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44496609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover%20Expedition | Hanover Expedition | The Hanover Expedition, also known as the Weser Expedition, was a British invasion of the Electorate of Hanover during the Napoleonic Wars. Coordinated as part of an attack on France by the nations of the Third Coalition against Napoleon by William Pitt the Younger and Lord Castlereagh, planning began for an invasion of French territories in July 1805. Hanover, previously a British possession, was chosen as the goal of the expedition, with Swedish and Russian forces under Gustav IV Adolf and Alexander Ivanovich Ostermann-Tolstoy brought in to support the endeavour. Key to the success of the invasion was the support of Prussia, a nation poised to threaten France but not as yet openly hostile to the country. Sir George Don commanded the British expedition and he arrived with an army of around 14,000 men at Cuxhaven in November. To bolster the expedition and to strengthen the resolve of Prussia, Don's army was reinforced by 12,000, with Lord Cathcart taking over command.
Coordination between the British, Swedes, and Russians in Hanover was so poor that by December very little past the occupation of Hanover had been achieved. Cathcart grouped his force around the Weser, and soon after learned of the Austro-Russian defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz, which forced the Austrians to surrender and the Russians to retreat into Poland. With no large armies now protecting Cathcart's force from French attack, the situation was exacerbated when Prussia signed the Treaty of Schönbrunn with France, which created an alliance between the two nations and agreed that Prussia should control Hanover. With French and Prussian forces moving against Hanover, Cathcart's army was recalled in January 1806. The evacuation was completed on 15 February, and Hanover was left to the occupation of a Prussian army. The expedition, while a total failure, had little effect on the British position because of the lack of combat. Its method of quick amphibious transportation and landings of troops on a foreign shore would go on to be imitated in the Walcheren Expedition in 1809.
Background
In the first years of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars Britain found increased difficulty in engaging France in land battles. With British control of the seas and with many of the French colonies already taken because of this, France provided little opportunity for Britain to attack her apart from at sea. The small British Army was not equipped to engage in an invasion of the highly defended French mainland, and so continued to rely on the Royal Navy's blockade of Brest as the best way to impact the French at home. This outlook changed in 1803 when Austria and Russia allied themselves to Britain as part of the Third Coalition. With more militarily impressive allies now available to take the war to France on land, the British Army would be able to do the same, safe in the knowledge that it would not be engaging the French armies alone. This combined with the creation of the King's German Legion in 1804 produced an opportunity for new British Army operations. In around October 1805 Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom was called off and the French army left its encampments at Boulogne to march towards the Russians and Austrians.
With the largest portions of the French army gone, an opening was created for a British incursion into North-West Germany, with particular interest in the re-taking of the Electorate of Hanover, which George III had controlled until 1803, and which had only 4,000 French troops remaining in it. The British Prime Minister, William Pitt the Younger, and his Secretary of State for War and the Colonies Lord Castlereagh, were strong supporters of the enterprise, having championed it from as early as July. They envisaged an amphibious army that could be landed at points across Napoleonic Europe, making "pinprick" attacks against enemy targets while avoiding large battles with the French that could result in "crippling defeat". With news of the French withdrawal having reached Britain before its culmination, Castlereagh began planning in September. By taking Hanover, Britain could restore the country to its rightful rulers while also gaining a useful springboard for further operations in Europe. Not all of the establishment was in favour of the endeavour, with the Commander-in-Chief of the Forces, the Duke of York, relying on his experience in the Flanders campaign, arguing that expeditions that relied too much on the allies' actions would be difficult.
Planning
Castlereagh estimated that the retirement of the French armies from the Channel coast had freed up between 40,000 and 60,000 British soldiers for service abroad. With this in mind, original estimates for an expedition planned for a large "disposable force" commanded by Lieutenant-General Lord Cathcart. This would have included two divisions of cavalry, one of light dragoons and the other of heavy cavalry, consisting of 9,600 men. Alongside the cavalry plans called for seven divisions of infantry, including four battalions of Foot Guards and forty of line infantry. These divisions would have each had around 5,000 men, and would have been supported by a light infantry brigade of four more infantry battalions, six brigades of Royal Horse Artillery, and ten brigades of Royal Artillery. Military historian C. T. Atkinson suggests that this force, if it had come to fruition, would have been "a really formidable effort".
This large army, while viable on paper, would have been very difficult to form up and transport in reality, and so on 10 October a much smaller army was hastily brought together to cross the North Sea under the command of Lieutenant-General Sir George Don, who was expected to also instigate diplomatic connections with the allied nations. While the original plan had expected the creation of multiple divisions, Don's force was instead made up of two cavalry and six infantry regiments of the King's German Legion (KGL) which were controlled by Brigadier-General Friedrich von der Decken, a brigade of Foot Guards under Major-General Edward Finch, and a brigade of line infantry under Major-General Edward Paget. This totalled between 12,000 and 14,000 men, and Don received his final orders on 16 October. Von der Decken planned the operation, ensuring that the force would be transported quickly to avoid the coming of the harsh northern winter that would freeze the ports and rivers necessary in disembarking the troops.
It was initially planned that Don would go ahead of his force to ensure that they would receive a positive welcome upon their landing, but this duty was instead taken by the politician Lord Harrowby on 25 October. Harrowby's mission was to Berlin and the court of Prussia, with the intention of enticing that nation into joining the Third Coalition. He was authorised to offer a gift of £2,500,000 to ensure this. Castlereagh believed that only the wavering support of Prussia could stop Don's expedition from being successful, and by the end of October it was thought that Prussia's entry into the conflict was imminent. Pitt, in turn, was of the mind that success could bring about "Bonaparte's army either cut off or driven back to France".
