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4040499 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20%28Crystal%20Gayle%20album%29 | Crystal (Crystal Gayle album) | Crystal is the third album by Crystal Gayle, and rose to the number 7 spot on the Billboard Country Albums chart. It was released on August 6, 1976. It contained four charting singles, including two number 1 hits: "You Never Miss a Real Good Thing (Till He Says Goodbye)" and "Ready for the Times to Get Better." Another single, "I'll Do It All Over Again," just barely missed being the third chart-topper, stalling out at number 2, while "One More Time (Karneval)" could only rise to number 31.
Track listing
Personnel
Crystal Gayle – vocals
Chris Leuzinger, Jimmy Colvard - electric guitar
Allen Reynolds, David Kirby, Garth Fundis, Jimmy Colvard - acoustic guitar
Lloyd Green - steel guitar, resonator guitar
Buddy Spicher - fiddle
Joe Allen - bass
Bobby Wood - keyboards
Charles Cochran - keyboards, string and horn arrangements
Jimmy Isbell - drums, percussion
Allen Reynolds, Garth Fundis, Sandy Mason, Crystal Gayle - backing vocals
Billy Puett, Dennis Good, Don Sheffield - horns
Carl Gorodetzky, Gary Vanosdale, George Binkley III, Lennie Haight, Marvin Chantry, Roy Christensen, Sheldon Kurland - strings
The Trolley Car Band - special effects
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
Crystal Gayle albums
1976 albums
Albums produced by Allen Reynolds
United Artists Records albums |
5376661 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Fincham | John Fincham | John Robert Stanley Fincham FRS FRSE (11 August 1926 – 9 February 2005) was a noted British geneticist who made important contributions to biochemical genetics and microbial genetics.
Education and personal life
Fincham was educated at Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he read Natural Sciences. He earned his PhD in the Botany School at Cambridge and then did a year's postgraduate research at the California Institute of Technology with Sterling Emerson (whose daughter Ann he married).
Career and research
Fincham laboratory was among the first to demonstrate "intragenic complementation" through finding "pseudowild" progeny from am1 × am2 crosses. He obtained the first direct evidence for the "one gene-one enzyme" hypothesis, using mutants of Neurospora crassa deficient in a specific enzyme called glutamate dehydrogenase.
Fincham was appointed first as lecturer in botany (1950–1954) and then as reader (1954–1960) at University of Leicester. A year as an associate professor in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology preceded his appointment as head of the Genetics Division of the John Innes Centre (JIC) in 1961. Fincham's appointment at the JIC is an acknowledgement that much really progressive work in biology is now done with microorganisms and is a strategic move by K.S. Dodds to give JIC leadership in the field. During his time at the John Innes Centre, his treatise with Peter Day, the first edition of Fungal Genetics (1963) was released. The book gathered existing knowledge of basic biology, recombination, tetrad analysis, mating systems, and extranuclear inheritance together with a single chapter on biochemical genetics, which provided a common background to a growing community of scientists.
He remained at the John Innes until 1966, when he was appointed as professor and head of the newly established Department of Genetics at University of Leeds. In 1976, John was appointed to the Buchanan Chair of Genetics in Edinburgh and was head of the Department of Genetics until 1984.
Fincham was the Arthur Balfour Professor of Genetics at the University of Cambridge between 1984 and 1991. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1969 and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1978. He was president of the Genetics society from 1978 to 1981. In 1977 he was
awarded the Emil Christian Hansen Medal for his contribution to research into fungi.
References
1926 births
2005 deaths
People from Southgate, London
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge
Arthur Balfour Professors of Genetics
English geneticists
British mycologists |
5376668 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnagain%20Island%20%28Queensland%29 | Turnagain Island (Queensland) | Turnagain, also called Buru Island, is an island of the Western Islands region of the Torres Strait Islands archipelago, located in the northern section of Torres Strait, Queensland, Australia. Turnagain is located within the Torres Strait Island Region Local government area.
Geography
The island is located approximately south of the Western Province of Papua New Guinea. Turnagain is in length and up to wide. Its area of is heavily wooded. It is uninhabited and is the shape of an elongated teardrop.
See also
List of Torres Strait Islands
References
External links
DFAT website
Australian Treaty Series 1985 No 4
Torres Strait Islands
Torres Strait Island Region |
5376671 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cs%C3%B3kak%C5%91 | Csókakő | Csókakő is a village in Fejér county, Hungary.
External links
Populated places in Fejér County |
5376678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%20Bookmarks | Google Bookmarks | Google Bookmarks is a discontinued online bookmarking service from Google, launched on October 10, 2005. It was an early cloud-based service that allowed users to bookmark webpages and add labels or notes. The service never became widely adopted by Google users.
Users could securely access their bookmarks on any device by signing into their Google Account. The online service was designed to store a single user's bookmarks as opposed to social and enterprise online bookmarking services that encouraged sharing bookmarks. The bookmarks were searchable, and searches were performed on the full text of the bookmark; including page title, labels and notes.
Additionally, a simple bookmarklet (JavaScript function) labeled Google Bookmark was at the bottom of the Google Bookmarks page which could be dragged to the toolbar of any browser to make bookmarking more convenient. This opened a window which simplified the process to save the bookmark to Google Bookmarks and add notes and labels.
The service was discontinued on September 30, 2021.
See also
Bookmark (World Wide Web)
Comparison of enterprise bookmarking platforms
Social bookmarking
List of social bookmarking websites
References
External links
Bookmarks
Online bookmarking services
Internet properties established in 2005
Internet properties disestablished in 2021 |
5376680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislav%20V%C3%ADzek | Ladislav Vízek | Ladislav Vízek (born 22 January 1955 in Chlumec nad Cidlinou) is a Czech football player. He played 55 matches for Czechoslovakia and scored 13 goals.
He played in the 1982 FIFA World Cup, and was sent off in Czechoslovakia's final game, a 1–1 draw with France in Valladolid.
He was a member of the gold Czechoslovakia team at the 1980 Olympic Games and the third-placed team at 1980 UEFA European Championship.
At club level, he played for Dukla Prague for many years.
Trivia
Vízek's daughter Pavlína married another Czech football player, Vladimír Šmicer, in 1996.
References
1955 births
Living people
People from Chlumec nad Cidlinou
Czech footballers
Czechoslovak footballers
Czechoslovakia international footballers
Footballers at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers of Czechoslovakia
Olympic gold medalists for Czechoslovakia
UEFA Euro 1980 players
1982 FIFA World Cup players
Dukla Prague footballers
Le Havre AC players
Ligue 1 players
Czechoslovak expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in France
Olympic medalists in football
Czechoslovak expatriate sportspeople in France
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Association football forwards
Sportspeople from the Hradec Králové Region |
4040502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Erwin | Mike Erwin | Mike Erwin (born August 31, 1978) sometimes credited as Michael Erwin, is an American actor who is best known for playing Colin Hart from 2002 to 2006 in the WB television series Everwood.
Early life
Erwin was born in Dalton, Georgia, on August 31, 1978. He graduated from James Martin High School.
Career
He has been more widely heard as the voice of Jak in the Jak and Daxter series from Jak II onward except in the case of Jak and Daxter: The Lost Frontier and PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale. He is the voice of Speedy in Teen Titans. He has been a guest star on many TV shows and has also appeared in film.
Filmography
Film
Television
Video games
References
External links
1978 births
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American male video game actors
Living people
People from Dalton, Georgia
Male actors from Georgia (U.S. state)
21st-century American male actors |
5376687 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chery%20V5 | Chery V5 | The Chery V5, also known as Eastar Cross, is a compact MPV produced by the Chinese manufacturer Chery Automobile from June 2006 to 2015.
History
The Chery V5 or Eastar Cross was originally revealed at the Beijing Motor Show in 2004 by Chinese manufacturer Chery, the original Eastar Cross is built on the same platform as the second generation Chery Eastar and served as the estate version of the Eastar mid-size sedan. Chery unveiled their updated V5 at the Hangzhou Motor Show on June 5, 2015. The V5 is a crossover combining estate with MPV and seats up to seven, and is rebadged and sold as the Rely V5 in China and Chery Destiny in certain foreign markets.
Malaysia
The Chery V5 was first introduced in Malaysia on 2 July 2006. It came with a 2.0 liter petrol engine and was called the Chery B14.
A locally assembled version was launched on 3 September 2008 and was sold as the Chery Eastar. Unlike the earlier version, this model came with a 2.4 liter SOHC Mitsubishi long-stroke engine producing at 5,500 rpm and of torque at 3,000 rpm. It is mated to a 4-speed automatic transmission with manual shifting. It came with 1 year free service (for the first 1,000 units sold) and a 3+2 year warranty.
Later, while opening a 3S center in Section 13, Petaling Jaya, they launched a version called the "ST". It added a new grille, LED running lights, a bodykit as well as some improvements to the interior material and trim. The vehicle, available only in a red exterior shade, went for RM96,888 on-the-road. June 2013 saw Chery Malaysia launch the Eastar XT.
References
External links
Official website of the V5 (Eastar Cross)
Chery V5 (Eastar) Review
V5
Minivans
Compact MPVs
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars introduced in 2006
Cars of China
2010s cars |
4040527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Riche | Edward Riche | Edward Riche (born October 24, 1961) is a Canadian writer. He lives in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador.
Background
Riche was born in Botwood, Newfoundland. For three years he attended Memorial University, and then transferred to Concordia University, Montreal to study film. He graduated in 1984 with a Bachelor of Fine Art in Film production. Riche then returned to St. John's, Newfoundland and worked producing industrial and training films. Finally, he settled down to write for radio television, film, plays and other literature.
Achievements and works
Riche had occasionally performed for the radio, which sparked an interest in co-creating and writing for The Great Eastern. Which received the CBC Vice-President's Award and a Writers Guild of Canada Award. For his other radio works, The Book I Never Wrote, and, A Plane With One Wing, he received the National Radio Award in 1989 and the Atlantic Journalism Award in 1990. He was also a finalist for the 2007 Writers Guild Awards for his piece called, Early Newfoundland Errors. Riche has also written two screenplays for the Canadian television series Life with Derek and The Boys of St. Vincent. Riche also contributes to documentary projects for CTV and the National Film Board of Canada.
Riche also wrote plays, movies, and television series. In 1997, he had his first novel Rare Birds published, His second book, The Nine Planets, was published in 2004 and won the 2005 Thomas Head Raddall Award. He wrote the screenplay adaptation of his novel Rare Birds. The 2001 movie version of the same name starred William Hurt and Molly Parker. Riche has also written scripts for the television comedies Made in Canada (for which he won two Canadian Screenwriters Awards) and Dooley Gardens.
Inspiration
Edward Riche got the inspiration for his novel, The Nine Planets, and
"happened to be reading a book (I cannot remember the title) that discussed, among many things, the relationship of Kepler and Tycho Brahe. Nearly simultaneously to this, on the occasion of some relative’s passing, I wondered to my brother John about the family roots."
Overall, the framework for the novel derives from storytelling and, "all that architecture is, I hope, invisible to the reader."
Novels
Rare Birds follows the life of a Newfoundlander, Dave Purcell, who starts up a restaurant after a job loss in the fishing industry. With help from his friend, Phonse, a rumour is started about a rare bird, which gets the business running again.
In The Nine Planets Riche's main protagonist, Marty Devereaux, dislikes everyone and everything. Marty is a principal at a private school and is on a quest to discover a new brand of education from the global market. On top of meeting new people and discovering a new sense of self, Marty is forced to relate with his niece even though he dislikes teenagers.
Film and television screen plays
Made in Canada: Episode Biopic
Made in Canada: People of the Earth
Made in Canada: Private Sector
Secret Nation
Life with Derek
Boys of St. Vincent
Theatre plays
Possible Maps
List of Lights
To Be Loved
Articles
Summer Fiction Parts 1-5- The Globe and Mail
Not So Natural- The Globe and Mail
Bibliography
Rare Birds - 2001
The Nine Planets - 2004
Easy to Like - 2011
Today I Learned It Was You - 2016
References
External links
Living people
1961 births
Canadian male novelists
Canadian television writers
Writers from Newfoundland and Labrador
Canadian male screenwriters
People from Botwood
Cinema of Newfoundland and Labrador
Canadian male television writers
21st-century Canadian novelists
21st-century Canadian male writers
21st-century Canadian screenwriters |
5376691 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cs%C3%A1kber%C3%A9ny | Csákberény | Csákberény is a village in Fejér county, Hungary.
Some outdoor scenes for The Witcher (TV series), particularly the fictional Battle of Marnadal, were filmed in the hills of this village.
References
External links
The Allure of Lakeside Hungary – The New York Times
Populated places in Fejér County |
4040528 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading%20Snakeoil%20for%20Wolftickets | Trading Snakeoil for Wolftickets | Trading Snakeoil for Wolftickets is the second studio album by Gary Jules on the Sanctuary Records label. Despite the year of release, it took three years to chart in both the UK and USA, eventually reaching the UK Top 40 and Billboard 200 in 2004. The popular Tears for Fears cover "Mad World," which was featured on the Donnie Darko soundtrack and in the Gears of War trailer, is on the album.
Track listing
Personnel
Gary Jules – vocals, guitars, mandolin, harmonica
Michael Andrews – guitars, bass, vocals, piano, keyboards, melodica, drums, percussion
Sarah Brysk – vocals
Robert Walter – piano
Al Sgro – vocals
George Sluppick – drums (tracks 2 and 9)
Matt Lynott – drums (tracks 1 and 11)
Chart performance
References
External links
Lyrics for Gary Jules Songs (Songmeanings.net)
2001 albums
Gary Jules albums
Sanctuary Records albums |
4040563 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeni%20%28archaeological%20site%29 | Armeni (archaeological site) | Armeni is the archaeological site of an ancient Minoan cemetery on Crete, roughly eight kilometers south of the modern town of Rethymnon.
Site
Armeni has been under excavation since 1969 by Dr. Yiannis Tzedakis. Over 200 chamber tombs and one tholos tomb have been found. All date to the Late Minoan era.
The chambers are approached by entrance passages, or dromos, which start at ground level and descend to the entrance of the tomb. The tombs are not identical, with some having ramps while others have stairs. The walls of the dromos have been cut in such a way that they are closer to each other at the top than they are at the bottom, probably to help bear the weight of the earth above. The entrances were originally covered by a large stone, which is usually still next to the entrance. Several of the larger tombs have a pillar in the center of the chamber. One tomb's walls are lined with stone benches cut directly from the rock.
Artifacts
Artifacts from the chamber tombs include seal stones, jewelry, bronze tools, stone vases, bronze vessels and pottery. Clay larnakes, a type of small coffin, painted with double axes, hunting scenes, and Horns of Consecration were also excavated. These artifacts can be found at the Archaeological Museum of Chania and the Rethymno Museum.
Over 500 skeletons have been excavated, yielding useful information about the diet of the Minoan people in this area. They ate high carbohydrate diets but not much meat.
Tourism
The site is open to tourists, including entrance into several of the main rock-cut tombs. Automatic lighting has been installed. There is an entrance fee of €3.
References
Swindale, Ian "Armeni" Retrieved 11 May 2013.
Myers, J.W., Myers, E.E. and Cadogan, G. "Achladia" The Aerial Atlas of Ancient Crete
L. Godart and Y. Tzedakis: ‘Temoignages archéologiques et épigraphiques en Crète occidentale du Néolithique au Minoen Récent III B’ Incunabula Graeca 93 (1992)
External links
http://www.minoancrete.com/armeni.htm Photos and video of the site. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
Rethymno (regional unit)
Minoan sites in Crete
Ancient cemeteries in Greece
Rock-cut tombs |
5376693 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azazel%20%28Asimov%29 | Azazel (Asimov) | Azazel is a character created by Isaac Asimov and featured in a series of fantasy short stories. Azazel is a two-centimeter-tall demon (or extraterrestrial), named after the Biblical demon.
Some of these stories were collected in Azazel, first published in 1988. The stories take the form of conversations between an unnamed writer (whom Asimov identifies in the collection introduction as himself) and a shiftless friend named George (named in "The Two-Centimeter Demon" as George Bitternut). At these meetings George tells how he is able to conjure up Azazel and their adventures together. George's greatest goal in life is a free lunch (or dinner, or ride, etc.), but Azazel is constrained so that he cannot directly benefit George. George can only call upon Azazel for favors to various friends, which invariably go awry. The stories' theme about a demon or alien that grants wishes echoes an earlier work by Lester del Rey, titled "No Strings Attached" from 1954.
"Getting Even" (1980) was the first story featuring Azazel, and was also the first "Union Club Mystery". Asimov stated that this story was omitted from both The Union Club Mysteries (1983) and the Azazel collection because it did not match the later stories in either series. However, it does appear in another anthology, Tales from the Spaceport Bar.
"Perfectly Formal" (1991) was a story within a story, purportedly written by a robot called Cal. It appeared in a story (also called "Cal") about a robot who learns to write stories. "Cal" appeared in the collection Gold.
Short story collection
The introduction of this book describes how Asimov came to create Azazel, with an explanation about how the stories and book came to be published. Stories included are:
"The Two-Centimeter Demon" – Written to introduce this collection, this story describes how the writer and George first met, and supplies information about Azazel. The tale is of George's goddaughter, in love with a mediocre basketball player. Azazel is asked to improve his game.
"One Night of Song" – A man asks revenge on mistress who cruelly dumped him - by giving her one night performing with a perfect voice.
"The Smile That Loses" – A woman asks George to capture her husband's radiantly happy smile in a photograph.
"To the Victor" – A young man is unsuccessful with women, so Azazel boosts his pheromones.
"The Dim Rumble" – A speleologist informs George that he has discovered a sound amplifier underground which, when disturbed, caused rumbles all over the world.
"Saving Humanity" – A man wishes to be cured of being a jinx - but also wants, as compensation, to be able to save humanity.
"A Matter of Principle" – An advertising man wants to write novels, but is unable to get past the first paragraph. George hopes to enrich himself with a share of the man's profit as a novelist.
"The Evil Drink Does" – A beautiful but forceful girl wants to get close to a man but can't overcome her inhibitions, and is extremely sensitive to alcohol.
"Writing Time" – An author is exasperated by the amount of time he must spend waiting everywhere he goes.
"Dashing Through the Snow" – In order to stay at a friend's country retreat during the winter, George arranges for him to be able to fly over snow.
"Logic Is Logic" – An idle rich man loves his snobbish club but makes no friends there, so Azazel gives him the ability to tell jokes.
"He Travels the Fastest" – George's former lover marries a rich man, but he is miserly and will not take her abroad. Azazel gives him the urge to travel.
"The Eye of the Beholder" – Two homely people fall in love and marry each other, but then the girl wishes she could be beautiful for him.
"More Things in Heaven and Earth" – An economist wants to accept a new position, but each person in the post has survived a shorter time period.
"The Mind's Construction" – A young detective believes any story a suspect tells him.
"The Fights of Spring" – An old friend's son at college is actually studying instead of the usual youthful pursuits. George arranges for the 97-pound weakling to beat the college bully.
"Galatea" – A young sculptress is in love with a male statue she has created.
"Flight of Fancy" – A skeptic argues with believers about the Bible, but what he really wants is to fly like an angel.
List of stories
Most of the Azazel stories originally appeared in magazines, such as Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine, The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact, and Gallery. Besides the Azazel collection, a number of the stories featuring George and Azazel appear in other Asimov collections including The Winds of Change and Other Stories, Science Fiction by Asimov, The Asimov Chronicles, Magic, and as part of the "Cal" story in the Gold collection.
Sources
Asimovonline.com
Introduction to Azazel collection by Isaac Asimov
I. Asimov: A Memoir by Isaac Asimov, chapter 148
"Isaac Asimov’s short fiction (by category)" listing by John H. Jenkins
Notes
Science fiction short story collections by Isaac Asimov
1988 short story collections
Doubleday (publisher) books |
4040564 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz%20Reinhardt | Fritz Reinhardt | Friedrich Rudolph (Fritz) Reinhardt (3 April 1895 – 17 June 1969) was an official in the Nazi Party (NSDAP) and in the government of the Third Reich, most notably, State Secretary in the German Finance Ministry.
Early life
The son of a bookbinder, Reinhardt was born in Ilmenau. He was educated in Ilmenau through high school, studied trade and commerce, and worked in business in Germany and abroad. At the outbreak of World War I Reinhardt was in Riga, Livonia, and was interned by Russian forces. He ended up spending the war years in an internment camp in Siberia as an enemy alien, only returning to Germany in 1918. In 1919, he became the headmaster at the Thuringian Commercial School (Thüringische Handelsschule), and the head of the Academy for Economics and Taxation. From 1922, he worked as a tax administrator at the Thuringian State Finance Office. In 1924, he founded the first German Correspondence Trade School (Fernhandelschule) and became its Director.
Nazi Party career
Reinhardt was a member of the Deutsch-Volkischen Bund, a right-wing nationalist organization, and in 1923 he joined the Nazi Party before it was banned in the aftermath of the Beer Hall Putsch. Rejoining the newly refounded Party on 23 October 1925 (membership number 45,959) Reinhardt quickly established a career with his talent for speaking and his knowledge of economic and taxation systems. In 1926, he became the Ortsgruppenleiter (Local Group Leader) in Herrsching, in 1927 the Bezirksleiter (District Leader) in Upper Bavaria-South, and on 1 June 1928 he was named Gauleiter of Upper Bavaria-Swabia. On 1 October, the Gau was redesignated Upper Bavaria when Swabia became a separate Gau under Karl Wahl. In 1928 Reinhardt established the Correspondence Courses for Party Speakers at the Fernhandelschule. From 1929 to 1933, Reinhardt was the leader of the Rednerschule, the Nazi's official training school for Party speakers in Herrsching, and some 6000 party members eventually received propagandistic training there.
In September 1930, Reinhardt became a member of the Reichstag for electoral constituency 24 (Upper Bavaria-Swabia). He took on the leading role in the NSDAP in financial issues, serving as the head of the Nazi Party faction on the budget committee and the Reich debt committee in the Reichstag. On 1 November 1930, he resigned as Gauleiter of Upper Bavaria due to his other increasing workloads and was succeeded by Adolf Wagner. From 27 April 1930 to 9 December 1932, Reinhardt was a department head in the Reichspropagandaleiter II office in the Party’s national leadership offices at the Brown House in Munich. From 1931 to June 1932 he also worked in the Reich Organization Department II on the staff of Deputy Führer Rudolf Hess. In these years, he served as the chief economic representative of the Party leadership as a member of its National Economic Council. In March 1933 he became the First Deputy Chairman of the Reichstag Budget Committee.
Reinhardt was also a member of the Sturmabteilung, the Nazi paramilitary organization. In November 1933, he became an SA-Gruppenführer. On 11 November 1937, he was promoted to SA-Obergruppenführer.
State Secretary
On 1 April 1933, after the Nazi assumption of power, and due to Adolf Hitler's intervention, Reinhardt became State Secretary in the Reich Ministry of Finance under Johann Ludwig Graf Schwerin von Krosigk succeeding Arthur Zarden, whose incumbency violated Nazi policy, as he was Jewish. Reinhardt would hold this powerful position right through to the end of the regime in 1945. At its inaugural meeting on 3 October 1933, Reinhardt became a member of the Academy for German Law and on 17 November was made a member of its präsidium (standing committee) as well as Chairman of its Committee for Finance and Tax Law. From 1936 to 1942, he was also a member of the General Council of the Four Year Plan.
Reinhardt could count on the Nazi Party's and Hitler's backing, which was why he held such an influential position from the outset. Reinhardt made the decisions as to taxation. Under him were the Tax and Customs School – set up by him in 1935 – and the Zollgrenzschutz ("Customs Service"). It was one of the components of the programs aimed at reducing unemployment, which collectively were also known as the Reinhardt Program. It is held by some, particularly German, historians that Reinhardt gave his name also to Operation Reinhard, although broader understanding especially after its termination has associated that program's name with Reinhard Heydrich, first head of the RSHA. The confusion stemmed from the fact that Heydrich had spelled his first name both Reinhard and Reinhardt throughout the 1930s during his career in the SS.
Section 1 (§1) of the Tax Reconciliation Act (Steueranpassungsgesetz) of October 1934 traces to Reinhardt. This law implemented the Nazi Weltanschauung. It obviated numerous, detailed changes to the individual regulations and implemented the Nazi ideology in one stroke. In the time that followed, a whole series of further regulations and decisions against Jews bore Reinhardt's signature, for instance, 1942's statement on stolen gold from dispossessed and murdered Jews.
He was publisher of the Deutsche Steuerzeitung ("German Tax Newspaper") from 1934 to 1945 which, along with all his other publications, he made required reading for all finance officials.
Denazification
Reinhardt was captured by the Allies in May 1945, and on 17 June 1949 he was classified as a Hauptschuldiger (literally "main culprit") at a Denazification proceeding, and sentenced to four years in labour prison. In an appeal proceeding late in 1949, the sentence was upheld, but the penalty reduced to three years. By late 1950 the sentence was definitively confirmed, but Reinhardt's time in custody was to be counted towards his penalty, which led to his immediate release.
In the court proceedings, Reinhardt defended himself as a financial expert who was limited to Reich finances, who mitigated penalties inflicted on Jews, and otherwise had to bend to other ministries' decisions.
Last years
Reinhardt worked as a tax adviser in West Germany, but otherwise was not to be seen in public life and died in Regensburg in 1969. His son Dr. Klaus Reinhardt became a general in the Bundeswehr.
See also
Reinhardt's fund
References
Selected bibliography
Die Herrschaft der Börse, 1927
Buchführung, Bilanz und Steuer: Lehr und Nachschlagwerk, 1936
Was geschieht mit unserem Geld?, 1942
Mehrwertsteuer-Dienst: Kommentar zum Umsatzsteuergesetz, 1967
External links
1865 births
1969 deaths
Gauleiters
German newspaper editors
German people of World War II
Holocaust perpetrators
Members of the Academy for German Law
Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany
Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic
Nazi Party officials
Nazi Party politicians
Nazi propagandists
Nazis convicted of crimes
Operation Reinhard
People from Ilmenau
People from Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Recipients of the Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross
Sturmabteilung officers
World War I civilian prisoners |
5376703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rukmangada | Rukmangada | Rukmangada or Rukmangad is the name of a mythological king in the Hindu sacred books. He was a great devotee of Vishnu.
Legend
Rukmangada in mythology is looked upon as synonymous with performing his duties as a pious king. He was happily married to Sandhyavali and the couple had a small son named Dharmangada or Dharmangad. As a devotee of Vishnu, Rukmangada is very particular about observing the Ekadasi (the 11th day of every lunar fortnight), which is sacred to Vishnu, as a day of fasting, prayer, and abstinence.
The Gods decide to test Rukmangada faith. They sent Mohini, an apsara or celestial enchantress, to beguile Rukmangada. Mohini succeeds in her mission; upon first sight, the king is utterly bewitched by her beauty. A courtship ensues and Mohini extracts promises from the king to the effect that she will stay with him only as long as he grants her every wish and never thwarts her in anything. In particular, the promise is given that since Rukmangada is ardently seeking Mohini's favor today, he must never rebuff her when she makes advances to him in the future. Under these conditions, Mohini becomes Rukmangada unlawful lover. The virtuous Sandhyavali swallows her pride and receives Mohini into the palace.
On the day of Ekadasi, the time to test Rukmangada devotion to Vishnu is at hand. As usual, Rukmangada takes a ritual bath, anoints himself with the Kumkuma-chandanam (vermilion and sandalwood) pastes sacred to Vishnu, and sits down to his pooja before the idol of Vishnu, to spend the day in prayer, meditation, and fasting. Mohini chooses this time to approach Rugmangada and caress him. He rebuffs her with a reproach about the untimeliness of the advance. Mohini declares herself offended, reminds him of his promise, and demands its immediate fulfillment: Rukmangada must accompany her to the inner chambers immediately. Rukmangada is horrified, and words are exchanged; Mohini accuses Rukmangada of having beguiled her and ruined her virtue without being actually in love with her. There is nothing worse than a chaste woman can suffer. In losing her virtue she has lost everything that was precious to her. What reparation is possible? What penalty can even approach the magnitude of her loss? What one thing was dearest to Rukmangada? His son! Mohini presents Rukmangada with a horrific ultimatum: she will release him from his promise and leave his kingdom forever, but only if Rukmangada slays his only child, Dharmangada, as penance for ruining her.
After much mental agony, Rukmangada decides that he would rather kill his son than break the observance of Ekadasi and thus compromise his devotions to Vishnu. The distraught but unwaveringly devoted Sandhyavali acquiesces to this decision. Rukmangada raises his sword. Just as he is about to strike off his son's head, Vishnu appears before them, pleased. Vishnu reveals that Mohini is an apsara, sent to test Rukmangada's devotion, a test which he has passed. Dharmangada is crowned king. Vishnu takes Rukmangada and his pious wife Sandhyavali away to his heavenly abode, Vaikuntha. Thus King Rukumangada is famous for performing his devoted Ekadasi Vrata at the cost of his dear son also.
Related legend
King Rukmangada once visited the ashram of Rishi Vachaknavi. Here he met Mukunda, the wife of an ascetic. Mukunda was attracted to the king but he spurned her. A dejected Mukunda cursed Rukmangada that he be stricken by leprosy. Later, Rukmangada's leprosy was cured by bathing at the Kadamba pond.
Lord Indra had been attracted by Mukunda's beauty. Taking advantage of her attraction for Rukmangada, Indra approached Mukunda disguised as Rukmangada. Taken in by the ruse, her vanity flattered by the apparent succumbing of the man who had spurned her, Mukunda compromised herself. Their union led to the birth of a son whom she named Gruthsmadh. In due course, Gruthsmadh grew up and came to know about the events leading to his birth. He berated his mother and retired to the Bhadraka forest for meditation. This forest is today called Mahad. Gruthsmadh prayed to Lord Vinayaka to purge him of the sin that his birth entailed, and his wish was granted. The place where Lord Vinayaka appeared before Gruthsmadh to grant this boon is the site of the Varadavinayaka temple.
References
Characters in Hindu mythology |
4040566 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room%20101%20%28radio%20series%29 | Room 101 (radio series) | Room 101 is a radio comedy series that ran from 1992 to 1994 on BBC Radio 5, before transferring to BBC television. Hosted by Nick Hancock, it was an alternative to the more established and formal Desert Island Discs. Celebrities were invited to discuss their "least favourite people, places and pop songs" in order to have them consigned to Room 101.
Episode guide
Series One 1992 (six programmes)
Paul Merton (9 January 1992)
Jenny Eclair (16 January 1992)
Danny Baker (23 January 1992)
Arthur Smith (30 January 1992)
Steve Punt (6 February 1992)
Annie Nightingale (13 February 1992)
Series Two 1992 (eight programmes)
Ian Hislop (14 August 1992)
Jo Brand (21 August 1992)
Tony Slattery (28 August 1992)
John Walters (4 September 1992)
Helen Lederer (11 September 1992)
David Baddiel (18 September 1992)
Stephen Frost (25 September 1992)
Donna McPhail (2 October 1992)
Christmas Special 1992
Nick Hancock (22 December 1992) - Guest host Danny Baker
Series Three 1993 (eight programmes)
Frank Skinner (27 August 1993)
Trevor and Simon (3 September 1993)
Caroline Quentin (10 September 1993)
Tony Hawks (17 September 1993)
Rory McGrath (8 October 1993)
Kevin Day (15 October 1993)
Maria McErlane (22 October 1993)
Mark Lamarr (29 October 1993)
Series Four 1994 (four programmes)
Nick Revell (4 March 1994)
Simon Delaney (11 March 1994)
Chris England (18 March 1994)
Andy Hamilton (25 March 1994)
Title
The title refers to the room in George Orwell's 1949 novel Nineteen Eighty-Four which, for each person, represents the worst fear they can imagine. Appropriately, this is supposedly named after a conference room at BBC Broadcasting House where Orwell used to sit through tedious meetings.
See also
Room 101 (British TV series)
External links
Radio Ha Ha entry for Room 101
Room 101
Radio programs adapted into television shows
1992 radio programme debuts
1994 radio programme endings
Works based on Nineteen Eighty-Four |
4040569 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeni | Armeni | Armeni can refer to:
Armenoi, a village in Chania regional unit, Crete, Greece
Armenoi, Rethymno, a village in Rethymno regional unit, Crete, Greece
Armeni, a village in Loamneș Commune, Sibiu County, Romania
Armeni, a village in Slobozia Ciorăști Commune, Vrancea County, Romania
Armeni (archaeological site), an ancient Minoan cemetery on Crete
Silvia Armeni is an Italian-born Canadian wildlife artist
See also
Armenia |
4040589 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20File%20on%20Thelma%20Jordon | The File on Thelma Jordon | The File on Thelma Jordon is a 1950 American film noir drama film directed by Robert Siodmak and starring Barbara Stanwyck and Wendell Corey. The screenplay by Ketti Frings, based on an unpublished short story by Marty Holland, concerns a woman who pretends to fall in love with an assistant district attorney and uses him to acquit her of the murder of her elderly aunt.
Plot
Thelma Jordon shows up late one night in the office of the district attorney to report a series of attempted burglaries at her Aunt Vera's home. The district attorney, Miles Scott, is out, but she meets the assistant district attorney, Cleve Marshall, a married man, who would rather get drunk than go home. He asks her to join him for a drink and she agrees. Before Cleve can stop himself, he and Thelma are involved in a love affair. But Thelma is a mysterious woman, and Cleve can't help wondering if she is hiding something.
When her rich aunt is found shot dead, Thelma calls Cleve rather than the police, and he helps her cover up evidence that may incriminate her, but he believes her story that an intruder killed the aunt. When the district attorney arrests Thelma as the prime suspect, Cleve is in a unique position to help her due to his job. He arranges to prosecute the case and persuades the jury that a "reasonable doubt" exists due to evidence of an elusive "Mr X" (which he believes is Thelma's estranged husband). Thelma is acquitted. Her past, however, has begun to catch up with her.
Tony, her former lover, materializes again. She tells him she has successfully manipulated Cleve. She does not love him but he loves her. Their conversation reveals that it was Tony who conceived the scheme for Thelma to commit the murder and inherit Vera's jewels and money.
Cleve comes to the house and Thelma acknowledges that there is a relationship with Tony. Tony hits Cleve over the head, knocking him out so the two can escape. Unable to deal with her guilty conscience, Thelma causes a car accident that results in her accomplice's death and her own fatal injury. As she lies dying, she confesses the truth to the district attorney. However, she does not incriminate Cleve, saying she cannot reveal his name because she loves him. The district attorney tells Cleve that he will be disbarred for his actions, but he tells Scott that he was already confessing to his complicity when he heard about the car accident. He walks away to his new life.
Cast
Barbara Stanwyck as Thelma Jordon
Wendell Corey as Cleve Marshall
Paul Kelly as Miles Scott
Joan Tetzel as Pamela Marshall
Stanley Ridges as Kingsley Willis
Richard Rober as Tony Laredo
Gertrude W. Hoffmann as Aunt Vera Edwards
Basil Ruysdael as judge Jonathan David Hancock
Kenneth Tobey as Police Photographer (uncredited)
Wendell Corey's real-life children Robin and Jonathan played non-speaking roles as the daughter and son of his character in the film.
