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23573673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlon%C4%8Dice | Zlončice | Zlončice is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The hamlet of Dolánky is an administrative part of Zlončice.
Gallery
References
Villages in Mělník District |
23573675 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Kinglake | Robert Kinglake | Robert Alexander Kinglake (9 June 1843 – 10 June 1915) was an English rower and barrister.
Kinglake was born at Taunton. He was the second son of John Alexander Kinglake, MP for Rochester, and his wife Louisa Rebecca Liddon, daughter of John Liddon of Taunton. He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. Kinglake rowed in the Cambridge boat in the Boat Races of 1863, 1864, 1865 and 1866, all of which were won by Oxford. He was president of Cambridge University Boat Club in 1866. In 1864 he won the Silver Goblets at Henley Royal Regatta partnering John Richardson Selwyn.
Kinglake was admitted at the Inner Temple in November 1865 and was called to the bar on 17 November 1868. He was on the Western Circuit, and was Recorder of Penzance from 1883 to 1899 and of Bournemouth from 1899 to 1915.
Kinglake later lived at Moushill Manor, Milford, Surrey. He died at Harrogate at the age of 72.
See also
List of Cambridge University Boat Race crews
References
1843 births
1915 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Cambridge University Boat Club rowers
English male rowers |
23573676 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlosy%C5%88 | Zlosyň | Zlosyň is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
23573681 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDel%C3%ADzy | Želízy | Želízy () is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Nové Tupadly and Sitné are administrative parts of Želízy.
History
The first written mention of Želízy is from 1360.
In the 19th century, Želízy became a summer resort. In the interwar period it was a popular resort destination visited by hundreds of guests, especially by German-speaking Jews of Prague, including Franz Kafka.
Sights
Želízy is known for the Čertovy hlavy, sculptures from the first half of the 19th century carved in the sandstone above the village of Želízy.
References
External links
Villages in Mělník District |
23573687 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C5%A1estudy%20%28M%C4%9Bln%C3%ADk%20District%29 | Všestudy (Mělník District) | Všestudy is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Dušníky nad Vltavou is an administrative part of Všestudy.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
23573740 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20Nature%27s%20Realm%20%28Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k%29 | In Nature's Realm (Dvořák) | The concert overture In Nature's Realm (), Op. 91, B. 168, was written by Antonín Dvořák in 1891. It is the first part ("Nature") of a "Nature, Life and Love" trilogy of overtures written by Dvořák. The other two parts of the trilogy are the Carnival Overture, Op. 92 ("Life") and Othello, Op. 93 ("Love").
The overture is scored for two flutes, two oboes, English horn, two clarinets, bass clarinet, two bassoons, four horns, two trumpets, three trombones, tuba, timpani, triangle, cymbals and strings.
References
External links
Compositions by Antonín Dvořák
Concert overtures
1891 compositions |
23573742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelymitra%20macrophylla | Thelymitra macrophylla | Thelymitra macrophylla, commonly called the large-leafed sun orchid or scented sun orchid, is a species of flowering plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae, and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has a single thick, broad, leathery leaf and up to twenty five relatively large dark blue to purplish flowers with white, toothbrush-like tufts.
Description
Thelymitra macrophylla is a tuberous herbaceous perennial with a single thick, leathery, strap-like leaf long and wide. Between two and twenty-five dark blue to purplish flowers, wide are borne on a flowering stem tall. The sepals and petals are long and wide. The column is white to pale blue or pinkish, long and wide. The lobe on the top of the anther is long, wide and dark brown with a yellow tip. The side lobes have toothbrush-like tufts of white hairs. The flowers are strongly scented, insect pollinated and open in sunny weather. Flowering occurs from August to October.
Taxonomy and naming
Thelymitra macrophylla was first formally described in 1840 by John Lindley from a specimen collected by James Drummond and the description was published in A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony. The specific epithet (macrophylla) is derived from the Ancient Greek words makros meaning "long" and phyllon meaning "leaf".
Distribution and habitat
The large-leafed sun orchid is widespread and common between Perth and Albany, growing in jarrah forest and wandoo woodland.
Conservation
Thelymitra macrophylla is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.
References
External links
macrophylla
Endemic orchids of Australia
Orchids of Western Australia
Plants described in 1840 |
23573746 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner%20Tiso | Wagner Tiso | Wagner Tiso Veiga (born 12 December 1945) is a musician, arranger, conductor, pianist and composer from Brazil.
Born in Três Pontas, Tiso learned music theory with Paulo Moura and specialised in keyboards. In 1970, he joined Som Imaginário, working with Milton Nascimento. Tiso and Nascimento were then together in Clube da Esquina, who toured internationally. The group also included Beto Guedes, Toninho Horta and Flávio Venturini. He has also worked on several soundtracks.
References
External links
Official site
1945 births
Living people
People from Minas Gerais
Brazilian composers
Brazilian pianists
Musicians from Minas Gerais
21st-century pianists |
23573764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%20Better%20Know%20It | You Better Know It | "You Better Know It" is a 1959 single by recorded and written by Jackie Wilson who collaborated with Brunswick Records staff songwriter Norm Henry. Although the single made the Top 40, it was not as successful as Jackie Wilson's previous entries, peaking at number thirty-seven. On the R&B chart, the single was Jackie Wilson's, second number one, where it stayed for one week.
"You Better Know It" was used in the 1959 film Go Johnny Go, which starred Jackie Wilson and Alan Freed.
References
Jackie Wilson songs
1959 songs
1959 singles
Songs written for films |
23573772 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Anthony%20Abbot%20Tempted%20by%20a%20Heap%20of%20Gold | Saint Anthony Abbot Tempted by a Heap of Gold | Saint Anthony Abbot Tempted by a Heap of Gold is a painting by the 15th-century Sienese painter known as the Master of the Osservanza, now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Completed circa 1435 in tempera and gold on panel, it is one of his cycle of eight works representing scenes from Saint Anthony's life.
St. Anthony lived during the third century and for a period survived as a wandering hermit in the Egyptian wilderness. Depictions often show him surrounded by debased creatures who gather to lure him into sin by offering the devil disguised in various ways, such as a woman or an object of wealth. In this instance, the gathering animals entice him with a pot of gold. At some stage early in the painting's history, the pot, which had been shown on the ground near the rabbit, was scraped out, removing the cause of the saint's gesture.
Typical of 15th-century Italian art, the figures in this composition are small in relation to the full canvas; their importance is indicated moreover by their proximity to the foreground. The painting appears relatively 'flat' to modern eyes. Depth of field is indicated by the path, which winds beyond the saint in the foreground, before forking to the right into the higher and more distant background.
The painting was owned by Prince Léon Ouroussoff of Vienna until acquired by the American banker Philip Lehman in 1924.
Notes
External links
Robert Lehman Collection at the MMoA
1430s paintings
Paintings in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art
Italian paintings
Paintings of Anthony the Great
Deer in art
Rabbits and hares in art |
20465821 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20GMTV%20presenters%20and%20reporters | List of GMTV presenters and reporters | List of GMTV presenters and reporters shows the on air team for the various shows broadcast by GMTV on ITV between 1 January 1993 and 3 September 2010. At this point GMTV was replaced by ITV Breakfast and Daybreak was launched, with new shows and presenters.
Presenters
Programme presenters
Newsreaders
Weather presenters
Sport presenters
Children's presenters
Guest presenters
Correspondents and reporters
Experts
References
External links
GMTV
itv.com
Presenters
GMTV
fr:GMTV
nl:GMTV |
23573773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othello%20%28Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k%29 | Othello (Dvořák) | The concert overture Othello (), Op. 93, B. 174, was written by Antonín Dvořák in 1892 as the third part of a trilogy of overtures called "Nature, Life and Love". The first two parts of the trilogy are In Nature's Realm, Op. 91 ("Nature") and the Carnival Overture, Op. 92 ("Life").
The overture is scored for two flutes (Flute I doubling piccolo), two oboes, English horn, two clarinets in A, two bassoons, four horns, two trumpets, three trombones, tuba, timpani, bass drum, cymbals, harp and strings.
References
External links
Overture, Othello, Op. 93 by Richard Freed, The Kennedy Center
Compositions by Antonín Dvořák
Concert overtures
1892 compositions
Music based on works by William Shakespeare |
23573775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelymitra%20rubra | Thelymitra rubra | Thelymitra rubra, commonly called the salmon sun orchid or pink sun orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to southeastern Australia. It has a single thin, grass-like leaf and up to five salmon pink flowers with broad, toothed arms on the sides of the column. It is similar to T. carnea but the flowers are larger and the column arms are a different shape.
Description
Thelymitra rubra is a tuberous, perennial herb with a single thin, channelled, green or purplish thread-like to linear leaf long and wide. There are up to five salmon pink flowers wide and are borne on a thin, wiry flowering stem tall. The flowers are sometimes other shades of pink, rarely cream-coloured or very pale pink. The sepals and petals are long and wide. The column is cream-coloured to pinkish with a black, red or orange band near the top and is long and about wide. The lobe on the top of the anther is short and brownish with a toothed tip. The side arms on the column are broad and yellow with finger-like edges. The flowers open on sunny days but are sometimes self-pollinating. Flowering occurs from September to November.
Taxonomy and naming
Thelymitra rubra was first formally described in 1882 by Robert Fitzgerald and the description was published in The Gardeners' Chronicle. The specific epithet (rubra) is a Latin word meaning "red".
Distribution and habitat
The salmon sun orchid grows in forest, heath and coastal scrub. It occurs in southern New South Wales, south-eastern South Australia and in Tasmania but is widespread and common in all but the north-west of Victoria. Tasmanian specimens usually have a few hair-like strands on the sides of the column.
References
External links
rubra
Endemic orchids of Australia
Orchids of New South Wales
Orchids of South Australia
Orchids of Victoria (Australia)
Orchids of Tasmania
Plants described in 1882 |
23573791 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantabile%20%28disambiguation%29 | Cantabile (disambiguation) | Cantabile is a musical term meaning literally "singable" or "songlike".
Cantabile may also refer to:
Cantabile (group), a British a cappella vocal quartet
Cantabile (symphonic suite), a work by Frederik Magle
Liuto cantabile, a ten-stringed mandocello
Cantabile, a collection of poems by Henrik, Prince Consort of Denmark |
23573794 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Am%20a%20Werewolf%20Cub | I Am a Werewolf Cub | I am a werewolf cub () is a 1972 Swedish children's novel by Gunnel Linde illustrated by Hans Arnold. It was translated to English by Joan Tate.
Plot introduction
Ulf was bitten in his leg when stealing apples. He read the Book of Werewolves and understands he turns into a werewolf at full moon. His family notices that the previously timid Ulf is now talking back and sneaks out at night.
References
1972 Swedish novels
Swedish fantasy novels
Swedish horror fiction
Werewolf novels
Swedish-language novels
1972 children's books |
20465833 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking%20the%20Habit%20%28film%29 | Breaking the Habit (film) | Breaking the Habit is a 1964 American animated short documentary film directed by John Korty about cigarette smoking and lung cancer. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.
Content
Two men are discussing about the benefits of giving up smoking, while themselves puffing cigarettes.
Production
Freelance animator Korty moved to Stinson Beach, California, where one day he met sound artist Henry Jacobs who had prepared the soundtrack for a future short film about smoking, sponsored by the California division of American Cancer Society. Korty began work on the film under his own company Korty Films, employing cutout animation, conceptualized the characters and prepared the animation frames in his home studio and finally shooting them using a homemade camera stand. Modern Talking Picture Service distributed the film.
Reception
Described variously as "[d]one in semi-surrealistic style" and having "deadpan dialogue with a minimalist animation style", Breaking the Habit received a nomination at the 37th Academy Awards in the Best Documentary (Short Subject) category but lost to Nine from Little Rock. An article in The Kingston Daily Freeman stated that the film "reveals both the danger and the essential silliness of smoking".
The Washington State Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction included Breaking the Habit in its list of prescribed films to be shown in schools to discourage smoking and creating awareness regarding medical issues caused by it. It was also screened at the 1st Chicago Film Festival held in 1965, the following year's Melbourne International Film Festival and won a Silver Award at the San Francisco International Film Festival. The soundtrack of the film was included in the album The Wide Weird World of Henry Jacobs. , the Academy Film Archive was working on restoring the short film.
References
External links
1964 films
1964 documentary films
1964 short films
1960s English-language films
1960s animated short films
1960s short documentary films
American short documentary films
American social guidance and drug education films
Documentary films about cancer
Films directed by John Korty
Smoking cessation
American animated short films
1960s American films |
23573802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie%20%28British%20TV%20series%29 | Katie (British TV series) | Katie Price: My Crazy Life is a reality TV show depicting the life of Katie Price, a model and television personality.
Scenario
Reality TV show that documents the life of model and television personality Katie Price.
Series overview
Katie is a reality TV show depicting the life of Katie Price, a model and television personality.
Reception
The show hit it off with high ratings - pulling in almost 5.5 million viewers across all platforms - original broadcasts, YouTube, TV repeats and online - the highest Sky Living has ever reached.
Broadcast
The first three seasons of the show were broadcast on British television channel ITV2. Its first season, consisting of 6 episodes, aired from 27 August to 1 October 2009. Its first episode garnered 1.8 million viewers. The show's second season consisted of 8 episodes airing from 11 February to 1 April achieving an average of 2.3 million viewers; the 3-part wedding special Katie and Alex: For Better for Worse eventually followed on 14 July until 28 July 2010. The third season, the last with ITV2, was broadcast from 23 September until 11 November 2010.
Her 2-year contract with Sky Living saw a change for the show's fourth season in channel and name. This season is currently broadcast on Sky Living and is simply titled Katie to reflect the start of her new coalition with Sky. This was the first season to be broadcast in HD. The fourth season started on 22 March. The fifth and final series aired from 5 June to 10 August 2012.
The sixth season aired in late 2017, it is still going as of 19 August 2017 on Quest Red
References
2009 British television series debuts
2000s British reality television series
2010s British reality television series
English-language television shows
ITV reality television shows
Katie Price
Sky Living original programming
Television series by ITV Studios
British television series revived after cancellation |
20465858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20E.%20David%20Jr. | Edward E. David Jr. | Edward Emil "Ed" David Jr. (January 25, 1925 – February 13, 2017) was an American electrical engineer who served as science advisor to President Richard M. Nixon and director of the White House Office of Science and Technology from 1970 to 1973.
Early life and education
David was born in Wilmington, North Carolina on January 25, 1925. He earned a Bachelor of Science from the Georgia Tech, followed by a Master of Science and Doctor of Science in electrical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1947.
Career
He took a job with Bell Telephone Laboratories and worked there from 1950 to 1970, eventually becoming executive director for communications research. Following the resignation of Lee A. DuBridge, David was appointed as Richard Nixon's science advisor. David resigned in 1973, citing "disappointment that his advice had not been heeded." He then took a position as executive vice president of R&D and planning at Gould Electronics from 1973 to 1977.
He founded consulting group EED, Inc. in 1977, advising industry, government, and universities on technology, research, and innovation management. He was the president of research and engineering at Exxon from 1977 to 1986. In 1983, he was awarded the IRI Medal from the Industrial Research Institute in recognition for his leadership contributions. He joined the Washington Advisory Group in 1997, serving as treasurer until 2004. He also served as director of Ronson.
David was elected to both the National Academy of Engineering and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1966. In 1970 he was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences. In 1974, he was elected to the MIT Corporation and as a life member. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1979. He was awarded The Delmer S. Fahrney Medal in 1985.
David was also active in public service to his adopted state, serving on the board of the New Jersey Commission on Science and Technology (NJCST) alongside William O. Baker, his former vice president at Bell Labs. In 1982, while still at Exxon, David was appointed by Governor Thomas Kean to the governor's study commission that led to formation of the NJCST. Once the NJCST became a statutory agency with responsibility for the state's programs in science & technology-based economic development in 1985, David was re-appointed to its board and served as chair of its budget committee. During this period, he also chaired the Governor's Roundtable on (High-Temperature) Superconductivity, which was staffed by the NJCST. He left the NJCST board in 1990.
In 2012, David was a co-signatory of an op-ed in The Wall Street Journal questioning the scientific consensus on global warming.
Death
David died at his home in Bedminster, New Jersey on February 13, 2017, aged 92.
References
External links
Edward E. David via Nixon Presidential Library and Museum
Dr. Edward E. David, Jr. via Center for Science and Technology Policy Research
Edward E. David Jr. via MIT Corporation
Biography of Edward E. David Jr. from the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS)
1925 births
2017 deaths
American electrical engineers
Engineers from New Jersey
Engineers from North Carolina
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Nixon administration personnel
Office of Science and Technology Policy officials
People from Bedminster, New Jersey
People from Wilmington, North Carolina
Members of the American Philosophical Society |
23573805 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP-5%20gas%20mask | GP-5 gas mask | The GP-5 gas mask was historically used by the USSR for NBC protection. The mask has become a popular item in popular culture since and referenced widely in video games and films, as it is very cheap because it is the most produced gas mask ever. The GP-5 is a simple gas mask with protection around the entire head, and a single metal ringed filter for breathing. It was designed to protect against the ingress of toxic, radioactive substances and bacterial (biological) agents into the respiratory system, eyes and face of a person. It was produced in the period from 1961 to 1989 (although there were FPC GP-5's produced in 1990). Taking into account the identified shortcomings in the operation of the civilian gas mask GP-5, it was modernized, which was called the modernized civilian gas mask model 5 - GP-5M. Gas masks GP-5 were produced three times more than the population of the Soviet Union. It was in impressive quantities in almost all industries and in civil defense shelters, sometimes it is still used as a training RPE in life safety classes , although now it is mostly replaced by the GP-7 and other soviet-era gas masks.
History
The GP-5 gas mask kit () is a Soviet-made gas mask kit, which contains a single-filter ShM-62 or Shm-62U gas mask. It was issued to the Soviet population starting in 1962; production ended in 1990. It is a lightweight mask, weighing 1.09 kg (2.42 lbs). It can operate in all weather and withstand temperatures from to . The ShM-62 or comes with sealed glass eye pieces. The GP-5 kit was originally made to protect the wearer from radioactive fallout during the Cold War and were distributed to most fallout shelters. They have been tested in Poland to determine if they have NBC protective capabilities. It was concluded that the mask will last in an NBC situation for 24 hours. They are a favorite of gas mask collectors because they are common and have the "old" circular eyepieces like masks used in World War II and the "helmet" type masks.
The GP-5 kit is widely available on the army surplus market, usually very cheaply ($5 to $23), and are often used as a part of Halloween or fancy dress costumes, including cosplay.
A variation of the GP-5 gas mask is the GP-5m, which features a circular piece of metal that contains a thin piece of plastic on the inside, which acts as a voice diaphragm ('voicemitter'), as well as circular earholes. The military version of the ShM-62, [The ShM-41] uses a near-identical facepiece but with an elongated filter housing and a hose which connects to a "Coffee can"-type filter. The filter remains supported in the mask's haversack while the mask is being worn. The ShM-62 and the ShM-41 were issued respectively to the civilian population and armed forces of the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies, among which they were given differing designations. The East German Armed Forces designated the military version the SchM-41M. Although it is unrelated to the GP-5 family of masks, a similar variant of the Russian "helmet-style" design with small eyepieces and a voicemitter for those with specific needs relating to the use of optical equipment (i.e. officers - binoculars) was known as the SchMS.
Cancer, Mesothelioma and Asbestosis Link
There has been some debate as to whether or not the filters are dangerous for containing asbestos. In October 2013, Dixon Information found out that the cotton layer of the filter contains 7.5 percent asbestos.
Supposedly, if the masks were made after 1972 they use activated charcoal, however filters dating throughout the 1980s have tested positive for asbestos.
The filter case contains lead which slowly degrades into the filter, along with many other chemicals used in the manufacturing process. Because of this it is not recommended to use the mask with the accompanying filter, as it may expose the user to hazardous materials such as asbestos and can cause possible inhalation of charcoal.
Construction
The front part of the GP-5 provides the supply of air purified in the filter-absorbing box to the respiratory organs and protects the eyes and face from the ingress of toxic, radioactive substances and bacterial (biological) agents, as well as dust, smoke and fog. The front part consists of a rubber body (helmet-mask) with fairings and a spectacle assembly with flat round glasses, a valve box with inhalation and exhalation valves. It is completed with one-sided films that prevent fogging of glasses of the spectacle unit, it can also be equipped with insulating cuffs that prevent freezing of glasses of the spectacle unit at low temperatures.
The rubber of the front parts was produced in 5 sizes: 0 (0y), 1 (1y), 2 (2y), 3 (3y), 4 (4y). The Russian letter "y" [which translates to the letter U] in a circle next to the number indicating the size of the helmet-mask means that this mask has thinner rubber, which is typical for later batches. The size is indicated by a number on the chin of the helmet mask. To select the required height of the helmet-mask, you need to measure the head along a closed line passing through the top of the head, cheeks and chin. Measurements are rounded to 0.5 cm. With a measurement value of up to 63 cm - 0 height, from 63.5 to 65.5 cm - 1 height, from 66 to 68 cm - 2 height, from 68.5 to 70.5 cm - 3 height, from 71 cm and more - 4 height. On the rubber, helmet-masks are also cast one under the other markings: the first letter of the city of production and the year followed by dots indicating the quarter of the year, and the mold number (for example: T86 ... F625).
The valve box of the front part serves to distribute the flows of inhaled and exhaled air. Inside the valve box there are inhalation and two exhalation valves (main and additional). It has a standard 40/4 thread and does not initially have a corrugated tube.
The filtering-absorbing box (FPK) of the GP-5 civilian gas mask has the shape of a cylinder. The FPC body is made of aluminium. In its lower half there is an antiaerosol filter, and in the upper half there is an absorber ( activated carbon ). On the lid of the box there is a screwed neck with a standard 40/4 thread for attaching the FPC to the front of the gas mask, and in the bottom there is a round hole through which the inhaled air enters.
The gas mask bag is used to store and carry the gas mask. The gas mask bag is equipped with a shoulder strap with movable buckles for carrying the gas mask over the shoulder and a strap for attaching the gas mask to the body. The bag has two pockets: flat with a partition for placing boxes with anti-fogging films and membranes and folding a waist band or IPP (individual dressing bag), and the other for an individual anti-chemical package IPP-8 .
Accessories
The GP-5 was issued in a basic fabric bag with two straps which were designed to be easily slung over a shoulder or hung from the waist. The issued bag also contained a decontamination kit (typically either IPP-1 or IPP-8 model), bandages, a first aid kit, and anti-fogging lenses. Online, there is an additional Gost to NATO filter thread adaptor which is not officially part of the Gp-5 kit issued by the Soviet union , but many buyers claim works.
Variants
The low-cost and ease of manufacturing of the GP-5 kit led to its adoption by a number of states, both for military and industrial use. In East Germany, the GP-5 was imported in numbers throughout the 1980s, with 1.8 million being imported between 1981 and 1988. The ShM-62 had a couple of variants made by the Soviet Union as the GP-5m, which is also known as the PMG-2. This variant was the equivalent of a standard ShM-62 mask, but with an added voice diaphragm.
Equipment/ Kit
the exhale valve part of ShM-62, ShM-62U or ShMP (similar to the two previous ones, but cast from black rubber), ShM-66MU (for modifying the GP-5M gas mask, it can be made of gray or black rubber) - 1 piece;
filtering-absorbing box (FPK) GP-5 - 1 piece
Gas mask Sack- 1 bag
single-sided anti-fogging films - 1 cartridge with the letters “NP” embossed on the lid contains 6 pieces;
1 instruction manual
Spare membranes for the exhale valve (only for SHM-66MU) - 1 box with the letter "M" embossed on the lid contains 6 pieces
Specifications and maintenance
The mass of the gas mask as a whole is no more than 900 grams.
The mass of the filter-absorbing box is no more than 250 grams.
The mass of the front part of ShM-62 is 400-430 grams, ShM-62U is 370-400 grams.
The area of the field of view is not less than 42%.
The overall dimensions of the gas mask when placed in a bag are 120x120x270 mm.
Overall dimensions of the filter-absorbing box: diameter - 112.5 mm; height with cap — 80 mm.
The resistance of the FPC to a constant air flow at a flow rate of 30 L/min is not more than 19 mm of water column (186.2 Pa).
The resistance of the front part to a constant air flow at a flow rate of 30 L/min: on inspiration - no more than 2 mm of water column (19.6 Pa); on exhalation - no more than 10 mm of water column (98 Pa).
The resistance of the gas mask to a constant air flow at a flow rate of 30 L/min: on inspiration - no more than 21 mm of water column (205.8 Pa); on exhalation - no more than 10 mm of water column (98 Pa).
FPC must be sealed at an overpressure of 100 mm Hg. When checking in a water bath for 8-10 seconds, no air bubbles should separate from the surface of the box;
The front part must be airtight at a vacuum of 120 mm of water column and must not give a drop in the liquid level along one knee of the pressure gauge by more than 18 mm for 1 minute.
FPC protective action time for hazardous chemicals at an air flow rate of 30 L/min.
Hydrocyanic at a concentration of 5.0 mg / dm 3 - at least 18 minutes.
Cyanogen at a concentration of 5.0 mg / dm 3 - at least 18 minutes.
Packaging and storage
Civilian gas masks GP-5 were packed, transported and stored in their original packaging - wooden boxes, which where sealed by the manufacturer. Each box contained 40 sets of gas masks, the sizes and numbers in said crate were the following : Size 0 - 5 pcs., Size 1 - 12 pcs., Size 2 - 15 pcs., Size 3 - 7 pcs., Size 4 - 1 pcs. Each box contained a manual for the correct operation and use of the gas mask. In box No. 1 of each batch of gas masks, a form for the batch was inserted.
Additional information
The GP-5 does not provide protection against ammonia and its derivatives, organic vapors and gases with a boiling point of less than 65 ° C (such as: methane , ethane , acetylene , ethylene oxide , isobutane , etc.), carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides .
Modifications
Taking into account the shortcomings of the civilian gas mask GP-5, its modification, GP-5M, was developed. The front part of the gas mask underwent modernization, which received the new name ShM-66MU. The front part of the ShM-66MU received an intercom and slots in the body of the helmet-mask for the ears.
Application
Before use, the civilian gas mask GP-5 must be checked for serviceability and tightness. When inspecting the front part, you should make sure that the height of the helmet-mask corresponds to the required one. Then determine its integrity by paying attention to the glasses of the spectacle assembly. After that, check the valve box, the condition of the valves. They must not be warped, clogged or torn. There should be no dents, rust, punctures on the filter-absorbing box, and no damage in the neck. Attention is drawn to the fact that the "grains" of the absorber are not poured into the box. The assembly of the GP-5 civilian gas mask is carried out as follows: the front part is taken in the left hand by the valve box, the filter-absorbing box is screwed all the way with the screwed neck into the branch pipe of the valve box of the front part with the right hand. Before putting on the new front part of the gas mask, it is necessary to wipe it outside and inside with a clean cloth slightly moistened with water, and blow out the exhalation valves. If any damage is found in the gas mask, they are eliminated, if it is impossible to do this, the gas mask is replaced with a serviceable one. The checked gas mask is assembled in a bag: down is a filter-absorbing box, on top - the front part, which is not bent, only the head and side parts are slightly turned up so as to protect the glass of the spectacle assembly.
A gas mask issued for use can be in 3 positions:
"travelling" position
"ready" position
"combat" position.
To bring the civilian gas mask GP-5 into the stowed position, it is necessary to put on a bag with a gas mask over the right shoulder so that it is on the left side, and the clasp is away from you, adjust the shoulder strap with the buckles so that the upper edge of the bag is at the level of the waist belt , check the reliability of the gas mask, fold the gas mask into the gas mask bag. If necessary, the gas mask can be attached to the belt with a ribbon. The gas mask is transferred to the “ready” position according to the signals “Air Raid” and “Threat of Radioactive Contamination”, that is, with an immediate threat of a nuclear, chemical or bacteriological (biological) attack. In this case, it is necessary to move the gas mask forward, unfasten the valve of the gas mask bag, fasten the gas mask to the body with a braid.
The mask tightly clings to the skin and scalp of the head, and so may be uncomfortable for those with all but the shortest of hair. The mask also will not create an airtight seal around the face if the individual wearing it has facial hair.
See also
PMK gas mask
Gp-4u
IP-5
GP-9
GP-7
PPM-88
PDF-2D
References
Military personal equipment
Military equipment of Russia
Gas masks of the Soviet Union
Protective gear
Military equipment introduced in the 1960s |
23573818 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20backlash | White backlash | White backlash, also known as white rage, is related to the politics of white grievance, and is the negative response of some white people to the racial progress of other ethnic groups in rights and economic opportunities, as well as their growing cultural parity, political self-determination, or dominance.
