester United, who have a game in hand.
26 February 1992 – In a set of high-scoring FA Cup fifth round replays, Southampton beat Bolton Wanderers 3–2 at The Dell, Sunderland beat West Ham United 3–2 at Upton Park, Liverpool beat Ipswich Town 3–2 at Anfield and Portsmouth beat Middlesbrough 4–2 at Ayresome Park.
28 February 1992 – 20-year-old Australian goalkeeper Mark Bosnich joins Aston Villa after seven months back in his homeland following his departure from Manchester United. He joins Les Sealey, who joined Villa from Old Trafford last summer, at Villa Park. After a loan spell, Norwich City midfielder Tim Sherwood makes his move to Blackburn Rovers permanent for £500,000. The only league action of the day sees Cambridge United beat Bristol Rovers 6–1 in the Second Division at the Abbey Stadium.
29 February 1992 – February ends with Manchester United holding a two-point advantage over second placed Leeds United. Southampton, West Ham United and Luton Town remain in the bottom three. Blackburn Rovers still lead the race for a place in the new Premier League, while Ipswich Town are second . The play-off zone is occupied by Cambridge United, Southend United, Middlesbrough and Derby County. In the Third Division, referee Roger Wiseman is assaulted by a spectator during the Birmingham City–Stoke City promotion clash at St Andrew's, which ends in a 1–1 draw and sees Stoke top the Third Division.
2 March 1992 – Peter Shilton, at 42 the oldest player in the Football League, departs from Derby County after nearly five years to become player-manager of Plymouth Argyle. Birmingham City chairman Samesh Kumar vows to impose life bans on anyone convicted of taking part in the pitch invasion against Stoke City.
4 March 1992 – Welsh international midfielder Joey Jones, who plays for Wrexham at club level and turned out for Liverpool earlier in his career, announces his retirement as a player on his 37th birthday.
7 March 1992 – Nottingham Forest's hopes of a cup double are ended as they are beaten 1–0 by Portsmouth at Fratton Park in the FA Cup sixth round. In the league, Leeds go top of the First Division with a 3–1 win over Tottenham at White Hart Lane, which sends the hosts down to 17th place. Luton climb out of the relegation zone with a 1–1 draw at home to Crystal Palace. QPR beat Manchester City 4–0 at Loftus Road. Wimbledon's resurgence continues with a 2–0 home win over Notts County, who fall into the relegation zone. In the Second Division, Blackburn suffer a shock 3–0 away defeat to Bristol Rovers, allowing Ipswich Town to draw level on points with them by beating Watford 1–0 at Vicarage Road. Oxford climb out of the Second Division relegation zone with a dramatic 5–3 win over local rivals Swindon Town at the Manor Ground.
8 March 1992 – Liverpool's bid for a fifth FA Cup triumph remains on track as they beat Aston Villa 1–0 at Anfield.
9 March 1992 – Caretaker manager Joe Kinnear is placed in charge of Wimbledon on a permanent basis.
10 March 1992 – Sunderland hold Chelsea to a 1–1 draw at Stamford Bridge in the FA Cup sixth round. In the top-flight, Arsenal beat Oldham 2–1 while Steve Cherry is Notts' hero at home to Villa: the County custodian saves Steve Staunton's penalty kick in a goalless draw that sees the Nottingham club pull out of the bottom three. In Second Division action, league leaders Blackburn Rovers draw 2–2 with play-off hopefuls Southend United, while Newcastle United win away at high-flying Cambridge United.
11 March 1992 – Queens Park Rangers inflict another 4–1 defeat on a title-chasing side, this time Leeds United at Loftus Road. Derby County spend £1.3million on Leicester City striker Paul Kitson, while Manchester City sign Dutch defender Michel Vonk from HVV for £500,000.
12 March 1992 – Derby County spend another £1.3million on another striker – Tommy Johnson from Notts County – while Arsenal sell 20-year-old striker Andy Cole to Bristol City for £500,000 after a loan spell.
14 March 1992 – Lee Chapman scores his second hat-trick in just months as Leeds win 5–1 at home to Wimbledon, with Eric Cantona scoring twice to keep the leaders on top. Manchester United beat Sheffield United 2–1 at Bramall Lane, but are two points behind the leaders and have three games in hand. Luton keep out of the drop zone by holding Everton to a 1–1 draw at Goodison Park. Oldham head closer to securing a place in the new Premier League with a 4–3 home win over Notts County, who remain in the drop zone when a victory would have lifted them out of it. Sheffield Wednesday keep their faint title hopes alive with a 2–0 away win over Tottenham, who now occupy a dismal 18th place in the league and are just five points clear of the relegation zone. West Ham remain bottom after losing 2–0 at home to Arsenal. Blackburn remain top of the Second Division with a 3–0 win over Brighton at the Goldstone Ground, while Newcastle take a big step towards survival with a 3–1 home win over second-placed Ipswich. Cambridge United keep their automatic promotions hopes alive with a 2–1 win over Bristol City at Ashton Gate. Portsmouth keep on track for a playoff place with a 6–1 home win over Millwall.
15 March 1992 – The only league action of the day sees Southampton climb out the drop zone by beating Manchester City 1–0 at Maine Road, with Iain Dowie scoring the only goal of the game.
18 March 1992 – The FA Cup quarter-final replays see Norwich City beat Southampton 2–1 and Sunderland beat Chelsea 2–1. Bruce Rioch resigns after two years as Millwall manager to be replaced in the manager's seat by 35-year-old defender Mick McCarthy. In the Fourth Division, bottom club Aldershot are wound up in the High Court with debts in excess of £1million, but are given seven days to appeal against the verdict and have been allowed to continue in the Football League. Liverpool's UEFA Cup run ends in a 4–0 aggregate semi-final defeat by Genoa of Italy, who beat them 2–0 in both legs.
20 March 1992 – Derby County break their transfer record again by signing Notts County striker Tommy Johnson for £1.3million after a loan spell.
21 March 1992 – Chelsea player Vinnie Jones sets a Football League record by receiving a yellow card after only three seconds of the game against Sheffield United. The game ends in a 2–1 win for the Blades at Stamford Bridge. Tottenham are now 19th in the First Division after a 2–1 defeat to Liverpool at Anfield, although they are four points clear of 20th-placed Luton and have three games in hand. The bottom three of Luton, Notts County and West Ham all drop points. Darren Beckford scores a hat-trick for Norwich in a 4–3 win over Everton at Carrow Road. Blackburn remain top of the Second Division despite a 2–0 home defeat at home to Charlton Athletic, who climb three places to fifth. Middlesbrough's promotion hopes are boosted by a 4–0 home win over Brighton, who are still in the relegation zone.
22 March 1992 – In the only league action of the day, leaders Leeds draw 1–1 with Arsenal at Highbury. They currently have a two-point lead over Manchester United, but their nearest rivals still have two games in hand.
23 March 1992 – Kenny Dalglish takes his Blackburn Rovers spending to £5million in five months with a £750,000 move for Swindon Town striker Duncan Shearer.
25 March 1992 – Aldershot go out of business and are forced to resign from the Football League. Their resignation disrupts the League's plans to expand to 94 clubs for the following season, and it is announced that rather than promoting a second club from the Football Conference (or relegating the bottom-placed Fourth Division club to restore the League to 92 members), the following two seasons will proceed with a 93-club Football League, with further discussions on league reconstruction to take place for the 1994–95 season. Aldershot's resignation seemingly condemns Doncaster Rovers to the humiliation of finishing in bottom place, as they are now nine points adrift of second-bottom Carlisle United.
27 March 1992 – Clive Allen's three-month spell at Chelsea ends with a £275,000 move to relegation-threatened West Ham United.
28 March 1992 – Leeds drop two vital points when they are a held to a goalless draw by bottom club West Ham at Elland Road, but Manchester United also drop points when they are held to a goalless draw at QPR. Gordon Durie scores a hat-trick for Tottenham in their 4–3 home win over Coventry. West Ham are now eight points adrift of safety with nine games left to play. Notts County's survival hopes suffer a major blow with a 3–2 home defeat to Crystal Palace. Blackburn surrender their lead of the Second Division with a 2–1 defeat at Barnsley, with Ipswich going top as they beat Derby County 2–1.
29 March 1992 – Newcastle United's Second Division survival bid is given a major boost when they beat local rivals Sunderland 1–0 at home. In the last-ever Full Members Cup final, Nottingham Forest beat Southampton 3-2 after extra time at Wembley, but lose defender Stuart Pearce for the rest of the season with a knee injury.
31 March 1992 – The month ends with Manchester United still top of the league, now one point ahead of Leeds United and with a game in hand after two Paul Ince goals help them beat Norwich City 3–1 at Carrow Road. Luton Town and West Ham United remain in the relegation zone, and have been joined by Notts County. Four successive wins in March have seen Southampton move five points clear of danger. Ipswich Town have displaced Blackburn Rovers at the top of the Second Division, with the play-off zone occupied by Cambridge United, Middlesbrough, Leicester City and Charlton Athletic. Liverpool maintain fourth place in the First Division with a 4–0 home win over Notts County, who are now six points adrift of safety and having play more games than all the other teams in the bottom seven.
1 April 1992 – Southampton make it five league wins in a row by beating Everton 1–0 at Goodison Park. West Ham are now 11 points adrift of safety after losing 3–0 to Tottenham at White Hart Lane, with Gary Lineker scoring a hat-trick. A Second Division promotion crunch game at Filbert Street sees Leicester beat Middlesbrough 2–1.
2 April 1992 – Wimbledon beat Nottingham Forest 3–0 at Selhurst Park, meaning that they now only need five points from their final six games to be sure of survival and a place in the Premier League.
3 April 1992 – Northampton Town go into receivership with debts of £1million; the club's administrators sack manager Theo Foley.
4 April 1992 – Leeds United's title challenge suffers another blow as they lose 4–0 to Manchester City at Maine Road. Luton keep their survival hopes alive with a 2–1 home win over Wimbledon, cutting the gap between themselves and 19th-placed Coventry to five points. Aston Villa manage an impressive 5–2 away win over Tottenham. West Ham are pushed closer to relegation with a 2–1 defeat at Chelsea. Southampton beat QPR 2–1 to make it six league wins a row. Cambridge move back into the Second Division automatic promotion places at the expense of Blackburn by beating Millwall 1–0 at home.
5 April 1992 – Sunderland beat Norwich City 1–0 to reach their first FA Cup final since 1973, while Portsmouth draw 1–1 after extra time with Liverpool, whose manager Graeme Souness is rushed to hospital just hours after the game to undergo an emergency heart operation.
7 April 1992 – Ryan Giggs scores against Manchester City in the Manchester derby at Old Trafford for the second season running, but this time United fail to take all the points as their neighbours hold them to a 1–1 draw. With six games left to play, United now have a two-point lead over Leeds and a game in hand. Notts County slide closer to relegation with a 2–0 home defeat to Tottenham.
8 April 1992 – Sheffield Wednesday's title bid is effectively ended when they are held to a goalless draw at Coventry, whose two dropped points are a gift to 20th-placed Luton, who are now six points adrift of Don Howe's team and have a game in hand. Wimbledon climb four places to 10th with a 3–2 win over Liverpool at Anfield, Arsenal win 3–1 over Norwich at Carrow Road, and Southampton's six-match winning run ends with a 1–0 home defeat to Nottingham Forest. Leicester reach fifth place in the race for places in the new Premier League by beating Sunderland 3–2 at Filbert Street – a result which leaves the FA Cup finalists on the brink of the relegation zone, although they have games in hand over all of the bottom three teams.
11 April 1992 – Paul Merson scores a hat-trick in Arsenal's 4–1 home win over Crystal Palace. Leeds United beat Chelsea 3–0 to move one point ahead of Manchester United at the top of the league, although Alex Ferguson's men still have two games in hand. Notts County beat Coventry 1–0 to keep their survival hopes alive, but still need at least seven points from their final four games to stand any chance of avoiding relegation. West Ham beat Norwich 4–0 at Upton Park to give themselves fresh hope of survival, they are still nine points adrift to safety with six games left to play but have two games in hand over 19th-placed Coventry. Luton failed to take advantage of Coventry's latest defeat, crashing to a 5–1 defeat at Oldham in which Graeme Sharp scored four goals. At the top of the Second Division, Ipswich beat Newcastle 3–2 at Portman Road and will guarantee their place in the new Premier League if they pick up as little as five points from their last five games. Cambridge hold on to second place despite a 2–1 defeat at Wolves. Leicester keep their automatic promotion hopes alive with a 3–1 home win over Barnsley. Blackburn's dismal run of form continues as they lose 2–1 at Watford.
12 April 1992 – Manchester United defeat Nottingham Forest 1–0 in the League Cup final thanks to a Brian McClair goal in the first half.
13 April 1992 – Liverpool defeat Portsmouth on penalties after their FA Cup semi-final replay ends in a goalless draw.
14 April 1992 – Luton are now just three points adrift of safety after beating Nottingham Forest 2–1 at Kenilworth Road. Sheffield United peak in eighth place with a 2–0 win over Tottenham at Bramall Lane. West Ham lose 1–0 at home to Southampton, who are now almost certainly safe from relegation, but West Ham are left needing at least nine points from their final four games to stand any chance of avoiding relegation.
15 April 1992 – On the third anniversary of the Hillsborough disaster, Graeme Souness sparks outrage when he gives an exclusive front page interview with The Sun newspaper, which is still reviled on Merseyside following its controversial reporting of the tragedy in which 95 Liverpool fans died, celebrating his recovery from heart surgery and Liverpool's victory in the FA Cup semi-final. On the Football League scene, there is no action in the First Division but Middlesbrough clinch three vital points in the Second Division promotion race with a 2–1 win over Oxford United and Derby win 2–1 at Brighton, with both results impacting on the promotion and relegation issues.
16 April 1992 – Manchester United return to the top of the First Division when an Andrei Kanchelskis goal gives them a 1–0 home win over Southampton and a two-point lead over Leeds, with the advantage of a game in hand.
17 April 1992 – Cambridge United squander the chance of bouncing back into the Second Division automatic promotion places when they are held to a 2–2 draw at home to Portsmouth, whose own playoff push takes a major blow by the failure to win the game.
18 April 1992 – Liverpool hold Leeds United to a goalless draw at Anfield. Manchester United fail to take advantage as they can only manage a 1–1 draw at Luton Town, but remain two points clear at the top with a game in hand. The point equally was crucial for Luton, who are now just two points adrift of safety due to Coventry's 1–0 defeat at home to Everton. Sheffield Wednesday win 1–0 at Southampton and are still in with a faint chance of winning the league title just one season after promotion. Notts County claw back to being four points adrift of safety with a 1–0 win at Norwich, who suddenly find themselves in danger of relegation after a recent slump in league form.
19 April 1992 – Defender Mick McCarthy becomes player-manager of Millwall following the sacking of Bruce Rioch.
20 April 1992 – Ian Wright scores twice as Arsenal beat Liverpool 4–0 at Highbury. Leeds United are one point ahead of Manchester United, who have a game in hand, after a 2–0 home win over relegation threatened Coventry City, while Alex Ferguson's team lose 2–1 at home to Nottingham Forest. Sheffield Wednesday maintain their slim chance of snatching the title by recording a third straight victory, and are now just three points off top spot. West Ham's relegation is almost certain following a 2–0 home defeat to Crystal Palace, meaning that they will have to win their final three games of the season and hope that Coventry lose their remaining three games to survive even on goal difference. Luton squander their chance to climb out of the drop zone with a 2–1 defeat at QPR, while Notts County's 3–1 defeat at home to Sheffield United leaves them needing to win both of their remaining games to stand any chance of survival. In the Second Division, Newcastle have fallen back into the relegation zone and their 4–1 defeat at Derby is a big boost for their hosts in the push for promotion.
21 April 1992 – Businessman Max Griggs forms a new team, Rushden & Diamonds, from a merger of Rushden Town and Irthlingborough Diamonds, to play in the Midland Division of the Southern League next season. In the Second Division, Ipswich's promotion celebrations are put on hold when they are held to a goalless draw at home by Grimsby, but their now just need a single point from their final two games to guarantee promotion. Leicester's automatic promotion hopes are given a major boost by a 2–1 home win over Cambridge, which ends John Beck's team's hopes of automatic promotion, although they remain in the playoff places and in contention for a unique third successive promotion. Charlton edge Blackburn out of the playoff places on goal difference with a 1–1 draw at Port Vale, who would have climbed out of the relegation zone with a victory.
22 April 1992 – Manchester United's title hopes are left hanging by a thread when they lose 1–0 to West Ham United at Upton Park. They remain one point behind leaders Leeds United with two games remaining. The victory also delays West Ham's almost certain relegation.
25 April 1992 – Newly promoted clubs West Ham United and Notts County are both relegated from the First Division. County's relegation is confirmed by a 2–0 defeat to Manchester City at Maine Road, and West Ham are beaten 1–0 at Coventry, who stay out of the relegation zone despite Luton's 2–0 win over Aston Villa. Sheffield Wednesday miss the chance to go level with Leeds United at the top as they draw 1–1 with Crystal Palace. Ipswich become the first team to win promotion to the new Premier League when they draw 1–1 at Oxford United, which also seals them the Second Division title. Leicester would have gone into their final game needing just a point to achieve promotion had they managed to win at Charlton, but found themselves on the receiving end of a 2–0 defeat and also face the prospect of being pipped to automatic promotion by their local rivals Derby, who won 2–1 at Bristol City. Blackburn beat Millwall 2–1 at Ewood Park but remain one place outside the playoff places due to Charlton's win. Middlesbrough beat Bristol Rovers 2–1 at Ayresome Park and will go into their final game of the season in the automatic places on goal difference if they win their game in hand. Port Vale's 4–2 defeat at Cambridge leaves them needing to win their final game to stand any chance of survival.
26 April 1992 – Leeds United are confirmed as league champions for the first time in eighteen years, and just two years after winning promotion, thanks to a 3–2 win over Sheffield United and Manchester United's 2–0 defeat at Liverpool immediately afterwards.
27 April 1992 – FA Cup finalists Sunderland secure their Second Division survival with a goalless draw over Swindon at Roker Park.
28 April 1992 – After guiding Sunderland to the FA Cup final and Second Division survival, Malcolm Crosby receives the manager's job on a permanent basis. Middlesbrough move into second place in the Second Division with a 2–0 home win over Grimsby. Charlton lose 1–0 at home to Tranmere to give Blackburn the advantage of their game in hand in the race for a playoff place.
29 April 1992 – Blackburn climb back into the top six of the Second Division on goal difference with a 2–2 draw over Sunderland at Ewood Park. Brighton keep their survival hopes alive with a 2–1 home win over Portsmouth, whose playoff hopes are ended as a result.
30 April 1992 – Ipswich Town have sealed promotion to the new Premier League as Second Division champions, ending six years outside the top flight. Leicester City now occupy the second automatic promotion place, but face competition from Derby County and Middlesbrough. Cambridge United and Charlton Athletic complete the top six.
1 May 1992 – Dave Stringer resigns as manager of Norwich City after five seasons, with coach David Williams being put in temporary charge for the club's final game of the season.
2 May 1992 – Leeds United finish their title winning campaign with a 1–0 home win over Norwich City. Manchester United finish second after beating Tottenham Hotspur 3–1, with Gary Lineker scoring a consolation goal for the North London side to finish the season with 28 league goals. It is the last game to be played in front of the Stretford End terrace before it is replaced by an all-seater stand. Arsenal's Ian Wright leapfrogs Lineker as the First Division's top scorer, with 29 goals, by scoring a hat-trick against Southampton in a 5–1 win at Highbury, in the last game to be played in front of the existing North Bank. Luton Town's final game of the season ends in defeat by relegated Notts County, ending their 10-year stay in the top flight. Coventry City survive by two points despite losing to Aston Villa. In his final game for West Ham United, Frank McAvennie scores a hat-trick for the relegated East London side in their 3–0 home win over Nottingham Forest.David White scores a hat-trick for Manchester City in their 5–2 away win over Oldham. Liverpool finish sixth in the league – their lowest final position for 27 years – but maintain their record of finishing in the top eight every season since winning promotion in 1962. Middlesbrough clinch the second promotion place in the Second Division, winning 2–1 at Wolves. Newcastle achieve survival with a 2–1 at Leicester, who along with their local rivals Derby qualify for the playoffs. Cambridge's hopes of a unique third successive promotion remain alive as they qualify for the playoffs by finishing fifth. Blackburn seal the final playoff place with a 3–1 at Plymouth, who are relegated after six seasons in the Second Division. Oxford's survival is ensured by a 2–1 away win over Tranmere at Prenton Park, while Brighton are sent down by a 3–1 defeat at champions Ipswich and Port Vale go down in bottom place after losing 1–0 at home to Grimsby.
3 May 1992 – Gordon Strachan announces his retirement from international action with Scotland.
5 May 1992 – It is announced that England will host the 1996 UEFA European Football Championships. Bobby Gould is sacked as manager of West Bromwich Albion after they just missed out on the Third Division play-offs in their first season at this level.
7 May 1992 – Defender Des Walker moves from Nottingham Forest to Sampdoria of Italy for £1.5million.
8 May 1992 – Phil Neal, the former Liverpool captain, is sacked after more than six years as manager of Bolton Wanderers. Neal, 41, oversaw Bolton's relegation to the Fourth Division in 1987 but won them promotion after just one season, and last season he took them to the brink of promotion to the Second Division. However, he could only manage them to 13th place in this season's Third Division. Two more Third Division clubs make managerial appointments on the same day, as Ossie Ardiles returns to management with West Bromwich Albion, and Ivan Golac steps down as Torquay United manager after failing to keep them in the division. With Wes Saunders declining the chance to return to the Torquay manager's job on a permanent basis, the club appoint another senior player, Paul Compton as manager.
9 May 1992 – Liverpool lift the FA Cup for the fifth time in their history thanks to a 2–0 win over Sunderland at Wembley. The goals come from Michael Thomas and Ian Rush, who scores for a record fifth time in the final.
10 May 1992 – Mike Masters becomes the first American to score at Wembley, doing so for Colchester United in the F.A Trophy Final.
11 May 1992 – Former England manager Bobby Robson ends two years with PSV Eindhoven in the Netherlands to manage Sporting Lisbon of Portugal.
15 May 1992 – Rob Jones pulls out of contention for a place in England's European Championship squad due to a shin splints injury. Peter Shreeves is dismissed as team manager of Tottenham Hotspur after one disappointing season back at the helm.
18 May 1992 – Graham Taylor announces England's 20-man squad for the European Championships.
19 May 1992 – Portsmouth accept a £700,000 offer from Liverpool for defender John Beresford.
21 May 1992 – Having secured Newcastle's survival in the Second Division, Kevin Keegan signs a three-year contract to become manager on a permanent basis.
23 May 1992 – Aldershot Town are formed in place of the bankrupt Aldershot FC, and are applying for a place in next season's Isthmian League Third Division. Blackpool become the first team to win promotion on penalties when they defeat Scunthorpe United 4–3 on penalties after a 1–1 draw in the Fourth Division playoff final.
24 May 1992 – Peterborough United win the Third Division playoff final with a 2–1 win over Stockport County to become founder members of the new Division One and reach the second tier of the English league for the first time in their 32 years as a Football League side.
25 May 1992 – Blackburn Rovers return to the top flight of English football after a 26-year exile after beating Leicester City in the Second Division playoff final. The only goal of the game is a penalty by former Leicester striker Mike Newell. Lee Dixon becomes the second right-back to pull out of the England squad, causing Graham Taylor to call upon the Rangers defender Gary Stevens.
27 May 1992 – Bobby Gould is appointed joint manager of Coventry City alongside Don Howe, who was his assistant when he managed Wimbledon to FA Cup glory in 1988. Derby County, who missed out on a place in the new Premier League after defeat in the playoffs, prepare for another promotion push by signing midfielder Mark Pembridge from Luton Town for £1.25million. Tottenham Hotspur announce that Doug Livermore will be taking charge of the first team from next season with Ray Clemence as his assistant, while chief executive Terry Venables will be involved in the coaching side of the club again.
29 May 1992 – Bruce Rioch returns to football as manager of Bolton Wanderers.
1 June 1992 – Tottenham Hotspur sign 19-year-old winger Darren Anderton from Portsmouth for £1.7million. Mike Walker is promoted from reserve team manager to succeed Dave Stringer as manager of Norwich City.
2 June 1992 – Demolition work begins on Manchester United's famous Stretford End, to make way for an all-seater replacement which will cost £12million to build and be completed next year.
3 June 1992 – England lose a third right-back when Gary Stevens suffers a stress fracture in a 2–1 friendly win over Finland in Helsinki. Their left winger John Barnes ruptures his Achilles tendon and is also ruled out of the European Championships.
5 June 1992 – England are given special permission to make additions to their European Championship squad after the official deadline, selecting Manchester City defender Keith Curle and QPR winger Andy Sinton as late additions to his squad.
9 June 1992 – England midfielder David Platt leaves Bari after one year and agrees to join their Italian league rivals Juventus for £6.5million. Harry Redknapp ends eight years as manager of Bournemouth and is succeeded by Tony Pulis. Aston Villa assistant manager Andy Gray resigns from the position to become a full-time pundit for Sky Sports in their coverage of the new Premier League.
10 June 1992 – More than a year after first trying to sign him, Lazio finally sign Paul Gascoigne from Tottenham Hotspur for a fee of £6.5million – a record sale for an English club and the joint highest fee for an English player following David Platt's transfer between two Italian clubs yesterday.
11 June 1992 – England begin their European Championship campaign with a goalless draw with Denmark in Malmö.
12 June 1992 – England are refused permission to make a further addition to their European Championship squad, after Mark Wright was ruled out by injury and manager Graham Taylor had wanted to select Tony Adams in his place.
14 June 1992 – England draw 0–0 with France in their second European Championship group game.
16 June 1992 – Kevin Keegan continues to plot Newcastle United's revival bid by signing midfielder Paul Bracewell from Sunderland for £250,000.
17 June 1992 – Despite taking an early lead thanks to David Platt, England bow out of the European Championships after two second-half goals put them 2–1 down to Sweden in Stockholm.
21 June 1992 – Chris Waddle rejects an offer to join Leeds United from Olympique Marseille. He is now expected to join Sheffield Wednesday for £900,000.
24 June 1992 – Don Howe resigns as joint manager of Coventry City, leaving Bobby Gould in sole charge.
Retirements
Alan Devonshire, Watford winger who spent most of his career at West Ham United and was capped eight times by England.
Brian Talbot, former Arsenal and England midfielder, retired from professional football on his resignation as Aldershot's player-manager in November 1991.
Deaths
12 July 1991 – Joe Robinson, 72, kept goal for Blackpool in the 1948 FA Cup Final defeat by Manchester United.
15 August 1991 – Ken Gunn, 82, played at wing-half for Swansea Town, Port Vale and Northampton in the 1930s.
18 August 1991 – Les McDowall, 78, played 117 league games and scored eight goals at wing-half for Manchester City between 1937 and 1949, having started his career at Sunderland. His career was disrupted by World War II. He then managed City for 13 years from 1950 to 1963, guiding them to FA Cup glory in 1956.
30 August 1991 – Cyril Knowles, 47, who played at left back for Tottenham and England during the late 1960s and early 1970s, died of brain cancer. Achieved Fourth Division promotion success with Darlington in 1985 and Hartlepool United in 1991.
27 September 1991 – Joe Hulme, 87, was a right-winger for Arsenal in Herbert Chapman's great interwar team. After the war, he was the manager of Tottenham Hotspur for four years.
29 September 1991 – Gordon Clayton, 51, who kept goal for Manchester United twice in the late 1950s, had only been appointed assistant manager of GM Vauxhall Conference side Northwich Victoria a few weeks before his sudden death.
5 November 1991 – Robert Maxwell, 68, Former Chairman of Oxford United & Derby County & Media Proprietor. Died after presumably falling overboard his luxury Yacht Lady Ghislaine.
12 November 1991 – Billy Behan, 80, made a solitary appearance in goal for Manchester United in the Second Division in March 1934. He spent most of his playing career in his native Ireland, where he later spent many years working as a referee.
19 November 1991 – Jackie Stamps, 72, scored 100 league goals for Derby County between 1939 and 1950 and scored twice in their 1946 FA Cup Final triumph, being prevented from enjoying more success at the club due to World War II.
4 December 1991 – Cliff Bastin, 79, played centre-forward during Arsenal's successful pre Second World War side and set a goalscoring record for the club which would be unbroken for some 60 years. Had played for Exeter City early in his career and a new stand at the club's St James Park ground was named after him.
1 January 1992 – Jack Badham, 72, played 175 league games as a left-back or left-half for Birmingham City between 1946 and 1957.
13 January 1992 – Mick Leach, 44, who died of cancer, played more than 300 games for Queens Park Rangers between 1965 and 1979. He helped them achieve their highest-ever league finish when they finished runners-up in the league title race at the end of the 1975–76 season, and continued at the club for the next three seasons before finishing his career with Cambridge United.
15 January 1992 – John Beattie, 79, played 278 games in the English and Scottish leagues, starting out in his native Scotland at Aberdeen in 1931 before turning out for Wolverhampton Wanderers, Blackburn Rovers, Birmingham City, Huddersfield Town and Grimsby Town, his senior career being effectively ended by World War II.
4 February 1992 – Alan Davies, 30, who played on the left wing for Manchester United in their 1983 FA Cup triumph, was found dead in his car in South Wales. He had committed suicide. At the time of his death, Davies was employed by Swansea City and his other clubs had included Newcastle United and Bradford City.
29 February 1992 – Willie Fagan, 75, began his playing career in his native Scotland with Celtic before moving south of the border to Preston in 1936, moving to Liverpool a year later and making 158 league appearances as a forward, scoring 47 goals, before ending his senior career at Anfield in 1952. He collected a league title winner's medal with Liverpool in 1947 but was prevented from enjoying more success on Merseyside due to his career being disrupted by World War II.
2 March 1992 – Jackie Mudie, 61, was capped 17 times for Scotland in the 1950s, scoring nine goals from centre-forward, but spent his whole senior playing career in England, including a 14-year spell at Blackpool beginning in 1947 which yielded 144 league goals and an FA Cup winner's medal in 1953. On leaving Bloomfield Road in 1961, he signed for Stoke City and finally retired as a player at Port Vale in 1967, where he had been joint manager alongside Stanley Matthews for two years. He died after a two-year battle against cancer.
18 March 1992 – Jack Kelsey, 63, kept goal for Arsenal and Wales during the postwar years and played until his career was ended by a back injury suffered against Brazil in 1962.
April 1992 – Tommy Wilson, 61, scored for Nottingham Forest in their second FA Cup victory – when they beat Luton Town in the 1959 final at Wembley.
25 May 1992 – Daniel Yorath, 15, son of Wales manager Terry, collapsed and died as a result of a rare heart condition, just after joining the Leeds United youth team.