Production
The project was filmed and marketed under the title Thelma Jordon. It was the ninth film noir to be made by director Robert Siodmak. Principal photography took place between February 14 and March 29, 1949. Location filming was held at the Old Orange County Courthouse in Santa Ana, California, and at the Los Angeles County jail.
Release
Though the film carries a copyright date of August 1, 1949, it had its premiere in New York on January 18, 1950. It grossed $51.5 million in adjusted domestic box office receipts.
Critical reception
Variety praised the film, writing: "Thelma Jordon unfolds as an interesting, femme-slanted melodrama, told with a lot of restrained excitement. Scripting from a story by Marty Holland is very forthright, up to the contrived conclusion, and even that is carried off successfully because of the sympathy developed for the misguided and misused character played by Wendell Corey".
Time Out gave the film 5 out of 5 stars, comparing it favorably to the classic film noir Double Indemnity in which Stanwyck also stars. It singles out Corey's performance as "the nondescript assistant DA she drives to the brink of destruction. The part is played (remarkably well) by Corey, whose haunted, hangdog persona as a perennial loser is echoed so perfectly by the deliberately slow, inexorable tempo of Siodmak's direction (not to mention George Barnes' superbly bleak lighting)". Radio Times also lauds the direction and Corey's performance as "a hapless assistant DA, played to meek perfection by Wendell Corey", and writes about Stanwyck: "In these thrillers Stanwyck has a terrific, deadly allure and the moody lighting and the music conspire with her, keeping the men fluttering around her like moths to a flame".
The New York Times gave a mixed review, stating: "Thelma Jordon is, for all of its production polish, adult dialogue, and intelligent acting, a strangely halting and sometimes confusing work". The review criticized the slow pace of the film and the not-unexpected climax, but gave credit to Stanwyck for "handling a complex assignment professionally and with a minimum of forced histrionics".
Adaptations
The script was adapted for a 1950 radio drama on Screen Directors Playhouse.
References
Sources
External links
Streaming audio
The File on Thelma Jordon on Screen Directors Playhouse: March 15, 1951
1950 films
1950 drama films
American drama films
American black-and-white films
1950s English-language films
Film noir
Films scored by Victor Young
Films directed by Robert Siodmak
Films produced by Hal B. Wallis
Paramount Pictures films
Films with screenplays by Ketti Frings
1950s American films |
4040603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%20Policy%20Institute | Earth Policy Institute | Earth Policy Institute was an independent non-profit environmental organization based in Washington, D.C., in the United States. It was founded by Lester R. Brown in 2001 and functioned as an environmental think tank, providing research and analysis on environmental indicators and making policy and lifestyle recommendations aimed at promoting environmental and economic sustainability.
Cited by environmental advocates, as well as policymakers and journalists, the institute was a nonprofit that still provides articles, data resources, and select free downloads of their books on their website.
In June 2015, the Institute announced that, with Brown's retirement, it would close its doors. Its website is archived by Rutgers University.
Description
The Earth Policy Institute functioned as a think-tank, providing policy research and recommendations on sustainable development and living, as well as on environmental issues.
EPI's goals were (1) to provide a global plan for moving the world onto an environmentally and economically sustainable path, (2) to provide examples demonstrating how the plan would work, and (3) to keep the media, policymakers, academics, environmentalists, and other decision-makers focused on the process of building a Plan B economy.
Publications and releases
The Institute sent out articles called Updates, Eco-Economy Indicators, Book Bytes, Data Highlights, and Press Releases to the media and the general public on a free low-volume e-mail listserv and also posted them on its website along with supporting data and sources for additional information.
Publications
Publications were released in several languages. International publishers for books can be found on the website, as well as links to other organizations who publish the translations of articles.
Books
The Institute released the following books:
Eco-Economy: Building an Economy for the Earth.
The Earth Policy Reader
Outgrowing the Earth: The Food Security Challenge in an Age of Falling Water Tables and Rising Temperatures
Plan B: Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble
Plan B 2.0: Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble
Plan B 3.0: Mobilizing to Save Civilization
Plan B 4.0: Mobilizing to Save Civilization
World On The Edge
Full Planet, Empty Plates: The New Geopolitics of Food Scarcity
Breaking New Ground: A Personal History
The Great Transition: Shifting from Fossil Fuels to Solar and Wind Energy
Releases
Updates
Earth Policy Institute stated that Plan B Updates are original, four-page analyses of environmental issues ranging from worldwide advances in renewable energy to deaths from heat waves to new flows of environmental refugees.
Eco-Economy Indicators
Earth Policy Institute stated that eco-Economy Indicators consist of the 12 trends EPI used to measure progress toward building a Plan B world. The 12 trends are (Overpopulation, Global Economy, Grain Harvest, Fish Catch, Forest Cover, Water Resources, Carbon Emissions, Global Temperature, Ice Melting, Wind Power, Bicycle Production, Solar Power.
Book Bytes
Book Bytes were highlights and adaptations from EPI's books and research.
EPI regularly contributed releases to other websites, including:
Sustainablog
Care2
Closing
The institute's June 2015 announcement of its closing began:
All good things must come to an end, and we at the Earth Policy Institute (EPI) find ourselves sadly at the end of a road filled with many successes. With our president and founder, Lester Brown, stepping down at the age of 81, we are closing our doors on June 30, 2015. Our awesome staffers are finding new posts to continue their work, and we are certain that they will be able to further the issues EPI has pursued.
The announcement added:
We are delighted to say that our website and all of its information, data, and research publications will remain available to you. The School of Environmental and Biological Sciences at Rutgers University has agreed to keep our site available as a legacy website.
See also
Human overpopulation
References
2001 establishments in Washington, D.C.
2015 disestablishments in Washington, D.C.
Environmental organizations based in Washington, D.C.
Human overpopulation think tanks
Population concern advocacy groups
Population concern organizations |
4040614 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady%20Slipper%20Drive | Lady Slipper Drive | The Lady Slipper Drive is a former scenic drive located in Prince County, Prince Edward Island, beginning and ending at Summerside.
The Lady Slipper Drive comprised numerous routes along coastal sections of Prince County and measured approximately 300 km in length. It was replaced in 2005 by the North Cape Coastal Drive.
Deriving its name from the Lady's Slipper orchid, the provincial floral emblem which grows in shaded forests, the signs marking the Lady Slipper Drive depicted a red orchid within a red frame on a square white background.
The Lady Slipper Drive was developed as a tourism marketing project during the 1970s in conjunction with the Blue Heron Drive in Queens County and the Kings Byway in Kings County.
References
Scenic travelways in Prince Edward Island
Roads in Prince County, Prince Edward Island |
4040618 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanification | Japanification | Japanification () is the process of becoming or wishing to become a member of Japanese society. It most commonly refers to expats living for an extended period of time in Japan, though it may also be used to describe persons living outside Japan who have a certain affinity to some aspect of Japanese culture. Cultural assimilation could include adoption of Japanese mannerisms, style of clothing, taste in entertainment, and sometimes aspects of Japanese language.
In expats this process often occurs because of a feeling of isolation or desire to conform, whereas outside Japan it may occur because of an especially strong interest in some kind of fan culture based in Japan, e.g. anime, manga, television dramas, music or lolita fashion.
Japanification in popular culture
Japanese culture has had a strong influence on American popular culture dating back to Japan's defeat in World War II and to the early 1950s when children of the United States were first introduced to Japanese popular culture, such as Godzilla. The Japanese culture also presented itself in popular video games such as Jet Set Radio, a game that has evident references to Japanese manga and graphic novels. This trend of Japan influencing children’s popular culture continues with well-known icons such as Astro Boy, Sailor Moon, Dragon Ball Z, Pokémon, and Hello Kitty. Japanese media is commonly described as Kawaii, a Japanese term meaning “cute” and "comfortable" in English.
Reasons for Japanification
As more and more people became interested in Japanese society, the numbers of students and individuals learning the Japanese language increased. At its height of popularity there was a 10.3% increase in Japanese language enrollments in U.S. colleges and universities between 2006 and 2009, 66,605 in 2006 to 73,434 in 2009. However, Japan Foundation statistics indicate that the number of people taking the Japanese Language Proficiency Test (JLPT) has been steadily declining since the peak in 2009.
This temporary increase in Japanese language learners in the early years of the 21st century was unusual given Japan’s economic gloom and turmoil in the last two decades, but it could be explained by the rising popularity of manga and anime around 2009. Manga and anime were seen by some as a leading factor in reasons why the number of Japanese language learners was increasing, “Over 50% of Japanese language learners surveyed by the Japan Foundation in 2009 cited wanting to learn how to read manga and anime as a key reason for studying Japanese.” Today, we see what many consider is a rapid decline in the global popularity of Japanese manga and anime. Some praise the 10% of high quality manga and anime for its initial popularity, and blame its recent decline in popularity on the 90% of low quality material that has been released in recent years. Another possible reason for the decline in sales could be the increase in "scanlations", which are described in a statement by Japan's Digital Comic Association: "The 36 publishers in Japan’s Digital Comic Association and several American publishers are forming a coalition to combat the “rampant and growing problem” of scanlations — illicit digital copies of manga either translated by fans or scanned directly from legitimate English releases".
Taiwan
In Taiwan, the term harizu (哈日族) is used, which is taken from the pen-name of Taiwanese manga artist Chen Guixing, Hari Kyoko 哈日杏子. Not only does her pen-name include the word, but her first manga Good Morning Japan, released in 1996, also described an obsession with Japan as a "hari sickness". The ri in hari is short for Japan, and the ha comes from a Taiwanese Hokkien term meaning to love something to death ().
Japanification in economics
In addition to its cultural definition this process can be described as the transformation of an economy into one that follows the steps of Japan. In other words, it is a term used by economists that refers to falling into the same deflationary trap of collapsed demand that caused the lost decade. Japanification is an ongoing issue today as the US, UK, and other countries go through similar economic issues.
See also
Japanization
Japonism
Japanology
Japanophile
Otaku
Kaizen
Sinophile
Korean Wave
Taiwanese Wave
Orientalism
References
Japan in non-Japanese culture
Japanese culture
Cultural assimilation
Japanese subcultures |
4040633 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadwick%20Arboretum | Chadwick Arboretum | Chadwick Arboretum is a arboretum on the Agriculture campus of The Ohio State University, in Columbus, Ohio, United States. The main arboretum collection is located just across Lane Avenue from the Schottenstein Center with its other collections nearby. The arboretum is open daily without charge.
The arboretum proper contains roughly 1,000 trees representing over 120 species that grow throughout Ohio, with special collections of conifers and willows. As of 2005, it contained one Ohio State Champion tree, Abies cephalonica.
The arboretum also includes a Learning Garden and specialized gardens for annuals, hostas, perennials, roses, and wildflowers. Taken together, these gardens represent one of the most varied collections of flora in the state, with good selections of native Ohio plants, perennials, tropical plants, wildflowers, woody plants, and more than 400 cultivars of annuals.
See also
List of botanical gardens in the United States
References
External links
Chadwick Arboretum
Arboreta in Ohio
Botanical gardens in Ohio
Ohio State University
Tourist attractions in Columbus, Ohio
Protected areas of Franklin County, Ohio
Geography of Columbus, Ohio
University District (Columbus, Ohio) |
4040645 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol%20Bruneau | Carol Bruneau | Carol Bruneau (born 1956) is a Canadian writer.
Biography
She lives in Halifax, Nova Scotia, where she has taught writing at NSCAD (Nova Scotia College of Art and Design University) and Dalhousie University. She has a master's degree in English literature from Dalhousie University and a master's degree in journalism from the University of Western Ontario, and has worked extensively as a workshop leader and mentor to new and emerging writers.
She has authored six novels and three short story collections. Her first novel Purple for Sky (2000) won the Thomas Head Raddall Award and the fiction category of the Dartmouth Book Awards in 2001. The book was also shortlisted that year for the Pearson Readers' Choice Award. Her most recent short fiction collection A Bird on Every Tree was shortlisted for the 2018 Raddall Award and Dartmouth Book Award, and her 2018 novel, A Circle on the Surface won the 2019 Jim Connors Dartmouth Book Award for Fiction. Her novel Glass Voices was a Globe and Mail Best Book for 2007. Two of her novels have been published internationally. Her articles, reviews and essays have been published nationwide in newspapers, journals and anthologies. Her latest novel Brighten the Corner Where You Areis inspired by the life and art of Nova Scotian folk artist Maud Lewis.
Bibliography
After the Angel Mill - 1995
Depth Rapture - 1998
Purple for Sky - 2000 (U.S. title: A Purple Thread for Sky)
Why Men Fish Where They Do - 2001
Berth. Cormorant, 2005
Glass Voices. Cormorant, 2007, re-released Nimbus Publishing/Vagrant Press, 2018
These Good Hands. Cormorant, 2015.
A Bird on Every Tree. Nimbus Publishing/Vagrant Press, 2018
A Circle on the Surface. Nimbus/Vagrant, 2018
Brighten the Corner Where You Are: A Novel Inspired by the Life of Maud Lewis. Nimbus/Vagrant, 2020.
References
1956 births
Living people
Canadian women novelists
20th-century Canadian novelists
21st-century Canadian novelists
20th-century Canadian women writers
21st-century Canadian women writers
NSCAD University faculty
Writers from Halifax, Nova Scotia |
4040665 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylaki | Phylaki | Phylaki is a modern village and the archaeological site of an ancient Minoan cemetery on Crete.
Archaeology
The site, discovered in 1981, is a Late Minoan IIIA tholos tomb. At least 9 burials were made here.
Artefacts found included a gold necklace which contained 28 rosettes of gold, fifteen seal stones, amulets, bronze weapons and bronze utensils. Ivory decorations from a wooden box include: the heads of warriors in boar's tusk helmets, Plaques found are decorated with wild goats, sphinxes and "figure of eight" shields.
This area was used as a dump sight for the town, which may have preserved it from damage to the smaller items that were hidden under the trash and animal bodies.
References
Swindale, Ian "Phylaki" Retrieved 11 Feb 2006
External links
http://www.minoancrete.com/phylaki.htm
Minoan sites in Crete
Tombs in Greece |
4040682 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicka%20Boom | Chicka Boom | "Chicka Boom" is a popular song written by Bob Merrill. The song was published in 1953 and appeared in the 1953 film, Those Redheads From Seattle.
This was one of a number of Merrill's songs recorded by Guy Mitchell which were hits for him in 1953. The song went to number 16 on the Cashbox charts in August 1953, staying there for 13 weeks. The song went to number 4 on the UK Singles Chart in November 1953, staying there for 15 weeks.
Other songs
Not to be confused with either of two songs of a similar name, both called "Chick-A-Boom". "Chick-A-Boom" (Berns, Morrison) was by the Irish singer Van Morrison in the mid-1960s, and as featured on the Midnight Special collection (and Bang Masters) of early and/or unreleased Van Morrison recordings. Morrison's "Chick-A-Boom" was a songwriting collaboration with Bert Berns. The other, "Chick-A-Boom (Don't Ya Jes' Love It)", was by Richard Monda aka Daddy Dewdrop in 1971. One of the songs from the play/movie, Godspell, "We Beseech Thee," included a chorus that includes the phrase, "Boom chicka boom chicka boom chick chick, chicka booma chicka booma chicka boom chick chick."
References
Songs written by Bob Merrill
Guy Mitchell songs
1953 songs |
4040690 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascending%20aorta | Ascending aorta | The ascending aorta (AAo) is a portion of the aorta commencing at the upper part of the base of the left ventricle, on a level with the lower border of the third costal cartilage behind the left half of the sternum.
Structure
It passes obliquely upward, forward, and to the right, in the direction of the heart's axis, as high as the upper border of the second right costal cartilage, describing a slight curve in its course, and being situated, about behind the posterior surface of the sternum. The total length is about .
Components
The aortic root is the portion of the aorta beginning at the aortic annulus and extending to the sinotubular junction. It is sometimes regarded as a part of the ascending aorta, and sometimes regarded as a separate entity from the rest of the ascending aorta.
Between each commissure of the aortic valve and opposite the cusps of the aortic valve, three small dilatations called the aortic sinuses.
The sinotubular junction is the point in the ascending aorta where the aortic sinuses end and the aorta becomes a tubular structure.
Size
A thoracic aortic diameter greater than 3.5 cm is generally considered dilated, whereas a diameter greater than 4.5 cm is generally considered to be a thoracic aortic aneurysm. Still, the average diameter in the population varies by for example age and sex. The upper limit of standard reference range of the ascending aorta may be up to 4.3 cm among large, elderly individuals.
Relations
At the union of the ascending aorta with the aortic arch the caliber of the vessel is increased, owing to a bulging of its right wall.
This dilatation is termed the bulb of the aorta, and on transverse section presents a somewhat oval figure.
The ascending aorta is contained within the pericardium, and is enclosed in a tube of the serous pericardium, common to it and the pulmonary artery.
The ascending aorta is covered at its commencement by the trunk of the pulmonary artery and the right auricula, and, higher up, is separated from the sternum by the pericardium, the right pleura, the anterior margin of the right lung, some loose areolar tissue, and the remains of the thymus; posteriorly, it rests upon the left atrium and right pulmonary artery.
On the right side, it is in relation with the superior vena cava and right atrium, the former lying partly behind it; on the left side, with the pulmonary artery.
Branches
The only branches of the ascending aorta are the two coronary arteries which supply the heart; they arise near the commencement of the aorta from the aortic sinuses which are opposite the aortic valve.
Clinical significance
is extensive atherosclerotic calcification of the ascending aorta. It makes aortic surgery difficult, especially aortic cross-clamping, and incisions may result in excessive aortic injury and/or arterial embolism.
Images
References
External links
Arteries of the thorax
Aorta
de:Aorta#Abschnitte |
4040707 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong%20World%20Industries | Armstrong World Industries | Armstrong World Industries, Inc. is a Pennsylvania corporation incorporated in 1891. It is an international designer and manufacturer of walls and ceilings. Based in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, AWI has a global manufacturing network of 26 facilities, including nine plants dedicated to its WAVE joint venture. In 2011, Armstrong's net sales were $2.86 billion, with operating income of $239.2 million.
Armstrong World Industries, Inc. emerged from Chapter 11 reorganization on October 2, 2006. Its stock began trading on the New York Stock Exchange October 18, 2006, under the ticker symbol AWI. The Armstrong World Industries, Inc. Asbestos Personal Injury Settlement Trust, holds approximately 66% of AWI's outstanding common shares. Armstrong's “Fourth Amended Plan of Reorganization, as Modified,” dated February 21, 2006, and confirmed by U.S. District Court Judge Eduardo Robreno in August 2006, become effective Oct. 2, 2006. The Plan includes a comprehensive settlement resolving AWI's asbestos liability by establishing and funding a trust to compensate all current and future asbestos personal injury claimants. The company had filed for reorganization December 6, 2000, with the federal bankruptcy court in Delaware for reorganization under Chapter 11 because pending asbestos injury claims appeared to exceed the value of the company, and were growing.
“In addition to resolving AWI’s asbestos liability, we used the time in Chapter 11 to restructure our flooring business to make it more competitive,” AWI CEO Michael D. Lockhart said. “We made substantial improvements in our cost structure by closing several plants and streamlining our workforce in the U.S. We have also expanded capacity to manufacture wood flooring, broadened our product lines and improved product quality and customer service.”
On March 27, 2007, Armstrong World Industries, Inc. and NPM Capital N.V. entered into an agreement to sell Tapijtfabriek H. Desseaux N.V. and its subsidiaries, the principal operating companies in Armstrong's European Textile and Sports Flooring business segment, to NPM Capital N.V. The sale was finalized in April 2007.
On February 15, 2007, Armstrong World Industries, Inc. announced that it was initiating a review of its strategic alternatives.
History
In 1860, Thomas M. Armstrong, the son of Scottish-Irish immigrants from Derry, joined with John D. Glass to open a one-room shop in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, carving bottle stoppers from cork by hand. Their first deliveries were made in a wheelbarrow. Armstrong was a business pioneer in some respects: he branded each cork he shipped as early as 1864, and soon was putting a written guarantee in each burlap bag of corks he shipped from his big new factory. The company grew to be the largest cork supplier in the world by the 1890s. The company incorporated in 1891.
Cork began being displaced by other closures, but the company introduced insulating corkboard and brick. In 1906, two years before he died, Thomas Armstrong concluded that the solid foundation of the future was covered with linoleum, and construction began on a new factory in a cornfield at the edge of Lancaster, Pennsylvania. In 1909, Armstrong linoleum was first offered to the trade.
After corkboard, the logical move was to fiberboard, and then to ceiling board. Cork tile and linoleum led to vinyl flooring, then ceramic tile, laminate flooring and carpeting.
In 1917, Armstrong Cork signed with the Batton Company advertising agency, a relationship that continues to this day through their corporate descendants.
In 1998, Armstrong acquired Triangle Pacific Corp., a leading manufacturer of hardwood flooring and kitchen/bathroom cabinets.
In 2009, Armstrong's annual net Sales Total US$2.8Billion.
Armstrong Cabinets is no longer owned by Armstrong World Industries. The business was sold to American Industrial Partners on October 31, 2012.
In 2016, Armstrong spun off the flooring business into a new company, Armstrong Flooring. NYSE: AFI
Armstrong Manor
The Armstrong Manor was originally purchased by Armstrong World Industries for use as a central location to house the company's young sales trainees. The home was later used in other capacities, such as meeting space and temporary housing for visiting employees. Armstrong owned the property from May 1920 to December 2011. The property is located in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
The oldest part of Armstrong Manor, originally known as Bloomington Farm, was built in 1866 by David P. Locher, a prosperous local tanner, banker, and farmer. The 4-acre property remained a part of Locher's estate until April 9, 1906, when Grove Locher purchased the property for $21,000.
On May 29, 1920, the then Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania-based Armstrong Cork Company purchased the mansion from Grove Locher and his wife for $26,930. The company's second president, Charles D. Armstrong, was disturbed by the conditions in which his son, Dwight, and other new sales employees were living within various rented housing across Lancaster. C.D. Armstrong and his wife, Gertrude Virginia Ludden Armstrong, were also aware of the difficulties with the transition from campus life to industrial living, and desired a more comfortable living space for their sales trainees. Mr. and Mrs. Armstrong also wanted to have a suitable location for business meetings with visiting employees from other areas. The house was used as a living space for the sales trainees (all single men) during their 6-month training program at the Lancaster, PA flooring plant. The company spent an additional $27,742.87 on renovations and renamed the property Armstrong Manor.
More recently, The Manor provided housing for visiting Armstrong employees and customers, and continued to fulfill its role as a meeting space. The property also had a facilities maintenance department (plumbers, electricians, and a mailroom) to support the property.
In November 2010, Armstrong World Industries announced its plan to close Armstrong Manor by the end of the year citing that The Manor and the facilities department were no longer part of the “…core to being a building products manufacturer.” Armstrong Manor was sold to Rodgers & Associates, a wealth management firm based in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, on December 15, 2011.
Divisions
In the 1920s, the Armstrong Cork Products Company and Sherwin-Williams company were the largest industrial customers for hemp fiber.
In 1938, Armstrong bought Whitall Tatum, a leading manufacturer of glass stand-off insulators for utility poles since 1922. The existing molds were eventually replaced with molds bearing the Armstrong name. In April 1969, the business was sold to Kerr Glass Manufacturing Corporation. Demand was rapidly dropping, as utilities were converting to ceramics or going underground, and Kerr moved production to their Dunkirk, Indiana factory in the mid-1970s, and ceasing production several years after that.
During World War II, Armstrong made 50-caliber round ammunition, wing tips for airplanes, cork sound insulation for submarines, and camouflage.
In 1952, a group of leading industrialists that included Alfred P. Sloan of General Motors, Frank W. Abrams of Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, Henry Ford II of Ford Motor Company, John L. McCaffrey of International Harvester, Irving S. Olds of United States Steel Corporation, Henning W. Prentis of Armstrong Cork Company, and Laird Bell of Weyerhauser Timber formed the Council for Financial Aid to Education, which increased corporate gifts to colleges from $24 million annually to $136 million annually over ten years.
In 1958, Armstrong Cork Company created "Armstrong Contracting and Supply Corporation". Armstrong Cork had done insulation contracting since the early 20th century, originally focusing on cork products. Gradually, there was greater emphasis on high temperature insulation. In 1969, this business was sold in a leveraged buyout to 31 existing and retired employees of the contracting company, which became Irex Corporation.
C.U.E., Inc. started as the Polyurethane Division of Armstrong Cork in the 1960s. CUE comes from "Custom Urethane Elastomers" The Fluorocarbon Company of Anaheim, California bought the division in 1972. On April 7, 1986, a group of seven employees acquired the division, in a leveraged buyout.
In 1964, Armstrong bought Phoenix Chair Company, following up with Founders Furniture Company in 1965, Western Carolina Furniture Company in 1966, and both Thomasville Furniture and Caldwell Furniture in 1968. In the 1970s, they expanded with a low-end bedroom furniture line. They bought Gilliam Furniture in 1986, bought and repurposed the former Stehle polyester factory in Carysbrook, Virginia later that year, bought Westchester Group in 1987, and Gordon's in 1988; as well as making a major expansion to Thomasville that year. In 1995, Thomasville Furniture was sold to Interco (which became Furniture Brands International), a leading furniture manufacturer, with such brands as Broyhill and Lane.
Environmental record
Armstrong Holdings Inc. used to produce asbestos, either of two incombustible, chemical-resistant, fibrous mineral forms of impure magnesium silicate, used for fireproofing, electrical insulation, building materials, brake linings, and chemical filters. On November 16, 2000 it was reported that Armstrong Holdings Inc. was facing about 173,000 asbestos personal injury claims that would cost between $758.8 million and $1.36 billion through 2006. They filed bankruptcy because of all their asbestos liabilities. Armstrong no longer produces asbestos and now makes vinyl and wood flooring and other interior furnishings.
Manufacturing locations
ACProducts, Inc. is the seventh largest manufacturer and distributor of cabinets in the United States. The Company offers six wood species for its stock and semi-custom cabinets, including cherry, maple, oak, birch, plantation hardwood, and laminate/thermofoil, and serves over 3,000 customers through a network of 26 facilities consisting of ACP-branded showroom/selection centers, regional distribution centers, and warehouses, all in the United States. ACP is headquartered in The Colony, TX, with manufacturing operations in Thompsontown, PA. Cabinet production facilities were owned by Armstrong World Industries but are now under American Industrial Partners, with products being sold under the ACPI branding.
They produce ceiling products in the US in Hilliard, Ohio; Macon, Georgia; Marietta, Pennsylvania; Mobile, Alabama; Pensacola, Florida; St. Helens, Oregon and internationally in Rankweil, Austria; Shanghai, China; Stafford, England; Thornaby, England; Team Valley, England; Pontarlier, France; Münster, Germany; St. Gallen, Switzerland, Zurich, Switzerland and Yelabuga, Russia.
All ceiling grid components (tee's, wall angle, etc.) are produced by WAVE, a joint venture with partner Worthington Industries of Columbus, Ohio. WAVE (Worthington Armstrong VEntures) has plants in Benton Harbor, Michigan; Henderson, Nevada; Aberdeen, Maryland; Shanghai, China; Prouvy, France; Team Valley, England and Madrid, Spain.
Asbestos bankruptcy trust
In 2002, Armstrong created a billion-dollar trust to resolve thousands of asbestos-related lawsuits filed against the firm. The trust was funded with a combination of stock and cash.
References
"Armstrong Still for Sale" Lancaster New Era, February 6, 2008
External links
Armstrong World Industries SEC Filings
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Companies based in Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Building materials companies of the United States
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2000
Superfund sites in Georgia (U.S. state)
Manufacturing companies established in 1860
1860 establishments in Pennsylvania |
4040712 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class%20number | Class number | In mathematics, class number may refer to
Class number (group theory), in group theory, is the number of conjugacy classes of a group
Class number (number theory), the size of the ideal class group of a number ring
Class number (binary quadratic forms), the number of equivalence classes of binary quadratic forms of a given discriminant |
4040713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights%20Templar%20%28disambiguation%29 | Knights Templar (disambiguation) | The Knights Templar was a medieval Christian military order prominent in the Crusades, from the early 12th century until the early 14th century.
Knights Templar or Knight Templar may also refer to:
Knights Templar (Freemasonry)
The Knights Templar (Deus Ex), a fictional organization in the Deus Ex series
Knight Templar (The Saint), a 1930 novel by Leslie Charteris
The Knights Templar School, a school in Baldock, England
Knights Templar Cartel, a drug cartel in Mexico
Knight Templar, a Marvel Comics superhero in Marvel: The Lost Generation
See also
Anders Behring Breivik, a terrorist who claimed, apparently falsely, to be a member of a group called the Knights Templar
Grand Masters of the Knights Templar
History of the Knights Templar
Knights Templar in popular culture
List of Knights Templar
List of Knights Templar sites
Militia Templi, a present-day Catholic lay association.
Royal Order of Scotland
Sovereign Military Order of the Temple of Jerusalem, Knights Templar International (OSMTH-KTI)
Templar (disambiguation)
Trials of the Knights Templar |
4040714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence%3A%20The%20Story%20of%20a%20Fifty-Year%20Vision%20Quest | Providence: The Story of a Fifty-Year Vision Quest | Providence: The Story of a Fifty-Year Vision Quest is a book by Daniel Quinn, published in 1994, and written largely as an autobiography blended with additional philosophical reflections. It details how Quinn arrived at the ideas behind his 1992 novel Ishmael and articulates upon some of these ideas.
Although primarily nonfiction in content, Providence is written with a fictional backdrop, in which the reader is presented as someone who has read Ishmael and sneaked into Daniel Quinn's house at night to ask Quinn for further information regarding his inspirations for the novel and its philosophical ideas. Quinn, though tired, welcomes the reader into his house and opens himself up to the reader's questions. Throughout the story, Quinn narrates as though replying to questions asked by (the character of) the reader, which Quinn “restates” in his answers and explanations; the voice of the reader is never directly heard.
Synopsis
Quinn begins by describing the earliest incarnation of a book like Ishmael back in 1977, which Quinn at the time called Man and Alien. This manuscript was revised over the next several years, resulting in five more incarnations (The Genesis Transcript, The Book of Nahash, The Book of the Damned, and two entitled Another Story to Be In), none of which Quinn could successfully get published. At last, though, Quinn heard of the Turner Tomorrow Fellowship Award, which called for creative solutions to global problems. To win the award, though, Quinn was required to translate his long-brewing thoughts for the first time into a work of fiction: a novel. Quinn won the award with Ishmael but was left unsure, until now, about what he should write as a follow-up.
Quinn details basic memories of his Depression-era childhood in Omaha, Nebraska: specifically, the occurrence a dream in 1941 that he feels has influenced the rest of his life. In the dream, a tree is blocking the middle of a road he is traversing. A beetle crawls down the trunk to greet him and tells him that itself and other animals deliberately downed the tree to get Quinn's attention in order to talk with him. Quinn is dumbfounded as the beetle says that the animals need to tell him the secret of their lives. Quinn is then expected to follow a deer into the forest, because he is for some reason needed by the animals, but before he can venture on, he awakes.
Quinn recounts the gambling habits of his father (who he feels may have been friends with Meyer Lansky) and the sudden appearance of severe obsessive-compulsive tendencies in his mother. Quinn's parents habitually fought, each unable to understand the other's behaviors. Quinn feels his reaction to this was to try to perfect in himself what was unachievable with his parents in their relationship. Quinn's desire for perfection led him to an interest in the arts and a belief in Catholicism. Quinn received a full scholarship to St. Louis University because of his writing, though left after two years to devote his life to his religion, by becoming a Trappist monk at age nineteen. Greatly influenced by Thomas Merton’s The Seven Storey Mountain, Quinn went to the Abbey of Gethsemani in Kentucky. At Gethsemani, Merton in fact became Quinn’s personal spiritual director. As a postulant at the monastery, Quinn decided after a troublesome moment at the monastery, involving a miscommunication with a novice, that he had to either completely submit his will to that of God or else he had to leave the monastery. Summoning his strength, Quinn made the choice of submission to the complete guidance of God. The next time he stepped outside (having been indoors for three entire weeks), Quinn experienced an unexpected moment of explosive, positive emotion, which he interpreted as infused contemplation, meaning utter centeredness on God: a feeling he describes as a "rage of joy." Quinn convinced himself at the time that this awe-striking moment of beauty with the world was evidence of God's approval of his decision to submit. Quinn told an incredulous Merton of this amazing experience, but was soon discharged from the monastery by Merton, who attributed the reason for Quinn's dismissal to the recent results of a Rorschach test.
Quinn was crushed by his expulsion and began to see a psychoanalyst, as recommended by Merton. Quinn continued with his lifelong inability to understand his own sexuality, largely since his father always assumed him to be homosexual and because his current therapist thought him unready to be in any serious relationships. Quinn, however, soon married a woman who later left him for another man. During this whole time, Quinn continued to struggle with his self-destructive need to be perfect. When Quinn talked to a priest who claimed to worry more about people than rules, Quinn's religious worldview began to crumble and he abandoned the faith. Quinn then got a job in educational publishing, which instigated his questioning of the educational system of the United States; this came with the rise of the Flower Children of the 1960s. Quinn briefly mentions the failure of his second marriage and his own willing movement toward going back to psychotherapy. Quinn began to realize in therapy that his entire technique with social situations was to merely trick others into thinking he was worth knowing, while he actually believed himself valueless. One day, however, he was idly making a list of all his valuable attributes when he suddenly realized that he did not need to try to fake his personality in front of people; he did not need to be perfect—merely human. Quinn explains that this newfound insight gave him the courage to ask out his future wife, Rennie, on their first date.
Quinn then delivers his most recent understanding of learning and education, notably including the idea that formal education is an unnecessary social institution, since children learn automatically by following the behaviors of fellow members of their culture and by pursuing their own innate interests (which rigidly-structured public schools largely stop from happening). He also refers to his discontents with how history is studied in its disregard for tribal societies, reiterating many of the themes from Ishmael. Finally, he examines religion, including his own more recent advocacy of animism, which he considers the one-time world religion with its refreshing lack of any sacred text, institutions, or dogma. He revisits the memory of his “rage of joy” moment, now understating it in animist terms. He concludes with the thought that many needy people (like himself prior to his epiphany) are just those who do not feel needed. He asserts that the reader should feel needed because he or she is needed: needed desperately by the community of life to understand humanity's forgotten interdependence with the rest of that community.
References
Books by Daniel Quinn
Literary autobiographies
1996 non-fiction books |
4040722 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silo%20%28store%29 | Silo (store) | Silo was an electronics retailer operated throughout the United States between 1947 and 1995. The western region stores were known for a number of years as "Downings" in Colorado and "Appliance-TV City" in Arizona and California.