As explored by George Yancy, it can also refer to some white Americans' particularly visceral negative reaction to the examination of their own white privilege. Typically involving deliberate racism and threats of violence, this type of backlash is considered more extreme than Robin DiAngelo's concept of white fragility, defensiveness or denial.
It is typically discussed in the United States with regard to the advancement of African Americans in American society, but it has also been discussed in the context of other countries, including the United Kingdom and, in regard to apartheid, South Africa.
Sociology
White anxiety regarding immigration and demographic change are commonly reported as major causes of white backlash. The political scientist Ashley Jardina has explored those societal changes as a cause for white backlash and suggested that "many whites in the United States are starting to feel like their place at the top of the pyramid is no longer guaranteed and that the United States no longer looks like a 'white nation' which is dominated by white Anglo-Saxon Protestant culture."
In 2018, research at the University of California, Riverside, showed a perception of the "growth of the Latino population" made white Americans "feel the extant racial hierarchy is under attack, which in turn unleashed a white backlash." Similarly, a study from the European Journal of Social Psychology showed that informing "white British participants" that immigrant populations were rapidly rising "increases the likelihood they will support anti-immigrant political candidates."
Kevin Drum stated that with "the nonwhite share of the population" in the United States increasing from 25% in 1990 to 40% in 2019, the demographic shift may have produced a "short-term white backlash in recent years."
Regions
United States
One early example of a white backlash occurred when Hiram Rhodes Revels became the first African-American to be elected to the US Senate in 1870. The resulting backlash helped to derail Reconstruction, which had attempted to build an interracial democracy. Similarly, the 1898 White Declaration of Independence and the associated insurrection were reactions to the electoral successes of black politicians in Wilmington, North Carolina.
Among the highest-profile examples of a white backlash in the United States was after the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Many Democrats in Congress, as well as President Lyndon B. Johnson himself, feared that such a backlash could develop in response to the legislation, and Martin Luther King Jr. popularized the "white backlash" phrase and concept to warn of that possibility. The backlash that they had warned about occurred and was based on the argument that whites' immigrant descendants did not receive the benefits that were given to African Americans in the Civil Rights Act. After signing the Civil Rights Act, Johnson grew concerned that the white backlash would cost him the 1964 general election later that year. Specifically, Johnson feared that his opponent, Barry Goldwater, would harness the backlash by highlighting the black riots that were engulfing the country.
A significant white backlash also resulted from the election of Barack Obama as the first black US President in 2008. As a result, the term is often used to refer specifically to the backlash triggered by Obama's election, with many seeing the election of Donald Trump as president in 2016 as an example of "whitelash". The term is a portmanteau of "white" and "backlash" and was coined by the CNN contributor Van Jones to describe one of the reasons he thought let Trump win the election.
The Stop the Steal movement and the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, occurring in the wake of the 2020 US presidential election, have been interpreted as a reemergence of the Lost Cause idea and a manifestation of white backlash. The historian Joseph Ellis has suggested that many who ignore the role that race played in Donald Trump's 2016 presidential victory are following an example set by Lost Cause propagandists, who attributed the American Civil War to a clash over constitutional issues while downplaying the role of slavery.
South Africa
In 1975, it was reported that the government was being slow to approve desegregating communities out of fears of an Afrikaner backlash. In 1981, The New York Times reported that P. W. Botha's cabinet colleagues, "sensitive to the danger of a white backlash," was publicly listing statistics that proved it was spending far more money per capita on education for white children than for black children.
In 1990, as apartheid was being phased out, Jeane Kirkpatrick wrote that President F. W. de Klerk "knows full well that several opinion polls show a strong white backlash against his policies." By the late 1990s, there were fears of a white Afrikaner backlash unless Nelson Mandela's ANC government permitted Orania, Northern Cape, to become an independent Volkstaat. By then, a former State President, P. W. Botha warned of an Afrikaner backlash to threats against the Afrikaans language.
In 2017, John Campbell proposed that "perhaps inevitably, there is a white, especially Afrikaner, backlash" at the removal of Afrikaner or Dutch placenames or colonial statues and the Afrikaans language with English at "historically white universities."
See also
Affirmative action bake sale
Angry white male
Birtherism
Culture war
Dog-whistle politics
Ethnocultural politics in the United States
Flaggers (movement)
Grievance politics
Karen (slang)
Obamagate
Race-baiting
Race card
Reverse racism
Right-wing populism in the United States
Southern strategy
Trumpism
Racial views of Donald Trump
Wedge issue
White defensiveness
White identity politics
References
Notes
Further reading
Race-related controversies
White nationalism in the United States
White nationalism in South Africa
White privilege
Intersectionality
Political sociology
Right-wing populism in the United States
New Right (United States)
Sociological terminology
Majority–minority relations
Criticism of multiculturalism
Cognitive inertia
Affirmative action in the United States
American political neologisms
Trump administration controversies
Opposition to affirmative action
Race-related controversies in the United States
2010s controversies
2020s controversies
Reactionary |
23573826 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SVOX | SVOX | SVOX is an embedded speech technology company founded in 2000 and headquartered in Zurich, Switzerland. SVOX was acquired by Nuance Communications in 2011. The company's products included Automated Speech Recognition (ASR), Text-to-Speech (TTS) and Speech Dialog systems, with customers mostly being manufacturers and system integrators in automotive and mobile device industries.
History
SVOX was started in 2000 by researchers at Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich) and first focused exclusively on Speech Output (TTS) solutions for automotive industry.
In 2002, Siemens Mobile Acceleration (today's smac|partners GmbH) invested into SVOX.
Later, as the market for Personal Navigation Devices and smartphones developed, the company started to supply those markets as well. In 2008, SVOX released Pico, a small-footprint TTS system optimized for mobile phones.
In parallel, SVOX has branched into Speech Recognition and Speech Dialog. As part of that process, the company acquired Professional Speech Processing Group of Siemens AG in early 2009.
In 2009, SVOX made headlines with news that Google had chosen to include the company's Pico TTS solution into the 1.6 release of Android platform.
In June 2011, Nuance Communications acquired SVOX.
Products
SVOX products include Automated Speech Recognition (ASR), Text-to-Speech (TTS) and Speech Dialog systems. Typical uses include:
destination entry and voice directions in turn-by-turn navigation systems;
voice dialing and caller ID announcement in mobile phones and in-car telematics systems;
Point of Interest (POI) output and traffic information in navigation systems (PND and in-car).
The company's speech products are especially popular with German carmakers such as Audi, Porsche, BMW, Daimler, and VW and are often found in premium cars.
See also
Comparison of speech synthesizers
References
External links
Official Company Website (now redirected to Nuance)
smac|partners GmbH
Software companies of Switzerland
Private equity firms |
23573834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merir | Merir | Merir or Melieli is a small outlying island of the Palau group, in the western Pacific Ocean. The island measures 0.90 km2 and is uninhabited. There is an abandoned village in the north-west of the island which previously hosted a radio station. It is very long and narrow, stretching approximately 2.4 kilometers from north to south, but only approximately 667 meters at its widest.
The island itself is covered with trees but it is surrounded by a beach around which is a lagoon. Outside this, the whole is surrounded by a coral reef and the open ocean.
Together with the islands of Sonsorol and Fanna, which are 110 km to the north-west, and the island of Pulo Anna 50 km away, Merir forms the state of Sonsorol in the republic of Palau.
The first recorded sighting of Merir by the Europeans was by the Spanish missionary expedition commanded by Sargento Mayor Francisco Padilla on board of the patache Santísima Trinidad in November 1710.
Gallery
References
External links
Islands of Palau
Sonsorol |
20465872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CANUSA%20Games | CANUSA Games | The CANUSA Games are an annual contest, primarily for athletes age 18 and under, between the sister cities of Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, and Flint, Michigan, United States. The Games are the longest-running amateur sports competition in North America. The games are held in alternate locations, with Hamilton, Ontario, hosting in odd-numbered years.
History
As a result of the Flint Olympian Games held in Flint, Michigan, in July 1957, the Flint officials of the Games wanted a city, of similar size and population, to compete with on a yearly basis. Hamilton was selected, which birthed the "CANUSA" games, whose name was derived from combining the names Canada and United States - CAN/USA.
The Games began in August 1958, and consisted of 200 athletes (from each city) competing in seven different sports. The Games have grown considerably, which is supported by the more than 1,600 athletes from each city competing in 17 different competitive sports, including basketball, baseball, softball, volleyball, darts, golf, track and field, swimming and ice hockey. An estimated 25,000 people have participated in the games in their 50 years.
Opening Ceremonies
The Opening Ceremonies of the CANUSA Games are arguably the most highlighted piece of the weekend. One of these highlights is most certainly the running relay which covers the distance between Flint and Hamilton - 245 miles. Departing the night before from the visiting city, relay runners carry the torch over the border, which is one of the longest international runs in all of North America. The torch is run into the venue in which the opening ceremonies are held, which represents the official start of the Games.
To symbolize the relationship between the sister cities, the national anthems (from both nations) are sung by everyone present at the Opening Ceremonies. The Friendship Trophy is also given by the Mayor of the host city to the Mayor of the visiting city as a symbol of friendship and peace. The Games take the true meaning of friendship to task as each year the visiting country's athletes "billet" or reside with their counterparts during the entire weekend beyond competition. It is considered the signature of the Game's existence.
Editions
References
Canada–United States relations
Multi-sport events in Canada
Multi-sport events in the United States
North American international sports competitions
Recurring sporting events established in 1958
Sport in Hamilton, Ontario
Sports in Flint, Michigan
Tourist attractions in Genesee County, Michigan |
23573838 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven%27s%20Will%20%28manga%29 | Heaven's Will (manga) | is a shōjo manga series written by Satoru Takamiya. The manga was serialized in Japan in the manga magazine ChuChu from January 2006 to April 2006.
Heaven's Will is published in English by VIZ Media.
Plot
Mikuzu Sudou has a very special talent—she can see ghosts. And because of this predisposition she's become a magnet for all sorts of unwelcome monsters. Luckily for her she's just met Seto, a friendly cross dressing young exorcist. Mikuzu needs protection from all the creepy phantoms bugging her, and Seto needs to practice his exorcism skills. Consequently, the pair decides to team up and help each other. In return, Mikuzu promises to bake a cake every time a monster gets zapped!
Characters
These are the three main characters of Heaven's Will.
Mikuzu Sudou is a young girl with the power to see ghosts and spirits known as "Oni". She is very afraid of both these spirits and of men. When she meets Seto, he promises to protect her from the spirits for a large fee. Mikuzu, being very poor, compromises with Seto and instead bakes him a cake every day instead. Seto refers to her as a "Kenki", one who can see oni. Mikuzu is also the only one who meets Seto's younger sister, "Seto", which results in Seto possibly starting to hate her. She has a terrible impression of Kagari and once treated him like a dog. She does whatever she can to make sure Seto doesn't get money to keep him from getting a sex change and giving his body to his little sister.
Seto Ashiya (whose real name is unknown) is a cross dressing, cake loving exorcist boy. He protects Mikuzu from Oni by exorcising them with his fan. It is revealed that Seto had a little twin sister who died years ago while protecting him from an Oni. It is also revealed that "Seto" is not his real name, but in reality his little sister's. His goal is to get enough money to get a sex change so that he can bring his sister's soul out of the fan and into his body, killing him, much to Mikuzu's dismay. Seto helps Mikuzu get over her fear of men little by little as he is a boy who looks like a girl. His companion is a vampire who can turn into a wolf, named Kagari. He has a very bright personality and loves food.
Kagari is a handsome vampire who can turn into a black wolf. He is taken care of by his companion Seto Ashiya, who gives Kagari his blood to eat. Kagari refused to live with humans because they die first, until he met Seto, who promised that before he died, he would exorcize him. Kagari disapproves of Seto's plan to give his body to Seto's little sister, but doesn't object to it. He can play the piano but doesn't say who it was that taught him, claiming "he's dead now." He acts cold towards Mikuzu, only showing her a true smile at the end of the book. He claims that even though he doesn't like Mikuzu, he doesn't mind being around her. He only allows Seto to treat him like a dog and use him as he wills.
Reception
References
Further reading
External links
2006 manga
Shōjo manga
Supernatural anime and manga
Viz Media manga
Shogakukan manga |
20465873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsgewerkschaftskommission | Reichsgewerkschaftskommission | Reichsgewerkschaftskommission ('Imperial Trade Union Commission', often referred to as the Vienna Commission) was a trade union centre in the Austrian part of Austria-Hungary. The Vienna Commission was formed in December 1893. Anton Hueber was the head of the Commission.
In 1928, the organisation was refounded as the Federation of Free Trade Unions in Austria, on an industrial union basis.
See also
Independent Social Democratic Party (Czech Lands)
References
Trade unions in Austria-Hungary
National federations of trade unions
Trade unions established in 1893
1893 establishments in Austria-Hungary
Trade unions disestablished in 1928 |
23573839 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrixspermum%20calceolus | Thrixspermum calceolus | Thrixspermum calceolus, commonly called the small shoe-carrying thrixspermum, is a species of orchid native to Thailand, Vietnam, Borneo, Malaysia and Sumatra. They can be found as epiphytes or lithophytes in lower evergreen and semideciduous montane forests. The orchids are climbing or creeping with their roots found along the length stems. White flowers with fragrant can be found in summer. There are often 2 to 3 flowers per node.
References
calceolus
Orchids of Asia |
23573842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C18H24O2 | C18H24O2 | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C18H24O2}}
The molecular formula C18H24O2 may refer to:
Alfatradiol
Bolandione
Dienolone
ent-Estradiol
Estradiol
17α-Estradiol
19-Nor-5-androstenedione |
23573860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron%20Coundley | Aaron Coundley | Aaron Coundley (born is 18 October 1989, Caerphilly) is a Welsh rugby union player. A prop forward, he currently plays his club rugby for Newport Gwent Dragons having progressed through the Dragons academy. He made his debut for the Dragons 11 October 2008 against Glasgow Warriors.
Coundley has represented the Wales national rugby union team at Under 16, 18's and Under 20 level. He previously played for Blackwood RFC, Cross Keys RFC and Ebbw Vale RFC.
References
External links
Newport Gwent Dragons profile
Rugby union players from Caerphilly
Welsh rugby union players
Dragons RFC players
Newport RFC players
Living people
1989 births
Rugby union props |
20465883 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Michael%20W%C3%A4chter | Johann Michael Wächter | Johann Michael Wächter (2 March 1794 – 26 May 1853) was an Austrian bass-baritone most famous for appearing in the operas of Richard Wagner.
Born in Rappersdorf in Austria, Wächter sang in various church choirs in Vienna, making his stage début in 1819 at Graz as Don Giovanni in Mozart's Don Giovanni. He also appeared at Bratislava, Vienna and Berlin. In 1827 he joined the Dresden Hofoper, where he remained for the rest of his career. Here his roles included Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro, and he sang in three Wagner premières, playing Orsini in Rienzi in 1842, the title role in Der fliegende Holländer in 1843, and Biterolf in Tannhäuser in 1845.
Hector Berlioz, who heard The Flying Dutchman in Dresden, considered Wächter's baritone ‘...one of the finest I have ever heard, and he uses it like a consummate singer. It is of that rich and vibrant timbre that has such a wonderful power of expression, provided that the artist sings with soul and feeling, which Wächter does to a high degree’.
Wächter, an old friend of Wagner's, was not equal to the demanding role of the Dutchman. Wagner later wrote:
"His total incapacity in the difficult role of my spectral, suffering mariner dawned on Schröder-Devrient unfortunately only after the rehearsals were too far along to make any change. Wächter's distressing corpulence, particularly his broad, round face and the curious way he moved his arms and legs like shrivelled stumps, sent my Senta in transports of despair."
His wife, the mezzo-soprano Thérèse Wächter-Wittman (31 August 1802 in Vienna – 3 October 1879 in Dresden), also sang at Dresden, creating the role of Mary in The Flying Dutchman. Wächter died in Dresden in 1853.
References
External links
Wächter in the first performance of Tannhäuser
Wächter in the first performance of Der fliegende Holländer
1794 births
1853 deaths
Operatic bass-baritones
19th-century Austrian male opera singers |
23573863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezno | Bezno | Bezno () is a market town in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,000 inhabitants.
History
The first written mention of Bezno is from 1088. On 11 March 2008 the municipality restored the status of the market town.
Gallery
References
Market towns in the Czech Republic
Populated places in Mladá Boleslav District |
20465886 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20P%C3%A9ri | La Péri | La Péri is the title of two ballets:
La Péri (Burgmüller), by Friedrich Burgmüller, Jean Coralli, and Théophile Gautier, first performed in 1843
La Péri (Dukas), by Paul Dukas and Ivan Clustine, first performed in 1912 |
20465891 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revati%20%28disambiguation%29 | Revati (disambiguation) | Revati in Hinduism, is the daughter of King Kakudmi and the wife of Balarama, the elder brother of Krishna.
Revati may also refer to:
Revati (raga), a musical scale Carnatic music
Revati (nakshatra), nakshatra or lunar mansion in Vedic astrology, referring to the multiple star system Zeta Piscium
Revati (film), a 2005 Indian film
Revathi Pattathanam, an annual assembly of scholars held in Kerala, India
Revathi (born 1966), award-winning South Indian actress
Revathi Sankaran, Tamil television personality / actress
Revati, the proper name of the brightest component of the multiple star system Zeta Piscium
See also |
23573869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADl%C3%A1%20Hl%C3%ADna | Bílá Hlína | Bílá Hlína is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
Etymology
The name means "white clay" and is derived from the white clay soil where the village was founded.
History
Bílá Hlína was founded in 1712 and belongs to the youngest villages in the region.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23573872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADtouchov | Bítouchov | Bítouchov is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Dalešice and Dolánky are administrative parts of Bítouchov.
Notable people
Voitre Marek (1919–1999), Czech-Australian artist
Gallery
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23573873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shichij%C5%8D | Shichijō | literally means seventh street in Japanese.
, a numbered east–west street in Heian-kyō, present-day Kyoto, Japan
Shichijō Station, a train station on the Keihan Main Line in Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto
, a Japanese kuge family descended from the |
20465904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%20Without | Children Without | Children Without is a 1964 American short documentary film directed by Charles Guggenheim, about a young girl and her brother growing up in the housing projects of Detroit. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short, losing to another film by Guggenheim, Nine from Little Rock. Children Without was preserved by the Academy Film Archive in 2016.
See also
List of American films of 1964
References
External links
1964 films
1964 documentary films
1964 short films
1960s English-language films
1960s short documentary films
Films directed by Charles Guggenheim
Documentary films about children
Films set in Detroit
American short documentary films
1960s American films |
23573875 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bore%C4%8D | Boreč | Boreč is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Žebice is an administrative part of Boreč.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23573877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose%C5%88 | Boseň | Boseň is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages and hamlets of Mužský, Zápudov and Zásadka are administrative parts of Boseň.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23573884 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradlec | Bradlec | Bradlec is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has a population of about 1,300.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23573887 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhtelecom | Kazakhtelecom | Kazakhtelecom JSC (, Qazaqtelekom; ) is the largest telecommunication company in Kazakhstan.
Shareholders
51.00% - AO Samruk-Kazyna JSC - fund of national wealth
16.90% - Bodam B.V. (Amsterdam, Netherland)
14.60% - Bank of New York
9.60% - Deran Services Limited
3.00% - Optimus Ltd
0.70% - shares traded on KASE
4.20% - other shareholders
KazakhTelecom subsidiaries
K-Cell
51% Fintur Holdings B.V.
58.55% TeliaSonera
41.45% Turkcell
49% KazakhTelecom JSC
Altel
100% KazakhTelecom JSC
Neo-Kazakhstan
51% KazakhTelecom JSC
49% AsiaNet Kazakhstan LLP
See also
List of mobile network operators of the Asia Pacific region#Kazakhstan
References
External links
KazakhTelecom - Official site in Kazakh, Russian and English
Communications in Kazakhstan
Companies based in Astana
Telecommunications companies established in 1994
Companies of Kazakhstan
1994 establishments in Kazakhstan
Kazakhstani brands
Companies listed on the Kazakhstan Stock Exchange |
23573898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bran%C5%BEe%C5%BE | Branžež | Branžež is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Nová Ves are Zakopaná are administrative parts of Branžež.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23573899 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodce | Brodce | Brodce () is a market town in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,100 inhabitants.
Brodce is located south of Mladá Boleslav and northeast of Prague.
History
The first written mention of Brodce is from 1130.
Gallery
References
Market towns in the Czech Republic |
23573902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%99ezina%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Březina (Mladá Boleslav District) | Březina is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Honsob is an administrative part of Březina.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23573905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%99ezno%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Březno (Mladá Boleslav District) | Březno is a market town in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,100 inhabitants.
Administration
The village of Dolánky is an administrative part of Březno.
History
The first written mention of Březno is from 1255.
References
Market towns in the Czech Republic
Populated places in Mladá Boleslav District |
6899844 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Dundee | History of Dundee | Dundee () is the fourth-largest city in Scotland with a population of around 150,000 people. It is situated on the north bank of the Firth of Tay on the east coast of the Central Lowlands of Scotland. The Dundee area has been settled since the Mesolithic with evidence of Pictish habitation beginning in the Iron Age. During the Medieval Era the city became a prominent trading port and was the site of many battles. Throughout the Industrial Revolution, the local jute industry caused the city to grow rapidly. In this period, Dundee also gained prominence due to its marmalade industry and its journalism, giving Dundee its epithet as the city of "jute, jam and journalism".
Toponymy
The name "Dundee" is of uncertain etymology. It incorporates the place-name element dùn, fort, present in both Gaelic and in Brythonic languages such as Pictish. The remainder of the name is less obvious. One possibility is that it comes from the Gaelic 'Dèagh', meaning 'fire'. Another is that it derives from 'Tay', and it is in this form, 'Duntay' that the town is seen in Timothy Pont's map (c.1583–1596). Another suggestion is that it is a personal name, referring to an otherwise unknown local ruler named 'Daigh' or 'Deaghach'.
Folk etymology, repeated by Hector Boece in 1527, claims that the town's name was originally Allectum, and it was renamed Dei Donum 'Gift from God', following David, 8th Earl of Huntingdon's arrival there on his return from the Holy Land. The city was referred to by some Gaelic speakers, particularly in Highland Perthshire and Braemar as An Athaileag.
Early history
Dundee and its surrounding area have been continuously occupied since the Mesolithic. A kitchen midden of that date was unearthed during work on the harbour in 1879, and yielded flints, charcoal and a stone axe.
A Neolithic cursus, with associated barrows has been identified at the north-western end of the city and nearby lies the Balgarthno Stone Circle. A lack of stratigraphy around the stone circle has left it difficult to determine a precise age, but it is thought to date from around the late Neolithic/early Bronze Age. The circle has been subject to vandalism in the past and has recently been fenced off to protect it. Bronze Age finds are fairly abundant in Dundee and the surrounding area, particularly in the form of short cist burials.
From the Iron Age, perhaps the most prominent remains are of the Law Hill Fort, although domestic remains are also well represented. Near to Dundee can be found the well-characterised souterrains at Carlungie and Ardestie, which date from around the 2nd century AD. Several brochs are also found in the area, including the ruins at Laws Hill near Monifieth, at Craighill and at Hurly Hawkin, near Liff, Angus.
Early Middle Ages
The early medieval history of the town relies heavily on tradition. In Pictish times, the part of Dundee that was later expanded into the Burghal town in the twelfth/13th centuries was a minor settlement in the kingdom of Circinn, later known as Angus. An area roughly equivalent to the current urban area of Dundee is likely to have formed a demesne, centred on Dundee castle.
Hector Boece records the ancient name of the settlement as Alectum in his 1527 work Historia Gentis Scotorum (History of the Scottish People). While there is evidence this name was being used to refer to the town in the 18th century, its early attribution should be treated with caution as Boece's reliability as a source is questionable.
The Chronicle of Huntingdon (c1290) records a battle on 20 July 834 AD between the Scots, led by Alpin (father of Kenneth MacAlpin), and the Picts, which supposedly took place at the former village of Pitalpin (NO 370 329). The battle was allegedly a decisive victory for the Picts, and Alpin is said to have been executed by beheading. This account, while perhaps appealing, should be treated with caution as the battle's historical authenticity is in doubt.
High Middle Ages
Tradition names Dundee as the location of a court palace of the House of Dunkeld. However, no physical trace of such a residence remains, and such notions are likely to have been due to a misinterpretation of the ancient name of Edinburgh, Dunedin.
Dundee history as a major town dates to the charter in which King William granted the earldom of Dundee to his younger brother, David (later Earl of Huntingdon) in 1179–1182. Earl David is thought to have built Dundee Castle, which formerly occupied the site now occupied by St Pauls Cathedral.
Dundee's position on the Tay, with its natural harbour between St Nicholas Craig and Stannergate (now obscured by development) made it an ideal location for a trading port, which led to a period of major growth in the town as Earl David promoted the town as a burgh.
On David's death in 1219, the burgh passed first to his son, John. John died without issue in 1237 and the burgh was divided evenly between his three sisters, with the castle becoming the property of the eldest, Margaret and, subsequently, to her youngest daughter, Dervorguilla. Dervorguilla's portion of the burgh later passed to her eldest surviving son, John Balliol, and the town became a Royal Burgh on the coronation of John as king in 1292.
Dundee experienced periods of occupation and destruction in the late 13th and early 14th centuries. Following John Balliol's renunciation (1295) of Edward I's claimed authority over Scotland, the English King twice visited Scotland with hostile intent. Edward (the 'Hammer of the Scots') revoked Dundee's royal charter, removing the town's people the right to control local government and the judiciary. He occupied the Castle at Dundee at the outbreak of the First War of Independence in 1296 but the castle retaken by siege by the forces of William Wallace in 1297, immediately prior to the Battle of Stirling Bridge.
From 1303 to 1312 the city was again occupied. Edward's removal resulted in the complete destruction of the Castle by Robert the Bruce, who had been proclaimed King of Scots at nearby Scone in 1306. In 1327, the Bruce granted the royal burgh a new charter. Later in the 14th century, during the conflict between England and France known as the Hundred Years' War, the French invoked the Auld Alliance, drawing Scotland into the hostilities. Richard II subsequently marched northward and razed Edinburgh, Perth and Dundee.
Early Modern Era
Dundee became a walled city in 1545 during a period of English hostilities known as the rough wooing (Henry VIII's attempt to extend his Protestant ambitions north by marrying his youngest son Edward, Duke of Cornwall to Mary, Queen of Scots). The Wishart Arch was believed to be the only remaining part of the wall though a piece behind St Paul's Cathedral may have survived, though this remains unconfirmed pursuant to further investigation. Mary maintained the alliance with the French, who captured Protestant opponents, including John Knox, at St Andrews Castle, in nearby east Fife in July 1547. That year, following victory at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, the English occupied Edinburgh and went on to destroy much of Dundee by naval bombardment. The Howff Burial Ground, granted to the people of Dundee in 1546, was a gift from Mary. In July 1547, much of the city was destroyed by an English naval bombardment.
During a period of relative peace between Scotland and England, the status of Dundee as a royal burgh was reconfirmed (in The Great Charter of Charles I, dated 14 September 1641). In 1645, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, Dundee was again besieged, this time by the Royalist Marquess of Montrose. On 1 September 1651, during the Third English Civil War, the city was attacked by Oliver Cromwell's Parliamentarian forces, led by George Monk. Much of the city was destroyed and many of its inhabitants killed. (See Siege of Dundee.)
Dundee was later the site of an early Jacobite uprising when John Graham of Claverhouse, 1st Viscount Dundee raised the Stuart standard on Dundee Law in 1689. This show of support of James VII (James II of England) following his overthrow, earned the Viscount the nickname Bonnie Dundee.
Troubles and financial collapses in the 1760s caused the background of the Tayside Meal Mobs on 1772 and 1773 which began in Dundee in the summer of 1772.
Modern era
Dundee greatly expanded in size during the Industrial Revolution mainly because of the burgeoning British Empire trade, flax and then latterly the jute industry. By the end of the 19th century, a majority of the city's workers were employed in its many jute mills and in related industries. Dundee's location on a major estuary allowed for the easy importation of jute from the Indian subcontinent as well as whale oil—needed for the processing of the jute—from the city's large whaling industry. A substantial coastal marine trade also developed, with inshore shipping working between the city of Dundee and the port of London. The industry began to decline in the 20th century as it became cheaper to process the cloth on the Indian subcontinent. The city's last jute mill closed in the 1970s.
In addition to jute the city is also known for jam and journalism. The "jam" association refers to marmalade, which was purportedly invented in the city by Janet Keiller in 1797 (although in reality, recipes for marmalade have been found dating back to the 16th century). Keiller's marmalade became a famous brand because of its mass production and its worldwide export. The industry was never a major employer compared with the jute trade. Marmalade has since become the "preserve" of larger businesses, but jars of Keiller's marmalade are still widely available. "Journalism" refers to the publishing firm DC Thomson & Co., which was founded in the city in 1905 and remains the largest employer after the health and leisure industries. The firm publishes a variety of newspapers, children's comics and magazines, including The Sunday Post, The Courier, Shout and children's publications, The Beano and The Dandy.