References |
4040338 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn%20Cunningham | Glenn Cunningham | Glenn Cunningham may refer to:
Glenn Cunningham (athlete) (1909–1988), American runner, Olympic Games medalist
Glenn Cunningham (Nebraska politician) (1912–2003), American politician, mayor of Omaha, and congressman for Nebraska
Glenn Cunningham (New Jersey politician) (1943–2004), American politician, mayor of Jersey City
Glenn Cunningham (speedway rider) (born 1975), British speedway rider, finalist of 1994 Individual U-21 World Championship
See also
Glenn Cunningham Lake, named after Glenn Cunningham, Nebraska politician |
4040340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davo%20Karni%C4%8Dar | Davo Karničar | Davorin "Davo" Karničar (October 26, 1962 – September 16, 2019) was a Slovene alpinist and extreme skier.
As an active mountain skier, Davo was a member of the Yugoslavian national mountain ski team between 1975 and 1982. An alpinist since 1980, he climbed in 1989 to Nanga Parbat in Pakistan and in 1993 to K2, which borders Pakistan and The People's Republic of China. In 1995 he made his first ski descent from Annapurna in Nepal and in 1996 he made a ski descent from Shishapangma in Tibet. By 2010 he had accomplished over 1,500 mountain climbs and ski descents. He was the first person to make a complete ski descent from the Seven Summits, less than one month after the first person, Kit DesLauriers (a woman), skied from the top of all of the seven summits, but did not accomplish complete descents on Everest and Denali. Davo was only 38 years old when he became the first person to ski down from the summit of the highest mountain in the world, Mount Everest, on October 7, 2000.
His Seven Summits descents were:
Mount Everest (8848 m) in Asia on October 7, 2000
Kilimanjaro (5895 m) in Africa in November 2001
Mount Elbrus (5642 m) in Europe in May 2002
Aconcagua (6960 m) in South America in January 2003
Mount Kosciuszko (2228 m) in Australia in August 2003
Denali (6194 m) in North America in June 2004
Vinson Massif (4897 m) in Antarctica on November 11, 2006
The other significant peaks he skied from include the north-east face of Eiger and the east face of Matterhorn in Switzerland and Mont Blanc, the highest peak in Alps in the border between Italy and France. In February 2001, he guided the first ski school for Nepalese children on the Khumbu Glacier in Nepal.
See also
List of 20th-century summiters of Mount Everest
References
1962 births
2019 deaths
Slovenian mountain climbers
People from the Municipality of Jezersko
Seven Summits
Summiters of the Seven Summits
Free soloists |
5376393 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99emysl%20Bi%C4%8Dovsk%C3%BD | Přemysl Bičovský | Přemysl Bičovský (born 18 August 1950 in Košťany) is a Czech football manager and former player. He played 45 matches for Czechoslovakia. He was previously the manager of FK Ústí nad Labem in the Czech 2. Liga.
He was a participant in the 1982 FIFA World Cup.
He played for FK Teplice and later spent his best football years at Bohemians Praha.
Bičovský later began a coaching career with ASK Ybbs, FK Teplice, FC Chomutov, Lokomotíva Česká Lípa, SK Buldoci Karlovy Vary-Dvory, SIAD Braňany, FK SIAD Most, Chmel Blšany, MFK Ružomberok, SK Roudnice nad Labem and FC Zenit Čáslav.
References
1950 births
Living people
Czech footballers
Czechoslovak footballers
FK Teplice players
Dukla Prague footballers
UEFA Euro 1976 players
1982 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA European Championship-winning players
Czechoslovakia international footballers
Czechoslovak football managers
Czech football managers
FK Baník Most managers
FK Čáslav managers
FK Ústí nad Labem managers
Expatriate football managers in Slovakia
MFK Ružomberok managers
Czechoslovak expatriate footballers
Czechoslovak expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Expatriate footballers in Austria
Czech expatriates in Slovakia
FK Chmel Blšany managers
Association football forwards
Czech National Football League managers |
5376407 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles%20Gasser | Achilles Gasser | Achilles Pirmin Gasser (3 November 1505 – 4 December 1577) was a German physician and astrologer. He is now known as a well-connected humanistic scholar, and supporter of both Copernicus and Rheticus.
Life
Born in Lindau, he studied mathematics, history and philosophy as well as astronomy. He was a student in Sélestat under Johannes Sapidus; he also attended universities in Wittenberg, Vienna, Montpellier, and Avignon.
In 1528, German cartographer Sebastian Münster appealed to scientists across the Holy Roman Empire to assist him with his description of Germany. Gassar accepted this and was later recognized by Münster as a close collaborator for his cartography of the country.
Rheticus lost his physician father Georg Iserin in 1528, executed on sorcery charges. Gasser later took over the practice in Feldkirch, in 1538; he taught Rheticus some astrology, and helped his education, in particular by writing to the University of Wittenberg on his behalf.
When Rheticus printed his Narratio prima—the first published account of the Copernican heliocentric system—in 1540 (Danzig), he sent Gasser a copy. Gasser then undertook a second edition (1541, Basel) with his own introduction, in the form of a letter from Gasser to Georg Vogelin of Konstanz. The second edition (1566, Basel) of De revolutionibus orbium coelestium contained the Narratio Prima with this introduction by Gasser.
Gasser died in Augsburg, leaving over 2,900 literary works that are now stored at the Vatican Library in Rome.
Works
He prepared the first edition (Augsburg, 1558) of the Epistola de magnete of Pierre de Maricourt.
Other works include:
Historiarum et Chronicorum totius mundi epitome (1532)
Prognosticon (1544) dedicated to Thomas Venatorius
Edition of the Evangelienbuch of Otfried of Weissenburg. His edition did not appear until 1571, under the name of Matthias Flacius who had taken over.
Observations on comets
Gasser belonged with Flacius to the humanist circle around Kaspar von Niedbruck, concerned with the recovery of monastic manuscripts. Others in the group were John Bale, Conrad Gesner, Joris Cassander, Johannes Matalius Metellus, and Cornelius Wauters.
Notes
References
Jack Repcheck (2007), Copernicus' Secret: How the Scientific Revolution Began
Karl Galle, Scientist of the Day - Achilles Pirmin Gasser
Further reading
Karl Heinz Burmeister (1970), Achilles Pirmin Gasser, 1505-1577. Arzt u. Naturforscher, Historiker und Humanist. (3 volumes.)
Karl Heinz Burmeister, Achilles Pirmin Gasser (1505-1577) as Geographer and Cartographer, Imago Mundi Vol. 24, (1970), pp. 57–62; https://www.jstor.org/stable/1150458
External links
:de:s:ADB:Gasser, Achilles Pirminius
CERL page
Old dictionary entry
1505 births
1577 deaths
16th-century German physicians
German astrologers
16th-century astrologers
German Renaissance humanists
16th-century German writers
16th-century German male writers |
5376428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breens%20Intermediate | Breens Intermediate | Breens Intermediate School is located in Bishopdale in Christchurch, New Zealand. It has a roll of approximately 200 students and serves year 7 and 8 students. The principal, Nikki Clarke leads the school, with Nathan Maclennan as the deputy. Established in 1976, Breens Intermediate is located just east of Christchurch International Airport.
Notes
External links
Breens Intermediate School (official website)
Schools in Christchurch
Intermediate schools in New Zealand |
5376442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraxinus%20nigra | Fraxinus nigra | Fraxinus nigra, the black ash, is a species of ash native to much of eastern Canada and the northeastern United States, from western Newfoundland west to southeastern Manitoba, and south to Illinois and northern Virginia. Formerly abundant, as of 2014 the species is threatened with near total extirpation throughout its range, as a result of infestation by a parasitic insect known as the emerald ash borer.
Description
Black ash is a medium-sized deciduous tree reaching (exceptionally ) tall with a trunk up to diameter, or exceptionally to . The bark is grey, thick and corky even on young trees, becoming scaly and fissured with age. The winter buds are dark brown to blackish, with a velvety texture. The leaves are opposite, pinnately compound, with 7–13 (most often 9) leaflets; each leaf is long, the leaflets long and broad, with a finely toothed margin. The leaflets are sessile, directly attached to the rachis without a petiolule. The flowers are produced in spring shortly before the new leaves, in loose panicles; they are inconspicuous with no petals, and are wind-pollinated. The fruit is a samara long comprising a single seed long with an elongated apical wing long and broad.
Ecology and conservation status
Black ash commonly occurs in swamps, often with the closely related green ash. Its fall foliage is yellow. Black ash is one of the first trees to lose its leaves in the fall. It is very closely related to Manchurian ash, and will easily hybridize with it. Some consider the two to be geographic isolates of each other.
The species was considered abundant and its survival of little concern prior to the invasion of the emerald ash borer, first detected in North America in 2002. However, since that time this invasive insect has spread throughout most of the tree's range, and within a few years black ash is expected to be all but extirpated; a similar fate awaits green ash. In 2014, a U.S. Forest Service agent estimated that "ninety-nine percent of the ashes in North America are probably going to die." Blue ash and white ash are only slightly less affected.
Direct usefulness for humans
This wood is used by Native Americans of the North East for making baskets and other devices. The Shakers also made extensive use of the black ash for creating baskets. Also called basket ash, brown ash, swamp Ash, hoop ash, and water ash.
It is also a popular wood for making electric guitars and basses, due to its good resonant qualities.
Creating basket strips
Black ash is unique among all trees in North America in that it does not have fibers connecting the growth rings to each other. This is a useful property for basket makers. By pounding on the wood with a mallet, the weaker spring wood layer is crushed, allowing the tougher and darker summer wood layer to be peeled off in long strips. The long strips are trimmed, cleaned, and used in basket weaving. Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands also make bark baskets from black ash, traditionally used for berry-gathering.
Usefulness to wildlife
North American native ash tree species are used by North American frogs as a critical food source, as the leaves that fall from the trees are particularly suitable for tadpoles to feed upon in ponds (both temporary and permanent), large puddles, and other water sources. Species such as red maple, which are taking the place of ash, due to the ash borer, are much less suitable for the frogs as a food source—resulting in poor frog survival rates and small frog sizes. It is the lack of tannins in the American ash variety that makes them good for the frogs as a food source and also not resistant to the ash borer. Varieties of ash from outside North America typically have much higher tannin levels and resist the borer. Maples and various non-native invasive trees, trees that are taking the place of American ash species in the North American ecosystem, typically have much higher leaf tannin levels. Ash species native to North America also provide important habitat and food for various other creatures that are native to North America, such as the long-horned beetle, avian species, and mammalian species. Black ash is a food plant for the larvae of several species of Lepidoptera; see List of Lepidoptera that feed on ashes.
References
nigra
Trees of the North-Central United States
Trees of the Northeastern United States
Trees of the Southeastern United States
Trees of Western Canada
Trees of Eastern Canada
Trees of humid continental climate
Least concern plants
Trees of Ontario
Trees of the Great Lakes region (North America) |
5376444 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles%20Crispin | Miles Crispin | Miles Crispin (died 1107), also known as Miles or Milo of Wallingford, was a wealthy Norman landowner, particularly associated with Wallingford Castle in Berkshire (now Oxfordshire). The Domesday Book records Miles as a major landowner with holdings in Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Oxfordshire, Surrey, Wiltshire and two other neighbouring counties as well as being Tenant-in-chief in a lengthy list of places.
Miles is believed to be a member of the Crispin family of Neaufles in Normandy: suggestions include son of William Crispin, baron of Neaufles (Neaufles-Saint-Martin or Neaufles-Auvergny), part of William the Conqueror's invading force, and a relation of Gilbert Crispin, abbot of Westminster, but this is uncertain.
Miles married Matilda, daughter of Robert D'Oyly, in 1084. While D'Oyly is generally credited with building Wallingford Castle, it has also been suggested that Miles Crispin was its first castellan of Wallingford, and owner of the lands of Wigod. Matilda later married Brien FitzCount.
During the Rebellion of 1088, Miles Crispin was a supporter of William II, and was in the army that later arrested William de Saint-Calais.
References
External links
Wallingford History Gateway
Miles Crispin at opendomesday
1107 deaths
Anglo-Normans
People from Wallingford, Oxfordshire
Year of birth unknown
Holders of the Honour of Wallingford |
5376445 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20ash | Black ash | Black ash is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
Acer negundo, native to North America
Fraxinus nigra, native to North America
Eucalyptus sieberi, native to Australia |
5376446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabab%20koobideh | Kabab koobideh | Kabab koobideh () or Kobida () is an Iranian meat kabab made from ground lamb or beef, often mixed with ground pepper and chopped onions.
Etymology
Koobideh comes from the Persian word کوبیدن (koobidan) meaning slamming which refers to the style in which the meat is prepared. Traditionally, the meat was placed on a flat stone (specifically, a black flat stone) and smashed with a wooden mallet. It is cooked on a seekh (), Persian for 'skewer'. It is similar to the Turkish Adana kebab.
Preparation and cooking
Lamb or beef (precisely 20% fat, 80% meat) is minced twice for finer consistency. A mixture of lamb and beef is also popular. Salt, black pepper, very finely grated onion and optionally one egg yolk per pound of meat is added. All ingredients are mixed, covered, and left to marinate in the refrigerator for at least one hour or overnight.
Kabab koobideh is grilled on wide, flat skewers, traditionally over hot coals, and is served with chelow (plain white rice with oil, salt and saffron), accompanied by grilled tomatoes and onions. Sumac is usually served as a tableside garnishing spice.
Chicken kabab koobideh is made using chives or green onions, parsley, salt and pepper. It is served over polow, plain white rice, accompanied by a grilled tomato.
Gallery
See also
Adana kebabı
Ćevapi
Chelow kabab
Kabab barg
Kebab
Kofta
List of kebabs
Lula kebab
Şiş köfte
References
Ground meat
Iranian cuisine
Middle Eastern grilled meats
Skewered kebabs |
5376456 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DENR | DENR | DENR may refer to:
DENR (gene), human gene which encodes the density regulated re-initiation and release factor protein
Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Philippines
North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality, formerly the Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Department of Environment and Natural Resources, a predecessor of the Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (South Australia) |
4040359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20NFL%20season | 2007 NFL season | The 2007 NFL season was the 88th regular season of the National Football League.
Regular-season play was held from September 6 to December 30. The campaign kicked off with the defending Super Bowl XLI champion Indianapolis defeating the New Orleans in the NFL Kickoff Game.
The New England Patriots became the first team to complete the regular season undefeated since the league expanded to a 16-game regular season in 1978. Four weeks after the playoffs began on January 5, 2008, the Patriots' bid for a perfect season was dashed when they lost to the New York in Super Bowl XLII, the league championship game at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona on February 3.
Draft
The 2007 NFL Draft was held from April 28 to 29, 2007 at New York City’s Radio City Music Hall. With the first pick, the Oakland Raiders selected quarterback JaMarcus Russell from Louisiana State University.
New referee
John Parry was promoted to referee, replacing Bill Vinovich, who was forced to resign due to a heart condition. Vinovich would then serve as a replay official from 2007 to 2011. He would later be given a clean bill of health and return to the field as a referee in 2012.
Rule changes
The following rule changes were passed at the league's annual owners meeting in Phoenix, Arizona during the week of March 25–28:
The instant replay system, used since the 1999 season, was finally made a permanent officiating tool. Previously, it was renewed on a biennial basis.
The system has also been upgraded to use high-definition technology. However, the systems at Texas Stadium (Dallas Cowboys), RCA Dome (Indianapolis Colts), and Giants Stadium (New York Giants and Jets) did not receive the HDTV updates since those stadiums were scheduled to be (and since have been) replaced in the forthcoming years. One reason that the technology was improved was that fans with high-definition televisions at home were having better views on replays than the officials and according to Dean Blandino, the NFL's instant replay director "that could have bit us in the rear if we continued [with the old system]." In addition, the amount of time allotted for the referee to review a play was reduced from 90 seconds to one minute.
After a play is over, players who spike the ball in the field of play, other than in the end zone, will receive a 5-yard delay of game penalty.
Forward passes that unintentionally hit an offensive lineman before an eligible receiver will no longer be an illegal touching penalty, but deliberate actions are still penalized.
Roughing-the-passer penalties will not be called on a defender engaged with a quarterback who simply extends his arms and shoves the passer to the ground.
During situations where crowd noise becomes a problem (when it becomes too loud that it prevents the offensive team from hearing its signals), the offense can no longer ask the referee to reset the play clock.
It is necessary to have the ball touch the pylon or break the plane above the pylon to count as a touchdown. Previously, a player just had to have some portion of his body over the goal line or pylon to count a touchdown.
A completed catch is now when a receiver gets two feet down and has control of the ball. Previously, a receiver had to make "a football move" in addition to having control of the ball for a reception.
Players will be subject to a fine from the league for playing with an unbuckled chin strap. Officials will not penalize for chin strap violations during a game.
Preseason
The Hall of Fame Game was played in Canton, Ohio on Sunday August 5, 2007, with the Pittsburgh Steelers defeating the Saints by a score of 20–7; the game was televised by the NFL Network, replacing NBC, who had been previously scheduled to broadcast the China Bowl exhibition game from Beijing, China on August 8, 2007 between the New England Patriots and the Seattle Seahawks at Workers Stadium. However, with all efforts being put into the London regular season game, plans for the game were postponed (then later cancelled completely) as Beijing hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics.
Regular season
Schedule formula
Based on the NFL's scheduling formula, the intraconference and interconference matchups for 2007 were:
Intraconference
AFC East vs. AFC North
AFC West vs. AFC South
NFC East vs. NFC North
NFC West vs. NFC South
Interconference
AFC East vs. NFC East
AFC North vs. NFC West
AFC South vs. NFC South
AFC West vs. NFC North
Opening weekend
On March 26, 2007, the league announced the opening Saints-Colts Kickoff Game on September 6 that would be telecast on NBC. Pre-game activities featured Indiana native John Mellencamp, Billy Joel, and Kelly Clarkson. The entertainment portion of events started 30 minutes earlier than the scheduled start time of the game, leading up to the unveiling of the Colts’ Super Bowl XLI championship banner. The opening events were simulcast on NFL Network.
The Dallas Cowboys hosted the New York Giants in the first Sunday night game September 9 at 8:15 p.m. US EDT. Monday Night Football on ESPN kicked off with a doubleheader on September 10 with the Cincinnati Bengals hosting the Baltimore Ravens at 7:00 p.m. US EDT, and the San Francisco 49ers hosting the Arizona Cardinals at 10:15 p.m. US EDT. The 49ers paid tribute to three-time Super Bowl winning head coach Bill Walsh, who died July 30, in that game.
Going global
In October 2006, NFL club owners approved a plan to stage up to two international regular season games per season beginning in 2007 and continuing through at least 2011. On February 2, 2007, the league announced that the Week 8 contest between the New York Giants and the Miami Dolphins would be played at Wembley Stadium in London on October 28 at 5 p.m. GMT, which was 1 p.m. EDT) As the Giants were the away-team designate from the NFC, Fox broadcast the game in the USA according to league broadcast contract rules.
"Super Bowl 41"
In Week 9, the New England Patriots (8–0) faced the Indianapolis Colts (7–0) in a battle of undefeated teams. Thus there was a lot of hype surrounding the game, also due to the fact that these teams had met in the previous season's AFC Championship game, and would possibly meet later in the 2007 AFC Championship game. Many people dubbed the game "Super Bowl 41". The Patriots prevailed 24–20, and would finish the regular season as the league's first 16–0 team.
Thanksgiving
For the second year in a row, three games were held on the United States' Thanksgiving Day (November 22). In addition to the traditional games hosted by the Detroit Lions and Cowboys (with those teams respectively playing the Green Bay Packers and the New York Jets, with the Packers–Lions game starting at 12:30 p.m. US EST and the Jets–Cowboys game kicking off at 4:15 p.m. US EST respectively), the Colts faced the Atlanta Falcons in the Georgia Dome, with kickoff at 8:15 p.m. US EST.
Flex scheduling
The NFL entered its second year of flexible scheduling in the final weeks of the season. In each of the Sunday night contests from Weeks 11 through 17, NBC had the option of switching its Sunday night game for a more favorable contest, up to 12 days before the game's start.
In addition to an extra week of flexible scheduling (because of the conflict with scheduling Christmas Eve the previous season, which NBC did not do (instead opting to air a game on Christmas Day)), the NFL slightly changed its flex-schedule procedure. In 2006, the league did not reveal its predetermined Sunday night game; the reason given by the league was to avoid embarrassing the teams switched out for a more compelling game.
In 2007, the league announced all predetermined matchups, with a footnote on the games subject to flex scheduling. Also, the network that carries the "doubleheader" week game (either CBS or Fox) will be able to switch one game per week into the 4:15 PM (US
ET) time slot, except in the final week, when NBC will select one game for the 8:15 PM slot, and both CBS and Fox will have doubleheader games on December 30.
The first flex game was the New England Patriots visiting the Buffalo Bills on November 18. The next flexing came when it was announced that the December 23 Washington Redskins–Minnesota Vikings game was moved to 8:15 PM on NBC, replacing the Tampa Bay Buccaneers–San Francisco 49ers contest, which was moved to 4:05 PM to be aired on Fox.
It was announced on December 23 the Tennessee Titans–Indianapolis Colts game, originally scheduled for a 1 PM kickoff on CBS, would be the December 30 "flex game" and airing at 8:15 PM on NBC, replacing the Kansas City Chiefs–New York Jets game, which was moved to 4:15 PM on CBS, along with the Pittsburgh Steelers–Baltimore Ravens contest. Additionally, the Dallas Cowboys–Washington Redskins game was switched on Fox from 1 PM kickoff to 4:15 PM.
Regular season standings
Tiebreakers
Pittsburgh finished in first place in the AFC North over Cleveland based on a head-to-head sweep.
Detroit finished in third place in the NFC North over Chicago based on a head-to-head sweep.
Carolina finished in second place in the NFC South over New Orleans based on a better conference record (7–5 to New Orleans’ 6–6).
Kansas City finished in third place in the AFC West over Oakland based on a better record against common opponents. (2–10 to Oakland's 1–11).
Tennessee clinched the AFC No. 6 seed over Cleveland based on a better record against common opponents. (4–1 to Cleveland's 3–2).
Dallas clinched the NFC No. 1 seed over Green Bay based on a head-to-head victory.
Playoffs
Bracket
Events
Player conduct off the field
The NFLPA, then led by their president Gene Upshaw and NFL commissioner Roger Goodell, worked with player conduct in the form of suspensions for off the field conduct in light of the more than fifty arrests by local law enforcement since the start of the 2006 season. The hardest hit came on April 10 when Adam "Pacman" Jones of the Tennessee Titans was suspended for the entire season for his five arrests, the most blatant while in Las Vegas for the NBA All-Star Weekend in February where he was accused of causing a riot/shooting in a strip club. That same day, Chris Henry of the Cincinnati Bengals was suspended for the first eight games of the season for his run-ins with the legal system. The other big name that has been caught in the web of controversy was Falcons' quarterback Michael Vick. Vick was charged on July 24, 2007 with dogfighting and animal abuse, and was suspended following a guilty plea in the case, on which he was sentenced to 23 months in prison (retroactive to November) and three years probation on December 10.
Death of Marquise Hill
On the evening of May 27, 2007, Marquise Hill, a defensive end for the New England Patriots and a friend fell off a jet ski in Lake Pontchartrain, north of New Orleans. The two were wearing neither personal flotation nor tracking devices. The friend was rescued and sent to Tulane Medical Center, but Hill did not survive; his body was found the next day. The Patriots honored Hill, the first Patriots player to die while still a member of the team, by wearing black circular decals on their helmets with Hill's number, 91.
Murder of Sean Taylor
Fourth-year player Sean Taylor, a free safety for the Redskins, was shot in his home near Miami, Florida on November 26. Armed with a machete, Taylor confronted robbers who were breaking into his home—then 17-year-old Eric Rivera, Jr., 18-year-old Charles Wadlow, and 20-year-olds Jason Mitchell and Venjah Hunte. Rivera fired two shots from his 9 mm gun, one missing and the other hitting Taylor's leg, going from his right groin to his left according to an autopsy obtained by Associated Press. He died from his injuries the next day.
For the remainder of the season, the Redskins honored him with a black patch on their right shoulder of the player uniform jerseys, while all 32 teams honored Taylor by applying a decal with his playing number (21) on the left back side of their helmets. Taylor was honored in all games during Week 13 and all three Redskins representatives in the Pro Bowl wore number 21 in his honor. In 2013, a jury found Rivera guilty of second-degree murder and armed burglary. In 2014 Rivera received a sentence of 57 years in prison; he testified someone else fired the gun. Jason Scott Mitchell was also convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment, Venjah Hunte was sentenced to 29 years in prison, Charles Wardlow to 30 years in prison, and Timmy Lee Brown to 18 years in prison.
Spygate
During the Patriots season opening game at The Meadowlands against the Jets, a Patriots camera staffer was ejected from the Patriots sideline and was accused of videotaping the Jets' defensive coaches relaying signals. The end result was that the team was fined $250,000, head coach Bill Belichick was docked $500,000 (the maximum fine that could be imposed) and also stripped of their first round selection of the 2008 NFL Draft. If the Pats had failed to make the playoffs, the penalty would have been their second and third round picks. The team was allowed to keep their other first-round pick acquired from the San Francisco 49ers during the previous year's selection meeting.
Other events
The NFL set an all-time attendance record in 2007, with the league's 32 stadiums attracting 17,345,205 paying customers during the regular season. Average per-game attendance was 67,755.
The ESPN Monday Night Football game between the unbeaten New England Patriots and the Baltimore Ravens on December 3 drew the highest basic cable rating in history, with over 17.5 million viewers, beating the premiere of Disney Channel’s High School Musical 2, which set the previous record on August 17. The previous high-water mark was a MNF telecast between the New York Giants and Dallas Cowboys on October 23, 2006, which drew over 16 million viewers.
Milestones
The following teams and players set all-time NFL records during the regular season:
Hobbs' kickoff return was also, at the time, tied for the longest play in NFL history until Antonio Cromartie broke the record.
Regular season statistical leaders
Awards
All-Pro Team
Team superlatives
Offense
Most points scored: New England, 589
Fewest points scored: San Francisco, 219
Most total offensive yards: New England, 6,580
Fewest total offensive yards: San Francisco, 3,797
Most total passing yards: New England, 4,731
Fewest total passing yards: San Francisco, 2,320
Most rushing yards: Minnesota, 2,634
Fewest rushing yards: Kansas City, 1,248
Defense
Fewest points allowed: Indianapolis, 262
Most points allowed: Detroit, 444
Fewest total yards allowed: Pittsburgh, 4,262
Most total yards allowed: Detroit, 6,042
Fewest passing yards allowed: Tampa Bay, 2,725
Most passing yards allowed: Minnesota, 4,225
Fewest rushing yards allowed: Minnesota, 1,185
Most rushing yards allowed: Miami, 2,456
Coaching changes
The following teams hired new head coaches prior to the start of the 2007 season:
The following head coaches were fired or resigned during the 2007 season:
Stadiums
The 2007 season was the last in the RCA Dome for the Indianapolis Colts, who had played there since 1984. The franchise moved to the new Lucas Oil Stadium in time for the 2008 season, located directly across the street. The dome would be demolished, and an extension to the Indiana Convention Center would replace the stadium.
Alltel Stadium reverts to Jacksonville Municipal Stadium after Alltel declines to renew the naming rights of the Jacksonville Jaguars's home.
Uniforms and patches
This was the final season in which the classic NFL Shield logo, which had not changed since 1980, was used. An updated version first seen on August 31 in USA Today was put into use starting with the 2008 NFL Draft in April. The new logo design features eight stars (one for each division) instead of the current 25 stars, the football now resembles that on the top of the Vince Lombardi Trophy, given to the Super Bowl champion and the lettering and point has been updated and modified to that of the league's current typeface for other logos.
Teams that have permanent captains are allowed to wear a "C" patch (similar to those in ice hockey) on their right shoulder. The patch is in team colors with four stars under the "C." A gold star is placed on a bar below the "C" signaling how many years (with a maximum of four years) that player has been captain. The Pittsburgh Steelers—who were using up two patches as it was for the season with their own logo (which was already part of the standard uniforms) and the team's 75th anniversary logo—and Oakland Raiders elected not to use the "C" patch.
The San Diego Chargers introduced new uniforms featuring white helmets, navy face masks, and revamped gold lightning bolts. A powder blue third jersey was also introduced.
San Francisco 49ers coach Mike Nolan and Jaguars coach Jack Del Rio each wore suits on the sidelines for all of the teams' home games to honor Nolan's father, former 49ers and Saints coach Dick Nolan. In 2006, both coaches were allowed to wear a suit on the sidelines for a maximum of two home games. Del Rio did not wear a suit in the September 16 game against the Falcons due to the extreme heat in Jacksonville that day. Nolan wore a suit at the Meadowlands against the Giants on October 21.
The Washington Redskins celebrated their 75th anniversary season (the franchise having been founded in 1932 as the Boston Braves), and wore Vince Lombardi-styled uniforms against the New York Giants on September 23. The Philadelphia Eagles and their cross-state rival Pittsburgh Steelers also celebrated their respective 75th seasons, having been founded in 1933. The Eagles wore replicas of their inaugural season uniforms against the Detroit Lions on September 23, while the Steelers wore 1960 uniforms against the Buffalo Bills on September 16 and did so again when the Baltimore Ravens visited on November 5.
Throwback uniforms were not just limited to team anniversary celebrations. The Cleveland Browns wore their 1957 throwbacks in a game against the Houston Texans on November 25, the Minnesota Vikings wore 1970s uniforms against the Green Bay Packers on September 30 (in the same game that Brett Favre passed Dan Marino for most touchdown passes in NFL history), while the Jets honored their historic predecessors on October 14 against the Eagles and, in a rare instance, wore them in a road game at Miami December 2 by wearing the New York Titans' 1960 through 1962 uniforms. The team did not become the Jets until 1963. The Cowboys wore their 1960 uniforms on November 29 against the Packers, and the Bills wore their 1960s throwbacks at home against Dallas October 7 and against Miami December 9.
The 49ers also honored the late Bill Walsh, coach of their wins in Super Bowls XVI, XIX, and XXIII by wearing throwback uniforms from the 1980s in their opener on September 10 against the Arizona Cardinals. Mike Nolan had been considering wearing the 1980s uniforms for the entire season to honor Walsh's memory. The retro uniforms were worn again on November 18 against the Seahawks. In addition, all season long, the team wore a black football-shaped decal on their helmets with the initials "BW" in white.
The Kansas City Chiefs honored their late former owner and team founder Lamar Hunt by wearing special American Football League logo patches on their jerseys with the letters "LH" emblazoned inside the logo's football. Originally meant to be a one-season tribute, the Chiefs announced that as of the 2008 NFL season, the patch will be a permanent fixture on the jerseys, joining the Chicago Bears (for George Halas) and Cleveland Browns (for Al Lerner) for such memorial patches.
Television
The 2007 season marked the second year under the league's television contracts with its American broadcast partners. CBS and Fox primarily televised Sunday afternoon AFC and NFC away games, respectively. NBC broadcast Sunday Night Football, ESPN aired Monday Night Football, and NFL Network held the rights to Thursday Night Football.