History
Beginning
Silo was founded by Sidney Cooper in Philadelphia, PA, in 1946 following his service in World War II. The company was named for himself and for his wife Lorraine, combining the first two letters of each name. Prior to opening its first retail store, Silo operated as a door-to-door installment business. With the advent of television, Cooper saw an opportunity and seized it. He opened his first store about 1951 in the Manayunk section of Philadelphia, featuring appliances and televisions. Silo was an early discounter, operating under the name "Silo Discount Centers." Silo regularly opened on Sundays, violating the Blue laws then in effect. Cooper claimed that it was necessary to open on Sunday in order to serve working families, and was even arrested at least once for doing so. On one such occasion, the press was on hand to cover the arrest, apparently tipped off by Cooper himself, who understood the value of free publicity. The company grew rapidly, opening stores throughout the tri-state region over the next twenty years. Silo went public in 1962, raising money to fuel its geographic expansion throughout a region bounded by Trenton, NJ, Wilmington, DE, and Reading, PA. The company's early advertising stressed that the "S" in Silo stood for savings, service, selection and satisfaction. Early store formats of 4,000 to 8,000 square feet were considered large by standards of the day. Later, Silo operated stores of 12,000 to 25,000 square feet, with two warehouse outlets of almost 60,000 square feet in Buffalo, NY and New Orleans, LA. Stores were generally freestanding, with some attached to shopping centers or malls.
Expansion
In 1970 Silo made its first foray beyond the Philadelphia metro area, purchasing a number of Downing's stores from Sam Bloom in Denver, Colorado. Shortly after, Silo purchased three Appliance-TV City stores in Arizona from its founder, Jay Winslow. The Colorado and Arizona acquisitions enjoyed rapid expansion, as Silo applied its formula of low pricing, huge selection, and aggressive advertising. The 1970s Silo television jingle, "Silo is having a sale," was so pervasive that many Philadelphians today can still hum the jingle and would not believe that it has not aired in decades. Another of Silo's aggressive price promotions was a 1986 advertisement offering a stereo system for "299 bananas." Customers in Seattle and El Paso took the offer literally and came to the stores with real bananas. Silo honored the offer, trading 32 stereos in Seattle and three in El Paso for bananas; the stores lost $10,465 on these transactions.
In 1972 Silo launched Audio World, a wholly owned subsidiary which sold stereo systems and audio components. Initially a few freestanding stores in the greater Philadelphia area, by 1974 Audio World departments were being incorporated into all existing and new Silo stores when the concept proved successful. The audio expansion came at the expense of small appliances whose profit margins had disappeared for Silo, which thereafter concentrated on retailing only large appliances along with the new audio and TV sections, and was branded as Silo/Audio World for a number of years.
In 1976 Cooper died at the age of 57 and leadership of the business passed to his son-in-law Barry Feinberg, an attorney. At the time of Cooper's death, Silo operated 40 stores with revenues of $60 million. Feinberg expanded an already aggressive advertising campaign and eschewed Cooper's approach of geographic expansion by acquisition. Feinberg believed that Silo could stand on its own in new markets, without purchasing "recognition," and his approach was successful for a number of years.
Silo was acquired by Cyclops Steel, a Pittsburgh-based specialty steelmaker in February 1980. Cyclops had decided to diversify outside of the steel business and had already made one retail acquisition, the Busy Beaver home store chain in Pittsburgh, PA. Cyclops was willing to bet aggressively on Feinberg's strategy of attacking new markets with multiple simultaneous store openings accompanied by a massive advertising blitz - all under the Silo brand. Silo expanded rapidly and coast-to-coast over the next several years.
Silo purchased 19 stores in the Los Angeles area from the Federated Group in 1989. Prior to opening its first store, the company launched a highly visible but deliberately ambiguous "teaser" ad campaign, "The Silos are coming", arousing much curiosity, and even fear of the upcoming date. The campaign, created by Saatchi & Saatchi Creative Director Jay Montgomery, featured quasi man-on-the-street speculation about the "19 Silo sites proposed for the Southland". The campaign generated over 10,000 phone calls the first week. Callers were sent coupons and a t-shirt reading, "I feel better with a Silo nearby". The effort was so successful, Silo had to increase its sales projections twice during the soft opening. Feinberg personally called about 180 people who were legitimately upset by the ruse. Along with his apology, a $500 gift certificate was sent to each.
Fretter Buyout and Final Years
In 1993, Dixons decided to throw in the towel on its investment, and sold a controlling stake in Silo for $45 million to Fretter, Inc. Fretter was a Detroit, Michigan-based company, operating electronics stores under the Fretter's, YES! (short for Your Electronics Store), Dash Concepts, and Fred Schmid banners. At the time of the purchase, Silo featured 183 stores that were, due to stiff competition from such retailers as Circuit City and Best Buy, facing dwindling sales. The Fretter stores were facing similar competition, and Fretter management hoped that the combination would create a retail electronics powerhouse better suited to take on the up-and-coming companies.
By the time of the Fretter acquisition, Silo was damaged goods. Fretter was faced with integrating a chain with both dwindling market share and outdated and aging inventory. One way Fretter dealt with this challenge was to convert several of the Silo stores into outlet-based units to sell off the excess inventory.
Fretter also attempted to bill its stores as superstores, with a marketing strategy similar to that of Circuit City and Best Buy. However, the smaller size of its Silo and Fretter's units (10,000 to 15,000 square feet, as opposed to 35,000 square feet or more for a typical Circuit City store), made this an untenable strategy. According to one analyst, "Fretter was vanilla. You have to stand for something. They were so price-conscious that they never even thought about a personality. That's what our arguments with them were always about: You have to stand for something in the consumer's mind. You can't just live on price alone, or you'll go out of business."
Declining market shares, lingering debt from the acquisition, and an outdated store format eventually doomed Fretter to failure. The company began to exit its markets, quickly and quietly, and customers and employees would sometimes find the stores suddenly closed during normal business hours. Silo's seven Pittsburgh-area stores, for example, were precipitously closed when employees received word that they were to pack all remaining inventory and close the store that day. Employees that remained silent during closing were promised a generous severance. Scott White, a former store manager, reportedly went to the press with the information. This resulted in a mob of customers flocking to the Pittsburgh stores to demand goods left on lay-a-way, or a return of their deposits. Silo reopened their doors for 3 days to accommodate these customers.
By the end of 1995, Fretter closed all remaining Silo stores and placed the parent company into bankruptcy. The remainder of the company's stores were closed by May 1996.
References
Further reading
Francis, Lorna. "Is it better at Fretter: Recent acquisition boosts experts' outlook," Automotive News, February 28, 1994.
Gaynor, Pamela. "Struggling retailer locks doors for 'inventory'," Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, October 14, 1995.
"Merged Silo to keep Pittsburgh stores," Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, December 22, 1993.
Roush, Matt. "How Fretter fell: 'Whole bunch of things' led to demise of appliance icon," Crain's Detroit Business, December 2, 1996.
"Silo stores seek court protection," Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, December 6, 1995.
Stouffer, Rick. "Silo to close local stores in September," The Buffalo News, August 24, 1995.
Retail companies established in 1947
Defunct retail companies of the United States
Defunct consumer electronics retailers in the United States
Consumer electronics retailers in the United States
1947 establishments in Pennsylvania
1995 disestablishments in the United States
Retail companies disestablished in 1995 |
5376704 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Bromley%20London%20Borough%20Council%20election | 2006 Bromley London Borough Council election | Elections to Bromley Council were held on 4 May 2006. The whole council was up for election and the council was held by the Conservatives, with their net gains putting them in their best state for over twenty years.
After the election, the composition of the council was
Conservative 49
Liberal Democrat 7
Labour 4
Election result
Ward results
Bickley
Biggin Hill
Bromley Common and Keston
Bromley Town
Chelsfield and Pratts Bottom
Chislehurst
Clock House
Copers Cope
Cray Valley East
Cray Valley West
Crystal Palace
Darwin
Farnborough and Crofton
Hayes and Coney Hall
Kelsey and Eden Park
Mottingham and Chislehurst North
Orpington
Penge and Cator
Petts Wood and Knoll
Plaistow and Sundridge
Shortlands
West Wickham
References
Bromley |
5376706 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingscote%20railway%20station | Kingscote railway station | Kingscote railway station is a preserved railway station on the heritage Bluebell Railway, located in West Sussex, England.
History
The station was opened in 1882, and as it was constructed under the influence of the London Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR), a then substantial provision of £17,000 was made to construct each two-platform through station on the line. The line's stations were designed to visually appeal to Victorian London-commuters, who had travelled into the Sussex countryside looking for either a commuter property, or country cottage for the weekend. The design is attributed to Thomas Myres in common with several other stations in Sussex.
Designed in the then fashionable "Domestic Revival" style (similar to the later Tudor Revival architecture style), located on the westwards facing No.1 upside platform, the lavish main station building was designed as a two-storey villa with a T-shaped footprint, with a single storey wing each side: booking office and toilets to the north; waiting room and storage to the south. All of this structure was fronted both sides by a timber-supported hipped canopy, which like all of the other buildings carried a hipped slate roof. The station had substantial sidings and a livestock loading dock located just to the north of No.1 platform. The downside No.2 platform was reached by a subway. The signal box was located on the north end of No.2 platform, and also controlled a single siding to the north of platform No.2.
Located in an area remote from any significant residential or commercial development, the station became known as the quietest on the LB&SCR. Were it not for the wood and logging trade which was undertaken on leased land within the station site, it is likely that the Southern Railway would have closed the loss-making station to passengers in the 1920s. Resultantly, in 1910 the goods shed was moved to Horsted Keynes, and the northern sidings complex greatly simplified. In the 1930s, the Southern Railway removed many of the superfluous LB&SCR decorations, and shortened the downside facilities to what was basically an open-plan shelter located next to the footbridge.
Closure
The station closed on 29 May 1955. As it was not one of the named locations in the Bluebell's original Act of Parliament, it - along with - remained closed when the line reopened from August 1956 to the second line closure in March 1958. The tracks were lifted by contractors in 1963, after which the site was sold to the original land owner. In the 1970s, the station was redeveloped as a fully residential house, with the downside No.2 platform demolished to allow substantial landscaping for a garden.
Preservation
The majority of the former station site, minus a commercial yard on the site of the pre-1910 sidings which is currently used by a builder's merchants, was acquired by the Bluebell Railway Extension Company Ltd (the legal vehicle used by the charitable Bluebell Railway Society to buy the former land on which the railway had run, and undertake reconstruction of the line northwards), in the 1980s.
After a public enquiry into the line's extension plans north from , and having gained planning permission for the whole redevelopment to , the railway was first extended to a loop just north of the now demolished to allow rebuilding of New Coombe bridge. This gave access to the station site at Kingscote, where an initial run-around loop was installed. After reconstruction of the former downside No.2 platform, the station was reopened in 1994. To comply with the extension's planning permission, the station has no public car parking.
From its reopening in 1994 to 2013, the station acted as the northern terminus of the Bluebell Railway, until the extension to was opened.
Present
Since reopening in 1994 the station has been adopted by the "Friends of Kingscote" group of volunteers, who provide general maintenance and undertake renovation projects. They also provide input to the Society's long term planning and development projects. This has included extending platforms to operate longer trains and rebuilding the signal box which was commissioned in 2015 employing a Westinghouse style L miniature lever frame unique in the standard gauge heritage railway world. During the winter most trains use platform No.1 whilst during the summer season No.2 is used more often because it has direct access to the picnic area and refreshment stand. Also known as "the loop" No.2 allows trains to pass each other on the single track line.
The station's reinstalled small goods yard is planned (under Bluebell's Long Term Plan) to be a re-creation of an authentic working 1950s country goods yard complete with Yard Crane, Cattle Pens and Coal Staithes.
See also
List of closed railway stations in Britain
References
Heritage railway stations in West Sussex
Former London, Brighton and South Coast Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1882
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1955
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1994
Bluebell Railway
Thomas Myres buildings |
4040728 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus%20andersonii | Prunus andersonii | Prunus andersonii is a species of shrub in the rose family, part of the same genus as the peach, cherry, and almond. Its common names include desert peach and desert almond. It is native to eastern California and western Nevada, where it grows in forests and scrub in desert and mountains. It was named after Charles Lewis Anderson by Asa Gray.
Prunus andersonii is a shrub approaching 2 meters (80 inches) in height, its tangling branches narrowing to spiny-tipped twigs. Serrated, lance-shaped to oval leaves occur in clusters, each leaf measuring up to long. The shrub is deciduous. The inflorescence is a solitary flower or pair of flowers. Each flower has usually five concave pink petals each just under long, with many whiskerlike stamens at the center. Flowers bloom before or at the same time as the leaves appear. The fruit is a fuzzy reddish-orange drupe around wide. The fruits are fleshy in years with ample moisture, and dry in drought years. The seed is a heart-shaped stone. The plant reproduces sexually via germination of the seed, and vegetatively by sprouting from its rhizome. One plant may sprout and resprout from its rhizomes to form a very large clone which can spread over several acres.
Many rodents collect and eat the fruits and cache the seeds. Among Native American groups, the Paiute used this plant for making tea and medicinal remedies, and the Cahuilla considered the fruit a delicacy.
References
External links
Jepson Flora Project: Prunus andersonii
Calphotos Photo gallery, University of California
andersonii
Flora of Nevada
Plants described in 1868
Flora of California |
4040731 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McAfee%20SiteAdvisor | McAfee SiteAdvisor | The McAfee SiteAdvisor, later renamed as the McAfee WebAdvisor, is a service that reports on the safety of web sites by crawling the web and testing the sites it finds for malware and spam. A browser extension can show these ratings on hyperlinks such as on web search results. Users could formerly submit reviews of sites.
The service was originally developed by SiteAdvisor, Inc, an MIT startup first introduced at CodeCon on February 10, 2006, and later acquired by McAfee on April 5, 2006. Since its founding, it has received criticism for its improper rating of some sites, and more importantly the length of time it takes to resolve complaints.
Usage
Prior to mid-October 2014, the functionality of SiteAdvisor could be accessed by submitting a URL to the website at https://www.siteadvisor.com/sites/, but can now also be accessed through a downloadable Browser Plugin.
Sites are rated in levels of Safe (green tick), Suspicious (yellow exclamation mark) and Unsafe (red "X").
Additional features include:
Rates email and IM links
Indicates sites potentially harmful to your computer
Allows users to safely shorten URLs when sharing links
Alerts users to possible phishing and identity theft scams
Redirects you away from red and yellow sites (if Protected Mode is enabled).
Products and services
A paid version of McAfee SiteAdvisor, McAfee SiteAdvisor LIVE, is included in McAfee Total Protection and has extra features:
Download Protection - SiteAdvisor LIVE allows the consumer to adjust how aggressively SiteAdvisor scans downloads. This can stop downloads which are considered to be slightly, probably or possibly risky depending on setting determined by the user. This feature can also be turned off.
Protected Mode - Allows the user to set a password for SiteAdvisor to prevent users from accessing or downloading from Yellow and Red rated websites. This password will also be required to change any SiteAdvisor settings after Protected Mode has been enabled.
In addition to selling to the end consumers, as of 2017, McAfee also sells to the web site owners with their McAfee Secure program, which supposedly runs daily security checks and gives passing sites a "McAfee Secure" badge.
As of December 2010, McAfee Secure marketing materials say there are 350 million installs of McAfee SiteAdvisor, and a likely much larger viewer base with search engine agreements such as that with Yahoo.
A URL shortening service which advertised itself as "secure" was operated until mid-2018. Its defining feature was that it would deny redirecting to sites classified by SiteAdvisor as insecure, to provide users receiving a "mcaf.ee" URL with the confidence that they would not land on a malicious site.
Games and quizzes
In March 2006, McAfee launched a JavaScript-based quiz which has users pick between sites rated as safe and unsafe.
A flash-based memory training game called "WebQuest" was launched around 2007.
Studies and research
SiteAdvisor has published various reports regarding online threats such as typosquatting, where mistyped domains may lead to sites ranging from harmless pay-per-click and domain parking sites to pornographic and malware sites.
Criticism
False negatives
The very nature of SiteAdvisor and the long periods between site crawls mean that even if the SiteAdvisor tests were 100% accurate a Green rating offers no guarantee of safety. Malicious code and browser exploits often spread fast over large numbers of websites, meaning a Green rating may not be up to date and may provide a false sense of security.
TrustedSource
McAfee SiteAdvisor now makes use of the TrustedSource website reputation organisation, to act as something like a 'cloud' intelligence software to get the most up-to-date information on websites as possible, very similar to McAfee's Active Protection (Artemis) system. The details of this system are not known.
Awards
Time magazine named SiteAdvisor.com among the 50 coolest websites of 2006.
Popular Science awarded SiteAdvisor the "Best of What's New" award in the Computing category for 2006.
PC World ranked SiteAdvisor at #15 in "The 100 Best Products of 2007."
See also
Norton Safe Web
Website Reputation Ratings
WOT: Web of Trust
References
External links
Safe report example (Wikipedia)
Cautionary report example (whenu.com)
Warning report example (sify-antispyware.co.cc)
McAfee
2005 software
Freeware
Reputation management
Windows software |
4040732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronet%20%28typeface%29 | Coronet (typeface) | Coronet is an American typeface designed in 1937 by R. Hunter Middleton.
Uses in popular culture
Andy Warhol's "signature" on the cover of Velvet Underground and Nico is done in this font.
Some of the credits for I Love Lucy were in this font; it was also the typeface used for the Desilu closing ident seen on The Lucy Show and the original Star Trek series.
It was used for the Newlyweds: Nick & Jessica logo.
Deftones uses Ribbon 131, Bitstream's digitisation of Coronet, on some of their albums.
Billie Eilish's Happier than Ever uses Coronet for its cover text and associated branding.
References
Script typefaces
Letterpress typefaces
Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1937
Typefaces designed by R. Hunter Middleton |
5376707 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%20David%20Schools%2C%20Johannesburg | King David Schools, Johannesburg | The King David Schools are a network of Jewish day schools in Johannesburg, South Africa, offering nursery through high school education. There are three campuses across Johannesburg: Linksfield, Victory Park, and Sandton; "each school has an atmosphere of its own serving the specific community". The schools are under the auspices of the South African Board of Jewish Education.
King David aims to deliver "an excellent general education together with the study of Hebrew, Jewish Studies and the living of the Jewish calendar and year cycle" and to produce "graduates who are menschen, confident and equipped to pursue any opportunity they wish to, who are proud of their Jewish heritage and its traditions, who have a love for learning, and a determination to contribute to their society."
The Linksfield campus, in northeastern Johannesburg, was established in 1948 as South Africa's first Jewish day school (the high school was founded in 1955); see further under History of the Jews in South Africa. Many of the original buildings of the high school from 1948 still exist on the campus. As a relatively large school, King David Linksfield fields strong teams in several sports. The Victory Park campus (primary school, 1960; high school, 1964) serves northern and northwestern Johannesburg. It has fewer students than Linksfield. The Sandton campus, a primary school, is the most recently established (1982), and feeds into both high schools. Each campus also has its own nursery school.
The schools write the Independent Examination Board examinations for Matriculation; pass rates are very high, and pupils are often amongst the top-ranked, nationwide. The King Davids also achieve in various cultural activities, and, particularly Linksfield, in sporting activities. Each school is involved in several outreach and charity programs, focused on the Jewish and broader communities, including (matriculation) support and enrichment programs for Schools in Alexandra and Soweto. Many King David alumni are noted for their achievements, in South Africa and internationally – see Links below.
Although only a small minority of the pupils are observant – Johannesburg has several Religious day schools – the schools are (nominally) Orthodox. Practically, no school activities take place on Shabbat or on Jewish Holidays, all catering is Kosher, and the school day begins with Shacharit (Morning prayers). Educationally, each school has a Rabbi on staff, Hebrew and/or Jewish Studies are compulsory subjects until Grade 11 (Form IV), and the schools offer a "Beit Midrash stream" – established by Chief Rabbi, Dr. Warren Goldstein – for Grade 10s and 11s who choose this over the regular Jewish Studies classes. The schools are also served by "the DIJE" (Division of Informal Jewish Education), offering programmes which "complement the formal classroom and allow learners to engage with and experience their Judaism". "Encounter", for Grade 11s, is the DIJE's premier educational programme – it aims to "create a domain of conversation in which the participants are able to question, learn about and understand the relevance of Judaism in today's modern world."
An interesting fact is that the two high schools were headed by identical twin brothers, Elliot and Jeffrey Wolf, from the early 1970s through the 1990s; their involvement with the King Davids has continued since retirement, and they have devoted a combined 75 years to the schools.
The King David Schools' Foundation (KDSF) is active in fundraising, with a dual focus on outreach and subsidies/scholarships. Relatedly, it also acts as an alumni association through monthly e-newsletters, reunions and other fundraising events. KDSF was founded in 1994 under the auspices of the SABJE, as a registered non-profit organisation.
Notable alumni
Linksfield
Danny K (full name Daniel Koppel), singer, songwriter and actor
Shaun Rubenstein, canoer and Olympian
Adrian Gore, businessman and entrepreneur, founder and group chief executive of Discovery Limited
Dan Stein, Professor and Chair of the Dept of Psychiatry and Mental Health at the University of Cape Town
Gail Louw, playwright
Larry Cohen, professional footballer
Jonathan Kaplan, international rugby union referee
Victory Park
Akiva Tatz, Orthodox rabbi, inspirational speaker and writer
Lance Metz, mountain climbers
Max Price, former vice-chancellor and principal of the University of Cape Town
Andrew Kuper, founder and CEO of LeapFrog Investments
Debbie Berman, film and television editor, best known for her work on the Marvel Cinematic Universe.
See also
Jewish education in South Africa
Jewish day school
Johannesburg based Jewish day schools:
Torah Academy School, Johannesburg
Yeshiva College of South Africa
References
External links
Listing of all component schools
King David Linksfield: 1, 2
King David Victory Park: 1, 2
King David Sandton: 1, 2
King David Schools' Foundation, kdsf.org
"Dynamic Davidians" @ kdsf.org
Jewish day schools
Jewish schools in South Africa
Schools in Johannesburg
Jews and Judaism in Johannesburg
Educational institutions established in 1948
Orthodox Judaism in South Africa
1948 establishments in South Africa |
5376718 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula%20Harmokivi | Paula Harmokivi | Paula Harmokivi (born May 20, 1975 in Lahti) is a former freestyle swimmer from Finland, who competed for her native country at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. There she finished in 16th place with the 4x100 Freestyle Relay Team, and in 18th and 33rd place on her personal starts, the 200m Freestyle and the 400m Freestyle.
References
sports-reference
1975 births
Living people
Swimmers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic swimmers of Finland
Finnish female freestyle swimmers
Sportspeople from Lahti |
5376728 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tefan%20%C4%8Cambal | Štefan Čambal | Štefan Čambal (17 December 1908 – 18 July 1990) was a Slovak football player and later a football manager. He played for Czechoslovakia, for which he played 22 matches. He was born in Pozsony and died in Prague.
He was a participant in the 1934 FIFA World Cup, where Czechoslovakia won the silver medal. At the tournament, Čambal became the first player of Slovak origin at a World Cup. In his country he started his career with 1. ČsŠK Bratislava, winning the 1927 amateur title in Czechoslovakia. He went on to play for clubs such as Teplitzer FK, SK Slavia Prague, SK Židenice and Baťa Zlín.
He was later a well-known football manager, coaching, amongst others, the Czechoslovakia national football team.
References
External links
Profile at weltfussball
1908 births
1990 deaths
Slovak footballers
Czechoslovak footballers
Slovak football managers
Czechoslovak football managers
1934 FIFA World Cup players
Czechoslovakia international footballers
SK Slavia Prague players
ŠK Slovan Bratislava players
FC Zbrojovka Brno players
AC Sparta Prague managers
Czechoslovakia national football team managers
Czechoslovak expatriates in East Germany
Expatriate football managers in East Germany
FK Vítkovice managers
FC Fastav Zlín managers
FC Lokomotíva Košice managers
Association football midfielders
Footballers from Bratislava
People from the Kingdom of Hungary
Sydney FC Prague managers
FC Fastav Zlín players |
4040734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozelets | Kozelets | Kozelets ( ) is an urban-type settlement in Chernihiv Raion, Chernihiv Oblast (province) of northern Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Kozelets settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Kozelets is located on the Oster River, a tributary of the Dnieper. Population:
The town was first mentioned in written documents in 1098, but its status as an urban-type settlement (a step below that of a city) was granted in 1924.
Notable attractions in the city includes the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin designed in the Ukrainian Baroque style by architects Ivan Hryhorovych-Barskyi and Andrei Kvasov. Kozelets also houses several local food industries, and a veterinary technicum.
History
Kozelets was first mentioned in 1098 as a fortified town in the East Slavic state of Kievan Rus'. During times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Kozelets was known by the name Kozlohrad ().
In the beginning of the seventeenth century, Kozelets was an important regional trade center. The town was also a sotnia town in the Pereiaslav and Kiev Regiment of the Cossack Hetmanate during the seventeenth-eighteenth centuries.
In 1656, Kozelets was granted the Magdeburg rights. The Kozelets Cossack Rada elected Yakym Somko as the Hetman of the Cossacks in 1662. After the Tatar invasion of 1679, Kozelets was partially destroyed.
In 1744 Empress Elizabeth of Russia stayed in Kozelets while making a pilgrimage to Kiev.
The city also served as a regional center of the Kyiv Governorate, Malorossiya, and Chernigov Governorates of the Russian Empire during the eighteenth-nineteenth centuries. At the end of the nineteenth century, Kozelets's population was 5,420.
After the breakup of the Russian Empire leading to the Russian Civil War, Kozelets became a part of the Soviet Union. In 1924, its status as a city was removed and given that of an urban-type settlement. During World War II, the Nazi Einsatzgruppen executed 125 of the town's Jews, a population that numbered 2,000 before the war.
Until 18 July 2020, Kozelets was the administrative center of Kozelets Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Chernihiv Oblast to five. The area of Kozelets Raion was merged into Chernihiv Raion.
Attractions
Being a regimental Cossack town, Kozelets has some important architectural monuments. This includes the Regimental Chancellery Building (the current town hall), the Darahan Mansion complex, the Saint Michael's Church (built in 1784) and the Ascension Church (1864–66).
The town's main cathedral and architectural attraction is the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin. The cathedral was built in the mid-eighteenth century in the late Ukrainian Baroque style by architects Ivan Hryhorovych-Barskyi and Andrei Kvasov. Funds for the construction of the cathedral were provided by Alexey and Kyrylo Rozumovsky (the latter was appointed Hetman in 1750).
Notable people from Kozelets
List of famous people from Kozelets:
Yevstafiy Bogomolets (between 1750 and 1755–1811) - the mayor of Kozelets in 1789, direct ancestor of academician Alexander A. Bogomolets (1881–1946) and Olga Bogomolets (1966), M.D., the founder of Radomysl Castle
Yuriy Levitansky (1922–1996), Russian poet
Boris Mankevsky (1883–1962), Ukrainian neurologist
Vladimir Negovsky (1909–2003), Russian pathophysiologist
Maria Vasillievna Pavlova (née Gortynskaia) (1854-1939) paleontologist and academician
References
External links
The Official Site of Radomysl Castle
The murder of the Jews of Kozelets during World War II, at Yad Vashem website.
Urban-type settlements in Chernihiv Oblast
Kozeletsky Uyezd
Populated places established in the 11th century
Holocaust locations in Ukraine |
4040738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychodynamic%20Diagnostic%20Manual | Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual | The Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM) is a diagnostic handbook similar to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) or the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The PDM was published on May 28, 2006.
The information contained in the PDM was collected by a collaborative task force which includes members of the American Psychoanalytic Association, the International Psychoanalytical Association, the Division of Psychoanalysis (Division 39) of the American Psychological Association, the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry, and the National Membership Committee on Psychoanalysis in Clinical Social Work.
Although it is based on current neuroscience and treatment outcome studies, Benedict Carey pointed out in an 2006 New York Times article that many of the concepts in the PDM are adapted from the classical psychoanalytic tradition of psychotherapy. For example, the PDM indicates that the anxiety disorders may be traced to the "four basic danger situations" described by Sigmund Freud (1926) as the loss of a significant other; the loss of love; the loss of body integrity; and the loss of affirmation by one's own conscience. It uses a new perspective on the existing diagnostic system as it enables clinicians to describe and categorize personality patterns, related social and emotional capacities, unique mental profiles, and personal experiences of the patient.
The PDM is not intended to compete with the DSM or ICD. The authors report the work emphasizes "individual variations as well as commonalities" by "focusing on the full range of mental functioning" and serves as a "[complement to] the DSM and ICD efforts in cataloguing symptoms. The task force intends for the PDM to augment the existing diagnostic taxonomies by providing "a multi dimensional approach to describe the intricacies of the patient's overall functioning and ways of engaging in the therapeutic process.".
With the publication of the DSM-3 in 1980, the manual switched from a psychoanalytically influenced dimensional model to a "neo-Kraepelinian" descriptive symptom-focused model based on present versus absent symptoms. The PDM provided a return to a psychodynamic model for the nosological evaluation of symptom clusters, personality dimensions, and dimensions of mental functioning.
Taxonomy
Dimension I: Personality Patterns and Disorders
This first dimension classifies personality patterns in two domains. First, it looks at the spectrum of personality types and places the person's personality on a continuum from unhealthy and maladaptive to healthy and adaptive. Second, it classifies the how the person "organizes mental functioning and engages the world".
The task force adds, "This dimension has been placed first in the PDM system because of the accumulating evidence that symptoms or problems cannot be understood, assessed, or treated in the absence of an understanding of the mental life of the person who has the symptoms". In other words, a list of symptoms characteristic of a diagnosis does not adequately inform a clinician how to understand and treat the symptoms without proper context. By analogy, if a patient went to her physician complaining of watering eyes and a runny nose, the symptoms alone do not indicate the appropriate treatment. Her symptoms could be a function of seasonal allergies, a bacterial sinus infection, the common cold, or she may have just come from her grandmother's funeral. The doctor might treat allergies with an antihistamine, the sinus infection with antibiotics, the cold with zinc, and give her patient a Kleenex tissue after the funeral. All four conditions may have very similar symptoms; all four condition are treated very differently.
Dimension II: Mental Functioning
Next, the PDM provides a "detailed description of emotional functioning" which are understood to be "the capacities that contribute to an individual's personality and overall level of psychological health or pathology". This dimension provides a "microscopic" examination of the patient's mental life by systematically accounting for their functional capacity to
Process information
Self-regulate
Establish and maintain relationships
Experience, organize, and express feelings and emotions at different levels
Represent, differentiate, and integrate experience
Utilize appropriate coping strategies and defense mechanisms
Accurately observe oneself and others
Form internal values and standards
Dimension III: Manifest Symptoms and Concerns
The third dimension starts with the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic categories; moreover, beyond simply listing symptoms, the PDM "goes on to describe the affective states, cognitive processes, somatic experiences, and relational patterns most often associated clinically" with each diagnosis. In this dimension, "symptom clusters" are "useful descriptors" which presents the patient's "symptom patterns in terms of the patient's personal experience of his or her prevailing difficulties". The task force concludes, "The patient may evidence a few or many patterns, which may or may not be related, and which should be seen in the context of the person's personality and mental functioning. The multi dimensional approach... provides a systematic way to describe patients that is faithful to their complexity and helpful in planning appropriate treatments".
The new edition (PDM-2)
Guilford Press published a new edition of the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM-2), developed by a steering committee composed by Vittorio Lingiardi (Editor), Nancy McWilliams (Editor), and Robert S. Wallerstein (Honorary Chair). Guilford Press received a manuscript for PDM-2 in September 2016, and the release date was June 20, 2017.
Like the PDM-1, the PDM-2 classifies patients on three axes: 'P-Axis - Personality Syndromes', 'M-Axis - Profiles of Mental Functioning', and 'S-Axis - Symptom Patterns: The Subjective Experience'. The axis of personality syndromes is intended to be viewed as a "map" of personality instead of a listing of personality disorders as in the DSM and ICD. The PDM-2 defines different terms as part of the P-Axis including "personality", "character", "temperament", "traits", "type", "style", and "defense". The S-Axis bears a lot of similarity to the DSM and ICD due to the inclusion of predominantly psychotic disorders, mood disorders, disorders related primarily to anxiety, event- and stressor-related disorders, somatic symptom disorders and addiction disorders.
See also
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
DSM-IV Codes
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
ICD-10
References
External links
Website of the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual
APA News monitor: Five psychoanalytic associations collaborate to publish a new diagnostic manual.
2006 non-fiction books
Medical manuals
Classification of mental disorders
Books about psychoanalysis |
4040739 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20McEwan | Bill McEwan | William G. McEwan is a former president, chief executive officer and director of Sobeys Inc., the second largest Canadian grocery retailer and food distributor.
A native of Trail, British Columbia, at 15, McEwan had a part-time job bagging groceries at a local store; he liked it so much that after a year-and-a-half at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, he returned to the business full-time.
McEwan spent more than 30 years in the grocery retailing and consumer packaged goods industries, with Ferraro's Ltd. (Super Valu), Coca-Cola (where he was vice president market development, Coca-Cola Beverages Ltd.) and The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company (A&P). At A&P, McEwan was senior vice president of grocery and non-food merchandising for the company's Canadian operations, before being appointed president and chief merchandising officer in 1996. He was later appointed president and CEO of the company's U.S. Atlantic Region.
McEwan joined Sobeys in November 2000 as president and CEO, was also on the board of directors for CIES - The Food Business Forum, and is a past chairman of the Grocery Industry Foundation Together (GIFT) in Canada.
McEwan retired from his role at Sobeys in 2012.
In November 2005, McEwan was presented the Golden Pencil Award, The Food Industry Association of Canada's highest distinction.
Bill McEwan is a supervisory board member of Ahold Delhaize. In 2019, McEwan was appointed chair of Aimia (company).
He lives with his second wife Donna in New Glasgow, Nova Scotia.
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Canadian chief executives
Coca-Cola people
People from Trail, British Columbia
People from New Glasgow, Nova Scotia
University of British Columbia |
5376736 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%20ship%20Galicia%20%28L51%29 | Spanish ship Galicia (L51) | Galicia (L51) is a (LPD) of the Spanish Navy and is the seventh ship to bear this name. She is the lead ship in her class. The vessel was constructed in Ferrol, Spain and launched in 1997 and commissioned in 1998. Galicia is tasked with transporting Spanish marines, humanitarian aid missions and general logistic support. The LPD has taken part in actions against piracy in the Indian Ocean and off the Somalian coast, provided humanitarian aid following hurricanes and tsunamis and provided support during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain.
Design and description
The project began in the Netherlands in 1990 as that country sought a solution to their LPD requirements. Spain joined the project in July 1991 and the definition stage was completed by December 1993. The Galicia class spawned from the joint Enforcer design with Spain's lead ship being authorised on 29 July 1994. The LPDs were designed to transport a battalion of marines and disembark them offshore and general logistic support. Vessels of the class have a full load displacement of . The vessels measure long overall and between perpendiculars with a beam of and a draught of .
The LPDs are powered by four Bazan/Caterpillar 3612 diesel engines in two sets initially creating though this was later increased to , and an electric generator tied to reduction gear. Each vessel has two shafts with , five-bladed variable pitch propellers. The ships also mount one bow thruster initially capable of but was later improved to . This gives the ships a maximum speed of and a range of at . The ships have a electric plant comprising four diesel generators capable of creating and an emergency generator.
The Galicia class have a flight deck capable of operating helicopters. The vessels have hangar area for four heavy or six medium helicopters. The LPDs usually sail with six AB 212 or four SH-3D helicopters embarked. They have a well deck and are capable of operating six landing craft vehicle and personnel (LCVP) or four landing craft mechanized (LCM) or one landing craft utility and one LCVP. Normally, they operate with four LCM-1E craft. Within the ship there is of parking space for up to 130 armoured personnel carriers (APCs) or 33 main battle tanks (MBTs). However, a maximum of 170 vehicles can be carried depending on size. Both ships have capacity for of ammunition and stores spread out within the of cargo space between the storerooms, flight deck and hangar. Galicia can transport 543 fully-equipped troops and 72 staff and aircrew.