In the nineteenth century Dundee was home to various investment trusts, including the Dundee Investment Company, the Dundee Mortgage and Trust, the Oregon and Washington Trust and the Oregon and Washington Savings Bank, Limited. These merged in 1888 to form the Alliance Trust. Many of the investors in this trust were notable local figures including land gentry, such as the Earl of Airlie, merchants, ship owners, ship builders and jute barons and other textile manufacturers. The Alliance Trust shared its headquarters with another Dundee based trust the Western & Hawaiian Investment Company, later known as the Second Alliance Trust. The two would finally merge into one firm in 2006. The two Alliance Trusts' original main interests were focused on mortgages and land business principally in agricultural areas of the western United States (notably Oregon, Idaho and Texas) and Hawaii. The company also leased mineral rights of properties in Texas and Oklahoma, as well as investing in various ventures in Britain and abroad. In 2008 the company was listed on the FTSE 100 Index and the next year moved to new purpose-built headquarters.
Dundee also developed a major maritime and shipbuilding industry in the 19th century. 2,000 ships were built in Dundee between 1871 and 1881, including the Antarctic research ship used by Robert Falcon Scott, the RRS Discovery. This ship is now on display at Discovery Point in the city, and the Victorian steel-framed works in which Discovery's engine was built is now home to the city's largest book shop. The need of the local jute industry for whale oil also supported a large whaling industry. Dundee Island in the Antarctic takes its name from the Dundee whaling expedition, which discovered it in 1892. Whaling ceased in 1912 and shipbuilding ceased in 1981. The last connection with whaling in Dundee reportedly ended in 1922 when a trading ketch owned by Robert Kinnes & Sons, which had been first set up as a trading company for the Tay Whale Fishing Company, was lost in the Cumberland Sound.
The Tay estuary was the location of the first Tay rail bridge, built by Thomas Bouch and completed in 1877. At the time it was the longest railway bridge in the world. The bridge fell down in a storm less than a year later under the weight of a train full of passengers in what is known as the Tay Bridge disaster. None of the passengers survived.
Tomlinson et al. argue that Dundee enjoyed a "Golden Age" in the 1950s and 1960s. The collapse of the jute industry, they argue, was well handled for three reasons. First, the jute industry was protected from cheap imports by the state. Tariffs and quotas were not allowed by the GATT agreements. Instead protection came through the continuation from 1945 into the 1970s of the wartime Jute Control system, by which the Ministry of Materials imported jute goods and sold them at an artificial price related to the cost of manufacture in Dundee. Secondly, the jute firms agreed to company consolidation to make themselves more efficient, to increase labour productivity, and to cooperate in developing new fibres and goods. Third, labour unions and management ended the hard feelings that caused so much labour unrest and had come to a head in the dismal decade of unemployment in the 1930s. In the postwar cooperation, employers, unions and the city spoke with one voice. Success in managing jute's decline, and the brief brief of multinational corporations like NCR and Timex, held off decline and there was relative full employment in the city down to the 1970s. The golden age ended in the 1980s as the multinationals found cheaper labour in Bangladesh, India, and South America, and the Thatcher government ended state support for British industry. By the 1990s jute had disappeared from Dundee.
The Timex Corporation was a major employer in the city in the post-war era, but in the early 1980s financial difficulties led to attempts to streamline its operations in Dundee. This led to industrial action and after a major strike in 1993 the company completely withdrew from Dundee.
Industrial revolution
After the Union with England ended military hostilities, Dundee was able to redevelop its harbour and established itself as an industrial and trading centre. Dundee's industrial heritage is traditionally summarised as "the three Js": jute, jam and journalism. East-central Scotland became too heavily dependent on linens, hemp, and jute. Despite Indian competition and the cyclical nature of the trade which periodically ruined weaker companies, profits held up well in the 19th century. Typical firms were family affairs, even after the introduction of limited liability in the 1890s. The profits, either taken from the firms or left on interest, helped make the city an important source of overseas investment, especially in North America. The profits were seldom invested locally, apart from the linen trade, because low wages limited local consumption, and because there were no important natural resources, the region offered little opportunity for profitable industrial diversification.
Linen
Linen formed the basis for the growth of the textile industry in Dundee. During the 18th and 19th Centuries, flax was imported from the countries surrounding the Baltic Sea for the production of linen. The trade supported 36 spinning mills by 1835, but various conflicts, including the Crimean War, put a stop to the trade. Textiles thus formed an important part of the economy long before the introduction of jute, but it was jute for rope-making and rough fabrics that helped put Dundee on the map of world trade. Dundee's first flax mills, at Guthrie Street and Chapelshade, appeared in 1793. The industry suffered a slump in the early 19th century, but recovered after a few years, and the years 1821 and 1822 saw 12 mills built in Dundee and Lochee.
The Dundee firm Baxter Brothers, which owned and operated the large Dens Works complex, was the world's largest linen manufacturer from around 1840 until 1890. The firm began in 1822 when William Baxter, who had previously operated a mill at Glamis, and his son Edward built a mill on the Dens Burn. In 1825 Edward left the company and two younger brothers joined as partners, the firm being renamed Baxter Brothers and Co. The company became part of the Low and Bonar Group, jute merchants and manufacturers, in 1924. Baxter Brothers traded as an entity within Low and Bonar until 1978. The Baxters also had a long term interest in the Claverhouse Bleachfield located slightly to the north of Dundee, and now within the city's boundaries. The bleachfield, used for boiling and bleaching linen and yarn was in use from the eighteenth century. From 1814 it was operated by Turnbull & Co, a company which members of the Baxter family were involved in and which evolved into Boase & Co. In 1892 Baxter Brothers owned 55% of the shares in Boase & Co. and eventually assumed complete ownership of the firm in 1921. Baxter Brothers' extensive archives, including highly detailed plans of Dens Works, are now held by Archive Services, University of Dundee. The Baxter family's money was crucial to establishing University College Dundee, now the University of Dundee and the Dundee Technical Institute, now the University of Abertay. University College's co-founder and principal benefactor was William Baxter's daughter, Mary Ann Baxter. Edward Baxter's grandson Sir George Washington Baxter, was later president of the college. William's son Sir David Baxter left the bequest which would later be used to found the Technical Institute.
Another major linen works was Stobswell Works in Dura Street which was built in the 1860s. It was originally owned by Laing and Sandeman and later Laing Brothers, before becoming the base of the Buist Spinning Company in 1900.
Jute
Jute is a rough fibre from India used to make sacking, burlap, twine and canvass. By the 1830s, it was discovered that treatment with whale oil, a byproduct of Dundee's whaling industry, made the spinning of the jute fibre possible, which led to the development of a substantial jute industry in the city which created jobs for rural migrants. The industry was also notable for employing a high proportion of women. In 1901 25,000 women were employed in the jute industry, with women accounting for more than 70% of the industry's workers in Dundee. By 1911 the percentage of persons employed in Dundee's jute industry who were women had risen to 75%. Dundee's jute industry was also notable in that a relatively high number of those employed in it were married women, which was unusual for the time. In 1911 a total of 31,500 were employed in the jute industry in Dundee, which accounted for 40.4% of all of the city's workers.
The first jute related patent in Dundee was granted in 1852 to David Thomson. Thomson had been an apprentice to the jute pioneer James Neish and had founded his business in 1848. This later evolved into Thomson, Shepherd & Co. Ltd, whose Seafield Works in Taylor's Lane operated until 1986.
Several large industrial complexes grew up in the city in the nineteenth century to house the jute industry, including Camperdown Works in Lochee which was the world's largest jute works. It was owned by Cox Brothers, whose family had been involved in the linen trade in Lochee since the early eighteenth century, and was constructed from 1850 onwards. By 1878 it had its own railway branch and employed 4,500 workers, a total which had risen to 5,000 by 1900. Like several of Dundee's jute manufacturers, Cox Brothers became a part of Jute Industries Ltd, which was formed by the amalgamation of several Dundee jute firms in 1920. J Ernest Cox, the grandson of one of the founders of the firm, became chairman of Jute Industries in 1920 and would hold this position until 1948. Camperdown works closed in 1981. Caldrum Works, built 1872–1873, and operated by Harry Walker & Sons, was Dundee's (and Britain's) second largest jute mill by the 1920s. In 1913 the works covered 8 acres of ground. Like Cox Brothers, Harry Walker of sons became a part of Jute Industries in 1920.
Another firm which became part of jute industries in 1920 was J. & A. D. Grimond Ltd, who owned the Bowbridge works in the Hilltown area. Jute Industries also included Gilroy Sons & Co Ltd, which was founded by three brothers in 1849. Gilroys was among the first companies in Dundee to directly import jute from India and its products included sacks, hessians and canvas. Jute Industries became Sidlaw Industries Ltd in 1971. Low & Bonar Ltd, who opened the Eagle Jute Mills in the city in 1930, and who had acquired Baxter Brothers in 1924, also were a major jute firm, expanding their interests in this area with the 1953 acquisition of Henry Boase & Co.
Another major textile presence in Dundee was Don Brothers, Buist & Co. This was formed in the 1860s when the Forfar firm of William and John Don & Co and A J Buist, the owners of Ward Mills in Dundee. In 1867 the firm built the New Mill in Dundee's Lindsay Street. In the 1960s Don Brothers, Buist and Co merged with the textile merchants Low Brothers & Co (Dundee) Ltd to form Don and Low, a group which eventually owned or operated several other textile firms. Low Brothers had themselves earlier taken control of Alexander Henderson & Son Ltd a Dundee jute spinning firm that had been founded in 1833 and based at South Dudhope Works.
Caird (Dundee) Ltd traced their origins back to 1832 when Edward Caird began to manufacture cloth in 12-loom shed at Ashton Works. Caird was a pioneer in Dundee in the weaving of cloth composed of jute warp and weft. In 1870 his son James Key Caird, later noted as philanthropist, took over the business. He greatly expanded it, rebuilding and extending Ashton Works and acquiring Craigie Works. Cairds at one time employed 2,000 hands and its mills were described by the Dundee Advertiser in 1916 as being 'a model of comfort for the workers'. William Halley and Sons Ltd was also founded in 1832 and operated Wallace Craigie Works. The boom in the price of jute caused by the American Civil War saw the works double in size and by 1946 it had 3,312 spindles and 130 looms. In 1857 Hugh & Alexander Scott founded H. & A. Scott, Manufacturers which was based at Tayfield Works, Seafield Road. This firm, which eventually moved into polypropylene manufacture as well as jute and other textiles, survived until 1985 when it was taken over by Amoco UK Ltd.
By the end of the 19th century the majority of Dundee's working population were employed in jute manufacture, but the industry began to decline in 1914, when it became cheaper to rely on imports of the finished product from India. (Dundee's 'jute barons' had invested heavily in Indian factories). By 1951 only 18.5% of Dundee's workforce was employed in the jute industry, with the total number of female workers employed in the industry declining by 62%. In 1942, the Ashton Works were requisitioned by the Government and taken over by "Briggs Motor Bodies Ltd" for the production of jerrycans. Ten million were produced by the time of derequisition in 1946. The Cragie works closed for economic reasons at the end of 1954 when a study found that it was not viable to modernised equipment; production was subsequently moved to Ashton works. Commercial jute production in Dundee ceased in the 1970s, particularly after the cessation of jute control on 30 April 1969. Some manufacturers successfully diversified to produce synthetic fibres and linoleum for a short time. The last of the jute spinners closed in 1999. From a peak of over 130 mills, many have since been demolished, although around sixty have been redeveloped for residential or other commercial use.
The Association of Jute Spinners and Manufacturers was founded in Dundee in 1918. Its initial aim was to act as a cartel to help the prices of its members' products. However, it soon evolved into a significant employers' organisation. It also concerned itself with all national and local legislation which impacted upon the jute industry and aimed to foster good relations between workers and employers. Initially the Association had 56 members in the Dundee and Tayport area alone, but by 1982 there were only 8 spinners or manufacturers of jute left in the United Kingdom.
An award-winning museum, based in the old Verdant Works, commemorates the city's manufacturing heritage and operates a small jute-processing facility. Archive Services at the University of Dundee hold a wide range of collections relating to the textile industry in Dundee, including the records of many of the major jute works.
Jam
Dundee's association with jam stems from Janet Keiller's 1797 'invention' of marmalade. Mrs. Keiller allegedly devised the recipe in order to make use of a cargo-load of bitter Seville oranges acquired from a Spanish ship by her husband. This account is most likely apocryphal, as recipes for marmalade have been found dating back to the 16th century, with the Keillers likely to have developed their marmalade by modifying an existing recipe for quince marmalade. Nevertheless, marmalade became a famed Dundee export after Alex Keiller, James' son, industrialised the production process during the 19th century.
The Keillers originally started selling their produce from a small sweet shop in the Seagate area of the city which specialised in selling locally preserved fruit and jams. In 1845, Alex Keiller moved the business from the Seagate and into a new larger premises on Castle Street. Later, he also later bought premises in Guernsey to take advantage of the lack of sugar duties. The Guernsey premises accounted for a third of the firm's output but still carried the Dundee logo. The Guernsey plant was closed in 1879 due to lack of profitability and was moved to North Woolwich where it was brought back under the control of the Dundee branch. Though iconic to the city, jam was never a major sector of the city's industry, employing approximately 300 people at its peak compared to the thousands who worked in the Jute industry at the same time. Today traditional marmalade production has become the preserve of larger businesses, but distinctive white jars of Keiller's marmalade can still be bought. For many years, these were made by the Maling pottery of Newcastle upon Tyne.
Journalism
Journalism in Dundee generally refers to the publishing company of D. C. Thomson & Co. Ltd. Founded in 1905 by David Coupar Thomson and still owned and managed by the Thomson family, the firm publishes a variety of newspapers, children's comics and magazines, including The Sunday Post, The Courier, Shout and children's publications, The Beano and The Dandy. Journalism is the only "J" still existing in the city and, with the company's headquarters on Albert Square and extensive premises at Kingsway East, D.C. Thomson remains one of the city's largest employers after local government and the health service, employing nearly 2000 people.
Maritime industry
As Dundee is located on a major estuary, it developed a maritime industry both as a whaling port (since 1753) and in shipbuilding. In 1857, the whaling ship Tay was the first in the world to be fitted with steam engines. By 1872 Dundee had become the premier whaling port of the British Isles, partly due to the local jute industry's demand for whale oil for use in the processing of its cloth. Over 2,000 ships were built in the city between 1871 and 1881. The last whaling ship to be built at Dundee was in 1884. The whaling industry ended around 1912. The last connection between Dundee and the whaling industry ended in 1922 with the loss of the trading ketch, 'Easonian', which was owned by the Dundee-based shipping agents and charter company Robert Kinnes & Sons. Kinnes & Sons had been formed in 1883 by the managing director of the Tay Whale Fishing Company.
In December 1883, a whale was caught in the Tay and was later publicly dissected by Professor John Struthers of the University of Aberdeen. The incident was popular with the public and extra rail journeys were organised to assist those from surrounding areas who wished to see the whale. The creature became known as the Tay Whale, and the event was also celebrated in a poem by William McGonagall.
The Dundee Perth and London Shipping Company (DPLC) ran steamships down the Tay from Perth and on to Hull and London. The firm still exists, but is now a travel agency. However, shipbuilding shrank with the closure of the five berths at the former Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Company in 1981, and came to an end altogether in 1987 when the Kestrel Marine yard was closed with the loss of 750 jobs.
, the ship taken to the Antarctic by Robert Falcon Scott and the last wooden three-masted ship to be built in the British Isles, was built in Dundee in 1901. It returned to Dundee in April 1986 initially being moored in Victoria Dock. Since 1992 Discovery has been moored next to a purpose-built visitors' centre, Discovery Point. The oldest wooden British warship still afloat, , is moored in Victoria Dock, although it was not built in Dundee. Dundee was also the home port of the Antarctic Dundee whaling expedition of 1892 which discovered Dundee Island, named after the expedition's home port. The steamship , best known for its reported inaction during the sinking of RMS Titanic was built in Dundee.
Harbour and wharfs
A coastal city with a major maritime industry, Dundee's harbour has long been of importance. As early as 1447 King James II of Scotland granted letters patent to Dundee's Council granting them the right to collect dues on goods coming in via the port. In 1770 the harbour was remodelled by John Smeaton, who introduced water tunnels to tackle the perennial problems caused by the vast quantities of silt washed down the Tay which formed sandbanks in the harbour, thus blocking it. In 1815 a Harbour Act was passed which moved control of the harbour from the Town Council to a Board of Harbour Commissioners. Under their guidance the harbour was greatly expanded from the 1820s with the addition of King William IV Dock, Earl Grey Dock, Victoria Dock and Camperdown Dock. In 1844 a triumphal arch made of timber was erected at the entrance of the harbour to mark the arrival, by sea, of Queen Victoria on her way to her first holiday in Aberdeenshire. In 1849 a competition was held to design a replacement permanent structure. The competition was won by a design submitted by James Thomas Rochead. The resulting Royal Arch quickly became one of Dundee's most iconic symbols. King William IV Dock and the Early Grey Dock were filled in by the 1960s during the construction of the Tay Road Bridge and its approach roads, with the Royal Arch being demolished at the same time. The Arch is the subject of a famous photograph by the photojournalist Michael Peto.
Dundee still has several wharfs. The most prominent wharfs are King George V, Caledon West, Princess Alexandra, Eastern and Caledon East. The Victoria Dock was built in the 19th century to serve the loading of major imports of jute. Activity ceased in the 1960s and the wharf was out of service for forty years. It has since been redeveloped into a shopping wharf known as City Quay. The Quay has a 500-yard Millennium Bridge spanning its eastern quay which swings round to allow ships in. Camperdown docklands is also being redeveloped in a manner similar to Canary Wharf in London and is scheduled for completion in 2008. The last wharf to be built in Dundee was at Stannergate for the shipbuilders Kestrel Marine. It was formally opened by Charles, Prince of Wales on 17 July 1979 and named after him.
Tay Bridge Disaster
In 1878 a new railway bridge over the Tay was opened, connecting the rail network at Dundee to Fife and Edinburgh. Its completion was commemorated in verse by William McGonagall. About two years after completion, the bridge collapsed under the weight of a full train of passengers during a fierce storm. All on board the train were lost and some bodies were never recovered. McGonagall's The Tay Bridge Disaster recounts the tragedy in verse. perhaps one of his best known poems. The public inquiry of the Tay Bridge disaster in 1880 found that the bridge had been "badly designed, badly built and badly maintained" and Sir Thomas Bouch was blamed for the catastrophe. He had under-designed the structure and used brittle cast iron for critical components, especially the lugs which held tensioned tie bars in the towers. It was these lugs which fractured first and destabilised the towers in the high girders section. The bolt holes in the lugs were cast, and had a conical section, so all the load was concentrated at a sharp outer edge. Such conical bolt holes were used for critical horizontal strut lugs as well, and weakened the structure substantially. The towers of the high girder section were heavily loaded and were very top heavy, making then susceptible to toppling. The towers failed during the storm as the train was travelling over, and a chain reaction followed as each of the towers in the high girders section collapsed. In 1887 the bridge was replaced by William Henry Barlow with a much more substantial bridge, which was at that time the longest railway bridge in Europe, at just over long (Europe's longest bridge today is the Oresund Bridge).
Public transport
Trams
The first municipal public transport in Dundee was operated by Dundee and District Tramways. From 1877, these were generally horse-drawn, but by June 1885 steam cars with green and white livery were introduced. Unusually, the tram lines were publicly built and owned, although initially leased by police commissionaires to private companies.
All routes came under direct municipal control in 1893, which allowed the city to adopt overhead electric lines to power the trams. Between 1899 and 1902 the tramways were fully electrified. The first electric tram in Dundee started on 12 July 1900. The route ran from High Street to Ninewells in the West via Nethergate and Perth Road with a later route running to Dryburgh in the North. The peak of the tram network was in 1932, when 79 lines operated in the city. By 1951, many of the trams had not been updated. At least a third of the stock was over 50 years old. A study led by the Belfast transport consultant, Colonel R McCreary showed that the cost of trams compared with bus service was 26.700 and 21.204 pence per mile, respectively. He advocated abandoning the tramway system in 1952. In October 1956, the last trams were quietly taken out of service. On the evening of 20 October 1956 the last tram (#25) went to Maryfield Depot. Over 5,000 people witnessed the tram leaving the depot at 12:31 am to go to the Lochee depot. All remaining cars were reduced to scrap by burning.
Buses
The first trolleybuses in Scotland were introduced along Clepington Road in Dundee during 1912–1914. However, motor buses were gradually introduced from 1921 to supplement the tram system, and double-decker buses appeared ten years later. Electric-powered operated by "Dundee Corporation Electricity Works" were still used in parts of the city until 1961. In 1975, Dundee Corporation Transport became part of the new Tayside Regional Council. Tayside adopted a new dark blue, white and light blue livery for its buses, replacing the former dark green. The Volvo Ailsa double deck bus became standard in the Tayside fleet during the 1970s and 1980s. In 1986, following bus deregulation, Tayside Buses was formed as a separate company. It was later privatised and bought out by National Express and now trades as Xplore Dundee.
Dundee (and the surrounding countryside) was also served by buses of Walter Alexander (part of the state-owned Scottish Transport Group), which was rebranded as Northern Scottish in the early 1960s. In the 1980s the Tayside operation of Northern Scottish became a separate company, Strathtay Scottish. The company was privatised in the late 1980s.
Rail
Rail transport in Dundee began with the Dundee and Newtyle Railway Company which was formed in 1826 and was the first railway to be built in the North of Scotland. The railway linking Dundee with Newtyle opened in 1832 and was eventually part of the Caledonian Railway. This was followed by the Dundee and Arbroath Railway Company which was incorporated in May 1836. The line linking Dundee and Arbroath opened in October 1838 from a temporary terminus near Craigie, was fully operational by 1840. A route to the west materialised with the founding of the Dundee and Perth Railway Company in 1845. It opened its line two years later, although it was not connected to Perth Station until 1849. The company also leased the Newtyle line from 1846 and the Arbroath line from 1848.
By the end of the late 1870s Dundee had three main stations, Dundee (Tay Bridge), serving the North British Railway and its connections, Dundee West, the Caledonian Railway station for Perth and Glasgow, which was rebuilt in a grand style in 1889–1890, and the smaller Dundee East on the Dundee and Arbroath Joint Railway. Various plans were put forward to concentrate all Dundee's railway facilities in a new central station. This idea was first mooted in 1864 by John Leng, then the editor of the Dundee Advertiser, and the idea re-emerged in 1872 following the start of work on the Tay Rail Bridge. The concept was also put forward for a final time in 1896. Various sites for a central station were put forwardincluding building it between the High Street and the harbour, between the Murraygate and the Meadows and on a waterfront site created by partially filling in two of Dundee's docks. However none of these proposals were ever released and the three distinct stations survived as independent entities.
Dundee formerly had commuter train services linking Dundee (Tay Bridge) station with Wormit and Newport-on-Tay. These ceased following the opening of the Tay Road Bridge. Other commuter train services to Invergowrie, Balmossie, Broughty Ferry and Monifieth have been substantially reduced since the 1980s. Dundee East closed in 1959 and Dundee West station closed in the 1960s, with all traffic being diverted to Tay Bridge station (now simply known as Dundee station).
Tay Ferry
A passenger and vehicle ferry service across the River Tay operated from Craigie Pier, Dundee, to Newport-on-Tay. Popularly known in Dundee as "the Fifie", the service was withdrawn in August 1966, being replaced by the newly opened Tay Road Bridge.
Three vessels latterly operated the service – the paddle steamer B. L. Nairn (of 1929) and the two more modern ferries Abercraig and Scotscraig, which were both equipped with Voith Schneider Propellers.
Hospitals
The original Town Hospital in Dundee was founded in what is now the Nethergate in 1530 to provide for the support of the sick and elderly persons dwelling in the burgh and run by the Trinitarians. After the Reformation its running was taken over by the town council and it was used to house and care for a dozen 'decayed burgesses'. The original building was replaced in about 1678. During the 18th century it was decided it was better to care for the needy in their own homes and the hospital was then used for other purposes. Tay Street was built on its extensive gardens, and St Andrews Cathedral was later erected on the site of the hospital itself.
In 1798 an infirmary was opened in King Street which would serve as the principal hospital in Dundee for almost 200 years. This hospital was granted a Royal Charter by George III in 1819, after which it became known as the "Dundee Royal Infirmary and Asylum". In 1820 the asylum was formally established as a separate entity in its own premises in Albert Street, and the hospital in King Street became Dundee Royal Infirmary (commonly known as DRI). The infirmary moved to larger premises in Barrack Road in 1855. The asylum received a Royal Charter from Queen Victoria in 1875 and became known as Dundee Royal Lunatic Asylum. In 1879 work began on a new site for the asylum at Westgreen Farm, Liff to which all patients had been transferred by October 1882. A second building, Gowrie House was erected to the south of Westgreen for private patients. From 1903 Westgreen was owned and operated by the Dundee District Lunacy Board as Dundee District Asylum, while Gowrie House continued as Dundee Royal Lunatic Asylum. The two were recombined in 1959 as Dundee Royal Mental Hospital and later became known as Royal Dundee Liff Hospital.
During an outbreak of cholera in 1832, a building in Lower Union Street was converted into an isolation hospital, but was refitted for use as lodgings after the epidemic was over. Other temporary isolation facilities were used later in the century, but in 1889 King's Cross Hospital was opened in Clepington Road as Dundee's first permanent fever hospital. By 1913 it had expanded its facilities from two wards to seven. It was run by the town council until the creation of the National Health Service. From 1929 the town council also ran Maryfield Hospital, Stobswell, which had formerly been the East Poorhouse Hospital. The hospital eventually took over the entire site of the East Poorhouse and served as Dundee's second main hospital after DRI.
Slightly to the north of Dundee was Baldovan Institution founded in 1852 as 'an orphanage, hospital and place of education and training for 'imbecile' children'. Its foundation was largely thanks to the benevolence of Sir John and Lady Jane Ogilvy. The asylum and the orphanage were later separated, with the former evolving into Strathmartine Hospital (that name being adopted in 1959). Strathmartine was progressively decommissioned from the late 1980s, closing completely in 2003. In 2014 Heritage Lottery Funding was award to a project to for former residents and staff at Strathmartine Hospital to record their stories of the hospital. The project is led by the Thera Trust and involves the University of Dundee, the dundee Local History Group, Advocating Together and the Living Memory Association.
In 1899 the Victoria Hospital for Incurables was set up in Jedbrugh Road to provide long term nursing care for the terminally ill. This would later become Royal Victoria Hospital. In 1959 it gained a geriatric ward and is now mainly used for patients over the age of 65, and is also home to the Centre for Brain Injury Rehabilitation. In 1980 the remaining patients at the Sidlaw Hospital, a former sanitorium that was latterly used as a convalescent home and to provide respite care, were transferred to the Royal Victoria.
A hospital for women, known as Dundee Women's Hospital and Nursing Home, was opened in 1897. Originally in Seafield Road, it aimed to provide surgical care for women at a low price. This hospital moved to Elliott Road and eventually closed in the 1970s.
A hospital for dental treatment, Dundee Dental Hospital, opened in 1914 in Park Place. During the First World War the hospital provided dental services to regular and territorial soldiers. In 1916 the hospital was extended to include a dental school. It became part of the NHS in 1948, and new premises in Park Place opened in 1968. The Dental School is part of the University of Dundee. In the 1980s closure of the Dental School was proposed by the University Grants Committee. This was strongly resisted and a successful campaign led by the university resulted in its retention.
After World War II it soon became apparent that Dundee's existing hospital facilities were insufficient. They also provided inadequate teaching facilities for the medical students at what was to become the University of Dundee. A new hospital was planned, and after several delays was opened at Ninewells in 1974. The opening of Ninewells Hospital led to the closure of Maryfield to patients in 1976, although some of its buildings were retained for use for administration purposes. Dundee Royal Infirmary's functions were also gradually transferred to Ninewells and it closed in 1998. In the 1990s and 2000s many of King’s Cross Hospital’s functions were also moved to Ninewells, but it still retains a number of outpatient departments and also serves as the headquarters of NHS Tayside.
Coat of arms
The city’s coat of arms is a pot of 3 silver lilies on a blue shield supported by two green dragons. Above the shield is a single lily and above that a scroll with the motto Dei Donum, gift of God.