The pre-game shows made some changes, with former Steelers coach Bill Cowher joining host James Brown, Boomer Esiason, Shannon Sharpe and Dan Marino on CBS’ The NFL Today. On Fox, after one season on the road, Fox NFL Sunday returned to Los Angeles as Curt Menefee took over as full-time host. Chris Rose, who had been doing in-game updates of other NFL games, was reverted to a part-time play-by-play role.
The biggest changes were at NBC and ESPN. Michael Irvin’s contract with ESPN was not renewed, and former coach Bill Parcells returned to the network after four years as Cowboys head coach. Parcells left before the season ended to become the Miami Dolphins VP of Player Personnel. Another pair of former Cowboys, Emmitt Smith and Keyshawn Johnson also provided roles in the studio for Sunday NFL Countdown and Monday Night Countdown. At Monday Night Football, Joe Theismann was dropped (and would later resign from the network) after seventeen years in the booth between the Sunday and Monday Night packages, and former Philadelphia Eagles quarterback and current Philadelphia Soul (AFL) president Ron Jaworski took his place alongside Mike Tirico and Tony Kornheiser. Part of the reason that Jaworski replaced Theismann was because of his chemistry with Kornheiser on Pardon the Interruption, where Jaworski was a frequent guest during the football season.
NBC’s Football Night in America also made two changes. MSNBC Countdown anchor Keith Olbermann joined Bob Costas and Cris Collinsworth as another co-host, while Sterling Sharpe exited as a studio analyst, and former New York Giants running back Tiki Barber replaced him. In another change, Faith Hill took over singing “Waiting All Day For Sunday Night” for Pink.
In the second year of the NFL Network's “Run to the Playoffs”, Marshall Faulk and Deion Sanders replaced Dick Vermeil for two games when Collinsworth was unavailable. An unforced change saw Bryant Gumbel miss the Broncos–Texans game December 13 due to a sore throat and NBC announcer Tom Hammond step into Gumbel's play-by-play role in what turned out to be more or less a preview of one of NBC's Wild Card Game announcing teams.
Controversy surrounding NFL Network coverage
The dispute between the NFL Network and various cable companies involving the distribution of the cable channel continued throughout the season, getting the attention of government officials when the NFL Network was scheduled to televise two high-profile regular season games: the Packers-Cowboys game on November 29 and the Patriots-Giants game on December 29. In the case of the Packers-Cowboys game, the carriage was so limited that even Governor of Wisconsin Jim Doyle went to his brother's house to watch the game on satellite (which is where the majority of the viewers watch the network). The contest drew a network record 10.1 million viewers, a high-water mark at that time.
Some politicians urged the league to seek a resolution to conflict. In December, Massachusetts Senator John Kerry wrote a letter to NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell asking for the league to settle their differences in time for the Patriots-Giants game. Because the game, as it turned out, would be the Patriots' attempt to seal the record that would make them the first undefeated team in 35 years, Kerry urged for a solution to be decided upon in time so that Americans can witness "an historic event." Also, Pennsylvania Senator Arlen Specter threatened to introduce legislation to eliminate the league's freedom from antitrust laws.
On December 26, the NFL announced that, despite initial plans to broadcast the game only on the NFL Network, the game would be presented in a three-network simulcast with both CBS and NBC, the first time an NFL game would be broadcast on three networks, and the first simulcast of any pro football game since Super Bowl I. Nielsen ratings saw CBS with 15.7 million viewers, NBC with 13.2 million viewers and NFL Network with 4.5 million viewers for the game. In addition, local stations in New York City (WWOR-TV in nearby Secaucus, New Jersey), Boston (WCVB-TV), and Manchester, New Hampshire (WMUR-TV), all previously signed on to carry the game in the teams' home markets, added 1.2 million viewers, making it the most watched TV show since the 2007 Oscars and the most watched regular season NFL telecast in twelve years.
Notes
References
External links
Football Outsiders 2007 DVOA Ratings
National Football League seasons
National Football League |
4040365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%20of%20Life | Law of Life | Jack London 1901 coined "Law of Life"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Law_of_Life
The Law of Life is a term coined by author Farley Mowat in his 1952 book People of the Deer, and popularized by Daniel Quinn, to denote a universal system of various natural principles, any of which tend to best foster life—in other words, any of which best guides behavior that tends toward the reproductive success and survival of some particular gene pool. The idea posits that, in general, the most fit organisms instinctively behave according to some natural rule (often, these rules vary among and are specific to the species). Since every organism has some instinctive "law" it can follow to be the most reproductively successful, this very notion is a sort of law itself, true of all living beings: thus, the Law of Life.
In his 1996 novel, The Story of B, Quinn writes, "A biologist would probably say what I'm calling the Law of Life is just a collection of evolutionarily stable strategies— the universal set of such strategies, in fact."
Quinn points out that this is a physical law, like gravity, not a commandment like "thou shalt not kill" nor a legislative ruling like "pay taxes". As he puts it, the latter two are written where only man can read them (in books), and that they can be changed by a vote, while the Law of Life is written in the fabric of the universe and cannot be broken. Those who do not follow the law simply won't live.
Daniel Quinn |
4040366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump%20Raven | Jump Raven | Jump Raven was the second game released by Cyberflix, in 1994. The game's technology is similar to that of Lunicus, released by Cyberflix one year prior, but this time employs a more detailed storyline and environment. In an opening sequence of the game, we see future New York City, which has fallen into horrible disrepair in the aftermath of global warming and rising sea levels and a bankrupt federal government. The premise of the story is that gangsters, neo-nazis, and various other thugs have acquired large stores of weapons (from the government) and have ransacked New York's store of cryogenically-frozen DNA of endangered species. The player's job as a bounty hunter is to retrieve them.
Gameplay
Before taking off in a fancy hovercraft, the player chooses a co-pilot who can navigate or fire weapons. selecting Nikki, Chablis, "Cheesestick" Limbaugh (supposedly descended from Rush, though he is black), Thrash, Lark or Dogstar. Each co-pilot is unique and may not be available for every level.
The game's three difficult and lengthy levels are played in the player's hovercraft flying around the streets of New York. The opponents drive tanks or fly planes and insult the player frequently. The user can choose between one of several bands for theme music in each level. each band has a unique song per level. the bands include: x-static, deathkiller, pink flaand (a reference to Pink Floyd), and smoove da groove. The name "deathkiller" was coined at a trade show - two Japanese girls watched the demo and described it as "deathkiller". evidently there is no accurate translation from Japanese to English for that type of video game...
Game control is rather complicated as the player can move up, down, left, right, and forward and backward. The player must also control weapons. Fortunately, the copilot can take care of one or more of these functions.
Development
Following the successful launch of its CD-ROM game Lunicus in April 1993, developer CyberFlix began to create Jump Raven with the DreamFactory development environment from the first title. At the time, CD-ROM games tended to run slowly, but DreamFactory was designed to allow an unusually high level of speed for the era. However, CyberFlix considered its projects to be "interactive movies" rather than games, according to Jack Neely of Metro Pulse, and DreamFactory placed an emphasis on storytelling. As with Lunicus, production of Jump Raven began in the basement of a log cabin owned by CyberFlix founder William Appleton. The game's development team was composed of four members: Appleton, creator of DreamFactory, who handled the game's programming; audio lead Scott Scheinbaum; artist Jamie Wicks; and screenwriter Andrew Nelson. The four had originally founded CyberFlix to create Lunicus, and the company was incorporated a month after its release, with the help of manager Erik Quist. Science Fiction and Fantasy Illustrator: Debbie Hughes was hired as a freelancer to create the "puppet characters" for the game. Hughes Illustrated over 14 characters that players interacted with in the game.
CyberFlix demonstrated Jump Raven at the Macworld Expo later in 1993, to public acclaim, and impressed Paramount Interactive employees who were in attendance. As a result, CyberFlix received a "multi-million-dollar deal for it" from Paramount, Neely later wrote. The agreement, which the two companies closed by November 1993, contracted CyberFlix for three games.
Reception
Jump Ravens initial Macintosh release was a commercial success. Discussing the multimedia development scene in 1994, a writer for The New York Times called the game one of "the best-selling and most critically praised [multimedia] titles on the market", alongside Myst. Market research firm PC Data named it the fourth-best-selling Macintosh game of July 1994, and the platform's seventh-highest seller in September. By August, Jump Raven had reached sales of 50,000 units. Around the 28th of that month, another 50,000 units were shipped for Microsoft Windows. Erik Quist of CyberFlix expected the game to sell 100,000 units overall "by Christmas", Barbara Kantrowitz of Newsweek reported at the time. Sales of Jump Raven had reached close to the 100,000 mark by January 3.
Christopher Breen of Computer Gaming World enjoyed Jump Ravens combat and "often very amusing" writing, and noted that "the game is darned fast for a CD-ROM". However, he criticized the "incredibly annoying" copilot voices and "inane dialogue", and considered its interface clumsy. He concluded, "Adequately addressing these issues might have made Jump Raven a great strategy/action adventure rather than just a good arcade game." The game was reviewed in June 1995 in Dragon #218 by Paul Murphy in the "Eye of the Monitor" column. Murphy's review was negative, concluding "I don't care how good a game looks or sounds, how cool the animation and special-effects are, how easy it is to load or save: if it isn't any fun to play, it's a failure."
References
External links
Official website via Internet Archive
Jump Raven at MobyGames
1994 video games
Classic Mac OS games
Science fiction video games
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Single-player video games |
4040371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGC%20Screenwriting%20Awards | WGC Screenwriting Awards | The WGC Screenwriting Awards (previously Canadian Screenwriting Awards) are administered by the Writers Guild of Canada, and are awarded to the best script for a feature film, television or radio project produced within the Guild's jurisdiction, written by a guild member in good standing, and broadcast or released in North America or screened at a Canadian film festival for the first time in the previous year.
In addition to the film, television and radio categories, special awards presented by the WGC include the Sondra Kelly Award for projects written by women, the Denis McGrath Service Award for distinguished contributions to the organization, and the Jim Burt Screenwriting Prize for the best unproduced new screenplay.
Awards
2006
Children & Preschool — Mary Crawford and Alan Templeton, King: "Stolen Voices"
Comedy & Variety — Brent Butt and Paul Mather, Corner Gas: "Dog River Vice"
Documentary — Robert Duncan, Woodward's: The Competition
Drama, Half-Hour — Susin Nielsen, Robson Arms: "Dancing the Horizontal Mambo"
Drama, One Hour — Susan Coyne, Bob Martin and Mark McKinney, Slings & Arrows: "Steeped in Blood"
Feature Film — Wil Zmak, The Dark Hours
Radio Drama — Jason Sherman, Graf: "Episode 1"
Youth — Jeff Biederman, Life with Derek: "The Party"
Alex Barris Mentorship Award — Josh Miller
Jim Burt Screenwriting Prize — Jason Hreno, Two Mountains
Writers Block Award — Fred Yackman
2007
Children & Preschool — Kate Barris, If the World Were a Village
Comedy & Variety — Brent Butt and Kevin White, Corner Gas: "Outside Joke"
Documentary — Barry Stevens, The Bomber's Dream
Drama, Half-Hour — Laura Kosterski, Naked Josh: "Beating the Rap"
Drama, One Hour — Susan Coyne, Bob Martin and Mark McKinney, Slings & Arrows: "That Way Madness Lies"
Feature Film — Sarah Polley, Away from Her
MOW & Miniseries — John W. Doyle and Lisa Porter, Above and Beyond
Radio Drama — Andrew Moodie, Greg Nelson, Adam Pettle and Jason Sherman, Afghanada: "Episode 4"
Youth — Brent Piaskoski, Naturally Sadie: "Rashomon"
Showrunner Award — Brad White
Jim Burt Screenwriting Prize — Ryan Redford, Bone
Writers Block Award — Sondra Kelly, Sugith Varughese
2008
Children & Preschool — Kenn Scott, Iggy Arbuckle: "Petition Impossible"
Documentary — Barri Cohen, Toxic Trespass
Drama Series, Half-Hour — Mark Farrell and Robert Sheridan, Corner Gas: "Seeing Things"
Drama Series, One Hour — Denis McGrath and Robert Wertheimer, Across the River to Motor City: "Happy Birthday, Mr. President"
Feature Film — Travis McDonald, Normal
MOW or Miniseries — Ian Weir, Dragon Boys
Radio Drama — Jason Sherman, Adam Pettle and Greg Nelson, Afghanada: "Episode 12"
Variety — Kevin White, Mark Critch, Irwin Barker, Gavin Crawford, Gary Pearson, Jennifer Whalen, Carolyn Taylor, Albert Howell, Dave Nystrom, Geri Hall, Todd Allen and Tim McAuliffe, This Hour Has 22 Minutes: "Season XIV, Episode 17"
Youth — Brent Piaskoski, Naturally Sadie: "In or Out of Africa"
WGC Showrunner Award — Peter Mohan
Jim Burt Screenwriting Prize — Tony Elliott, Stranger Than You
Alex Barris Mentorship Award — Allan Magee
WGC Writers Block Award — Jack Blum, Jeremy Hole and Ann MacNaughton
2009
Animation — Shane Simmons, Ricky Sprocket: Showbiz Boy: "The Perfect Family"
Children & Preschool — Christin Simms, Captain Flamingo: "Comic Slip"
Documentary — John Walker, Passage
Episodic, Half-Hour — Brent Butt, Corner Gas: "Full Load"
Episodic, One Hour — Adam Barken, Flashpoint: "Who's George?"
Feature Film — Don McKellar, Blindness
MOW & Miniseries — Andrew Wreggitt, Mayerthorpe
Radio Drama — Greg Spottiswood, Afghanada: "The Lotus Eater"
Short Film — Kellie Ann Benz, Awkward
Variety — Mark Critch, Gavin Crawford, Kyle Tingley, Jennifer Whalen, Albert Howell, Tim McAuliffe, Dean Jenkinson, Geri Hall and Nathan Fielder, This Hour Has 22 Minutes: "Season XVI, Episode 1"
Youth — Brent Piaskoski, The Latest Buzz: "The Gala Issue"
Showrunner Award — Mark Farrell
Jim Burt Screenwriting Prize — Riley Adams, Cold Rush
Writers Block Award — Karen Walton
2010
Animation — Shelley Scarrow, Total Drama Action: "The Sand Witch Project"
Children & Preschool — Kate Barris, Max & Ruby: "Max Says Goodbye"
Documentary — Robert Lower, The Royal Winnipeg Ballet: 40 Years of One Night Stands
Episodic, Half-Hour — Garry Campbell, Less Than Kind: "The Daters"
Episodic, One Hour — Robert C. Cooper, Stargate Universe: "Time"
Feature Film — Jacob Tierney, The Trotsky
MOW & Miniseries — John Krizanc, The Summit
Radio Drama — Barbara Samuels, Afghanada: "Episode 61"
Short Subject — Jessie Gabe, Being Erica: "Webisodes"
Variety — Ed Macdonald, Mark Critch, Gavin Crawford, Kyle Tingley, Albert Howell, Dean Jenkinson, Joanne O’Sullivan, Tara Doyle, Erik van Wyck, Mike Allison and Joey Case, This Hour Has 22 Minutes: "Season XVII, Episode 6"
Youth — Anita Kapila, How to Be Indie: "How to Be a Mehta"
Alex Barris Mentorship Award — Peter Mitchell
Showrunner Award — Heather Conkie
Writers Block Award — Rebecca Schechter
2011
Animation — Karen Moonah, The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!: "The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About Maps"
Children & Youth — Barbara Haynes, The Latest Buzz: "The Extreme Shakespeare Issue"
Comedy — Chris Sheasgreen, Less Than Kind: "Coming Home"
Documentary — Christine Nielsen, The Pig Farm
Drama — Mark Ellis and Stephanie Morgenstern, Flashpoint: "Jumping at Shadows"
Feature Film — Michael Konyves, Barney's Version
Shorts & Webseries — Lisa Hunter, You Are So Undead
Showrunner Award — Tassie Cameron
Jim Burt Screenwriting Prize — Denise Blinn, 1936
Writers Block Award — Peter Grant
2012
Animation — Darrin Rose, Scaredy Squirrel: "Nothing But the Tooth"
Children & Youth — Alice Prodanou, My Babysitter's a Vampire: "ReVamped"
Comedy — Craig David Wallace, Todd and the Book of Pure Evil: "A Farewell to Curtis' Arm"
Documentary — Gary Marcuse, Waking the Green Tiger: A Green Movement Rises in China
Drama — Larry Bambrick, Flashpoint: "Shockwave"
Movies & Miniseries — Bruce Smith, John A.: Birth of a Country
Shorts & Webseries — Patrick Tarr, Murdoch Mysteries: The Curse of the Lost Pharaohs
Showrunner Award — Mark McKinney
Alex Barris Mentorship Award — Barbara Samuels
Writers Block Award — Chuck Lazer
2013
Animation — Dan Williams and Lienne Sawatsky, Sidekick: "I, Sidebot"
Children & Youth — John May and Suzanne Bolch, How to Be Indie: "How to Make a Christmas Miracle"
Comedy — Kim Coghill, Less Than Kind: "Jerk Chicken"
Documentary — Mitch Miyagawa, A Sorry State
Drama — Martin Gero, The L.A. Complex: "Down in L.A."
Movies & Miniseries — Andrew Wreggitt, The Phantoms
Shorts & Webseries — Julie Strassman-Cohn and Jill Golick, Ruby Skye P.I.: The Haunted Library: "#Creepy"
Showrunner Award — Mark Ellis, Stephanie Morgenstern
Jim Burt Screenwriting Prize — Adam Garnet Jones, Wild Medicine
Writers Block Award — Anne-Marie Perrotta, Simon Racioppa, Lienne Sawatsky
2014
Animation — Hollis Ludlow-Carroll, Almost Naked Animals: "The Rotation Situation"
Children & Youth — Lisa Hunter, Finding Stuff Out: "Babies and Families" and Cole Bastedo, Mr. Young: "Mr. Love Letter"
Comedy — Marvin Kaye and Chris Sheasgreen, Less Than Kind: "I'm Only Nineteen"
Documentary — Barry Stevens, Sector Sarajevo
Drama — Will Pascoe, Orphan Black: "Variations Under Domestication"
Movies & Miniseries — Elan Mastai, The F Word
Shorts & Webseries — Jill Golick and Julie Strassman, Ruby Skye P.I.: The Haunted Library: "The Final Clue"
Alex Barris Mentorship Award — Susin Nielsen
Showrunner Award — Peter Mitchell
Writers Block Award — Maureen Parker
2015
Animation — Simon Racioppa and Richard Elliott, Fangbone!: "The Warbrute of Friendship"
Children & Youth — Melody Fox, The Haunting Hour: The Series: "Mrs. Worthington"
Comedy — Andrew De Angelis, Mr. D: "Old School"
Documentary — Michael McNamara, The Cholesterol Question
Drama — Tony Elliott, Orphan Black: "Ipsa Scientia Potestas Est"
Movies & Miniseries — Nicolas Billon, Elephant Song
Shorts & Webseries — Jason Leaver, Out with Dad: "Outed"
Showrunner Award — Bruce Smith
Sondra Kelly Award — Alison Lea Bingeman
Writers Block Award — Denis McGrath
2016
Children — Evan Thaler Hickey, Numb Chucks: "Witless to the Prosecution"
Comedy — Amanda Walsh, Schitt's Creek: "The Cabin"
Documentary — Josh Freed, Deluged by Data
Drama — Russ Cochrane, Orphan Black: "Newer Elements of Our Defense"
Feature Film — James Kee, Sarah Larsen, Doug Taylor and Pascal Trottier, A Christmas Horror Story
MOW & Miniseries — Clement Virgo and Lawrence Hill, The Book of Negroes
Shorts & Webseries — Michael Konyves, Goldfish
Tweens & Teens — Jennica Harper, Some Assembly Required: "Rocket with a Pocket"
Showrunner Award — Frank van Keeken
Sondra Kelly Award — Penny Gummerson
Writers Block Award — Peter Mohan
Alex Barris Mentorship Award — Clive Endersby
2017
Best New Series Script — Alexandra Zarowny, Wynonna Earp: "Bury Me with My Guns On"
Children's — Tim McKeon, Odd Squad: "Drop Gadget Repeat"
Comedy — Jared Keeso and Jacob Tierney, Letterkenny: "Super Soft Birthday"
Documentary — John Walker, Quebec My Country Mon Pays
Drama — Mark Ellis and Stephanie Morgenstern, X Company: "August 19th"
Feature Film — Sherry White, Maudie
MOW & Miniseries — Adam Barken, Bruno & Boots: Go Jump in the Pool
Tweens & Teens — Ian MacIntyre, Degrassi: Next Class: "#TeamFollowBack"
Sondra Kelly Award — Diana Frances
Jim Burt Screenwriting Prize — Daniel Whidden, Valhalla
Showrunner Award — Aaron Martin
Denis McGrath Award — Andrew Wreggitt
2018
Best New Series Script — Moira Walley-Beckett, Anne with an E: "I Am No Bird, and No Net Ensnares Me"
Children's — Sean Jara, Mysticons: "Sisters in Arms"
Comedy — Jared Keeso and Jacob Tierney, Letterkenny: "Relationships"
Documentary — Mark Leiren-Young, The Hundred-Year-Old Whale
Drama — Aubrey Nealon, Cardinal: "John Cardinal"
Feature Film — Jason Filiatrault, Entanglement
MOW & Miniseries — Sarah Polley, Alias Grace: "Part 5"
Shorts & Webseries — Karen McClellan, Spiral: "The Girl in the Dream"
Tweens & Teens — Matt Kippen, The Stanley Dynamic: "The Stanley Cheer"
Showrunner Award — Michael MacLennan
Alex Barris Mentorship Award — Sherry White
Sondra Kelly Award — Sarah Dodd
2019
Best New Series Script — Daegan Fryklind, The Bletchley Circle: San Francisco: "Presidio"
Children's — Josh Sager, Jerome Simpson, Wishfart: "I Wear This Hat Ironically"
Comedy — Rupinder Gill, Schitt's Creek: "RIP Moira Rose"
Documentary — Michael McNamara, Catwalk: Tales from the Cat Show Circuit
Drama — Sarah Dodd, Cardinal: Blackfly Season: "Red"
Feature Film — Jeremy Boxen, 22 Chaser
MOW & Miniseries — Tim McKeon, Odd Squad: World Turned Odd
Shorts & Webseries — Alex Epstein and Lisa Hunter, We’ve Come to the End of Our Time
Tweens & Teens — Cole Bastedo, Star Falls: "The Picnic Auction"
Sondra Kelly Award — Jinder Oujla-Chalmers
Jim Burt Screenwriting Prize — Pat Holden, Mirsada and Amir Kahnamouee, Harbour House
Showrunner Award — Emily Andras
McGrath Service Award — Bruce Smith
2020
Children — Mark Steinberg, Hotel Transylvania: The Series: "Better Know Your Mavis"
Comedy — Jann Arden and Jennica Harper, Jann: "The Big House"
Documentary — Nance Ackerman, Ariella Pahlke and Teresa MacInnes, Conviction
Drama Series — Noelle Carbone, Coroner: "All's Well"
Feature Film — Laura Phillips, Sweetness in the Belly
MOW & Miniseries — David Elver and Andrea Stevens, Thicker Than Water
Preschool — J. J. Johnson, Christin Simms and Amish Patel, Dino Dana: "Dino Prints"
Shorts & Webseries — Fab Filippo, Save Me: "Birdie's End"
Tweens & Teens — Emma Campbell, Creeped Out: "The Takedown"
Sondra Kelly Award — Cynthia Knight
Alex Barris Mentorship Award — Nathalie Younglai
Showrunner Award — Dennis Heaton
2021
Children — Mark De Angelis, Odd Squad Mobile Unit: "Slow Your Roll"
Comedy — Daniel Levy, Schitt's Creek: "Happy Ending"
Documentary — Jonny Harris, Fraser Young, Graham Chittenden and Steve Dylan, Still Standing: "Rankin Inlet"
Drama — Michelle Latimer, Tony Elliott and Penny Gummerson, Trickster: "Episode 105"
Feature Film — Tracey Deer and Meredith Vuchnich, Beans
MOW & Miniseries — Becky Southwell and Dylan Neal, Gourmet Detective: Roux the Day
Preschool — J. J. Johnson, Dino Dana: "The Sound of Dinosaurs"
Shorts & Webseries — Simone Swan and The Affolter Brothers, Try to Fly
Tweens & Teens — Joseph Mallozzi and R. T. Thorne, Utopia Falls: "The World Is Yours"
Sondra Kelly Award — Kate Hewlett
Jim Burt Screenwriting Prize — Travis McDonald, Magnificent
Showrunner Award — Morwyn Brebner
2022
Children's — Lakna Edilima, Odd Squad Mobile Unit: "H2 Oh No"
Comedy — Bilal Baig and Fab Filippo, Sort Of: "Sort of Gone"
Drama — Tassie Cameron and Sherry White, Pretty Hard Cases: "Bananas"
Feature Film — Michael McGowan, All My Puny Sorrows
MOW & Miniseries — James Phillips, As Gouda As It Gets
Preschool — Michael Foulke, Elinor Wonders Why: "Olive's Tree"
Shorts & Webseries — Maddi Patton, My Pride: The Series: "Fire"
Tweens & Teens — Amanda Joy, The Parker Andersons/Amelia Parker: "Joy"
Sondra Kelly Award — Carolyn Saunders
Alex Barris Mentorship Award — Matt Huether
Denis McGrath Award — Michael Amo
Showrunner Award — Anthony Q. Farrell
See also
Canadian television awards
References
External links
Canadian film awards
Canadian television awards
Screenwriting awards for film
Screenwriting awards for television |
4040386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Brown%20%28footballer%29 | Ken Brown (footballer) | Kenneth Brown (born 16 February 1934 in Forest Gate, London) is an English former football player and manager. As player, he made more than 400 appearances in the Football League representing West Ham United, where he spent the majority of his career, and Torquay United, and was capped once for the England national team. As manager, he took charge of Norwich City, Shrewsbury Town and Plymouth Argyle.
Playing career
Brown was playing for local Dagenham side Neville United when he signed professional for West Ham United on 16 October 1951. He quickly made his way into the reserve side, but first team football was much harder to come by, his debut eventually coming in February 1953 against Rotherham United as a replacement for Malcolm Allison. His first five years as a professional saw him only make occasional appearances for the Hammers, although national service between 1952 and 1954 did not help.
He started the 1957–58 season as first-choice in the centre of the West Ham defence, and remained there, missing only one game as West Ham won the Second Division title. On 18 November 1959, Brown made his only appearance for England, a 2–1 victory over Northern Ireland at Wembley. He was a member of the 1964 FA Cup winning side, and the following year was back at Wembley as part of the European Cup Winners' Cup winning side, playing alongside Bobby Moore.
In May 1967, after receiving a testimonial from West Ham, he followed his friend John Bond to Torquay United for a fee of £4000. He had played 386 league games and scored 4 goals. He played 42 league games for Torquay, scoring once, before moving to Southern League Hereford United, then managed by Welsh legend John Charles, in May 1969 for one final season as a player.
Coaching and managerial career
When John Bond was appointed manager of Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic in 1970, Brown was appointed as his trainer (although many sources have later described him as assistant manager which was Reg Tyrrell), and in November 1973, Brown followed Bond to Norwich City, becoming assistant manager. In October 1980, Bond left to manage Manchester City and Brown took over the reins at Norwich, though was unable to stop them being relegated. The following season Norwich were promoted back to Division One at the first attempt. They won the League Cup in 1985, but were relegated at the end of the season, only to bounce back at the first attempt again the following season as Second Division champions.
Their next season back in the top flight saw Brown lead his side to fifth place, then Norwich's highest ever final position. They even topped the league during the first half of the season, and proved to be the hardest side to beat in the First Division alongside champions Everton.
The following season, Norwich started badly and by Christmas, Brown had been sacked. In addition to his success on the pitch at Norwich, he had displayed a great ability for spotting talent at lower league clubs and in the reserve sides of other top flight clubs. The likes of Dave Watson, Steve Bruce, Ian Crook, Mike Phelan and Bryan Gunn were all brought to the club by Brown in this fashion. Watson went on to enjoy league title and FA Cup glory at being sold to Everton in 1986. Bruce was sold to Manchester United immediately after Brown's sacking, and went on to lift a succession of trophies at Old Trafford. Phelan followed Bruce to Old Trafford and collected winner's medals in the league and cup competitions during the first four of his five seasons there. Crook spent a total of 11 seasons at Carrow Road and played a part in some of Norwich's great successes, while also enduring a relegation in 1995. Gunn, who was signed from Aberdeen a year before Brown's sacking, remained at Carrow Road until the end of his playing career in 1999, and would spend a total of 23 years at the club as a player, member of the coaching staff and finally serving a brief spell as manager.
In December 1987, Brown took charge of Shrewsbury Town for one match in the Second Division, but decided against taking the job permanently and took time out of football instead. In July 1988 he was appointed manager of Plymouth Argyle, where one of his signings was his son Kenny Junior from Norwich City, who would later be sold to West Ham United for £170,000. Brown was controversially sacked as Plymouth manager in February 1990, and decided to once more take time away from football. His spell in charge of Plymouth would prove to be his last managerial appointment.
In 1994, he was approached by England manager Terry Venables to work part-time as a scout, a duty he has since also performed for Glenn Hoddle and Kevin Keegan, whilst maintaining his business interest in the Lakenham Leisure Centre in Norwich.
In February 2004 he was guest of honour at Carrow Road for the home game against West Ham to celebrate the opening of a new stand, when a special presentation was made to Brown to commemorate his 70th birthday.
Personal life
Ken is the father of Kenny Brown, also a footballer and manager, as well as Amanda Brown, a former tennis international and twice winner of the Australian Open Girls' singles championships. In April 2015 during a burglary at his home in Blofield near Norwich, Brown's medals from the 1964 FA Cup Final, the 1965 European Cup Winners' Cup Final and the 1985 League Cup Final were stolen. In May, West Ham United football club offered a reward of £5,000 to anyone providing information leading to the arrest and the conviction of those responsible for the break-in. As of , Brown is the oldest living former player of West Ham United.
Honours
West Ham United
FA Cup: 1963–64
FA Charity Shield: 1964
European Cup Winners' Cup: 1964–65
References
1934 births
Living people
Footballers from Forest Gate
English footballers
Association football central defenders
Association football defenders
West Ham United F.C. players
Torquay United F.C. players
Hereford United F.C. players
English Football League players
London XI players
England international footballers
English football managers
Norwich City F.C. managers
Plymouth Argyle F.C. managers
Shrewsbury Town F.C. managers
English Football League managers
FA Cup Final players
People from Blofield
Association football scouts |
4040389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloha%20Partners | Aloha Partners | Aloha Partners LP is a telecommunications company based in Providence, RI. It is the largest owner of 700 MHz spectrum in the United States.
Aloha Partners LP is and was the largest buyer of spectrum in the FCC auctions of radio frequencies in the 700 MHz band in 2001 and 2003. Since that time Aloha has also acquired the second largest (Cavalier Group LLC) and third largest (DataCom Wireless LLC) owners of 700 MHz spectrum. As a result, Aloha currently owns 12 MHz of spectrum covering 60% of the United States - including all of the top 10 markets and 84% of the population in the top 40 markets.