The LPDs are armed with two Oerlikon Contraves cannon but can be fitted with four. They also mount six Sippican Hycor SRBOC MK36 chaff launchers. The Galicia class is equipped with KH 1007 air/surface search radar and AN/TPX-54 (V) Mk-XII (mode 4) identification friend or foe. Galicia has a complement of 115 with capacity for an additional 12 personnel.
Construction and career
Ordered on 29 July 1994, the vessel's keel was laid down on 31 May 1996 at the Empresa Nacional Bazán shipyards in Ferrol. Named Galicia for the autonomous community of Spain, the LPD was launched on 21 July 1997 and was commissioned by the Spanish Navy (Armada Española) on 30 April 1998. She is the sister ship to and is home ported at Naval Station Rota.
Galicia performed humanitarian aid operations to Central America following Hurricane Mitch from November 1998 to January 1999. The vessel took part in the cleanup following the wreck of the tanker and the resulting oil spill from December 2002 to February 2003. From January to April 2005, Galicia was deployed to provide humanitarian aid in Iraq.
Galicia took part in Operation Respuesta Solidaria in Banda Aceh after the tsunami in northwestern Sumatra. This was followed by Operation Libre Hidalgo in support of United Nations peacekeeping in Lebanon. The LPD made two deployments, one in 2010 and another in 2011, as part of Operation Atalanta fighting piracy in the Indian Ocean and off the coast of Somalia. In April 2020, Galicia was deployed to Melilla, Spain to aid the city in the fight against COVID-19.
Notes
Citations
References
External links
Buque de Asalto Anfibio Clase Galicia L-51 y Castilla L-52 (In Spanish)
Landing Platform Docks LPD / In Spanish Buque de Asalto Anfibio (In Spanish)
1997 ships
Amphibious warfare vessels of Spain
Galicia-class landing platform docks
Ships built in Spain |
5376740 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Goff%20Ballentine | John Goff Ballentine | John Goff Ballentine (May 20, 1825 – November 23, 1915) was an American slave owner, politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives for Tennessee's 7th congressional district and a colonel in the Confederate army.
Biography
Ballentine was born on May 20, 1825, in Pulaski, Tennessee in Giles County son of Andrew Mitchell and Mary Tuttle Goff Ballentine. He graduated from Wurtemberg Academy in 1841, from the University of Nashville in 1845, and from the law department of Harvard University in 1848. He was a member of the faculty of Livingston Law School in New York. He commenced the practice of law in Pulaski.
Career
Ballentine moved to Panola County, Mississippi about 1854, continued the practice of law, and engaged in the extensive family agricultural pursuits. There he met and married Miss Mary E. Laird, daughter of Dr. Henry Laird of Belmont. The couple had four children. He settled in Memphis, Tennessee in 1860. He served as a colonel in the Confederate Army during the Civil War. After the war, he returned to Pulaski, Tennessee.
Elected as a Democrat to the Forty-eighth and Forty-ninth Congresses, Ballentine served from March 4, 1883 to March 3, 1887. He declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1886 and retired from active pursuits.
Death
Ballentine died in Pulaski, Tennessee on November 23, 1915 (age 90 years, 187 days). He is interred at the New Pulaski Cemetery.
References
External links
1825 births
1915 deaths
People from Pulaski, Tennessee
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee
American lawyers
American slave owners
19th-century American politicians
University of Nashville alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
Confederate States Army officers
People of Tennessee in the American Civil War |
5376748 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Ballentine | John Ballentine | John Ballentine may refer to:
John Goff Ballentine (1825–1915), American politician
John J. Ballentine (1896–1970), United States naval aviator
See also
John Ballantyne (disambiguation) |
4040741 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt%20O%27Leary | Matt O'Leary | Matthew Joseph O'Leary (born July 6, 1987) is an American actor. He made his debut in the made-for-television Disney Channel Original film Mom's Got a Date with a Vampire (2000), and would go on to star in the thriller Domestic Disturbance (2001) opposite John Travolta. He also had supporting roles in Frailty (2001), and the independent neo-noir film Brick (2005).
In 2011, he starred opposite Rachael Harris in the critically acclaimed independent film Natural Selection, followed by a lead role in Fat Kid Rules the World (2012). He had a minor part in Gore Verbinski's The Lone Ranger (2013), and lead roles in the horror films Stung (2015) and Bokeh (2017).
Career
O'Leary auditioned for the lead in Home Alone 3 and made his acting debut in the lead role in 2000 in the made-for-television film Mom's Got a Date with a Vampire. He was subsequently cast in the thriller Domestic Disturbance, playing the son of John Travolta's character.
O'Leary next appeared in another thriller, Frailty, directed by Bill Paxton, and in the kids comedy Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams, both of which opened in 2002 to positive reviews, gaining O'Leary recognition among teenage audiences. In 2003, O'Leary had a minor role in the third Spy Kids film, Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over, and also appeared in the 2004 drama The Alamo, although most of his role was reduced to one line.
In 2005, O'Leary had a role in Warm Springs, a television film, and Havoc, a drama starring Anne Hathaway that was released directly to video. O'Leary rose to mainstream prominence in the latter half of the 2000s for his roles in Brick, a thriller starring Joseph Gordon-Levitt, and the 2007 films Live Free or Die Hard and Death Sentence. He appeared as Garret in the 2009 film Sorority Row and as Johnny Koffin in Mother's Day, released the following year.
In 2011, O'Leary won the Breakthrough Performance award at the 2011 SXSW Film Festival for his work in the film Natural Selection, with Rachael Harris.
Filmography
Film
Television
Web
References
External links
1987 births
Living people
Male actors from Chicago
American male film actors
American male child actors
American male television actors |
4040757 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilos%20%28archaeological%20site%29 | Stilos (archaeological site) | Stylos is an archaeological site of an ancient Minoan settlement and cemetery near the modern village of Stylos on the Greek island of Crete. Stylos means "column" in Greek. Stylos is near the important archaeological site of Aptera in Chania regional unit. The site was first excavated by N. Platon and C. Davaras. A potter's kiln, a building with four rooms and a Late Minoan tholos tomb have been excavated.
References
Swindale, Ian "Stylos" Retrieved 12 May 2013.
External links
http://www.minoancrete.com/stylos.htm - Excellent photographs and video of the site.
Chania (regional unit)
Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Crete
Minoan sites in Crete
Populated places in ancient Greece
Former populated places in Greece |
5376755 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%20Izzadeen | Abu Izzadeen | Abu Izzadeen (, Abū ‘Izz ad-Dīn; born Trevor Richard Brooks on 18 April 1975) is a British spokesman for Al Ghurabaa, a British Muslim organisation banned under the Terrorism Act 2006 for the glorification of terrorism. He was convicted on charges of terrorist fund-raising and inciting terrorism overseas on 17 April 2008 and sentenced to four and a half years in jail. He was released in May 2009, after serving three and a half years, including time on remand. In January 2016, he was sentenced to two years imprisonment for breaching the Terrorism Act by leaving the UK illegally.
Personal background
Abu Izzadeen is a British citizen born on 18 April 1975 in Hackney, east London, to a Christian family originally from Jamaica. Brooks converted to Islam the day before he turned 18, on 17 April 1993, changing his name to Omar, but preferring to be called Abu Izzadeen. He is fluent in Arabic.
He trained and worked for a while as an electrician. He has three children with his wife, Mokhtaria, whom he married in 1998.
Political activities
Abu Izzadeen met Omar Bakri Muhammed and Abu Hamza al-Masri at Finsbury Park Mosque in the 1990s; this is when he is thought to have been radicalised. He visited Pakistan in 2001, before the 11 September attacks, as part of Al-Muhajiroun; he said he went there to give a series of lectures. He also said he had attended terror training camps in Afghanistan.
He described the 7/7 suicide bombers in London as "completely praiseworthy". On the eve of the anniversary of the 7/7 attacks in London, he was filmed preaching to a group of Muslims in Birmingham mocking and laughing at those who believe in the war on terror and who feel a need to resist Islamic terrorism. He also mocked the courage of journalists who were captured by insurgents. He has openly stated that he wishes to die as a suicide bomber.
On 20 September 2006, Abu Izzadeen and Anjem Choudary disrupted Home Secretary John Reid's first public meeting with Muslims since his appointment. He called Reid an "enemy" of Islam. John Humphrys interviewed Izzadeen on the edition of 22 September 2006 of BBC Radio 4's Today programme. In a heated discussion Abu Izzadeen stated that his aim was to bring about Sharia law in the UK and that this should be achieved without following the democratic process but rather "in accordance to the Islamic methodology".
On 22 March 2017, Izzadeen was incorrectly identified as the perpetrator of the 2017 Westminster attack by a number of news sources, including Channel 4 News and The Independent, until it emerged that he was still in prison. This incorrect information was subsequently added to Izzadeen's Wikipedia page, sparking a conflict among editors over whether it should be included. It was removed once and for all eight hours after the attack, after Channel 4 apologized for incorrectly naming Izzadeen as the attack's perpetrator.
Arrests and convictions (2007–15)
British police arrested Abu Izadeen on charges of inciting terrorism on 2 August 2007. A spokesman for Scotland Yard said the arrest is related to an "on-going inquiry," involving a speech Abu Izadeen gave in the West Midlands area in 2006, which predates 20 September 2006 incident.
Izzadeen was arrested again in a pre-dawn police raid on 24 April 2007 under the Terrorism Act 2000 "in connection with inciting others to commit acts of terrorism overseas and terrorist fundraising".
On 17 April 2008, Izzadeen was among six men convicted at Kingston Crown Court of supporting terrorism, while the jury failed to reach a verdict on a third charge of encouraging terrorism. He was subsequently jailed for three and a half years.
On 14 November 2015, Izzadeen and Sulayman Keeler were detained by police in Lőkösháza, Hungary, on a train heading to Bucharest, Romania, because they were not able to identify themselves. During the time of their detention, on 17 November 2015, a European Arrest Warrant appeared in the Schengen Information System against both individuals. The two men did not inform the British authorities about leaving the UK despite the court decision ordering them to do so.
See also
Abdul-Aziz ibn Myatt
Khalid Kelly
Anjem Choudary
Abu Uzair
Hassan Butt
Andrew Ibrahim
Sulayman Keeler
Abu Hamza al-Masri
Omar Bakri Muhammad
References
1975 births
Living people
21st-century British criminals
Alleged al-Qaeda recruiters
Converts to Sunni Islam from Christianity
British Salafis
Criminals from London
British Islamists
English people of Jamaican descent
Islamic terrorism in the United Kingdom
People imprisoned on charges of terrorism
Sunni Islamists
British prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of England and Wales |
5376761 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisa%20Durbrow | Alisa Durbrow | (born April 16, 1988) is a Japanese model, actress, and singer from Saitama Prefecture.
History
She is most famous for her role as Mio Kuroki in the Sailor Moon live action show Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon. Her mother is of Japanese descent, while her father is an American of English descent. She is fluent in both English and Japanese. Alisa also starred in the music video Koibito by Japanese rock band, Kishidan. Her current modeling agency is Junes.
Personal life
Alisa is currently married to Japanese singer Manabu Taniguti, who is known by his stage name Mah and is the vocalist of alternative metal-band SiM. The couple have a son together. Alisas hobbies include taking sticker pictures and shopping.
Actress - Filmography
TV series
GARO (2005/2006) - Superhero action/adventure. As Shizuka.
Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon (2003/2005) - TV Live Action Series. As Mio Kuroki.
V Jump TV - Channel BB as a regular MC
DVD
2002: Just a Princess
2006: Audrey
Photo books
2002: Just a Princess
2002: Suhada no Alisa
We Want to be a Model
External links
Official Blog
1988 births
Living people
Actors from Saitama Prefecture
Japanese child actresses
Japanese television actresses
Japanese television personalities
Japanese people of American descent
Japanese people of English descent
Musicians from Saitama Prefecture
21st-century Japanese actresses
21st-century Japanese singers
21st-century Japanese women singers |
5376764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muthia | Muthia | Muthia or Muthiya is a Gujarati dish. The name is derived from the way it is made, from the 'gripping' action of the hand. It is a vegetarian dish. It is made up of chickpea flour, methi (fenugreek), salt, turmeric, chili powder, and an optional bonding agent/sweetener such as sugar and oil.
This dish can be eaten steamed or fried (after steaming).
In Gujarat, this item is known as Muthiya/Velaniya/Vaataa etc.
This item is known as 'vaataa' in Charotar area located in Central Gujarat.
Other varieties are made by using coarse flour of wheat and leafy vegetables such as amaranth, spinach, Luni or grated bottle gourd or peel of bitter gourd (karela)
After steaming, they are tempered with sesame seeds and mustard seeds.
References
External links
Muthia recipe
Gujarati cuisine
Indian snack foods |
5376765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%20Programmable%20Search%20Engine | Google Programmable Search Engine | Google Programmable Search Engine (formerly known as Google Custom Search and Google Co-op) is a platform provided by Google that allows web developers to feature specialized information in web searches, refine and categorize queries and create customized search engines, based on Google Search. The service allows users to narrow the 11.5 billion indexed webpages down to a topical group of pages relevant to the creator's needs. Google launched the service on October 23, 2006.
Services
The Google Custom Search platform consists of three services:
Custom Search Engine
Released on October 23, 2006, Google Programmable Search allows anyone to create their own search engine by themselves. Search engines can be created to search for information on particular topics chosen by the creator. Google Programmable Search Engine allows creators to select what websites will be used to search for information which helps to eliminate any unwanted websites or information. Creators can also attach their custom search engine to any blog or webpage. Google AdSense results can also be triggered from certain search queries, which would generate revenue for the site owner.
Subscribed Links
Provided as part of the original service, subscribed links were discontinued on 15 September 2011.
Subscribed Links were web results that users could manually subscribe to. Anyone was allowed to make a new Subscribed Link, and did not necessarily need knowledge on how to create a feed, as a basic link could be created. Subscriptions were then available in a special directory.
Topics
Topics are specific areas of search, which can be developed by people with knowledge of a certain subject. These topics are then displayed at the top of relevant Google web searches, so the user can refine the searches to what they want. Currently, there is a limited number of topics that Google is wanting to develop, namely Health, Destination Guides, Autos, Computer games, Photography and Home Theater.
See also
Yahoo! Search BOSS
References
External links
Google Custom Search
Custom Search
2006 software
Computer-related introductions in 2006 |
5376779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active%20shooter | Active shooter | Active shooter or active killer describes the perpetrator of a type of mass murder marked by rapidity, scale, randomness, and often suicide. The United States Department of Homeland Security defines an active shooter as "an individual actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a confined and populated area; in most cases, active shooters use firearms and there is no pattern or method to their selection of victims."
Most incidents occur at locations in which the killers find little impediment in pressing their attack. Locations are generally described as soft targets, that is, they carry limited security measures to protect members of the public. In most instances, shooters commit suicide, are shot by police, or surrender when confrontation with responding law enforcement becomes unavoidable, and active shooter events are often over in 10 to 15 minutes. "According to New York City Police Department (NYPD) statistics, 46percent of active shooter incidents are ended by the application of force by police or security, 40percent end in the shooter's suicide, 14percent of the time the shooter surrenders, and in less than 1percent of cases the violence ends with the attacker fleeing."
Terminology
In police training manuals, the police response to an active shooter scenario is different from hostage rescue and barricaded suspect situations. Police officers responding to an armed barricaded suspect often deploy with the intention of containing the suspect within a perimeter, gaining information about the situation, attempting negotiation with the suspect, and waiting for specialist teams like SWAT.
If police officers believe that a gunman intends to kill as many people as possible before committing suicide, they may use a tactic like immediate action rapid deployment.
The terminology "active shooter" is critiqued by some academics. There have been several mass stabbings that have high casualty counts, for instance in Belgium (Dendermonde nursery attack; 1 adult and 2 infants dead), Canada (2014 Calgary stabbing; 5 adults dead), China (2008 Beijing Drum Tower stabbings; 1 adult dead), Japan (Osaka School Massacre and Sagamihara stabbings; 8 children and 19 sleeping disabled adults dead, respectively), and Pennsylvania (Franklin Regional High School stabbing; no deaths). Ron Borsch recommends the term rapid mass murder. Due to a worldwide increase in firearm and non-firearm based mass casualty attacks, including attacks with vehicles, explosives, incendiary devices, stabbings, slashing, and acid attacks, Tau Braun and the Violence Prevention Agency (VPA) has encouraged the use of the more accurate descriptor mass casualty attacker (MCA).
Tactical implications
According to Ron Borsch, active shooters are not inclined to negotiate, preferring to kill as many people as possible, often to gain notoriety. Active shooters generally do not lie in wait to battle responding law enforcement officers. Few law enforcement officers have been injured responding to active shooter incidents; fewer still have been killed. As noted, more often than not, when the prospect of confrontation with responding law enforcement becomes unavoidable, the active shooter commits suicide. And when civilians—even unarmed civilians—resist, the active shooter crumbles.
Borsch's statistical analysis recommends a tactic: aggressive action. For law enforcement, the tactical imperative is to respond and engage the killer without delaythe affected orthodoxy of cumbersome team formations fails to answer the rapid temporal dynamics of active shooter events and fails to grasp the nature of the threat involved. For civilians, when necessity or obligation calls, the tactical mandate is to attack the attacker—a strategy that has proved successful across a range of incidents from Norina Bentzel (William Michael Stankewicz) in Pennsylvania and Bill Badger in Arizona (2011 Tucson shooting) to David Benke in Colorado.
Causation
Accounts of why active shooters do what they do vary. Some contend that the motive, at least proximately, is vengeance. Others argue that bullying breeds the problem, and sometimes the active shooter is a victim of bullying, directly or derivatively. Still others such as Grossman and DeGaetano argue that the pervasiveness of violent imagery girding modern culture hosts the phenomenon.
Some argue that a particular interpretation of the world, a conscious or subconscious ontology, accounts for the phenomenon. They argue that the active shooter lives in a world of victims and victimizers, that all are one or the other. The ontology accommodates no nuance, no room between the categories for benevolence, friendship, decency, nor indeed, for a mixture of good and bad. His interpretation of the world may grow out of or be fed by bullying or violent imagery (hence the common obsession with violent movies, books or video games), but it is the absolutist interpretation of his world that drives him both to kill and to die.
In The Psychology of the Active Killer, Daniel Modell writes that "The world conceived by the active killer is a dark dialectic of victim and victimizer. His impoverished ontology brooks no nuance, admits no resolution. The two categories, isolated and absolute, exhaust and explain his world. And the peculiar logic driving the dialectic yields a fatal inference: in a world of victims and victimizers, success means victimization."
See also
Ballistic shield
Immediate action rapid deployment
List of massacres
Running amok
School shooting
Spree killer
Active shooter training
References
External links
Active Shooter Mitigation Quiz
Active Continuous Training (ACT)
FBI releases study on active shooter incidents
Surviving an active shooter situation—what to do when someone is shooting at you
Four Ways PSIM Can Help in Active Shooter Situations
Law enforcement terminology
Mass murder
Rampages |
5376783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantau%20Link%20Visitors%20Centre | Lantau Link Visitors Centre | Lantau Link Visitors Centre is located on the Tsing Yi Island of Hong Kong.
It displays the information of the Lantau Link. The Centre contains models, photographs and panel texts about the Link.
There is a video on building of the Tsing Ma Bridge as well as one on the Airport Core Programme. A cross-section of the Tsing Ma Bridge's main suspension cable is on display outside the centre.
There are two computer quizzes provided for the visitors testing their knowledge of the Lantau Link.
There is a viewing platform outside the centre; the Tsing Ma Bridge can be viewed on the platform.
Transportation
The centre is accessible West from Tsing Yi station of MTR.
Exhibition link
Lantau Link Visitor Centre and Viewing Platform
Museums in Hong Kong
Tsing Yi |
5376784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Bradley%20%28botanist%29 | Richard Bradley (botanist) | Richard Bradley FRS (1688 – 5 November 1732) was an English naturalist specialising in botany. He published important works on ecology, horticulture, and natural history.
Biography
Little is known about Bradley's childhood aside from an early interest in gardening and the fact that he lived in the vicinity of London, a city at the time with many amateur naturalists. Though Bradley lacked a university education, his first publication, Treatise of Succulent Plants, gained him traction with influential patrons like James Petiver and later, Hans Sloane. With their support, he was proposed and elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1712, at the age of 24.
In 1714, Bradley visited the Netherlands and took an interest in horticulture. He spent the next decade back in England writing treatises on topics related to this central interest, like weather, fertiliser, productivity, and plant hybridisation. In recognition of his work in the field and with the (thereafter unfulfilled) promise that he would found and fund a university botanical garden, the University of Cambridge named Bradley its first professor of botany in 1724, a position he would hold until his death. As Bradley was not a wealthy man in his later life, and as this was an unsalaried position, the newly minted academic continued to focus most of his efforts on making a living through publishing. According to his rival and successor, John Martyn, as well as his successor, son Thomas Martyn, Bradley did this at the expense of his students, whom he reportedly neglected to even lecture to.
Career
Bradley made notable innovations and discoveries across a wide array of disciplines. For example, New Improvements of Planting and Gardening included directions for the making and use of a rudimentary kaleidoscope to aid in formal garden design and layout. He also wrote about cooking, and was the first to publish recipes in the English language using the then-exotic pineapple as the main ingredient. His History of Succulent plants was the seminal treatise on the topic, and his studies of tulips and auriculas helped further accurate theories of plant reproduction. Bradley was also a pioneer in the examining of fungal spore germination and the pollination of plants by insects. His publications additionally contained information on how to build and use greenhouses, early theories regarding agricultural productivity, and pond ecology.
Richard Bradley's most lasting work may be in the study of infectious disease. When many scientists were still holding fast to the ideals of mechanical philosophy, Bradley turned to empirical studies and experiments for his work. Though spread across a handful of his papers, when taken together, a unified, biological theory of infectious diseases spanning all life – from plants and animals to humans – emerges.
Selected bibliography
Bradley was the prolific author of at least twenty-four original books and pamphlets; some of his major publications are listed below. Dates are for first editions.
1710: Treatise of Succulent Plants
1716–1727: History of Succulent Plants (appeared in five instalments). Second edition corrected (London, 1739)
1719–1720: New Improvements of Planting and Gardening
1721: A Philosophical Account of the Works of Nature
1721: The Plague at Marseilles Considered
1721–1723: A General Treatise of Husbandry and Gardening (appeared in fifteen issues and later collected into three volumes from 1721–1724)
1727: Ten Practical Discourses Concerning Earth and Water, Fire and Air, as They Relate to the Growth of Plants
c.1727: The Country Housewife and Lady's Director (cookery)
1730: A Course of Lectures upon the Materia Medica, Ancient and Modern
References
External links
Database Entry at the Royal Society
Professors of Botany (Cambridge)
Botanists with author abbreviations
English botanists
English food writers
English gardeners
English naturalists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Pre-Linnaean botanists
1688 births
1732 deaths |
5376788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Bradley | Richard Bradley | Richard Bradley may refer to:
Richard Bradley (archaeologist) (born 1946), British archaeologist
Richard Bradley (botanist) (1688–1732), English botanist
Richard Bradley (film producer) (born 1949), Australian film producer and publicist
Rich Bradley (born 1955), American politician
Richard Bradley (writer) (born 1964), American writer
Richard H. Bradley, American developer
Richard Bradley (racing driver) (born 1991), British racing driver
R. H. Bradley (1873–?), Canadian-born American politician
Richard Bradley (philosopher) (born 1964), South African philosopher |
4040762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant%20Imahara | Grant Imahara | Grant Masaru Imahara (October 23, 1970 – July 13, 2020) was an American electrical engineer, roboticist, and television host. He was best known for his work on the television series MythBusters, on which he designed and built numerous robots and specialized in operating computers and electronics to test myths.
Imahara began his career at Lucasfilm, where he worked in the THX division as an engineer and in the Industrial Light & Magic division in visual effects. His work has been featured in films from franchises such as Star Wars, Jurassic Park, The Matrix, and Terminator. His first foray into television was on the robot combat series BattleBots, for which he designed and competed with his robot Deadblow and later returned as a judge. Imahara was also a chief model maker with Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) on such movie projects as Galaxy Quest. In 2005, Imahara joined the cast of Mythbusters as a member of the Build Team, appearing in over 200 episodes of the series until his departure in 2014. In 2010, he designed the animatronic "robot skeleton" Geoff Peterson to serve as a sidekick on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson. He starred in the 2016 Netflix series White Rabbit Project alongside his MythBusters co-stars Kari Byron and Tory Belleci.
Imahara died on July 13, 2020, at the age of 49, after suffering a ruptured intracranial aneurysm.
Early life
Imahara was born on October 23, 1970, to a Japanese-American family in Los Angeles, California. His Japanese name was . Imahara graduated from the University of Southern California (USC) with a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering. For a time, he considered switching majors with the intention of becoming a screenwriter, but he decided to stay on the engineering track after assisting Tomlinson Holman, a professor at the USC School of Cinematic Arts.
Imahara was also a live-action role-playing gamer, as revealed on White Rabbit Project.
Career
Early work
After graduation, Imahara was hired as an engineer for Lucasfilm's THX division; he then moved to the company's visual effects division, Industrial Light & Magic (ILM), where he worked for nine years. While at ILM, he was involved in several films, including The Lost World: Jurassic Park, Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace, Galaxy Quest, A.I. Artificial Intelligence, Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones, Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines, The Matrix Reloaded, The Matrix Revolutions, Van Helsing, and Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith.
Imahara has been credited in many feature films as a model maker. In particular, he was credited for his work in updating the aging R2-D2 robots for the Star Wars prequel trilogy. As an official Artoo Technician, he made a cameo appearance in the mockumentary R2-D2: Beneath the Dome. He was also credited as chief model maker for Industrial Light & Magic on such projects as "Galaxy Quest" in 1999 wherein he designed custom circuit boards to provide the lighting effects on the NSEA-Protector space ship engine nacelles.
MythBusters
Imahara joined MythBusters on the invitation of friend and occasional employer Jamie Hyneman and former ILM colleague Linda Wolkovitch, who was an associate producer of MythBusters. He joined as the third member of the Build Team alongside Kari Byron and Tory Belleci, replacing former MythBusters welder Scottie Chapman. His colleagues often jokingly refer to him as the "geek" of the Build Team. He often built robots that were needed for the show and specialized in operating computers and electronics for testing the myths. Imahara, along with Byron and Belleci, left the show after the 2014 season.
White Rabbit Project
Imahara reunited with Byron and Belleci for the 2016 White Rabbit Project, a Netflix Original Series, in which the team investigated topics such as jailbreaks, superpower technology, heists, and bizarre World War II weapons, evaluated against a defined set of criteria and explored through experiments, builds, and tests. The complete first season of the series was released on Netflix on December 9, 2016. Despite receiving good reviews, the series was not renewed.
Other work
In addition to his role on MythBusters, he is known for his appearances on BattleBots, where he designed and competed with his robot Deadblow. By 2018, he was selected as one of the judges for the eighth season on BattleBots. He made a cameo appearance on Syfy's Eureka and the web series The Guild. Other works include designing the circuit that creates the rhythmic oscillation of the arms of the modern Energizer Bunny; leading Team ILM to victory in an appearance on Junkyard Mega-Wars; as well as authoring Kickin' Bot: An Illustrated Guide to Building Combat Robots ()
Imahara was a cast member and story writer for the short film Architects of Evil, created for the 2004 Industrial Light & Magic Backyard Film Contest. He was a mentor for the Richmond High robotics team Biomechs #841 for the FIRST Robotics Competition, lending his expert guidance on how to create the right robot for the right job. Imahara was profiled in the magazine IEEE Spectrum, in an issue focusing on engineering dream jobs.
One of Imahara's independent projects, during early 2010, was constructing a robotic sidekick for Craig Ferguson, host of The Late Late Show. The robot, named Geoff Peterson, was unveiled on The Late Late Show's April 5, 2010 episode. It was controlled and voiced by comedian and voice actor Josh Robert Thompson.
In 2012, Imahara's likeness was used in the popular webcomic America Jr, in which he appeared as himself as a celebrity judge for a competition to select the country's Surgeon General.
Imahara portrayed Hikaru Sulu in all 11 episodes of the web series Star Trek Continues. He also played Lt. Masaru in the 2015 movie Star Trek: Renegades.
Imahara was a guest on TWiT's Triangulation (episode 121) on September 25, 2013. He also partnered with Mouser Electronics to kick off their "Empowering Innovation Together" campaign, where he hosts several webisodes.
In 2014, Imahara appeared in a series of videos showing the behind-the-scenes process of how several McDonald's foods are made.
He made an appearance in the 2015 TV movie Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!
Imahara took an active part in advising Team USA in a giant-robot battle between American company MegaBots and Japanese company Suidobashi Heavy Industry.
Imahara hosted the second season of the web series The Home of the Future, produced by The Verge in partnership with Curbed.
On October 18, 2017, Imahara tweeted that he had been consulting for Walt Disney Imagineering for six months, for a "top secret" project. On May 21, 2018, he was included as an author on the Disney Research paper "Stickman: Towards a Human Scale Acrobatic Robot", which explores the creation of "a simple two degree of freedom robot that uses a gravity-driven pendulum launch and produces a variety of somersaulting stunts". On June 29, 2018, Disney revealed that the Stickman prototype had evolved into an innovative, autonomous, self-correcting, acrobatic style of audio-animatronic figure, named Stuntronics, which will be utilized within Disney theme parks throughout the world.
In March 2020, while Imahara was working as a consultant for Disney Research and a mechanical designer at Spectral Moon, he built a fully animatronic model of Baby Yoda with the intention of touring children's hospitals with the lifelike robot to cheer up sick children. Imahara spent three months on the personal project doing the mechanical design, programming and 3D printing and completed it four months prior to his death.
Personal life
In December 2016, Imahara became engaged to his long-time girlfriend, costume designer and actress Jennifer Newman. The two did not marry.
Imahara mentored the robotics team at Richmond High School in California while working for LucasFilm's VFX.
Death and legacy
Imahara died on July 13, 2020, at the age of 49, after suffering a ruptured, previously undiagnosed, intracranial aneurysm. As a result, The Discovery Channel and the Science Channel ran a marathon broadcast over two days in Imahara's honor, using hand-selected MythBusters episodes, the TV special Killer Robots: Robogames 2011 (which Imahara hosted), and finishing with the White Rabbit Project episode "May G Force Be with You".
On October 23, 2020, on what would have been his 50th birthday, the Grant Imahara STEAM Foundation was announced by his mother, professional colleagues, and friends (including Mythbusters castmates Kari Byron, Tory Belleci and Adam Savage). It provides mentorship, grants and scholarships to under-served youth pursuing STEAM-related fields. More than 80 props from Mythbusters were auctioned off to benefit the Grant Imahara STEAM Foundation in August 2021. Some of those props had been built by Imahara during the more than 200 episodes that he appeared in Mythbusters between 2005 and 2014.
Several months after his death, BattleBots co-founder Greg Munson announced on an episode of The Adam Savage Project podcast that it had renamed its "Best Design Award" to the "Grant Imahara Award for Best Design" as a tribute to Imahara's legacy.
In the Dungeons and Dragons web series Critical Role, Imahara is honored by dungeon master Matthew Mercer as a non-player character known as Imahara Joe. Imahara Joe is a tinkerer who helps the main characters build mechanical automaton motorbikes to achieve their goals. Mercer tweeted that Imahara was "one of the most lovely people I have ever known".
Following the passing of her fiancé, Jennifer Newman tweeted: "I haven't found the words. I don't know if I'll be able to. I lost a part of my heart and soul today. He was so generous and kind, so endlessly sweet and so loved by his incredible friends." She added, "I feel so lucky to have known him, to have loved & been loved by him. I love you, honey."
References
External links
Grant Imahara STEAM Foundation
1970 births
2020 deaths
American people of Japanese descent
American electrical engineers
American roboticists
American television hosts
USC Viterbi School of Engineering alumni
Special effects people
American male web series actors
21st-century American male actors
Male actors from Los Angeles
Lucasfilm people
Deaths from intracranial aneurysm
Industrial Light & Magic people
Roboticists
Science fiction fans |
5376793 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Giordano | Philip Giordano | Philip Anthony Giordano (born March 25, 1963) is the former Republican mayor of Waterbury, Connecticut, and a convicted sex offender. He was born in Caracas, Venezuela, to Italian parents and his family moved to the United States when he was two years old.
A lawyer, former state representative and former Marine (1981–1985), Giordano served three terms as mayor after being elected for the first time in 1995. In 2000, he unsuccessfully ran for a seat in the U.S. Senate, losing to Joe Lieberman.
Mayor of Waterbury, Connecticut
Giordano was elected mayor in 1995, defeating seven-term Democratic Mayor Edward "Mike" Bergin by 52% to 45%. He was re-elected with 53% of the vote in 1999.
During his time as mayor, he claimed to have balanced Waterbury's budget, but prior to his arrest a state oversight board had to intervene as a result of chronic pension underfunding and taking money out of the pension fund to balance the general fund. Upon Giordano's arrest in 2001, he was forced to step aside, leaving President of the Board of Aldermen Sam Caligiuri as acting mayor.
U.S. Senate race
In 2000, Senator Joe Lieberman was chosen by Democratic presidential nominee Al Gore to be his vice presidential running mate—and Lieberman also chose to run for a third term to the Senate (Connecticut law permits candidates running for both offices). Having little chance to defeat the very popular centrist Lieberman, few Connecticut Republicans wanted to take him on. Finally, the state GOP settled on Giordano. Lieberman focused on his vice presidential run and refused to show up at debates; Giordano, mostly ignored by the press, received some coverage by debating alone and mocking Lieberman. In the end, it mattered little, as voters returned the incumbent to the Senate by a nearly two-to-one margin (63% to 34%).
Convicted sex offender
While investigating municipal corruption, the FBI discovered phone records and pictures of Giordano with a prostitute, as well as with her 10-year-old niece and her eight-year-old daughter. He was arrested on July 26, 2001, and, in March 2003, was convicted of 14 counts of using an interstate device, his cellphone, to arrange sexual contact with children. He was also convicted of violating the girls' civil rights. He was sentenced to 37 years in prison. In July 2007 his motion to reduce this sentence was denied by a federal judge. In 2006, Giordano sued the city for back pay resulting from sick days and vacation time. In 2015, Giordano petitioned for a writ of habeas corpus and certificate of appealability, claiming that his original trial attorney never conveyed the offer of a 15-year plea deal. After a hearing and finding evidence to the contrary, CT District Court judge Stefan R. Underhill rejected Giordano's request.
Giordano is currently serving his original 37-year sentence at the Yazoo City Medium Security Federal Correctional Institution in Mississippi and is scheduled for release in 2033.