The blue colour of the shield is said to represent the cloak of the Virgin Mary while the silver (white) lilies are also closely associated with her. There is an early carving in the city’s Old Steeple, showing a similar coat of arms with Mary, protecting her child with a shield from dragons. Following an Act of Parliament passed in 1672, Dundee’s 'new' coat of arms was matriculated in the office of the Lord Lyon King of Arms on 30 July 1673. However, by this time Scotland had become a Presbyterian nation, and any such idolatry of the Virgin Mary would have been frowned upon, leading to the more subtle symbolism that appears today. There are different theories as to why Dragons came to be used as supporters. One is that on the earlier arms they represent the violent sea that the Virgin Mary protected David from. Another is that they relate to the local legend of the Strathmartine Dragon.
Over the years small changes crept in until in 1932 the City Council decided to ask the Lord Lyon King of Arms about the correct form. Amongst other differences he pointed out that the dragons on the coat of arms were actually wyverns. (Although closely related wyverns have only two legs while dragons have four.) The coat of arms above the Eastern Cemetery gateway shows wyverns instead of dragons and three lilies above the shield instead of one. It was decided to go back to the original form with dragon supporters and one lily and to add a second motto 'Prudentia et Candore' – Wisdom and Truth.
The coat of arms was slightly modified in 1975 when the City of Dundee District Council was created under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973. A coronet, with thistle heads, was incorporated; this emblem being common to the coats of arms of all Scottish district councils. A further modification took place in 1996, when the District Council was replaced by the current Dundee City Council; the design of the coronet was revised to the present format.
Important People Associated with Dundee
Winston Churchill
Between 1908 and 1922, one of the city's Members of Parliament was Winston Churchill, at that time a member of the (Coalition) Liberal Party. He had won the seat at a by-election on 8 May 1908 and was initially popular, especially as he was the President of the Board of Trade and, later, senior Cabinet minister. However, his frequent absence from Dundee on cabinet business, combined with the local bitterness and disillusionment that was caused by the Great War strained this relationship. In the buildup to the 1922 general election, even the local newspapers contained vitriolic rhetoric with regards to his political status in the city. At a one meeting he was only able to speak for 40 minutes when he was barracked by a section of the audience. Prevented from campaigning in the final days of his reelection campaign by appendicitis, his wife Clementine was even spat on for wearing pearls. Churchill was ousted by the Scottish Prohibitionist Edwin Scrymgeour – Scrymgeour's sixth election attempt – and indeed came only fourth in the poll. Churchill would later write that he left Dundee "short of an appendix, seat and party". In 1943 he was offered Freedom of the City – by 16 votes to 15 – but refused to accept. On being asked by the council to expand on his reasons, he simply wrote: "I have nothing to add to the reply which has already been sent".
Notable Dundonians and people associated with Dundee
Mary Ann Baxter – co-founder of University College, Dundee
Hector Boece – Scottish philosopher
Mary Brooksbank (1897–1978) – revolutionary and songwriter
James MacLellan Brown (c.1886-1967) – City Architect, designer of the Mills Observatory (1935)
James Key Caird – Jute baron and philanthropist
Brian Cox – actor
William Alexander Craigie – philologist and lexicographer
John Dair – TV Actor
George Dempster of Dunnichen and Skibo (1732–1818) – advocate, landowner, agricultural improver, politician and business man
Thomas Dick – Scottish writer
James Alfred Ewing – physicist and engineer
Margaret Fairlie – gynaecologist; First woman to hold professorial chair in Scotland
Margaret Fenwick – the first woman General Secretary of a British trade union
David Ferguson (died 1598) – reformer
Matthew Fitt (born 1968) – Scots poet and novelist, National Scots Language Development Officer.
Williamina Paton Stevens Fleming – Scottish astronomer, noted for her discovery of the Horsehead Nebula
Neil Forsyth (born 1978) – journalist and author, best known for creating the character Bob Servant
Mark Fotheringham – professional footballer
George Galloway – politician & former Member of Parliament
Sir Patrick Geddes (1854-1932) – Professor of Botany at University College, Dundee, urban planner and sociologist
George Gilfillan (1813–1878) – author and poet, pastor of a Secession congregation in Dundee
Professor Sir Alexander Gray (1882–1968) – civil servant, economist, academic, translator, writer and poet
James Haldane (1768–1851) – theologian and missionary
Thomas James Henderson – astronomer
W. N. Herbert (born 1961) – poet
Florence Horsbrugh – Dundee's only female and Conservative M.P. and later the first female Conservative Cabinet Minister
Ken Hyder – musician and journalist
James Ivory – mathematician
Lorraine Kelly – TV Presenter and journalist
Bella Keyzer – welder and equal pay activist
Alexander Crawford Lamb – antiquarian, author of Dundee: Its Quaint and Historic Buildings
Joseph Lee – poet, artist and journalist
James Bowman Lindsay (1799–1862) – inventor and author
Billy Mackenzie – singer
William Lyon Mackenzie – first Mayor of Toronto
Thomas John MacLagan (1838–1903) – physician and pharmacologist
Iain Macmillan (1938-2006) – photographer, work including the photograph for The Beatles' album Abbey Road
William McGonagall – Poet
Robert Murray M'Cheyne (1813–1843) – minister of religion, serving in St. Peter's Church (Dundee) from 1838
Richard (Dick) McTaggart – Olympic gold medalist (Boxer)
Eddie Mair – broadcaster
Michael Marra – musician
George Mealmaker (1768–1808) – waver, radical organiser and writer
Helen Meechie (1938–2000) – CBE, Brigadier and Director of the Women's Royal Army Corps – Career
John Mylne (died 1621) – Master Mason to the Crown of Scotland
Don Paterson (born 1963) – poet, writer and musician
G. C. Peden – emeritus professor of history at Stirling University
Sam Robertson – Actor
Agnes L. Rogers – educational psychologist
Edwin Scrymgeour – Britain's first (and only) Prohibitionist M.P.
Mary Slessor (1848–1915) – missionary to Nigeria
Thomas Smith (1752–1814) – early lighthouse engineer
Bob Stewart – Comintern agent
Robert Stirling Newall – engineer and astronomer
Bruce James Talbert (1838–1881) – architect and interior designer
Sir D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson (1860–1948) – biologist, mathematician, and classics scholar
David Coupar Thomson (1861–1954) – proprietor of the newspaper and publishing company D. C. Thomson & Co. Ltd
James Thomson (died 1927) – City Engineer, City Architect, and Housing Director of Dundee
Dudley D. Watkins (1907-1969) – cartoonist and illustrator
Preston Watson – (1880-1915) – aeronautical pioneer and aviator
Kieren Webster – musician
James Wedderburn (c.1495–1553) – poet and playwright
James Wedderburn (1585–1639) – bishop of Dunblane, grandson of the poet James Wedderburn
John Wedderburn (c.1505–1553) – poet and theologian
Robert Wedderburn (c.1510–c.1555) – poet and vicar
David Dougal Williams (June 1888-27 September 1944) – artist and Dundee art teacher
Alexander Wilkie – Scotland's first Labour M.P.
Alexander Wilson (died 1922) – noted amateur photographer, working in Dundee
Gordon Wilson (1938-2017) – former leader of the Scottish National Party and M.P. for Dundee East 1974–1987
Fanny Wright – leading US feminist
David Jones – Video Game Developer, creator of Lemmings, Grand Theft Auto and Crackdown game series and founder of DMA Design (now Rockstar North).
Innovation
James Bowman Lindsay demonstrated his invention of a prototype electric light bulb at a public meeting in 1835.
The adhesive postage stamp was invented in Dundee by James Chalmers. His tombstone in the city's Howff burial ground reads: "Originator of the adhesive postage stamp which saved the Uniform Penny Post scheme of 1840 from collapse rendering it an unqualified success and which has since been adopted throughout the postal systems of the world."
Archives
Many of Dundee's historical records are kept by two local archives, Dundee City Archives, operated by Dundee City Council, and the University of Dundee's Archive Services. Dundee City Archives holds the official records of the burgh along with those of the former Tayside Region. The archive also holds the records of various people groups and organizations connected to Dundee. The university's Archive Services hold a wide range of material relating to the university and its predecessor institutions and to individuals associated with the university such as D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson. Archive Services is also home to the archives of several individuals, businesses and organizations based in Dundee and the surrounding area. The records held at the university include a substantial number of business archives relating to the jute and linen industry in Dundee, records of other businesses including the archives of the Alliance Trust and the department store G. L. Wilson, the records of the Brechin Diocese of the Scottish Episcopal Church and the NHS Tayside Archive.
See also
Timeline of Dundee history
Whaling in Scotland
Notes
References
Further reading
Dundee |
20465921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickness%20behavior | Sickness behavior | Sickness behavior is a coordinated set of adaptive behavioral changes that develop in ill individuals during the course of an infection.
They usually, but not always, accompany fever and aid survival.
Such illness responses include lethargy, depression, anxiety, malaise, loss of appetite, sleepiness, hyperalgesia, reduction in grooming and failure to concentrate.
Sickness behavior is a motivational state that reorganizes the organism's priorities to cope with infectious pathogens.
It has been suggested as relevant to understanding depression, and some aspects of the suffering that occurs in cancer.
History
Sick animals have long been recognized by farmers as having different behavior. Initially it was thought that this was due to physical weakness that resulted from diverting energy to the body processes needed to fight infection. However, in the 1960s, it was shown that animals produced a blood-carried factor X that acted upon the brain to cause sickness behavior. In 1987, Benjamin L. Hart brought together a variety of research findings that argued for them being survival adaptations that if prevented would disadvantage an animal's ability to fight infection. In the 1980s, the blood-borne factor was shown to be proinflammatory cytokines produced by activated leukocytes in the immune system in response to lipopolysaccharides (a cell wall component of Gram-negative bacteria). These cytokines acted by various humoral and nerve routes upon the hypothalamus and other areas of the brain. Further research showed that the brain can also learn to control the various components of sickness behavior independently of immune activation..
In 2015, Shakhar and Shakhar suggested instead that sickness behavior developed primarily because it protected the kin of infected animals from transmissible diseases. According to this theory, termed the Eyam hypothesis, after the English Parish of Eyam, sickness behavior protects the social group of infected individuals by limiting their direct contacts, preventing them from contaminating the environment, and broadcasting their health status. Kin selection would help promote such behaviors through evolution. In a highly prosocial species like humans, however, sickness behavior may act as a signal to motivate others to help and care for the sick individual.
Advantages
General advantage
Sickness behavior in its different aspects causes an animal to limit its movement; the metabolic energy not expended in activity is diverted to the fever responses, which involves raising body temperature. This also limits an animal's exposure to predators while it is cognitively and physically impaired.
Specific advantages
The individual components of sickness behavior have specific individual advantages. Anorexia limits food ingestion and therefore reduces the availability of iron in the gut (and from gut absorption). Iron may aid bacterial reproduction, so its reduction is useful during sickness. Plasma concentrations of iron are lowered for this anti-bacterial reason in fever. Lowered threshold for pain ensures that an animal is attentive that it does not place pressure on injured and inflamed tissues that might disrupt their healing. Reduced grooming is adaptive since it reduces water loss.
Inclusive fitness advantages
According to the 'Eyam hypothesis', sickness behavior, by promoting immobility and social disinterest, limits the direct contacts of individuals with their relatives. By reducing eating and drinking, it limits diarrhea and defecation, reducing environmental contamination. By reducing self-grooming and changing stance, gait and vocalization, it also signals poor health to kin. All in all, sickness behavior reduces the rate of further infection, a trait that is likely propagated by kin selection.
Social advantage
Humans helped each other in case of sickness or injury throughout their hunter-gatherer past and afterwards. Convincing others of being badly in need of relief, assistance, and care heightened the chance of survival of the sick individual. High direct costs, such as energy spent on fever and potential harm caused by high body temperatures, and high opportunity costs, as caused by inactivity, social disinterest, and lack of appetite, make sickness behavior a highly costly and therefore credible signal of need.
Immune control
Lipopolysaccharides trigger the immune system to produce proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). These peripherally released cytokines act on the brain via a fast transmission pathway involving primary input through the vagus nerves, and a slow transmission pathway involving cytokines originating from the choroid plexus and circumventricular organs and diffusing into the brain parenchyma by volume transmission. Peripheral cytokines are capable of entering the brain directly but are large lipophilic polypeptide proteins that generally do not easily passively diffuse across the blood-brain barrier. They may also induce the expression of other cytokines in the brain that cause sickness behavior. Acute psychosocial stress enhances the ability of an immune response to trigger both inflammation and behavioral sickness.
Behavioral conditioning
The components of sickness behavior can be learned by conditional association. For example, if a saccharin solution is given with a chemical that triggers a particular aspect of sickness behavior, on later occasions the saccharin solution will trigger it by itself.
Medical conditions
Depression
It has been proposed that major depressive disorder is nearly identical with sickness behavior, raising the possibility that it is a maladaptive manifestation of sickness behavior due to abnormalities in circulating cytokines. Moreover, chronic, but not acute, treatment with antidepressant drugs was found to attenuate sickness behavior symptoms in rodents. The mood effects caused by interleukin-6 following an immune response have been linked to increased activity within the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, an area involved in the etiology of depression. Inflammation-associated mood change can also produce a reduction in the functional connectivity of this part of the brain to the amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and superior temporal sulcus.
Cancer side effect
In cancer, both the disease and the chemotherapy treatment can cause proinflammatory cytokine release which can cause sickness behavior as a side effect.
See also
Evolutionary medicine
Proinflammatory cytokines
References
Symptoms
Evolutionary biology
Cytokines |
23573909 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%20Istanbul%20bombings | 2003 Istanbul bombings | The 2003 Istanbul bombings were a series of suicide attacks carried out with trucks fitted with bombs detonated at four different locations in Istanbul, Turkey on November 15 and 20, 2003.
On November 15, two truck bombs were detonated, one in front of the Bet Israel Synagogue in Şişli at around 9:30 a.m. local time (UTC+2.00) and another in front of the Neve Shalom Synagogue in Beyoğlu at around 9:34 a.m. As a result of these bombings, 28 people died, included the attackers, and more than 300 people were wounded. Five days after the first attacks, on November 20, two different attacks were perpetrated against the British Consulate General at around 10:55 a.m. and the HSBC General Headquarters in Beşiktaş at around 11:00 a.m., again using truck bombs. In the second round of attacks, 31 people lost their lives and more than 450 were injured. In total, 59 people died, including the four suicide bombers, and more than 750 were wounded in the bombings.
Investigations launched in the wake of the attacks determined that Al Qaeda had orchestrated the bombings. The criminal case that began with 69 defendants and, with additions, included 76 defendants in February 2004 regarding the attacks concluded in April 2007 with the sentencing of 49 defendants, of whom seven were sentenced to life in prison, to various periods of incarceration. Some of the figures allegedly from the upper echelons of the militant organization fled to Iraq after the attacks and died there, while a portion were captured by security forces. After a retrial held because the Court of Cassation reversed some of the verdicts delivered in the initial trial, 16 defendants were not sentenced to prison.
First bombings and aftermath
The first attacks were carried out on November 15, 2003 against two synagogues in Istanbul, Turkey. At approximately 9:30 a.m. local time (UTC+2.00), a bomb-laden truck that had parked in front of the Bet Israel Synagogue on Nakiye Elgün Street in Şişli was detonated. Many of the worshippers praying at the synagogue that Saturday, a day considered sacred by Jews, and those near the temple lost their lives, and the area surrounding the synagogue was badly damaged.
Approximately four minutes after the first explosion, at around 9:34 a.m., a second attack occurred with the detonation of another bomb-laden truck passing by the Neve Shalom Synagogue on Büyük Hendek Avenue in Beyoğlu. Prayers were being held in three separate rooms of the synagogue, and a child's bar mitzvah ceremony was being held with 400 people in attendance. Because the walls of the synagogue had been fortified after previous attacks, the internal walls of the structure were not badly damaged, but the external wall and surrounding shops and buildings were damaged, and passers-by were killed by the blast. A hole approximately three meters wide and two meters deep appeared at the spot where the bomb exploded.
Teams from the Istanbul Metropolitan Fire Department, Health Department, Directorate of Road Maintenance, and Directorate of Cemeteries; the Istanbul Gas Distribution and Trade; and the Istanbul Water and Sewage Administration arrived at the scenes of both attacks. Search-and-rescue teams dug survivors out from beneath the debris resulting from the explosions and sent them to nearby health institutions. A team from ZAKA coming from Israel that comprised seven people who were experts in search-and-rescue and identification participated in the work after the explosions.
An Islamic militant group, IBDA-C, claimed responsibility for the blasts, but it was later determined that the attacks had been carried out by Al Qaeda.
Second bombings and aftermath
Five days later, on November 20, as US President George W. Bush was in the United Kingdom meeting with Prime Minister Tony Blair, two more truck bombs exploded. The first attack occurred at around 10:55 a.m. (UTC+2.00) with the detonation of a bomb, comprising 700 kilograms of ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and compressed fuel oil, in a truck that had parked in front of the HSBC Bank AS building on Büyükdere Avenue in the Levent neighborhood of Beşiktaş. There were fatalities and injuries inside and near the building, and after the explosion, the first six aboveground stories of the building became unusable and the front side of the building was badly damaged. Inside the building, an elevator that had been in motion at the time of the bombing collapsed. Body parts were flung from the site of the explosion, some even being found as far as 400 meters away at a petrol station.
Approximately five minutes later, at around 11:00 a.m., another bomb-laden truck drove through security and detonated in front of the British Consulate on Meşrutiyet Avenue in Istanbul's Beyoğlu district. Deaths and injuries were immediately reported from the explosion, and the outer wall of the consulate's front garden collapsed onto cars driving by in the street, and a fire burned in the garden itself. Buildings nearby the consulate, including the entrance to the Çiçek Passage market, and cars on the street were also badly damaged.
After the attack perpetrated against the HSBC building, police cordoned off the area and began collecting evidence. Electrical and gas lines were shut off, and metro services were stopped. The wounded and other personnel were evacuated from the rear entrance of the building. The fire department, civil defense, provincial health directorate, police, and consulate officials dispatched to the area began search-and-rescue operations. Police also cordoned off the area surrounding the consulate. Within a day, Interior Minister Abdülkadir Aksu, Istanbul Governor Muammer Güler, and Istanbul Provincial Security Director Celalettin Cerrah participated in the investigations. Shortly after the two attacks, a warning of an additional bombing at the Galleria Shopping Center in Bakırköy began to spread; the Akmerkez, Galleria, and Carousel shopping centers were evacuated, although the warnings ended up being baseless.
The bombers appeared to have waited for the traffic lights in front of the HSBC headquarters on the Büyükdere Avenue in Levent to turn red to maximize the effects. Police say that the bombers may have timed the attacks to coincide with Bush's visit to the UK.
Casualties
First attacks
On the day the attacks were carried out, the Istanbul Provincial Health Directorate issued a statement at 4:00 p.m. that 20 people had died and 257 were injured in the bombings. A few hours later, Health Minister Recep Akdağ announced that the number of deaths was 20 and that 302 people had referred to various hospitals because of the bomb attacks. Interior Minister Abdülkadir Aksu, however, stated that the identified number of injured people was 277. Later the evening of the attack, a statement issued by the Istanbul Security Directorate increased the number of casualties to 23, it shortly thereafter brought the number back down to 20. The following day, Istanbul Provincial Health Director Erman Tuncer reported, again, that 23 people had died and that about 71 people, of whom four were in critical condition, continued to received medical attention at various hospitals. The number of casualties rose to 24 on November 17 when the body of a woman was found at the scene of the bombing and later to 25 when a victim receiving treatment at a hospital succumbed to their injuries. In a statement he made on November 19, Istanbul Governor Muammer Güler announced that 25 people had died and approximately 300 people were injured as a result of the attacks. On November 28, Istanbul Deputy Security Director Halil Yılmaz reported, in a press release riddled with inaccuracies, that 23 people had died from the first bombings but later corrected the mistakes in a statement to the press and changed the number of casualties to 27. This number rose to 28 on February 9, 2004 when Celal Dilsiz, a patient who had been receiving care in a hospital for almost three months, died from his injuries.
The funeral ceremonies for six Jews who died in the attacks—Yoel Ülçer Kohen, Berta Özdoğan, Yona Romano, Annette Rubinstein, Anna Rubinstein, and Avram Varol—were held at the Ulus Ashkenazi Jewish Cemetery. The six people were laid to rest in the front section of the mausoleum where 23 people killed in the 1986 attack on the Neve Shalom Synagogue were buried.
Second attacks
A statement issued by the Office of the Istanbul Governor Public Order Operations Center on the day of the second attacks reported that 27 people had died—11 in the attack in front of the HSBC General Directorate and 16 at the British Consulate—and more than 450 people were injured in the bombings. According to a written statement on November 24 from the Istanbul Provincial Health Directorate, 432 people had been treated and discharged from the hospital and 30 people, of whom six were in intensive care, were still receiving treatment. On November 28, Istanbul Deputy Security Director Halil Yılmaz reported that 28 people had died in the second attacks, shortly thereafter later raising this figure to 30. Two months later, on January 13, 2004, the number of casualties in the second two attacks rose to 31, when Sefer Gündoğdu, a 35-year-old father of three, passed away at around 5:00 p.m. at Şişli Etfal Hospital after undergoing a series of surgeries.
Famous Turkish actor and singer Kerem Yılmazer died in the HSBC bombing as he was going to the NTV building, where worked as a voice actor on the Life Style program at the TV channel. Yılmazer's wife Göksel Kortay, the famous Turkish actress, was on a live program on TV8 when the news of the bombings broke. The 58-year-old British consul general and career diplomat Roger Short also perished in the attack.
Damage
Istanbul Governor Muammer Güler, in a statement on November 19, announced that inspections of 58 buildings in Beyoğlu after the synagogue attacks revealed nine buildings that were severely damaged, three that were moderately damaged, and eight that were somewhat damaged, amounting to damages of TL 37 billion (equivalent to approximately US$25 million in November 2003). In Şişli, of the 52 buildings examined, none were severely damaged, seven were moderately damaged, and 12 were somewhat damaged, with damages totaling TL 33 billion (about US$22.5 million in November 2003). There was a total of TL 110 billion (approximately US$75 million in November 2003) in damages and 33 cars—15 in Beyoğlu and 18 in Şişli—were made unusable due to the first bombings.
A total of 113 buildings were damaged in the second round of attacks. Beyloğlu Municipal Mayor Kadir Topbaş announced that 38 buildings, of which 25 were considered historic, were damaged in Beyloğlu. Beşiktaş Municipal Mayor Yusuf Namoğlu reported that 75 buildings were damaged in Levent, including a historic school building in the nearby Zincirlikuyu quarter.
Reactions
Various nations condemned the attacks and offered their condolences, including the US and Germany.
Responsibility
Initially, a militant Turkish Islamic group, the Great Eastern Islamic Raiders' Front took responsibility.
Turkey charged 74 people with involvement in the bombings, including Syrians Loai al-Saqa and Hamid Obysi, and a Turk, Harun Ilhan. Ilhan admitted that he and two other suspected ringleaders — Habib Akdaş and Gurcan Bac — were responsible; Ilhan referred to himself as ‘an al-Qaeda warrior'. Akdas fled to Iraq, where he was reportedly involved in a kidnapping, and was later killed by coalition forces in Fallujah. Bac's location remains undetermined. Other reporting indicates that Bac was suspected of preparing the bombs with Fevzi Yitiz, and that Akdas and Ibrahim Kus participated in a meeting with bin Laden in 2002. Al-Saqa had already been tried in absentia in Jordan for his part, along with al-Qaeda in Iraq leader Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, in the failed poison gas attack in 2002. On February 16, 2007, Al-Saqa and Ilhan were convicted and sentenced to 67 consecutive life sentences, one for every victim for the bombing plus additional terms for terrorism and conspiracy, as were five other Turkish men convicted of organising the bombing: Fevzi Yitiz (for helping to build the truck bombs) and Yusuf Polat, Baki Yigit, Osman Eken and Adnan Ersoz. Seyit Ertul was sentenced to 18 years' imprisonment for leading an al-Qaeda cell, and Obysi was sentenced to 12 years and 6 months for al-Qaeda membership, forgery and bomb-making. Of the other individuals who were charged, 29 were sentenced to 6 years and 3 months for aiding and abetting al-Qaeda, 10 were sentenced to 3 years and 9 months membership in al-Qaeda, and 26 were acquitted.
A Turkish intelligence official who was part of the investigation said: "They planned and carried out the attack independently after receiving the blessing of bin Laden."
However, in 2010, Turkish investigators accused three of the highest-ranking military leaders at the time of the bombing of orchestrating the attacks in the hopes of destabilising the government and prompting a military coup. Gen Çetin Dogan, head of the 1st Army and then deputy chief of the military staff, Gen Ibrahim Fırtına, ex-air force chief, and former naval commander Admiral Özden Örnek, along with 35 other ex-military personnel were arrested and questioned concerning their roles in Operation Sledgehammer, of which the bombings were reportedly a part.
See also
1999 Istanbul bombings
2008 Istanbul bombings
List of terrorist incidents, 2003
References
External links
Istanbul rocked by double bombing (BBC)
New Sefer Torah for the Istanbul Community—November 2006
Suicide bombings in 2003
Mass murder in 2003
Istanbul
Istanbul
Terrorist incidents in Istanbul
Jewish Turkish history
Antisemitism in Turkey
21st-century attacks on synagogues and Jewish communal organizations
2003 Istanbul bombings
Istanbul 2003
HSBC
Istanbul
Turkey
Turkey–United Kingdom relations
Jews and Judaism in Istanbul
2003
Al-Qaeda attacks
Attacks on bank buildings
November 2003 events in Turkey
Islamic terrorist incidents in 2003
Building bombings in Turkey
Attacks in Turkey in 2003 |
23573910 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%99ezovice | Březovice | Březovice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants. The village of Víska with valuable examples of folk architecture is protected as a village monument reservation.
Administrative parts
The village of Víska is an administrative part of Lobodice.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23573912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovno | Bukovno | Bukovno is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Líny is an administrative part of Bukovno.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23573913 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage%20Cool%20Kids | Teenage Cool Kids | Teenage Cool Kids were an American indie rock group from Denton, Texas.
History
Teenage Cool Kids was established in summer 2006 by Andrew Savage, later joined by Daniel Zeigler whom Savage met while attending the University of North Texas in Denton.
The band's earlier material, from the self-released demo and "Remember Me as a Silhouette" 7", was lo-fi, poppy and often compared to early '90s indie rock. The band's first full length was Queer Salutations, released in 2007. Shortly after the release of Queer Salutations, the band embarked on its first tour. The band adhere to a DIY methodology, keeping all recording, songwriting, booking and visual art within the band.
Teenage Cool Kids spent much of 2008 touring the United States and recording their next album. In 2009, the band was issued a cease and desist by Chicago hip-hop duo The Cool Kids over alleged trade mark infringement. The dispute ended with a settlement initiated by the Cool Kids. The dispute delayed the band's second LP release by several months, but in June 2009 Foreign Lands was released by Protagonist Music.
The group officially disbanded in 2011, shortly after the release of their final album, Denton After Sunset. Savage had previously formed Parquet Courts in 2010.
Discography
Albums
Queer Salutations, 2007, Protagonist
Foreign Lands, 2009, Protagonist
Denton After Sunset, 2011, Dull Tools
Singles
Remember Me As a Silhouette, 2007, C&C Music Factory
Speaking in Tongues b/w Crucial Talk, 2009, Copper Lung
Poison Sermons, 2009, Leroy St. Records
See also
Musicians from Denton, Texas
Parquet Courts
References
External links
Teenage Cool Kids on Last.fm
Indie rock musical groups from Texas
Musical groups from Denton, Texas |
6899850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sick%20Puppies | Sick Puppies | Sick Puppies is an Australian alternative metal band formed in Sydney, New South Wales in 1997. After releasing their debut album Welcome to the Real World in 2001, the band rose to prominence in 2006 when their song "All the Same" was uploaded, along with a video, to YouTube. The video supported the Free Hugs Campaign, which was launched in Sydney, and has since received over 78 million views on the website. This success was followed up with their second studio album, Dressed Up as Life in 2007, which entered the Billboard 200 at number 181. Their third studio album, Tri-Polar, came out on 14 July 2009. The band's fourth studio album, Connect was released on 16 July 2013. They released their fifth studio album, Fury on 20 May 2016 with new vocalist Bryan Scott after Shimon Moore was fired from the band in October 2014.
History
Early career (1997–1999)
The band was formed by singer/lead guitarist Shimon Moore and bassist Emma Anzai in the music room of Mosman High School in 1997, when they double-booked the room and bickered over who would get to practice. They soon bonded over their love of Silverchair. Initially with Shimon on drums and Emma on guitars, the duo would frequently meet up to play Green Day, Rage Against the Machine, and Silverchair songs, and eventually felt compelled to write their own material. When Chris Mileski joined the band to play drums, Emma switched to bass and Shimon to guitar and vocals, and they became Sick Puppies.