On September 19, 2007, Aloha Partners announced that it had reached an agreement with LIN Television Corp. to purchase their entire catalog of 31 spectrum licenses in the 700 MHz band.
On February 4, 2008, the FCC approved the $2.5 billion buyout of Aloha Partners by AT&T Mobility. This gives AT&T control of former television channel 54 and 59 in a coverage area which includes 72 of the top 100 metropolitan areas and a grand total of 196 million people in 281 markets.
The next-largest owner of 700 MHz spectrum is Qualcomm, which owns channel 55 nationwide for use by its MediaFLO system.
References
External links
Official website
Telecommunications companies of the United States
Companies based in Rhode Island |
4040396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tusi | Al-Tusi | Al-Tusi or Tusi is the title of several Iranian scholars who were born in the town of Tous in Khorasan. Some of the scholars with the al-Tusi title include:
Abu Nasr as-Sarraj al-Tūsī (d. 988), Sufi sheikh and historian.
Aḥmad al Ṭūsī (d. 1193), Persian author of a book known by the same title as ʿAjāʾib al-makhlūqāt of Qazwini.
Asadi Tusi (d. 1072), Persian poet.
Ferdowsi Tusi (935–1020), Persian poet.
Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (1201–1274), Persian polymath.
Nizam al-Mulk al-Tusi (1018–1092), Persian vizier.
Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī or Sharafeddin Tusi (1135–1213), Persian mathematician.
Shaykh Tusi or Abu Ja'far al-Tusi (995–1067), Islamic scholar.
Arabic-language surnames
Tusi
Titles |
4040405 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InfoSpace | InfoSpace | Infospace, Inc. was an American company that offered private label search engine, online directory, and provider of metadata feeds. The company's flagship metasearch site was Dogpile and its other notable consumer brands were WebCrawler and MetaCrawler. After a 2012 rename to Blucora, the InfoSpace business unit was sold to data management company OpenMail.
History
The company was founded in March 1996 by Naveen Jain after he left Microsoft. The company started with six employees, and Jain served as CEO until 2000. InfoSpace provided content and services, such as phone directories, maps, games and information on the stock market, to websites and mobile device manufacturers. The company grew at low cost without funding using co-branding strategies. Rather than try to get traffic to an InfoSpace website, sites like Lycos, Excite and Playboy embedded InfoSpace's features and content into their site and added an InfoSpace icon to it. InfoSpace then earned money by taking a small percentage of licensing, subscription or advertising fees. On December 15, 1998, InfoSpace went public under the ticker INSP, raising $75 million in the offering.
By April 2000, InfoSpace was working with 1,500 websites, 60 content providers and 20 telecommunications companies. InfoSpace was praised by Wall Street analysts and at its peak its market cap was $31 billion. It became the largest internet business in the American Northwest. InfoSpace may have contributed to the inflated expectations in internet companies during the height of the dot-com bubble. In July 2000, InfoSpace acquired Go2Net. After the merger, Go2Net CEO Russell Horowitz became president of InfoSpace. The same year, InfoSpace used a controversial accounting method to report $46 million in profits when in fact it had lost $282 million. Company executives skirted SEC trading restrictions to sell large blocks of their personal stock.
Jain resumed the role of CEO in 2001, but was soon forced out by InfoSpace's board in December 2002. By June 2002, the company's stock price, which reached $1,305 in March 2000, had dropped sharply to $2.67.
In December 2002, Jim Voelker assumed Jain's role as chairman, CEO and President of InfoSpace. Voelker shut down or sold many of InfoSpace's 12 businesses to focus on five core segments. In 2003, InfoSpace acquired Moviso from Vivendi Universal Net USA. In early March 2003, InfoSpace sued Jain alleging he violated non-compete agreements in his role at newly founded Intelius. In April 2003, Jain resigned from the InfoSpace board.
In 2004, InfoSpace acquired online yellow pages service Switchboard. It also moved into the mobile games space, acquiring Atlas Mobile, IOMO and Elkware. InfoSpace reported $249 million in revenue that year, up 89 percent from the previous year.
In 2007, InfoSpace sold Atlas Mobile studio to Twistbox, Moviso to mobile content tech firm FunMobility, and IOMO re-emerged as FinBlade. InfoSpace's directory services were acquired by Idearc for $225 million in September 2007, while the remaining portions of InfoSpace Mobile were acquired by Motricity for $135 million in October 2007.
In February 2009, Jim Voelker resigned as CEO and president but remained chairman. From February 2009 to November 2010, Will Lansing served as president and CEO. Under Lansing's leadership, InfoSpace started an online auction website called haggle.com, but after one year the website was shut down and its remaining assets were sold to BigDeal.com.
Rename
In January 2012, InfoSpace acquired tax preparation software company TaxAct, and to help differentiate its name from its new purchase, and that of its InfoSpace search unit, it rebranded as Blucora. On April 21, 2014, Discovery Communications announced that they had sold HowStuffWorks to Blucora for $45 million.
In July 2016, Blucora sold InfoSpace and HowStuffWorks to data analytics and data management company OpenMail for $45 million in cash.
2003 shareholder lawsuit
In a shareholder lawsuit filed in 2003, a lower court federal judge ruled that former InfoSpace CEO, Naveen Jain, had purchased shares of InfoSpace in violation of six month short swing insider trading rules, and issued a $247 million judgment against him, the largest award of its kind at that time. Jain appealed the ruling in 2005, and settled the case for $105 million, while denying liability. Jain's attempt to further litigate against his former lawyers for the loss was dismissed.
References
Internet search engines
Internet properties established in 1996
Companies based in Irving, Texas
1998 initial public offerings |
4040410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20J.%20Bowler | Peter J. Bowler | Peter J. Bowler (born 8 October 1944) is a historian of biology who has written extensively on the history of evolutionary thought, the history of the environmental sciences, and on the history of genetics. His 1984 book, Evolution: The History of an Idea is a standard textbook on the history of evolution; a 25th anniversary edition came in 2009. His 1983 book The Eclipse of Darwinism: Anti-Darwinian Evolution Theories in the Decades Around 1900 describes (in a phrase of Julian Huxley's) the scientific predominance of other evolutionary theories which led many to minimise the significance of natural selection, in the first part of the twentieth century before genetics was reconciled with natural selection in the modern synthesis.
Life
Peter Bowler holds a BA from the University of Cambridge, an MSc from the University of Sussex and a PhD from the University of Toronto. In the 1970s he taught at the School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang. He is currently a professor in the history of science at Queen's University Belfast, and is an elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and a corresponding member of the Académie Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences. He was President of the British Society for the History of Science from 2004 to 2006.
His current interests are in the development and implications of Darwinism, the history of the environmental sciences, science and religion (especially twentieth century), and popular science writing.
Current research is on the production of popular science literature in early twentieth-century Britain, with particular emphasis on the role played by professional scientists. Bowler discusses the attempts by Victorian scientists to promote science for public understanding and the increasing accessibility of popular science works.
Bowler has criticised creationism in Northern Ireland. He has made appearances on local radio, including interviews with William Crawley on BBC Radio Ulster shows TalkBack and Sunday Sequence - here he defended evolution and highlighted the non-scientific nature of creationism.
Publications
Fossils and Progress: Palaeontology and the Idea of Progressive Evolution in the Nineteenth Century (1976)
Theories of Human Evolution: A Century of Debate, 1844–1944 (Wiley-Blackwell 1987)
The Mendelian Revolution: The Emergence of Hereditarian Concepts in Modern Science and Society (Continuum International, Athlone, 1989)
The Invention of Progress: Victorians and the Past (Wiley-Blackwell, 1989)
The Non-Darwinian Revolution: Reinterpreting a Historical Myth (Johns Hopkins University Press, New Edition, 1988)
The Eclipse of Darwinism: Anti-Darwinian Evolution Theories in the Decades Around 1900 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983)
The Fontana History of the Environmental Sciences (Fontana Press, 1992)
Biology and Social Thought: 1850–1914 : Five Lectures Delivered at the International Summer School in History of Science Uppsala, July 1990 (Univ of California, 1993)
Charles Darwin: the man and his influence (Cambridge, 1996).
Life's splendid drama: evolutionary biology and the reconstruction of life’s ancestry, 1860–1940 (Chicago, 1996).
Reconciling science and religion: the debate in early twentieth-century Britain (Chicago, 2001).
"The spectre of Darwinism: popular images of Darwinism in early twentieth-century Britain" in Abigail Lustig, Robert J. Richards and Michael Ruse (eds), Darwinian Heresies (Cambridge, 2004) .
(With I.R. Morus) Making modern science: a historical survey (Chicago, 2005).
'Experts and publishers: writing popular science in early twentieth-century Britain' in British Journal for the History of Science, xxxix (2006).
Monkey Trials and Gorilla Sermons; Evolution and Christianity from Darwin to Intelligent Design (Harvard University Press, 2007) .
'Darwin's Originality', in Science (9 January 2009: Vol. 323. no. 5911, pp. 223 – 226)
Evolution: the history of an idea (4th ed., California, 2009, ).
Science for All: The Popularization of Science in Early Twentieth-Century Britain (Chicago, 2009).
Q&A Darwin: Off the Record (with foreword by Richard Dawkins) (Duncan Baird, 2010).
Darwin Deleted: Imagining a World Without Darwin (University of Chicago Press, 2013).
A History of the Future: Prophets of Progress from H. G. Wells to Asimov (Cambridge University Press, 2017)
References
External links
Peter Bowler's staff page
Living people
Historians of science
Academics of Queen's University Belfast
Charles Darwin biographers
Critics of creationism
History of biology
Alumni of the University of Sussex
University of Toronto alumni
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
1944 births
Historians of biology |
4040430 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Party%20%28United%20States%2C%201930s%29 | Christian Party (United States, 1930s) | The Christian Party was an American fascist political party founded by William Dudley Pelley in 1935. He chose the 16 August 1935 as the founding date, because it was a so-called "pyramid date". The party can be considered the political wing of Pelley's paramilitary organization, the Silver Legion of America. It ran with Pelley as its candidate for the 1936 presidential campaign (Silver Legion member Willard Kemp was the vice presidential candidate). Pelley gained just 1,600 votes in the election. The party was quickly dissolved after the United States entered World War II.
There is also a current Christian Party that was founded in 2009 by a group of self-described "Christian Constitutionalist patriots" in Mobile, Alabama.
References
American nationalist parties
Defunct far-right political parties in the United States |
5376457 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20bus%20routes%20in%20Singapore | List of bus routes in Singapore | This is a list of the bus routes operated by various bus operators in Singapore, with the four public bus operators: SBS Transit, SMRT Buses, Tower Transit Singapore and Go-Ahead Singapore.
Bus routes
Routes 2–99
Routes 100–199
Routes 200–298
Routes 300–410
Routes 502–599
Routes 651–672
Routes 715–788
Routes 800–883
Routes 900–991
Other services
See also
Public buses of Singapore
References
Bus transport in Singapore
Singapore
Bus routes |
5376465 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel%20Kolsk%C3%BD | Karel Kolský | Karel Kolský (21 September 1914 in Kročehlavy – 17 February 1984) was a Czech football player and later a football manager. He played for Czechoslovakia, for which he played 13 matches.
He was a participant in the 1938 FIFA World Cup, and he coached Czechoslovakia at the 1958 FIFA World Cup.
After World War II, he worked as a football manager. He coached clubs such as Sparta Prague, SK Kladno, Dukla Prague, Viktoria Plzeň, Zbrojovka Brno and Polish Wisła Kraków.
He won twice the Czechoslovak First League with Dukla Prague, in 1956 and 1958.
External links
Profile at ČMFS website
Profile at Hall of Fame Dukla Praha
1914 births
1984 deaths
Czech footballers
Czechoslovak footballers
Czech football managers
Czech expatriate football managers
Czechoslovak football managers
1938 FIFA World Cup players
1958 FIFA World Cup managers
Czechoslovakia international footballers
AC Sparta Prague players
SK Kladno players
Czechoslovakia national football team managers
FC Zbrojovka Brno managers
Dukla Prague managers
FC Viktoria Plzeň managers
AC Sparta Prague managers
FK Hvězda Cheb managers
Wisła Kraków managers
Expatriate football managers in Poland
Czechoslovak expatriate sportspeople in Poland
Association football midfielders
Sportspeople from Kladno
FK Jablonec managers
People from the Kingdom of Bohemia |
5376478 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Thoday | John Thoday | John Marion Thoday FRS (30 August 1916 – 25 August 2008) was a British geneticist. He was the son of the botanist David Thoday. He was Arthur Balfour Professor of Genetics at Cambridge University between 1959 and 1983 and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1965.
Thoday was born in Chinley, Derbyshire, and educated at Bootham School, York, followed by University College of North Wales at Bangor, and then Trinity College, Cambridge. During World War II he served in the RAF as a photographic intelligence officer.
His research from 1947 has been largely concerned with the causes and functions of intraspecific genetic variation, on the nature of continuous genetic variation and on the effects of selection on such variation. He has published an important thesis on the meaning of biological progress in evolution and the role of genetic variation in determining long term fitness. He has pioneered a method for the location on chromosomes of genes mediating continuous variation, and showed (contrary to accepted theory) that the genes at different loci affected the quantitative character in qualitatively different ways. He has pioneered experiments into disruptive selection (selection in the same population for both extremes and against intermediates), and (again contrary to theoretical expectation), showed such selection could be extremely effective, increasing variance, establishing and maintaining polymorphisms, and, if the selected individuals were allowed to choose their mates, dividing the population into two partially isolated parts, something which is a step towards speciation.
References
External links
Obituary in The Telegraph
Obituary in The Times
http://www.emma.cam.ac.uk/teaching/fellows/display/index.cfm?fellow=67
http://www.professorjohnthoday.com/publications.html Professor Thoday's full publications listing.
http://www.professorjohnthoday.com/ Professor Thoday's personal web site.
1916 births
2008 deaths
English geneticists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Fellows of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
People educated at Bootham School
Royal Air Force officers
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
Arthur Balfour Professors of Genetics
Alumni of Bangor University |
5376483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pucov%2C%20Doln%C3%BD%20Kub%C3%ADn%20District | Pucov, Dolný Kubín District | Pucov () is a village and municipality in Dolný Kubín District in the Zilina Region of northern Slovakia. It is situated at 579 m (1900 ft) and has about 739 inhabitants.
References
External links
Pucov Village website (in Slovak)
Villages and municipalities in Dolný Kubín District |
5376488 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Lewis | Daniel Lewis | Daniel, Dan or Danny Lewis may refer to:
Dan Lewis (rugby league), rugby league footballer who played in the 1900s and 1910s for Wales, Welsh League XIII, and Merthyr Tydfil
Dan Lewis (footballer) (1902–1965), Welsh football goalkeeper
Daniel Lewis (conductor) (1925–2017), American orchestral conductor
Dan Lewis (American football) (1936–2015), American football running back
Daniel Lewis (choreographer) (born 1944), choreographer and author, and Dean of Dance at the New World School of the Arts
Dan Lewis (newsreader) (born 1950), newsreader for KOMO-TV, Seattle, since 1987
Daniel Vee Lewis (born 1959), American musician and bassist for World Entertainment War
Danny Lewis (basketball) (born 1970), American basketball player
Daniel Lewis (volleyball) (born 1976), Canadian volleyball player
Daniel Lewis (footballer) (born 1982), English footballer
Daniel Lewis (triple jumper) (born 1989), English athlete
Daniel James Lewis or Jim Lewis (footballer, born 1909) (1909–1980), Welsh footballer
Daniel Lewis (boxer) (born 1993), Australian boxer
Danny J Lewis, English house and garage producer
Dan Lewis (Doctor Who), fictional character played by John Bishop
See also
Daniel Louis (born 1953), Canadian film producer
Daniel Day-Lewis (born 1957), actor
Daniel Lewis Lee (1973–2020), American white supremacist and convicted murderer |
5376500 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano%20Battistelli | Stefano Battistelli | Stefano ("Bibi") Battistelli (born 6 March 1970 in Rome) is a former backstroke and medley swimmer from Italy.
Biography
He competed in two consecutive Summer Olympics (1988 and 1992), and won a bronze medal at each appearance. The bronze in Seoul was the first Olympic medal for a male Italian swimmer.
See also
Italy national swimming team - Multiple medalists
External links
1970 births
Living people
Swimmers from Rome
Olympic swimmers of Italy
Swimmers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Italian male swimmers
Olympic bronze medalists for Italy
Olympic bronze medalists in swimming
Italian male freestyle swimmers
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Italy
Swimmers at the 1987 Mediterranean Games
Universiade medalists in swimming
Mediterranean Games medalists in swimming
Universiade bronze medalists for Italy
Medalists at the 1997 Summer Universiade |
5376506 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Bryson%20Simonton | Charles Bryson Simonton | Charles Bryson Simonton (September 8, 1838 – June 10, 1911) was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives for the 9th congressional district of Tennessee.
Biography
Simonton was born in Tipton County, Tennessee, son of William and Catherine "Katie" Ferguson Simonton. He graduated from Erskine College in Due West, South Carolina in August 1859. He married Mary Andros "Minnie" McDill on October 16, 1866. He had five children, Anna Simonton, Ella Simonton, William McDill Simonton, Charles Pressley Simonton, and Nannie May Simonton.
Career
Simonton enlisted as a private in Company C, Ninth Tennessee Infantry, Confederate Army in 1861. He subsequently became second lieutenant, and then captain. He was severely wounded during the Battle of Perryville on October 8, 1862 and disabled from any further active duty during the war. He was elected clerk of the circuit court of Tipton County in March 1870.
Simonton read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1873. He then commenced practice in Covington, Tennessee in Tipton County. He was also a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1877 to 1879. He became the editor of the Tipton Record in Covington, Tennessee.
Elected as a Democrat to the Forty-sixth and Forty-seventh Congresses, Simonton served from March 4, 1879 to March 3, 1883. He was chairman of the Democratic state convention in 1886.
Simonton was president of the Covington city school board from 1892 to 1903. He was the United States district attorney for the Western district of Tennessee from 1895 to 1898.
Death
Simonton died in Covington, Tennessee, and is interred at Munford Cemetery.
References
External links
Members of the Tennessee House of Representatives
1838 births
1911 deaths
Erskine College alumni
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee
19th-century American politicians
American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law
United States Attorneys for the Western District of Tennessee |
4040431 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mappila%20songs | Mappila songs | Mappila songs (or Mappila Paattu) are a folklore Muslim song genre rendered to lyrics, within a melodic framework (Ishal), in Arabi Malayalam by the Mappilas of the Malabar region in Kerala, India. Mappila songs have a distinct cultural identity, while at the same time remain closely linked to the cultural practices of Kerala.
The songs often use words from Persian, Hindustani, and Tamil, apart from Arabic and Malayalam, but the grammatical syntax is always based in Malayalam. They deal with themes such as religion, love, satire, and heroism, and are often sung at occasions of birth, marriage, and death. Mappila Paattu form an integral part of the heritage of Malayalam literature today and is regarded by some as the most popular branch of Malayalam literature, enjoyed by all Malayali communities in Kerala and Beary speaking communities of Karnataka .
History
Mappila songs have been in circulation for over seven centuries, with the first dated work Muhyidheen Mala atrributed to Qadi Muhammad in 1607 AD. Thereafter a large number of literary materials were produced in this medium; one authority has calculated that of these more than 1600 items, complete or fragmentary, were known by 1976. Over the centuries, various types of Mappila Pattu were composed, in accordance with the religious and political surroundings in the lives of the Mappilas of Malabar. The early centuries were primarily based on devotional works, while the colonial era was marked by the battle song genre called Padappattu. Various other categories also grew during the centuries with subjects ranging from romantic ballads and marriage songs to philosophical ideas, sea journeys and even flood ordeals.
Early works
The earliest known dated works in Mappilappattu belong to the 17th century and primarily belonged to the Mala genre.
Malappattu
The mala genre of Mappila songs, generally written in Arabi-Malayalam script are praises of pious personalities of Islam who were supposed to have gained high spiritual status. Generally, most such works were themed on the lives of Sufi saints (Auliya). Most of these songs narrate "superhuman" deeds of these saints. The songs became popular in an era when Sufism gained a strong foothold amongst the Mappilas. Each Mala often corresponded to the leader of a Sufi order called Thareeqath, who was abundantly showered praises in the poetry, often well-exceeding the limits of human capabilities. Popular among these are the Muhyidheen Mala, the Rifa'i mala, the Shaduli Mala, the Ajmeer Mala, and the Nafeesath mala. Each of these corresponded to their respective Sufi orders while the last is about Nafeesathul Misriyya, a woman Sufi saint of Egypt more commonly known as Sayyida Nafeesa.
The 17th century also witnessed the composition of other popular works in the Malappattu genre, namely the Rifai Mala (1623) by Ahammadul Kabeer, Uswath Mala (1628) and Valiya Naseehath Mala (1674) by Manantakath Kunhikoya Thangal.
18th century
Songs of the 18th century were primarily of the Kissa genre, narrating stories of the prophets of Islam or Sufi saints. Examples of such songs include the Ibrahim Nabi Qissa and the Ibrahim Ibn Adham Kissa. Songs like the Kappappattu and Safalamaala by Shujayi Moidu Musaliyar conveyed ideological messages to the community in the era of post-Portuguese years when the identity and existence of the Mappilas were in a shattered state.
Kunhayan Musaliyar
Kunhayan Musaliyar lived in the early 18th century. He authored the popular works titled Nool Mad'h (1737 A.D.), Nool Mala(1785 A.D.) and Kappappattu. Nool Mad'h was a devotional work on Prophet Muhammed with 666 lines composed in 16 different Ishalukal (Ishals). Kappapattu consisted of 600 lines composed in a single Ishal, narrating with wit and humour, the voyage of the human body through the journey of life, portrayed here as a vessel in the ocean voyaging through the seas. The Kappappattu remained hugely popular for centuries, next only to the Muhyiddeen Mala.
Umar Qadi
Veliyankode Umar Qadi, (1757-1852) was a scholar, poet and freedom fighter from Veliyankode, near Ponnani, well known for his tax non-cooperation movement against the British rule in the Malabar. He composed songs of various subjects, ranging from the Cheraman Perumal to Arabic grammar. Other poems of his criticized the wrongdoings of members of his own community. He also wrote many poems in Arabic.
19th century and early 20th century
The dawn of the 19th century saw the advent of British rule in the Malabar. The songs of this era are marked by the rising anti-British feelings in the Mappila society in the backdrop of the agrarian tenancy discontent against the British backed Jenmi landlords. Most of the songs of the era fall under the Padappattu ( battle songs) genre.
Padappattu
The first dated work in this genre was the Zaqqoom Padappattu dated 1836. This song was actually an Arabi-Malayalam translation of the Tamil work Zakkoon Padayppor composed by Varishay Mukiyudheen Poolavar of Madurai in 1686. Alim Umar Labba, a Mappila religious scholar from Kayalpattanam translated it into Arabi-Malayalam. Many of the tunes (Ishals)of Zakoon Padayppor have been largely utilized by famous Arabi Malayalam poet, Moin Kutty Vaidyar, especially in his master piece work, Badre Padappattu.
The songs of the Padapattu genre can be classified into four different types:
Islamic folk tales : These songs have no relation to actual historic events but either from a folk tale, a legend or simply an imaginary story related to Islamic traditions. Songs of this category include the Zaqqum Padappattu and the Jinn Padappattu. The former is a story about an imaginary confrontation of King Zaqqum of Iraq and Prophet Muhammed of Arabia while the latter is story about the Jinns, the other creation parallel to human beings as taught by the Qur'an.
Islamic history : These songs narrated events from the early years of Islam, and in particular the early battles of Islam. The Badar padappattu, the Hunayn Padappattu and the Karbala padappattu are characteristic of this category.
Mappila history : Songs of this type typically narrated the heroic deeds of the Muslims of Kerala and eulogize the martyrs among them, especially in their battles against the Portuguese and British colonial powers and local Jenmi landlords. Typical among these are the Kotturpalli Mala, Moyinkutty Vaidyar's Malappuram Padappattu(1883) etc. and the Cherur Padappattu. The first depicts the heroism of Veliyankode Kunhi Marakkar, a warrior who saves a 17-year-old Mappila girl from the hands of Portuguese kidnappers but is martyred at the end of the battle. The eulogy here is enhanced with the simultaneity of the character's death with his hour of marriage. The other two narrate stories of Mappila attacks on the British and the Jenmi landlords during the 19th century. The Cherur Padappattu, composed by two poets named Mammad Kutti and Muhyidheen in 1841, refers to a battle between Mappila rebels and the army of the East India Company. The rebels had assassinated Kaprat Krishna Panikkar, the adhikari of Tirurangadi and sought refuge in a deserted house. The soldiers later surround them and in the ensuing battle, seven Mappilas and 20 of the Company army lost their lives. The Cherur Padappattu narrates this story praising the "martyrs" amongst the Mappillas in this battle.
Fictional songs: These songs were about purely imaginary subjects. The elippada which narrates a 3-day imaginary battle between rats and cats based on a Panchatantra story falls under this category.
The common feature of all these songs were their pattern of narration of the bravery of the heroes depicted.
While the battle songs roused the feelings of the community against the authorities, this era also witnessed the popularization of romantic ballads like Moyinkutty Vaidyar's Badarul Muneer Husnul Jamal and Chettuvayi Pareekkutty's Soubhagya Sundari. One of the notable aspects of both these works were the age of the authors at the time of the composition; Vaidyar was said to have been 17 or (by some reports) 20 at the time and so was Pareekkutty.
Moyinkutty Vaidyar
Moyinkutty Vaidyar (1857-1891), often referred to as Mahakavi (great poet) is historically considered one of the most renowned and authentic Mappila poets. Born into an Ayurvedic family in 1857 at Kondotti in Malappuram district, he was well versed in Sanskrit and Arabic. At a very young age of seventeen, he composed the romantic epic Badarul Munir - Husnul Jamal (1872) .
His later works were on totally different themes that were essentially war songs in nature. The Badar Padappattu and Malappuram Padappatt are the most popular songs of this genre. Shabvathul Badarul Kubra(1875), more popularly known as the Badar Padappattu is considered one of the finest compositions of Mappilappattu . It narrates the tale of the Battle of Badr by Prophet Muhammed and his companions. The Malappuram Padappattu (1883), also known as the Madhinidhi Mala describes the undercurrents of peasant life and struggles in Malappuram in the 18th and 19th centuries.
The songs of Moyinkutty Vaidyar are distinguished by their depth of imagination, the beauty of the metaphors used, the creativity comparisons involved and the variety of their ishals (tunes/modes).
Pulikkottil Hyder
Pulikkottil Hyder, born in 1879 at Wandoor was a popular poet who composed short songs in Arabi-Malayalam on topics of common interest, often attacking social evils. His simple lyrics on ordinary life of the Mappilas defied the traditional patterns of Mappilappattu thus giving him the name " The Kunchan Nambiar of Mappilappattu". In Vellappokka Maala, he describes a heavy flood that affected all throughout the Malabar, Mysore and Travancore. The sufferings of common men in the flood are depicted beautifully using only ordinary Malayalam vocabulary.
The Pulikkotil Hyder Smaraka Puraskaram, instituted by the Mahakavi Moyinkutty Vaidyar Smaraka Committee and given to personalities who have contributed to the art of Mappilappattu is named after him. The foundation for a memorial for the poet was laid in his hometown Wandoor by former Chief Minister of Kerala C.H. Mohammed Koya in April 1979, but the work has remained incomplete ever since. In 1979, the Mappila Kala Sahithya Vedi published a compilation of his works titled "Pulikkottil Krithikal".
Other poets
Chakeeri Moyidin Kutty
Chakeeri Moyidin Kutty of Cherur, near Vengara, authored his poetry on the Battle of Badr titled Ghazvath Badril Kubra (The great Battle of Badar)) in 1876, a year after Moyinkutty Vaidyar's Badar Padappattu. It began a fresh pattern in Mappilappattu where the poetry was in pure Malayalam language, unlike the earlier works that involved use of Arabic, Kannada and Tamil. The poem was also known as the Chakkeeri Badr, to distinguish it from the other works on the same subject by other poets. The work is said to have been modified a couple of times by the author himself. He also authored a Malayalam-Arabic-Sanskrit dictionary and is considered one of the major Mappila poets of the 19th century.
Chettuvayi Pareekkutty
(b. 1853) author of Futhuhussaman, Minhathul Bari, Soubhagya Sundari and Adi Ahaduna was another well-known poet of the era. He was well versed in Tamil, Sanskrit and classical music.
Futhuhussaman is not an original work of Chettuvayi Pareekukutty. It was a translation of a Tamil work by same name.
1920s and later
The early 20th century witnessed the growing influence of Malayalam in the Mappilappattu genre. This period was characterized by the rise of theological reform movements and nationalist mobilization in the Malabar. Songs of the era also involved themes of Pan-Indian nationalism and the Independence movement against the British. The 1921 Malabar Rebellion gave birth to a large variety of songs of this genre.
T Ubaid
Born T Abdurahman (1908-1972) at Thalankara in Kasargode, T Ubaid was one of the greatest figures of Malayalam literature in the 20th century. He was well versed in English, Malayalam, Arabic, Urdu, Kannada, Sanskrit and Tamil. Often referred to as Mahakavi Ubaid, he was both a poet and a researcher of Mappilappattu, documenting a large collection of Mappila songs popular in the North Malabar through oral tradition. His historic speeches and rendering of hitherto unheard kissa pattukal at the Kozhikode Sahitya Parishath conference in 1947 and similar conferences drew attention of the intellectuals of Malayalam literature to the rich literary traditions of Mappilappattu.
S.A. Jameel
S.A. Jameel is a poet widely associated to the kathu pattu (Letter songs) genre of Mappila songs. His most popular works remain the 1976 letter and reply duet Ethrayum bahumanappetta ente priya bharthavu vayikkuvan (Oh my dear respected husband) and Abu Dhabeelullorezhuthupetti (A letterbox in Abu Dhabi). The former is a wife's letter to her husband abroad in Abu Dhabi requesting his return, while the latter is the husband's reply to his wife. The poet, who had psychological counselling sessions with many of the womenfolk of Malabar living separated lives from their husbands in the Gulf, described the anguishes of separation as felt by the women in the first song. The lyrics of the song referred in particular to the sexual and emotional needs of the woman and generated both praise and controversy within the community. The second song, composed as the husband's reply was also based on his interactions with the diaspora Mappila community during his visits to the Middle East in the late 1970s. It described the hardships and emotional dilemma faced by the migrant workers separated from their families. The songs created a huge impact on the whole diaspora community across different religions at the time prompting many to leave their jobs and return to their homeland for good. Though the kathu pattu (songs in the form of letters) existed before the works of S.A. Jameel, it was his works that popularized the genre amongst the common people of the Malabar.
Social context
Religious teachings
In the early years of Mappilappaattu, the songs were written with a specific purpose of educating the masses about the religious teachings of Islam. In an era that preceded the printing press, oral traditions played an important role in the religious education of the Mappilas, especially those who could not read or write. Some of the early songs written entirely for this purpose included the Aqeedath Mala, Niskaarapaattu, Naseehath Mala, Kombinte paattu, Liqa Mala, Amaliyyath Mala etc.