References
External links
http://www.nbc30.com/politics/2063329/detail.html
Mayor arrested on sexually related charges involving child
|-
|-
1963 births
American people convicted of child sexual abuse
American politicians of Italian descent
Connecticut politicians convicted of crimes
Connecticut Republicans
Corruption in the United States
Living people
Mayors of Waterbury, Connecticut
Members of the Connecticut House of Representatives
People from Caracas
American politicians convicted of sex offences
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government
United States Marines
Venezuelan emigrants to the United States |
5376794 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%C5%99ich%20Rulc | Oldřich Rulc | Oldřich Rulc (28 March 1911 – 4 April 1969) was a Czechoslovakian international football player.
Career
Rulc played club football for Sparta Prague and SK Židenice (currently FC Zbrojovka Brno). He also made 17 appearances and scored two goals for the Czechoslovakia national football team, including an appearance at the 1938 FIFA World Cup finals.
First League statistics
References
ČMFS entry
External links
Profile at fotbal.cz
1911 births
1969 deaths
Czech footballers
Czechoslovak footballers
1938 FIFA World Cup players
Czechoslovakia international footballers
AC Sparta Prague players
FC Zbrojovka Brno players
Association football forwards
Footballers from Prague |
5376795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves-Marie%20Adeline | Yves-Marie Adeline | Yves-Marie Adeline Soret de Boisbrunet (born March 24, 1960 in Poitiers, France) better known as Yves-Marie Adeline, is a French Catholic writer. He also was the founder and leader of the French political party, Alliance Royale.
Life
He is the father of eight.
He taught to the University of Poitiers from 1986 till 1989, then left the university and alternated periods of writing books and collaboration in political offices. He teaches again today the history of the political ideas in various centers of higher education.
Philosophy
His philosophic work concerns three areas of research: in general philosophy, in aesthetics and in politics.
In his book Le Carré des philosophes (the square of philosophers), he builds a " philosophic square " sides of which are four propositions: Science, Existence, Presence, and Will. The proposition "Existence" is original: Adeline distinguishes the being of the existence itself ; according to him, existence is a dimension of the being. So we can say : the time exists, or a body exists, but a soul does not exist, it "is" only, it is without existing, without existence. The presence in the man of a power recovering from the being but not from the existence shows itself by the Will. Adeline wants it to be the criterion of distinction between the man and quite other creature. Adeline considers the will as typically human, rather than the consciousness, of which he considers that it is a little sure concept in philosophy.
The will is on the contrary the demonstration of a being in the man, this nonexistent being which shows that a man is not only an object of existence.
Yves - Marie Adeline's aesthetic works update the doctrine of Empedocles according to whom " only the same knows the same ", but also the aristotelian finalism, according to which the best expert of a saddle is not the craftsman, but the rider. In his book "La Musique et le monde" (music and world),he fights against the official doctrine of the so-called "contemporary music", asserting that this music has been conceived on an exclusively theoretical vision. In "L'Appel des sirènes" (the appeal of sirens), Adeline develops his thought and widens it to the plastic arts.
In "Le Pouvoir légitime" (the justifiable power), preferring good institutions to good leaders, he recommends " an abdication of each of us for the benefit of a common and wholesome principle ", and concludes that a modern monarchy is the best regime. Opponent of the maurrassism, or any other nationalism, he prefers Bonald, and advances the mixed regime (monarchy - aristocracy - democracy).
Yves-Marie Adeline is also a poet : L'Epouse (the wife); Le Manteau d'étoiles (the coat of stars); Radieuse hostie (radiant host) ; Les Angéliques (angelica).
He has been the president of Alliance Royale, the French royalist party. Candidate with the European elections in 2004, then candidate with presidential election in 2007, he did not obtain the 500 votes of the mayors. With the municipal elections of March 2008 in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, he got 0.96%. He has since resigned the political militancy.
Works
L'Aube royale (Sicre 1991)
La Musique et le monde (Téqui 1994)
Le Roi et le monde moderne (C&T 1995)
Le Carré des philosophes (Trédaniel 1995)
La Droite piégée (C&T 1996)
Le Pouvoir légitime (C&T 1997)
La Droite où l'on n'arrive jamais (Sicre 2000)
Le Royalisme en questions (Editions de Paris / L'Age d'Homme 2002)
Les Amours dangereuses, poèmes (Editions Jean d'Orcival 1994)
La Main offerte, poèmes (Editions Jean d'Orcival 1994)
L'Epouse, poèmes (Sicre 2002)
Le Manteau d'étoiles, poèmes (Editions de Paris 2002)
Radieuse Hostie, poèmes (Editions de Paris 2004)
L'Appel des sirènes (Editions de Paris 200
Marie-Antoinette, Drame en cinq actes, Editions de Paris, 2005 (). [présentation en ligne]
Histoire mondiale des idées politiques (Ellipses 2007)
Les Angéliques, poèmes, Via Romana, 2008 ()
La Pensée antique, Ellipses, 2008
References
External links
Author's blog
" Yves-Marie Adeline On Video" February 18, 2007
1960 births
Living people
Politicians of the French Fifth Republic
French monarchists
20th-century French philosophers
21st-century French philosophers
Catholic philosophers
French Roman Catholic writers
20th-century French writers
20th-century French male writers
21st-century French writers
University of Poitiers faculty
21st-century French male writers |
4040773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger%20Cohen | Roger Cohen | Roger Cohen (born 2 August 1955) is a journalist and author. He was a reporter, editor and columnist for The New York Times, and the International Herald Tribune (later re-branded as the International New York Times). He has worked as a foreign correspondent in fifteen countries.
Early life and education
Cohen was born in London to a Jewish family. His father, Sydney Cohen, a doctor, emigrated from South Africa to England in the 1950s. In the late 1960s, Roger studied at Westminster School, one of Britain's top private schools. He won a scholarship and would have entered College, the scholars' House, but was told that a Jew could not attend College or hold his particular scholarship. (The scholarship initially offered to him was intended for persons who professed the Christian faith, as he later learned while researching the affair.) Instead, he was awarded a different scholarship.
In 1973, Cohen travelled with friends throughout the Middle East, including Iran and Afghanistan. He drove a Volkswagen Kombi named 'Pigpen' after the late keyboard-playing frontman of the Grateful Dead. (In the article cited, Cohen misidentifies Pigpen as a drummer.) He studied History and French at Balliol College, Oxford and graduated in 1977. He left that year for Paris to teach English and to write for Paris Metro. He started working for Reuters and the agency transferred him to Brussels.
Cohen's mother, also from South Africa (b. 1929), attempted suicide in London in 1978. She died there in 1999 and was buried in Johannesburg.
Career
In 1983, Cohen joined The Wall Street Journal in Rome to cover the Italian economy. The Journal later transferred him to Beirut. He joined The New York Times in January 1990. In the summer of 1991, he co-authored with Claudio Gatti In the Eye of the Storm: The Life of General H. Norman Schwarzkopf. The authors wrote the book based on information from Norman Schwarzkopf's sister Sally, without Schwarzkopf's help.
Cohen worked for The New York Times as its European economic correspondent, based in Paris, from January 1992 to April 1994. He then became the paper's Balkan bureau chief, based in Zagreb, from April 1994 to June 1995. He covered the Bosnian War and the related Bosnian Genocide. His exposé of a Serb-run Bosnian concentration camp won the Burger Human Rights Award from the Overseas Press Club of America.
He wrote a retrospective book about his Balkan experiences called Hearts Grown Brutal: Sagas of Sarajevo in 1998. It won a Citation for Excellence from the Overseas Press Club in 1999. Cohen wrote in Hearts Grown Brutal that his coverage of the war changed him as a person, and that he considers himself lucky to still be alive. He later called this period the proudest achievement in his entire journalistic career.
He returned to the paper's Paris bureau from June 1995 to August 1998. He served as bureau chief of the Berlin bureau after September 1998. He took over as foreign editor of the paper's American office in the direct aftermath of the September 11 attacks. His unofficial role was made formal on 14 March 2002. In his tenure, he planned and then oversaw the paper's coverage of the War in Afghanistan. During his first visit to India as an editor, he entered the country without obtaining a visa, having assumed that he would not need one. He was then stuck in diplomatic limbo for several hours. He has called this the most embarrassing moment in his career.
In 2004, he began writing a column called 'Globalist', which is published twice a week in The International Herald Tribune. In 2005, Cohen's third book, Soldiers and Slaves: American POWs Trapped by the Nazis' Final Gamble, was published by Alfred A. Knopf. In 2006, he became the first senior editor for The International Herald Tribune.
After columnist Nicholas D. Kristof took a temporary leave in mid-2006, Cohen took over Kristof's position. He has written columns for the Times since then.
Iraq
Cohen supported the 2003 American-led invasion of Iraq. He criticised the Bush administration's handling of the occupation while still supporting the cause given the brutality of Saddam Hussein's regime. In January 2009, he commented that Saddam's "death-and-genocide machine killed about 400,000 Iraqis and another million or so people in Iran and Kuwait." He wrote that "I still believe Iraq's freedom outweighs its terrible price."
He opposed the 2007 'surge' of troops into Iraq. In June 2007, he advocated pulling out 105,000 soldiers. He argued that "pulling out a lot of troops is the only way to increase pressure on Maliki to make the political compromises – on distribution of oil revenue, the constitution and de-Baathification – that will give Iraq some long-term chance of cohering."
In November 2008, Cohen stated that "gains are real but fragile" in Iraq. He criticised Democratic candidate Barack Obama's calls for a 16-month withdrawal from the country, calling it irresponsible. Cohen wrote that "we're going to have to play buffer against the dominant Shia for several years".
Iran
Cohen wrote a series of articles for The New York Times in February 2009 about a trip to Iran. In his writings he expressed opposition to military action against Iran and encouraged negotiations between the United States and the Islamic Republic. He also remarked that Iranian Jews were well treated, and said the Jewish community was "living, working and worshiping in relative tranquility." He also described the hospitality that he received in Iran, stating that "I'm a Jew and have seldom been treated with such consistent warmth as in Iran." In his trip, he paid an Iranian agency $150 a day for the services of a translator, who filed a report on Cohen's doings with the Iranian government.
His depiction of Jewish life in Iran sparked criticism from columnists and activists such as Jeffrey Goldberg of The Atlantic Monthly and Rafael Medoff, director of the David S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies. In his Jerusalem Post op-ed, Medoff criticised Cohen for being "misled by the existence of synagogues" and further argued that Iranian Jews "are captives of the regime, and whatever they say is carefully calibrated not to get themselves into trouble." The American Jewish Committee also criticised Cohen's articles. Dr. Eran Lerman, director of the group's Middle East directory, argued that "Cohen's need to argue away an unpleasant reality thus gives rise to systematic denial".
Roger Cohen responded on 2 March, defending his observations and further elaborating that "Iran's Islamic Republic is no Third Reich redux. Nor is it a totalitarian state." He also stated that "life is more difficult for them [the Jews] than for Muslims, but to suggest they [Jews] inhabit a totalitarian hell is self-serving nonsense." He ended with a warning:
On 12 March, Cohen accepted an invitation to meet with selected members of Los Angeles's Iranian Jewish and Baháʼí Faith communities at Sinai Temple, after receiving some of their critical mail about his column. Cohen defended his views and analysis on Iran and Israel to a partly hostile audience. Rabbi David Wolpe of the Sinai Temple criticised Cohen after the event, saying "increasingly I came to believe that Iran was not Cohen's sole concern; he wanted it as a stick with which to beat Israel over Gaza, whose incursion he wrote left him ashamed."
Cohen argued that the results of the June 2009 Iranian presidential election were fabricated, and incumbent President Ahmadinejad "cheated" his way to victory over reformist Mir Hussein Moussavi. He wrote that "President Obama's outreach must now await a decent interval." He also commented, "I've also argued that, although repressive, the Islamic Republic offers significant margins of freedom by regional standards. I erred in underestimating the brutality and cynicism of a regime that understands the uses of ruthlessness." He was later criticised by Flynt Leverett and Hillary Mann Leverett in the New York Review of Books for trumpeting what they said were baseless accusations of electoral fraud and for his general "incompetence and hypocrisy". Cohen replied that the pair were guilty of, amongst other things, "a cavalier disregard for the Islamic Republic's intermittent brutality", were "apologists without a conscience".
Israel
Cohen wrote in January 2009 that the Israel-Palestinian conflict should not be seen by the United States as just another part of the War on Terrorism. He called for the ending of Israeli settlement construction in the West Bank and the ending of the blockade of the Gaza Strip. He also supported the reconciling of Hamas with Fatah after their violent split. In addition, he criticised the Obama administration for its continuance of past United States policies towards Israel.
Cohen opposed Operation Cast Lead, labelling it "wretchedly named – and disastrous". He has accused Israelis of the "slaying of hundreds of Palestinian children" in the campaign. In an 8 March column, Cohen stated that he had "never previously felt so shamed by Israel's actions." However, in one of his articles in The New York Times, Cohen analyses the differences between European and American attitudes toward Israel. He contrasts a growing antisemitism in Europe with Americans' generalized support for Israel, and attempts to explain why Americans are more supportive of Israel than Europeans are. In closing the article, Cohen said "...., on balance, I am pleased to have become a naturalized American."
Pakistan and Afghanistan
On 8 November 2007, Cohen described the then $10 billion given to the Pakistani government and $22 billion given to the Afghan government as "self-defeating". He called Pakistani leader Pervez Musharraf "a dictator with a gentleman's itch". He also stated that "the U.S. must stick with him and maintain aid for now", but it should press Musharraf for more political reforms.
In September 2008, Cohen stated that only the Afghan people themselves can win the war. He wrote:
Rupert Murdoch
On 12 July 2011, shortly after the News of the World scandal broke, Cohen, who once wrote for the Wall Street Journal before it was bought by Rupert Murdoch, published a New York Times op-ed piece called "In Defense of Murdoch". The article lauds Murdoch's "loathing for elites, for cozy establishments and for cartels", and praised Murdoch's "no-holds-barred journalism". Cohen states that the enterprising Murdochs have been "good for newspapers over the past several decades...and... good for free societies and a more open world". Notwithstanding these positives, in said op-ed Cohen still acknowledges that Fox News has "made a significant contribution to the polarization of American politics".
Awards
Cohen has won numerous awards and honours, among them the Peter Weitz Prize for Dispatches from Europe, the Arthur F. Burns Prize, and the Joe Alex Morris lectureship at Harvard University. He received an Overseas Press Club award for his coverage of third world debt in 1987, the Inter-American Press Association "Tom Wallace" Award for feature writing in 1989.
In 2012, Cohen won the Lifetime Achievement award at the 8th annual International Media Awards in London.
Personal life
Cohen was married to the sculptor Frida Baranek and has four children. They are now divorced. The family lived in Brooklyn, New York until 2010, when he moved back to London, where he'd lived in 1980. Before leaving New York in 2010, he was given a farewell party in July by Richard Holbrooke. He wrote a remembrance of Holbrooke five months later after the diplomat's unexpected death.
Cohen says that "journalism is a young person's game." "When the phone goes in the middle of the night and you're 25 and you're asked to go to Beirut, it's the greatest thing. But when that happens at 50, less so."
Published works
(With Claudio Gatti) In the Eye of the Storm: The Life of General H. Norman Schwarzkopf. New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1991.
Hearts Grown Brutal: Sagas of Sarajevo. New York: Random House, 1998.
Soldiers and Slaves: American POWs Trapped by the Nazis' Final Gamble. New York: Knopf, 2005.
Danger in the Desert: True Adventures of a Dinosaur Hunter, New York: Sterling, 2008.
The Girl from Human Street: Ghosts of Memory in a Jewish Family, New York: Knopf, 2015.
References
External links
Roger Cohen's New York Times columnist page
Video: A Dialogue with Roger Cohen and the Iranian Jewish Community
Intelligence Squared debate: Roger Cohen arguing for the motion "The US Should Step Back from Its Special Relationship with Israel"
1955 births
Living people
Writers from London
People educated at Westminster School, London
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
International Herald Tribune people
British columnists
English Jews
English people of South African descent
Jewish American writers
Writers from New York (state)
American non-fiction writers
American columnists
The New York Times columnists
21st-century American Jews |
4040782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco%20Adolfo%20de%20Varnhagen%2C%20Viscount%20of%20Porto%20Seguro | Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen, Viscount of Porto Seguro | Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen, Viscount of Porto Seguro (February 17, 1816 – June 26, 1878), was a Brazilian diplomat and historian. He is the patron of the 39th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters. He is considered "the father of modern Brazilian historical scholarship."
Life
Varnhagen was born in 1816, in the city of Iperó, Brazil. He was the son of Maria Flávia de Sá Magalhães and Friedrich Ludwig Wilhelm Varnhagen, a German-born military engineer, who was in service to the Portuguese crown and in Brazil to inspect iron foundries. He received his primary education in Rio de Janeiro. At an early age, he went with his family to Lisbon, where he studied at the Real Colégio Militar da Luz. In the civil war in Portugal, he served those supporting Dom Pedro I. He returned to his studies, where he learned paleography and studied political economy and languages (French, German, English).
His first History work would be Notícia do Brasil, written between 1835 and 1838. His research would lead him to find Pedro Álvares Cabral's long-lost grave at the Igreja da Graça, in Santarém. He was admitted at the Sciences Academy of Lisbon and graduated in military engineering at the Academia Real de Fortificação, Artilharia e Desenho.
He returned to Brazil in 1840, entering at the Brazilian Historic and Geographic Institute in 1841. In 1844 he obtained Brazilian citizenship, and could apply to a diplomatic career. He served in Portugal and Spain, where he was able to utilize the archives in Seville and Simancas for his history of Brazil. He later served in Paraguay, where he found the current regime of Carlos Antonio López odious, but he gathered further materials for his history of Brazil, particularly on the Tupí Indians. He also served in Venezuela, the Republic of New Granada (modern Colombia), Ecuador, Chile (where he met his wife, an aristocratic Chilean lady Doña Carmen Ovalle y Vicuña, marrying her in 1864), Peru and the Netherlands. He published the first volume of his masterpiece, História Geral do Brasil, in 1854. Its second volume was published in 1857.
In 1872, Emperor Pedro II would give him the title of Baron of Porto Seguro, being elevated to Viscount two years later. His final diplomatic service was in Vienna, Austria, where he was serving as a minister when he died in 1878.
His remains were transported to Santiago, Chile, but would be years later removed to a monument erected in honor of him at the city of Sorocaba. Part of his library was acquired by bibliophile José Mindlin.
Works
Varnhagen's work was recognized at the time as a major contribution to historical writing on Brazil, with Alexander von Humboldt, the great Prussia scientist and intellectual, saying that "I will be glad to have [Varnhagen's history of Brazil] in its entirety and to see it reposing in our library." Varnhagen participated in political debate about the importance of Brazil's Indians in the formation of Brazil. He rejected the Indianist school that saw Brazil's Indians as "noble savages" and "a basis for brasilidade (Brazilianness)., In volume two of his História Geral do Brazil, Varnhagen added an appendix that dealt with this issue. "The Indians were not masters of Brazil nor is the name Brazilian applicable to them as savages. Nor could they be civilized without the presence of force, which was not abused as much as stated. and finally they can in no way be taken as our guides in the present or past in sentiments of patriotism or in the representation of nationality." In general, Varnhagen was pro-monarchy, since it gave Brazil a strong central government and took the part of Portuguese colonists in debates about the colonial era. He had a mixed assessment of the Jesuits in Brazil, whom he did credit for contributions. For the thirty-year Dutch occupation of Brazil's northeast, he viewed the episode as lamentable on one hand, but beneficial to Brazil on the other, viewing the Dutch as "a nation more active and industrious" than Brazil at the time.
Notícia do Brasil (1839). Full title, Reflexões críticas sobre o escripto do século XVI impresso com o título de Noticia do Brasil no Tomo 3 da Collecção de Not. Ultr. Acompanhadas de interssantes notícias bibliográficas e importantes investigações históricas por francisco aldolfo de Varnhagen..... (Lisbon 1839)
Épicos Brasileiros (1843)
Amador Bueno (1847)
Trovas e Cantares de um Códice do Século XVI (1849)
Florilégio da Poesia Brasileira (1850)
História Geral do Brasil (1854–1857)
Sumé (1855)
References
External links
Varnhagen's biography at the official site of the Brazilian Academy of Letters
Stuart B. Schwartz, Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen: Diplomat, Patriot, Historian, The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 47, No. 2 (May 1967), pp. 185–202 (at JSTOR)
1816 births
1878 deaths
People from Sorocaba
Brazilian diplomats
Brazilian nobility
Brazilian monarchists
19th-century Brazilian historians
Brazilian people of German descent
Patrons of the Brazilian Academy of Letters
Latin Americanists |
5376796 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%20Developers | Google Developers | Google Developers (previously Google Code) , application programming interfaces (APIs), and technical resources. The site contains documentation on using Google developer tools and APIs—including discussion groups and blogs for developers using Google's developer products.
There are APIs offered for almost all of Google's popular consumer products, like Google Maps, YouTube, Google Apps, and others.
The site also features a variety of developer products and tools built specifically for developers. Google App Engine is a hosting service for web apps. Project Hosting gives users version control for open source code. Google Web Toolkit (GWT) allows developers to create Ajax applications in the Java programming language.(All languages)
The site contains reference information for community based developer products that Google is involved with like Android from the Open Handset Alliance and OpenSocial from the OpenSocial Foundation.
Google APIs
Google offers a variety of APIs, mostly web APIs for web developers. The APIs are based on popular Google consumer products, including Google Maps, Google Earth, AdSense, Adwords, Google Apps and YouTube.
Google Data APIs
The Google Data APIs allow programmers to create applications that read and write data from Google services. Currently, these include APIs for Google Apps, Google Analytics, Blogger, Google Base, Google Book Search, Google Calendar, Google Code Search, Google Earth, Google Spreadsheets, Google Notebook,
Ajax APIs
Google's Ajax APIs let a developer implement rich, dynamic websites entirely in JavaScript and HTML. A developer can create a map to a site, a dynamic search box, or download feeds with just a few lines of javascript.
Ads APIs
The AdSense and AdWords APIs, based on the SOAP data exchange standard, allow developers to integrate their own applications with these Google services. The AdSense API allows owners of websites and blogs to manage AdSense sign-up, content and reporting, while the AdWords API gives AdWords customers programmatic access to their AdWords accounts and campaigns.
Developer tools and open-source projects
App Engine
Google App Engine lets developers run web applications on Google Cloud. Google App Engine supports apps written in several programming languages. With App Engine's Java runtime environment, one can build their app using standard Java technologies, including the JVM, Java servlets, and the Java programming language—or any other language using a JVM-based interpreter or compiler, such as JavaScript or Ruby. App Engine also features a dedicated Python runtime environment, which includes a fast Python interpreter and the Python standard library.
Google Plugin for Eclipse
Google Plugin for Eclipse (GPE) is a set of software development tools that enables Java developers to design, build, optimize, and deploy cloud computing applications. GPE assists developers in creating complex user interfaces, generating Ajax code using the Google Web Toolkit, optimizing performance with Speed Tracer, and deploying applications to Google App Engine. GPE installs into the Eclipse integrated development environment (IDE) using the extensible plugin system.
GPE is available under the Google terms of service license.
Google Web Toolkit
The Google Web Toolkit (GWT) is an open source toolkit allowing developers to create Ajax applications in the Java programming language. GWT supports rapid client–server development and debugging in any Java IDE. In a subsequent deployment step, the GWT compiler translates a working Java application into equivalent JavaScript that programmatically manipulates a web browser's HTML DOM using DHTML techniques. GWT emphasizes reusable, efficient solutions to recurring Ajax challenges, namely asynchronous remote procedure calls, history management, bookmarking, and cross-browser portability. It is released under the Apache License version 2.0.
OR-Tools
Google OR-Tools provides programming language wrappers for operations research tools such as optimisation and constraint solving.
Google Code
Google previously ran a project hosting service called Google Code that provided revision control offering Subversion, Mercurial and Git (transparently implemented using Bigtable as storage), an issue tracker, and a wiki for documentation. The service was available and free for all OSI-approved Open Source projects (as of 2010, it was strongly recommended but no longer required to use one of the nine well-known open source licenses: Apache, Artistic, BSD, GPLv2, GPLv3, LGPL, MIT, MPL and EPL). The site limited the number of projects one person could have to 25. Additionally, there was a limit on the number of projects that could be created in one day, a 200 MB default upload file size limit, which could be raised, and a 5 GB per-project total size limit. The service provided a file download feature, but in May 2013 the creation of new downloads was disabled, with plans to disable it altogether on January 14, 2014. In March 2015, Google announced that it would be closing down Google Code on January 15, 2016. All projects on the site entered read-only mode on August 24, 2015, with the exception of certain Google-owned projects including Android and Chrome.
Residents of countries on the United States Office of Foreign Assets Control sanction list, including Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan and Syria, were prohibited from posting to or accessing Google Code.
Gears
Gears was beta software offered by Google to enable offline access to services that normally only work online. It installed a database engine, based on SQLite, on the client system to cache data locally.
Gears-enabled pages used data from this local cache rather than from the online service. Using Gears, a web application may periodically synchronize the data in the local cache with the online service. If a network connection is not available, the synchronization is deferred until a network connection is established. Thus Gears enabled web applications to work even though access to the network service is not present. Google announced the end of Gears development on March 11, 2011, citing a shift of focus from Gears to HTML5.
Google developer events
Google I/O is Google's largest developer event, which, usually is held in May at the Shoreline Amphitheatre, Mountain View.
Google Summer of Code is a mentoring program to find students for open source projects. In 2016, the program received nearly 18,980 applications.
Google Code Jam is an international programming competition.
Google Developer Groups
Google Developer Groups (GDGs) are communities of developers who are interested in Google's developer technology products and platforms. A GDG can take many forms—from just a few people getting together, to large gatherings with demos and tech talks, to events like code sprints and hackathons. As of June 2020, there are currently 1000+ GDGs worldwide. DevFest is one of these events.
References
External links
Developers
Software developer communities |
4040783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor%20limit | Floor limit | A floor limit is the amount of money above which Debit card or credit card transactions must be authorized online by their Issuing banks. The limit can vary from store to store. Floor limits have become less significant as credit cards & most of the debit cards started being processed electronically and all transactions are typically authorized online by sending the Authorization request to their Issuing banks.
History
The term floor limit comes from the days when it was the maximum amount which could be approved on the floor (of the retailer), beyond which the cash register operator would have to call for approval.
Floor limits were of more significance when most credit card merchants processed transactions by taking a physical imprint of the card rather than electronically swiping the magnetic strip, and obtaining an authorization required time-consuming human intervention. With modern card readers, most merchants and banks will obtain an authorization even on very small charges, as it costs little to do so and helps protect against fraud. However, the concept of a floor limit may still come into play in certain cases. A few merchants still use the older system of taking a physical imprint of the card. Additionally, if the merchant or merchant's bank has trouble contacting the customer's bank due to computer network issues, transactions under a certain floor limit will still be approved electronically immediately.
Floor limits do not apply to certain types of debit card (such as Visa Electron and Solo), as these cards require authorization for every transaction to prevent the cardholder becoming overdrawn.
In India, majority of the Automated Teller Machines (ATM) have been configured with Zero Floor Limit value, as a result of which all financial request transactions initiated from the ATM will be sent online to their issuing banks for the approval.
Example
If a store has a floor limit of $30.00, a purchase costing $29.99 (or less) would not need to be authorized by the customer's bank through Online transaction at that very moment. However, a transaction of $30.00 (or more) would require Online authorization at that very moment to confirm that the customer has the necessary funds available in their bank account.
Problems
A floor limit may cause an account to become overdrawn, even where the account holder does not have an authorized overdraft. In the EU the Payments Accounts Directive (S.I. No. 482/2016) provides for a basic bank account which is prohibited from having an agreed overdraft facility, however floor limits may force the account into an overdrawn position.
References
Retail financial services |
5376804 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santhome | Santhome | Santhome is a locality in Mylapore in Chennai city (formerly Madras) in India.
History
The word Santhome or San Thome is derived from Saint Thomas. The tradition is that he was martyred in AD 72 at St.Thomas Mount in the city, and was interred in Mylapore. Later a church was built over his supposed tomb and today is known as the San Thome Basilica. The Basilica is one of the three churches that claim to have been built over the tomb of an apostle. (Others include St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, Italy; the Church of Saint James the Great in Santiago de Compostela, Spain.)
St. Thomas Tomb
After Thomas the Apostle landed in Calicut and preached about Jesus in Kerala, he came to Chennai and preached about Jesus and was killed in AD 72 in St. Thomas Mount and possibly buried in Mylapore (presently Santhome). And as History a small and simple structure (church) was built over the tomb of Saint Thomas the Apostle by his disciples in AD 72.
In AD 1521 the tomb was renovated by Portuguese missionaries and built a church over the tomb. After the tomb of Saint Thomas the apostle was renovated the relic of Apostle was firstly shown in the church. And the body of Apostle was took into the town as grand procession in Santhome and Mylapore and again buried in the center of Santhome Church in 1523 after the church was opened. In 1545 Saint Francis Xavier visited the church and stayed for nearly 11 months and he often prayed in the tomb and celebrated Eucharist Mass in the main church. In 1729 the tomb was first opened to the public.
Santhome Church
The Portuguese explorers came to Mylapore in 1500, they saw the tomb of St.Thomas as small abandoned structure and they decided to build a church in that same place, in 1522 they started building the church with the order of King John III of Portugal and opened in 1523. And they named the east coast of Mylapore as Santhome were the church is located. In 1893 British decided to rebuild the church with the status of Cathedral and opened in 1896. Later on the church became Basilica and National Shrine of India. And also referred to be "International Shrine". It is a very important church in the world and most visited site in Chennai. Now it is known as "National Shrine of St. Thomas Cathedral Basilica" or "Santhome Church" built over the holy tomb of Saint Thomas the Apostle. The glory and dignity of St. Thomas shown in this Cathedral Basilica Church.
Battle of St Thomé
During the First Carnatic War, after the French captured Fort St George from the British, the Nawab of the Carnatic, Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan, expected the town to be handed over to him as overlord. Anwaruddin responded by sending a 10,000 man army under Mahfuz Kahn, his son, to take the fort from Dupleix by force forcing him to move south. Khan seized Santhome and formed a battle line on the north bank of the Adyar River on 22 October to prevent the French from moving up reinforcements from Pondicherry.
When Kahn's forces approached the walls however, the garrison's gunnery compelled them to retire. French Governor-General Joseph François Dupleix sent a relief force from Pondicherry that met Khan's army at the Adyar River. Although the French had only 300 troops, in the Battle of Adyar they executed a bold attack that drove the Nawab's forces into the town. The French then expelled them and forced them to retreat towards Arcot. By this action the French ceased being suppliants to the local ruler.
Santhome now
Santhome has some premier educational institutions. Hence, it became an administrative capital locality of the Archdiocese of Madras-Mylapore. These include Rosary Matriculation School, St. Bedes A. I. Hr. Sec. School, Santhome Higher Secondary school, St. Raphel's School and Dominic Savio Matric. School. The official residence of the Archbishop of the Madras - Mylapore Archdiocese is in Santhome adjacent to the Basilica. The consulates of Russia and Spain are also in this area. The Santhome High Road stretches from the light house side of the famous Marina beach and goes through in front of St. Thomas basilica towards Adyar.
Gallery
References
See also
San Thome Basilica
Neighbourhoods in Chennai
Coastal neighbourhoods of Chennai |
4040791 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transactional%20NTFS | Transactional NTFS | Transactional NTFS (abbreviated TxF) is a component introduced in Windows Vista and present in later versions of the Microsoft Windows operating system that brings the concept of atomic transactions to the NTFS file system, allowing Windows application developers to write file-output routines that are guaranteed to either succeed completely or to fail completely.
Major operating system components, including System Restore, Task Scheduler, and Windows Update, rely on TxF for stability. During the development of Windows Vista, WinFS also relied on TxF for storing files.
Due to its complexity and various nuances which developers need to consider as part of application development, Microsoft has deprecated TxF and stated that it may be removed in a future version of Windows. Microsoft has strongly recommended that developers investigate using the alternatives rather than adopting the Transactional NTFS API platform which may not be available in future versions of Windows.
Overview
Transactional NTFS allows for files and directories to be created, modified, renamed, and deleted atomically. Using transactions ensures correctness of operation; in a series of file operations (done as a transaction), the operation will be committed if all the operations succeed. In case of any failure, the entire operation will roll back and fail.
Transactional NTFS is implemented on top of the Kernel Transaction Manager, which is a Windows kernel component introduced in Windows Vista that provides transactioning of objects in the kernel. The NTFS file system already supports journaling of low-level operations, such as writing a block of data. Transactional NTFS expands on this capability to include:
Atomic operations on a single file: A common example of this is saving a file from an application; if the application or machine were to crash while writing the file, then only part of the file could be written, possibly resulting in a corrupted file. This would be a very significant problem if a previous version of the file was being over-written, as data would likely be lost.
Atomic operations spanning multiple files: If an application needs to update several files at once with a set of changes, all the necessary file operations can be performed as a single transaction, preventing inconsistent updates in the event of a failure.
Atomic operations spanning multiple computers: Performing the same operation on multiple computers is a fairly common administrative task in a corporate network; Transactional NTFS integrates with the Distributed Transaction Coordinator to ensure that the change is successfully applied to all machines.
With the exception of read operations, using Transactional NTFS for transactions on Encrypting File System files is not supported in Windows Vista until Service Pack 1 and Windows Server 2008.
See also
ACID
Features new to Windows Vista
Technical features new to Windows Vista
References
External links
Because We Can, a Microsoft developer blog that discusses TxF both conceptually and in code
Kernel Transaction Manager documentation on the Microsoft Developer Network.
Transaction processing
Windows components
Windows Vista
Microsoft application programming interfaces |
4040795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts%20Council%20for%20Monterey%20County | Arts Council for Monterey County | Arts Council for Monterey County, formerly known as The Cultural Council for Monterey County (CCMC), is the official arts agency for Monterey County, California. Arts4MC, a non-for-profit organization promotes and supports arts education, appreciation and excellence in the arts throughout Monterey County. Formed in 1982, the nonprofit agency also serves as Monterey County's officially designated local partner to the California Arts Council. In 1985, the County of Monterey first contracted with the council to provide cultural services to improve the economic health of the region — with funding from the county's Tourism Occupancy Tax.
James Alinder, Ilene Tuttle, George De Groat, Todd Lueders, George Faul, and Helen Kingsley, along with the support of Ansel Adams, created the Council in 1982 as part of a nationwide movement powered by the National Endowment for the Arts, “to develop and assist art and cultural programs, and to promote the employment of artists within the county.”
Monterey
Monterey County, California |
4040797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury%20High%20School%2C%20Shropshire | Shrewsbury High School, Shropshire | Shrewsbury High School is an independent day school for girls from ages 4 - 18 Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England. It is an original member school of the Girls' Day School Trust.
History
Shrewsbury High School opened as a day school for girls in 1885. In 1893 the rising star Ethel Gavin took over as head. The school had outgrown its site and it moved to its present location on the banks of the River Severn in central Shrewsbury in 1895. Gavin moved on to another headship in 1897. The junior department transferred to Kennedy Road in 1959. In 2008 a new prep school was formed by the merger of the existing junior department with Kingsland Grange, a boys’ prep school. The Junior Department has now moved to the historic Town Walls campus as an all-through all-girls school from 4-18.
The Senior Department is located on Town Walls, by the banks of the River Severn.
Houses
Shrewsbury High School Senior Department has four houses, each named after an ancient male Roman deity.