There are two stories as to how the band name originated. The official version is that Shimon Moore thought of the name himself when the band members were brainstorming, and then came home a few days later to find his father Phil reading the book Sick Puppy by Carl Hiaasen. The alternate version is that a neighbor's dog entered the garage during a rehearsal and vomited on their equipment. An early fan made the comment, "That's one sick puppy", and the name stuck.
Emma Anzai took up a job as a telemarketer and Shimon took a job holding a sandwich board in the Pitt Street Mall in Sydney. Through their own financing and with help from Shimon's father (a musician and producer), the band released their debut EP Dog's Breakfast.
Initial success (2000–2008)
The band entered the Triple J Unearthed band competition in 2000 with a demo of their song, "Nothing Really Matters", and went on to co-win the Sydney-region along with Blue and Ariels.Spans.Earth., which led to a management deal with Paul Stepanek Management. This deal enabled the band to release their debut studio album, Welcome to the Real World in 2001, and their second EP, Fly in 2003. The band decided they needed a fresh start when the record label they had signed a contract with folded and their drummer Chris Mileski left the band. They decided to move to Los Angeles when rock photographer Robert Knight, who would later co-star in a documentary called Rock Prophecies with the band, said to their manager, "You should move the band over here, I really think they will do well". As they were without a drummer, the band posted an ad on Craigslist, where they found their current drummer Mark Goodwin.
In 2007, Sick Puppies released their second album, Dressed Up As Life. The album came after the huge success of the "Free Hugs Campaign", and featured their breakout single "All the Same". The song reached number eight on the U.S. Modern Rock chart and is also featured in the video for the Free Hugs Campaign, which won YouTube video of the year in 2006. They followed up the single with "My World", which peaked at No. 20. The band also released "Pitiful" and "What Are You Looking For" as singles in 2008.
Tri-Polar and related releases (2009–2012)
Sick Puppies went into the recording studio in December 2008 to write, record, and produce their next studio album, which was released on 14 July 2009. They also wrote a song for Capcom's video game Street Fighter IV called "War", and it has been used in the advertisements and promotion for the game. It also reached the top 40 on the iTunes top rock songs. "War" was used during the Washington Capitals 2009 Stanley Cup playoffs introduction video. The song was also included as the first track on Tri-Polar. Their first single off Tri-Polar, "You're Going Down", reached No. 1, and was used as the theme song for the WWE pay per view Extreme Rules in June 2009. It was also used in SmackDown vs. Raw 2010, the My Soul to Take (2010) movie trailer, and in the trailer and opening credits of Tekken. The second single from the album, "Odd One", hit radio on 10 November.
Sick Puppies released a new song called "That Time of Year" on NCIS: The Official TV Soundtrack – Vol. 2 and through their MySpace page for the holidays. The third single from the album, "Maybe", hit radio stations on 22 June. "Maybe" peaked at No. 1 on Billboard Heatseekers, No. 15 on Rock, and No. 6 on Alternative. It is the first Sick Puppies song to be on the Hot 100 chart, making it the band's most successful song. The album's fourth single, "Riptide", was released in February 2011, and peaked at number 6 on the Billboards Rock Chart. Tri-Polar was released in the UK on 4 April 2011.
On 14 August 2009, Sick Puppies made their film debut in Rock Prophecies, a documentary about the career of acclaimed music photographer Robert Knight. This award-winning film features his life as he started out filming music greats such as Led Zeppelin and Jimi Hendrix, and his current mission to find today's up-and-coming bands and help them become tomorrow's top rock acts. This includes him convincing Sick Puppies to leave their homes to pursue success in the American music industry in Los Angeles.
According to bassist Emma Anzai, "(Robert Knight) was like, 'Hey I want to put you in my film', so we were like, 'All right, cool.' So now it's two years later and he documented when we did the first album, the first show, all that kind of stuff. It was really cool. He wanted a new band to . . . develop." During the process, the band was filmed for a few days at a time, and said that they would forget the cameras were there and act accordingly, so this film captures them and their true interactions out of the spotlight. It was partly due to their involvement in this project and Mr. Knight's endorsement that they were able to acquire their first American record deal with RMR/Virgin/EMI. This record deal then led to the first U.S album, Dressed Up as Life. Rock Prophecies was nationally aired on PBS and became available on DVD on 14 September 2010.
On 7 April 2010, Sick Puppies released an acoustic EP titled Live & Unplugged, featuring three tracks from their Tri-Polar album and one B-Side from that album. The versions of "Odd One", "So What I Lied", and "The Pretender" were recorded in a studio, while "You're Going Down" was recorded live in a Chicago radio station during an interview. To promote the EP, Sick Puppies offered a merchandise package that included Tri-Polar and Live & Unplugged with a limited edition lithograph; this package was sold at their concerts. On 1 March 2011, Sick Puppies released their all-acoustic seven-track EP Polar Opposite, which includes acoustic versions of "Riptide", "Don't Walk Away", and more. It was recorded in studio, along with string ensemble accompaniment. Anzai also contributes more major lead vocals on the record.
Later albums and Shimon Moore's departure (2013–present)
Sick Puppies released the follow-up album to Tri-Polar on 16 July 2013. The band originally stated on UStream that the working title was Under the Black Sky and that there would be a song by the same title. They later confirmed that the album name had changed, and officially announced the title of the album to be Connect, and its lead single, "There's No Going Back" was released on 20 May 2013. The second single off the album, "Gunfight", was released on 13 October 2013. Connect was released in Europe on 31 March 2014. The album's third single, "Die to Save You", was released on 29 April 2014. The album's fourth single, "Connect", was released on 19 July 2014. In October 2014, American musician Blue Stahli announced that Anzai had worked on the track "Not Over 'Til We Say So" for his upcoming album The Devil.
On 20 October 2014, it was announced that frontman Shimon Moore had left the band and that the remaining two members would continue on without him. This left bassist Emma Anzai as the only original member remaining in the band. It was later alleged that Moore was fired after he attempted to dissolve the band through a lawyer. Moore stated he was kicked out while out of town and he had no knowledge of it beforehand. He said he was sad and that he wished the band well.
On 15 December 2015, the band teased their upcoming music. They also signed on to play tours including Rock on the Range. On 8 February 2016, they revealed their new vocalist, Bryan Scott, who previously played with Glass Intrepid and Dev Electric, and briefly toured as a vocalist for Atlantic Records rock act Emphatic in 2011, while previewing a new single called Stick to Your Guns. On 31 March 2016, Sick Puppies released their single "Stick to Your Guns". The album Fury was released in May 2016. In May 2022, Anzai joined Evanescence to fill that band's vacant bassist position, but she remains with Sick Puppies.
Band members
Current members
Emma Anzai – bass, backing vocals (1997–present)
Mark Goodwin – drums, backing vocals (2003–present)
Bryan Scott – lead vocals, guitars (2016–present)
Former members
Chris Mileski – drums, backing vocals (1997–2003)
Shimon Moore – lead vocals, guitars (1997–2014)
Timeline
Discography
Welcome to the Real World (2001)
Dressed Up as Life (2007)
Tri-Polar (2009)
Connect (2013)
Fury (2016)
Awards and nominations
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2001 || Nothing Really Matters || Triple J Unearthed Competition ||
|-
|| Sick Puppies || Australian Live Music Awards' "Best Live Act" ||
|-
|| 2003 || Sick Puppies || The National Musicoz Awards' "Best Rock Artist" ||
|-
|| 2006 || Free Hugs (All the Same) || YouTube Video of the Year' "Inspirational" ||
|-
|| 2007 || Sick Puppies || Yahoo! Music's "Who's Next" award ||
|-
|| 2011 || Sick Puppies || Bandit Rock Awards' "International Breakthrough Award" ||
|-
|| 2012 || Maybe || BMI Pop Award ||
References
External links
1997 establishments in Australia
Australian hard rock musical groups
Australian post-grunge groups
Australian nu metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 1997
Musical groups from Sydney
Australian musical trios
Pew Fellows in the Arts
Virgin Records artists
Australian alternative rock groups |
23573915 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester%20Rows | Chester Rows | Chester Rows are a set of structures in each of the four main streets of Chester, in the United Kingdom, consisting of a series of covered walkways on the first floor behind which are entrances to shops and other premises. At street level is another set of shops and other premises, many of which are entered by going down a few steps. .
Dating from the medieval era, the Rows may have been built on top of rubble remaining from the ruins of Roman buildings, but their origin is still subject to speculation. In some places the continuity of the Rows has been blocked by enclosure or by new buildings, but in others modern buildings have retained the Rows in their designs. Undercrofts or "crypts" were constructed beneath the buildings in the Rows. The undercrofts were in stone while most of the buildings in the Rows were in timber.
Today about 20 of the stone undercrofts still exist, but at the level of the Rows very little medieval fabric remains. Many of the buildings containing portions of the Rows are listed and some are recorded in the English Heritage Archive. The premises on the street and Row levels are used for a variety of purposes; most are shops, but there are also offices, restaurants, cafés, and meeting rooms. Chester Rows are one of the city's main tourist attractions.
Description
At street level the shops and other premises are similar to those found in other towns and cities, although many of the premises are entered by going down a few steps. On the first floor level are more shops and other premises, set back from the street, in front of which is a continuous walkway. The storey above this overlaps the walkway, which makes it a covered walkway, and this constitutes what is known as the "Row". On the street side of the walkways are railings and an area which was used as shelves or stalls for the display of goods. The floors above the level of the Rows are used for commercial or domestic purposes, or for storage. The Rows are present, to a greater or lesser degree, in all the streets radiating from Chester Cross, namely Watergate Street, Northgate Street, Eastgate Street and Upper Bridge Street. They are continuous on both sides of Upper Bridge Street, along most of Watergate and Eastgate Street, but only for a short stretch along the east side of Northgate Street. Originally there were also Rows in Lower Bridge Street but these were blocked during the 17th and 18th centuries.
As the ground floor buildings are usually lower than the street level, they are sometime known as "crypts". However, as the architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner points out, this is not a strictly accurate description because the level of the floors of the buildings is a half-storey rather than a full-storey level below the street.
Origins
Rows were built in the four main streets leading from Chester Cross, each of which originated during the settlement's early development. In the Roman period the main street, now Watergate Street and Eastgate Street, lay on an east–west axis. It was joined at what is now Chester Cross by the main road from the south, present-day Bridge Street. During the Saxon period a road to the north was added, now called Northgate Street. Dendrochronological evidence shows that the Rows go back as far as the 13th century, but it is unlikely that they originated before 1200. The first record of the Rows appears in 1293, although it is uncertain whether it refers to a Row as it would be recognised today. The "earliest unambiguous instance" of the use of the term for an elevated walkway is in 1356.
Because the Chester Rows are unique and their precise origins are unknown, they have been the subject of speculation. Chester has suffered from a series of fires. In 1278 the fire was so severe that almost the entire town within the walls was destroyed. It has been suggested that following this fire, the owners were ordered to make their ground floors fireproof, leading to the stone-lined undercrofts. From this, the suggestion has been made that there was "a general undertaking by the citizens of Chester ... to improve the commercial potential of their property by providing two-level access for customers".
Daniel Defoe, writing around 1724 in A tour thro' the whole island of Great Britain, describes the Rows of Chester as “long galleries, up one pair of stairs, which run along the side of the streets, before all the houses, though joined to them, and is pretended, they are to keep the people dry in walking along. This they do effectually, but then they...make the shops themselves dark, and the way in them is dark, dirty, and uneven.”
The 19th-century writer George Borrow makes the following claim in his book Wild Wales, published in 1862: "All the best shops in Chester are to be found in the rows. These rows, which you ascend by stairs up narrow passages, were originally built for the security of the wares of the principal merchants against the Welsh. Should the mountaineers break into the town, as they frequently did, they might rifle some of the common shops, where their booty would be slight, but those which contained the most costly articles would be beyond their reach; for at the first alarm the doors of the passages, up which the stairs led, would be closed, and all access to the upper streets cut off, from the open arches of which missiles of all kinds, kept ready for such occasions, could be discharged upon the intruders, who would soon be glad to beat a retreat."
Another theory links the Rows with the debris left from the Roman occupation of Chester. The rubble from the Roman buildings which had fallen into ruin was piled up alongside the streets. One theory suggests that in the medieval period buildings were constructed along the top of this debris. The buildings were set back from the street, a footpath passed in front of them, and wheeled vehicles passed along the street below. In time, the properties were improved and, possibly during the 13th century, cellars or undercrofts were excavated in the debris beneath them. When the buildings were further improved, upper stories were built which overlapped the lower storey, providing a covered walkway. Stalls or shelves were added on the street side of the walkway for the display of goods, and so the system of Rows was developed. In a few places, for example at the corner of Eastgate Street and Northgate Street, another building was constructed between the walkway and the street. It is thought that, apart from a relatively small number of later buildings, the system of the Rows had reached its full extent by about 1350.
Medieval period
During the medieval period the Rows gave access to living accommodation. The doorway led into a hall, which was usually at right angles to the street. In some cases the front portion of the hall was used as a separate shop, and in other cases the whole hall was the shop. In the storey above the hall was the solar, a room providing private accommodation for the residents. In some cases, where the hall was larger, there were several shops on its frontage. Below the Rows, at street level, were crypts or undercrofts. Many of these were stone-lined with ribbed vaults, and they were used for storage or for selling more valuable goods. Behind the hall, on the level of the Rows, was more domestic accommodation. Normally the kitchen was a separate building in the yard behind the house. The back yard was also used for cesspits and for the disposal of rubbish.
Subsequent development
Although many of the Rows are still continuous, in some areas they have been blocked. In Lower Bridge Street there was originally a continuous Row; the first building to break the sequence was at the north end of the street, the public house now known as The Falcon. In the 17th century this was the town house of the Grosvenor family. It was rebuilt in 1626, maintaining its section of the Row. However, in 1643, during the Civil War siege of Chester, Sir Richard Grosvenor moved his family there from his country estate at Eaton Hall. In order to increase the size of the house he gained permission to enclose the Row. This set the fashion for other houses in Lower Bridge Street to enclose their sections of the Row. Later, completely new houses were constructed which did not incorporate the Row. One of these was Bridge House, built by Lady Calveley in 1676; it was the first house in Chester to be designed in neoclassical style. In 1699 John Mather, a lawyer, gained permission to build a new house at 51 Lower Bridge Street, which also resulted in the loss of part of the Row. In 1728 Roger Ormes, rather than building a new house, enclosed the Row at his home, Tudor House, making it into an additional room.
During the Georgian era more sections of the Rows were blocked, especially by commercial development on the north side of Watergate Street. In 1808 Thomas Harrison designed the Commercial Coffee Room in Northgate Street in neoclassical style, with an arcade at the ground-floor level, rather than continuing the Row on the first floor. In 1859–60 Chester Bank was built in Eastgate Street, again obliterating its part of the Row. However other architects continued the tradition of maintaining the Rows in their designs; examples include the Georgian Booth Mansion of 1700 in Watergate Street, T. M. Penson's Gothic Revival Crypt Chambers of 1858 in Eastgate Street, and buildings in modern style constructed in Watergate Street in the 1960s.
Today
About 20 stone undercrofts still exist, some of them vaulted, dating from the 13th or early 14th century. One of the finest is Cowper House at No. 12 Bridge Street, with an undercroft of six bays built in sandstone rubble. It has plain rib-vaulting on plain corbels; the ribs are single-chamfered.
On the other side of Bridge Street, at No. 15, is another undercroft, this one having two double-chamfered arches. The Falcon, in Lower Bridge Street, has an undercroft which formerly had three bays but which has now been divided into two chambers. At No. 11 Watergate Street is a two-naved undercroft with four bays. Also in Watergate Street are undercrofts at Nos. 23 and 37, the latter having 5½ bays. Crypt Chambers, at No. 28 Eastgate Street, has a four-bay undercroft.
At the Row level, the medieval building was usually built in timber, and few examples remain. One which does remain is the building known as Three Old Arches. Consisting of three arches, the frontage of this shop is stone and is probably the earliest identified shopfront in England. The building also retains its undercroft and hall, the latter also built in stone.
According to the records in the English Heritage Archive, 14 buildings incorporate sections of Chester Rows. The records in the National Heritage List for England show that at least 95 of the buildings containing sections of the Rows are listed; 9 of these are listed as Grade I, 20 as Grade II*, and 66 as Grade II. The National Heritage List for England records the uses made by the premises at street level and in the Rows. Most of these are shops, but other uses include offices, restaurants and cafés, and private dwellings. The building at No. 1 Bridge Street has shops at both street and Row levels. A department store occupies the street and Row levels (and the storey above) of Crypt Chambers. Bishop Lloyd's House in Watergate Street has a shop at the street level and above this there are meeting rooms, and the office of Chester Civic Trust. As of 2010, Booth Mansion, also in Watergate Street, contains a solicitors' office. The former St Michael's Church, which is now a heritage centre, includes part of Bridge Street Row in the lowest stage of its tower. A remaining example of a section of a Row with a building between the walkway and the street is No. 22 Eastgate Street.
Since 1995 access to the Rows has been improved by a pedestrianisation scheme, which affects all the streets containing Rows. Most vehicles are prohibited from using the area between 08:00 and 18:00, although unloading is allowed until 10:30 and from 16:30. Chester Rows are a major tourist attraction in the city because of their unique nature, their attractive appearance and the covered shopping they provide.
On 7 July 2010 it was announced that Chester Rows were being considered as an applicant for the new United Kingdom Tentative List for World Heritage status by the Department of Culture Media and Sport.
See also
Grade I listed buildings in Cheshire West and Chester
Loggia: a similar Italian architectural element
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
Buildings and structures in Chester
History of Chester
Shopping arcades in England
Tourist attractions in Cheshire
Timber framed buildings in Cheshire
Retail formats |
23573917 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967%20ICF%20Canoe%20Slalom%20World%20Championships | 1967 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships | The 1967 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships were held in Lipno nad Vltavou, Czechoslovakia under the auspices of International Canoe Federation. It was the 10th edition. The mixed C2 team event was not held after having been done so at the previous championships.
Medal summary
Men's
Canoe
Kayak
Mixed
Canoe
Women's
Kayak
Medals table
References
External links
International Canoe Federation
Icf Canoe Slalom World Championships, 1967
ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships
International sports competitions hosted by Czechoslovakia
Icf Canoe Slalom World Championships, 1967 |
23573919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctim%C4%9B%C5%99ice | Ctiměřice | Ctiměřice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
6899856 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter%20II%3A%20Family%20Reunion | Chapter II: Family Reunion | Family Scriptures Chapter II: Family Reunion is the second studio album by American hip hop collective Mo Thugs. It was released on May 26, 1998 via Mo Thugs/Relativity Records, serving as a sequel to the group's 1996 album Family Scriptures. Recording sessions took place at Studio 56 and at Private Island Trax in Los Angeles, at Audio Vision Studios and at H&N Studios in Miami, and at G.T.R. Media Studios. Production was handled by Krayzie Bone and Layzie Bone, who also served as executive producers, Archie Blaine, Damon Elliott, "Disco" Rick Taylor, Michael Seifert, MT5, Paul "Tombstone" O'Neil, Romeo Antonio, Skant Bone and Souljah Boy.
It features contributions from Flesh-n-Bone, II Tru, Ken Dawg, Krayzie Bone, Layzie Bone, Poetic Hustla'z, Souljah Boy, The Graveyard Shift, as well as Cat Cody, Felecia, MT5, Potion, Powder, Skant Bone, Thug Queen, Wish Bone and 4-U-2-Know. The album is dedicated to the Graveyard Shift member Paul "Tombstone" O'Neil, who died in 1997.
The album peaked at number 25 on the Billboard 200 and number 8 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums in the United States. On July 8, 1998, it received Gold certification status by the Recording Industry Association of America for selling 500,000 copies. It spawned two singles "Ghetto Cowboy" and "All Good". Its lead single, "Ghetto Cowboy", peaked at number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100 and later was certified Gold by the RIAA.
Track listing
Sample credits
Track 15 contains replayed elements from "Let's Get It On" written by Ed Townsend and Marvin Gaye and performed by Marvin Gaye
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
External links
1998 albums
Sequel albums
Mo Thugs albums
Relativity Records albums |
23573924 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cachovice | Čachovice | Čachovice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 900 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Struhy is an administrative part of Čachovice.
Notable people
František Čáp (1913–1972), film director
References
External links
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23573925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cist%C3%A1%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Čistá (Mladá Boleslav District) | Čistá is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 800 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23573926 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrixspermum%20centipeda | Thrixspermum centipeda | Thrixspermum centipeda, commonly called the centipede thrixspermum, is a species of orchid widespread across southern China, the Himalayas, Indochina, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines.
References
centipeda
Orchids of Asia
Plants described in 1790 |
23573928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalovice%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Dalovice (Mladá Boleslav District) | Dalovice is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The municipal part of U Česany is an administrative part of Dalovice.
Notable people
Josef Ludl (1916–1998), footballer
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
23573930 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dlouh%C3%A1%20Lhota%20%28Mlad%C3%A1%20Boleslav%20District%29 | Dlouhá Lhota (Mladá Boleslav District) | Dlouhá Lhota is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
6899858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Banquet%20%282006%20film%29 | The Banquet (2006 film) | The Banquet (Chinese: 夜宴), released on DVD in the United States as Legend of the Black Scorpion, is a 2006 Chinese wuxia drama film. The film was directed by Feng Xiaogang and stars Zhang Ziyi, Ge You, Daniel Wu and Zhou Xun. It is a loose adaptation of William Shakespeare's tragedy Hamlet and Henrik Ibsen's play Ghosts, featuring themes of revenge and fate. It is set in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in 10th century China.
Plot
It is the end of the Tang dynasty and China is divided. The Crown Prince, Wu Luan, is deeply in love with the noblewoman Little Wan. However, his father, the Emperor, decides to marry Little Wan. Wu Luan, deeply hurt, flees to a remote theatre to study the arts of music and dance. Shortly after Wu Luan's departure, the Emperor is murdered by his brother, Li. The film begins as Empress Wan sends messengers to the theatre, informing Wu Luan that the Emperor has died, and that his uncle will succeed the throne. Unknown to Wan, the usurping Emperor Li has already dispatched riders to assassinate Wu Luan. However, Wu Luan survives the attack and returns to court where he is met by Empress Wan and her lady-in-waiting Qing Nu, the daughter of Minister Yin, who is officially still engaged to Wu Luan.
The tension in the Imperial Court is high, and when a palace official, Governor Pei Hong, greets Empress Wan as 'Empress Dowager', he and his family are sentenced to a violent death. With his death, Minister Yin's son, General Yin Sun, is sent to fill the position in a distant province, greatly weakening Yin Taichang's position in the court. Wu Luan is asked by the Emperor to perform a brief swordplay ceremony, to practise for the Empress' upcoming coronation. While sparring with harmless swords, the Imperial Guard suddenly produce sharpened swords and attempt to kill Wu Luan. The ceremony is stopped by the Empress, who implies that the Emperor was trying to murder Wu Luan in the ceremony and make it look like an accident. Later in his chambers, a scroll drops mysteriously from the upper balcony to Wu Luan, depicting his father being murdered by his uncle by blowing poison into his ear. Wu Luan enquires at an apothecary, who reveals that the poison used is made from Arsenic trioxide and black scorpions, and nothing on earth is more deadly except for "the human heart".
Meanwhile, the Empress Wan is to have a new coronation ceremony. As a special treat, Wu Luan is required to perform a swordplay ceremony. Instead, as an accomplished singer and dancer, Wu Luan stages a masked mime play that exposes his uncle as his father's murderer. The Emperor is notably shaken, but manages to conjure a plan to remove Wu Luan. Rather than kill the prince and risk alienating Empress Wan, he decides Wu Luan would be traded as a hostage for the prince of a neighbouring kingdom, the Khitans, although it is known that the neighbour prince is an imposter. An ambush by the emperor's men is set up the snowy border with the Khitans' kingdom in the north, but Yin Taichang's son Yin Sun, following the Empress's command, saves the prince.
Believing that his nephew is dead, and power is firmly in his grip, the Emperor calls for a grand banquet. The Empress comments that it would be bad luck to organise such an auspicious occasion on their 100th day of knowing each other, but the Emperor claims he does not surrender to superstitions. The Empress then decides to poison the Emperor, using the same poison that was used to kill the previous Emperor. All goes according to plan until Qing Nu takes to the stage, claiming to have planned another performance for the occasion, and in tribute to her fiancé, she wears her theatre mask. The scheme to poison the emperor fails as the cup he was to drink out of is instead given to Qing Nu out of respect and partly of pity for her. Upon the climax of the dance, Qing Nu falls down dead on stage, and Wu Luan reveals himself to comfort her in her dying moments. The Emperor realises in horror that the Empress had plotted his death. After a confrontation with Wu Luan, the Emperor commits suicide by drinking the rest of the poisoned wine intended for him. Upon Emperor Li's death, the Empress proclaims Wu Luan the new Emperor. However, Yin Sun, enraged by his sister's death, attempts to kill the Empress to avenge his sister. His blade is stopped by the hand of Wu Luan, and he proclaims in fear that the knife is poisoned. The Empress stabs him through the neck, killing him instantly, but Wu Luan has fatally poisoned himself in the process. Empress Wan is proclaimed Empress Regnant by the Lord Chamberlain.
In the closing scenes, Empress Wan grasps bright red cloth and speaks of the "flames of desire" that she has satiated by taking the throne. Through her private celebrations, she is suddenly pierced by a flying blade from an unknown source. As she is dying, she turns around to face her assailant. Her confusion shifts to horror and anguish, as the blade is then dropped into a mossy koi bed, and the blood soaks the water. The film abruptly finishes, with the audience unsure who the mysterious assailant was.
Ending
The ambiguity of the ending can produce many interpretations of who the assailant may be. Asian film critic, Bey Logan, makes a claim that the film makers initially planned for the maid, Ling, to be the mysterious assailant, and the current version of the film still shows more shots of Ling than would be normally expected of such a minor non-speaking character. A popular interpretation is that it is a manifestation of the previous Emperor, exacting revenge and justice.
When paired with the film's sung theme, the ending most likely references Louis Cha's wuxia novella Sword of the Yue Maiden. In Sword of the Yue Maiden, the tale concludes with the beautiful female clutching her waist in pain with an expression "so beautiful that it will take away the soul of any man who looks upon her", similar to Empress Wan's final expression.
Cast
Zhang Ziyi as Empress Wan
Ge You as Emperor Li
Daniel Wu as Crown Prince Wu Luan
Zhou Xun as Qing
Ma Jingwu as Minister Yin Taichang
Huang Xiaoming as General Yin Sun
Zhou Zhonghe as Lord Chamberlain
Zeng Qiusheng as Governor Pei Hong
Xu Xiyan as Ling
Liu Yanbin as messenger
Ma Lun as pharmacist
Xiang Bin as imperial guard
Cheng Chun-yue as imperial guard
Liu Tieyong as court secretary
Wang Yubo as red-faced dancer
Cheung Lam as joker
Bo Bing as executioner
Zhao Liang as dancer
Cui Kai as dancer
Fei Bo as dancer
Du Jingyi as dancer
Ou Siwei as dancer
Toyomi Yusuke as dancer
Takita Atsushi as dancer
Production
Actress Shao Xiaoshan said she substituted for Zhang Ziyi in some bathing and sex scenes. However, she is not listed in the credits. "I don't care whether my name is on the credits but I just want to tell the public that I did the nude scenes," Shao said on her blog. At Cannes film festival, Zhang Ziyi told the media that she did not appear nude in the movie, indirectly confirming that she had a stand-in for the nude scenes.
Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a 36% score based on 11 critics, with an average rating of 4.48/10.
Festivals and awards
The Banquet had its international premiere at the Venice Film Festival, where it received the Future Film Festival Digital Award. Parts of the film had been previewed by film buyers during the 2006 Cannes Film Festival in May, where a promotional event for the film was hosted.
The film was screened at the 2006 Toronto International Film Festival on the same day it opened to wide release in China. It received the People's Choice Award at the 4th World Film Festival of Bangkok, where it was screened two weeks before its wide release in Thailand.
The Banquet was chosen as Hong Kong's entry for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, while China's entry was Zhang Yimou's Curse of the Golden Flower.
The Banquet won two awards out of five nominations at the 43rd Golden Horse Awards in Taiwan. Art Director Tim Yip won for both Best Art Direction and Best Make up and Costume Design. The 3 other nominations were Best Cinematography (Li Zhang), Best Original Score (Dun Tan), and Best Song (Jane Zhang). Co-star Xun Zhou, who plays Qing Nu, (Best Actress) and Stunt Choreographer Jyun Woping (Best Stunt Choreography) won awards for other films.
References
External links
2006 films
Wuxia films
Chinese historical films
Films based on Hamlet
Films set in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
Films directed by Feng Xiaogang
2000s Mandarin-language films
Huayi Brothers films
Films scored by Tan Dun |
23573931 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dob%C5%A1%C3%ADn | Dobšín | Dobšín is a municipality and village in Mladá Boleslav District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Kamenice is an administrative part of Dobšín.