Anti-colonial struggles
In the context of the Mappila uprisings against the British rule in Malabar in the 19th and 20th centuries, the Pada pattu played an important role in rousing Mappila sentiments of the Mappila peasantry in their struggle.
The contribution of these ballads was a vital factor in the growth of a collective consciousness of a heroic tradition amongst the Mappilas. After almost every uprising of the 19th and 20th centuries, songs eulogizing the heroism of the participants and idealizing their sacrifice were composed and propagated by Mappila bands which went around the countryside singing them. Ballads were also popularized through group singing at social and domestic functions. These war songs often contained vivid descriptions of carnal pleasures of paradise awaiting the "martyrs". Prior to the launch of an attack, the rebels in aspiration of "martyrdom" used to recite the Mala pattu alongside other preparations.
The struggle by the Mappilas against Portuguese invaders in the 16th century led by Mappila legends like Kunhali Marakkars were also a major theme of such songs. Another popular theme in these songs were the battles of the early Muslims of Arabia which is evident in songs like Badar Padappattu, Uhad Padappattu, Hunain Padappattu, Makkan Fathahu and Khandaq Padappattu. The songs provoked the Mappila population against the British authorities to the extent that a large number of them including the publications of the Cherur Padappattu were confiscated and destroyed by the authorities.
These songs also provided an insight for historians into the thoughts and viewpoints of the rebels and have been used for authentic historic compilation. The songs on the Malappuram shahids provide the earliest description of an armed struggle between the Mappilas and the Jenmi landlord class in the pre-Mysore era. William Logan, refers to the Cherur Padappattu in the Malabar Manual while describing the incident. (Pg 560,Vol 1, Asian Educational Services, 2000). Roland Miller also quotes from this ballad in "Mappila Muslims of Kerala: a study in Islamic trends". (pg 119, Orient Longman, 1992.)
The 1921 Malabar Rebellion also spawned a large number of Mappila songs. Many of these songs describe the events at the Khilafat movement in Malabar and offer a view into the conditions in Malabar during the era. A song sung at a Khilafat meeting at Tirurangadi in 1921 described the aims of the Khilafat Movement in a mindset of complete harmony with the National movement led by Mahatma Gandhi:
Munthiya Banduvay Hinduvum Muslimum (Hindus and Muslims have deep relations)
Moulana showathum Doula Khilafathum (The nation of Khilafath that the Moulana shows us)
Entri Vannavidham Mahatma Gandhi than sahitham (He brought it to us along with the great Gandhi)
Ahmed Kutty composed the Malabar Lahala enna Khilafat Patt in 1925 describing the events of the rebellion. Even the prisoners of the rebellion like Tannirkode Ossankoya used to compose songs in their letters to their relatives.
Marriage
The Mailanchi Pattu, the Oppana Pattu and the Ammayi Pattu belong to the category of Mappila Pattukal dealing with love and marriage. They are sung in chorus in connection with marriage festivals, often accompanied by rhythmic clapping by women.
Migration
In the "Gulf boom" years of the 1970s and 80s, mass migration of workers from the Malabar to the oil-rich Gulf states of the Middle East resulted in households where the working men were often separated from their womenfolk and the only means of communication was the letter. This brought about a huge interest in the Kathu pattu (letter song) genre of Mappilappattu. The lyrics of these songs often connected closely to the lives of the migrant workers and their families and it popularized this genre of Mappilappattu.
Others
Mappila songs occasionally did also narrate stories outside the Muslim community. One such ballad was called the Mappila Ramayana deals with the story of the Hindu mythological figure Sri Rama.
Female presence in Mappilappattu
Mappila womenfolk feature prominently in the culture and literature of Mappilappattu in various ways. The presence of female poets in Mappilappattu literature long predated the first female presence in Malayalam literature. A large number of Mappila songs also had female subjects as their main theme.
Songs of the Oppana genre typically described the beauty of a bride in colourful terms. The famous Badarul Muneer Husnul Jamal by Moyinkutty Vaidyar devotes a section to describe the beauty of the heroine named Husnul Jamal.
Another popular subject of composition was the lives of the prominent women of the early years of Islam in Arabia. The popular ChandiraSundariMala by female poet PK Haleema narrated the marriage of the Aisha with Prophet Muhammed. Other songs by female poets like CH Kunhayisha, V Ayishakkutti etc. depicted sorrowfully the final moments of Khadija, wife of Prophet Muhammed and Fatima, his daughter. The famous Nafeesath Mala by Nalakath KunhiMoideen Kutty praises a woman named Nafeesa, who belonged to the lineage of the Prophet. It ends with a prayer for her well-being in the Hereafter. Other major female poets include Puthur Amina, Kundil Kunhamina, B Ayishakkutty and K Aminakkutty.
Songs by male poets like the Mariyakkuttiyude Kath by Pulikkottil Hyder and the Dubai kathu pattu by S.A. Jameel also focussed on the emotional aspects of the life of the womenfolk in the Mappila community.
Influence
Mala songs and ordinary life
The Mala songs were believed to inculcate a religious belief in those who recited and listened to them and were hence given a spiritual status corresponding to the works of Ezhuthachan and Cherusseri Namboothiri amongst the Hindu population of Malabar. Many were recited daily at Mappila homes. The Muhyidheen Mala was considered a protection from all calamities while the Rifa'i Mala was chanted as a cure from burns and snake bites. Similarly, the Nafeesath Mala was prescribed for pregnant woman for an easy child birth. The importance accorded to the Mala songs was so high that their memorization was regarded as a qualification for a would-be bride.
Songs of Moyinkutty Vaidyar used to be sung and explained to public audiences in what was known as Seera Parayana Sadassu (history recital sessions). These often lasted for many nights together and were a popular scene throughout the Malabar.
The early 20th century witnessed the rise of reform movements within the Mappila community. They objected to the messages of the Mala songs citing their contradictions with many of the basic tenets of Islam, often referring to them as Khurafath. Occasionally though, they used same medium to spread their message. Examples of these included the Parishkara Mala and the Durachara Mala.
Cinema and poetry
The spirit of their themes and beauty of representation in the Mappila Paattukal have left a lasting impression on Malayalam poetry. Well-known poets like P. Krishna Kumar, P. Bhaskaran, and Vayalar Ramavarma have composed a great number of popular Mappila songs. Mappila songs have been popular in the Malayalam cinema ever since the success of the 1954 classic Kayalarikaathu vala erinjappol by K. Raghavan from the movie Neelakuyil. Other popular melodies include Oru kotta ponnundallo from the movie Kuttikuppayam and Palanu thenanu from Umma by M.S Baburaj. Some of the movies that prominently include songs of this genre are Mailanchi, Pathinalamravu, Ulpathi, Sammanam, Manya Maha Janangale, Sammelanam, 1921 and Marc Antony.
Television
"Mylanchi" is the most popular reality show by Asianet. The show is on the way to the fifth season named "Mylanchi Little Champions". "Pathinalam Ravu" by MediaOne has established as the most popular reality show in a short span of time. A show which upholds the traditional values of Mappila Pattu,"Pathinalam Ravu" is now going through its third edition.
Patturumal is a popular reality show on Mappilapattu being aired on Kairali TV.
Jai Hind TV channel has telecast a reality showy by name "Mappilapattukal".
Personalities
S. M. Koya noted for his genre of Malabar Mappila Pattukal has won the appreciation of and respected by of film music directors like K. Raghavan, M. S. Baburaj, and A. T. Ummer. In 1925, Gul Mohammed, father of veteran singer K.G. Sathar, recorded his voice in gramophone, which became the first gramophone record in Malayalam. The singer and composer V. M. Kutty made significant contribution to popularise the Mappila songs. He is credited with having performed Mappila songs on stage for the first time in 1957. Eranjoli Moosa is also another singer, who is considered to have revolusionised the Mappila songs and is often considered one of the greatest Mappila singers of all time. He has performed solo in more than 1000 stages. Other respected names who composed Mappila songs are Punnayurkulam V Bapu, O. M. Karuvarakkundu and Mohar Munir. Songs written by P.T. Abdul Rahman and sung by S.V.Peer Muhammad were compiled in a book Pīrmuhammad pāṭiya putiya Māppiḷappāṭṭukaḷ (Songs sung by Pir Muhammad). Abdul Hayy, IP Sidique
Balakrishan Vallikkunnu is a researcher in Mappila literature and has researched various aspects of the messages conveyed in Mappila songs, including the anti-colonial sentiments in them.
The other prominent personalities associated with this genre of music include:
Singers
M Kunhi Moosa
K.G Sathar
V.M Kutty
S. M. Koya
Eranjoli Moosa
M.S. Baburaj
Vilayil Faseela
Peer Muhammed
V. T. Murali
Ramla Beegum
N.P. Fousiya
Aysha Beegum
Vadakara Krishnadas
M. Shailaja
Mukkam Sajitha
Farisha Khan
Laila Razak
Azeez Thayineri
H. Mehaboob
A.V.Mohamed
E.P.Shihab
M. P. Ummerkutty
Kannur Saleem
Kannur Shareef
Shameer Chavakkad
Sindhu Premkumar
Nasnin (Baby Nasnin)
Randathani Hamsa
IP Sidique
Poets
Nalakath Kassim
Bappu Vellipparamba
K. T. Moideen
P.T. Abdul Rahiman
Pakkar Pannoor
Badarudheen parannur{saharbari}
Ashraf Palapetty
Faisal Kanmanam
CA Pang
OM Karuvaramkund
Abu Mufeeda
Fasal Koduvally
Shaheer Chennara (ഷഹീർ ചേന്നര )
Mansoor Kilinakkode
Hamsa Narokav
Composers
M.S.Baburaj
K.Raghavan
Chand Pasha
K. V. Abootty
Shihab Areekode
Mohsin Kurikkal
M A Azeez Bhai
Institutions
Vaidyar Smarakam
In 1999, then Chief Minister of Kerala E. K. Nayanar inaugurated the Mahakavi Moyinkutty Vaidyar Smarakam at the poet's birthplace in Kondotty as a cultural centre to attract research into Mappilappattu, and its studies and interpretations in Malayalam. The foundation stone was laid by, then Chief Minister, K. Karunakaran on 24 December 1994. The centre runs certificate courses in ‘Mappilappattu’ and ‘Mappila kali’. It also has attached to it a folklore study centre, a historical museum, and a reference library containing rare manuscripts in Arabi-Malayalam and other handwritten manuscripts. Each year it conducts the Vaidyar Mahotsavam, a two or three-day festival that includes cultural and literary programmes related to all Mappila art forms. The Vaidyar Memorial Lecture is also delivered during the festival. In 2005, a two-volume compilation of his works was released as a book Mahakavi Moyinkutty Vaidyar, Sampoorna Krithikal by the Mahakavi Moyinkutty Vaidyar Smaraka Samithi under the aegis of the Culture Department, Government of Kerala. It also published a collection of essays on Moyinkutty Vaidyar titled Mahakavi Moyinkutty Vaidyar Padanangal.
On 12 June 2008, M. A. Baby, Minister of Education and Culture, Government of Kerala, inaugurated the Mahakavi Moyinkutty Vaidyar Memorial Center for Studies and Research on Folk and Mappila Arts (SCARF) at the Vaidyar Smarakam complex. A regional centre for study of Mappila folk arts was also set up at Mogral in Kasargode district in 2009.
Other institutions
The Kerala Mappila Kala Akademi, set up in 2001, is dedicated to this genre of music in Kerala. The Akademi awards distinguished personalities from the Mappilappattu field each year, and also provides fellowships for researchers in the field. The awards are named after popular figures in the field of Mappilappattu, like Gul Mohammed, K.K. Muhammed Abdul Kareem and Qadi Mohammed.
The All Kerala Mappila Sangeetha Academy was established in 1992 and instituted the Mahakavi Moyinkutty Vaidyar Award and the M.S. Baburaj Award. It also holds annual arts festivals with emphasis on Mappila arts.
Conclusion
The literature of Mappila Songs represent the aspirations of the Mappila community, its frustrations, struggles, love and affection over the ages. Littérateur M.T. Vasudevan Nair once described Mappila songs as the "cultural fountains of a bygone age". Today, increasing "cacophony" trends in newer Mappila songs and the lack of poets with a sense of imagination have attracted criticism from many corners. A large number of songs released in the last decade under the label of Mappila Songs, have been criticized for deviating from the original nature of the folk idiom and tunes (Ishals), provoking a call for a preservation of the original identity of Mappila songs.
Books and references
Mappilappattu - Padhavum Padhanavum ( Mappila songs - Study and Lessons) - Balakrishnan Vallikkunnu and Dr. Umar Tharamel, D.C. Books, 2006
Maappilappaattinte Lokam - (The world of Mappila Songs) - V.M. Kutty D.C. Books
Muslingalum Kerala Samskaravum - (Muslims and Kerala Culture) - P.K. Muhammad Kunhi Thrissur, 1982
Mahathaya Mappila Sahitya Parambaryam - (The Great Mappila literary heritage) - C.N. Ahmad Moulavi & K.K. Mohammed Abdul Kareem - 1978
Mappilappattu - by Dr. M.N. Karasseri in Malabar ed. M.G.S. Narayanan, 1994
Mappilappaattinte Maadhuryam - T. K. Hamza - Olive Publications, Kozhikode
Mahakavi Moyinkutty Vaidyar Padanangal - Mahakavi Moyinkutty Vaidyar Smaraka Committee, Kondotty
Biggest Collection Of Mappila Songs over Web http://mappilapattukal.com/
See also
References
Islamic music
Mappilas
Arts of Kerala
Arabi Malayalam-language songs |
5376510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghadan%20Flagpole | Raghadan Flagpole | The Raghadan Flagpole is a tall flagpole located in Amman, Jordan. It was built from steel and erected on the grounds of Raghadan Palace at the royal compound of Al-Maquar. The leader of Jordan, King Abdullah II, officially hoisted the country's flag on the flagpole on 10 June 2003. It is clearly visible across the capital as well as from as far away as . It is illuminated, making it visible at night, and it was also developed to withstand earthquakes and bad weather.
It flies a flag. Although it is a distinctive landmark, the excessive noise created during high winds has resulted in the flag being lowered during periods of bad weather.
This free-standing flagpole surpassed the previous record-holder, which was located in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, and had held the record since 2001. The Raghadan Flagpole is taller than the one located in the United Arab Emirates. In 2004, the flagpole lost its status as world's tallest free–standing flagpole following the construction of the Aqaba Flagpole. The latter stands at tall, and is also located in Jordan. As of 2021, Raghadan is the 6th-tallest free-standing and 7th tallest flagpole in the world. The tallest flagpole is the Jeddah Flagpole, constructed in 2014.
See also
Aqaba Flagpole
List of tallest buildings in Amman
List of towers
References
External links
http://www.skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?b10609
Buildings and structures in Amman
Buildings and structures completed in 2003
Flagpoles |
5376515 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Simonton | Charles Simonton | Charles Simonton may refer to:
Charles Bryson Simonton (1838-1911), member of the United States Congress
Charles Henry Simonton (1829–1904), United States federal judge |
4040437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manja%C4%8Da%20camp | Manjača camp | Manjača was a concentration camp which was located on mount Manjača near the city of Banja Luka in northern Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Bosnian War and the Croatian War of Independence from 1991 to 1995. The camp was founded by the Yugoslav National Army (JNA) and authorities of the Republika Srpska (RS) and was used to collect and confine thousands of male prisoners of Bosniak and Croat nationalities.
The camp was shut down under international pressure in late 1993 but was reopened in October 1995. At that time it was estimated that a total of between 4,500 and 6,000 non-Serbs primarily from the Sanski Most and Banja Luka areas passed through the camp.
In early 1996, both the former concentration camp and the neighbouring army camp were opened to IFOR personnel for inspection following the Dayton Agreement.
Background
The Manjača camp began its operation during the 1991 Croatian War between JNA and Croatian forces. At that time numerous Croatian prisoners of war were held at the camp. With the start of Bosnian War in early 1992 the camp began to admit civilian predominantly Bosniak detainees.
According to the International Committee of the Red Cross there were 3,737 prisoners held at Manjača camp. Exact number of people held at this camp is somewhat of an uncertainty since detainees were continually transferred between other camps including Omarska camp, Trnopolje camp and Keraterm camp. The camp was the site of human rights abuses, namely the regular and systematic beatings and killings of detainees, resulting in indictments and convictions by the ICTY United Nations tribunal for former Yugoslavia. Most reports indicate that the camp contained male prisoners of all ages but mostly between the ages of 18 and 60. However, there are allegations that in the early spring of 1992, a number of women were held at the camp and raped.
According to a report of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, the administrators of this facility who were officials of the army of the RS, maintained that the prisoners were prisoners of war. However, other observers consider that most of them probably never bore arms, and were detained simply because their age and Bosniak ethnic origin made them potential combatants in the eyes of the Serbian authorities.
In the detention facilities, many prisoners were killed, tortured, and subjected to other inhumane treatment by RS forces especially targeting prominent individuals, such as intellectual, professional, business, political and religious leaders. At a minimum, during the period from late May 1992 to early August 1992, hundreds of detainees, identities of many of whom are known, died. Almost all of the survivors were eventually forcibly transferred or deported from the area.
The Judgment of the ICJ
The International Court of Justice (ICJ) presented its judgment in Bosnian Genocide Case on 26 February 2007, in which it had examined atrocities committed in detention camps, including Manjača, in relation to Article II (b) of the Genocide Convention. The Court stated in its judgment:
Recent developments
Some of the RS officials responsible for running the camp have since been indicted for genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes including Milomir Stakić and Stojan Župljanin. Some have been convicted while others are still awaiting trials at the ICTY.
See also
Bosnian Genocide
Persecution of Muslims
Dretelj camp
Čelebići prison camp
Gabela camp
Heliodrom camp
Keraterm camp
Omarska camp
Trnopolje camp
Uzamnica camp
Vilina Vlas
Vojno camp
References
External links
Stakic indictment
- The U.S. Government is offering $5 million reward for information leading to the arrest of Radovan Karadzic
- The U.S. Government is offering $5 million reward for information leading to the arrest of Ratko Mladic
Serbian concentration camps in the Yugoslav Wars
Serbian war crimes in the Bosnian War
Bosnian War internment camps |
4040441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Elizabeth%20Medical%20Center | St. Elizabeth Medical Center | St. Elizabeth Medical Center may refer to:
St. Elizabeth's Medical Center (Boston) in Boston, Massachusetts
St. Elizabeth Medical Center North in Covington, Kentucky
St. Elizabeth Medical Center South in Edgewood, Kentucky
St. Elizabeth Medical Center Grant County in Williamstown, Kentucky, see List of hospitals in Kentucky
St. Elizabeth Medical Center (Utica) in Utica, New York
St. Elizabeth's Medical Center (Wabasha) in Wabasha, Minnesota
St. Elizabeth Regional Medical Center in Lincoln, Nebraska
Franciscan Health Lafayette Central, formerly St. Elizabeth Medical Center, in Lafayette, Indiana
See also
St. Elizabeth Hospital (disambiguation)
Trauma centers |
5376523 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Thoday | David Thoday | David Thoday FRS (5 May 1883 – 30 March 1964) was a botanist.
Career
Thoday was Harry Bolus professor of botany, University of Cape Town and later professor at the University College of North Wales 1923–1949. As a botanist, his work is denoted by the author abbreviation Thoday when citing a botanical name.
Awards and honours
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1942. His nomination reads
Personal life
His son was the geneticist John Thoday.
References
Botanists with author abbreviations
1883 births
1964 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Society
University of Cape Town academics
Academics of Bangor University |
5376525 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe%20Lambert%20%28footballer%29 | Christophe Lambert (footballer) | Christophe Lambert (born 23 February 1987) is a Swiss footballer who plays as a defender for AC Bellinzona.
External links
1987 births
Living people
Swiss footballers
FC Luzern players
AC Bellinzona players
Swiss Super League players
Association football defenders
Sportspeople from Nidwalden |
5376531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Patterson%20%28politician%29 | Peter Patterson (politician) | Peter Patterson (April 10, 1825 – July 24, 1904) was an Ontario businessman and political figure. He represented York West in Legislative Assembly of Ontario, Canada, from 1871 to 1883.
He was born in Londonderry, New Hampshire in 1825 and came to Canada West in 1849. Patterson and his brothers, operating as Patterson Brothers, manufactured agricultural equipment in the Richmond Hill area. They also operated a sawmill, gristmill, foundry and blacksmith shop. The company provided living quarters for their workers, a school and church near the factory. Peter served as reeve for Vaughan Township from 1868 to 1871. In 1886, the operation was relocated to Woodstock to gain access to cheaper transportation via rail. The company was taken over by Massey-Harris in 1891. He died at Vaughan in 1904.
References
External links
Early Days in Richmond Hill
The Canadian parliamentary companion and annual register, 1878, CH Mackintosh
1825 births
1904 deaths
People from Londonderry, New Hampshire
Ontario Liberal Party MPPs |
5376554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatzerim%20Airbase | Hatzerim Airbase | Hatzerim Israeli Air Force Base (, Basis Heil HaAvir Hatzerim) is an air base of the Israeli Air Force in the Negev Desert on the west outskirts of Beersheba, near Kibbutz Hatzerim. The base was constructed during the early 1960s and declared operational on 3 October 1966. At Hatzerim is the Israeli Air Force Museum, which opened in 1977 and has allowed public access since June 1991. The IAF Flight Academy has been housed at Hatzerim since April 1966 and the IAF Aerobatic Team is located there as well. Every year, on Israeli independence day the base is opened to the Israeli public to tour.
Units
69 Squadron (Israel) F-15I
102 Squadron (Israel) M-346 Lavi
107 Squadron (Israel) F-16I
History
Hatzerim Airbase was constructed during the early 1960s and declared operational on 3 October 1966. The base was built on the order of the Israeli Air Force Commander, Ezer Weizmann and was designed by the architect Yitzhak Moore. The first commander of the base was Yosef Alon. It was the first Air Force base built from the ground up, as a new base for the Israeli Air Force, and not on existed base areas of the Royal Air Force.
Commanders
Colonel "Joe" Yosef Alon (first commander and founder) (1966-1970)
Colonel Yeshayahu Bareket (1970-1973)
Colonel Amichai Shmueli (1973-1977)
Yaakov Turner (1977-1981)
Brigadier General Asher Snir (1981-1983)
Brigadier General Ron Huldai
Brigadier General Amiram Elyasaf
Brigadier General Amos Yadlin (1995-1998)
Brigadier General Roni Falec (1998-2001)
Brigadier General Yohanan Lucker (2001-2004)
Brigadier General Shelly Gutman (2004-2007)
Brigadier General Haggai Topolansky (2008-2010)
Brigadier General Ziv Levi (2010-2012)
Brigadier General Tal Kalman (2012-2014)
Brigadier General Nir Barkan (2014-2015)
Brigadier General Avshalom Amosy (2015-2018)
Brigadier General Aviad Dagan (2018-)
See also
List of airports in Israel
References
Hatzerim on globalsecurity.org
External links
Hatzerim Israel Airforce Museum (Hebrew)
Israeli Air Force bases |
5376558 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Bolus | Harry Bolus | Harry Bolus (28 April 1834 – 25 May 1911) was a South African botanist, botanical artist, businessman and philanthropist. He advanced botany in South Africa by establishing bursaries, founding the Bolus Herbarium and bequeathing his library and a large part of his fortune to the South African College (now the University of Cape Town). Active in scientific circles, he was a Fellow of the Linnean Society, member and president of the South African Philosophical Society (later the Royal Society of South Africa), the SA Medal and Grant by the SA Association for the Advancement of Science and an honorary D.Sc. from the University of the Cape of Good Hope.
Biography
Bolus was born in Nottingham, England. He was educated at Castle Gate School, Nottingham. The headmaster George Herbert regularly corresponded with and received plant specimens from William Kensit of Grahamstown, South Africa. Kensit requested that the headmaster send him one of his pupils as an assistant; Harry Bolus duly landed at Port Elizabeth from the ship Jane in March 1850. He spent two years with Kensit and then moved to Port Elizabeth. Following a short visit to England, he settled in Graaff-Reinet, where he would live for the next 19 years. In 1857 he married Sophia Kensit, the sister of William Kensit. Between 1858 and 1870 they had 3 sons and a daughter. In 1864 he lost his eldest son of six years, and Francis Guthrie who had become a close friend, suggested his taking up botany to ameliorate his loss. He started his botanical collection in 1865 and was soon corresponding with Joseph Hooker at Kew, William Henry Harvey in Dublin and Peter MacOwan in Grahamstown. One of his most treasured gifts was a copy of De Candolle's Prodromus received from Guthrie in 1869. In 1875, he joined his brother Walter in Cape Town, settling in the suburb of Kenilworth, where they founded a stockbroking firm called Bolus Bros. The following year he and Guthrie made their first visit to Kew, taking with them a large number of plant specimens for naming. Bolus described the period as 'forty happy days'. Returning in the Windsor Castle in October 1876, the ship struck a reef off Dassen Island with the loss of his specimens and notes. Not daunted, he set about the collection of new specimens and organised expeditions to various corners of South Africa. He was an excellent field botanist and published numerous books on his observations. Although adventurous by nature, he was also quiet and unassuming.
His business flourished so he was able to acquire many fine botanical books. Complete sets of the Botanical Magazine, Botanical Register, Refugium Botanicum, and the large folios of Pierre-Joseph Redouté, Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin, Ferdinand Bauer and Francis Masson formed part of his collection. He founded the Harry Bolus Professorship at the University of Cape Town and left a large trust for scholarships. He also donated his extensive herbarium and library to the South African College. He was one of the founding Members of the South African Philosophical Society.
Harry Bolus loved visiting England and made a total of 28 voyages (14 each way) to and from South Africa. He died of heart failure at Oxted, Surrey, on 25 May 1911. His youngest son Frank married Harriet Margaret Louisa Kensit, William Kensit's granddaughter, the following year. She had worked as Harry's assistant in the herbarium while she was in college, was appointed curator of the Bolus Herbarium in 1903, and retired from that position in 1955.
Correspondence
Harry Bolus corresponded widely with his contemporaries, including a number of famous people such as the Victorian naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace, the English botanist and explorer Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker and the South African writer and poet C. Louis Leipoldt.
Collecting expeditions
Namaqualand 1883
Eastern Cape with Henry George Flanagan, Florence Sarah Flanagan (née Reynolds) and EE Galpin
Lourenço Marques to Barberton to Pretoria to Cape Town 1886
Orange Free State (Bester's Vlei, Witzieshoek, Mont-aux-Sources) with Henry George Flanagan and Florence Sarah Flanagan (née Reynolds) 1893–94
Transvaal and Swaziland 1904–06
Honours
He is commemorated in five genera: Bolusia Benth., Bolusafra Kuntze, Neobolusia Schltr., Bolusanthus Harms (in 1906,) and Bolusiella Schltr., as well as numerous other specific names.
Publications
A Preliminary List of the Cape Orchids 1881
Descriptions of the 117 Cape Peninsula Orchids illustrated by 36 plates drawn and coloured by himself.
A Sketch of the Flora of South Africa 1886
Icones Orchidearum Austro-Africanum Extra-tropicarum Volume 1 Part 1 comprising 50 plates 1893.
Icones Orchidearum Austro-Africanum Extra-tropicarum Part 2 1896.
Icones Orchidearum Austro-Africanum Extra-tropicarum Volume 2 comprising 100 plates 1911 (shortly after his death).
Icones Orchidearum Austro-Africanum Extra-tropicarum Volume 3 edited by his grand-niece Miss H. M. L. Kensit, and containing 9 plates painted by his son Frank 1913.
A List of Flowering Plants and Ferns of the Cape Peninsula with Wolley-Dod
"Ericaceae" for Flora Capensis with Francis Guthrie and N. E. Brown
References
External links
Bolus Herbarium
Digitised works by Harry Bolus in the Biodiversity Heritage Library
1834 births
1911 deaths
People from Nottingham
20th-century South African botanists
Botanical illustrators
South African painters
South African male painters
Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
British emigrants to South Africa
19th-century South African botanists |
5376564 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna-Maria%20Sepp%C3%A4l%C3%A4 | Hanna-Maria Seppälä | Hanna-Maria Hintsa ( Seppälä born 13 December 1984) is a Finnish freestyle swimmer, who won the world title in the 100 m freestyle at the 2003 World Aquatics Championships in Barcelona, Spain.
Hanna-Maria started swimming at age five and made the Finnish national junior team by age 10. In 1999 she won the bronze medal in the European Junior Championships in the 50 m freestyle event. To date she has broken 100 Finnish national records. Hanna-Maria's manager is Finnish Sports Management Agency, SportElite.
Achievements
References
External links
Hanna-Maria Seppälä's records and achievements
Hanna-Maria Seppälä at SportElite
1984 births
Living people
People from Kerava
Finnish female freestyle swimmers
Olympic swimmers of Finland
Finnish female backstroke swimmers
Finnish female butterfly swimmers
Finnish female medley swimmers
Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Sportspeople from Uusimaa
20th-century Finnish women
21st-century Finnish women |
5376565 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship%20Trooper | Starship Trooper | "Starship Trooper" is a song written by British musicians Jon Anderson, Steve Howe and Chris Squire, which first appeared on Yes' 1971 album The Yes Album. The song is in three parts, "Life Seeker", "Disillusion" and "Würm". "Life Seeker" was released as a single on the B-side of the UK release of "Your Move".
Lyrics and music
Anderson was aware of the title of Starship Troopers, the 1959 novel by Robert A. Heinlein, and from that got the idea of a "Starship Trooper being another guardian angel and Mother Earth". "Starship Trooper" was constructed from pieces of music written separately by Anderson, Howe and Squire. Anderson was the primary author of "Life Seeker". Squire wrote most of the "Disillusion" section; this section had earlier been used with slightly different lyrics as the bridge for the song "For Everyone", with Squire providing the lead vocals. Howe had written the instrumental "Würm" section while he was in an earlier band (Bodast).
The song was heavily constructed in the recording studio, and as a result the band were never able to play it live quite the way it was recorded. The song changes mood, rhythm, tempo and style continually, but according to Yes biographer Chris Welch, it still manages to "hang together". Authors Pete Prown and Lisa Sharken describe the "Würm" section as "a Bolero-paced chord sequence that builds into an explosive solo". They note that Howe's solo incorporates rockabilly and country music elements rather than on blues-based music with distortion as is typical for these types of solos.
A theme of "Life Seeker" is the search for God. Anderson has stated that the lyrics:
refer to "the point within yourself that knows you," which we call "God." The lyrics accept the fact that "no matter how much you want to get clearer visions of what you're up to, you're only going to get a certain amount."
The song uses UFO imagery. Other themes that have been inferred for the song include new age ideas and environmentalism.