Apollo Yellow
Neptune Blue
Mercury Red
Jupiter Green
Following its success in the senior school, the House system was introduced to the junior school in September 2005 when Mrs Edwards joined Shrewsbury High School Junior Department as its Head. The Junior Department also has four houses, named after hills in Shropshire.
Wenlock
Long Mynd
Stretton
Haughmond
There are many house competitions that take place each term such as sports day, house drama and house charity events. Siblings are usually put into the same house. There are House Captains, Deputy House Captains and House Prefects of each of the four houses and also a Head Girl and a Deputy Head Girl. In the senior school these roles are taken by Sixth Formers.
Notable former pupils
Lois Baxter, actress
Mary Beard, classicist
Alice Bunn, Director of UK Space Agency
Hilda Murrell, naturalist
Notes and references
External links
School Website
Profile on MyDaughter
ISI Inspection Report
Girls' schools in Shropshire
Schools in Shrewsbury
Schools of the Girls' Day School Trust
Member schools of the Girls' Schools Association
Independent schools in Shropshire
Educational institutions established in 1885
1885 establishments in England |
5376816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuala%20McKeever | Nuala McKeever | Nuala McKeever (born 1964) is an actress from Belfast, Northern Ireland.
Early life and education
McKeever grew up in the west of the city and graduated from Queen's University Belfast with a degree in languages.
Career
After graduating from university, McKeever worked at BBC Northern Ireland for eight years, initially as a secretary before becoming a researcher.
One of the first projects she worked on after quitting her research job was The Wilsons, for BBC Radio Ulster.
This was followed by an appearance in Two Ceasefires and a Wedding (1995), a short film made for the BBC by the Northern Irish comedy group Hole in the Wall Gang. The resulting comedy television series Give My Head Peace made McKeever a household name in Northern Ireland. She played the character "Emer" for two series.
After leaving Give My Head Peace, she was hired by UTV. Here she wrote and produced McKeever, a sketch show.
Her first play, Out of The Box, directed by Andrea Montgomery, premiered at the Belfast Festival at Queen's in October 2005, and subsequently was performed at the Riverside Theatre, Coleraine at the University of Ulster and at the Lyric Theatre in Belfast in April 2006. The play toured across Ireland before closing with a week as the first production in the new Grand Opera House Studio in Belfast in December 2006.
Subsequently, McKeever and Montgomery produced It's Not All Rain & Potatoes, a sketch comedy about Ireland for Terra Nova Productions, and Is It Me?, a sitcom for BBC Northern Ireland.
Personal life
Her long-term partner Australian-born Mike Moloney died at his north Belfast home in April 2013.
In 2014 she came out as a lesbian in her newspaper column.
On 25 May 2020 she was presenting BBC Radio Ulster and without her knowledge that her microphone had been left on she said regarding Prime Minister Johnson's top aid Dominic Cummings “I was thinking he was such a dick I had written his name down as Richard Cummings” which was broadcast over the airwaves,
The BBC told the Belfast Telegraph “the comments were not intended for broadcast and should not have been… We very much regret what happened and the upset caused.”
See also
List of British actors
List of British playwrights since 1950
List of Queen's University Belfast people
References
External links
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century births
20th-century actresses from Northern Ireland
20th-century British writers
21st-century actresses from Northern Ireland
21st-century British writers
Alumni of Queen's University Belfast
BBC Northern Ireland
British television producers
British women television producers
Television writers from Northern Ireland
British women dramatists and playwrights
Women comedians from Northern Ireland
Women dramatists and playwrights from Northern Ireland
Film actresses from Northern Ireland
Television actresses from Northern Ireland
LGBT rights activists from Northern Ireland
LGBT people from Northern Ireland
Actresses from Belfast
Comedians from Belfast
Living people
Television producers from Northern Ireland
20th-century British women writers
21st-century women writers from Northern Ireland
Satirists from Northern Ireland
Comedy writers from Northern Ireland
20th-century Irish women writers
20th-century Irish writers
21st-century Irish women writers
21st-century Irish writers
British women television writers
Women satirists
British lesbian actresses
Irish lesbian writers
LGBT writers from Northern Ireland
LGBT producers
LGBT journalists from the United Kingdom
LGBT entertainers from the United Kingdom
British lesbian writers |
5376824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Martyn | Thomas Martyn | Thomas Martyn (23 September 1735 – 3 June 1825) was an English botanist and Professor of Botany at Cambridge University. He is sometimes confused with the conchologist and entomologist of the same name.
Life
Thomas Martyn was the son of the botanist John Martyn (1699–1768). He was educated in Chelsea and at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, graduating BA in 1756 and becoming a fellow of Sidney Sussex College and being ordained deacon in 1758. In 1759 he became MA and priest. In 1762 he succeeded his father as Professor of Botany at the University, and held the post until his death in 1825, though he only lectured until 1796 'as the subject was not popular'. Thomas Martyn's professorship at Cambridge lasted for 63 years, while his father had held the same post for 29 years. Thomas Martyn was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1786.
Works
Two of Martyn's major works are Plantæ Cantabrigiensis (1763) and Flora Rustica, 4 vols. (1792–1794). He translated the Lettres sur la botanique of Rousseau. In 1799 he published Thirty-eight Plates with Explanations, illustrating the plant system devised by Linnaeus As a priest in the Anglican church Thomas Martyn preached until he was 82 years old; in 1830 George Cornelius Gorham, his curate, published a dual biography consisting of additions to Martyn's memoir of his father and Martyn's autobiographical memoir (Memoirs of John Martyn, F.R.S., and of Thomas Martyn, B.D., F.R.S, F.L.S., Professors of Botany in the University of Cambridge, London, Hatchard & Son).
Thomas Martyn's other written works include: The English Connoisseur (1766); The Gentleman's Guide in his Tour through Italy (1787) and The Language of Botany (1793).
His book in 1807, The Gardeners' and Botanists' Dictionary, improved and expanded Philip Miller's 1731 book The Gardeners Dictionary.
Publications
Thomas Martyn, Some account of the late John Martyn, F.R.S., and his writings. London: 1770. An expanded version of this memoir was prepared and published by George Gorham in 1830.
For a full list, see Gorham p. 267
References
Bibliography
1735 births
1825 deaths
18th-century British botanists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Fellows of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
19th-century British botanists
Professors of Botany (Cambridge) |
5376827 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%20Images | Google Images | Google Images (previously Google Image Search) is a search engine owned by Google that allows users to search the World Wide Web for images. It was introduced on July 12, 2001 due to a demand for pictures of the green Versace dress of Jennifer Lopez worn in February 2000. In 2011, reverse image search functionality was added.
When searching for an image, a thumbnail of each matching image is displayed. When the user clicks on a thumbnail, the image is displayed in a larger size, and users may visit the webpage on which the image is used.
History
Beginnings and expansion (2001–2011)
In 2000, Google Search results were limited to simple pages of text with links. Google's developers worked on developing this further, and they realized that an image search tool was required to answer "the most popular search query" they had seen to date: the green Versace dress of Jennifer Lopez worn in February 2000.
Google paired a recently hired engineer Huican Zhu with product manager Susan Wojcicki (now the current CEO of YouTube) to build the feature, and they launched Google Image Search in July 2001. That year, 250 million images were indexed in Image Search. This grew to 1 billion images by 2005 and over 10 billion images by 2010.
In January 2007, Google updated the interface for the image search, where information about an image, such as resolution and URL, was hidden until the user moved the mouseover its thumbnail. This was discontinued after a few weeks.
On October 27, 2009, Google Images added a feature to its image search that can be used to find similar images.
On July 20, 2010, Google made another update to the interface of Google Images, which hid image details until mouseover.
In May 2011, Google introduced a sort by subject feature for a visual category scheme overview of a search query.
In June 2011, Google Images added a "Search by Image" feature which allowed for reverse image searches directly in the image search-bar without third-party add-ons. This feature allows users to search for an image by dragging and dropping one onto the search bar, uploading one, or copy-pasting a URL that points to an image into the search bar.
New algorithm and accusations of censorship (2012–present)
On December 11, 2012, Google Images' search engine algorithm was changed once again, in the hopes of preventing pornographic images from appearing when non-pornographic search terms were used. According to Google, pornographic images would still appear as long as the term searched for was specifically pornographic; otherwise, they would not appear. While Google stated explicitly that they were "not censoring any adult content", it was immediately noted that even when entering terms such as or "Breast," no explicit results were shown. The only alternative option was to turn on an even stricter filter which would refuse to search for the aforementioned terms whatsoever. Users could also no longer exclude keywords from their searches.
On February 15, 2018, the interface was modified to meet the terms of a settlement and licensing partnership with Getty Images. The "View image" button (a deep link to the image itself on its source server) was removed from image thumbnails. This change is intended to discourage users from directly viewing the full-sized image (although doing so using a browser's context menu on the embedded thumbnail is not frustrated), and encourage them to view the image in its appropriate context (which may also include attribution and copyright information) on its respective web page. The "Search by image" button has also been downplayed, as reverse image search can be used to find higher-resolution copies of copyrighted images. Google also agreed to make the copyright disclaimer within the interface more prominent.
On August 6, 2019, the ability to filter images by their image resolutions was removed, as well as "larger than", "face", and "full color" filters.
Search by Image feature
Google Images has a Search by Image feature for performing reverse image searches. Unlike traditional image retrieval, this feature removes the need to type in keywords and terms into the Google search box. Instead, users search by submitting an image as their query. Results may include similar images, web results, pages with the image, and different resolutions of the image. Images on Google may take anything between 2-30 days to index if they are properly formatted. Recently, a group of Harvard students attempted to index their images within 24 hours, with varying degrees of success. The general consensus is that, you should not try and force Google to do anything, rather to wait for it to happen naturally
The precision of Search by Image's results is higher if the search image is more popular. Additionally, Google Search by Image offers a "best guess for this image" based on the descriptive metadata of the results.
Algorithm
The general steps that Search by Image takes to get from a submitted image to returned search results are as follows:
Analyze image: The submitted image is analyzed to find identifiers such as colors, points, lines, and textures.
Generate query: These distinct features of the image are used to generate a search query.
Match image: The query is matched against the images in Google's back end.
Return results: Google's search and match algorithms return matching and visually similar images as results to the user.
See also
Bing Images
Google Lens
Google PageSpeed Tools
Google Website Optimizer
Image search
Picsearch
TinEye
Yahoo
References
External links
The Official Google Blog
Advanced Google Images Search Tips and Tricks
Images
Image search
2001 software
2001 establishments in the United States |
5376829 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring%20signature | Ring signature | In cryptography, a ring signature is a type of digital signature that can be performed by any member of a set of users that each have keys. Therefore, a message signed with a ring signature is endorsed by someone in a particular set of people. One of the security properties of a ring signature is that it should be computationally infeasible to determine which of the set's members' keys was used to produce the signature. Ring signatures are similar to group signatures but differ in two key ways: first, there is no way to revoke the anonymity of an individual signature; and second, any set of users can be used as a signing set without additional setup.
Ring signatures were invented by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Yael Tauman Kalai, and introduced at ASIACRYPT in 2001. The name, ring signature, comes from the ring-like structure of the signature algorithm.
Definition
Suppose that a set of entities each have public/private key pairs, (P1, S1), (P2, S2), ..., (Pn, Sn). Party i can compute a ring signature σ on a message m, on input (m, Si, P1, ..., Pn). Anyone can check the validity of a ring signature given σ, m, and the public keys involved, P1, ..., Pn. If a ring signature is properly computed, it should pass the check. On the other hand, it should be hard for anyone to create a valid ring signature on any message for any set without knowing any of the private keys for that set.
Applications and modifications
In the original paper, Rivest, Shamir, and Tauman described ring signatures as a way to leak a secret. For instance, a ring signature could be used to provide an anonymous signature from "a high-ranking White House official", without revealing which official signed the message. Ring signatures are right for this application because the anonymity of a ring signature cannot be revoked, and because the group for a ring signature can be improvised.
Another application, also described in the original paper, is for deniable signatures. Here the sender and the recipient of a message form a group for the ring signature, then the signature is valid to the recipient, but anyone else will be unsure whether the recipient or the sender was the actual signer. Thus, such a signature is convincing, but cannot be transferred beyond its intended recipient.
There were various works, introducing new features and based on different assumptions:
Threshold ring signatures Unlike standard "t-out-of-n" threshold signature, where t of n users should collaborate to decrypt a message, this variant of a ring signature requires t users to cooperate in the signing protocol. Namely, t parties (i1, i2, ..., it) can compute a (t, n)-ring signature, σ, on a message, m, on input (m, Si1, Si2, ..., Sit, P1, ..., Pn).
Linkable ring signatures The property of linkability allows one to determine whether any two signatures have been produced by the same member (under the same private key). The identity of the signer is nevertheless preserved. One of the possible applications can be an offline e-cash system.
Traceable ring signature In addition to the previous scheme the public key of the signer is revealed (if they issue more than one signatures under the same private key). An e-voting system can be implemented using this protocol.
Efficiency
Most of the proposed algorithms have asymptotic output size ; i.e., the size of the resulting signature increases linearly with the size of input (number of public keys). That means that such schemes are impracticable for real use cases with sufficiently large (for example, an e-voting with millions of participants). But for some application with relatively small median input size such estimate may be acceptable. CryptoNote implements ring signature scheme by Fujisaki and Suzuki in p2p payments to achieve sender's untraceability.
More efficient algorithms have appeared recently. There are schemes with the sublinear size of the signature, as well as with constant size.
Implementation
Original scheme
The original paper describes an RSA based ring signature scheme, as well as one based on Rabin signatures. They define a keyed "combining function" which takes a key , an initialization value , and a list of arbitrary values . is defined as , where is a trap-door function (i.e. an RSA public key in the case of RSA based ring signatures).
The function is called the ring equation, and is defined below. The equation is based on a symmetric encryption function :
It outputs a single value which is forced to be equal to . The equation
can be solved as long as at least one , and by extension , can be freely chosen. Under the assumptions of RSA, this implies knowledge of at least one of the inverses of the trap door functions (i.e. a private key), since .
Signature generation
Generating a ring signature involves six steps. The plaintext is signified by , the ring's public keys by .
Calculate the key , using a cryptographic hash function. This step assumes a random oracle for , since will be used as key for .
Pick a random glue value .
Pick random for all ring members but yourself ( will be calculated using the signer's private key), and calculate corresponding .
Solve the ring equation for
Calculate using the signer's private key:
The ring signature now is the -tuple
Signature verification
Signature verification involves three steps.
Apply the public key trap door on all : .
Calculate the symmetric key .
Verify that the ring equation holds .
Python implementation
Here is a Python implementation of the original paper using RSA. Requires 3rd-party module PyCryptodome.
import os
import hashlib
import random
import Crypto.PublicKey.RSA
import functools
class Ring:
"""RSA implementation."""
def __init__(self, k, L: int = 1024) -> None:
self.k = k
self.l = L
self.n = len(k)
self.q = 1 << (L - 1)
def sign_message(self, m: str, z: int):
self._permut(m)
s = [None] * self.n
u = random.randint(0, self.q)
c = v = self._E(u)
first_range = list(range(z + 1, self.n))
second_range = list(range(z))
whole_range = first_range + second_range
for i in whole_range:
s[i] = random.randint(0, self.q)
e = self._g(s[i], self.k[i].e, self.k[i].n)
v = self._E(v ^ e)
if (i + 1) % self.n == 0:
c = v
s[z] = self._g(v ^ u, self.k[z].d, self.k[z].n)
return [c] + s
def verify_message(self, m: str, X) -> bool:
self._permut(m)
def _f(i):
return self._g(X[i + 1], self.k[i].e, self.k[i].n)
y = map(_f, range(len(X) - 1))
y = list(y)
def _g(x, i):
return self._E(x ^ y[i])
r = functools.reduce(_g, range(self.n), X[0])
return r == X[0]
def _permut(self, m):
msg = m.encode("utf-8")
self.p = int(hashlib.sha1(msg).hexdigest(), 16)
def _E(self, x):
msg = f"{x}{self.p}".encode("utf-8")
return int(hashlib.sha1(msg).hexdigest(), 16)
def _g(self, x, e ,n):
q, r = divmod(x, n)
if((q + 1) * n) <= ((1 << self.l) - 1):
result = q * n + pow(r, e, n)
else:
result = x
return result
To sign and verify 2 messages in a ring of 4 users:
size = 4
msg1, msg2 = "hello", "world!"
def _rn(_):
return Crypto.PublicKey.RSA.generate(1024, os.urandom)
key = map(_rn, range(size))
key = list(key)
r = Ring(key)
for i in range(size):
signature_1 = r.sign_message(msg1, i)
signature_2 = r.sign_message(msg2, i)
assert r.verify_message(msg1, signature_1) and r.verify_message(msg2, signature_2) and not r.verify_message(msg1, signature_2)
Cryptocurrencies
The CryptoNote technology uses ring signatures. It was first implemented by Bytecoin.
ShadowCash
The cryptocurrency ShadowCash uses traceable ring signature to anonymize the sender of a transaction. However, these were originally implemented incorrectly, resulting in a partial de-anonymization of ShadowCash from their first implementation until February 2016 by Monero Research Labs researcher, Shen Noether. Luckily only 20% of all the one-time keys in the system were affected by this bug, sender anonymity was compromised but receiver anonymity remained intact. A patch was submitted in a timely fashion to resolve the bug.
Monero
Between January 10, 2017 and October 18, 2018, Monero used Ring Confidential Transaction technology to obfuscate transaction amounts on the blockchain. This allowed only the sender and recipient of the funds to know the true quantity being sent. The currency has since switched to Bulletproofs.
References
Public-key cryptography
Digital signature schemes |
5376838 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECWA%20Evangel%20Hospital | ECWA Evangel Hospital | ECWA Evangel Hospital is a 150-bed general hospital located in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. It was founded in 1959 by SIM (previously the Sudan Interior Mission and now known as Serving In Mission), but Evangel is now managed under the auspices of the Evangelical Church of West Africa (ECWA). Evangel is known locally in Jos as "Jankwano" meaning "Red Roof" in Hausa, as it was one of the first buildings in the area to have a corrugated iron roof.
Medical Departments
Core medical services include surgery, internal medicine, pediatrics, and obstetrics and gynecology. Over the past decade, several new, specialized areas have been added or expanded:
Ophthalmology
level 3 hospital
Dentistry
Vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) surgery
Comprehensive HIV/AIDS care including antiretroviral drug therapy, home-based health care, and pastoral, counselling, and support services at the Spring of Life centre
Crisis pregnancy services
Pastoral care
Medical education, including
a fully approved general practice (family practice) residency;
general and speciality rotations for Nigerian doctors in training;
medical electives for medical students and residents from other countries; and
training for the Pan-African Academy of Christian Surgeons (PAACS)
History
Evangel Hospital was started in 1959 and was the vision of a SIM missionary, Dr Lonnie Grant. His proposal to SIM in 1956 was to build a hospital outside Jos to try to meet an obvious medical need in the town. SIM approved the project and the British Plateau Provincial Office subsequently permitted to build the hospital in Jos on the present site.
The out-patient clinic building was the first building built and was dedicated in February 1959. The following year, construction began on the male/female ward and the operating theatre (on the site of the present injection room). Initially, the hospital was staffed primarily by missionaries.
In 1969, the hospital was the first centre in West Africa to identify the hemorrhagic Lassa fever virus. Two missionary nurses died of the virus, and a third nurse, Penny Pinneo, fell ill and was flown to the USA, where the virus was isolated and named.
In 1970, a missionary surgeon, and Medical Director of the hospital in Jos, Dr Jeanette Troup, died from Lassa Fever after performing an autopsy on someone who had the disease. She accidentally cut herself during the surgery and was dead within two days.
In 1975, the Plateau State government took over the mission schools and hospitals in the state; many changes took place and most of the missionary staff were replaced by Nigerians. Two SIM doctors and two SIM nurses stayed to work under the government. After three years, the hospital was given to ECWA. The pediatric ward was added at that time.
The current maternity ward was opened in 1987, while the old maternity unit, in the private ward, was converted to an ICU and operating theatre, expanded to their present positions. The amenity ward was opened in 1992.
Dr Phil Andrew, a SIM Australian missionary, started the General practice (US: Family Physician) training program in 1982, with one resident. Since then the hospital emphasis has been in training general practitioners. All the current Nigerian consultants are graduates of this GP program.
External links
ECWA Evangel Hospital
Hospital buildings completed in 1959
Hospitals in Nigeria
Plateau State
Hospitals established in 1959 |
5376847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitive%20dependency | Transitive dependency | A transitive dependency is a functional dependency which holds by virtue of transitivity among various software components.
Computer programs
In a computer program a direct dependency is functionality exported by a library, or API, or any software component that is referenced directly by the program itself.
A transitive dependency is any dependency that is induced by the components that the program references directly.
E.g. a call to a function will usually induce a transitive dependency to a library that manages the I/O to write the log message in a file.
Dependencies and transitive dependencies can be resolved at different times, depending on how the computer program is assembled and/or executed: e.g. a compiler can have a link phase where the dependencies are resolved. Sometimes the build system even allows management of the transitive dependencies.
Similarly, when a computer uses services, a computer program can depend on a service that should be started before to execute the program.
A transitive dependency in such case is any other service that the service we depend directly on depends on, e.g. a web browser depends on a Domain Name Resolution service to convert a web URL in an IP address; the DNS will depend on a networking service to access a remote name server.
The Linux boot system is based on a set of configurations that declare the dependencies of the modules to be started: at boot time analyzes all the transitive dependencies to decide the execution order of each module to start.
Database Management Systems
Let A, B, and C designate three distinct (but not necessarily disjoint) sets of attributes of a relation. Suppose all three of the following conditions hold:
A → B
It is not the case that B → A
B → C
Then the functional dependency A → C (which follows from 1 and 3 by the axiom of transitivity) is a transitive dependency.
In database normalization, one of the important features of third normal form is that it excludes certain types of transitive dependencies. E.F. Codd, the inventor of the relational model, introduced the concepts of transitive dependence and third normal form in 1971.
Example
A transitive dependency occurs in the following relation:
The functional dependency {Book} → {Author nationality} applies; that is, if we know the book, we know the author's nationality. Furthermore:
{Book} → {Author}
{Author} does not → {Book}
{Author} → {Author nationality}
Therefore {Book} → {Author nationality} is a transitive dependency.
Transitive dependency occurred because a non-key attribute (Author) was determining another non-key attribute (Author nationality).
Notes
Database constraints
Database theory |
5376849 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoel%20Rephaeli | Yoel Rephaeli | Yoel Rephaeli is an Israeli-American cosmologist. He is a Professor of Physics at Tel Aviv University, Israel. Rephaeli studies the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect and the astrophysics of galaxy clusters.
References
External links
Y. Rephaeli, "Comptonization Of The Cosmic Microwave Background: The Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect", Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Volume 33, 1995, pp. 541–580., Volume 33, 1995, pp. 541–580.
Israeli educators
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Tel Aviv University faculty |
4040810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clindamycin/benzoyl%20peroxide | Clindamycin/benzoyl peroxide | Clindamycin/benzoyl peroxide is a topical gel used for the treatment of acne. It is a combination of clindamycin, an antibiotic, amd benzoyl peroxide, an antiseptic.
Common side effects include peeling, itching, and dryness of the skin where the gel was applied.
Clindamycin/benzoyl peroxide was approved for medical use in the United States in December 2000. It is available as a generic medication.
Medical uses
The gel is used on the skin to treat light to medium acne vulgaris in people 12 years and older.
Efficacy
There is an average 52% decrease in inflammatory acne lesions by week 12.
The combination is less effective than benzoyl peroxide/salicylic acid after short-term treatment of two to four weeks, but the two treatments showed similar effectiveness after ten to twelve weeks.
Pregnancy and lactation
Studies on whether or not the use of clindamycin/benzoyl peroxide gels is teratogenic or has adverse effects on nursing infants have not been performed. While oral clindamycin passes into breast milk, no such data are available for clindamyin in gel form. Limited data regarding topical clindamycin and benzoyl peroxide have shown no safety problems.
Contraindications
The gel is not recommended for those who are allergic to clindamycin, benzoyl peroxide, any components of the formulation, or lincomycin. Individuals previously diagnosed with regional enteritis, ulcerative colitis, or antibiotic-associated colitis are also recommended not to use it.
Side effects
Common side effects are peeling, itching, redness, dryness, burning, and dermatitis. Benzoyl peroxide bleaches hair, clothes, towels, bedclothing, and the like. Prolonged exposure to natural or artificial sun light (UV rays) is not recommended because the gel may cause photosensitivity. Irritation due to benzoyl peroxide can be reduced by avoiding harsh facial cleansers and wearing sunscreen prior to sun exposure.
Clinical studies have shown systemic absorption of clindamycin through topical application, in some cases leading to diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, and colitis. Reports of anaphylaxis were also seen. However, the sources of these reports were personal accounts without controls and of an unknown population, thus it is difficult to attribute their cause to the clindamycin/benzoyl peroxide gel.
Interactions
No formal interaction studies have been done. Combination with topical products containing alcohol or astringents, as well as skin peelings, may increase the irritant effect of clindamycin/benzoyl peroxide. Topical erythromycin may antagonise the effect of clindamycin, although this has only be demonstrated in in vitro studies. Topical tretinoin and other retinoids may be inactivated by benzoyl peroxide or increase its irritant effect.
Pharmacology
Mechanism of action
Clindamycin phosphate is a water-soluble ester of the semi-synthetic antibiotic clindamycin, which is synthesized from lincomycin. Like the macrolide antibiotics, it acts as a bacteriostatic agent by interfering with the 50S subunit of the ribosome of Cutibacterium acnes, inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis and preventing bacteria from replicating. C. acnes plays a role in the development of acne.
Benzoyl peroxide also kills C. acnes, but by releasing free radical oxygen species, thus oxidizing bacterial proteins. Also, it dries out the area by reducing sebum production, prevents clogged pores, and is a keratolytic agent. Since benzoyl peroxide is an oxidizer, not an antibiotic, it is not subject to C. acnes resistance unlike clindamycin.
Both ingredients have been shown to reduce the number of acne lesions with statistical significance.
Pharmacokinetics
Clindamycin phosphate is an inactive prodrug. It is quickly activated to clindamycin by hydrolysis. After four weeks of application during a study, 0.043% of the used clindamycin dose were found in the blood. Benzoyl peroxide is only absorbed through the skin after reduction to benzoic acid, which is subsequently metabolized to hippuric acid and eliminated via the kidneys.
Society and culture
Brand names
The combination is sold under various brand names including Acanya, Benzaclin, Duac, and Onexton.
Patent
Dow Pharmaceuticals filed the patent for Onexton, and the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued the patent on 16 October 2012. On 24 November 2014, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the new drug application (NDA) No. 050819 for Onexton, with Dow Pharmaceutical as the holder. The patent is set to expire on 5 August 2029.
Lawsuits
On 12 January 2016, Dow Pharmaceutical Sciences and Valeant Pharmaceuticals North America LLC filed a lawsuit against Taro USA and Taro Industries, an Israel-based corporation. The lawsuit was filed for infringement upon their Onexton patent, by Taro attempting to submit an abbreviated new drug application (ANDA) to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for its generic 3.75% benzoyl peroxide and 1.2% clindamycin phosphate topical gel. The court concluded that Taro was guilty of attempting to submit an ANDA patent request before the Onexton patent expired. Perrigo settled its patent litigation with Valeant and Dow.
References
External links
Skin care
Anti-acne preparations
Combination drugs
GSK plc brands |
5376856 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus%20of%20Fear | Circus of Fear | Circus of Fear ( / Mystery of the Silver Triangle), also Scotland Yard auf heißer Spur, also Circus of Terror) is a 1966 Anglo-German international co-production thriller film starring Christopher Lee, Suzy Kendall, Leo Genn and Cecil Parker. The U.S. title was Psycho-Circus. It was based on the novel Again the Three Just Men by Edgar Wallace (1928).
It was shot at Hammer Film's Bray Studios in Berkshire and on location around London.The film was partially shot at Billy Smart's Circus. The film was co-produced by the leading German distributor Constantin Film, which was at the same time releasing Rialto Film's long-running series of Wallace adaptations in Germany. Several of the cast Heinz Drache, Eddi Arent and Klaus Kinski were regular performers in that series and were added to this production to appeal to German audiences. Werner Jacobs directed the version release in West Germany.
Plot
The film is set in London, mainly in the East End and docklands.
When an armoured car is robbed, in a daring daylight raid co-ordinated on Tower Bridge, one of the guards is shot and killed by Mason (Victor Maddern). The gang escape on the river.
Part of the gang escape northwards on the M1 motorway. The police catch up and force them off the road, killing one man. Meanwhile Mason dumps his car in a lake and takes a suitcase full of money to nearby buildings. An unseen knife-thrower kills Mason as he turns to leave.
We are introduced to the characters of Barberini's Circus, including Drago (Christopher Lee), who wears a full mask to hide his fire damaged face. Manfred (Klaus Kinski) arrives at the circus seeking employment. It is revealed that Mr Big (the midget) is blackmailing Drago. An unseen person unlocks the lion and it almost kills one of the circus girls.
The police are led to the circus but also require to investigate a body found with a knife next to it. The police interview the girl who was attacked by the lion and soon after is herself murdered by a thrown knife.
The police (naturally) interview the circus knife-thrower.
Drago confesses to his niece that he found a suitcase of money and hid it. Manfred is the next victim of the knife-thrower who this time also sets a fire.
A police manhunt causes Drago to fall to his death and the suitcase of money is retrieved. However, detective Elliot (Leo Genn) decides this is not the killer. His examination of all the clues leads to a final denouement in front of the assembled suspects during a knife-throwing act.
Cast
Christopher Lee as Gregor ("Drago^)
Leo Genn as Elliott
Anthony Newlands as Barberini
Heinz Drache as Carl
Eddi Arent as Eddie
Klaus Kinski as Manfred Hart
Margaret Lee as Gina
Suzy Kendall as Natasha, Drago's niece
Cecil Parker as Sir John
Victor Maddern as Mason
Maurice Kaufmann as Mario
Lawrence James as Manley
Tom Bowman as Jackson
Skip Martin as Mr. Big
Nosher Powell as Red
Gordon Petrie as Man
Henry B. Longhurst as Hotel porter
Dennis Blakely as Armoured van guard
George Fisher as Fourth man
Peter Brace as Speedboat man
Roy Scammell as Speedboat man
Geoff Silk as Security man
Keith Peacock as Security man
John Carradine as Narrator
Release
The film premiered in Germany on 29 April 1966 and in the UK in November 1967.
Reception
The Radio Times wrote, "Christopher Lee wears a black woolly hood for nearly all of his scenes in this lame whodunnit, with minor horrific overtones...but the stalwart efforts of the cast including Klaus Kinski and Suzy Kendall act as a welcome safety net for the shaky plot" ; while Britmovie called it "fairly suspenseful."
See also
Christopher Lee filmography
References
External links
1966 films
1960s crime thriller films
1960s mystery thriller films
British crime thriller films
British mystery thriller films
West German films
German mystery thriller films
1960s English-language films
English-language German films
Films based on works by Edgar Wallace
Films directed by John Llewellyn Moxey
Circus films
Films scored by Johnny Douglas
Constantin Film films
Films set in London
1960s British films
1960s German films |
5376861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich%20Zell | Heinrich Zell | Heinrich Zell (died after 1560) was a German printer and cartographer. He was a student of Sebastian Münster.
Accompanying Rheticus to Prussia, Heinrich Zell in collaboration with Nicolaus Copernicus, produced the first geostatic map of the Prussian coastline and had the first printed map of Prussia with hundreds of towns printed in 1542. Zell incorporated Ermland (Warmia) records of Prussian towns in this detailed and until then unaccomplished task.
Works
Heinrich Zell, Prussiae descriptio, Coloniae, 1594, Staatsbibliothek Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin (printed after the original from 1542 in the St. Mark's Library in Venice)
printed map of Brandenburg, 1550
External links
http://lazarus.elte.hu/gb/imcos97/scharfe1.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20050330211134/http://marebalticum.natmus.dk/lokUK.asp?ID=5
http://www.orteliusmaps.com/book/ort88.html
1560 deaths
German cartographers
German printers
Year of birth unknown |
4040841 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights%20Templar%20%28Freemasonry%29 | Knights Templar (Freemasonry) | The Knights Templar, full name The United Religious, Military and Masonic Orders of the Temple and of St John of Jerusalem, Palestine, Rhodes and Malta, is a fraternal order affiliated with Freemasonry. Unlike the initial degrees conferred in a regular Masonic Lodge, which (in most Regular Masonic jurisdictions) only require a belief in a Supreme Being regardless of religious affiliation, the Knights Templar is one of several additional Masonic Orders in which membership is open only to Freemasons who profess a belief in Christianity. One of the obligations entrants to the order are required to declare is to protect and defend the Christian faith. The word "United" in its full title indicates that more than one historical tradition and more than one actual order are jointly controlled within this system. The individual orders 'united' within this system are principally the Knights of the Temple (Knights Templar), the Knights of Malta, the Knights of St Paul, and only within the York Rite, the Knights of the Red Cross.
Like the Masonic Red Cross of Constantine being inspired by the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George and the Order of Malta being inspired by the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, the Masonic order of Knights Templar derives its name from the medieval Catholic military order Knights Templar. However, it does not claim any direct lineal descent from the original Templar order.
History
Knightly symbolism in Freemasonry
The earliest documented link between Freemasonry and the Crusades is the 1737 oration of the Chevalier Ramsay. This claimed that European Freemasonry came about from an interaction between crusader masons and the Knights Hospitaller. This is repeated in the earliest known "Moderns" ritual, the Berne manuscript, written in French between 1740 and 1744. Ramsay was initiated as a Templar by his mentor François Fénelon into the non-Masonic French Ordre du Temple with his friend Philippe II, Duke of Orleans as Grandmaster around 1710. After the death of Fenelon and the Duke of Orleans, Ramsay was initiated into Freemasonry around 1730. Since Ramsay's Templarism predated his relationship with Freemasonry by some 20 years, this is the likely source for the introduction of Templarism into Freemasonry.
In 1751 Baron Karl Gotthelf von Hund und Altengrotkau began the Order of Strict Observance, which ritual he claimed to have received from the reconstituted Templar Order in 1743 in Paris. He also claimed to have met two of the "unknown superiors" who directed all of masonry, one of whom was Prince Charles Edward Stuart. The order went into decline when he failed to produce any evidence to support his claims, and was wound up shortly after his death.
In 1779 the High Knights Templar of Ireland Lodge, Kilwinning, obtained a charter from Lodge Mother Kilwinning in Scotland. This lodge now began to grant dispensations to other lodges to confer the Knights Templar Degree. Some time around 1790 the Early Grand Encampment of Ireland was formed, which began to warrant Templar Lodges, and evolved into the Supreme Grand Encampment in 1836. The Early Grand Encampment chartered several Scottish "encampments" one of which, having been chartered in 1805 as the "Edinburgh Encampment No. 31", then became the"Grand Assembly of Knights Templar in Edinburgh". who then sought a charter from the Duke of Kent, Grand Master of the Order in England. It seems that the Templar degree had filtered into the lodges of the Antients from Ireland about 1780, and was recorded at York about the same time. In the five degree system developed by the York Masons, the Knights Templar degree sat between the Master Mason and the Sublime Degree of Royal Arch.