References
Villages in Mladá Boleslav District |
6899863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ghost%20of%20Blackwood%20Hall | The Ghost of Blackwood Hall | The Ghost of Blackwood Hall is the twenty-fifth volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series. It was first published in 1948 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene. The actual author was ghostwriter Mildred Wirt Benson.
Plot summary
Nancy Drew's jeweler's customer Mrs. Putney asks Nancy and her friends to help recover her stolen jewels. The search for the thieves takes Nancy, Bess, and George to New Orleans. Mrs. Putney's odd behavior and two young women involve Nancy in a case involving a cruel hoax being perpetrated at the abandoned Blackwood Hall. Nancy's father, Carson Drew, also helps solve this mystery by contacting his workers, and helping him find the man that is connected to this mysterious affair.
References
External links
1948 American novels
1948 children's books
Children's mystery novels
Grosset & Dunlap books
Nancy Drew books
Novels set in New Orleans |
20465937 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Pape | Albert Pape | Albert Arthur Pape (13 June 1897 – 18 November 1955) was an English footballer. His regular position was as a forward. Born in Elsecar, West Riding of Yorkshire, he played for several clubs in The Football League, including Notts County, Clapton Orient and Manchester United.
Football career
Born in Elsecar, then in the West Riding of Yorkshire, Pape began his football career with Wath Athletic, a club from the nearby town of Wath-upon-Dearne. Upon the outbreak of the First World War, Pape joined the King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry and played for the regimental football team, returning to play for Bolton-on-Dearne at the cessation of hostilities. In December 1919, Pape was signed by Rotherham County, who had been elected to the Football League Second Division at the start of the season, and he made a goalscoring debut on 17 January 1920 in a 4–3 win over Coventry City. In four seasons with Rotherham County, Pape scored 41 goals in 113 league appearances, including a spell in the 1922–23 season in which he scored eight goals in five matches.
He signed for Notts County at the end of that season, but made just six appearances in 1923–24 before moving on to Clapton Orient. In eight months with Orient, he scored 11 goals in 24 league matches. In February 1925, Orient travelled to a match against a Manchester United side that had just sold its star striker, Bill Henderson, to Preston North End. United manager John Chapman had telephoned the Orient manager Peter Proudfoot before they left London, and the two clubs agreed a fee of £1,070 for Pape. They met up at Manchester Piccadilly station just after noon, and Pape – who was a friend of the United captain Frank Barson, and had relatives in nearby Bolton – quickly agreed terms. The details were wired to The Football Association and The Football League at around 1:30 p.m., and although Pape had been named in Orient's starting line-up for the match, he was confirmed as a Manchester United player with about an hour left before kick-off. Pape was not only allowed to start the match in the colours of Manchester United, but he also scored the team's third goal in a 4–2 win over his previous employers, as well as hitting the post with a header late in the game. He made 15 further appearances that season, and scored four more goals. He also made two appearances in 1925–26, but he was then sold to Fulham in October 1925. However, he was reluctant to return to London, and only signed with Fulham on the condition that he could continue to live in Bolton and train with Manchester United. Five months later, the two clubs met in the Sixth Round of the FA Cup, and although Pape scored, Manchester United won the match 2–1.
After two seasons with Fulham, in which he scored 12 goals in 42 appearances, Pape dropped out of League football to join North Wales coast side Rhyl Athletic, but he was there for less than six months before joining Hurst back in Manchester for the second half of the 1927–28 season. He scored at a rate of almost one goal a game, and even scored a hat-trick on his debut against Port Vale Reserves in the Cheshire County League. Towards the end of the season, the club suffered a goalkeeping injury crisis, and Pape was forced to play one match in goal. In September 1928, Pape was named as player-coach at Darwen, and was also made club captain. However, five months later, he was signed by Manchester Central, before returning to League football for the start of the 1929–30 season with Hartlepools United. He scored 21 goals in 37 appearances for Hartlepools United in the Football League Third Division North, and was signed by Halifax Town for one final season of League football in July 1930, scoring 15 goals in 25 appearances in 1930–31. He spent time with Burscough Rangers, Horwich RMI and Nelson before retiring from football.
References
General
Specific
External links
Profile at StretfordEnd.co.uk
Profile at MUFCInfo.com
1897 births
1955 deaths
People from Elsecar
English footballers
Association football forwards
Rotherham County F.C. players
Notts County F.C. players
Leyton Orient F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Fulham F.C. players
Rhyl F.C. players
Ashton United F.C. players
Darwen F.C. players
Hartlepool United F.C. players
Halifax Town A.F.C. players
Burscough F.C. players
Leigh Genesis F.C. players
Nelson F.C. players
Manchester Central F.C. players
Sportspeople from Yorkshire
British Army personnel of World War I
King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry soldiers |
6899869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stark%20Naked%20and%20Absolutely%20Live | Stark Naked and Absolutely Live | Stark Naked and Absolutely Live is the first official live album by German band Alphaville. While the Dreamscapes compilation featured a full CD of live material, its tracks were culled from many different concerts. The tracks on Stark Naked and Absolutely Live were recorded specifically for the purpose of creating the album. The final listed track, Apollo, is followed by a hidden track: an acoustic version of "Dance with Me".
Track listing
Personnel
Marian Gold - lead vocals
Martin Lister - keyboards, backing vocals
Rob Harris - guitar, backing vocals
Shane Meehan - drums, percussion
References
Alphaville (band) albums
2000 live albums |
20465970 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy%20Boyle%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201901%29 | Tommy Boyle (footballer, born 1901) | Thomas Boyle (21 February 1901 – 9 January 1972) was an English footballer who played as an inside right or right half. He played for Sheffield United, Manchester United and Northampton Town, winning the FA Cup with Sheffield United in 1925. He later spent a season as player-manager of Scarborough.
Playing career
Born in Sheffield, Boyle was spotted playing for the Bullcroft Colliery team and signed for Sheffield United in 1921. He initially found it difficult to establish himself in the first team, but over time his form improved, particularly his heading, which was a factor in him being selected for the 1925 FA Cup Final ahead of the more experienced Tommy Sampy. He left the Blades in 1929 after making over 140 appearances and scoring 40 goals.
Boyle signed for Manchester United for £2,000, but failed to settle and spent only one relatively unproductive season at Old Trafford in which he made just 17 starts. He was registered as a player by Macclesfield Town in May 1930 but by July of the same year had left for Northampton Town where he spent a successful five seasons, starting over 140 games for the Cobblers.
In 1935, Boyle was appointed player-manager of non-league Scarborough where he spent a reasonably successful season before retiring.
Personal life
Boyle was the son of Irish international Peter Boyle who had also lifted the FA Cup trophy with Sheffield United in both 1899 and 1902. After leaving Scarborough, Boyle became the licensee of the Plough Inn in nearby Scalby, North Yorkshire.
Honours
Sheffield United
FA Cup: 1924–25
References
External links
Profile at StretfordEnd.co.uk
Profile at MUFCInfo.com
1901 births
1972 deaths
Footballers from Sheffield
English footballers
Association football inside forwards
Bullcroft Main Colliery F.C. players
Sheffield United F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Macclesfield Town F.C. players
Northampton Town F.C. players
Scarborough F.C. players
English Football League players
English football managers
Scarborough F.C. managers
People from the Borough of Scarborough
English people of Irish descent
FA Cup Final players |
20465974 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renos%20Doweiya | Renos Doweiya | Jalon Renos Doweiya (born 16 November 1983) is a Nauruan weightlifter.
At the Commonwealth Games in Manchester in 2002 he finished in third place in the 77 kg weight class. However, this was later upgraded to a silver medal after Indian Satheesha Rai was disqualified due to doping. He also won gold medals at the Oceania Games, in both 2001 and 2002.
References
Nauruan male weightlifters
1983 births
Living people
Commonwealth Games medallists in weightlifting
Weightlifters at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Nauru |
6899870 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recover%20%28song%29 | Recover (song) | "Recover" is the debut and fourth single by Welsh rock band The Automatic, taken from their debut album Not Accepted Anywhere. Originally released on 21 November 2005 as a limited 7" vinyl, CD single and digital download, it was re-released on 18 September 2006 as the band's record labels, B-Unique & Polydor, believed it could perform better and reach a larger audience after the band's success with previous single "Monster".
Origins and recording
The track was originally recorded in 2005 at the Elevator Studios in Liverpool, with Ian Broudie as producer; this version was featured on the 21 November 2005 release, as well as on the Raoul EP and the UK version of Not Accepted Anywhere. The re-recording of "Recover" took place in Monnow Valley Studio in Monmouth, with Richard Jackson as producer. Both recordings were mixed by Stephen Harris. For the USA release of Not Accepted Anywhere the Ian Broudie mix was used, but it was remastered by Leon Zervos at Sterling Sound in New York City, and re-mixed by Mark Needham.
Release
The song was performed live on The Friday Night Project's third season, making The Automatic the first band to make a return performance after they performed their single "Raoul" the season before.
For the original 2005 release artwork by Antar was used on the CD and vinyl. In 2006 artist Dean 'D*Face' Stockton created two new separate artworks, which would be used for two CD singles and a 7" vinyl.
Reception
Music videos
Three music videos were ultimately made for "Recover".
Original
The original video for "Recover" was first released on 7 November 2005. The video features footage from live performances, as well as a small white room where all the bandmates are singing and jumping around. The video was rarely aired, however is available on The Automatic's website, as well as YouTube. The music video was directed by Phaelon Productions
Second version
A second video was also released which received airplay on MTV2 and other music stations, the video features live footage, and shots from the original video. This version cuts out all of the previous scenes with the large mouths instead of heads on the band members, as well as cutting out all scenes of the women who pass out in the park.
Re-release (third)
The latest version of The Automatic's video for "Recover" released on 1 September 2006 and directed by Up the Resolution, is based around a wrestling match, where the band are dressed as several different people each, both spectators and other various people, whilst they perform on the stage/ring. Whilst this is going on the 'fight' is also happening; however, the camera switches to and from the fight, and the band playing on the same ring.
Track listing
References
External links
Behind the scenes video shoot photos by Peter Hill
The Automatic songs
2005 debut singles
2005 songs
2006 singles
Songs written by James Frost
Songs written by Iwan Griffiths
Songs written by Robin Hawkins
Songs written by Alex Pennie |
20465983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskimo%20Artist%3A%20Kenojuak | Eskimo Artist: Kenojuak | Eskimo Artist: Kenojuak is a 1964 Canadian short,documentary film about Inuk artist Kenojuak Ashevak, directed by John Feeney. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.
Regarding the use of the term "Eskimo" in the title, Feeney wrote in 1993 that he had suggested using the now-accepted term "Inuit" in the film, but had been told that it would be confusing for non-Inuit audiences of the day.
Eskimo Artist: Kenojuak found new life again in 1992, when filmmakers Colin Low and Tony Ianzelo combined archival and contemporary footage of Kenojuak in Momentum, Canada's IMAX HD film for Expo '92.
References
External links
Watch the film at NFB.ca
1960s English-language films
1964 documentary films
1964 short films
Canadian short documentary films
Inuktitut-language films
National Film Board of Canada documentaries
Films directed by John Feeney
Documentary films about visual artists
Documentary films about women
Inuit art
Films produced by Tom Daly
National Film Board of Canada short films
Documentary films about Inuit in Canada
Quebec films
1960s short documentary films
Inuit films
Films about Inuit in Canada
1960s Canadian films |
44496752 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%20Wolfers | Arnold Wolfers | Arnold Oscar Wolfers (June 14, 1892July 16, 1968) was a Swiss-American lawyer, economist, historian, and international relations scholar, most known for his work at Yale University and for being a pioneer of classical international relations realism.
Educated in his native Switzerland and in Germany, Wolfers was a lecturer at the Deutsche Hochschule für Politik in Berlin in the late 1920s and then became its director in the early 1930s. Initially having some sympathies with the ideas of Nazi Germany, he left that country to become a visiting professor at Yale in 1933, stayed there, and became a U.S. citizen in 1939. In 1935 he was co-founder of the influential Yale Institute of International Studies. As master of Pierson College at Yale, he played a significant role during World War II by recruiting for the Office of Strategic Services. In 1957 he left Yale and became director of the Washington Center of Foreign Policy Research at Johns Hopkins University, where he served in that role until his retirement in 1965.
Wolfers' two most known works are Britain and France Between Two Wars (1940), a study of two foreign policies during the interwar period, and Discord and Collaboration: Essays on International Politics (1962), a collection of papers on international relations theory.
Early life and education
Arnold Oskar Wolfers (the spelling of the middle name later changed to Oscar) was born on June 14, 1892, in St. Gallen, Switzerland, to parents Otto Gustav Wolfers (1860–1945) and the former Clara Eugenie Hirschfeld (1869–1950). His father was a New York merchant who emigrated and became a naturalized Swiss citizen in 1905, while his mother was from a Jewish family in St. Gallen. Arnold grew up in St. Gallen and attended the gymnasium secondary school there, gaining his Abitur qualification.
Wolfers studied law at the University of Lausanne, University of Munich, and University of Berlin beginning in 1912, gaining a certificate (Zeugnis) from the last of these. He served as a first lieutenant in the infantry of the Swiss Army, with some of the service taking place from May 1914 to March 1915, part of which included Switzerland's maintaining a state of armed neutrality during World War I. He first began studying at the University of Zurich in the summer of 1915. He graduated summa cum laude from there with a J.U.D. degree, in both civil and church law,<ref name="whos-66">Who's Who in America 1966–1967, p. 2339.</ref> in April 1917.
Admitted to the bar in Switzerland in 1917, Wolfers practiced law in St. Gallen from 1917 to 1919. His observing of the war, and of the difficulties the Geneva-based League of Nations faced in the aftermath of the war, enhanced his natural Swiss skepticism and led him towards a conservative view regarding the ability of countries to avoid armed conflict. On the other hand, his Swiss background did provide to him an example of how a multi-lingual federation of cantons could prosper.
In 1918, Wolfers married Doris Emmy Forrer. She was the daughter of the Swiss politician Robert Forrer, who as a member of the Free Democratic Party of Switzerland from St. Gallen had been elected to the National Council in the 1908 Swiss federal election, retaining that seat until 1924 and chairing the radical-democratic group (1918–1924). She studied art, attending the École des Beaux-Arts in Geneva as well as the University of Geneva, and spent a year at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich during the early stages of World War I.
Wolfers studied economics and political science at the Universities of Zurich and Berlin from 1920 to 1924, with his study at the University of Zurich concluding with a certificate in April 1920. He received a Ph.D. from the University of Giessen in Germany in 1924.
During this time, Wolfers' abilities with languages allowed him to act as an interpreter in some situations. He first traveled to the United States in 1924 and delivered lectures to various audiences.
Academic career in Germany
By one later account, Wolfers emigrated to Germany following the conclusion of World War I, while another had him living in Germany starting in 1921. Contemporary newspaper stories published in the United States portray Wolfers as a Swiss citizen through at least 1926. In 1933, stories describe him as Swiss-German or a native Swiss and naturalized German. But in 1940 he is described as having been a Swiss before being naturalized as an American, something that a later historical account also states.
From 1924 to 1930, Wolfers was a lecturer in political science at the Deutsche Hochschule für Politik (Institute of Politics) in Berlin. Headed by Ernst Jaeckh, it was considered Berlin's best school for the study of political behavior. In 1927, he took on the additional duties of being studies supervisor. Wolfers was one of the early people in the circle around Lutheran theologian Paul Tillich, with he and Doris giving much-needed economic support to Tillich in Berlin during the hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic period. As such Wolfers might have been considered a religious socialist. The Hochschule attracted many religious socialists, who were interested in combining spiritual development with social reform in an effort to provide an attractive alternative to Marxism.
Wolfers became the director of the Hochschule für Politik from 1930 until 1933, with Jaeckh as president and chair. Wolfers and Jaeckh both gave lecture tours in America, made contacts there, and secured funding for the Hochschule's library and publications from the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and the Rockefeller Foundation. Two endowed visiting lectureships were sponsored by Carnegie, one of which would be held by Hajo Holborn. In a period where there was considerable student unrest, Wolfers led popular classroom discussion sessions regarding the state of world affairs.
Between 1929 and 1933, Wolfers was a privatdozent (roughly, assistant professor) in economics at the University of Berlin. He was active in the International Student Service and presided over their annual conference in 1931, held in the midst of the Great Depression, at Mount Holyoke College in the United States. In his address before them, Wolfers urged more financial help from Great Britain and the United States to Continental Europe: "What Europe needs is not general declarations for peace and cooperation – people are getting sick of them. We need proposals to help overcome concrete pressing difficulties."
Wolfers, like other German academics, witnessed first-hand the demise of the Weimar Republic and the rise to power of the Nazi Party.Korenblat, "A School for the Republic?", p. 413. While some of the academics perceived immediately the reality of the Nazis, Wolfers, along with Jaeckh, did not. Wolfers had a belief in the great man theory, extended to the role of great nations, and was drawn to the notion of spectacular actions in international relations; as such he found some Nazi rhetoric appealing. In this manner Wolfers tended to be in agreement with some of the foreign policy objectives of the Nazi regime, especially in the East, thinking that those objectives could play a part in restoring the European balance of power. As for other aspects of the Nazis, Wolfers failed to comprehend the amount of racism and authoritarianism essential to Nazi ideology. In a November 1932 article in the journal International Affairs, Wolfers prophesied that "Hitler, with all his anti-democratic tendencies, is caught by the fact that he leads a mass movement... He may therefore become, against his own original programme, a force making for democracy. ... The further we go, the more this character of his movement as a safeguard against social reaction is likely to come to the fore."
Hitler seized control in the Machtergreifung in January 1933. At some point, Wolfers, a "half-Jew" (Halbjude) in the language of the Third Reich, was classified as "undesirable" (unerwünscht) by the new regime. In late April 1933, Wolfers was offered a position as a visiting professor of international relations at Yale University, and in late May, the appointment was publicly announced by Yale, with Wolfers being assigned to Yale's graduate school, where he was to lecture on world economics and European governments. Also in May, Wolfers served as general rapporteur to that year's International Studies Conference in London.
Master at Yale
Wolfers traveled to the United States on the SS Albert Ballin, arriving on August 11, 1933. He commented that Europeans generally felt threatened by U.S. monetary policy, but that people in Germany were sympathetic to U.S. leadership in trying to overcome the Depression.
In a November 1933 address at Yale, Wolfers described Hitler as saying that Germany would return to the League of Nations if reparations-based discrimination against her ended and that France and Germany could be allied against the Bolshevik threat from the east. Wolfers added, "Hitler's policy is not only an outgrowth of dire necessity. His party's emphasis is on domestic affairs. The 'militant' energies of Germany's soldier-like citizens are at last finding a field of action at home that satisfies all needs." In a February 1934 speech before the Foreign Policy Association in New York, Wolfers said, "The cause of present unrest is France's extravagant demands. ... Germany has lost her territorial cohesion; she has been forced to live in conflict with her Eastern neighbors, and is deprived of the most meager of self-defense." In 1934 the German embassy in Washington expressed satisfaction with the contents of Wolfers' lectures in the United States.
The contradictions inherent in the Nazi government's classification of Wolfers, compared to the Nazis' and Wolfers' somewhat complimentary views of each other at this time, have been noted by the German political scientist Rainer Eisfeld. Wolfers destroyed his personal and work files several times over the course of his career and thus it is difficult to know if his leaving Germany was for academic or political reasons or exactly what his thinking was at the time.
Intellectually, Wolfers' early work on international politics and economics was influenced by European conflicts and their effect upon the world and revealed something of a Realpolitik point of view. However he was not as heavily devoted to this perspective as was his colleague Nicholas J. Spykman. In terms of economics, Wolfers spoke somewhat favorably of New Deal initiatives such as the National Recovery Administration that sought to manage some competitive forces.
In 1935, Wolfers was named as professor of international relations at Yale. In taking the position, Wolfers was essentially proclaiming his lack of desire to return to Germany under Nazi rule. As part of gaining the position, Wolfers received an honorary A.M. from Yale in 1935, a standard practice at Yale when granting full professorships to scholars who did not previously have a Yale degree.
Also in 1935, Wolfers was appointed master of Pierson College at Yale, succeeding Alan Valentine. The college system had just been created at Yale two years earlier and masterships were sought after by faculty for the extra stipend and larger living environment they allotted. A master was expected to provide a civilizing influence to the resident students and much of that role was filled by Doris Wolfers. She decorated with eighteenth century Swiss furniture, played the host with enthusiasm, and together the couple made the Master's House at Pierson a center for entertaining on the campus second only to the house of the president of the university. When diplomats visited the campus, it was the Wolferses who provided the entertainment.
The couple collected art and in 1936 loaned some of their modern art to an exhibit at the Yale Gallery of the Fine Arts. Doris Wolfers became a frequent attendee or patroness at tea dances and other events to celebrate debutantes. He would accompany her to some university dances.
One former Yale undergraduate later said that he had lived in Pierson and that as head of the hall, Wolfers had been wiser and more useful regarding the practical issues of foreign policy than any of the faculty in political science. Veterans returning after the war would express how much they had missed Doris.
Another development in 1935 was that the Yale Institute of International Studies was created, with Wolfers as one of three founding members along with Frederick S. Dunn and Nicholas J. Spykman with Spykman as the first director. The new entity sought to use a "realistic" perspective to produce scholarly but useful research that would be useful to government decision makers. Wolfers was one of the senior academics who gave both the institute and Yale as a whole gravitas in the area and the nickname of the "Power School". The members of the institute launched a weekly seminar called "Where Is the World Going?" at which various current issues would be discussed, and from this Wolfers developed small study groups to address problems sent from the U.S. Department of State. Wolfers traveled to the State Department in Washington frequently and also discussed these matters with his friend and Yale alumnus Dean Acheson. Wolfers gained campus renown for his lectures on global interests and strategy.
Politically, Wolfers styled himself a "Tory-Liberal", perhaps making reference to the Tory Liberal coalition in Britain of that time.
Wolfers had a distinctive image on campus: tall and well-dressed with an aristocratic demeanor and a crisp voice that rotated between people in conversation "rather like a searchlight" in the words of one observer.
Whatever appeal the Nazis had held for Wolfers was had ended by the conclusion of the 1930s, and in 1939, Wolfers was naturalized as an American citizen. His 1940 book Britain and France Between Two Wars, a study of the foreign policies of the two countries in the interwar period, became influential. An assessment in The New York Times Book Review by Edgar Packard Dean said that the book was a "substantial piece of work" and that Wolfers handled his descriptions with "extraordinary impartiality" but that his analysis of French policy was stronger than of British policy. Another review in the same publication referred to Britain and France Between Two Wars as "a most excellent and carefully documented study" by an "eminent Swiss scholar".
World War II involvements
Wolfers actively assisted the U.S. war effort during World War II. From 1942 to 1944 he served as a special advisor and lecturer at the School of Military Government in Charlottesville, Virginia, where he conveyed his knowledge of Germany's society and government to those taking training courses to become part of a future occupying force. He served as an expert consultant to the Office of Provost Marshal General, also from 1942 to 1944. He was also a consultant to the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in 1944 and 1945.
The masters at Yale served as contact points for recruiting appropriate students into the intelligence services, and according to the historian Robin Winks, none did so more than Wolfers, who made excellent use of his connections in Washington through the Yale Institute of International Studies. Overall a disproportionate number of intelligence workers came from Pierson College; in addition to Wolfers, other Pierson fellows who did recruiting included Wallace Notestein and C. Bradford Welles. Pierson College residents who later became intelligence figures included James Jesus Angleton, who often spent time in Wolfers' living room listening to poets such as Robert Frost that Wolfers brought in to read. Other attendees to these sessions included a future U.S. Poet Laureate, Reed Whittemore. Wolfers liked the young Angleton and kept in touch with him in subsequent years. Another protégé of Wolfers was Robert I. Blum, who became one of the early core members of the X-2 Counter Espionage Branch of the OSS, which provided liaison with the British in the exploitation of Ultra signals intelligence.
Wolfers had worked on a study of American diplomatic communications, including telecommunications and codes and ciphers. He thus became one of the few people to have a professional-level interest in intelligence matters before the war.
In addition, Anita Forrer, Doris's sister, became an OSS agent and conducted secret and dangerous operations in Switzerland on behalf of Allen Dulles. Before that, she had been a correspondent of poet Rainer Maria Rilke.
In June 1944, Wolfers was among a group of ten prominent Protestant clergy and laymen organized by the Commission on a Just and Durable Peace who issued a signed statement advocating a way of dealing with Germany after war. The statement said that Germany should not be left economically destitute or subjected to excessive reparations, as "an impoverished Germany will continue to be a menace to the peace of the world," and that punishment for German extermination campaigns against Jews and war crimes against those in occupied territories should be limited to those responsible and not extended to those just carrying out orders. A month after V-E Day, Wolfers had a letter published wherein he remarked upon "the shocking revelations" of Nazi concentration camps but still recommended "stern but humane rules" for directing the future of the German people.
Later Yale years
Wolfers was one of the contributors to Bernard Brodie's landmark 1946 volume The Absolute Weapon: Atomic Power and World Order, which focused on the effect of the new atomic bomb on U.S.-Soviet relations.
He worked with Basil Duke Henning, the master of Saybrook College, on a study of what Soviet leaders would judge American foreign policy options to be if they used the European press for their information.
Wolfers continued to serve as a recruiter for the Central Intelligence Agency when it was formed after the war.
He was a strong influence on John A. McCone, who later became Director of Central Intelligence (1961–65).
A distinguishing feature of Wolfers' career was his familiarity with power and his policy-oriented focus, which assumed that academia should try to shape the policies of government. A noted American international relations academic, Kenneth W. Thompson, subsequently wrote that Wolfers, as the most policy-oriented of the Yale institute's scholars, "had an insatiable yearning for the corridors of power" and because of that may have compromised his scholarly detachment and independence.
Wolfers was a member of the resident faculty of the National War College in 1947 and a member of its board of consultants from 1947 to 1951. He was a consultant to the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs during 1951 and served as President of the World Peace Foundation during 1953. In 1953 he was named a member of the board of the Woodrow Wilson Foundation.
The Wolferses, who had spent summers in Switzerland in the prewar years, considered moving back to Switzerland after the war, but decided to stay in the United States.
In 1947 the couple commissioned a summer home on a Naskeag Point bluff in Brooklin, Maine. Designed by Walter Gropius and The Architect's Collective, the innovative Bauhaus-influenced design incorporated a gull-wing roof and large overhangs; the adventuresome design reflected the couple's artistic nature and cosmopolitan outlook. The home was featured in House & Garden magazine in 1948 (and would be featured again in Portland Monthly Magazine in 2013).
Wolfers was named a Sterling professor of international relations in 1949, which remains Yale's highest level of academic rank. He was, as one author later stated, "a revered doyen in the field of international relations". He was also named to direct two new entities at Yale, the Division of Social Sciences and the Social Science Planning Center. He stepped down as master of Pierson College at that time; President of Yale Charles Seymour said, "I regret exceedingly that we must take from Pierson College a master who has conducted its affairs with wisdom and understanding for fourteen years." The Wolferses continued to reside in New Haven.
In 1950 and 1951, the Yale Institute of International Studies ran into conflict with a new President of Yale University, A. Whitney Griswold, who felt that scholars should conduct research as individuals rather than in cooperative groups and that the institute should do more historical, detached analysis rather than focus on current issues and recommendations on policy. Most of the institute's scholars left Yale, with many of them going to Princeton University and founding the Center of International Studies there in 1951, but Wolfers remained at Yale for several more years.
In May 1954, Wolfers attended the Conference on International Politics, sponsored by the Rockefeller Foundation and convened in Washington, D.C., which brought together Hans Morgenthau, Reinhold Niebuhr, Walter Lippmann, Paul Nitze, Kenneth W. Thompson, Kenneth Waltz, Dean Rusk, and others. The conference has since been seen as an attempt to define an international relations theory through modern realism.
Washington Center of Foreign Policy Research
Wolfers left Yale in 1957, at the age of 65, but retained an emeritus title there. He was appointed director of the Washington Center of Foreign Policy Research at Johns Hopkins University. This was a new institute founded by Paul Nitze, who wanted to create a center within the School of Advanced International Studies that would join academics and policymakers. Unsettled by some feuding going on at Yale regarding the future of international relations study there, Wolfers was willing to leave Yale and move to Washington to take on the new position.
At the Washington Center, Wolfers brought academics and government officials together to discuss national security policy. Nitze would later say that Wolfers had been an asset in running discussions wherein members were encouraged to bring forth their ideas and defend them while others kept an open mind. Wolfers was willing to question prevailing academic opinions and ideologies and, in Nitze's words, "brought a wind of fresh air to what had been a fairly stodgy and opinionated group. He was a joy to work with." Wolfers' own thoughts at the time still revolved around classical balance of power relationships. Overall, the directorship of Wolfers added an academic prestige to the center that it had previously not had.