Critical reception
Chris Welch described "Starship Trooper" as "one [of] the most astonishing pieces" in Yes' repertoire. He particularly praised the "Würm" section for its "grinding intensity." The New Rolling Stone Album Guide critic Ernesto Lechner described the song as being "ethereal." Pitchfork Media considered "Howe's slow, spacey guitar build at the end" of the song to be "one of the great Yes moments." Paul Stump, in his History of Progressive Rock, elaborated that this guitar solo "smothered the repetitive three-chord patterns of the finale in gloriously unorthodox fashion, employing multinational voicings in a non-blues solo pattern. This was no burglarizing of different constituents from different genres but a methodical honing-down of those constituents into quite a separate style of music which defied any pigeon-holing."
Other appearances
"Starship Trooper" has appeared on many of Yes' live albums and DVDs, including Yessongs, Live in Philadelphia, 9012Live, Keys to Ascension, Symphonic Live, Songs from Tsongas, Like It Is: Yes at the Bristol Hippodrome, Topographic Drama - Live Across America, Yes 50 Live, and The Royal Affair Tour: Live from Las Vegas.
Personnel
Band
Jon Andersonlead vocals
Chris Squirebass guitar, backing vocals
Steve Howeelectric & acoustic guitars
Tony KayeHammond organ, Moog
Bill Bruforddrums, percussion
References
Yes (band) songs
1971 songs
Song recordings produced by Eddy Offord
Songs written by Jon Anderson
Songs written by Chris Squire
Songs written by Steve Howe (musician)
1971 singles |
5376570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislav%20Nov%C3%A1k | Ladislav Novák | Ladislav Novák (5 December 1931 – 21 March 2011) was a Czech football defender and later a football manager. He played 75 matches for Czechoslovakia, 71 of them as a team captain.
He was a participant in the 1962 FIFA World Cup, where Czechoslovakia won the silver medal.
He was also a participant in the 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1958 FIFA World Cup.
In his country Novák played mainly for Dukla Prague and won 8 championship titles with them.
After end of his playing career he worked as a football manager and coached Dukla Praha and briefly Czechoslovakia national team. He won the championship title with Dukla as a coach in 1982.
Footnotes
References
Zemřel fotbalový rytíř, kapitán stříbrných "Chilanů“ Novák at iDNES.cz, 21 March 2011.
1931 births
2011 deaths
Czech footballers
Czechoslovak footballers
Czechoslovakia international footballers
Association football defenders
1954 FIFA World Cup players
1958 FIFA World Cup players
1960 European Nations' Cup players
1962 FIFA World Cup players
Dukla Prague footballers
FK Jablonec players
Czech football managers
Czechoslovak football managers
Czechoslovakia national football team managers
Royal Antwerp F.C. managers
Dukla Prague managers
K.S.C. Lokeren Oost-Vlaanderen managers
K.S.K. Beveren managers
Beerschot A.C. managers
R.W.D. Molenbeek managers
Czechoslovak expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Expatriate football managers in Belgium
People from Louny
FK Jablonec managers
Sportspeople from the Ústí nad Labem Region |
5376576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes%20Petreius | Johannes Petreius | Johann(es) Petreius (Hans Peterlein, Petrejus, Petri; c. 1497, Langendorf near Bad Kissingen – 18 March 1550, Nuremberg) was a German printer in Nuremberg.
Life
He studied at the University of Basel, receiving the Master of Arts in 1517. Two years later, he worked as a proofreader for his relative Adam Petri. He became a citizen of Nuremberg in 1523, where he began working as a printer by at least 1524, though his name is only officially entered into the records in 1526. After his death the company was run by Gabriel Hayn.
Work
About 800 publications by him are known, including works in theology, science, law and the classics. He also printed music, using Pierre Attaingnant's single-impression technique. Though the amount of music was small, it was distinguished by its high quality.
His most famous work is the original edition of Nicolaus Copernicus's De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium in 1543, after an initiative of Georg Joachim Rheticus and Tiedemann Giese.
The inclusion of a foreword anonymously written by the Lutheran philosopher Andreas Osiander, stating that the whole work is only a simple hypothesis and intended to facilitate computation, which contradicts the content of Copernicus' work, is a rather controversial feature of the edition by Petreius. Petreius had sent a copy to Hieronymus Schreiber, an astronomer from Nuremberg who died in 1547 in Paris, but left a note in the book about the authorship of Osiander. Via Michael Mästlin, the book came to Johannes Kepler, who uncovered Osiander's deed.
Bibliography
Georg Rithaymer: De orbis terrarum situa compendium. Johann Petreius, Nürnberg, 1538
Michael Stifel, Arithmetica Integra. Johann Petreius, Nürnberg, 1544
Nicolaus Copernicus, De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium, Libri VI, Nuremberg, Johann Petreius, 1543
Girolamo Cardano, Artis Magnae sive de Regulis Algebraicis Liber I, Nuremberg, Johann Petreius, 1545
Girolamo Cardano, De subtilitate rerum. Libri XXI. Nuremberg, Johann Petreius, 1550
Notes
External links
Petreius' ornaments A-F
https://web.archive.org/web/20060526023248/http://www.nzz.ch/2005/08/06/li/articleCZUON.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20081023135412/http://www.ta-dip.de/56,0,petrejus-johannes-,index,0.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20050212034755/http://langendorf.net/buch.htm
From the Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection at the Library of Congress
Bible. N.T. Epistles. Italian. 1495. Epistole [et] Euangelii [et] Lectioni vulgari in lingua toschana. Florence, Lorenzo Morgiani and Johannes Petri, for Piero Pacini, 27 July 1495.
Storia di Ottinello e Giulia.Storia di Ottinello e Giulia. [Florence, Lorenzo Morgiani and Johannes Petri, ca. 1500]
1497 births
1550 deaths
German printers
Businesspeople from Nuremberg |
5376593 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter%2C%201916 | Easter, 1916 | Easter, 1916 is a poem by W. B. Yeats describing the poet's torn emotions regarding the events of the Easter Rising staged in Ireland against British rule on Easter Monday, April 24, 1916. The uprising was unsuccessful, and most of the Irish republican leaders involved were executed for treason. The poem was written between May and September 1916, printed privately, 25 copies, and appeared in magazines in 1920 but first published in 1921 in the collection Michael Robartes and the Dancer.
Background
Even though a committed nationalist, Yeats usually rejected violence as a means to secure Irish independence, and as a result had strained relations with some of the figures who eventually led the uprising. The sudden and abrupt execution of the leaders of the revolutionaries, however, was as much a shock to Yeats as it was to ordinary Irish people at the time, who did not expect the events to take such a bad turn so soon. Yeats was working through his feelings about the revolutionary movement in this poem, and the insistent refrain that "a terrible beauty is born" turned out to be prescient, as the execution of the leaders of the Easter Rising had the opposite effect to that intended. The killings led to a reinvigoration of the Irish Republican movement rather than its demise.
Composition
The initial social and ideological distance between Yeats and some of the revolutionary figures is portrayed in the poem when, in the first stanza, the poem's narrator admits to having exchanged only "polite meaningless words" (6) with the revolutionaries prior to the uprising, and had even indulged in "a mocking tale or gibe" (10) about their political ambitions. However, this attitude changes with the refrain at the end of the stanza, when Yeats moves from a feeling of separation between the narrator and the revolutionaries, to a mood of distinct unity, by including all subjects of the poem in the last line with reference to the utter change that happened when the revolutionary leaders were executed: "All changed, changed utterly: A terrible beauty is born." (15–16) These last lines of the stanza have rhythmic similarities to the popular ballads of the era as well as syntactic echoes of William Blake.
In the second stanza, the narrator proceeds to describe in greater detail the key figures involved in the Easter uprising, alluding to them without actually listing names. The female revolutionary described at the opening of the stanza is Countess Markievicz, who was well-known to Yeats and a long-time friend. The man who "kept a school/ And rode our winged horse" is a reference to Patrick Pearse, and the lines about Pearse's "helper and friend" allude to Thomas MacDonagh. In Yeats's description of the three, his torn feelings about the Easter uprising are most keenly communicated. He contrasts the "shrill" voice of Countess Markievicz as a revolutionary, with his remembrance of her incomparably "sweet" voice when she was a young woman; and he contrasts the haughty public personae of Pearse against his impression of his "sensitive" nature, describing how "daring and sweet" his ideals were even though he and MacDonagh had to resort to "force".
This stanza also shows how Yeats was able to separate his own private feelings towards some of the revolutionary figures from the greater nationalist cause that the group was pursuing. Whilst Yeats had positive regard for the three Republican leaders mentioned above, he despised Major John MacBride, who as the estranged husband of Maud Gonne (who in turn had been the object of Yeats's romantic feelings for a number of years) had been accused of abusing both Gonne and their daughter during their marriage, although never proven. In this poem, although MacBride is alluded to as a "vainglorious lout" (32) who had "done most bitter wrong" (33) to those close to the narrator's heart, Yeats includes him in his eulogy among those who have fallen for their republican ideals: "Yet I number him in the song;/ He, too, has resigned his part/ In the casual comedy/ He, too, has been changed in turn" (36–7). The phrase "the casual comedy" is laden with sarcasm, pointing to an unnecessary loss of life (a point he picks up again in a later stanza) as well as the senselessness of the killings. Yeats emphasises his repeated charge at the end of the stanza, that, as a result of the execution of the Easter Rising leaders, "A terrible beauty is born" (40).
The third stanza differs from the first two stanzas by abandoning the first-person narrative of "I" and moving to the natural realm of streams, clouds, and birds. The speaker elaborates on the theme of change ("Minute by minute they change (48) ... Changes minute by minute" (50)) and introduces the symbol of the stone, which opens and closes the stanza. Unlike the majority of images presented in this stanza, of clouds moving, seasons changing, horse-hoof sliding, which are characterized by their transience, the stone is a symbol of permanence. Yeats compares the fixedness of the revolutionaries' purpose to that of the stone; their hearts are said to be "enchanted to a stone" (43). The stone disturbs or "trouble[s]" "the living stream" (44), a metaphor for how the steadfastness of the revolutionaries' purpose contrasts with the fickleness of less dedicated people. The singularity of their purpose, leading to their ultimate deaths, cut through the complacency and indifference of everyday Irish society at the time.
The fourth and last stanza of the poem resumes the first person narrative of the first and second stanzas. The stanza returns to the image of the stony heart: "Too long a sacrifice/ Can make a stone of the heart" (57–8), Yeats wrote, putting the determined struggle of Irish republicans in the Easter Rising in the context of the long history of Irish revolts against British rule, as well as alluding to the immense psychological costs of the struggle for independence. Indeed, the narrator cries, "O when may it suffice?", and answering his own question with the line, "That is heaven's part" (making an allusion to Shakespeare's play Hamlet—the parallel line occurs in Act I, scene V, regarding Gertrude's guilt: "Against thy mother aught: leave her to heaven"). In Yeats's scheme, Heaven's role is to determine when the suffering will end and when the sacrifices are considered sufficient (59–60); whilst the role of the people left behind is to forever remember the names of those who had fallen in order to properly lay their wandering spirits to rest: "our part/ To murmur name upon name,/ as a mother names her child/ when sleep at last has come/ On limbs that had run wild." (60–3).
In the second half of the last stanza, the narrator wonders aloud whether the sacrifices were indeed warranted: "Was it needless death after all?" (67), contemplating the possibility that the British might still allow the Home Rule Act 1914 to come into force without the uprising. However, Yeats made the point that what's done was done. All that is important is to remember the revolutionaries' dream and carry on: "We know their dream; enough/ To know they dreamed and are dead." There is no point arguing over whether these revolutionaries should or shouldn't have acted so rashly for their cause as they did: "And what if excess of love/ bewildered them till they died?" These are some of the most poignant lines in the poem, with the phrase "excess of love" (72) recalling the character of Oisin in Yeats's long poem "The Wanderings of Oisin."
In the end, the narrator resigns to commemorating the names of those fallen revolutionary figures, viz. Thomas MacDonagh, John MacBride, James Connolly and Patrick Pearse, as eternal heroes of the Irish Republican movement (symbolised by the colour green), with Yeats adapting the final refrain to reflect the price these people paid to change the course of Irish history:
"I write it out in a verse—
MacDonagh and MacBride
And Connolly and Pearse
Now and in time to be,
Wherever green is worn,
Are changed, changed utterly:
A terrible beauty is born."
The extent to which Yeats was willing to eulogize the members of the Easter Rising can be seen in his usage of "green" (78) to commemorate said members above, even though he generally abhors the use of the colour green as a political symbol (Yeats's abhorrence was such that he forbade green as the color of the binding of his books). In commemorating the names of the revolutionaries in eloquent lamentation in the final stanza, including even his love rival Major John MacBride, Yeats reconciled his personal private sentiments towards some of the individuals involved with the larger nationalist sentiments upheld and championed by the poem, even if there were revolutionaries whose strategies he didn't fully agree with. Yeats has an interesting perspective on the historical significance of his poem, adding to the tension of his recording. The revolutionaries "now and in time to be (77)... are changed, changed utterly" (79)-- the knowledge of which shows Yeats's astute insight into the historical importance of his poetic memorial of these revolutionary figures.
The date of the Easter Rising can be seen in the structure of the poem also: there are 16 lines (for 1916) in the first and third stanzas, 24 lines (for April 24, the date the Rising began) in the second and fourth stanzas, and four stanzas in total (which refers to April, the fourth month of the year).
See also
September 1, 1939
References
External links
Original 'Easter, 1916' MS on display at National Library of Ireland
The full text of the poem
(multiple recordings)
1916 poems
1916 in Ireland
Poetry by W. B. Yeats
Easter Rising |
4040451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%20UEFA%20European%20Under-16%20Championship | 2001 UEFA European Under-16 Championship | The 2001 UEFA European Under-16 Championship was the 19th edition of UEFA's European Under-16 Football Championship. It was the last under-16 championship, before changing the name as under-17 championships. England hosted the championship, during 22 April – 6 May. 16 teams entered the competition, and Spain defeated France in the final to win the competition for the sixth time.
Match officials
Squads
Qualifying
Group stage
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Knockout stage
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Third place play-off
Final
Statistics
Goalscorers
7 goals
Fernando Torres
6 goals
Florent Sinama Pongolle
5 goals
Anthony Le Tallec
3 goals
Erdal Kılıçaslan
Piotr Trochowski
József Kanta
Francesco Lodi
Giampaolo Pazzini
2 goals
Wouter Vandendriessche
Ivan Grivičić
Niko Kranjčar
Glen Johnson
Sébastien Grax
Mourad Meghni
Youssef Sofiane
Ralf de Haan
Jaime Gavilán
Cédric Tsimba
1 goal
Maxence Coveliers
Kristof Goessens
Hrvoje Čale
Mario Grgurović
Drago Papa
Dejan Prijić
Igor Ružak
Eddie Johnson
Cherno Samba
Steven Schumacher
John Welsh
Tommi Peltonen
Baldo di Gregorio
Alexander Laas
Oliver Madejski
Patrick Ochs
David Odonkor
Christian Petereit
Mihály Horváth
Zsolt Müller
Mauro Belotti
Paolo Facchinetti
Marek Wasicki
Rareş Tudor Oprea
Gabriel Velcovici
Anatoli Gerk
Craig Beattie
Paul McLaughlin
Graham Weir
Guillem Bauzà
Melli
Miguel Flaño
Senel
Joël Gasche
Dündar Denizhan
Sabri
Sezgin Yilmaz
References
External links
2001 UEFA European Under-16 Championship at Union of European Football Associations
2001 UEFA European Under-16 Championship at Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation
UEFA
UEFA European Under-17 Championship
International association football competitions hosted by England
UEFA European Under-16 Championship
April 2001 sports events in Europe
2001 in youth association football |
4040458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel%20Yosip | Emmanuel Yosip | Mar Emmanuel Yosip (; born Emmanuel Rehana Yosip) is a Bishop of the Assyrian Church of the East (), presiding over the Diocese of Canada.
Early life
Emmanuel Rehana Yosip was born in 1958 in Dora, Baghdad, Iraq to a devout Christian family. He subsequently moved to the United States where he was ordained a deacon in 1981, and a priest in 1984 at Mar Gewargis Cathedral (St. George Cathedral) in Chicago, Illinois.
Education
Mar Emmanuel obtained his PhD in Syriac studies from the University of Toronto in 2015. His doctoral dissertation is titled The Book of Resh Melle by Yohannan Bar Penkaye: An Introduction to the Text and Study of its Literary Genres. He also holds a master's degree in Near and Middle Eastern civilizations from the same university, as well as a Master of Divinity.
Tenure as Bishop
On 3 June 1990, Emmanuel Rehana Yosip was consecrated as Bishop of Canada by Mar Dinkha IV, taking the name Mar Emmanuel Yosip.
Advocacy
As Bishop, Mar Emmanuel has been an activist in the awareness of the plight of the persecuted Christians of the Middle East. On 9 December 2014, he spoke with The Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development in a meeting on "Canada's Response to the Violence, Religious Persecution and Dislocation Caused by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)".
Diocese of Canada
Parishes
Mart Mariam (St. Mary) Cathedral - Toronto, Ontario
Mar Mari (St. Mari) Parish - Hamilton, Ontario
Mar Toma (St. Thomas) Parish - Windsor, Ontario
Mar Zaia (St. Zayya) Parish - London, Ontario
See also
Assyrian Church of the East
References
20th-century bishops of the Assyrian Church of the East
Iraqi Assyrian people
University of Toronto alumni
1958 births
Living people
People from Baghdad
Iraqi Christians
Iraqi emigrants to the United States
Iraqi emigrants to Canada
Syriac writers
21st-century bishops of the Assyrian Church of the East |
4040467 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan%20Davidovich%20Lazarev | Ivan Davidovich Lazarev | Ivan Davidovich Lazarev (, Hovhannes Davti Lazarian; ; 17 October 1820 – 14 August 1879) was an Imperial Russian Army general of Armenian origin.
Biography
Hovhnanes Lazarian (Ivan Lazarev) was born on 17 October 1820 in Shushi in Nagorno Karabakh, then part of the Russian Empire, and studied at a school in that city. In 1839 he began his military career in the Caucasus, where, for his actions, he was made an officer in 1842.
North Caucasus
Before the war in Western Armenia in 1877, General Lazarian made his name in the northern Caucasus. He was assigned, like many officers, to fight in the Murid War in Dagestan against the Imam Shamil. Lazarian, unlike most officers, took the time to study and learn the Tatar language. It was a language that was known throughout the Caucasus region by the peasants, and hence foot soldiers. With this knowledge he was the first to enter into negotiations with the Muslim rebels and was the one to set up the plans for the peace processes. In 1840 he was involved in the arrest of Hadji Murad. His crowning achievement in this theater was the talks he held with the defeated Shamil, whom he led to choose peace and surrender to the governing forces in 1859. That diplomatic act made him a general after being bestowed military orders of the highest rank.
Russo-Turkish War
Eleven years after his career in Dagestan, he was called to duty on the Armenian soil against the Turks. Finally his skills would be used to save his historic homeland. When Lazarian first got to the area of the military conflict, his role was quiet limited compared to the likes of Count Loris-Melikov and General Arshak Ter-Gukasov. Nevertheless, when duty called upon the general during the strike upon the Aladzhin position, he showed great promise on his front when given the command of the most avant garde divisions in the army, which was the only wheel-transport between Arpachay and Kegacha. With the given forces Lazarian drew back the Turkish forces towards their main location at the Kars province, forces composed of 25 battalions that later laid down their arms to Lazarian. These actions certainly added more ribbons and medals on the chest of the Artsakh general.
An even more memorable occurrence took place during the night of 5 November to the 6 November. Before the divisions marched upon the fortresses around Kars: Hafiz, Kanlyi, Chimon, Taynasm abd Arab-Tabi, Lazarian rode in front of the divisions screaming "Now, with God!" and throwing his military cap in the air and making a sign of the cross. After this successful storming of Kars on the fourth try, victory in the area was certain.
Turkmenistan
In 1879 he was sent to command the expedition that led to the Battle of Geok Tepe (1879). As the campaign was beginning he grew ill, insisted on accompanying the troops and died at Chat on August 14, 1879. He was replaced by Lomakin who made an incompetent attack and was defeated.
On 14 August 1879 Lazarian died while on an expedition on the eastern side of the Caspian Sea.
Notes
External links
Biography at Armenian Aristocracy and the Military Tradition
1820 births
1879 deaths
Military personnel from Shusha
Imperial Russian Army generals
Russian military personnel of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
Recipients of the Cross of St. George
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Second Degree
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Third Degree
Russian people of Armenian descent
Russian nobility |
5376601 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL%20Tribunal | AFL Tribunal | The AFL Tribunal is the disciplinary tribunal of the Australian Football League (AFL), an Australian rules football competition. The Tribunal regulates the conduct of players, umpires, and other officials associated with the AFL and its clubs.
Points system
Prior to 2005, any player who was reported would face a hearing at the AFL Tribunal. This process had become problematic, and in 2005, a new system (similar to that used by the NRL Judiciary at the time) was adopted. The changes were primarily made to reduce the number of tribunal hearings, and to improve the consistency of penalties.
The current tribunal process is as follows:
Match Review Panel
On-field umpires and certain off-field observers can report players for incidents which occur during games. On the Monday after the round of football, each incident is then reviewed by the Match Review Panel, a small panel of former players and umpires. Within the review, the Match Review Panel grades the severity of the incident in three factors, and awards activation points depending upon the severity. The three factors are:
The activation points from all three categories are added together to give the total activation points for the incident. It is important to note that an incident involving accidental/incidental conduct, or negligible impact, will be rejected and the player will receive no penalty, even if the activation points in the other categories are high. Because of this, any offence must rate at least three activation points to be considered further.
Next, activation points are converted into an offence level:
Next, the player is given a number of base demerit points, based on the type and level of his offence. The base demerit point totals are standardised in the Table of Offences. As an example, any player charged by the Match Review Panel with a Level 4 Kicking offence receives 550 base demerit points. This is where the Match Review Panel's role in the Tribunal process ends.
Player response
Following the Match Review Panel's findings, a player's base points are subjected to a series of additions and deductions (which are described in the next section) to arrive at a number of total demerit points. Each 100 total demerit points that a player finishes with then corresponds to a suspension for one match; e.g. a player who finished with 225 demerit points will receive a two-match suspension. If a player finishes with fewer than 100 demerit points, he is not suspended, but receives what is known as a reprimand.
Because the penalty is standardised and pre-announced by the Match Review Panel, the player has the option to plead guilty to the charge and receive his penalty without the need to attend a Tribunal hearing; he receives a deduction for doing this (see next section). Alternatively, a player may choose to appeal the findings of the Match Review Panel, and attend a Tribunal hearing to argue the case. Players may appeal to try to have their entire charge withdrawn, or may argue for a reduction in one of the three factors; e.g. a player could try to have the conduct factor reduced from reckless to negligent. Should a player reduce the severity of his infraction, the penalty is re-evaluated and the player is again given the choice to plead guilty or further contest the revised charge.
If an incident is ungraded (i.e. has nine activation points), the player is required to attend a tribunal hearing.
Residuals, additions and deductions
Residuals (also called carry-over points) are any points a player may still have below the 100 required for a suspension. For every 100 points accrued, the player is suspended one week and the 100 points are subtracted; e.g., a player with 225 demerit points is suspended for two weeks; 200 points are correspondingly subtracted, and the remaining 25 are residual points; or, if a player receives a reprimand with 93.75 points, all of these points are residual as they are not enough to draw a suspension. Residual points from a previous offence will be added to the base demerit points of the player's next offence if it occurs within one year; a player's residual points are cancelled if a year elapses without a punishable offence.
A player with prior suspensions over the past two years is subject to an additional penalty known as loading. For each week in excess of two that a player has been suspended over the past two years, he receives an additional penalty of 10% of the current offence's original base score, up to a maximum penalty of 50%; e.g. a player suspended for three matches will receive a 10% loading, while one suspended for seven matches will receive a 50% loading. (Prior to 2013, the relevant period was three years, and loading began with the first match suspended.)
Any player with more than six years (increased in 2013, previously five years) experience who has not been found guilty of a punishable offence over the previous five years receives a 25% deduction.
Finally, players will receive a 25% deduction by accepting the Match Review Panel's finding without contest; this is typically known as an early guilty plea. As a result of this rule, players are often faced with the option of accepting a shorter suspension with an early plea, or contesting the charge and risking a longer suspension if unsuccessful. Note that if a player contests the match review panel's assessment at the Tribunal, and has the number of base demerit points changed, the penalty is re-evaluated, meaning the player, in spite of attending a hearing, can still take an early guilty plea on the revised charge.
The final offence score is thus calculated from this series of discrete steps:
Residual (from prior offence(s))
Base Score (from Match Review Panel); this is doubled for a Grand Final offence
Loading (for poor record)
Good Record Deduction
Early Guilty Plea Deduction
Each addition or deduction is made to the final result of the previous calculation step.
Grand Final penalties
Any reportable offence that occurs during a Grand Final match will receive a double penalty: the offence's original base score as determined by the Match Review Panel is doubled after the additions and deductions previously mentioned. This loading is meant to discourage excessively rough or violent play, as any penalties given as a result would not apply until the following season.
This was instituted as a result of fighting in the 2004 AFL Grand Final between Alastair Lynch and Darryl Wakelin, and several brawls during the match, which resulted in the Tribunal handing down stiff penalties - Lynch was suspended for ten matches and fined $15,000 - and adding the double penalty rule.
Offences attracting financial penalties
The Match Review Panel also assesses a variety of offences for which players are fined but not suspended, including wrestling, negligent contact with an umpire, making an obscene gesture, etc. As for physical offences, there is a standardised table of penalties, which depend upon the nature of the offence, and any prior similar offences; e.g. a player's second wrestling offence attracts double the penalty of his first. As for physical offences, a player can accept his penalty with an early guilty plea, receiving a 25% reduction in his fine, or he may contest it and risk the full penalty.
Appeals Board
If a player or the AFL wishes to appeal against a decision handed down in a tribunal hearing, it may take the case to the AFL Appeals Board. The board will re-hear the case, with a different set of panel members, and may uphold or change the Tribunal's original decision. The Appeals Board was established in 1998 following a recommendation from Justice John Hedigan of the Supreme Court of Victoria, after several tribunal findings were appealed through the Victorian court system during the mid-1990s.
Deregistration
Under the official AFL Deregistration Policy first implemented in May 2011, any player who accumulates a total of at least 10 weeks of suspensions over the course of their football career (both inside and outside the AFL) receives a formal notice that further suspensions can result in their automatic deregistration from the league.
Any player who accumulates a total of 16 weeks or more of suspensions over the course of their career will be automatically deregistered and barred from any further participation. Any previous suspensions within the AFL are carried over at 75% of their original length (e.g. a previous suspension of four weeks will only count as three weeks under this policy), but any immediate suspension is to be considered at its full length. If any player receives an immediate first suspension of 16 weeks or more, deregistration is left at the discretion of the league.
A deregistered player may apply for an exemption to re-register or appeal the deregistration under the appropriate laws of the league after 12 months. However, only one request can be made. Should a player be exempted and re-registered, any further suspension will result in permanent, irrevocable deregistration.
Deregistration is only practiced in country and suburban football competitions; it is not practiced by the AFL as of 2022, since the deregistration policy was designed for serial aggressive offenders, not low-level repeat offenders: in the event, there has not been a serial aggressive offender issue at AFL level since the mid-1990s.
Administration
AFL Tribunal
Chairman: His Honour David Jones AM (replacing Brian Collis)
Members:
John Hassett
Will Houghton QC
Andrew Tinney
Emmett Dunne
Michael Sexton
Wayne Schimmelbusch
Richard Loveridge
David Pittman
AFL Appeals Board
Chairman: Peter O'Callaghan
Members:
Brian Collis QC
Brian Bourke
John Schultz
Michael Gree
AFL Grievance Tribunal
Chairman: Jack Rush QC
Members:
Kevin Power
Michael Moncrieff
Darren Baxter
James Dowsley
Roger Berryman
AFL Match Review Panel
Sole Officer: Michael Christian
History
Since the overhaul, the heaviest suspension for a single offence has been eight weeks, handed out to Fremantle's Dean Solomon for elbowing Geelong's Cameron Ling in round 15 of the 2008 season, and to 's Andrew Gaff for striking 's Andrew Brayshaw in round 20 of the 2018 season.
In Round 4, 2008, Barry Hall of the Sydney Swans was suspended for seven matches after striking West Coast's Brent Staker.
In 2007, Steven Baker of St Kilda was suspended for seven matches for rough conduct on Jeff Farmer (although the base suspension was only four weeks, with residual points and a significant loading due to his poor record his penalty increased to seven).
The longest suspension was handed out in June 2010; St Kilda's Steven Baker was suspended for a total of nine weeks after he pleaded guilty to three striking charges and was found guilty of a misconduct charge, all against Geelong's Steve Johnson. He was the first person to be charged with misconduct for interfering with an injured opponent.
In May 2014, midfielder Jack Viney was sent straight to the tribunal following a bump which resulted in forward Tom Lynch breaking his jaw. Viney was found guilty of rough conduct by the tribunal, and suspended for two matches, after it was ruled that he had alternate options rather than elect to bump Lynch. Melbourne subsequently appealed the suspension, which was overturned, making it just the second time since 2005 that an appeal against the AFL Tribunal's ruling was overruled.
In June 2017, the AFL challenged the tribunal's verdict for the first time in history, following an off-the-ball incident involving player Bachar Houli and 's Jed Lamb: Houli was originally given a two-week suspension for striking Lamb during the first quarter of the Round 14 match at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. Houli was reported for the incident, which saw Lamb sit out the remainder of the match, and sent straight to the tribunal the following day. When his case went before the tribunal that week, he was given the two-week suspension, but part of the reason the penalty was low was due to character reference statements given by Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull and media personality Waleed Aly. Following an announcement of the penalty, there was a public outcry about the length of the suspension. The following day the AFL announced they would challenge the decision, and the matter would be heard in front of the appeals tribunal. Following an extensive review hearing, Houli's suspension was doubled from two weeks to four weeks.
In June 2018, player Jeremy Cameron became the first player in AFL history to be referred directly to the tribunal more than once in his career, where he was found guilty of striking Brisbane Lions player Harris Andrews and suspended for five matches. He had previously been sent straight to the tribunal after breaking Rhys Mathieson's jaw during a pre-season match in 2016, for which he was suspended for four matches.
In February 2019, player Nicola Barr became the first player in AFL Women's history to be referred directly to the AFLW Tribunal, where she was found guilty of rough conduct against 's Ashleigh Riddell and suspended for one match.
Suspensions
VFL/AFL records
Longest suspension
Qualification: 20+ matches
1 Prior to 1926, some players found guilty of serious offences were given a lifetime suspension, but in each case the penalty was later commuted.
2 Taylor was suspended for the rest of the 2020 season (six matches) for violating the AFL's COVID protocols. During this suspension, he was charged with assaulting his girlfriend by police; Taylor pleaded guilty to the charges and was suspended for all of 2021. Since Sydney had deregistered him prior to his second suspension, Taylor was not officially listed as a player at the time of his second suspension.
3 Cousins was suspended for a period of twelve months for "bringing the game into disrepute", equating to 22 matches. Since had deregistered him prior to his suspension, Cousins was not officially listed as a player at the time of his suspension.