Grand Conclave of England
Templar masonry in England entered a new era in 1791, with the formation of its first Grand Conclave, with Thomas Dunckerley as Grand Master. At that time, there were eight known Templar encampments in England, the most senior being the Encampment of Redemption at York, and the Baldwyn encampment at Bristol, at whose request Dunckerley began his mission. Under his leadership, the number of encampments steadily grew until his death in 1795. Stasis then followed, until in 1805 their Royal Patron, Duke of Kent, became Grand Master himself, re-energising the society and launching it into an era of growth and development. Dunckerley laid the foundation for this not only by promoting the order, but by standardising the ritual and insisting on proper record keeping. The Grand Conclave went into a period of decline between 1872 and 1895, when it was re-founded as the present day Great Priory of England and Wales.
Administration
Depending upon the geographical jurisdiction, the Knights Templar exist either as part of the York Rite or as an independent organization. Though the York Rite and the independent versions share many similarities there are key differences which are described below.
Outside the York Rite, membership is by invitation only. Candidates are required to be Master Masons, and Royal Arch Masons, and to sign a declaration that they profess the Doctrine of the Holy and Undivided Trinity. In some Australian States, the requirement of being a Royal Arch Mason no longer applies.
Local bodies of Knights Templar are known as Preceptories; local bodies of Knights of St Paul are known as Chapters; local bodies of Knights of Malta are known as Priories; all operate under a Grand or Great Priory, often with an intermediate level of Provincial Priories. Although some jurisdictions maintain a separate Great Priory of the Temple and Great Priory of Malta (as, for example, in England), the Grand Master and other officers of both Great Priories hold simultaneous equal office in both bodies. Three degrees are administered in this system:
The Degree of Knight Templar (Order of the Temple)
The Degree of Knight of St. Paul (incorporating the Mediterranean Pass)
The Degree of Knight of Malta (Order of Malta)
In England and Wales, the "Great Priory of England and Wales" for the Masonic Knights Templar is administrated from Mark Masons' Hall, London.
The Degrees or Orders
The Illustrious Order of the Red Cross (Order of the Red Cross)
Teachings
The Order of the Red Cross continues or reverts to the period of the Royal Arch Degree when the Israelites were returning from Babylon to Jerusalem to rebuild the Temple. Zerubbabel, their leader prevails upon King Darius to restore the Holy Vessels to the new Temple. They had been carried away by the Babylonian armies when the first Temple was destroyed. In presenting his plea before the King, the companion gives a powerful testimony to the almighty force of Truth.
The ritual places the candidate in the role of Zerubbabel and follows him through his journey to King Darius in Persia and his role in the Immemorial Discussion, as found in the apocryphal book, 1 Esdras. The purpose is to bridge the gap between Royal Arch Masonry and the Chivalric Orders as well as between the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Illustrious Order of the Red Cross teaches the lessons of the triumph of truth.
The Degree of Knight of St Paul (or Mediterranean Pass)
This degree is conferred as a prerequisite to becoming a Knight of Malta, in both the York Rite and independent 'stand-alone' versions of Knight Templar Freemasonry. The "Preliminary Declarations" of the Order of Malta ritual in England state of a candidate for the Order of Malta: "He must also have received the Degree of Knight of St Paul, including the Mediterranean Pass". The exact status of the 'Mediterranean Pass' has at times led to confusion as to whether this is the 'stub' of a separate degree. The English ritual book clarified this in its 1989 edition (and subsequent editions) by stating: "The Mediterranean Pass is one of the secrets of the Degree of Knight of St Paul".
This degree is close to being a true 'side degree', in that a small group (usually three) of members of the degree take the candidate "to one side" (i.e. apart on his own) and simply communicate the secrets of the degree to him, without actually working the ceremonial ritual of the degree. The only respect in which the degree fails to meet the definition of a true 'side degree' is that a Chapter of the Order would be formally opened and closed by the presiding officer, on either side of the secrets being communicated.
The Degree of Knight of Malta (Order of Malta)
This degree is universally associated with the Masonic Knights Templar. In the York Rite system it is conferred before the Templar Degree; in the 'stand-alone' tradition it is conferred subsequently to the Templar Degree. It is known by varying degrees of formality as the Order of Malta, or the Order of Knights of Malta, or the Ancient and Masonic Order of St John of Jerusalem, Palestine, Rhodes, and Malta. In practice this last and fullest version of the name tends to be reserved to letterheads, rituals, and formal documents.
The ceremony for conferring the degree (which is always worked in full) contains a mixture of masonic tradition, historical accounts of the Order of St John, moral teaching, and the communication of modes of recognition between members. A series of banners is employed in the ceremony, each representing one of the great battles of the historic medieval Order of St John, whose story is the basis of the moral teachings of the degree.
The Degree of Knight of the Temple (Order of the Temple)
The original medieval Order of Knights Templar was established after the First Crusade, and existed from approximately 1118 to 1312. There is no known historical evidence to link the medieval Knights Templar and Masonic Templarism, nor do the Masonic Knights Templar organizations claim any such direct link to the original medieval Templar organization. Though it has been said that its affiliation with Masonry is based on texts that indicate persecuted Templars found refuge within the safety of Freemasonry, the order itself states that "there is no proof of direct connection between the ancient order and the modern order known today as the Knights Templar." The official motto of the Knights Templar is In Hoc Signo Vinces, the rendition in Latin of the Greek phrase "εν τούτῳ νίκα", en toutōi nika, meaning "in this [sign] you will conquer".
The Knight Templar degree is associated with elaborate regalia (costume) the precise detail of which varies between nations. The ritual draws upon the traditions of medieval Knights Templar, using them to impart moral instruction consistent with the biblical teachings of the Christian tradition.
Organization
In England and Wales, the teachings of the Order of the Red Cross feature in the Red Cross of Babylon which forms part of the Allied Masonic Degrees.
The Order of the Red Cross is often considered a compressed version of the Red Cross Degrees or Green Degrees which make up the Order of Knight Masons.
The Order of the Red Cross should not be confused with the Red Cross of Constantine.
Other Rites
Degrees of the York Rite in the United States
In the United States, a Knights Templar commandery is traditionally the final body that a member joins in the York Rite after the chapter of Royal Arch Masons and a council of Royal & Select Masters. Some jurisdictions, however, allow members to skip over membership in a council. A local Knights Templar commandery operates under a state-level Grand Commandery, however American commanderies also operate under The Grand Encampment of the United States. This is less common among American Masonic bodies, as many report to the state level alone.
While a chapter bestows the Royal Arch degrees, and a council bestows the Cryptic degrees, a Knights Templar commandery bestows three orders and one preparatory degree onto its members. This is opposed to the standard degree system found elsewhere in Freemasonry, and they are the only ones not to deal with the Hiramic Legend. The York Rite orders are:
The Illustrious Order of the Red Cross
The Degree of Saint Paul (or the Mediterranean Pass)
The Order of the Knights of Malta (or simply Order of Malta)
The Order of the Temple
Templar degrees in the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite
History and legend concerning the historical Knights Templar also play an important role in the degrees of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, notably in the Rite's 30th Degree, Knight Kadosh. Other Scottish Rite degrees sometimes styled "Templar Degrees" include the 28th Degree (Knight Commander of the Temple, formerly denominated the 27th Degree in the Southern Jurisdiction of United States), the 29th Degree (Scottish Knight of Saint Andrew), the 32nd Degree (Master of the Royal Secret), and the 33rd Degree (Inspector General).
Templar themes in wider Freemasonry
Despite Freemasonry's general disclaimer that no one Masonic organization claims a direct heritage to the medieval Knights Templar, certain degrees and orders are obviously patterned after the medieval Order. These are best described as "commemorative orders" or degrees. Nevertheless, in spite of the fraternity's official disclaimers, some Masons, non-Masons and even anti-Masons insist that certain Masonic rites or degrees originally had direct Templar influence.
American Masonic youth organizations such as the Order of DeMolay for young men are named after the last Grand Master Templar Jacques de Molay who was executed in the final suppression of the Templar order in the early 14th century.
The Knight of Rose-Croix Degree in the "Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite", and honorary Orders like the Royal Order of Scotland are interpreted as evidence of a historical Templar-Masonic connection, though there is no factual basis for this belief.
Rosslyn Chapel near Edinburgh has been suggested to be strong link between the Knights Templar and Freemasons due to reliefs combining Templar and Freemason symbolism. Historian Dr. Louise Yeoman, along with other mediaeval scholars, says the Knights Templar connection is false, and points out that Rosslyn Chapel was built by William Sinclair so that Mass could be said for the souls of his family. In addition, Rosslyn Chapel's connection to Freemasonry, as well as to the Templars, has been vigorously disputed by Robert L. D. Cooper, the Curator of the Grand Lodge of Scotland Museum and Library. It is postulated that any existing Masonic imagery was likely added at a later date, probably in the 1860s when James St Clair-Erskine, 3rd Earl of Rosslyn instructed Edinburgh architect David Bryce, a known Freemason, to undertake restoration work on areas of the church including many of the carvings.
Legends in certain degrees recount that Knights under the command of Sir John De Bermingham, first and last Earl of Louth, aided Scottish King Robert the Bruce, who had been excommunicated, at the Battle of Bannockburn; but this account is based on an 18th-century romance and is not supported by any evidence. This story is the basis for the degrees in the Royal Order of Scotland, an invitational Masonic honorary organization.
Templar connections have also been suggested through the Earls of Rosslyn (St. Clair, or Sinclair) a family with well documented connections with Scottish Freemasonry, one being a Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Scotland.
Many other old and new organizations are called "Knights Templar". However, organizations like the Order of the Solar Temple, Militi Templi Scotia, Ordo Templi Orientis, or the Sovereign Military Order of the Temple of Jerusalem (OSMTJ), are in no way related to Masonic Knights Templar, and share little or no relationship with it in history, hierarchy, or ritual.
See also
Red Cross of Constantine
York Rite
Freemasonry
Original chivalric orders
Knights Templar
Sovereign Military Order of Malta
References
Bibliography
The History Channel, Decoding the Past: The Templar Code, 2005, video documentary
The History Channel, Mysteries of the Freemasons, 2006 video documentary
Stephen Dafoe, The Compasses and the Cross, 2008.
Christopher L. Hodapp and Alice Von Kannon, The Templar Code For Dummies, 2007.
Sean Martin, The Knights Templar: History & Myths, 2005.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/7050713.stm
External links
Masonic Knights Templar organizations
Grand Encampment of Knights Templar of the United States of America
Sovereign Great Priory of the Knights Templar of Canada
Order of the Temple - Great Priory of Scotland
Order of the Temple - Great Priory of Ireland
Knights Templar Eye Foundation
The Web of Hiram Section on The Royal Exalted Religious and Military Order of Masonic Knights Templar of England and Wales at Bradford University
Masonic organizations |
5376865 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardale%20Babington | Cardale Babington | Charles Cardale Babington (23 November 1808 – 22 July 1895) was an English botanist and archaeologist. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1851.
Babington was the son of Joseph Babington and Cathérine née Whitter, and a nephew of Thomas Babington Macaulay. He was educated at Charterhouse and St John's College, Cambridge, obtaining his Bachelor of Arts in 1830 and his Master of Arts in 1833. He overlapped at Cambridge with Charles Darwin, and in 1829 they argued over who should have the pick of beetle specimens from a local dealer.
He obtained the chair of botany at the University of Cambridge in 1861 and wrote several papers on insects. He married Anna Maria Walker on 3 April 1866.
Babington was a member of several scientific societies including the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, the Linnean Society of London (1853), the Geological Society of London, the Royal Society (1851), and in 1833 he participated in the foundation of the Royal Entomological Society. Babington was President of the Cambrian Archaeological Association at their meeting at Church Stretton in 1881 and for many years served as Chairman of the council of the Association.
He wrote Manual of British Botany (1843), Flora of Cambridgeshire (1860), The British Rubi (1869) and edited the publication Annals and Magazine of Natural History from 1842. His herbarium and library are conserved by the University of Cambridge.
References
Allen G. Debus (ed.) (1968). World Who’s Who in Science. A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Scientists from Antiquity to the Present. Marquis-Who's Who (Chicago) : xvi + 1855 p.
Anthony Musgrave (1932). Bibliography of Australian Entomology, 1775-1930, with biographical notes on authors and collectors, Royal Zoological Society of News South Wales (Sydney) : viii + 380.
Further reading
External links
1808 births
1895 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Society
English entomologists
English Anglicans
Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
English botanists
People educated at Charterhouse School
English archaeologists
Members of the Cambrian Archaeological Association
English magazine editors
Coleopterists
Professors of Botany (Cambridge)
19th-century British journalists
British male journalists
Cardale |
4040852 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hope%20Blister | The Hope Blister | The Hope Blister were an ambient band that were active from 1997 to 1999.
History
The band was directed by 4AD Records founder Ivo Watts-Russell, with the music played by singer Louise Rutkowski, bass player Laurence O'Keefe and string arranger Audrey Riley.
The band grew out of the This Mortal Coil project, but with a fixed line-up and focused on cover versions. They released two albums, ...Smile's OK in 1998 and Underarms (featuring vocals by Momus) in 1999, with the band splitting that year following Watts-Russell's retirement from the music industry. An expanded version of Underarms was released in 2005 as Underarms and Sideways, featuring a bonus disc of remixes.
Discography
...Smile's OK (25 May 1998)
Underarms (15 March 1999)
Underarms and Sideways (12 December 2005)
References
External links
The Hope Blister on 4AD website
English pop music groups
British ambient music groups
British musical trios
Dream pop musical groups
Ethereal wave musical groups
4AD artists |
4040855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innominate | Innominate | Innominate (from "nameless") may refer to:
The brachiocephalic artery
The brachiocephalic veins
The three large bones which form the hip bone
An innominate contract, a contract not of a type regulated by law
An innominate or anonymous jury, where the identity of the jury members is not publicly known
Innominate (album), by Off Minor, 2004
The Innominate, a mountain in the Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming, US
Innominata, from the same root, is used in:
Substantia innominata, a part of the brain
Iris innominata, a flower |
5376868 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%20Personalized%20Search | Google Personalized Search | Google Personalized Search is a personalized search feature of Google Search, introduced in 2004. All searches on Google Search are associated with a browser cookie record. When a user performs a search, the search results are not only based on the relevance of each web page to the search term, but also on which websites the user (or someone else using the same browser) visited through previous search results. This provides a more personalized experience that can increase the relevance of the search results for the particular user. Such filtering may also have side effects, such as the creation of a filter bubble.
Changes in Google's search algorithm in later years put less importance on user data, which means the impact of personalized search is limited on search results. Acting on criticism, Google has also made it possible to turn off the feature.
History
Personalized Search was originally introduced on March 29, 2004 as a beta test of a Google Labs project. On April 20, 2005, it was made available as a non-beta service, but still separate from ordinary Google Search. On November 11, 2005, it became a part of the normal Google Search, but only to users with Google Accounts.
Beginning on December 4, 2009, Personalized Search was applied to all users of Google Search, including those who are not logged into a Google Account.
In addition to customizing results based on personal behavior and interests associated with a Google Account, Google also implemented social search results in October 2009 based on people whom one knows. Operating on the assumption that one's associates share similar interests, these results would give a ranking boost to sites from within a user's "Social Circle". These two services integrated into regular results by February 2011 and expanded results by including content shared to users known through social networks.
Data collection
Google's search algorithm is driven by collecting and storing web history in its databases. For non-authenticated users Google looks at anonymously stored browser cookies on a user's browser and compares the unique string with those stored within Google databases. Google accounts logged into Google Chrome use user's web history to learn what sites and content you like and base the search results presented on them. Using the data provided by the user Google constructs a profile including gender, age, languages, and interests based on prior behaviour using Google services.
When a user performs a search using Google, the keywords or terms are used to generate ranked results based upon the PageRank algorithm. This algorithm, according to Google, is their "system of counting link votes and determining which pages are most important based upon them. These scores are then used along with many other things to determine if a page will rank well in a search." "PageRank relies on the uniquely democratic nature of the web by using its vast link structure as an indicator of an individual page's value. In essence, Google interprets a link from page A to page B as a vote, by page A, for page B. But, Google looks at considerably more than the sheer volume of votes, or links a page receives; for example, it also analyzes the page that casts the vote. Votes cast by pages that are themselves "important" weigh more heavily and help to make other pages 'important.' Using these and other factors, Google provides its views on the pages' relative importance,"
Since the search division launched the very first version with customized search results in 2005 and began to give consideration to previously visited sites, new factors have been added to refine search results. According to Google, the conclusion they have made after many years of testing, the incomparably best indicator for deciding which results are relevant to the user is the search phrase itself - not user data - and that personalisation of search results is not as big a factor as it used to be.
Harvard law professor Jonathan Zittrain disputed the extent to which personalization filters distort Google search results, saying that "the effects of search personalization have been light". Further, Google provides the ability for users to shut off personalization features if they choose, by deleting Google's record of their search history and setting Google to not remember their search keywords and visited links in the future.
Types of data collected
There are 50+ factors (called 'signals' by Google) used to determine search results. The top factors in personalizing search results are:
Location
Search History
Web History
Social Networks
Each of these variables will factor into the personalization of a user's search results in hopes of quickly providing the most relevant results to the user to answer whatever question is being asked.
Search history
Search history was first used to personalize search results in 2005 based upon previous searches and clicked links by individual end users. Then, in 2009, Google announced that personalized search would no longer require a user to be logged in, and instead Google would use an anonymous cookie in a web browser to customize search results for those who were not logged in.
Web history
Web history differs from search history, as it's a record of the actual pages that a user visits, but still provides contributing factors in ranking search results. Lastly, Google+ data is used in search results as Google is provided a lot of demographics about a user from this information, such as age, gender, location, work history, interests, and social connections.
Social networks
Google's social networking service, Google+ also collects this demographic data including age, sex, location, career, and friends. This largely comes into play when presenting reviews and ratings from people within a user's immediate circle.
Effectiveness
In order to determine the actual impacts of search customization on end users, researchers at Northeastern University determined in a study with logged in users vs. a control group that 11.7% of results show differences due to personalization. The research showed that this result varies widely by search query and result ranking position.
In the following example, the Portent Team performed a search query for 'JavaScript' (shown on the right) and then performed a search for 'Programming Textbooks' and 'Books on HTML' prior to searching for 'JavaScript, which changed the search results by bringing in three book listings that were not part of the original set of results. The study showed that of the various factors being tested, the two with the most measurable impact were whether the user was logged in with a Google account and the IP address of searching users. This same study also investigated the impact of the 11.7% personalization by utilizing Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT) (a crowdsourcing Internet Marketplace and a part of Amazon Web Services) vs. a control group to determine the difference between the two. The results showed that the top ranked URLs are less likely to change based on personalization, and that the most personalization is taking place at lower ranks of the resulting pages.
Reception
Several concerns have been brought up regarding the feature. It decreases the likelihood of finding new information, since it biases search results towards what the user has already found. It also introduces some privacy problems, since a user may not be aware that their search results are personalized for them, and it affects the search results of other people who use the same computer (unless they are logged in as a different user). The feature also has profound effects on the search engine optimization (SEO) industry, since search results are not ranked the same way for every user – thus making it more difficult to identify the effects of SEO efforts. Personalization makes search experience inconsistent for different users requiring the SEO industry to be aware of both personalized and non-personalized search results to get an increase in ranking.
Personalized search suffers from creating an abundance of background noise to search results. This can be seen as the carry-over effect where one search is performed followed by a subsequent search. The second search is influenced by the first search if a timeout period is not set at a high enough threshold. An example of the negative effects of the carry-over effect is a search for a store in Hawaii could carry-over the results of a previous, failed search that showed the same store in California, creating noise.
However, in recent years new research had stated that search engines do not create the kind of filter bubbles previously thought. In a study of the political impact of search engines in seven countries carried out at Michigan State University, researchers discovered that search engines were a complement to other news sources that people already used. Users checked out an average of 4.5 news sources across various media to obtain an understanding, and those with a specific interest in politics checked even more. The researchers note that filter bubbles sound like a real problem and that they primarily appear to apply to people other than yourself. Their conclusion is, nonetheless, that the problem is overblown, the evidence anecdotal, and it is impossible to see that search engines contribute to the creation of filter bubbles based on the empirical evidence produced by the study.
See also
Filter bubble
References
2005 software
Personalized Search |
4040874 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone%20Sentinel%20Maze | Stone Sentinel Maze | The Stone Sentinel Maze was an array of rocks and boulders thought to be conjured by Zhuge Liang based on the concept of the bagua. The formation was located on Yufu Shore (魚腹浦) by the Yangtze River near present-day Baidicheng, Chongqing, China, where supposed ruins of the array exist. In folklore, when the Yangtze River rises in summer, the formation is submerged, but in autumn, the array resurfaces, with the rocks and boulders still left intact in their original positions.
Lu Xun's encounter
The Stone Sentinel Maze was mentioned in Chapter 84 of the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong.
Liu Bei was defeated by Lu Xun at the Battle of Xiaoting and fled towards Baidicheng with Lu Xun in hot pursuit. When Lu Xun arrived at Yufu Shore by the Yangtze River near Baidicheng, he felt a strong enemy presence and cautioned his troops of a possible ambush. He sent men to scout ahead, who reported that the area was deserted except for some scattered piles of rocks. Bewildered, Lu Xun asked a local, who told him that qi started emerging from the area after Zhuge Liang arranged the rocks there when he first entered Sichuan.
Lu Xun personally inspected the area and believed that the "maze" was only a petty display of deception, so he led a few men inside. Just as he was about to leave, a strong gust of wind blew. Dust storms overshadowed the sky and the rocks seemed like swords, mountainous piles of dirt emerged while the river waves sounded like an attacking army. Lu Xun exclaimed, "I have fallen into Zhuge Liang's trap!", and attempted to escape from the maze but to no avail.
Suddenly, Lu Xun saw an old man, who offered him assistance in exiting the labyrinth. Lu Xun followed him and got out of the maze unharmed. The old man identified himself as Huang Chengyan, Zhuge Liang's father-in-law. He explained to Lu Xun that the maze was constructed based on the ba gua concept. Huang Chengyan also told Lu Xun that Zhuge Liang had predicted that a Wu general would chance upon the maze when he first built it, and had asked him not to lead the general out when he fell into the trap. Lu Xun dismounted and thanked Huang Chengyan. When he returned to camp, he exclaimed that he was inferior to Zhuge Liang in terms of intelligence. He then made plans to return to Eastern Wu because he feared that their rival state Cao Wei might take advantage of the situation to attack Wu.
Historicity
No documentation of this event is found in Records of the Three Kingdoms, the authoritative historical text for the history of the Three Kingdoms period. It was mentioned in Lu Xun's biography that after Liu Bei retreated to Baidicheng, the Wu generals Xu Sheng, Pan Zhang, Song Qian and others felt that Liu Bei was within reach and they could capture him, so they kept making requests to Sun Quan to allow them to attack Baidicheng. Sun Quan asked Lu Xun for his opinion, and Lu Xun, along with Zhu Ran and Luo Tong, gave their response, "Cao Pi has thousands of troops. He pretends to agree to help us attack (Liu) Bei, but he has other motives. Please make the decision to return (to Wu) soon." Not long later, as Lu Xun expected, Cao Wei forces came to attack Eastern Wu from three directions, which would trigger a series of battles between Wei and Wu between 222 and 225.
Zhang Xianzhong's encounter
During the late Ming Dynasty, the rebel leader Zhang Xianzhong stumbled across the maze while he was fleeing from the imperial army in Chengdu. Through the guidance of an old man, Zhang Xianzhong led his troops into the maze and out. The pursuing imperial forces charged into the array. Suddenly, mist shrouded the area and the piles of dirt appeared to be hills and valleys. The imperial soldiers exhausted themselves over the night by attempting to escape but only at daybreak did they realize that they were actually charging at piles of dirt.
Cultural references
The maze had been a subject for many ancient Chinese poets, such as Du Fu and Lu Yu.
The maze and site are the setting for The Small Stones of Tu Fu, a short story by Brian Aldiss published in 1978.
In the classic occult novel Teito Monogatari by Hiroshi Aramata, the representation of Kimon Tonkou magic is based on the stone sentinel maze.
The maze is featured in many video games based on the Three Kingdoms era. For example, it is an inseparable element in the Battle of Yi Ling in Koei's Dynasty Warriors series.
The Portal Three Kingdoms expansion set of the Magic:The Gathering collectible card game includes a card named "Eightfold Maze".
In the 2008 film Red Cliff, based on the Battle of Red Cliffs, Liu Bei and Sun Quan deployed their troops in a formation based on the bagua. Cao Cao's vanguard army was lured into the formation and suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of the allied forces.
In the popular mobile game Fate/Grand Order, the Eightfold Maze is referenced with Zhuge Liang's Noble Phantasm, ¨Unreturning Army • Stone Sentinel Maze¨.
The maze is referenced in anime Ya Boy Kongming!.
References
Chen Shou. Records of the Three Kingdoms.
Luo Guanzhong. Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
Eastern Wu
Shu Han
Mazes
Chinese folklore |
4040880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Glass%20Buys%20a%20Loaf%20of%20Bread | Philip Glass Buys a Loaf of Bread | Philip Glass Buys a Loaf of Bread is a one-act play by David Ives, published as part of his 1994 All In The Timing collection.
Production history
The play was first produced at the Manhattan Punch Line Theatre in New York City, January 1990.
It was next performed as part of six short plays, collectively titled All in the Timing Off-Broadway at Primary Stages in 1993, and revived in 2013. Ives described the play: "Each one of these little plays were a little education in some particular aspect of theatre.... 'Philip Glass Buys a Loaf of Bread' — how much of a musical you can write in six minutes without having an orchestra."
The Time Out New York reviewer, in his review of the 2013 revival, wrote: "...the bravura piece of music-theater parody, Philip Glass Buys a Loaf of Bread. The latter lampoon, whose content is pretty much summed up in the title, gives Ives a chance to use a few banal pieces of dialogue to imitate the composer’s minimalist arpeggios..."
Overview
The short play imitates composer Philip Glass's minimalist style; that is to say that comparatively few words and ideas are repeated many times throughout the work. The structure of this piece is closest to a hip hop or musical number, but it is quite distinct from both. The beat is alternately very fast and very ponderous. Einstein on the Beach, the 5-hour Glassian opera, is said by some to provide a good model of such rhythms that are seen in the play.
The play opens and closes completely normally—"Philip Glass" enters a bakery, where in passing he encounters an old love of his accompanied by a friend.
Between the two ends of this scene, in a long section marked by the ringing of a bell (a recurring device in Ives' plays), come rhythmic reorderings of the words used in the opening and closing. Some of the phrases make little sense ("PHILIP CAN THINK BREAD"), but they are used to create an emotional atmosphere suggesting Philip's subconscious state at seeing this woman again. Other lines are understandable but absurd, such as "PHILIP GLASS IS A LOAF OF BREAD" and "PHILIP NEED A LOAF OF LOVE," while others still make philosophical sense, such as "TIME IS A MOMENT."
The play suggests several themes (although none of them too seriously) including the tendency of real life (the Baker) to interrupt what we wish life to be (Philip Glass and his old love). It seems that whenever Philip Glass or the rest of the cast comes close to a philosophical revelation, they revert to trochaic, nonsensical rhythms such as "Go! Go! Go! Go! Time! Time! Time! Time!" The bread can also be seen as a symbol of Philip's life and happiness, which he tries to ask for several times in vain. The Baker also needs "bread" in his life, whatever that may be for him... even money ("bread"). None of the messages are to be taken entirely seriously, as noted in the original "sheet music" of the piece.
Philip Glass... may be distinguished from most of Ives' other works in that its ending may be played either comedically or dramatically, depending on the production. Of all of Ives' works, it is certainly the most open to directors' interpretation and thus stagings of it vary wildly. While some productions might choose to increase the absurdity of the parody until climactic breaking point, others may choose to twist the rhythm towards the end to allow for the few dramatic revelations allowed in the piece, such as "WHAT'S THE WOMAN MATTER?" and the final line of the musical interlude, "NEED NOTHING NEED WOMAN NEED MATTER. NO CHANGE." Nevertheless, the piece almost invariably ends on a laugh, as Glass asks if the baker can break his bill and the baker points to a sign stating, "No Change." (In some productions, there is no sign, and this is merely implied or else spoken outright.)
References
External links
Internet Off-Broadway 1993
Plays by David Ives
Philip Glass
1994 plays
One-act plays |
4040882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20World%20According%20to%20John%20Coltrane | The World According to John Coltrane | The World According to John Coltrane is a 1990 documentary about jazz saxophonist John Coltrane.
Overview
The World According to John Coltrane, directed by Robert Palmer moves chronologically. It shows interviews with musicians who worked with Coltrane, such as Rashied Ali, Jimmy Heath, Roscoe Mitchell, and Wayne Shorter, and film clips of live performances. One brief clip shows Coltrane playing "So What" with Miles Davis in 1959. Shown, too, is a performance by the classic quartet of Coltrane, Jimmy Garrison, Elvin Jones, and McCoy Tyner at a jazz festival, and the quartet playing with Eric Dolphy. Coltrane's live performance of "Alabama" is shown in full. The documentary omits commentary by scholars in favor of a narrated chronology of his life, interviews with his contemporaries, and live film clips.
Tracks
A Love Supreme
Alabama
Blue Monk
Dahomey Dance
Dear Lord
Eight Miles High
Giant Steps
Gospel Song 1
Gospel Song 2
Hot House
Impressions
Impressions 2
India
Koko
Moroccan Folk Song
My Favorite Things
My Favorite Things 2
Naima
Number One
Raga Bhimpalisi
Roscoe In Morocco
Round Midnight
So What
Things To Come
References
Documentary films about jazz music and musicians
John Coltrane
1990 films
1990s English-language films |
4040888 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20Giants%20%28disambiguation%29 | New York Giants (disambiguation) | The New York Giants are a professional American football team based in East Rutherford, New Jersey.
New York Giants may also refer to:
Baseball
Major League Baseball
San Francisco Giants, the current Major League Baseball team which originally played in New York City
History of the New York Giants (baseball), history of the team from 1883 to 1957 before moving to San Francisco
Other baseball
New York Giants (PL), a Players League team that played in New York City in 1890
New York Lincoln Giants, an Eastern Colored League and American Negro league team that played in New York City from about 1911 to about 1930
Other professional sport teams
American football
New York Brickley Giants, National Football League franchise, 1921
Association football
New York Giants (soccer) including
New York Giants (1894 soccer)
New York Soccer Club, also called the New York Giants from 1923 and 1930
New York Nationals (ASL), called the New York Giants between 1930 and 1932 |
4040896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Honeyman | John Honeyman | John Honeyman (1729August 18, 1822) was an American spy and British informant for George Washington, primarily responsible for spreading disinformation and gathering the intelligence crucial to Washington's victory in the Battle of Trenton.
Early life and career
Born in Ireland, purportedly in Armagh, Honeyman was of Scottish descent. The son of a poor farmer, he received little formal education but was nevertheless literate and learned several trades, including weaving. He worked as a farmer until the age of 29 and then entered the British Army to fight in the French and Indian War in 1758.
He sailed to Canada aboard the frigate Boyne on which Colonel James Wolfe was also embarked. One day during the Atlantic Ocean crossing, Honeyman was on watch on the deck when Wolfe, who was about to descend a stairway, tripped and would have surely fallen if he had not been caught by Honeyman. Wolfe showed his gratitude by taking down Honeyman's name and promising to look out for the young private.
Upon landing off the Saint Lawrence River, Honeyman's unit was almost immediately put into action against the French during the Siege of Louisbourg which ended after 48 days on July 26, 1758. Wolfe, who served under General Jeffery Amherst, was shortly promoted to General. He remembered the young private who saved him aboard the Boyne and made him his bodyguard, with orders to remain with him at all times.
The success of the siege cleared the way for the British expedition led by General Wolfe to take New France at Quebec City the following summer and which culminated in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham on September 13, 1759. While it ended with a British victory, Wolfe was fatally shot and Honeyman was among those who carried the General down the heights to his shelter, where he died. Some people believe that one of the three men surrounding Wolfe in the painting La Morte de Wolfe by Benjamim West at the McCord Museum in Montreal is John Honeyman.
After the war, Honeyman was given an honorable discharge from the army and he settled in Pennsylvania, carrying with him his discharge papers as well as a letter from General Wolfe requesting his services as his bodyguard. He took up his trade as a butcher and weaver and he married the former Mary Henry, an Irish girl from Coleraine at the First Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia on September 22, 1764.
In service as Washington's spy
Sometime before 1775, Honeyman moved to Philadelphia and supposedly met George Washington who was attending meetings of the Continental Congress. Although Honeyman had served the British well during the French and Indian War, he was sympathetic to the American cause and promptly presented his services to Washington. Washington, astute at finding good talent, accepted Honeyman's services. In the early part of 1776, Honeyman moved with his family to Griggstown, in Somerset County, New Jersey. It is unknown, however, whether this move was a result of his meetings with Washington.
When Washington's Continental Army was retreating across New Jersey in 1776, Washington wanted to "get some person into Trenton" as an agent. He called upon Honeyman for a meeting at Fort Lee, New Jersey in November and there, Honeyman agreed that he would act the part of a spy for the American cause in that part of New Jersey where he was most familiar. Washington told Honeyman to use the cover of a Tory. The fact that he served under Wolfe, as proven by his discharge papers as well as Wolfe's letter requesting his services as his bodyguard, guaranteed his acceptance by the enemy garrison in Trenton.
Posing as a Tory, Honeyman, continuing his trade as a butcher and weaver, commenced his trade with the British. He was instructed to continue trading as much as possible behind the American lines in Griggstown and, if necessary, to flee to Trenton on the pretext of the danger posed to his family due to his double-dealing. The deceptive plan was so believable that a mob of angry American patriots raided Honeyman's house in Griggstown. Fortunately, his family were saved from certain harm by a signed letter from Washington guaranteeing its safety, but nevertheless calling Honeyman "a notorious Tory".
His credibility as a Tory now well-established, he moved to Trenton where his trade enabled him to move freely within the town and gather intelligence about the garrison. Having amassed enough information, he arranged to be captured by the Continental forces, who had been ordered to watch for him and bring him straight to Washington unharmed.
After receiving the information Honeyman had gathered, Washington ordered the guards to feed the "Tory" and lock him up in a small hut used as a prison. Shortly afterward, a fire broke out in the vicinity providing an opportunity for Honeyman to "escape". Making his way back to Trenton, he told the Hessian commander, Colonel Johann Rall, of his capture and reported that the Continental Army was in such a low state of morale that they would not attack Trenton.
Even though the Hessians had been on heightened alert for the past two weeks, they believed Honeyman's story and so felt confident enough to relax security on December 26. In the meantime, Honeyman made his way to New Brunswick, New Jersey.
On the night of December 25–26, 1776, with 2,400 troops, Washington made the well known crossing of the Delaware River from Pennsylvania to New Jersey north of Trenton. The next morning, the Continental forces surprised the Hessians in a rout, giving the Americans a much-needed victory at the Battle of Trenton.
With Washington, Honeyman had arranged for his mission to be confined in New Jersey and since the British were driven from the colony in 1777 his services were little needed, if at all. It had further been agreed upon, however, that Honeyman would continue to maintain his cover as a Tory to prevent any reprisals by the British against him and his family until the end of the war. As a consequence, he did not return to Griggstown until after hostilities ended four years later.