Wolfers consulted for the Institute for Defense Analyses in 1960 and 1961 and was a consultant to the State Department from 1960 on. He also consulted for the U.S. Department of the Army.
A 1962 book from Wolfers, Discord and Collaboration: Essays on International Politics, presented sixteen essays on international relations theory, most of which had already been published in some form but some of which were completely new. Many of the essays had been influential when first published, and the book came to be viewed as a classic. In a foreword, Reinhold Niebuhr said that Wolfers was more of political philosopher than a political scientist who nonetheless sought empirical verification of his theories and suppositions.
Wolfers belonged to a number of academic organizations and clubs, including the International Institute for Strategic Studies (for which he was a member of the international advisory council), the American Political Science Association, the Council on Foreign Relations, the Century Association, and the Cosmos Club.
Final years
Wolfers retired from the Washington Center of Foreign Policy Research in 1965 but remained affiliated to it with the status of special adviser.
Wolfers destroyed his files on three occasions when undergoing changes of position, in 1949, 1957, and 1966.
Beginning in 1958, the Wolferses spent more time at their Maine house, even though he officially still lived in Washington. They entertained in Maine often, bringing in guests of all different political persuasions and artistic endeavors.
Encouraged by the Wolferses' acquaintance Carl Jung, who thought that Doris had a greater creative instinct than her role as Arnold's secretary and amanuensis made use of, she had resumed her career as an artist in the early-to-mid 1950s. She specialized in embroidery-based textual montages. Beginning in 1960, she had her work exhibited at galleries in Washington, New York, Rhode Island, and Maine.
Wolfers died on July 16, 1968, in a hospital in Blue Hill, Maine. Doris focused even more on her artistic endeavors after he was gone and would live until 1987.
Awards and honors
Wolfers received an honorary Litt.D. from Mount Holyoke College in 1934. He had a long relationship with that school, including giving the Founder's Day address in 1933, conducting public assemblies in 1941, and delivering a commencement address in 1948. Wolfers was also granted an honorary LL.D. from the University of Rochester in 1945.
An endowed chair, the Arnold Wolfers Professor of Political Science, was created at Yale following Wolfers' death, funded by a $600,000 gift from Arthur K. Watson of IBM. Watson's gift was subsequently increased to $1 million.
Legacy
Two Festschrift volumes were published in tribute to Wolfers. The first, Foreign Policy in the Sixties: The Issues and the Instruments: Essays in Honor of Arnold Wolfers, edited by Roger Hilsman and Robert C. Good, came out in 1965 during Wolfers' lifetime. It largely featured contributions from his former students, including ones from Raymond L. Garthoff, Laurence W. Martin, Lucian W. Pye, W. Howard Wriggins, Ernest W. Lefever, and the editors. The second, Discord and Collaboration in a New Europe: Essays in Honor of Arnold Wolfers, edited by Douglas T. Stuart and Stephen F. Szabo, came out in 1994 based on a 1992 conference at Dickinson College. It featured contributions from Martin again, Catherine McArdle Kelleher, Vojtech Mastny, and others, as well as the editors.
In terms of international relations theory, the editors of the second Festschrift characterize Wolfers as "the reluctant realist".
Wolfers could be categorized as belonging to "progressive realists", figures who often shared legal training, left-leaning traits in their thinking, and institutionally reformist goals. Wolfers' focus on morality and ethics in international relations, which he viewed as something that could transcend demands for security depending upon circumstances, is also unusual for a realist. Martin views Wolfers as having "swam against the tide" within the realist school, taking "a middle line that makes him seem in retrospect a pioneer revisionist of realism." But Wolfers did not subscribe to alternative explanations for international relations, such as behaviorism or quantification, instead preferring to rely upon, as he said, "history, personal experience, introspection, common sense and the gift of logical reason".
The progressive, democratic reputation that the Deutsche Hochschule für Politik enjoyed for decades became diminished as a result of scholarly research performed in the latter part of the twentieth century which showed that the Hochschule's relationship with the Nazi Party was not the one of pure opposition that had been portrayed. With those findings, Wolfers' reputation in connection to his role there suffered somewhat as well. By one account, it took six decades for any of Wolfers' former students in the United States to concede that Wolfers, even after having left Germany and finding a secure position at Yale, had still during the 1930s shown some ideological sympathies with the Nazi regime.
Two of Wolfers' formulations have often been repeated. The first provides a metaphor for one model of who the participants are in international relations: states-as-actors behaving as billiard balls that collide with one another. The second provides two components for the notion of national security; Wolfers wrote that "security, in an objective sense, measures the absence of threats to acquired values, in a subjective sense, the absence of fear that such values will be attacked."
Wolfers found composition difficult and his written output was small, with Britain and France Between Two Wars and Discord and Collaboration being his two major works. Much of his influence lay in how he brought people and discussions together in productive ways and bridged gaps between theory and practice.
But what Wolfers did write found an audience; by 1994, Discord and Collaboration was in its eighth printing, twenty-five years after his death. In the introduction to the second Festschrift, Douglas T. Stuart wrote,
"The book stands the test of time for two reasons. First, the author addresses enduring aspects of international relations and offers insightful recommendations about the formulation and execution of foreign policy. Second, Wolfers's writings are anchored in a sophisticated theory of situational ethics that is valid for any historical period, but that is arguably more relevant today than it was when Wolfers was writing."
Nevertheless, Wolfers' name is often not remembered as well as it might. In a 2008 interview, Robert Jervis, the Adlai E. Stevenson Professor of International Politics at Columbia University, listed international relations scholars who had influenced him, and he concluded by saying, "then there is one scholar who's not as well known as he should be: Arnold Wolfers, who was I think the most sophisticated, subtle, and well-grounded of the early generation of Realists." In his 2011 book, political theorist William E. Scheuerman posits three "towering figures" of mid-twentieth century classical realism – E. H. Carr, Hans J. Morgenthau, Reinhold Niebuhr – and next includes Wolfers, along with John H. Herz and Frederick L. Schuman, in a group of "prominent postwar US political scientists, relatively neglected today but widely respected at mid century".
On the other hand, in a 2011 remark the British international relations scholar Michael Cox mentioned Wolfers as one of the "giants" of international relations theory, along with Hans Morgenthau, Paul Nitze, William T. R. Fox, and Reinhold Niebuhr.
In the 2011 Encyclopedia of Power, Douglas T. Stuart wrote that "More than 40 years after his death, Arnold Wolfers remains one of the most influential experts in the field of international relations."
Published works
Die Verwaltungsorgane der Aktiengesellschaft nach schweizerischem Recht unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Verhältnisses von Verwaltungsrat und Direktion (Sauerländer, 1917) (Zürcher Beiträge zur Rechtswissenschaft 66).
Die Aufrichtung der Kapitalherrschaft in der abendländischen Geschichte (1924, thesis).
"Über monopolistische und nichtmonopolistische Wirtschaftsverbände", Archiv für Sozialwissenschaften und Sozialpolitik 59 (1928), 291–321.
"Ueberproduktion, fixe Kosten und Kartellierung", Archiv für Sozialwissenschaften und Sozialpolitik 60 (1928), 382–395.
Amerikanische und deutsche Löhne: eine Untersuchung über die Ursachen des hohen Lohnstandes in den Vereinigten Staaten (Julius Springer, 1930).
Das Kartellproblem im Licht der deutschen Kartellliteratur (Duncker & Humblot, 1931).
"Germany and Europe", Journal of the Royal Institute of International Affairs 9 (1930), 23–50.
"The Crisis of the Democratic Régime in Germany", International Affairs 11 (1932), 757–783.
Britain and France Between Two Wars: Conflicting Strategies of Peace Since Versailles (Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1940); revised edition (W. W. Norton, 1966)
The Absolute Weapon: Atomic Power and World Order (Harcourt Brace, 1946) [co-author with Bernard Brodie, Frederick Sherwood Dunn, William T. R. Fox, Percy Ellwood Corbett]
The Anglo-American Tradition in Foreign Affairs (Yale University Press, 1956) [co-editor with Laurence W. Martin]
Alliance Policy in the Cold War (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1959) [editor]
Developments in Military Technology and Their Impact on United States Strategy and Foreign Policy (Washington Center of Foreign Policy Research for U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 1959) [co-author with Paul Nitze and James E. King]
Discord and Collaboration: Essays on International Politics'' (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1962)
Bibliography
References
External links
Guide to the Arnold Oscar Wolfers Papers – Yale University Library
Entry at Personenlexikon Internationale Beziehungen virtuell (in German)
Interview with Arnold Wolfers (in German) in the online archive of the Österreichische Mediathek
1892 births
1968 deaths
University of Zurich alumni
University of Giessen alumni
Humboldt University of Berlin faculty
20th-century Swiss lawyers
Swiss military officers
Swiss emigrants to Germany
Swiss economists
Swiss political scientists
Swiss emigrants to the United States
American people of Swiss-German descent
Yale University faculty
Yale Sterling Professors
Johns Hopkins University people
People from the canton of St. Gallen
People from Berlin
Writers from New Haven, Connecticut
People from Hancock County, Maine
Writers from Washington, D.C.
International relations scholars
American political philosophers
20th-century American philosophers
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Historians from Connecticut
Deutsche Hochschule für Politik faculty |
44496760 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoppen | Hoppen | Hoppen is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Dave Hoppen (born 1964), American basketball player
Kelly Hoppen (born 1959), British interior designer, writer, and entrepreneur
Larry Hoppen (1951–2012), American musician
See also
Hopper (surname)
Joppen |
20466001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83t%C4%83lin%20Anghel | Cătălin Anghel | Cătălin Anghel (born 4 October 1974) is a former Romanian footballer and current assistant coach of Liga I club Farul Constanța.
Club career
Anghel played for his native club Farul Constanța. He joined Ukrainian First League side FC Stal Alchevsk during the 2003–04 season, and helped the club reach the quarter-finals of the Ukrainian Cup. He then moved to Hungary playing for BVSC Budapest and Kaposvári Rákóczi.
Coaching career
After his retirement he worked as head coach for CSO Ovidiu and Viitorul Constanța.
Honours
Coach
Viitorul Constanța
Liga III: 2009–10
References
Sportspeople from Constanța
1974 births
Living people
Romanian footballers
Association football midfielders
FCV Farul Constanța players
Budapesti VSC footballers
Kaposvári Rákóczi FC players
FC Stal Alchevsk players
FC Irtysh Pavlodar players
Romanian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Hungary
Expatriate footballers in Ukraine
Expatriate footballers in Kazakhstan
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Hungary
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Ukraine
Liga I players
Nemzeti Bajnokság I players
Romanian football managers
FC Viitorul Constanţa managers
Association football forwards |
20466019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockport%20Smith | Stockport Smith | William Smith, commonly known as Stockport Smith, was an English footballer. His regular position was as an inside right, but he also played in various other forward positions and even as a wing half on occasion. He played for Stockport County, Manchester City, and Newton Heath. He joined Manchester City from Stockport in 1897 and scored 22 goals in 54 league appearances in three years at the club. He is often confused with another William Smith who played for Manchester City at the same time; because of this, they were known to Manchester City fans by the clubs they were signed from; this William Smith is referred to as "Stockport Smith" and the other as "Buxton Smith".
Smith rejoined Stockport in 1900, but was unable to reproduce his goalscoring feats and moved on to Newton Heath for their final season before they were renamed as Manchester United. He made his Newton Heath debut on 14 September 1901, playing at outside right for a 5–0 defeat away to Middlesbrough. His only goal for Newton Heath may have come on 5 October 1901 in a 3–3 home draw with his former club, Stockport County, although this goal is credited to Alf Schofield by some sources. No record of Smith's football career exists beyond the 1901–02 season.
External links
Profile at StretfordEnd.co.uk
MUFCInfo.com profile
10 Worsley Terrace....The Story of Wigan Town Wigan Observer: 27 December 1905: Page 8, column 3
English footballers
Stockport County F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
Manchester City F.C. players
Association football forwards
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing |
17327838 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20mountains%20in%20China | List of mountains in China | The following is an incomplete list of mountains in the People's Republic of China, sorted in alphabetical order. Some of these mountains that are claimed by the PRC, including those under the control of the Republic of China and those disputed with other countries, such as Mount Everest, are noted after the list.
List
See also
Geography of China
Sacred Mountains of China
Mountains of Southwest China
References
China
China
China
Mountains |
44496783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.F.C.%20Bridgnorth | A.F.C. Bridgnorth | AFC Bridgnorth is a football club based in the town of Bridgnorth, Shropshire, England. They are currently members of the and play at Crown Meadow.
The club badge depicts the town hall in Bridgnorth's high town.
History
Bridgnorth Town
A Bridgnorth Town existed in the 19th century, joining the Shropshire & District League in 1899. Another club by the same name was formed in July 1938 and joined the Worcestershire Combination for the 1938–39 season. However, the club folded after one season due to the outbreak of World War II.
After being refounded, in 1968 the club moved up to the Worcestershire Combination, which had just been renamed the Midland Combination, joining Division One. In 1970–71 the club became one of a small number of English clubs to win the Welsh Amateur Cup, beating Welshpool 2–1 in the final. They were runners-up in 1976–77 and won the league title in 1979–80. After finishing as runners-up again the following season, the club won a second Division One title in 1982–83, earning promotion to the Midland Division of the Southern League.
After thirteen seasons in the Southern League Midland Division, Bridgnorth finished bottom of the table in Southern League and were relegated to the Midland Alliance. They remained in the Alliance until finishing bottom of the league in 2004–05, after which they were relegated to the Premier Division of the Midland Combination. After a season in the Combination the club transferred laterally to the Premier Division of the West Midlands (Regional) League. They were league champions in 2007–08 and were promoted back to the Midland Alliance. Despite finishing seventh in the league in 2012–13, the club folded due to financial problems.
AFC Bridgnorth
After Bridgnorth Town folded, AFC Bridgnorth were established as a replacement. The new club started two levels lower, in Division One of the West Midlands (Regional) League. They won Division One at the first attempt, earning promotion to the Premier Division. In 2014–15 they were Premier Division runners-up, a feat matched the following season. At the end of the 2020–21 season the club were transferred to Division One of the Midland League when the Premier Division of the West Midlands (Regional) League lost its status as a step six division.
Honours
Bridgnorth Town
Midland Combination
Champions 1979–80, 1982–83
West Midlands (Regional) League
Premier Division champions 2007–08
Welsh Amateur Cup
Winners 1970–71
Shropshire Senior Cup
Winners 1985–86
AFC Bridgnorth
West Midlands (Regional) League
Division One champions 2013–14
Records
Bridgnorth Town
Best FA Cup performance: Third qualifying round, 1983–84, 1984–85
Best FA Trophy performance: Second qualifying round, 1994–95
Best FA Vase performance: Fifth round, 1975–76, 1993–94
AFC Bridgnorth
Best FA Cup performance: Preliminary round, 2015–16
Best FA Vase performance: Second round, 2015–16
See also
AFC Bridgnorth players
AFC Bridgnorth managers
Bridgnorth Town F.C. players
Bridgnorth Town F.C. managers
References
External links
Football clubs in England
Football clubs in Shropshire
Association football clubs established in 2013
2013 establishments in England
Bridgnorth
Bridgnorth
Midland Football Combination
Southern Football League clubs
Midland Football Alliance
Bridgnorth
Midland Football League |
17327841 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiloi | Chiloi | Chiloi is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
6899878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecsek | Mecsek | Mecsek (; ; Serbian: Meček or Мечек; ) is a mountain range in southern Hungary. It is situated in the Baranya region, in the north of the city of Pécs.
Etymology
The Hungarian toponym "Mecsek" derives from the sobriquet version of the name Mihály (Michael). Originally applied only to the hills adjacent to Pécs, the name Mecsek was first mentioned in 16th century.
Geography
The mountains cover an area of approximately 500 km2. The highest peak in the mountain range is Zengő (literally translates to 'resonant'), which has an elevation of 682 metres (2238 feet). The Mecsek Hills consist of plateau-like block mountains of a broken, folded structure. Its basis is crystalline rock of Variscan origin surmounted by Triassic and Jurassic limestone and dolomite and Tertiary formations that form the main block. The mountains are divided by a structural fault running NW to SE. The eastern part consist mainly of high ridges of sedimentary rock. The west has extensive limestone plateaux and areas dominated by sandstones of the Permian-Triassic period. There are important karst phenomena to be found on the limestone plateaux. Mecsek is rich in minerals (including uranium) compared to other territories of Hungary. The climate is mixed and represents elements of the mediterranean and continental climate. The territory gives home to 20-30 plant species which are unknown in other parts of the Carpathian Basin.
Highest peaks
Political and cultural history
Due to their relative small size and medium height, the hills of Mecsek were always politically and economically connected with the neighboring lowlands of Baranya and Tolna, serving primarily as a source of wood. The forested hills also offered substantial protection against the possible enemies.
The first significant political centre of the region was formed on the top of Jakab-hegy during the Iron Age which was later captured and developed into an oppidum by the Celts in the 2nd century BC. After the Roman conquest of Pannonia the settlement's population, like in the similar cases of Bibracte or Entremont was probably forced to move to the southern slopes of the Mecsek, where Sopianae, the predecessor of Pécs emerged.
Throughout the Hungarian Middle Ages the valleys of the Mecsek became more densely populated, providing raw materials for the thriving episcopal city of Pécs. The castles of Szászvár, Márévár and Kantavár were built in the era as residencies of nobles or the Church. The Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit partially stemmed from the hermit communities of the Mecsek, whom the Bishop of Pécs founded a monastery at Jakab-hegy in 1225. The significant Pécsvárad Abbey also controlled substantial areas in the region.
Due to the Ottoman occupation of Hungary and the following wars, raids and over-taxation the population growth stagnated, however the everyday and religious life of the locals didn't change much. The region was protected by its remoteness. After the Treaty of Karlowitz, the local nobles invited German settlers to the region. The territories east of Mecsek became a part of the German ethnic island commonly referred to as Swabian Turkey.
Significant amounts of black coal were discovered in the 19th century, the strategic resource greatly advanced the industrialization of the region. Mines were opened in Pécs, Szászvár and Komló which were all subsequently connected to the Hungarian economy with railways. In the aftermath of World War I and the collapse of Austria-Hungary, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes occupied the region, but the Treaty of Trianon eventually left the area in the possession of Hungary.
A huge part of the German-speaking population of the area was expelled from Hungary after World War II, although many German communities lingered. The socialist Hungary further developed the coal mines of Pécs and Komló. Uranium was also discovered and mined near Kővágószőlős from the 1950s.
The Mecsek Hills were the scene of pitched battles during the Hungarian Revolution in November 1956 between Hungarian units dubbed "the Mecsek Invisibles" and the invading Soviet forces.
After the fall of communism in Hungary, the economically unsustainable mines were closed. The Mecsek now serves mostly as a recreational area with moderate forestry activities.
Parts
Mecsek is divided to two parts:
Eastern Mecsek
Western Mecsek
Settlements
Gallery
See also
Komlosaurus carbonis
Geography of Hungary
References
External links
Mecsek-1956-History
Mountain ranges of Hungary
Pannonian island mountains |
17327843 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan%20Bob%C3%A4ck | Johan Bobäck | Johan Bobäck also known as "Kermit" is a record producer and songwriter from Sweden. "Kermit" has written and produced songs for and together with Cyndi Lauper, Rachel Platten, Garou, Jay Graydon, Randy Goodrum, Chris Norman, Fredrik Thomander, Darin, Max Martin, Peer Åström, Andreas Carlsson, Alexander Kronlund, Troy Bonnes aka Troy This, Dennis Morgan (songwriter), Jeanette Biedermann (Undress to the Beat), Linda Sundblad, Play, Ola Svensson aka Brother Leo (musician), Daniel Jones (musician) among others.
He wrote and produced two songs (Into the Nightlife and Echo) with Cyndi Lauper, Peer Åström and Max Martin for Lauper's, Grammy Nominated, 2008 album Bring Ya to the Brink. Both songs became singles. Linda Sundblad's single 2 all my girls and Darin's single Viva la vida by Coldplay are both produced by Kermit. He was also involved, both as writer and producer, in Linda Sundblad's album Manifest, released in early 2010. Bobäck has also been involved as a music producer for the Golden Globe winning TV show Glee by Fox. In 2011, the song 1000 ships with Rachel Platten appeared in the TV show Grey's Anatomy. His other songs as a writer and producer include I´m in love and One day with Ola (Brother Leo (musician)), I'm in love together with Shellback (record producer), Alexander Kronlund. During 2017-2018 Kermit's been involved in NoNoNo (band)'s new album "Undertones" and is at present time working, now and then, with Astma and Rocwell as a vocal producer.
References
Swedish record producers
Swedish songwriters
1972 births
Living people |
6899888 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Clue%20of%20the%20Leaning%20Chimney | The Clue of the Leaning Chimney | The Clue of the Leaning Chimney is the twenty-sixth volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series. It was first published in 1949 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene. The actual authors were ghostwriters George Waller, Jr. and Harriet Stratemeyer Adams.
Nancy Drew and her friend Bess discover that a rare and valuable Chinese vase has been stolen from the pottery shop of Dick Milton, a cousin of Bess. Dick had borrowed the vase from his Chinese friend, elderly Mr. Soong, and he is determined to repay Mr. Soong for the loss. He tells Nancy that if he can find “the leaning chimney,” he will be on the track of a discovery which will solve his financial problems. Nancy finds the leaning chimney, but it only leads her into more puzzles. Can there be any connection between the vase theft – one of a number of similar crimes – and the strange disappearance of the pottery expert Eng Moy and his daughter Lei?
External links
1949 American novels
1949 children's books
Children's mystery novels
Grosset & Dunlap books
Nancy Drew books |
20466038 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Mushtare | Robert Mushtare | Robert Mushtare is an American ten-pin bowler from Carthage, New York who is recognized by the United States Bowling Congress (USBC) for having bowled two perfect 900 series, one on December 3, 2005 and the other on February 19, 2006, both at Pine Plains Bowling Center in Fort Drum, New York. He is also said to have rolled another in league play prior to the aforementioned two; that previous 900 series was not officially recognized by USBC because the league in which he was bowling was not properly certified by USBC on the date his 900 series was rolled. Due to the order of USBC certification procedures, it will never be known if it would have been approved even if his league had been certified at the time. The two 900's for which Mushtare was officially recognized came under great scrutiny because they were pre-bowled, meaning he bowled days before his regular league competition, and was sometimes bowling alone. ESPN's Jeremy Schaap did an investigative report on the controversy which was broadcast on the ESPN program Outside the Lines. Glenn Allison, who bowled an uncertified 900 series in 1982, is skeptical of Robert's achievements, as is pro bowler and Team USA coach Tim Mack.
With this recognition, Mushtare is also officially recognized as the first youth bowler to shoot a certified 900 series, the first bowler (youth or adult) to bowl more than one, and the first bowler from New York state to achieve the feat. The ensuing controversy also led to a change in USBC rules; Rule 118e(8) now reads "Unopposed pre or post bowled scores will be eligible for USBC Awards except High Score Awards [such as a 300 game, 800 series, or 900 series award]"; had this rule been in effect for the 2005-2006 bowling season, Mushtare would not have been officially recognized for either of the 900's for which he is now recognized.
Male Youth High Series
900 Robert Mushtare, Fort Drum, N.Y., Dec. 5, 2005
900 Robert Mushtare, Fort Drum, N.Y., Feb. 19, 2006
889 Shane Tetterton, Sinking Springs, Pa., Sept. 24, 2006
888 Brentt Arcement, Kenner, La., Jan. 20, 1990
879 Jacob Peters, Decatur, Ill., April 27, 2005
879 Gary Faulkner Jr., Memphis, June 22, 2008
These scores are from the USBC (United States Bowling Congress) Records and stats page.
Junior Gold Tournament
In 2006, Mushtare did not advance to the semi-finals at the United States Bowling Congress Junior Gold championships. Throughout the tournament, Mushtare managed to have met several PBA players and even some higher level coaches in the sport of bowling. Junior team USA coach Rod Ross had stated, "I was very impressed with his physical game. He throws a phenomenal ball and has a nice loose arm swing. He has a lot of raw talent. He can definitely strike and strike a lot, and there's no doubt in my mind that he shot those 900s." And even though the 900 bowler did not make the first cut, Mushtare said the experience was memorable and that it was a great learning experience for him.
Interviews
In June 2006, Mushtare had a personal interview with Jim King once King was able to contact the 17-year-old bowler. During his interview Mushtare states that he has bowled three 900 series during his league time and he has bowled two 900 series during practice. Now, after 4 months of deliberation, two of Mushtare's 900 series were approved. Mushtare states that the reasons for his pre-bowls were for school functions and a few bowling tournaments that Mushtare was scheduled to participate in. Mushtare also states that his third 900 series bowled was witnessed by personal friend Jamie Grimm. During this time, Mr. Grimm himself bowled his first 300-game and got a 741 series. Jim King also mentions that there were rumors going around that Mushtare's father is the owner of the bowling alley. Mushtare's response was "No. My father does not own it. It is owned by the government and located on a military base."
League History
References
External links
Interview
American ten-pin bowling players
Living people
People from Carthage, New York
Year of birth missing (living people) |
20466057 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Isabel%20Creek | Santa Isabel Creek | Santa Isabel Creek is a small stream of water located in Webb County, Texas which runs through Laredo, Texas. The creek is formed 32 miles from Callaghan, Texas and runs southwest for until the creek connects to the Rio Grande. The terrain surrounding the creek is mostly clay. The vegetation surrounding the creek is mostly made up of mesquite, cacti, and grasses. Santa Isabel Creek crosses Three major highways in Laredo, Texas among them are: Farm to Market Road 1472, Texas State Highway 255, and United States Route 83.
Coordinates
Source: Webb County, Texas
Mouth: Rio Grande at Laredo, Texas
See also
List of rivers of Texas
List of tributaries of the Rio Grande
References
Tributaries of the Rio Grande
Geography of Laredo, Texas
Rivers of Texas |
17327845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Firefly%20%28operetta%29 | The Firefly (operetta) | The Firefly was the first operetta written by composer Rudolf Friml, with a libretto by Otto Harbach. The story concerns a young Italian girl, who is a street singer in New York. She disguises herself and serves as a cabin boy on a ship to Bermuda, where she falls in love. Complications arise, and eventually, she becomes a grand opera diva.
After tryouts at the Empire Theatre in Syracuse, New York beginning in October 1912, the operetta premiered on Broadway on December 2, 1912 at the Lyric Theatre, transferring after Christmas to the Casino Theatre. It was warmly received and ran for an encouraging 120 performances. The piece became one of the more frequently revived Friml works but was not given a complete recording until 2006. A 1937 MGM film version used most of the songs but had a new plot set in Spain during the time of Napoleon. It starred Jeanette MacDonald and Allan Jones.
Roles
Background and productions
One of the most popular theatrical forms in the early decades of the 20th century in America was the operetta, and its most famous composer was Irish-born Victor Herbert. It was announced in 1912 that Italian-born operetta diva Emma Trentini would be starring on Broadway in a new operetta by Herbert with lyricist Otto Harbach entitled The Firefly. Shortly before the writing of the operetta, Trentini appeared in a special performance of Herbert's Naughty Marietta conducted by Herbert himself. When Trentini refused to sing "Italian Street Song" for the encore, an enraged Herbert stormed out of the orchestra pit refusing any further work with Trentini. Arthur Hammerstein, the operetta's sponsor, frantically began to search for another composer. Not finding anyone who could compose as well as Herbert, Hammerstein settled on the almost unknown Friml because of his classical training. After a month of work, Friml produced the score for what would be his first theatrical success. The Firefly was followed by 32 more Friml operettas, but it remained one of his most popular.
After tryouts at the Empire Theatre in Syracuse, New York beginning on October 14, 1912, The Firefly opened at the Lyric Theatre on December 2, 1912 to a warm reception by both the audience and the critics. The production moved to the Casino Theatre on December 30, where it ran until March 15, 1913. All told the production ran for 120 performances. Directed by Frederick G. Latham and conducted by Gaetano Merola, the operetta starred Trentini as Nina, Craig Campbell as Jack Travers, Irene Cassini as Antonio Columbo, Vera De Rosa as Sybil Vandare, Sammy Lee as Pietro, Audrey Maple as Geraldine Vandare, Ruby Norton as Suzette, Katherine Stewart as Mrs. Oglesby Vandare, Melville Stewart as John Thurston, Henry Vogel as Herr Franz, and George Williams as Correlli.
The 1937 MGM film version of the show, starring Jeanette MacDonald, added the song "The Donkey Serenade". After the film's release, this song has usually been added to revivals. In 1943 at the Los Angeles Civic Light Opera, Francia White starred as Nina. One of the more frequently revived Friml works, the first complete recording of the operetta was made by the Ohio Light Opera and released by Albany Records in 2006.