4 Stephenson's suspension was backdated, meaning he only missed ten matches, having been provisionally suspended.
5 Baxter was later exonerated on appeal due to mistaken identity.
Not listed above
One noteworthy suspension imposed by the VFL/AFL Tribunal was against John Bourke of the Collingwood Reserves: this is not listed above because Bourke was not a member of a senior team.
In an outburst broadcast on Australia's Seven Network on 28 April 1985, Bourke kicked Sydney Swans Reserves ruckman Patrick Foy in the groin in response to Foy tagging him throughout the game. When field umpire Phil Waight attempted to report Bourke for the incident, Bourke shoved Waight to the ground and kicked him, and also made contact with the Collingwood runner who was attempting to take him off the ground before running into the stands to attack a Swans fan.
Bourke was found guilty at the Tribunal of kicking an umpire, kicking and assault, and was suspended for 10 years plus 16 matches (239 matches), which was commuted in 1992 to six years plus 16 matches (151 matches).
It remains one of the most infamous suspensions in the modern history of the sport, and was covered by Australian media for some time afterward.
See also
NRL Judiciary
References
External links
Tribunal
Tribunal
Australian tribunals
Sports law |
5376603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9y%2C%20Moselle | Féy, Moselle | Féy (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.
It lies to the south of Metz.
History
Historically, the village possessed a church (église Saint-Pierre) built in 1859 which was destroyed in 1944 during the Second World War. It has been replaced with a newer church built in a more modern style.
See also
Communes of the Moselle department
References
Communes of Moselle (department) |
4040474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihard%20Jakopi%C4%8D | Rihard Jakopič | Rihard Jakopič (12 April 1869 – 21 April 1943) was a Slovene painter. He was the leading Slovene Impressionist painter, patron of arts and theoretician. Together with Matej Sternen, Matija Jama and Ivan Grohar, he is considered the pioneer of Slovene Impressionist painting.
Life
Rihard Jakopič was born in Krakovo, a suburb of Ljubljana, the capital of Carniola in the Austria-Hungary, now Slovenia. His father, Franc Jakopič, was a well-situated tradesman with agricultural goods. His mother was Neža, née Dolžan. Rihard was the youngest of eight children.
Jakopič studied at the intermediate secondary school from 1879 to 1887. After passing an entry exam, he attended the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, for a short time returned home due to an illness, and then resumed his studies in 1888. In 1889, he entered the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich and in 1890, the Ažbe Art School in Munich. Then he lived in Ljubljana, where he participated in the establishment of the Slovene Art Society, and after 1902 in Škofja Loka. In 1903, he continued his studies at the Academy of Fine Arts in Prague. Jakopič returned to Ljubljana in 1906. He was one of the early members of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, founded in 1938.
Jakopič died at his home in Ljubljana at 1:45 pm on 21 April 1943 after a long and difficult illness. A wake was held at his residence at New Square () no. 2, and he was buried at Holy Cross Cemetery (now Žale Cemetery) on 23 April 1943 after a ceremony at 3:30 pm at Saint Joseph's Chapel.
Legacy
Over 1200 paintings and 650 drawings by Jakopič have been preserved.
In Ljubljana, Jakopič established the Slovene School of Impressionist Drawing and Painting, the predecessor of the Academy of Fine Arts at the University of Ljubljana. He was an initiator for the foundation of the National Gallery of Slovenia. In 1908, he built a pavilion in Tivoli Park, based on plans by the architect Max Fabiani. The Jakopič Pavilion became the central venue for art exhibitions in the Slovene Lands at the time. In 1962, due to the relocation of a railway line, it was demolished.
Commemoration
In 1965 a primary school in Šiška was named after him. Since 1969, the Jakopič Award, the highest Slovenian award in fine arts, is presented annually. In 1970–72, a statue of Jakopič by Bojan Kunaver was erected on the original site of the pavilion. In 1979, a new Jakopič Gallery () opened at Slovene Street () in Ljubljana. After Slovenia declared independence from Yugoslavia, Jakopič was portrayed by Rudi Španzel on the 100 Slovenian tolar banknote, in circulation from October 1991 until the introduction of euro in January 2007.
Selected works
Sončni breg (Sunny Hillside) (1903), National Gallery, Ljubljana
Breze v jeseni (Birches in Autumn) (1903), National Gallery, Ljubljana
Kamnitnik v snegu (Kamnitnik in the Snow) (1903), National Gallery, Ljubljana
Sončni breg (Sunny Hillside) (1903), National Gallery, Ljubljana
Zima (Winter) (1904), National Gallery, Ljubljana
Pri svetilki (By the lamp) (1904), National Gallery, Ljubljana
Študija sonca (A Study of the Sun) (1905), National Gallery, Ljubljana
Križanke (1909), National Gallery, Ljubljana
Spomini (Memories) (1912), National Gallery, Ljubljana
Zeleni pajčolan (The Green Veil) (1915), National Gallery, Ljubljana
Večer na Savi (Evening on the Sava River) (1926), National Gallery, Ljubljana
Slepec (Blind man) (1926), National Gallery, Ljubljana
References
External links
Slovene Early Modernism: Rihard Jakopič. National Gallery of Slovenia site. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
1869 births
1943 deaths
People from the City Municipality of Ljubljana
University of Ljubljana faculty
Slovenian impressionist painters
Members of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Academy of Fine Arts, Prague alumni
Academy of Fine Arts Vienna alumni
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni
People with epilepsy
Burials at Žale |
5376604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcs%C3%BAtdoboz | Alcsútdoboz | Alcsútdoboz is a village in Fejér county, Hungary. Alcsútdoboz was created in 1950 by the merger of the municipalities of Alcsút (German: Altschutt) and Vértesdoboz.
History
Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary had his country estate Alcsút Palace there. It was constructed by the renowned architect Mihály Pollack. It was destroyed during World War II, with only the portico remaining.
Archduke Joseph August of Austria, who was for a short period head of state of Hungary, was born in Alcsút.
Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán was raised in Alcsútdoboz.
References
External links
Aerial photographs of Alcsútdoboz
Populated places in Fejér County |
5376610 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebar%20Island | Gebar Island | Gebar is an uninhabited island in the Torres Strait in the Australian state of Queensland.
The first recorded sighting by Europeans was by the Spanish expedition of Luís Vaez de Torres on 10 September 1606. It was recorded again by Bligh on 11 September 1792 as 'an island with two hills' and given the name The Brothers. Subsequently, it has been known as Brothers Hills or Two Brothers, while the anglicisation 'Gabba' is frequently seen on historical maps.
The traditional owners of Gebar are the Gebaralgal who today reside on Yam Island, to the southeast. On 13 December 2004, their native title claim over Gebar was determined in the Federal Court of Australia. In a deposition to the court, Mr Dick Peters, a member of the claim group, said: 'I confirm that ... Gebaralgal have always enjoyed, and continue to enjoy, their rights to use, occupy and live on their land and to exclude
others from it and to use and enjoy the natural resources of the land such as animal and plant life. For example, my family
and I frequently visit Gebar to hunt for turtle, collect turtle eggs, fish from the beach and collect plant materials for food and other purposes'.
The Newton, a ketch, foundered off Gabba Island in December 1913.
References
Torres Strait Islands
Uninhabited islands of Australia |
5376621 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakonyk%C3%BAti | Bakonykúti | Bakonykúti is a village in Fejér county, Hungary.
External links
Populated places in Fejér County |
4040475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makah%20Reservation | Makah Reservation | Makah Reservation is an Indian reservation of the Makah Native Americans located on the northwestern tip of the Olympic Peninsula in Clallam County, Washington, United States. The northern boundary of the reservation is the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The western boundary is the Pacific Ocean. It has a land area of and a 2000 census resident population of 1,356 persons. Its largest community is Neah Bay.
The Makah Tribe was also a whale hunting tribe. They especially hunted gray whale for its size and weight. Some times while hunting, they traveled 30, 40, or 100 miles out to sea.
The Makah in the early nineteenth century inhabited Cape Flattery, Washington. According to the Lewis and Clark expedition, they then numbered some 2,000. The Makah are the southernmost of the Wakashan linguistic group, and the only member of this family living within the current boundaries of the United States. Other bands are First Nations peoples on the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia.
Makah culture was fundamentally that of the Pacific Northwest Coast area. In 1855 they ceded all their lands to the United States except a small area on Cape Flattery that was set aside as a reservation. Today most of the 1,600 Makah in the United States live on the Makah Reservation; their main tribal income is from forestry.
Non-tribal members visiting the reservation are required to purchase a pass upon entering the reservation. Guests on official business are given a free pass.
History
Names
The Makah tribe originally called themselves "Kwih-dich-chuh-ahtx" which roughly translates to "people who live by the rocks and seagulls," however, their neighbors referred to them as the "Makah" meaning "generous with food" which is the name now more commonly used when addressing the tribe.
First Non-Indian Contact
Contact with the British trader, Captain John Meares, was the first instance of contact the Makah had with non-Indians. It took place in June of 1788; Meares had arrived near Cape Flattery where he encountered the Makah who were stubborn and unwilling to trade with the British.
Ozette Village
The Makah originally resided in present-day Washington and occupied multiple villages all throughout the northwestern tip of the Olympic Peninsula. There are five major villages: Waatch, Sooes, Deah, Ozette, and Bahaada.
One of the most well known, Ozette, was a crucial location for Makah survival. It was the most popular area for whale hunting which was a traditionally significant food source for the tribe. Around roughly 1560 CE or 1700 CE, a mudslide buried Ozette until about 1970 when a storm revealed the village hidden under layers of earth and mud. Archaeologists, with the help from local Makah members and students, worked for years to carefully restore the village as best they could, and learned much about Makah cultures and traditions.
Treaty of Neah Bay
On January 31, 1855, Governor Isaac I. Stevens met with Makah leaders and members, and presented them with the Neah Bay Treaty. The treaty set aside what is now the Makah Reservation for the Makah people to reside in. Though the treaty included many rules and regulations, one of the most well known agreements in the treaty is that it allowed the Makah to legally hunt whales, making it the only treaty between the United States and a tribe that allows for the hunting of whales. In signing and agreeing to the Neah Bay Treaty, the Makah gave up 300,000 acres of their land to the United States in return for a $30,000 annuity, and other agreements such as the right to whaling and sealing.
Culture
Architecture
The excavation of the Ozette village uncovered the traditional longhouses which were roughly 30 by 70 feet and where often composed of five different living quarters, with a fire for cooking purposes at the center of each room. Because the Makah people often moved with the seasons, the longhouses were engineered in a way that allowed for easy removal of certain parts of the house so that they may be utilized in other locations.
Carved Masks
The Makah website emphasizes that many Makah members depend on their traditional artistry for income. A popular artwork is carved masks which are made by carvers who use wood and patterns that are unique to the area. The carvings often revolve around key aspects of the Makah culture and are organized with the purpose of relaying a story that is passed down.
Whale Hunting
Seeing as the Makah have always lived alongside and around the coast, their traditional foods revolve around marine life. Evidence shows that whales, especially, played a key role in the diet and culture of the Makah. Whale hunting is a special ritual central to the Makah culture: Makah hunters would spend weeks preparing themselves spiritually for the hunt. Paddling out in canoes, the men carefully observe the whales’ breathing and watch for the correct time to strike them with harpoons. Eventually, after following further steps to effectively kill the whale, the hunters would bring it back to the village where they were greeted with many praises from the villagers.
Geography
Climate
Based on data from the last ten years, the temperature on the Makah Reservation typically ranges from the mid thirties to high sixties (°F), so temperatures are generally on the cooler side all year round with the exception of a few instances. Humidity ranges between 79% to 87%, making it a generally humid location. Furthermore, precipitation tends to be heavier in the winter and spring months, especially in November, December, January, and March where the average precipitation days are higher than other months.
Population
The total recorded population is 1,612 individuals of which the average age comes to roughly 32.6 years. The majority of the population comes from one race where American Indian and Alaska Native, and White are the most predominant. Hispanics or Latinos make up around 120 individuals.
118 individuals are with veteran status; the majority having served in the Vietnam War, or Gulf War in the 1990s.
Education and economy
Education
One of the unique curriculums at the Makah Reservation is the Makah Language Program (MLP) which focuses on carrying and passing along the traditional Makah language, Qʷi·qʷidiččaq, to students.
Out of the 927 individuals twenty-five years or older, 86.4% have at least graduated high school and 14.1% have earned a bachelor’s degree or higher.
The education department of the Makah Tribe tends to give preference for scholarships to students living on the reservation because there is a better chance that they will return to the reservation and to work for the tribe. Furthermore, students are motivated to seek employment and study areas that would benefit the tribe such as environmental sciences and fisheries.
Employment and Income
The unemployment rate is 16.4% for individuals sixteen years of age and older, and the median income for Makah households is roughly $47,000. A rise in tourism, which typically occurs around the summer, leads to a rise in employment for Makah members because there are more employment opportunities.(link) Popular tourist destinations located on the reservation are another major source of income for the Makah. A “Recreation Permit” of twenty dollars is required to access any of the multiple spots throughout the reservation and it boosts the tribe’s economy.
Of 605 employed individuals, 412 -which is the majority- are working what is considered a government job and the runner up is working for a private business or position with 118 individuals.
Popular Attractions and Events
Each year, the Makah celebrate what they call “Makah Days” which occurs on the weekend nearest to August 26. June 2, 1924 was the day in which the Makah were officially given their right of suffrage, however, the Makah celebrated the anniversary of becoming United States’ citizens on August 26, 1913. The Makah Tribe comes together to organize many events and spectacles for these days, and they welcome others to celebrate with them.
Neah Bay Beaches, such as Hobuck Beach and Shi-Shi Beach, are also popular destinations for many visitors. The Hobuck Beach features the Hobuck Beach Resort for visitors, and they can also choose to take part in events such as the Hobuck Hoedown for entertainment. Shi-Shi Beach is most popular for its trail which is 2.5 miles long and features many sights along the way.
The Cape Flattery Trail is one of the more well-known trails on the Makah Reservation. It has multiple observation points and there is a clear view of Tatoosh Island, an island that is also a part of the Makah Reservation.
The Makah Cultural and Research Center is the museum on the reservation that opened in 1979 and is home to many artifacts relating to Makah history and culture. Many of the objects and exhibits come from the Ozette Archaeological Site and give insight into the traditional Makah way of life. An admission fee is required to enter the museum and it helps support the museum’s financial needs.
See also
Indigenous languages of the Americas
Nuu-chah-nulth
Makah
Makah Language
External links
makah.com "Makah Tribe", official website
The Makah Tribe: People of the Sea and the Forest, University of Washington Library
Makah Tribal Profile
"Makah Prepare to Hunt Whales", Turtle Track
Andrew Engelson, "Makah Tribe's trail eases access to a wild stretch of coastline", Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 20 November 2003
Forks Guide - S.R. 112 to Neah Bay
References
American Indian reservations in Washington (state)
Geography of Clallam County, Washington
Makah |
5376627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadhi | Kadhi | Kadhi or karhi is a dish originating from the Rajasthan. It consists of a thick gravy based on gram flour, and contains vegetable fritters called pakoras, to which dahi (yogurt) is added to give it a bit of sour taste. It is often eaten with cooked rice or roti.
India
In Northern India, pakoras are added to the gram flour gravy and sour yogurt is added to add flavor to it. They are eaten either with boiled rice or roti. In Gujarat and Rajasthan, it is usually served with khichdi, roti, paratha or rice. It is considered a light food. Gujarati and Rajasthani kadhi differs from the Uttar Pradesh variety. Traditionally, it is a little sweeter than the other variants, because sugar or jaggery is added to it, but it can be made without sugar for a more sour taste. It is eaten without pakoras and its consistency is slightly thinner. The Gujarati kadhi is made ideally from buttermilk, as this gives it a smoother texture compared to yogurt. Variations of this basic dish include the addition of certain vegetables, notably bhindi (okra) in which case it is known as bhinda ni kadhi. In Punjab, kadhi is a simple, quick winter meal. Made from besan (Gram flour) to thicken the consistency, and adding pakoras, it is eaten with either long-grain basmati rice or, more commonly, with a roti. Unlike the rest of India, sour yogurt is not added — just full-fat buttermilk or unsweetened yogurt.
In Western India, especially in Maharashtra, kadhi is made with Kokum which is very famous in Coastal Maharashtra - Konkan with the name of Solkadhi. Other variants of kadhi in Maharashtra are made with Kacchi Kairi (raw mango) which is known as Aambyachi Kadhi (raw mango kadhi)
And one more Variant of kadhi in Maharashtra is made of curd and buttermilk which is known as takachi kadhi.
In Haryana, a popular variation is called haryanvi hara choley kadhi, made with besan and hare choley (raw green chickpeas) with pure ghee; the generous dollops of homemade fresh butter are added during serving. Haryanvi kadhi is sometimes cooked with additional ingredients, such as seasonal farm-fresh green bathua leaves or kachri, small wild melons.
In Purvanchal (eastern Uttar Pradesh) and Bihar, it is called Kadhi-Badi because Pakoda which is added in the kadhi is basically small badi or vadi made simply out of chickpea flour, no vegetables are added to make it a standard pakoda. The name Kadhi is also derived from several Indo-Aryan languages spoken in northern India, in which काढ़ना kadhna means to take out which in this context means to reduce and hence the yogurt and chickpea curry is cooked for a very long time until it is reduced and consistency changes from runny to thick and creamy.
In Southern states, it is seasoned with sauteed asafoetida, mustard seeds, cumin, and fenugreek. The soup is thickened in a different way by the addition of pureed split chickpea soaked overnight with whole coriander seeds and dry red chili pepper. Squash, okra, tomato, Chinese spinach, carrots, sweet peas are a few vegetables that are added to seasoning before bringing the soup to a boil. Pakoras (gram flour fritters) are added for special occasions like ceremonies. It is called majjige huli in Kannada, majjiga pulusu in Telugu and mor kuzhambu in Tamil with similar meaning. In Kerala, it is called kaalan.
The Sindhi diaspora in India usually make kadhi by first roasting the chickpea flour and adding vegetables to the chickpea gravy. It is called kadhi because of the use of curry leaves, which are called kadhi patta in Sindhi. Instead of yogurt, tamarind pulp is used to give it a sour taste. An alternate way is to make a liquid mixture of the chickpea flour instead of roasting chickpeas.
Pakistan
In Pakistan, it is usually served with boiled rice and naan. Thari people commonly refer Kadhi with the name of Raabro or Khaatiyo.
In Northern Pakistan, in and around Hazara region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Kadhi is prepared with a variety of additives at a time. These include chicken Kadhi, kaddu (pumpkin) Kadhi, sarson (mustard leaves) kadhi are some of the more famous varieties.
In Karachi & Hyderabad, Sindh, apart from plain kadhi, a variety of vegetables such as okra, aubergine and drumstick beans may be added. In Pakistan, Kadhi, by default, implies that Pakodas are included. It is eaten with chapatis or plain boiled rice.
See also
Kadhi-Churma
Kadhi chawal
Gujarati kadhi
List of Indian dishes
List of soups
List of stews
References
External links
Sindhi kadhi
Gujarati kadhi
Rajasthani kadhi
Punjabi kadhi
Indian soups and stews
Pakistani soups and stews
North Indian cuisine
Rajasthani cuisine
Gujarati cuisine
Sindhi cuisine
Punjabi cuisine
Chickpea dishes
Kutchi cuisine
Yogurt-based dishes |
4040487 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas%20III | Abbas III | Abbas III (January 1732 – February 1740) () was a son of Shah Tahmasp II and Shahpari Begum of the Safavid dynasty and reigned from 1732 to 1736. After the deposition of his father by Nader Khan (the future Nader Shah) the infant Abbas was appointed nominal ruler of Iran on 7 September 1732. Nader Khan, who was the real ruler of the country, assumed the positions of deputy of state and viceroy. Abbas III was deposed in March 1736, when Nader Khan had himself crowned as Nader Shah. This marked the official end of the Safavid dynasty. Abbas was sent to join his father in prison in Sabzevar, Khorasan.
In 1738, Nader Shah set out on campaign to Afghanistan and India, leaving his son Reza Qoli Mirza to rule his realm in his absence. Hearing rumours that his father had died, Reza made preparations for assuming the crown. According to the most "authoritative account", Mohammed Hosein Khan Qajar, who had been entrusted with supervising Abbas and his father in captivity, warned Reza that on hearing the news of Nader's death, the townspeople of Sabzevar would rise up in revolt, free Tahmasp II and place him on the throne again. Reza gave Mohammed Hosein orders to execute Tahmasp and his sons to forestall this.
Mohammed Hosein strangled Tahmasp, cut the young Abbas down with his sword and also had his brother Esmail killed. According to Michael Axworthy, the dating of these events is speculative, but they probably took place in May or June 1739. Other sources (Encyclopaedia Iranica, Lockhart) prefer 1740.
References
Bibliography
Michael Axworthy Sword of Persia: Nader Shah: From Tribal Warlord to Conquering Tyrant (IB Tauris, 2006)
L. Lockhart, Nadir Shah, London, 1938
R.M. Savory, Encyclopaedia Iranica
1732 births
1740 deaths
Safavid monarchs
Rulers deposed as children
Modern child rulers
18th-century monarchs of Persia
Murdered Persian monarchs
18th-century murdered monarchs
1740 murders in Asia |
4040488 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21%20demands%20of%20MKS | 21 demands of MKS | The 21 demands of MKS () was a list of demands issued on 17 August 1980 by the Interfactory Strike Committee (Międzyzakładowy Komitet Strajkowy, MKS) in Poland.
The first demand was the right to create independent trade unions. Other demands called the government to respect the constitutional rights and freedoms, dismantling the privileges for Polish United Workers' Party members, and taking actions to improve the economic conditions of Polish citizens. The demands eventually led to the Gdańsk Agreement and creation of Solidarity.
The charter was written up on two wooden boards and hung on the gates of the shipyard on 18 August 1980. To mark the first anniversary of the August unrest, the demands were put on display in Gdańsk’s Maritime Museum. The day after Martial Law was declared one museum worker hid them in his loft, where they remained forgotten until 1996. Now added to the UNESCO Memory of the World Register, they can be found housed in Gdańsk’s Roads to Freedom exhibition.
Text
External links
Jak robotnicy tworzyli 21 postulatów, Polskie Radio, 17.08.2012
1980 in Poland
Solidarity (Polish trade union)
Memory of the World Register
1980 documents |
5376630 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20Dome | Battle Dome | Battle Dome is a syndicated American television series that aired from September 1999 to April 2001. It combined elements of American Gladiators – inspired athletic competition – with scripted antics more reminiscent of professional wrestling. Recurring character-athletes known as "Warriors" competed against weekly contestants in a variety of physically demanding (and sometimes dangerous) events. The series was filmed at the Los Angeles Sports Arena and produced by Columbia TriStar Television.
The entire second season of Battle Dome is available for purchase on iTunes and Amazon Video.
Mill Creek Entertainment announced the complete series on DVD.
Overview
A Warrior typically entered the show's arena accompanied by his own bombastic theme music and-in several cases-a comely female sidekick; in later episodes, weekly contestants were also allotted female companions, courtesy of Perfect 10 magazine.
The announcer for the show was Steve Albert (brother of Marv and the uncle of Kenny); Scott Ferrall provided color commentary. Seth Stockton served as referee for the entire run. Downtown Julie Brown appeared in early episodes, as a sideline correspondent but was replaced by Kathleen McClellan for the run of the show. The "Chairman", whose face remained off camera, oversaw the proceedings. Halfway through the show's run, Ferrall and Brown were replaced by Ed Lover and Brien Blakely, respectively, and "The chairman" was dropped from the show.
Battle Dome was also broadcast in the UK, on the Challenge and Bravo networks, as well as on Channel 5, now "Five." It was also broadcast in Ireland on TV3.
Three male contestants competed in a series of four or five events, which varied in intensity and danger factor. After the fourth or fifth event, the two highest scoring competitors advanced to the Battle Dome final. In addition to facing the contestants, the Battle Dome Warriors were in a show-long competition against each other for the Battle Dome Warriors Championship belt. The Warriors were ranked before the competition started and could move up or down the list depending on either how well they performed during the show or how well they politicked with the chairman or his on-camera assistant, Bobbie Haven (played by model Bobbie Brown, who prior to this was best known for her appearance in the video for Warrant's "Cherry Pie").
If the second and third place players were tied, the tie was broken in a rather novel way. Both players would stand on platforms on two separate metal discs, with the discs being pulled back and rammed together at high rates of speed. The intensity of the hit grew until one player fell off, at which point they would be going home. This also would help determine the Warriors champion if the championship was in question at the end of a show.
After all ties and championships between the Warriors and contestants were settled, the two remaining players moved into the Battle Dome for the final round, in which the two competitors wrestled each other in an attempt to throw the opponent off an elevated platform. Doing so won the match, a cash prize, and a Battle Dome championship ring. The winner would also advance in the Battle Dome tournament, with the winner getting a large cash prize, a motorcycle, and a Battle Dome Championship belt at the end of the season.
Second season changes
The Battle Dome Warriors Championship and Warrior Championship Belt were removed.
In addition to the male competitors, season two added a female special where five women competed against each other with the warriors acting as "Coaches".
The Battle Dome Cage event changed significantly. Wrestling was no longer permitted with the emphasis put much more onto martial arts style fighting, in particular kickboxing. The aim was to remove your opponent from the platform. if both men fell, the battle would restart. this final event had no time limit.
Most of the Battle Dome Warriors' valets (among those who had them) were replaced by the Perfect 10 models that the contestants were accompanied by. With the exception of T-Money, who kept "The Posse".
World Championship Wrestling
In fall of 2000, the stars of Battle Dome and World Championship Wrestling (WCW) began a brief cross-promotional feud. It kicked off when WCW wrestlers disrupted a Battle Dome taping. In retaliation, on the November 6 edition of Monday Nitro, T-Money, Cuda, Mike O'Dell (husband of WCW star Midajah), D.O.A., and Bubba King began heckling in the audience as Diamond Dallas Page spoke to the Chicago crowd. Rick Steiner, Ernest Miller, and Buff Bagwell came to Page's aid before security ended the physical dispute. The feud between these men continued as far as November 20, mere months before the buyout of WCW by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF).
Events
All events were overseen by Referee Seth Stockton. His actual level of authority is unclear although he did ban a few warriors from competing for bad behaviour.
Battle Wheel
Two warriors competed. The event took place on a large, rotating platform which resembled a right circular cone with its outside edge and apex flattened. The contenders had 60 seconds to force both warriors to touch the bottom ring of the wheel with any part of their body. The warriors were allowed to do essentially anything necessary to keep this from occurring. The contenders had to dispatch of the first warrior on the lower portion of the wheel (usually Jake Fury) before taking on the warrior at the top of the wheel (usually Cuda). 25 points were earned for removing the lower warrior from the wheel, and an additional 25 points were earned for getting the 2nd warrior off the wheel.
Jake Fury suffered a nasty ankle injury on the Battle Wheel towards the end of Season 1. Fury's ankle was "blown out" and facing the incorrect direction. He only competed sparingly on the show afterwards.
Scott Anthony, a contestant, also had his ankle broken/twisted (similar to Jake Fury's) under virtually the same circumstances in episode four of season 1.
In Season 2, the Battle Wheel was significantly changed as the Wheel was lowered and wider, making it difficult for a contestant to defeat a warrior and so the ankle blow-out injury never happened again.
Take Down
A football type event. The contender was placed in the center of an enclosed area with 2 warriors on each end (Michael O'Dell participated in this event most often). Behind each warrior were 4 different lights with actuators beneath them. In the 1st season, a light was lit up behind the warrior (Steve and Scott typically noted that the warriors did not know which light was lit). On the referee's whistle, the contender tried to hit the actuator to turn the light off. Each light turned off was worth 25 points. The contender was only allowed one attempt per light; no "second effort" was allowed. After each attempt, the contender returned to the center and repeated against the other warrior. This would continue for 60 seconds. In the 2nd season, all 8 lights (4 at each end) were lit up. The contender chose which light to go after and the warrior would have to stop them. Otherwise, the rules remained the same from season 1.
Rollercage of Fire (1st Season), Rollercage (2nd Season)
Contenders were raised up into a revolving cylindrical cage with holes built into it. In the 1st season, a ring of fire was set outside the cage at each end, mainly to set the atmosphere. The fire ring was removed in season two, as well as the reference to it in the event's title. Contenders had 60 seconds to force the warrior (Almost always T-Money, with 1 or 2 appearances by DOA in the later part of the 1st season) through one of the holes while avoiding the same fate. Forcing the warrior out earned 25 points (later 50). Draws originally scored nothing, but were later increased to a 25-point score.
Aerial Kickboxing
Contenders and opposing warriors hung from an undulating metal grid roughly 10 feet off the ground. The contender attempted to kick the warrior (most often Bubba King) off the grid within 60 seconds without being removed from the grid themselves. Kicks to the head were technically against the rules and would result in DQ's. At least 1 contender was DQ'd because of head shots. If the contender kicked the warrior off the grid, the contender scored 50 points. Draws scored 25 points. Most contenders were lucky to score short of a DQ of the warrior. Bubba King and Sleepwalker were almost impossible to beat, but O'Dell actually was impossible to defeat, as he never lost a match and rarely surrendered a draw.
On one occasion, a contestant kicked Bubba King in the head. Bubba was stunned, but he still won. After the match, the "reporter" had Bubba talk about the match. Bubba was angry, and complained about the contestant breaking the rules (by kicking him in the head), and Bubba said half his body went numb from the head kick.
G-Force
A central rotating tower had three arms extending from the top of the central tower. Each of the contenders hung onto a handle at the end of each arm. A warrior stood on a platform above this tower, throwing balls at the contenders as the tower spun. The tower's speed increased steadily as the event progressed. The last contender/s standing earned 25 points, and a bonus 25 points was earned for lasting 60 seconds.
Battle Bridge
A large bridge spun quickly in mid-air. The contender and the warrior were each given a large padded club to use to knock the other off the bridge as it spun. Contenders scored 50 points for successfully knocking the warrior off the bridge, or 25 points for lasting 60 seconds.
Battle Field
This event was similar to Powerball on American Gladiators. Unlike Powerball, contenders competed one-on-one against a single warrior, who defended a single scoring bin. The scoring bin was located in the center of the playing field atop an approximately pyramid. The warrior wore boxing gloves and could freely attack the contender as much as they wanted to keep them from scoring. Each ball scored was worth 25 points.
Battle Hoop
Contenders began in the center of a circular field. A large hanging hoop moved around the outside perimeter of the field, with its opening always facing the center of the field. A warrior stood on the outside perimeter of the field to block the contender from jumping through the hoop. Contenders had 60 seconds to try to jump through the hoop as many times as they could, returning to the center after each attempt. Each successful pass through the hoop earned 25 points.
Battle Wall
Contenders had to get over three walls defended by the Battle Dome warriors. A warrior stood on the opposite side of each wall. Each wall was around 3 feet in height. The walls became narrower as the event went on making it harder to get by the warriors. Each wall that a contender was successful in climbing was worth 25 points.