Later years
By 1793, Honeyman moved to Bedminster, New Jersey, in upper Somerset County. He bought several parcels of land between 1793 and 1797 and spent the last 30 years of his life there.
His wife, Mary Honeyman, died on June 24, 1801, and three years later, he married a widow, Elizabeth Estel-Burrows. He died on August 18, 1822 at the age of 93 and is buried in the Lamington Presbyterian Church Cemetery in Lamington, New Jersey.
Fact or Legend?
The role Honeyman played in the Revolutionary War has been debated for some time. The first written record of his involvement with Washington appears to be his grandson Judge John Van Dyke's "An Unwritten Account of a Spy of Washington," which appeared in Our Home magazine in 1873, nearly 100 years later. Van Dyke is said to have relied on details he got from one of Honeyman's daughters, Van Dyke's Aunt Jane Honeyman who died in 1836. Judge Van Dyke's son, John Charles Van Dyke, the author of The Desert, added that "documents discovered in the Secretary of State's office at Trenton go to confirm it," without identifying the documents further. In his autobiography, John C. Van Dyke also wrote, "My father was much with him (Honeyman) in his later years, and he had fragments of the story from the spy's own lips, but the spy was never very communicative."
Doubters point to the lack of direct evidence to support the spy story including the fact that the letter from Washington that protected the Honeyman family has never been seen outside the family. Some find it odd that a document of such apparent historic value has never surfaced publicly. Author Alexander Rose notes that "not once is John Honeyman mentioned in Washington's voluminous correspondence and papers" and that "upon meeting Honeyman, a veteran of the British army, Washington would have been more likely to recruit him as a sergeant than as a spy."
Supporters argue that the lack of direct evidence merely points to the excellent job Honeyman, and Washington, did concealing his actions as a spy. Some have offered circumstantial evidence to support the spy story. Historians have pointed out that several legal actions brought against Honeyman for being a Tory appear to have been dismissed. Honeyman even sought compensation for losses he suffered during the war, something that a Tory would not have considered. While other Tories were forced to flee to Nova Scotia after the war, Honeyman remained in New Jersey. In fact, it is known that Honeyman purchased several tracts of land after the war, which raises the question of how a simple weaver with a rather large family could afford to make these purchases without some special income. John C. Van Dyke records that Honeyman "had always been considered a poor man, and his neighbors were much surprised when he died leaving about twelve thousand dollars. That was a large sum in those days...." That is evidence, to some, that he received compensation for his role in the war.
See also
Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War
References
External links
George Washington's Spy
John Honeyman, "The Spy of Washington"
AmericanHeritage.com / A Spy For Washington
True Comics Issue 05 Unsung Hero - John Honeyman
Appendix notes from Washington's Crossing by David Hackett Fischer questioning the Honeyman spy story
Article in the CIA's Intelligence Quarterly by Alexander Rose questioning the Honeyman spy story: "The Spy Who Never Was: The Strange Case of John Honeyman and Revolutionary War Espionage"
Patriots Rising: The American-Revolution
1729 births
1822 deaths
People of colonial New Jersey
People from Bedminster, New Jersey
People from Franklin Township, Somerset County, New Jersey
People of New Jersey in the American Revolution
American people of Scotch-Irish descent
Irish soldiers in the British Army
British Army personnel of the Seven Years' War
British military intelligence informants
American spies during the American Revolution
Irish people of Scottish descent
Kingdom of Ireland emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
Burials in New Jersey
People from County Armagh |
4040916 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline%27s%20Spine%20%28album%29 | Caroline's Spine (album) | Caroline's Spine is the eponymous debut album of the American hard rock band of the same name. It was released in 1993 before the band was entirely formed. The lead singer/primary song writer Jimmy Newquist wrote all the songs and played most of the instruments for the recording. Many of the tracks on this album were later re-recorded with the full band for future Caroline's Spine albums.
Track listing
"Why Don't We Get Along"
"Psycho (Surf)"
"Ouch"
"Artichoke (VII)"
"As I Am"
"Say it to You"
"I Will Be Alright"
"I Like Everything"
"Train Called Sleep"
"Monsoon"
"Last Goodbye"
"Will You Hold My Hand"
"Psycho (Radio)"
Personnel
Produced by Dan Calderone & Caroline's Spine
All words and music by James P. Newquist
Music published by Archaic Music (BMI)
Engineered by Dan Calderone & Joe Statt
Recorded and mixed at Anza Digital Studios, San Diego, CA
Mastered by David Merullo, RJR Digital
Layout & design by Rick Goldman, CDS Graphics
Cover art by HPN II
References
1993 debut albums
Caroline's Spine albums |
4040933 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayaka%20Nagate | Ayaka Nagate | , born October 30, 1981 and known professionally as , is a Japanese actress and former singer. From 1998 to 2008, Nagate was part of Hello! Project as a member of the Japan-based girl group Coconuts Musume.
History
Nagate joined Hello! Project in 1999 after being discovered by , fellow Sharan Q bandmate of Tsunku, with four other girls, forming Coconuts Musume. Having lived most of her teenage years in Hawaii and attending English schools in Japan, Nagate is fluent in both Japanese and English. She is best known by foreign fans for her "Ayaka no Totsugeki Eikaiwa" (Ayaka's Surprise English Lessons) TV segment, where she would test the English skills of Morning Musume members.
On April 30, 2008, Nagate left from Coconuts Musume and Hello! Project to pursue acting. The following day, it was revealed that she had signed with Tristone Entertainment, going under the stage name of Ayaka Nagate.
Personal life
On July 14, 2008, it was announced that she and professional golfer Hideto Tanihara had married.
Photobooks
September 5, 2003 –
References
External links
Ayaka's Official Blog
1981 births
Coconuts Musume members
Petitmoni members
11Water members
Japanese television personalities
Japanese actresses
People from Kobe
People from Hawaii
Living people
Musicians from Kobe |
5376870 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo%20Pe%C3%B1a | Alfredo Peña | Alfredo Antonio Peña (13 April 1944 – 6 September 2016) was a Venezuelan journalist and politician.
Journalism career
He studied journalism at the Central University of Venezuela and became well known after he was hired as the director of the newspaper El Nacional. He also hosted his own interview program on the television channel Venevisión, in which he severely criticized the two dominant parties of the second half of the twentieth century in Venezuela, AD and COPEI. His late-night TV program faced harsh criticism over its main theme and it changed names from "Conversaciones con Alfredo Peña" to a more aggressive "Los Peñonazos de Peña". During this time he suffered several attempts on his life, one of them occurring in his apartment, presumably not only to kill him but to destroy his computer and archives. In 1998 he supported the candidacy of Hugo Chávez for the Presidency of Venezuela, and invited Chávez to his program in several occasions.
Political career
In 1999, Peña quit his television program and became one of the prominent members of the Fifth Republic Movement. President Chávez named him Minister of the Secretary of the Presidency. Peña was later elected to the finance committee of the 1999 Constituent Assembly, becoming its chairman. The Assembly wrote the 1999 Constitution of Venezuela.
In July 2000, following the 2000 Venezuelan regional elections, he became the first Mayor of Caracas (Alcaldía Mayor de Caracas, a position that replaced the Venezuelan Federal District) for the Fifth Republic Movement after winning the elections by a landslide. His nomination for Mayor by the Fifth Republic Movement created division within the party, as Aristóbulo Istúriz, chair of the party Patria Para Todos, also wanted the position. Patria Para Todos then abandoned the coalition with the Fifth Republic Movement, only to join it again 18 months later.
In 2001 Peña instituted the Bratton Plan (by William Bratton) to modernize the Metropolitan Police.
In October 2004, shortly before the new mayoral elections, Peña withdrew from the race, alleging national government fraud.
In 2005 Peña was thought to be in Miami, with the Venezuelan government asking for extradition for alleged irregularities relating to the Bratton contract. In 2007 a Venezuelan court ordered his arrest, and in 2009 Venezuela applied to Interpol for assistance in bringing Peña before the court. In 2005 he was also accused by a Venezuelan court of responsibility for some of the deaths during the 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt, some of which Metropolitan Police, under Peña's supervision, were held responsible for.
He died on 6 September 2016 in Miami.
References
1944 births
2016 deaths
Central University of Venezuela alumni
People from Barquisimeto
Fifth Republic Movement politicians
Mayors of places in Venezuela
Venezuelan exiles |
4040947 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maupertuis%27s%20principle | Maupertuis's principle | In classical mechanics, Maupertuis's principle (named after Pierre Louis Maupertuis) states that the path followed by a physical system is the one of least length (with a suitable interpretation of path and length). It is a special case of the more generally stated principle of least action. Using the calculus of variations, it results in an integral equation formulation of the equations of motion for the system.
Mathematical formulation
Maupertuis's principle states that the true path of a system described by generalized coordinates between two specified states and is a stationary point (i.e., an extremum (minimum or maximum) or a saddle point) of the abbreviated action functional
where are the conjugate momenta of the generalized coordinates, defined by the equation
where is the Lagrangian function for the system. In other words, any first-order perturbation of the path results in (at most) second-order changes in . Note that the abbreviated action is a functional (i.e. a function from a vector space into its underlying scalar field), which in this case takes as its input a function (i.e. the paths between the two specified states).
Jacobi's formulation
For many systems, the kinetic energy is quadratic in the generalized velocities
although the mass tensor may be a complicated function of the generalized coordinates . For such systems, a simple relation relates the kinetic energy, the generalized momenta and the generalized velocities
provided that the potential energy does not involve the generalized velocities. By defining a normalized distance or metric in the space of generalized coordinates
one may immediately recognize the mass tensor as a metric tensor. The kinetic energy may be written in a massless form
or,
Therefore, the abbreviated action can be written
since the kinetic energy equals the (constant) total energy minus the potential energy . In particular, if the potential energy is a constant, then Jacobi's principle reduces to minimizing the path length in the space of the generalized coordinates, which is equivalent to Hertz's principle of least curvature.
Comparison with Hamilton's principle
Hamilton's principle and Maupertuis's principle are occasionally confused and both have been called the principle of least action. They differ from each other in three important ways:
their definition of the action...
the solution that they determine...
...and the constraints on the variation.
History
Maupertuis was the first to publish a principle of least action, where he defined action as , which was to be minimized over all paths connecting two specified points. However, Maupertuis applied the principle only to light, not matter (see the 1744 Maupertuis reference below). He arrived at the principle by considering Snell's law for the refraction of light, which Fermat had explained by Fermat's principle, that light follows the path of shortest time, not distance. This troubled Maupertuis, since he felt that time and distance should be on an equal footing: "why should light prefer the path of shortest time over that of distance?" Accordingly, Maupertuis asserts with no further justification the principle of least action as equivalent but more fundamental than Fermat's principle, and uses it to derive Snell's law. Maupertuis specifically states that light does not follow the same laws as material objects.
A few months later, well before Maupertuis's work appeared in print, Leonhard Euler independently defined action in its modern abbreviated form and applied it to the motion of a particle, but not to light (see the 1744 Euler reference below). Euler also recognized that the principle only held when the speed was a function only of position, i.e., when the total energy was conserved. (The mass factor in the action and the requirement for energy conservation were not relevant to Maupertuis, who was concerned only with light.) Euler used this principle to derive the equations of motion of a particle in uniform motion, in a uniform and non-uniform force field, and in a central force field. Euler's approach is entirely consistent with the modern understanding of Maupertuis's principle described above, except that he insisted that the action should always be a minimum, rather than a stationary point.
Two years later, Maupertuis cites Euler's 1744 work as a "beautiful application of my principle to the motion of the planets" and goes on to apply the principle of least action to the lever problem in mechanical equilibrium and to perfectly elastic and perfectly inelastic collisions (see the 1746 publication below). Thus, Maupertuis takes credit for conceiving the principle of least action as a general principle applicable to all physical systems (not merely to light), whereas the historical evidence suggests that Euler was the one to make this intuitive leap. Notably, Maupertuis's definitions of the action and protocols for minimizing it in this paper are inconsistent with the modern approach described above. Thus, Maupertuis's published work does not contain a single example in which he used Maupertuis's principle (as presently understood).
In 1751, Maupertuis's priority for the principle of least action was challenged in print (Nova Acta Eruditorum of Leipzig) by an old acquaintance, Johann Samuel Koenig, who quoted a 1707 letter purportedly from Leibniz that described results similar to those derived by Euler in 1744. However, Maupertuis and others demanded that Koenig produce the original of the letter to authenticate its having been written by Leibniz. Koenig only had a copy and no clue as to the whereabouts of the original. Consequently, the Berlin Academy under Euler's direction declared the letter to be a forgery and that its President, Maupertuis, could continue to claim priority for having invented the principle. Koenig continued to fight for Leibniz's priority and soon Voltaire and the King of Prussia, Frederick II were engaged in the quarrel. However, no progress was made until the turn of the twentieth century, when other independent copies of Leibniz's letter were discovered.
See also
Analytical mechanics
Hamilton's principle
Gauss's principle of least constraint (also describes Hertz's principle of least curvature)
Hamilton–Jacobi equation
References
Pierre Louis Maupertuis, Accord de différentes loix de la nature qui avoient jusqu'ici paru incompatibles (original 1744 French text); Accord between different laws of Nature that seemed incompatible (English translation)
Leonhard Euler, Methodus inveniendi/Additamentum II (original 1744 Latin text); Methodus inveniendi/Appendix 2 (English translation)
Pierre Louis Maupertuis, Les loix du mouvement et du repos déduites d'un principe metaphysique (original 1746 French text); Derivation of the laws of motion and equilibrium from a metaphysical principle (English translation)
Leonhard Euler, Exposé concernant l'examen de la lettre de M. de Leibnitz (original 1752 French text); Investigation of the letter of Leibniz (English translation)
König J. S. "De universali principio aequilibrii et motus", Nova Acta Eruditorum, 1751, 125–135, 162–176.
J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson, "The Berlin Academy and forgery", (2003), at The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive.
C. I. Gerhardt, (1898) "Über die vier Briefe von Leibniz, die Samuel König in dem Appel au public, Leide MDCCLIII, veröffentlicht hat", Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, I, 419–427.
W. Kabitz, (1913) "Über eine in Gotha aufgefundene Abschrift des von S. König in seinem Streite mit Maupertuis und der Akademie veröffentlichten, seinerzeit für unecht erklärten Leibnizbriefes", Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, II, 632–638.
H. Goldstein, (1980) Classical Mechanics, 2nd ed., Addison Wesley, pp. 362–371.
L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, (1976) Mechanics, 3rd. ed., Pergamon Press, pp. 140–143. (hardcover) and (softcover)
G. C. J. Jacobi, Vorlesungen über Dynamik, gehalten an der Universität Königsberg im Wintersemester 1842–1843. A. Clebsch (ed.) (1866); Reimer; Berlin. 290 pages, available online Œuvres complètes volume 8 at Gallica-Math from the Gallica Bibliothèque nationale de France.
H. Hertz, (1896) Principles of Mechanics, in Miscellaneous Papers, vol. III, Macmillan.
Calculus of variations
Hamiltonian mechanics
Mathematical principles |
4040952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans%20Memorial%20Bridge%20%28Tallahassee%29 | Veterans Memorial Bridge (Tallahassee) | The Veterans Memorial Bridge is a flyover that carries two lanes of traffic onto southbound US 319 (Capital Circle Northeast) from southbound U.S. Route 319/State Road 61 (Thomasville Road) on the north side of Tallahassee, Florida. It was built for the purpose of alleviating traffic congestion in the left-turn lanes on Thomasville Road and was opened to the public in 1997. A 2002 Florida state bill proposed that this bridge (number 550122) would be named Veterans Memorial Bridge.
References
Bridges completed in 1997
Buildings and structures in Tallahassee, Florida
Transportation in Tallahassee, Florida
Monuments and memorials in Florida
Road bridges in Florida
U.S. Route 19
Bridges of the United States Numbered Highway System
Transportation buildings and structures in Leon County, Florida |
5376872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narratio%20Prima | Narratio Prima | De libris revolutionum Copernici narratio prima, usually referred to as Narratio Prima (), is an abstract of Nicolaus Copernicus' heliocentric theory, written by Georg Joachim Rheticus in 1540. It is an introduction to Copernicus's major work, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, published in 1543, largely due to Rheticus's instigation. Narratio Prima is the first printed publication of Copernicus's theory.
History
Copernicus, born in 1473 and already well over 60 years old, had never published any astronomical work, as his only publication had been his translation of poems of Theophylact Simocatta, printed in 1509 by Johann Haller. At the same time, he had distributed his ideas among friends, with manuscripts called Commentariolus. In the 1530s, he was urged to publish by many, yet still hesitated when in 1539, Rheticus arrived in Frauenburg (Frombork) to become Copernicus' first and only pupil. Philipp Melanchthon had arranged for Rheticus to visit several astronomers and study with them.
In September 1539 Rheticus went to Danzig (Gdańsk) to visit the mayor who gave Rheticus some financial assistance to publish the Narratio Prima. This Narratio Prima, published by Franz Rhode in Danzig in 1540, is still considered to be the best introduction to Copernicus' De revolutionibus orbium coelestium. As the full title states, the Narratio was published as an open letter to Johannes Schöner of Nuremberg (Nürnberg). It was bundled together with the Encomium Prussiae which praised the spirit of humanism in Prussia.
During his two year stay in Prussia, Rheticus published works of his own, and in cooperation with Copernicus, in 1542 a treatise on trigonometry which was a preview to the second book of De revolutionibus. Under strong pressure from Rheticus, and having seen the favorable first general reception of the Narratio Prima, Copernicus finally agreed to give the book to his close friend, bishop Tiedemann Giese, to be delivered to Nuremberg for printing by Johannes Petreius under Rheticus's supervision.
Later editions of Narratio Prima were printed in Basel, in 1541 by Robert Winter, and in 1566 by Henricus Petrus in connection with the second edition of De revolutionibus. In 1597 when Johannes Kepler's first book Mysterium Cosmographicum was prepared for publication in Tübingen, his advisor Michael Maestlin decided to include Rheticus' Narratio Prima following Kepler's text, as a supplementary explanation of heliocentric theory.
References
Bibliography
Rheticus: Narratio prima de libris revolutionum Copernici, Danzig 1540
Richard S. Westfall, Indiana University. Rheticus, George Joachim. "Catalog of the Scientific Community of the 16th and 17th Centuries," The Galileo Project.
Dennis Danielson (2006). The First Copernican: Georg Joachim Rheticus and the Rise of the Copernican Revolution. Walker & Company, New York.
Karl Heinz Burmeister: Georg Joachim Rhetikus 1514–1574. Bd. I–III. Guido Pressler Verlag, Wiesbaden 1967.
Stefan Deschauer: Die Arithmetik-Vorlesung des Georg Joachim Rheticus, Wittenberg 1536: eine kommentierte Edition der Handschrift X-278 (8) der Estnischen Akademischen Bibliothek; Augsburg: Rauner, 2003;
R. Hooykaas: G. J. Rheticus’ Treatise on holy scripture and the motion of the earth / with transl., annotations, commentary and additional chapters on Ramus-Rheticus and the development of the problem before 1650''; Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1984
External links
Scienceworld article on Rheticus
Narratio Prima (1540) – scanned edition at Linda Hall Library
in English
Astronomy books
1540 books |
5376873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2720s | '20s | '20s may refer to:
1820s
1920s
2020s
See also
20s, a decade in the 1st century AD
20s BC, a decade in the 1st century BC |
4040953 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%20Pearce | Christie Pearce | Christie Patricia Pearce (formerly Rampone; born June 24, 1975) is an American former professional soccer player who played as a defender. She is the former captain of the United States national team. Pearce is a three-time Olympic gold medalist, and also a two-time world champion in FIFA Women's World Cup.
Pearce has played in five FIFA Women's World Cup finals and four Olympics women's football tournaments. She is a 1999 and 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup champion, and a three-time gold medalist having won championship titles at the 2004 Athens Olympics, 2008 Beijing Olympics and 2012 London Olympics. She finished no lower than third place in each of the World Cup or Olympic tournaments in which she competed.
Pearce played in the W-League from 1997 through 1998. She played in two American professional leagues the entire time they were in operation; from 2001 through 2003 in the WUSA and from 2009 through 2011 in the WPS. In 2009, while playing for Sky Blue FC, she simultaneously served as coach of the club while winning the 2009 Women's Professional Soccer Playoffs, and was named WPS Sportswoman of the Year.
Pearce was the oldest player to appear in a FIFA Women's World Cup game (at age 40) until Formiga competed in the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup at the age of 41. With 311 caps, Pearce is also the third-most capped player, male or female, in U.S. and world history, after Kristine Lilly and Carli Lloyd.
On June 9, 2021, it was announced that Pearce was to be inducted into the National Soccer Hall of Fame in her first year of eligibility.
Early life
Born in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Christie Pearce grew up in Point Pleasant, New Jersey. During her high school years, she was a four-sport athlete in soccer, basketball, track, and field hockey. While attending Point Pleasant Borough High School, she scored 2,190 career high school basketball points, and was the first female athlete in New Jersey history to lead her conference in scoring in three different sports. This accomplishment led her to all-state honors in all three sports. Pearce was heralded as the best athlete Ocean County, New Jersey had ever produced.
Monmouth University
Pearce attended Monmouth University, located in West Long Branch, New Jersey, after being highly recruited by nearly every major college in the country. At Monmouth, she excelled as a three-sport athlete in soccer, basketball, and lacrosse. During her senior year, she opted to ease away from her starting point guard basketball position to train and travel with the United States women's national soccer team. On the Monmouth soccer field, Pearce was a two-time Northeast Conference Player of the Year selection and First Team All Mid-Atlantic Region selection, posting ten multiple-goal games in her senior year. She finished her collegiate soccer career with a start in all 80 games, led her team with 79 career goals and 54 assists, and was Monmouth's record holder for goals, assists, and points in a season.
When not on the field, Pearce studied towards a degree in Special Education, which she completed in 1996. She also worked as a volunteer basketball and soccer coach when completing her student teaching with Monmouth. As a tribute to her achievements and for the worldwide fame she brought to her alma mater, the university awarded her with an honorary degree in Public Service in 2005. Furthermore, the university inducted her into the Monmouth University Hall of Fame in 2007 and honored her 2008 Olympic accomplishments by declaring October 5, 2008 as Christie Rampone Day.
Club career
After college, Pearce played for Central Jersey Splash and New Jersey Lady Stallions, in 1997 and 1998 respectively, of the W-League.
In 2001, she was selected as a member of New York Power, a professional soccer team in Women's United Soccer Association. In the first year, Christie played every minute of the first 18 games until tearing her anterior cruciate ligament, sidelining her for the rest of the season. In 2002, Christie bounced back to play in 1699 minutes over 19 games, and another 18 games in 2003 in addition to her national team duties. Shortly after concluding its third season, the WUSA suspended all operations. In anticipation of an eventual relaunch, WUSA preserved its rights in the team names, logos and similar properties.
The next attempt at women's professional soccer in the United States kicked off in 2008 under the name of Women's Professional Soccer. On September 16, 2008, the initial WPS player allocation was conducted and Pearce was chosen as captain for New Jersey's Sky Blue FC with fellow US Women's National Team players Heather O'Reilly and Natasha Kai.
In its inaugural season, Pearce and Sky Blue FC struggled, including the suspension of their first head coach Ian Sawyers and the resignation of his successor, Kelly Lindsey. In July 2009, the Sky Blue organization announced that Pearce would serve as the caretaker coach, in addition to her playing duties, for the remainder of the WPS season. After taking on the position as head coach, the third in one season for Sky Blue FC, Pearce took her team on to win the 2009 Women's Professional Soccer Playoffs. It was later revealed she was almost three months pregnant with her second child at the time of the match. One week later, she was named WPS Sportswoman of the Year.
She remained with Sky Blue in a playing role for 2010 before switching to magicJack ahead of the 2011 Women's Professional Soccer season.
On January 11, 2013 Pearce was one of three members from the United States women's national team that was allocated to the new NWSL club Sky Blue FC, along with Jillian Loyden and Kelley O'Hara.
International career
Christie Pearce has represented the United States at the 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, and 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup finals, in addition to the 2000, 2004, 2008, and 2012 Summer Olympics.
After training with the United States women's national soccer team during her senior year at Monmouth, she switched to playing as a defender. Pearce's first game was February 28, 1997 versus Australia. She tallied her first national team goal on May 2, 1997, in a match versus South Korea. Pearce started 16/18 games in her first season and finished with two goals and three assists. The following year, Pearce helped her team to its first undefeated season and led the United States to gold in the 1998 Goodwill Games by starting in both matches.
Pearce played 2540 minutes with the national team in 2000, including five games at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. The team finished with the silver medal. In 2001, Pearce tore her anterior cruciate ligament and missed a majority of the limited national team season. Pearce was back with the team for two training camps in 2002, but focused on recovering from her surgery. In 2003, she started in 15/17 national team games and all four World Cup matches to lead her team to the bronze medal.
In the 2004 Athens Olympics, she helped the United States win gold after defeating Brazil in what would be the final Olympic Games for a few of her senior teammates: Mia Hamm, Brandi Chastain and Julie Foudy. It was in this same year that Pearce would become the fifth most capped defender in United States history.
Pearce returned to the team in 2006, after taking off the 2005 season to have her first child. In 2006, Christie returned to the team just 112 days after giving birth for China's Four Nations Tournament. 2007 brought Pearce's busiest year to date, starting in all 20 games in which she played and she became the most capped defender and second-most capped played on the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup team. She started in all six matches of the World Cup.
In 2008, Pearce was named captain of the Women's National Team and led the United States to the Gold medal once again, earning her 200th National Team cap at the 2008 Summer Olympics. With the retirement of teammate Kristine Lilly in 2010, she became the most capped active player in the world.
Pearce captained the USA team to win second place at 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup, losing to Japan 1–3 in the penalty shoot-out, having drawn the final match at 2–2 at the end of extra-time. She played all 600 minutes in all 6 matches USA played.
In 2012 London Olympics, Pearce captained the USA team to a 2–1 gold medal win over Japan in the final; playing all 570 minutes in 6 matches and was a key free kick taker throughout the tournament. Pearce also saved a shot off the line from Japan in the Olympic final. The USA team won all six matches it played at the 2012 London Olympics, including 3 shutouts.
As of September 20, 2015, Christie Pearce is currently second on the all-time cap list with 311.
On July 5, 2015, she became the oldest woman to play in a FIFA Women's World Cup final, and in any tournament game, at age 40 years, 11 days, when she entered the final against Japan during the 86th minute.
In 1999 she played against Korea DPR in the group stage,
and in 2015 she played against Nigeria in the group stage,
and in the final against Japan.
Personal life
Pearce is of Scottish descent and sporting heritage; her great-grandfather Bill Dowie was a goalkeeper with Raith Rovers before emigrating to the United States in the 1920s.
Pearce has two daughters with her ex-husband Chris Rampone: Rylie (born 2005) and Reece (born 2010). She and Rampone divorced in 2017. Though married to Chris in 2001, Pearce did not use the name "Rampone" on her jersey until 2004.
In July 2011, Pearce revealed she had Lyme disease. Pearce is currently engaged to Racing Louisville FC former-head coach Christy Holly.
Endorsements
In 2012, Jersey Mike's Subs appointed Jersey Shore native Pearce as its first spokesperson in its 56-year history. She and her ex-husband have since become franchisees of the chain, opening two locations in Toms River, New Jersey in early 2017.
In popular culture
Video games
Pearce was featured along with her national teammates in EA Sports' FIFA video game series in FIFA 16, the first time women players were included in the game. In September 2015, she was ranked by EA Sports as the number 8 women's player in the game.
Ticker tape parade and White House honor
Following the United States' win at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, Pearce and her teammates became the first women's sports team to be honored with a ticker tape parade in New York City. Each player received a key to the city from Mayor Bill de Blasio. In October of the same year, the team was honored by President Barack Obama at the White House.
Career statistics
References
External links
Christie Rampone profile at National Women's Soccer League
Christie Rampone profile at Sky Blue FC
US Soccer player profile
WUSA player profile
Sports agency player profile
1975 births
Living people
Women's Olympic soccer players of the United States
United States women's international soccer players
Footballers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in soccer
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in soccer
Women's United Soccer Association players
New York Power players
Monmouth Hawks women's soccer players
Monmouth University alumni
Point Pleasant Borough High School alumni
Sportspeople from Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Sportspeople from Point Pleasant, New Jersey
Sky Blue FC (WPS) players
MagicJack (WPS) players
FIFA Century Club
American women's soccer players
1999 FIFA Women's World Cup players
2003 FIFA Women's World Cup players
2007 FIFA Women's World Cup players
2011 FIFA Women's World Cup players
2015 FIFA Women's World Cup players
National Women's Soccer League players
NJ/NY Gotham FC players
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
FIFA Women's World Cup-winning players
Women's association football central defenders
FIFA Women's World Cup-winning captains
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Player-coaches
American people of Scottish descent
Competitors at the 1998 Goodwill Games
Women's Professional Soccer players
Women's Professional Soccer coaches |
4040956 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin%20Clegg | Robin Clegg | Robin Clegg (born August 11, 1977 in Edmonton, Alberta) is former Canadian biathlete.
Clegg lives in Canmore, Alberta. He was a gold medalist at the 2005 North American Championships.
He retired after the 2009–10 season.
Robin Clegg was inducted into the NWT Sport Hall of Fame in 2014.
References
External links
CBC Bio
1977 births
Living people
Biathletes at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Biathletes at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Biathletes at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Canadian male biathletes
Olympic biathletes of Canada
Sportspeople from Edmonton
NWT Sport Hall of Fame inductees |
4040968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Used%20to%20Work%20in%20Chicago | I Used to Work in Chicago | "I Used to Work in Chicago" is a drinking song. It was written by songwriter and entertainer Larry Vincent. The earliest printed date for the song is March 1945 in the underground mimeographed songbook Songs of the Century, however versions of the song circulated "on the street" as early as 1938 according to the Digital Tradition Folk Music Database. Many of the lyrics are considered humorous because of the oblique sexual references. The song is often chanted by various British university sports teams.
After World War II, there were various versions of this song commercially recorded (e.g. by Spike Jones).
A verse from Spike Jones's version:
Recordings
The Three Bits Of Rhythm on Modern Records 118A from 1946
Oscar Brand on Bawdy Songs and Backroom Ballads 1951
Merle Travis on Guitar Rags & A Too Fast Past 1994
Benny Bell on Shaving Cream 1975, Track Title: Jack of All Trades
Popular culture
A variation of this song is also occasionally performed by Eddie Vedder of Pearl Jam during their live performances with the final lines, "Liquor she wanted / Lick her I did / I don't work there anymore."
The same (Liquor/Lick her) version is also sung by Dusty and Lefty, played by Woody Harrelson and John C. Reilly, in the film A Prairie Home Companion.
One verse sung by Charles Durning in the movie Jerry and Tom. "A woman came in for a house dress. I asked her what kind she wore. 'Jumper,' she said. Jump her I did and I don't work there anymore."
References
Cray, Ed; The Erotic Muse: American Bawdy Songs (University of Illinois, 1992).
Reuss, Richard A.; An Annotated Field Collection of Songs From the American College Student Oral Tradition (Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Masters Thesis, 1965).
Drinking songs
Songs about Chicago
Songs written by Larry Vincent
1945 songs |
4040971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra%20Keith | Sandra Keith | Sandra Keith (born December 11, 1980) is an Olympic Games biathlete for Team Canada. She was part of Canada's team in the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin.
Keith retired after the 2009–10 season.
Personal life
Sandra Keith was one of about 20 alumni of the National Sport School (located in Calgary ) to compete in the 2006 games. She is a student at Athabasca University, working on her Bachelor of Commerce degree. She was married to Norwegian biathlon star Halvard Hanevold from 2011 until his death in 2019. She was part of a group of five athletes who posed for the Bold Beautiful Biathlon calendar.
References
External links
AU student competes at the Olympics
CBC Bio
Sandra Keith on Real Champions
Nude calendar fund raiser for the 2010 games
Living people
Canadian female biathletes
Olympic biathletes of Canada
Skiers from Ottawa
1980 births
Athabasca University alumni
Biathletes at the 2006 Winter Olympics |
4040973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard%20Rotherham | Gerard Rotherham | Gerard Alexander Rotherham (28 May 1899 – 31 January 1985) was a first-class cricketer for Cambridge University and Warwickshire in England and for Wellington in New Zealand. His uncle, Hugh Rotherham, played first-class cricket in the 1880s.
Rotherham's chief cricket fame was achieved as a schoolboy at Rugby School, where his record as a fast-medium bowler led to him being named as a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in the 1918 edition of Wisden, at a time when first-class cricket was suspended for the First World War. He then went up to Trinity College, Cambridge.
Rotherham's later first-class career lasted only a few seasons. He got a Blue at Cambridge in both 1919 and 1920, when his swashbuckling lower-order batting was almost as valuable as his increasingly wayward bowling. In 1921, he had a full season of county cricket with Warwickshire, and this time the bowling was more valuable than the batting, and he took 88 wickets in the season. But at the end of the season he moved to New Zealand, where he made just a few appearances for Wellington in 1928–29.
References
External links
English cricketers
People educated at Rugby School
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Cambridge University cricketers
Warwickshire cricketers
Wellington cricketers
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
1899 births
1985 deaths
Cricketers from Coventry |
4040975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20P.%20McCaskey%20High%20School | J. P. McCaskey High School | J. P. McCaskey High School is a public high school located in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, United States. Located on the east side of Lancaster, it is named after John Piersol McCaskey, a local educator. The McCaskey campus consists of two buildings: J. P. McCaskey, which is usually referred to either as "JPM" or simply "JP"; and McCaskey East, which is referred to as "East". Also on the McCaskey campus are a number of playing fields (for soccer, baseball, softball, and field hockey), tennis courts, and a stadium. Nearby are Wickersham Elementary School and Lincoln Middle School.
History
John Piersol McCaskey High School opened on 3 May 1938, accepting Lancaster city's first gender-integrated class of students. The high school was named for John McCaskey, a local educator, composer, and politician.
The construction is a product of the post-Depression Works Progress Administration. While the main building was subsequently extended, the original façade, lobby, and auditorium are set in Art Deco style.
In 2021, The outside of the JP McCaskey Building was used in an episode the Disney Channel TV show Bunk'd.
Notable alumni
Madeline Anderson (1945), filmmaker, first African-American woman to direct a documentary film, first African-American woman to executive produce a nationally distributed television show.
Barney Ewell, sprinter, 1948 Summer Olympics silver medalist
Jennifer Gareis (1988), actress
David Greene, 1994, NPR Morning Edition Host
Jerry Johnson, professional basketball player
Mindy Myers, campaign manager
John Parrish, former MLB pitcher
Lamar Patterson, National Basketball Association (NBA) player and second round draft pick
Franklin J. Schaffner (valedictorian Class of 1938), film director (Planet of the Apes, Patton, Nicholas and Alexandra)
Matt Watson, former MLB outfielder
Kris Wilson, former NFL tight end
References
External links
Public high schools in Pennsylvania
Education in Lancaster, Pennsylvania
Educational institutions established in 1938
Schools in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
1938 establishments in Pennsylvania |
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