Synopsis
Act I
At a Hudson River pier in New York City around 1909, snobby Geraldine Van Dare appears, quarreling with her fiancé, Jack Travers. Her uncle's yacht is preparing to sail for Bermuda. Geraldine accuses Jack of flirting with a little Italian street singer. They board, and the young woman in question, Nina Corelli, arrives and recognizes her old friend Suzette, Geraldine's maid. Nina did wink at Jack, but it wasn't serious ("Love Is Like a Firefly"). She wants to escape from her drunken guardian, and learning that Bermuda is farther away than Coney Island, she begs Suzette to take her along, but in vain. Nina runs home and puts on her brother's clothes. Back at the ship, she tells Suzette her new identity: Antonio Columbo, a known pickpocket ("Giannina Mia"). Musician Franz, boarding the yacht, decides that he needs this voice for his choir. He asks that this "boy" be allowed to accompany them. As the gangplank is raised, Nina runs aboard.
Act II
"Antonio" is popular in Bermuda at the Van Dares' estate, but the boy reminds sulky Geraldine of the street singer. Meanwhile, Nina has now really fallen in love with Jack, who has offered her a job as a valet. John Thurston, Jack's uncle, comforts Geraldine. The police are seeking a thief, Antonio Columbo, regarding a robbery on the island, and so Nina reveals her true identity. Franz adopts Nina, and the two leave together.
Act III
Three years later, Jack's romance with Geraldine has subsided. Just as Franz arrives at the Van Dare's home in New York, with Nina, Jack visits on a courtesy call. Under Franz's skillful teaching, Nina has now become the great prima donna "Giannina". Jack realises that he loves her, and Nina reveals that she has always loved him.
Musical numbers
Act I
A Trip to Bermuda – Sybil Van Dare, Suzette, Pietro and Chorus
He Says Yes, She Says No! – Geraldine Van Dare, Jack Travers and Chorus
Call Me Uncle – John Thurston, Sybil and Chorus
Love Is Like a Firefly – Nina
Something – Suzette and Jenkins
Giannina (Mia) – Nina
Act II
(In) Sapphire Seas – Sybil and Ensemble
Tommy Atkins (On a Dress-Parade) (I Want to be a Jolly Soldier) – Nina and Ensemble
Sympathy – Geraldine and John
A Woman's Smile – Jack
De Trop – Jenkins, Pietro, Suzette and Chorus
We're Going to Make a Man of You – Nina, Herr Franz, Jack, John and Jenkins
The Beautiful Ship from Toyland – Franz and Male Chorus
When a Maid Comes Knocking at Your Heart – Nina, Jack and Franz
Act III
An American Beauty Rose – John and Ensemble
The Latest Thing from Paris – Pietro and Suzette
Kiss Me and 'Tis Day (The Dawn of Love) – Nina
References
External links
The Firefly vocal score
The Firefly at the Guide to Musical Theatre
English-language operettas
1912 musicals
1912 operas
Broadway musicals
Operas
Operas by Rudolf Friml
Libretti by Otto Harbach |
44496802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moola%20Bulla | Moola Bulla | Moola Bulla Station is a pastoral lease that operates as a cattle station in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. It is approximately west of Halls Creek and south of Warmun, and occupies an area of . It bisects the watershed of the Fitzroy River and Ord Rivers.
Moola Bulla was established in 1910 as a government-run station for the punishment of Aboriginal people, and remains an area that indigenous peoples avoid. With increasingly bloody conflict between Aborigines and pastoralists, it was hoped that opening a ration station would reduce the need for Aborigines to kill livestock for food, and that they could instead be trained for work on other cattle stations. The station was acquired for £18,061, and a manager and staff were appointed. The station was proclaimed a reserve and used as a camping ground for the local Aboriginal peoples, who were free to come and go as they pleased. The property's name is Aboriginal [which language?] for meat plenty.
By 1912, the property carried a herd of approximately 12,000 head of cattle, and the following year turned off 650 head and slaughtered 400 head for their own consumption. In 1916, it occupied an area of , about long and wide.
The homestead was stocked with 13,000 head of cattle and 500 head of horses in 1916. In 1917 the property recorded over rain, far above the average of the previous few years and guaranteeing a good next season.
By 1920 the property occupied an area of and was stocked with 14,000 cattle. Employees of the station numbered close to 260, of which seven were of European descent. Aboriginal people such as young artist Daisy Andrews and her family, originally from the Walmajarri desert tribe, were sent to work at the station by authorities to prevent them from returning to their former tribal lands.
In 1955, the state government sold the station to Queensland pastoralist Allan Goldman for £100,000. When Goldman bought Moola Bulla station, its 200 Aboriginal residents were given 24 hours to leave, and Moola Bulla sent truckloads of them to United Aborigines Mission at Fitzroy Crossing. Goldman sold the station two years later, for £150,000, to a syndicate of investors including Northern Territory grazier H. J. Mortimer.
Peter Camm had been poised to buy the station, but the deal fell through when he was charged with cattle theft. The property was then acquired in 2001 by a syndicate of investors, including Andrew Cranswick, for 18 million. In 2006, the syndicate sold it to agribusiness company Great Southern Group for an estimated 30 million.
Following Great Southern Group's 2009 collapse, Moola Bulla was sold in 2010 to its former part-owner, the South African Western Australian Pastoral Company (also owner of Beefwood Park) for 20 million, with 25,000 head of cattle.
In December 2014, the pastoral lease, along with Mt. Amhurst, Beefwood Park and Shamrock Stations, was to become part of Gina Rinehart's Liveringa Station Beef company, pending approval of higher stock numbers by the Western Australian Pastoral Board. However, the deal fell through and the property is still owned by SAWA.
See also
List of ranches and stations
List of pastoral leases in Western Australia
List of the largest stations in Australia
References
Pastoral leases in Western Australia
Stations (Australian agriculture)
Kimberley (Western Australia)
1910 establishments in Australia |
17327849 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu-iho | Chu-iho | Chu-iho is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
20466066 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porterhouse%20%28horse%29 | Porterhouse (horse) | Porterhouse (1951–1971) was an American Champion Thoroughbred racehorse.
Background
Bred by Liz Person and raced under her Llangollen Farm banner, Porterhouse was a son of the Argentine-bred Endeavour who also sired Corn Husker, Prove It and Pretense, three top runners who each won the Santa Anita Handicap. His dam was Red Stamp, a daughter of the U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee Bimelech.
Conditioned for racing by Charlie Whittingham, Porterhouse was the forty-year-old trainer's first stakes winner and first Champion.
Racing career
In 1953, Porterhouse won East Coast races including the National Stallion Stakes and the then most important race for his age group, the Belmont Futurity Stakes. Porterhouse also won the 1953 Saratoga Special Stakes but was disqualified and set back to last.
Porterhouse was voted American Champion Two-Year-Old Colt by the Daily Racing Form and the Thoroughbred Racing Association. The rival poll organized by Turf & Sports Digest magazine was topped by Hasty Road.
In 1954, three-year-old Porterhouse had a sub-par year in racing, with his only important win coming in the Old Knickerbocker Handicap. The colt did not run in either of the first two races of the U.S. Triple Crown series and finished ninth in the Belmont Stakes won by High Gun. During the next three years in racing, Porterhouse returned to his winning ways at racetracks in California. He captured several top events, highlighted by his win over future U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee Swaps in the 1956 Californian Stakes and the Hollywood Express Handicap in world record time for five and a half furlongs on dirt at Hollywood Park Racetrack.
Stud career
Retired to stud duty, Porterhouse met with reasonable success, siring several good runners including Coaching Club American Oaks winner, Our Cheri Amour, and multiple stakes winners Isle of Greece, Port Wine, and Farwell Party.
Porterhouse died at age twenty in 1971 and was buried a The Stallion Station in Lexington, Kentucky.
References
Porterhouse's pedigree and partial racing stats
October 12, 1953 TIME magazine article on Porterhouse's win in the Belmont Futurity
Article on Porterhouse winning the Knickerbocker Handicap in the May 22, 1954 issue of The New Yorker magazine
1951 racehorse births
1971 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Racehorses trained in the United States
American Champion racehorses
Whitney racehorses
Thoroughbred family 1-w |
44496804 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas%20McCarthy%20%28pianist%29 | Nicholas McCarthy (pianist) | Nicholas McCarthy is a British classical pianist. Born without a right hand, he was the first left-hand-only pianist to graduate from the Royal College of Music in London in its 130-year history.
McCarthy was raised in Tadworth, Surrey. He began his piano studies at 14, and by 17 was accepted into the Junior department at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, where he won the annual piano prize, on the proviso that he focus on repertoire written specifically for the left hand. He then enrolled in the keyboard department at the Royal College of Music, becoming its first left-hand-only graduate in 2012.
McCarthy was an original member of the Paraorchestra, an ensemble founded by conductor Charles Hazlewood in 2011, which performed alongside Coldplay during the closing ceremony of the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London in September 2012. He left the Paraorchestra shortly after to pursue several international solo tours.
On 23 September 2013 McCarthy spoke of his experiences at a TED conference held at the Royal Albert Hall. In 2014 he featured as a guest presenter for the BBC Proms televised broadcast.
On 4 November 2015, McCarthy appeared on BBC Radio 4's Front Row programme, during which he discussed the recording of his debut album Solo, which had recently reached Number 4 in the classical music charts.
Arrangements
Gershwin Summertime (Porgy and Bess) Arranged for the Left Hand Alone
Mascagni Intermezzo (Cavalleria Rusticana) Arranged for the Left Hand Alone
Rachmaninov Prelude Op. 23 No. 5 G minor Arranged for the Left Hand Alone
References
External links
Official website
Living people
English classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
Classical pianists who played with one arm
21st-century classical pianists
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century British male musicians |
17327855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum%20Beach%20Light | Plum Beach Light | Plum Beach Light (Lighthouse), built in 1899, is a sparkplug lighthouse in North Kingstown, Rhode Island.
The lighthouse was built using pneumatic caisson engineering. A granite base was added in 1922. The light was deactivated in 1941 when the first Jamestown Bridge was built. The light became dilapidated until 1999 when the Friends of Plum Beach Lighthouse received ownership of the lighthouse. The lighthouse is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 2003 the Plum Beach Lighthouse's exterior was completely restored and its beacon re-activated soon after; it is now licensed as a Coast Guard Private Aid to Navigation. The Friends of the Plum Beach Lighthouse designed, submitted and introduced an official License Plate to be distributed to any Rhode Island private passenger registration. The extremely popular plates have sold over 7000 sets since they were released in July 2010.
History
Lighthouse Construction
Construction started on Plum Beach Lighthouse in 1896. It was built using a pneumatic caisson. The lighthouse’s foundation was built on shore and towed to its present location and sunk to the bottom. Once the foundation settled on the bottom, the water was pumped out and filled with air. Workers went into it and dug the dirt at the bottom of the foundation. As they removed the dirt, the foundation sunk lower in to river bottom. A core sample taken during construction discovered a seven-foot layer of quicksand at the depth the foundation was going to bottom out. Construction was stopped because the foundation had to be heightened to get past the quicksand. This required additional funding. The foundation was covered with a wooden peaked roof. A red light was placed on the unfinished foundation in 1897. Congress appropriated $9,000 in 1898 to finish it. Work was restarted in April 1899 and was finished in June 1899. It was first lighted on July 1, 1898.
Abandonment and declining condition
The Jamestown Bridge was completed in 1940, and the lighthouse soon became obsolete. In 1941, The Coast Guard officially extinguished the light on 1 May 1941. Shortly after the lighthouse was put up for bid, with the Coast Guard giving preference to those willing to demolish or move the lighthouse within 90 days. When no bids were offered, the structure was abandoned. During the following period of disuse, the lighthouse's windows and doors disappeared, and pigeons claimed it as their home. Soon, a thick layer of guano covered the floors of the lighthouse, and was no longer safe for unprotected human contact. In 1971 and 1972, a University of Rhode Island professor and graduate student began making weekly visits to the lighthouse to conduct studies on the pigeons. To protect themselves from the guano, the URI experimenters wore masks and other protective clothing. In 1971, the professor and student discovered a natural population control system used by the pigeons, in which the birds abandoned approximately 40% of their eggs each year to keep the number of births each year nearly the same. The next year, the researchers removed 20% of the eggs, and the pigeons compensated by abandoning many fewer eggs.
Painting efforts and lawsuit
Little was done to protect the lighthouse until the mid 1970s when an attempt was made to paint the structure. Because of the amount of bird droppings in the building, the painting effort ceased after one of the workers became ill from the effects of the guano. After years of ownership squabbles between the Coast Guard and the State of Rhode Island, with neither side wanting to cover the maintenance costs, the dispute was finally settled when James Osborn, a painter who had worked at the lighthouse in the 1970s, sued the state in 1984 for $500,000 as compensation for a rare disease called histoplasmosis he contracted from all the dried guano in the lighthouse. In 1998, after much time the care spent bouncing back and forth between Rhode Island's Supreme and Superior Courts, the courts decided the state owned the structure, and the state paid Osborn $42,000 three months later.
Private ownership and restoration
In 1988, a private company attempted to purchase the lighthouse and move it to a Quincy, Massachusetts, condominium development, where they would convert it to a lighthouse history museum. When this plan was made public, Portsmouth, Rhode Island resident Shirley Silvia, organized the Friends of Plum Beach Lighthouse, a nonprofit organization, with the purpose of purchasing the lighthouse, restoring it, and preserving it in its original condition and location. However, neither group was able to buy the structure due to the disputed ownership which had not yet been decided by courts. When the State of Rhode Island was given the deed to the property in 1999, they gave ownership to the Friends of Plum Beach Lighthouse. In a ceremony held at Plum Beach, the Friends' President and founder Shirley Silvia accepted the deed from DEM Director Jan Reitsma. Also in attendance were board members Dot and George Silva, and Friends vice-president Alda Kaye. In the same year, the Friends received a $500,000 grant to restore the tower under the Transportation Act for the 21st Century. In 2000, after visiting the site, the Newport Collaborative Architects gave an estimate of $955,000 to restore the entire exterior and interior of the lighthouse.
In October 2009, the Friends of Plum Beach Lighthouse received approval to offer license plates featuring an image of the lighthouse. Proceeds from the sale of the plates would be used to maintain the lighthouse, but an initial order of 900 plates was required. The Friends were able to surpass the minimum order in just eight weeks of sales, and since then over 10,000 have been sold. Revenue from the plates was used to repaint the lighthouse in 2010 and 2017.
List of keepers and assistants
Gallery
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Rhode Island
Notes
External links
Lighthouse pics and info
Lighthouses in Washington County, Rhode Island
Buildings and structures in North Kingstown, Rhode Island
Lighthouses completed in 1899
1899 establishments in Rhode Island
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Washington County, Rhode Island |
17327857 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chyangzan | Chyangzan | Chyangzan is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
20466069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Nuttall | Tom Nuttall | Thomas Albert Bradshaw Nuttall (February 1889 – October 1963) was an English professional football forward who played in the Football League for Southend United, Everton and Manchester United.
Personal life
Nuttall served as a lance bombardier in the Royal Garrison Artillery during the First World War.
Career statistics
References
1889 births
1963 deaths
Footballers from Bolton
English footballers
Association football forwards
Heywood United F.C. players
Everton F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
English Football League players
Northwich Victoria F.C. players
Rochdale A.F.C. players
St Mirren F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
Southend United F.C. players
Eccles United F.C. players
Chorley F.C. players
British Army personnel of World War I
Royal Garrison Artillery soldiers
Association football inside forwards |
17327865 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice%20President%20of%20Russia | Vice President of Russia | The vice president of the Russian Federation (before 25 December 1991 – vice president of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic) was the first in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new president of Russia upon the death, resignation, or removal of the president. Additionally, the vice president would assume the presidential duties in case the president becomes incapable of carrying out the presidential duties.
Eligibility
According to the article 121-2 of the Russian Constitution of 1978, a citizen of Russia, no younger than 35 years old and no older than 65 years old, who is in possession of suffrage, may be elected vice president. The vice president shall not be people's deputy, or hold any other offices in state or public bodies as well as in businesses.
Election
The vice president was elected simultaneously with the president. A candidate for vice president was nominated by a candidate for president.
Duties
The vice president executed individual assignments on a commission of the president and acted for the president in his absence or in case when it would be impossible for the president to attend to his duties.
Abolishment
Following the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis the office was abolished. The position of the Prime Minister of Russia became the second-highest ranking public office, and in the event of the president's incapacitation, death or resignation, the prime minister would assume the presidential powers and duties as acting president. This was evidenced in the succession of then-prime minister Vladimir Putin to the presidential powers and duties after the resignation of Boris Yeltsin, due to illness, on December 31, 1999.
List of people to hold the office
See also
President of Russia
1993 Russian constitutional crisis
Acting President of the Russian Federation
External links
Russian Constitution of 1978. Chapter 13-1: President of the Russian Federation
Government of Russia
Russia
Titles held only by one person |
44496805 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando%20Rosas%20Pfingsthorn | Fernando Rosas Pfingsthorn | Fernando Rosas Pfingsthorn (Valparaíso, August 7, 1931 – Santiago, October 5, 2007) was a Chilean orchestra conductor and one of the founders of the Youth and Children's Orchestras Foundation of Chile.
Academics
Fernando Rosas completed studies in law and social sciences in the Catholic University of Valparaíso in 1953. While he was there, he pushed for the creation of the university's arts and music institute.
He studied and completed his musical education in Musikhochschule Detmold, Germany, with a scholarship provided by the German Academic Exchange Service.
He also completed a bachelor's degree in Musical Interpretation at the Catholic University of Chile.
He won a scholarship on the Fulbright Program to Juilliard School, where he studied between 1968 and 1970.
Life and work
Fernando Rosas married twice and had six children: Felipe, Magdalena, Bernardita, Jimena, Fernando and Ana Maria.
In 1960, he founded the music department of the Catholic University of Valparaíso.
In 1964, he was made director of the music department at the Catholic University of Chile, where he founded its Chamber Orchestra and Music School. He remained as director of the orchestra for 12 years, performing concerts, recording several albums, and on many occasions taking part in TV shows. He took the first Chilean orchestra on tour through Europe, and performed in the USA and the other countries of America with the same orchestra.
In 1976 he created the “Fundación Beethoven” (Beethoven foundation), with Adolfo Flores, and was its president from 1989 until his death in 2007. One of the achievements of this foundation was the creation of Radio Beethoven, one of the radio stations in Chile dedicated to classical music. The same year, he organized the first edition of the "Temporada Internacional de Conciertos del Teatro Oriente" (Teatro Oriente International Season of Concerts) in Santiago. This festival featured some of the greatest international performers and soloists in classical music.
In 1982, Rosas became director of the Chilean Education Ministry Orchestra, known today as Chilean Chamber Orchestra. or "Orquesta de Cámara de Chile" With this orchestra he toured throughout Chile, Europe and America several times, taking part in international festivals.
He died on Friday October 5, 2007.
Youth and Children's Orchestras Foundation of Chile
In 1991, Fernando Rosas received a special invitation from the Venezuelan Minister of Culture, José Antonio Abreu, to meet the country's Youth Orchestras. As a result of this experience, the Beethoven Foundation (directed by him) and Chilean Education Ministry launched a program to create and support youth orchestras in Chile in 1992. The program worked with the help of instructors that travelled to Antofagasta, Copiapó, La Serena, Talca, Chillán, Valdivia and Temuco (the cities covered by the program) teaching orchestra members and encouraging other young people to join.
As part of this program, he created the National Youth Symphony Orchestra in 1994, a group of 100 young adults and teenagers between the ages of 14 and 25, selected in a public competition. Rosas would be its chief conductor until late 2001, performing throughout Chile. In May 2001, he proposed and helped create the "Fundación Nacional de Orquestas Juveniles" or Youth and Children's Orchestras Foundation of Chile, along with Luisa Durán, and became its executive director.
Awards
Fernando Rosas Pfingsthorn received many awards throughout his career, including:
Premio Annual de la Crítica Chilena (Annual Chilean Critics Award)
Medalla de Oro de la Municipalidad de Providencia (Municipality of Providencia Gold Medal)
Medalla de la ciudad de Frankfurt (Frankfurt Medal)
Medalla al Director Cultural más Destacado otorgada por Amigos del Arte (Friends of Art Medal for Best Cultural Director).
Cruz de Plata de la República de Austria (Austria Silver Cross)
Premio “Figura Fundamental de la Música Chilena” (SCD Leading Figure in Chilean Music).
Condecoración “Andrés Bello” otorgada por el Presidente Rafael Caldera, por la labor desarrollada en el ámbito cultural, con ocasión de su visita a Venezuela junto a la Orquesta Nacional Juvenil. (Distinction awarded by Venezuelan President Rafael Caldera, for work in the cultural field during his visit to Venezuela with the National Youth Orchestra.
Premio a la Música Presidente de la República(Presidential Prize for Music, 2002)
Premio "Domingo Santa Cruz" de la Academia de Bellas Artes del Instituto de Chile (Domingo Santa Cruz Prize from the Fine Arts Academy, 2003)
Orden al Mérito Gabriela Mistral en grado de Gran Oficial (Gabriela Mistral Order of Merit, Grand Officer, 2004)
Premio TVN a la trayectoria (TVN Lifetime Achievement Award, 2005)
Premio APES por aporte a la formación y desarrollo de orquestas juveniles (APES Award for contribution to the training and development of youth orchestras, 2005).
National Prize for Musical Arts of Chile, in recognition for his constant efforts to promote classical music among young people (2006)
Medalla Héroe de la Paz San Alberto Hurtado, otorgada por la Universidad Alberto Hurtado, (Saint Alberto Hurtado Peace Medal, August 30, 2007).
See also
Music of Chile
Youth and Children's Orchestras Foundation of Chile
References
External links
Fundacion Beethoven
20th-century American conductors (music)
21st-century American conductors (music)
Juilliard School alumni
1931 births
2007 deaths
Chilean conductors (music)
Musicians from Valparaíso
American male conductors (music)
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians |
20466095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zsolt%20Aubel | Zsolt Aubel | Zsolt Aubel (born 20 May 1972) is a Hungarian footballer who played for BVSC Budapest as striker.
References
Futballévkönyv 1999 [Football Yearbook 1999], Volume I, pp. 78–82, Aréna 2000 kiadó, Budapest, 2000;
Profile, Nela.hu; Retrieved 16 November 2016.
1972 births
Living people
Hungarian people of German descent
Footballers from Budapest
Hungarian footballers
Hungarian expatriate footballers
Association football forwards
III. Kerületi TUE footballers
Budapesti VSC footballers
Expatriate footballers in Switzerland
FC Monthey players
Hungarian expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland |
17327876 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chyingtaw | Chyingtaw | Chyingtaw is a village in north-eastern Burma. It is located in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State.
References
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
44496809 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliniodes%20opertalis | Cliniodes opertalis | Cliniodes opertalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by James E. Hayden in 2011. It is found at low elevations in Peru, southern Venezuela and Brazil (Rondônia).
The length of the forewings is 12–15 mm. The forewing costa and basal area are brownish grey, sometimes with dark red scales. The medial area is greyish brown and the postmedial and terminal areas are brown or reddish brown. The hindwings are translucent white with a black marginal band. Adults have been recorded on wing in May, August and November.
Etymology
The species name refers to the similarity to Cliniodes opalalis and is derived from Latin opertus (meaning hidden).
References
Moths described in 2011
Eurrhypini |
17327892 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chyinhtaung | Chyinhtaung | Chyinhtaung is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
20466103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mural%20on%20Our%20Street | Mural on Our Street | Mural on Our Street is a 1965 American short documentary film directed by Dee Dee Halleck. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.
See also
List of American films of 1965
References
External links
1965 films
1965 short films
1960s short documentary films
American short documentary films
1960s English-language films
1960s American films |
44496818 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioglossa%20argodora | Idioglossa argodora | Idioglossa argodora is a species of moth of the family Batrachedridae. It is known from India.
The wingspan is about 10 mm.
References
Moths described in 1913
Batrachedridae |
17327899 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawlamten | Gawlamten | Gawlamten is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
References
Populated places in Kachin State
Chipwi Township |
17327902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian%20Clarke%20%28photographer%29 | Adrian Clarke (photographer) | Adrian Clarke is an English photographer. Originally trained and practising as a civil liberties lawyer, Clarke made the switch to photography in 2003.
His work is in a social realist style. His first major set of pictures was Framed, a series of pictures of subjects who had served long prison sentences for crimes they did not commit. Between 2004 and 2007 he worked in partnership with the County Durham Drug and Alcohol Action Team photographing a community of abusers of drugs and alcohol in the north east of England. The work was collected in a book, Gary's Friends, named after Gary Crooks, a reformed dealer who introduced him to friends and relatives. The work was published in September 2007 and was shown at the Durham Arts Festival in June 2008.
His most recent work is South Bank a series of portraits of residents of the area between Middlesbrough and Redcar and continues the themes explored in his earlier work. The work was displayed at the Python Gallery in Middlesbrough in May and June 2009.
Clarke was married to the writer Rachel Cusk. While Cusk has written and spoken publicly on their marriage in The Guardian and the BBC, Clarke has not spoken about their marital split.
Footnotes and references
External links
Official website
Photographers from Yorkshire
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
44496834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkeemania%20%2840%20Timeless%20Hits%29 | Monkeemania (40 Timeless Hits) | Monkeemania (40 Timeless Hits) is a Monkees compilation released in Australia in 1979. It contains 40 of the Monkees' songs, including hit singles, B-sides, album tracks and three previously unreleased tracks: "Love to Love," "Steam Engine" and a live version of "Circle Sky."
Due to the unavailability of the Monkees' master tapes in Australia at this time, "needledrop" vinyl recordings of songs had to be used, resulting in various sound quality issues.
The photo of the band used on the cover is a reversed image from the original.
Track listing
LP 1
"(Theme from) The Monkees" (Tommy Boyce, Bobby Hart) – 2:17
"Last Train to Clarksville" (Boyce, Hart) – 2:48
"(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone" (Boyce, Hart) – 2:21
"I'm a Believer" (Neil Diamond) – 2:42
"A Little Bit Me, a Little Bit You" (Diamond) – 2:49
"Look Out (Here Comes Tomorrow)" (Diamond) – 2:12
"She" (Boyce, Hart) – 2:37
"Words" (Boyce, Hart) – 2:46
"Saturday's Child" (David Gates) - 2:40
"Cuddly Toy" (Harry Nilsson) - 2:35
"Take a Giant Step" (Gerry Goffin, Carole King) - 2:30
"Sometime in the Morning" (Goffin, King) - 2:27
"Pleasant Valley Sunday" (Goffin, King) - 3:12
"Star Collector" (Goffin, King) - 3:30
"Sweet Young Thing" (Goffin, King, Michael Nesmith) - 1:54
"Porpoise Song" (Theme from Head) (Goffin, King) - 4:00
"As We Go Along" (King, Toni Stern) - 3:53
"Shades of Gray" (Barry Mann, Cynthia Weil) - 3:20
"Love Is Only Sleeping" (Mann, Weil) - 2:23
"The Girl I Left Behind Me" (Neil Sedaka, Carole Bayer Sager) - 2:42
LP 2
"Mary, Mary" (Nesmith) - 2:10
"Randy Scouse Git (Alternate Title)" (Micky Dolenz) – 2:32
"The Girl I Knew Somewhere" (Nesmith) – 2:32
"You and I" (Bill Chadwick, Davy Jones) - 2:10
"Tapioca Tundra" (Nesmith) - 3:06
"Mommy and Daddy" (Dolenz) - 2:10
"For Pete's Sake" (Joey Richards, Peter Tork) - 2:10
"Good Clean Fun" (Nesmith) - 2:15
"Listen to the Band" (Nesmith) - 2:45
"Circle Sky" (live) (Nesmith) - 2:32
"Daydream Believer" (John Stewart) – 2:55
"What Am I Doing Hanging 'Round" (Michael Martin Murphey, Owen Castleman) – 3:02
"D.W. Washburn" (Leiber & Stoller) - 2:43
"Valleri" (Boyce, Hart) - 2:15
"Looking for the Good Times" (Boyce, Hart) - 2:00
"Someday Man" (Roger Nichols, Paul Williams) – 2:38
"Oh, My, My" (Jeff Barry, Andy Kim) - 2:56
"Steam Engine" (Chip Douglas) - 2:21
"Love to Love" (Diamond) - 2:35
"Goin' Down" (Dolenz, Diane Hildebrand, Jones, Nesmith, Tork) - 3:57
"Tema Dei Monkees" (Boyce, Hart, Nistri) - 2:16
References
1979 greatest hits albums
The Monkees compilation albums
Arista Records compilation albums |
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