Evader
A contender had to light targets while avoiding medicine balls being launched by two warriors. Contenders had 60 seconds to light up all the targets on the two towers (one at a time). Originally, the warriors only had to hit the contenders 3 times to end the match, but it was later increased to 5 times. Lighting up all the targets on a tower (this may not have ever been done) was worth 25 points and lighting up all the targets was worth 50. This event was considered to be Jake Fury's signature event.
Anti-Gravity
This event, along with Interceptor, was always played last because of the point opportunities. Contenders had to light strips by hitting buttons on a grid while moving along handles placed on the grid. Every strip lit was worth 25 points, for a possible 150. The contenders were also chased by a Battle Dome Warrior, which was almost always The Commander, and could lose the game in one of two ways: either losing their grip, which would result in the contender floating away, or having the Warrior rip their harness off and send them to the floor.
Interceptor
Called a game of cat and mouse, a contender had to fly around the Interceptor grid lighting targets worth 25 points each until caught by the warrior (again, almost always The Commander) or time ran out. Each target was worth 25 points. There was a maximum of 175 points available to the contenders.
Ultimate Body Slam
This was a tiebreaker, usually between the warriors for the right to hold the warrior belt. If the top warrior had been less than stellar and a fellow warrior close in the rankings had performed well, but not well enough to win the belt outright, the two warriors would compete in Ultimate Body Slam. This game was simply a test of endurance; each player stood on a platform behind a metal disk. The disks were then pulled back and slammed into each other at increasing speed until one of the two fell off and lost.
Warriors
During the first season, the warriors maintained distinct personalities, similar to professional wrestling characters. The warriors competed for the Battledome Belt. After each event the warriors were "ranked", according to how well they did in the competition. At the end of that day's competition the top ranked warrior received the Battledome Belt. The "ranking" was done by the mysterious chairman. The chairman supposedly owned the Battledome. He was only seen in silhouette wearing a large cowboy hat. What little else was known about him is that he was supposedly an older man. Karen Ko was supposed to be his trophy wife, and Bobbie Haven his secretary. It was Bobbie he would deliver the messages from the chairman to the other warriors and the fans. At the start of the second season, the chairman, the standings board, and the Battledome Belt were dropped from the competition.
First season warriors
The original series had 9 warriors. Some competed every week, with some making only a few appearances.
Bubba King (Timothy Elwell)
The "king" of aerial kickboxing. Had very few defeats and proved almost invincible with most challengers lasting a maximum of 30 seconds. Rarely played any other event during the show's run, but did play Anti-Gravity on at least one occasion.
The Commander (Christian Boeving)
Speciality event appeared to be Anti-Gravity with Interceptor a close second. One of the smaller warriors. Proved very speedy and powerful against challengers.
Cuda (Randolph Jones)
The largest warrior during season 1. Dominated Battle Wheel. Always appeared in the top position on this event. Did make fleeting appearances on other events.
D.O.A. (Chad Bannon)
Made few appearances in season 1 but became much more prolific in Season 2. Speciality event appeared to be Rollercage.
Jake Fury (Gary Kasper)
The wild and unpredictable Fury appeared in several games. Particularly able at games G-Force and Evader. Suffered a severe ankle injury during season 1 while participating in Battle Wheel. He recovered and returned for season 2.
Michael O'Dell (Michael O'Hearn)
The poster boy of Battledome. Handsome, toned, and tanned. One of the most all round warriors. Played most games with Aerial Kickboxing and Takedown proving specialities.
Payne (John Sperandeo)
Appeared fleetingly during season 1, mainly as cover for injured warriors. Entered arena wearing a straitjacket and howling. Difficult to tell what he was good at as he didn't participate in many events.
Sleepwalker (Woon Young Park)
Another warrior who seemed to be cover for fellow injured warriors. Did participate in Anti-Gravity and aerial kickboxing but suffered a shoulder injury in the event. Seemed very capable in events he participated in.
T-Money (Terry Crews)
Smug, arrogant and always accompanied by "The Posse". Blinged up with jewelry and a dollar sign chain around his neck. Very good at several games but Rollercage was his speciality. Did not take losing very well.
Second season warriors
Season 2 saw the departure of Payne and Sleepwalker for unknown reasons. The remaining 7 warriors returned and were accompanied by 6 new warriors to bring the total up to 13.
'Returning Warriors:
Bubba King
The Commander
Cuda
D.O.A.
Jake Fury
Michael O'Dell
T-Money
New Warriors
Baby Blue (Anthony McClanahan)
Seemed to act as an alternate for injured warriors. Very impressive during his appearances. Virtually unbeatable in Takedown.
Johnny Rocco (Ron Cerenzo)
Did not appear until later in the season then became a regular. Played several games. Takedown and Battle Hoop were clearly his best.
Snake (Jesse "Justice" Smith, Jr.)
An all-rounder who participated in many games. No real stand-out performances but very capable on events he played in.
Mad Dog Steele (Stefan Gamlin)
Dominated his early appearances and participated in many games. Got injured later in the season and did not appear again.
Moose (Scott Milne)
Appeared only fleetingly during the series. Mainly as cover for injured warriors. The biggest of all warriors weighing over 300 lbs.
The Prince (Maximilien Atoki)
Another warrior who made on and off appearances throughout the season. Played a few games with Battle Wheel proving his speciality.
The women of Battle Dome
A partial list of female companions:
Nicole, Jaclyn and Erica Dahm – The Dahm Triplets – Always accompanied O'Dell during his outings. Unless they were tempted away by another warrior!
Bobbie Haven (Bobbie Brown, best known for Warrant's "Cherry Pie" music video) – The Chairman's very helpful and giving secretary...
Angel (Karen Taucher) – Girlfriend of Jake Fury.
Karen Ko (Karen Kim) – The Chairman's "trophy wife" and manager of The Commander.
References
External links
Official Website (via Internet Archive)
http://www.tv.com/shows/battle-dome/cast/
1999 American television series debuts
2001 American television series endings
1990s American game shows
2000s American game shows
Sports entertainment
First-run syndicated television programs in the United States
Television series by Sony Pictures Television |
4040496 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20Cinematograph%20Committee | Indian Cinematograph Committee | The Indian Cinematograph Committee was established by British Raj in 1927 to "investigate the adequacy of censorship and the supposedly immoral effect of cinematograph films", and subsequently the Indian Cinematograph Committee Evidence and Report 1927-1928 was published in the following year.
Background
In the 1920s, just as the early twilight of the British Empire was approaching, a slightly familiar battle was fought, in a slightly unusual terrain, Cinema. The American film industry had by the twenties already started to dominate the global film market, with American films eclipsing English films in most parts of the British Empire. In response to a number of demands being made by the British film industry for the setting up of quotas in favour of Empire films in the colonies, and as a result of increasing anxiety about the spread of the new technology of cinema in the colonies, the colonial government put together a high level committee, the Indian Cinematograph Committee (“ICC”) to enquire into the working of cinema and censorship in India. The report, and the evidence of the ICC which ran into five volumes, and thousands of pages of oral and written testimonies makes for a fascinating document, which has unfortunately been ignored in most debates on film censorship.
At the British Imperial conference held in England in 1926, a number of the delegates raised questions about the adequacy of film censorship to deal with the problems posed by the exhibition of American films. They were, in part, responding to the complaints registered by the Federation of British Industries to the board of trade about what they considered to be a virtual monopoly enjoyed by American films within the empire. This trade organization had represented their case not merely as a matter of protecting British business interests, but also because American films were "detrimental to British prestige and prejudicial to the interests of the empire, especially in the dominions which contains large colored populations". In connection to these concerns, the imperial conference passed a resolution recommending that appropriate action be taken to combat the dominance of Hollywood's films by encouraging their production within the empire. In a very significant report prior to the ICC, it was advocated that “Great Britain owes a duty to the dominions; the dominions to Great Britain and to each other; and India owes a duty first to herself....The film can as well display the ancient dignity of the Mahabharata as teach the Indian peasant the elements of hygiene and sanitation"
It is important to remember that the nationalist movement which was on the rise, spurred on by a series of events including the formation of the Home Rule League, agitations against the Jalianwala Bagh massacre, etc. helped to create the conditions under which the British empire found itself in a slightly precarious and vulnerable phase, needing ways to retain the symbolic fiction of the might of empire. It is in this context, that claims were made of American films tarnishing the prestige of the Empire by portraying scenes of immorality, vice and violence. More particularly, because of the inability of the native to distinguish between different classes of white people, they tended to think of all of the portrayal as endemic to life in the west, and this degraded the image of white women in the eyes of the lustful native men. This is also a period marked by the uncertainty of the effect of cinema, and according to the British social Hygiene delegation that visited India between 1926-27 (just prior to the setting up of the ICC), cinema was the root cause of a large number of evils in India, They said that “in every province that we visited the evil influence of cinema was cited by educationists and representative citizens as one of the major factors in lowering the standards of sex conduct and thereby tending to increase the dissemination of disease"
An article published in The Westminster Gazette in 1921 was widely circulated amongst the provincial governments, and the article claimed that "one of the reasons for the hardly veiled contempt of the native Indian for us maybe found in the introduction and development of moving pictures in India ...imagine the effect of such films on the oriental mind. Like us, the Indian goes to see the movies, but he is not only impressed by the story of the film, but by the difference in dress, in customs and in morals. He sees our woman in the films in scanty garb. He marvels at our heavy infantile humour - his own is on a higher and more intellectual level; he forms his own opinions of our morals during the mighty unrolled dramas of unfaithful wives and unmoral husbands, our lightly broken promises, our dishonored laws. It is soaking into him all the time, and we cannot be surprised at the outwards expression of this absorption. It is difficult for the Britisher in India to keep up his dignity, and to extol, or to enforce moral laws which the natives sees lightly disregarded by the Britons themselves in the picture palace" Similarly, a 1920 report in Bioscope claimed that the main motivation of these regulations was "the fact that there have been numerous complaints that the films were being imported into India which hold up Europeans to ridicule and lowered the native estimation of the white woman" Similarly, Sir Hasketh Bell, a former colonial governor warned that “The success of our government of subject races depends almost entirely on the degree of respect that we can inspire”
The demands for the establishment of a Committee that would look into the ways in which censorship, and other protective measures that could be taken up to prevent the tarnishing of the might of the empire. The economic context, namely the trade rivalry that the British film industry was engaged through 1920s in a competitive film market, with film producers from the United States was always understated. The argument of the cultural invasion and corrosion by Hollywood, was linked centrally to the attempt by the British film industry to bolster what they saw as their national markets including the colonies. Priya Jaikumar terms this as the “imagined audience” of Empire films, a project of both economic consolidation, as well as cultural hegemony.
The ICC was established by an order of the Home department and it was directed to examine the following issues:
1. to examine the organization and principles of methods of the censorship of Cinematograph films in India
2. to survey the organization of Cinematograph films in the film producing industry in India
3. to consider whether it is desirable that steps should be taken to encourage the exhibition of films produced within the British empire generally and the production and exhibition of Indian films in particular and to make recommendations
The Colonial authorities strategically ensured that there was adequate local representation, and made B.T. Rangachariah, a highly respected lawyer from Madras, the chairman of the Committee. They prepared a meticulous set of questions (which we shall consider in a bit), and sent 4325 copies of the questionnaire to a wide range of people, from the film industry, from government, education officials, various police officials, health officials, members of the censor boards, electricity officials and prominent public personalities including Mahatma Gandhi, Lala Lajpat Rai, Dadasaheb Phalke etc. In other words, the colonial governmental machinery was put into motion to ensure that the study was comprehensive and thorough, covering all parts of the then British India from Lahore to Rangoon to Chennai to Delhi. They received 320 written testimonies and interviewed 353 witnessed, and of course with colonial anthropological precision the witnesses are divided into the communities that they represent (114 Europeans, 239 natives, 157 Hindus, 38 Muslims, 25 Parsis, 16 Burmese, 2 Sikhs, and 1 Christian). This question of the representation of communities is a very significant one, which we shall return to in the end, via Madhava Prasad’s work on the ICC report.
In many ways, the ICC report was the first of its kind anywhere in the world, and certainly the most comprehensive study of the material conditions under which early cinema existed in India. The importance of the study, apart from its historical value in documenting cinema up to and during the twenties in India lies in the fact that this was an attempt by the state apparatus to actually create cinema as an object of colonial knowledge, to understand the way it worked, to classify its audience, to name the publicness of the institution, and finally to attempt to render it intelligible within a log of regulation. Priya Jaikumar states that “Perhaps more than any other event in the 1920s the ICC helped to establish persistent themes in ways that the cinema and its audiences in India have been understood , evaluated , criticized and described ever since” . An estimate of the success of the ICC report in setting the terms of the public and regulatory discourse around cinema is the fact that the definition of the cinematic effect that is relied on in K.A.Abbas’s case relies heavily on the account provided in the ICC report. The ICC report, along with another significant study of the era, Film in National Life also contributed towards the making of institutions like the British Film Institute.
Ironically, in purely instrumental terms, the ICC report could be considered a failure since nothing came out of the recommendations of the study, and it ended up as yet another colonial report (apparently doomed for a nondescript existence in dusty shelves). Priya Jaikumar however argues that “the fact that the ICC interviews and final report ended up on a dusty government shelf might be a testimony to the ICC’s success. Its proposals went against the state’s initial intentions, thus forcing the state to consign the document to its filing system. While the interviews deal with the specific conditions of India’s film industry in the 1920s, they have a larger import that has not been realized in their limited analysis so far. Regulatory documents are an invaluable archival source because they give us insight into the dynamic nature of cultural change and power relations. Instead of limiting ourselves to a study of policy effects, a study of the debates and discourses surrounding policy allows us to reconceptualize it as a process of communication and contest, where representatives of a state and film industry arbitrate over their positions”
Her argument is that in our reading of policy, we cannot treat policy processes as reactive to social context but as an intrinsic part of it, and “thus consider regulatory discourses to be open to the kinds of analysis that postcolonial cultural critics have brought to bear on cinematic narratives and images”. One of the reasons for the instrumental failure of the ICC was the fact that its dual agenda of staging a moral panic around the bodies of white women, to set in place a system that would ensure economic quotas for Empire films etc. just did not work out as planned. This plan was dependent on the construction of an idea of native audiences, and their vulnerability to the new technology of cinema, but the committee constantly encountered an intelligibility problem of another sort while collecting their data. The resistance offered by the nascent film industry in India, the nationalist contempt for the crude contrivance of the colonial state, and an emerging confident claim by the colonial subjects upon the experience of modernity constantly frustrated the official plans of the ICC.
While in one sense the ICC can be seen as yet another component of the colonial logic of governmentality, where it exercised power through a complex mode of rendering it into a process of knowledge by means of data collection, historiography, documentation, certification, and representation. Priya Jaikumar says that “It is tempting to see the ICC interviews as part of a process where an industry was studied with the intention of transforming it into a field of state regulation. However, the attempt to collect information on the Indian film industry was disrupted by an internally discordant state agency and a resistant film industry. My account traces these challenges to the imperial state as a series of fractures between the British Indian state and the Indian film industry. Each disruption resulted in a reformulation of the state’s agenda as the government attempted to reauthorize the state’s role in relation to the Indian film industry on the grounds of morality”
It would however be a terrible mistake, both historically and in terms of its relevance to the present for us to see the ICC report merely in terms of a prohibition. As argued in the introduction, the prohibition model yields little in terms of unraveling the complex dynamics of power. Instead we need to understand the ways in which the ICC set in place a system of regulation, which exists in different register, though inter connected. On the one hand, it looked at the question of the regulation of content, and this is the most straight forward censorship question, where the state determines what can or cannot be seen. This of course depends on a second order justification based on the alleged harm caused by certain images. In the case of the ICC, it was the tarnishing of the prestige of the empire. The content of what could or not be seen is also supplemented by the conditions under which acts of public spectatorship are rendered possible. This is made possible through detailed regulations about the spatial conditions of cinema, safety guidelines, electricity norms to be followed etc. Secondly it sets into place a system of regulating the entire industry itself as a whole, through taxation norms, through reformist agendas and policies to improve cinema etc., and finally through the staging of the pedagogic function of censorship, where censorship is not merely about prohibiting a particular view, but since the native actually does not know how to see, or what to see, censorship is also tied to the task of teaching the natives to see properly. This reformist agenda is described by Ashish Rajadhyaksha as the process of “creating a better cinema and worthy of incarnating the citizen as the filmgoing subject”
The interlinked ideas of regulation, reform and education establishes the normative function of cinema and of censorship, and one of the challenges lies in ways in which we can read them not as they traditionally have been in isolated modes, but in a way that renders them a part of a larger project of mobilizing (to borrow from Saeed Mirza) a certain kind of cinema for a certain kind of state.
References
Film organisations in India
Film censorship in India
Film controversies in India
1927 in India
1927 in Indian cinema
1928 in India
1928 in Indian cinema |
5376634 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus%20Eleven | Lotus Eleven | The Lotus Eleven is a sports racing car built in various versions by Lotus from 1956 until 1958. The later versions built in 1958 are sometimes referred to as Lotus 13, although this was not an official designation. In total, about 270 Elevens of all versions were built.
Design and performance
The Eleven was designed by Colin Chapman and fitted with a sleek body designed by aerodynamicist Frank Costin. Its top version, dubbed Le Mans, was generally fitted with a 1100 cc (67ci) Coventry Climax FWA engine and occasionally with a 1500 cc (92ci) Coventry Climax FWB engine mounted in the front of a tubular space frame and featured a De Dion rear axle and Girling disc brakes. Fully loaded, the car weighed only about . Versions for a 1100 cc (67ci) Climax engine (Club) and a 1172 cc (72ci) Ford engine (Sport) were also produced; both featured a live rear axle and drum brakes. Several cars were fitted with alternative engines by their owners, these included Coventry Climax 1500cc (92ci) FWB and FPF and 1200 cc (73ci) FWE, Maserati 150S 1500cc (92ci), DKW 1000cc (61ci) SAAB 850cc (52ci) and 750cc (46ci) engines. There were two main body styles: one with a headrest and the other with no headrest, just two small fins. Some cars were later fitted with a closed body with gullwing doors to meet GT specifications.
Perhaps the car's most notable race result was 7th overall at the 1956 24 Hours of Le Mans, driven by Reg Bicknell and Peter Jopp
Despite the wide variety of engines installed, the car was primarily designed to compete in the 1100 cc class where it was one of the most successful cars during the mid- to late-1950s. In 1956, an Eleven, modified by Costin with a bubble canopy over the cockpit, was driven by Stirling Moss to a class world record of for a lap at Monza. Several class victories at Le Mans and Sebring followed, and the Eleven became Lotus' most successful race car design. A 750cc version won the Index of Performance at Le Mans in 1957.
In 1957, the Eleven underwent a major design change, including a new front suspension and improvements to the drivetrain. Although officially called Eleven Series 2, these late models are sometimes informally referred to as Lotus 13s, since they were produced between the 12 and 14 models and the 13 designation was not used by Lotus.
There have been several replicas and re-creations of the Lotus Eleven, including the Kokopelli 11, the Challenger GTS, the Spartak and the best known, the Westfield XI.
References
External links
Lotus Eleven information
The Historic Lotus Register
Lotus 11 history/photos
the Lotus Eleven Register
http://www.lotusracer.com/
1956 Lotus 11 Gallery/photos
howstuffworks on the Lotus 11
Period racing photos of the Lotus Eleven
recent Lotus Eleven restoration
Eleven
Sports cars |
5376635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo%20Viktor | Ivo Viktor | Ivo Viktor (born 21 May 1942 in Křelov) is a Czech former football goalkeeper. He played for Czechoslovakia, representing his country on 63 occasions between 1966 and 1977, taking part in the 1970 FIFA World Cup and winning the 1976 European Championship. Regarded as one of the best goalkeepers of his generation in Europe in his prime, he placed third in the 1976 Ballon d'Or, and was a five-time winner of the Czechoslovak Footballer of the Year award, and a two-time winner of the European Goalkeeper of the Year award.
Club career
In his country, Viktor played for several clubs, including Dukla Prague, where he remained for 13 years, winning several titles.
International career
Viktor's senior national team debut came in 1966 against Brazil at the Maracanã stadium. He represented his nation at the 1970 FIFA World Cup. He was one of the brightest stars at UEFA Euro 1976, where he helped Czechoslovakia win the championship, producing notable performances and key saves against the Netherlands in the semi-final, and West Germany in the final, later being named to the team of the tournament. In the same year he came third in the European Footballer of the Year awards. In total, he made 63 international appearances between 1966 and 1977.
Coaching career
Viktor took charge of Dukla Prague for one season as manager, in the 1990–91 Czechoslovak First League. The club finished the season in 11th place.
Honours
Club
Dukla Prague
Czechoslovak First League: 1964, 1966, 1977
Czechoslovak Cup: 1965, 1966, 1969
International
Czechoslovakia
UEFA European Football Championship: 1976
Individual
Czechoslovak Footballer of the Year: 1968, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976
Ballon d'Or: Third place 1976
European Goalkeeper of the Year award: 1969, 1976
UEFA Euro Team of the Tournament: 1976
Voted 24th in Keeper of the Century – IFFHS' Century Elections.
References
External links
Profile
1976 Euro Cup win
European Keeper of the Century
1942 births
Living people
Czech footballers
Czechoslovak footballers
Association football goalkeepers
1970 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 1976 players
UEFA European Championship-winning players
Czechoslovakia international footballers
FC Zbrojovka Brno players
Dukla Prague footballers
Czech football managers
Czechoslovak football managers
Dukla Prague managers
People from Olomouc District
Sportspeople from the Olomouc Region |
5376636 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Nicolas%20D%C3%A9meunier | Jean-Nicolas Démeunier | Jean-Nicolas Démeunier (sometimes Desmeuniers) (15 March 1751 – 2 February 1814) was a French author and politician.
Biography
Démeunier was born in Nozeroy in the department of Jura. He is the author of several historical essays, political and moral, and many translations of English travel books.
He attended his studies in his home province before his literary abilities earned him the attention of the royal court. Démeunier was appointed Royal Censor and secretary to "Monsieur", the Louis XVIII, who was the brother of King Louis XVI, and the King of France after the Restoration, an event that occurred only months after Démeunier's death.
French Revolution
Supporter of the French Revolution, he was elected (16 May 1789) by the Third Estate of the city of Paris to the Estates General with 133 votes. When the conservative members of the Constitutional Committee resigned mid-September 1789, he was one of the deputies selected to replace them. He served a turn as President (22 December 1789 - 3 January 1790) of the National Assembly.
It was as a member of the Constitutional Committee that Démeunier had the biggest impact. He presented to the Assembly on behalf of the Committee a report (7 March 1791) on the need for the ministerial responsibility, and later declared support (26 August 1791) for the eligibility of the members of the royal family to hold elective office. He would also promote the organization of the jury and the Court of Cassation.
After the session, Demeunier was elected administrator of the city of Paris (7 November 1791), but he resigned immediately in protest of the election of Jerome Pétion as mayor.
He fled to the United States during the Reign of Terror.
Directory, Consulate, and Empire
Démeunier returned to France in 1796, and was candidate to the French Directory.
The first Consul appointed Démeunier (4 Nivose VIII/25 December 1799) member of the Tribunat at its inception; he became president of this assembly 2 January 1800. He was further elevated to the Sénat conservateur 28 Nivose X (18 January 1802).
He received further awards under Napoleon, named to the Legion of Honor, first as Member 9 Vendémiaire XII (2 October 1803), then as commander 25 Prairial XII (14 June 1804), and finally as Grand Officer (30 June 1811). Démeunier was established comte de l'Empire (26 April 1808).
Démeunier died months before the fall of Napoleon. He is interred in the Panthéon in Paris.
Lycée
Démeunier was particularly active in the management of the newly created Lycée of which "Monsieur", the Comte de Provence, was the principal Maecenas. This Lycée was created by combining the Musée de Paris with the Musée Scientifique—both had been created by the Société Appolonienne. The aim of these institutions was to provide good-quality education to the general public. After the return of Louis XVIII to Paris, the Lycée remained active under the name "Athénée Royal", until 1848.
Jean-Nicolas Démeunier may also be considered one of the key figures in the organisation of support for the American cause. For example, his
"L'Amérique indépendante, ou les différents constitutions de treize provinces qui se sont érigées en républiques, sous le nom d'États-Unis de l'Amérique. Avec un précis de l'histoire de chaque province, et des remarques sur les constitutions, la population, les finances et l'état dans lequel les province se trouvent actuellement" (Par Démeunier avocat et censeur royal, auteur de la partie économie politique d'Encyclopédie methodique. À Gand, chez P.F.Goessin, Imprimeur-Librairie, Rue Hauteporte. 1790)
was to be of great influence on the democratic experiments in Belgium in the few years preceding the French Revolution. (For a detailed discussion of events and relevant sources see Gorman 1925, reference below.)
The real significance of "L'Amérique indépendante..." lay in the fact that it was published as a separate volume of Démeunier's contributions to Charles Joseph Panckoucke's "Encyclopédie méthodique", which had been corrected and debated in correspondence with Thomas Jefferson.
Thomas Jefferson also was the source of "Précis historique de la révolution des États Unis d'Amérique, précédé de l'histoire de ses provinces, jusq'à l'époque de la révolution, et suivi du Manifeste ou de l'acte d'Indépendance des treize États-Unis", anonymously published in Ghent by Goessin in 1789.
Writings
L'Esprit des usages et des coutumes des différens peuples, ou observations tirées des voyageurs et des historiens (3 volumes, 1776). Réédition : J.-M. Place, Paris, 1988.
Encyclopédie méthodique. Économie politique et diplomatique, partie dédiée et présentée à monseigneur le baron de Breteuil, ministre et secrétaire d'État, &c. Par M. Démeunier, avocat, & censeur royal (4 volumes, 1784-1788)
Essai sur les États-Unis (1786).
Des Conditions nécessaires à la légalité des États-Généraux (1788).
Avis aux députés qui doivent représenter la Nation dans l'Assemblée des États-Généraux (1789).
L'Amérique indépendante, ou Les différentes constitutions des treize provinces qui se sont érigées en républiques sous le nom d'États-Unis de l'Amérique. Avec un précis de l'histoire de chaque province, & des remarques sur les constitutions, la population, les finances & l'état dans lequel les provinces se trouvent actuellement (1790).
References
Daniel Ligou ed., Dictionnaire de la franc-maçonnerie (Paris : Presses universitaires de France, 1987).
Roger Hahn, The anatomy of a scientific institution: The Paris Academy of Sciences, 1666-1803 (Berkeley : University of California Press, 1971).
Howard C. Rice Jr., Thomas Jefferson's Paris (Princeton : Princeton University Press, 1976).
Thomas Kiely Gorman, America and Belgium: a study of the influence of the United States upon the Belgian Revolution of 1789-1790 (London : T. F. Unwin, [1925]).
External links
Jefferson to Démeunier
Démeunier: L'Esprit des Usages et Coutumes des differents peuples (French text)
1751 births
1814 deaths
18th-century French writers
18th-century French male writers
18th-century French politicians
Members of the Sénat conservateur
Les Neuf Sœurs
Burials at the Panthéon, Paris
Encyclopedists |
5376637 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotoshop | Rotoshop | Rotoshop is a proprietary graphics editing program created by Bob Sabiston.
Rotoshop uses an animation technique called interpolated rotoscoping, which has been used in Richard Linklater's films Waking Life and A Scanner Darkly, as well as the Talk to Chuck advertising campaign for Charles Schwab. The name is a play on Photoshop, a photo editing program from Adobe. The software is not currently available for use outside Flat Black Films, the developer of Rotoshop.
Aims
The software was developed to allow the user to create animation using techniques reminiscent of hand-drawn animation, yet preserving nuanced expressions and gestures that would not generally appear using traditional animation methods.
Use
Interpolation
Like Fantavision and Adobe Flash, Rotoshop allows for interpolation between keyframes. Once the artist has drawn key frames at the start and end of a time period, the program automatically generates intermediate frames. It is a simple form of "automatic tweening." Interpolated lines and shapes have a very smooth, fluid motion that is extremely difficult to achieve by hand-drawing each line.
Freezing
In order to manage different objects in the scene, the user can break the drawing into layers. A layer can be "frozen" so that a single drawing remains visible throughout the entire scene. This feature is necessary for backgrounds and other things that do not change shape through time. This frees the user from having to draw the same image for every frame in the sequence.
References
External links
Flat Black Films
Rotoshop Feature at TechTV Vault
Animation software |
5376643 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presley%20T.%20Glass | Presley T. Glass | Presley Thornton Glass (October 18, 1824 – October 9, 1902) was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives for the 9th congressional district of Tennessee.
Biography
Glass was born on October 18, 1824 in Houston, Virginia in Halifax County son of Dudley and Nancy Carr Glass. In 1828, he moved with his parents to Weakley County, Tennessee where he attended Dresden Academy. He was elected colonel of militia when he was eighteen years of age. He studied law, attended one course at Lexington (Kentucky) Law School. He married Sarah C. Partee on December 20, 1848. They had two children, Hiram D. and James Nelson.
Career
Glass was admitted to the bar in 1847 and commenced practice in Ripley, Tennessee. He served in the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1848 and again in 1882.
During the Civil War, Glass served as commissary with the rank of major in the Confederate service.
Elected as a Democrat to the Forty-ninth and Fiftieth Congresses, Glass served from March 4, 1885 to March 3, 1889. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1888.
Death
Glass died in Ripley, Tennessee on October 9, 1902 (77 years, 356 days). He is interred at Maplewood Cemetery.
References
External links
Members of the Tennessee House of Representatives
1824 births
1902 deaths
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee
19th-century American politicians
People from Halifax, Virginia
People from Ripley, Tennessee |
5376648 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanling%20Environmental%20Resource%20Centre | Fanling Environmental Resource Centre | Fanling Environmental Resource Centre () was a resource center under the management of the Environmental Protection Department of the Government of Hong Kong. It was located in Wo Mun Street, Luen Wo Hui, Fanling, New Territories, Hong Kong.
This was the third Environmental Resource Centre managed by the Environmental Protection Department. It was also the biggest of the three Centres.
There was an exhibition hall, a library, a conference room and a lecture room in the Resource Centre.
Fanling Environmental Resource Centre was closed in 2020.
Exhibition Hall
There were eight display zones in the exhibition.
Clean Air for You and Me
World of Silence
Reduce Waste, Start from Me
Protect Our Water Resources
Environmental Planning & Assessment
Community Education Interactive Station
Enforcement
Global Environmental Issues
The above display zones were to exhibit the problems and the solution of various kinds of pollutions.
Opening Hours
Closed in 2020.
See also
Wan Chai Environmental Resource Centre
Tsuen Wan Environmental Resource Centre
External links
Fanling Environmental Resource Centre
Museums in Hong Kong
Fanling
Science museums in Hong Kong
Nature centres in Hong Kong |
5376657 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cs%C3%A1kv%C3%A1r | Csákvár | Csákvár is a town in Fejér county, Hungary.
See also
Csák family
References
External links
in Hungarian
Csákvár Fire Department
Csákvári TK – Football club
Populated places in Fejér County
Esterházy family |
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