Expedition
Initial landing
It was expected that Don's force would sail immediately, but with the wind against them their troopships only succeeded in arriving at Cuxhaven on 19 November. The crossing was difficult, and at least five ships did not complete it, spending seventeen days at sea before returning to Harwich with a portion of the KGL cavalry still on board. The expedition went on despite this loss. A Swedish force of 10,000 men paid for by Britain was poised to attack from Stralsund, and they were joined by 20,000 Russians under Lieutenant-General Alexander Ivanovich Ostermann-Tolstoy. The British were not the first part of the Third Coalition to enter Hanover, as a Russian force had earlier arrived to blockade Hamelin, still garrisoned by the French and the only position left to them. Despite this Don's army received a warm welcome, and they quickly secured lines of supplies, while the KGL took advantage of being back in Germany to increase their numbers with local recruits. Four infantry battalions, two of the KGL and two of line infantry, were sent to join the Russians at Hamelin, while other portions of the force were split off to go to the Ems and Weser rivers. The neutral Prussian army had also entered French-controlled lands, south of Hanover, commanded by the Duke of Brunswick, but quickly looked for their forces to be replaced by those of the coalition.
Don's position on the continent was tenuous but not immediately threatened. Napoleon had beaten an Austrian army, that did not wait for Russian assistance before advancing, at the Battle of Ulm, but in doing so had stretched his lines of communication too far and was unable to advance further, giving time for Britain's allies to reinforce their armies. When fully organised, Don's force stretched in a line between the Weser and Verden, supported with Tolstoy's Russians to the right of him. While still not part of the Third Coalition, Prussia was on increasingly poor terms with France because of incursions made by the French into Ansbach, and Pitt hoped that Prussia would join the Coalition because of this. With Napoleon placed just to the south of Prussian lands, an advance by a Prussian army would put him in a very precarious situation. Realising this, Pitt decided to strengthen the British expeditionary force, hoping this would entice Prussia into more warlike actions. The diplomatic situation was complicated because Prussia also coveted Hanover, and Napoleon had offered it to Prussia in return for aggression towards Austria. Despite this difficulty, Pitt and Castlereagh were encouraged by the absence of the expected harsh winter weather and continued to move forward with their plans.
Expedition expanded
While Pitt decided on his next actions, Don began to plan an attack into Holland alongside Tolstoy. Their plan was slowed by the reticence of the Swedish force and the continuing confusion surrounding the intentions of the Prussians. Tolstoy eventually decided that he could not invest enough men into an invasion and ensure the continued blockade of Hamelin, and no attack took place. It was afterwards decided that Don's force, then spread about, would be brought together as one field army. On 27 November this new command was given to Cathcart, who would bring 12,000 reinforcements with him to bolster his army. Don was superseded, but continued with the army as its second in command. Cathcart, who had been preparing to serve as ambassador-extraordinary to Russia and Prussia, was titled "Commander-in-Chief of British Forces in Northern Europe", and was given control over Russian, Swedish, or Prussian troops as well. Harrowby began reporting that the Prussians were inclining towards neutrality in the conflict.
Cathcart was issued his orders on 5 December, which expected him to work to the best of his abilities with the armies of the allied nations, but not endanger Hanover. Despite this aggressive step, Cathcart was also warned to take caution in his warlike manoeuvres; even if he put his army under the command of another force, such as that of Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden at Stralsund, he was allowed to refuse action if he deemed it too dangerous. Castlereagh even suggested that Cathcart attempt to link up with the main Russian army advancing from the east, but this was a logistically difficult proposition. Cathcart arrived at Cuxhaven on 15 December, making his headquarters at Bremen. He began to prepare for the upcoming campaign, discussing how to communicate if the rivers of Heligoland should freeze over, considering whether to advance on Holland or the Lower Rhine, and bringing his army together around the Weser. Before being withdrawn, the units stationed at Hamelin briefly skirmished with the defending French on 22 December, marking the only combat engaged by any of the force. Word of the Battle of Austerlitz threw Cathcart's plans into confusion. There on 2 December a Russo-Austrian army had been soundly defeated by Napoleon, and Austria had surrendered in consequence, with both allied armies all but destroyed. The chance of Prussia entering the conflict was heavily diminished, and the remaining Russian forces began to withdraw towards Poland.
Offensive breaks down
Cathcart had come ahead of his reinforcements, and their ships only arrived in the Weser on 27 December, with two divisions under Lieutenant-Generals Francis Dundas and George Ludlow. In these were four infantry brigades, commanded by Major-Generals Rowland Hill, Sir Arthur Wellesley, Alexander Mackenzie Fraser, and John Coape Sherbrooke, with three companies of Royal Artillery and some Royal Engineers attached. The news of Austerlitz reached Britain on 28 December, but it was still hoped that Prussia would not cease fighting against France, and that Russia might hold on in the west. Without the larger Russian and Austrian armies standing as a buffer between the French forces and Cathcart's army, the latter's position in Hanover became untenable. Despite its now increasingly precarious position, Cathcart's force was kept in Hanover in the hope that its presence might still encourage the Prussians, and an uneasy cooperation with the Prussian General Count von Kalckreuth continued. The reinforcements in the Weser landed and joined Cathcart's army, despite there being no clear view of what they might be used for.
This injection of new troops was not the boon it might have been for Cathcart, because on top of the decaying strategic situation, the troopships had sailed through rough weather in the North Sea. Hardly any of the battalions embarked succeeded in reaching Cathcart whole; the troopship Ariadne, carrying the headquarters party and 300 men of the 9th Regiment of Foot, was wrecked near Calais and all on board were taken as prisoners of war. The same happened to half of the 5th Regiment of Foot, while losses were also encountered in the 3rd, 30th, and 89th Regiments of Foot, the latter of which lost 150 men killed and a further 150 captured. The 26th Regiment of Foot was the hardest hit in the crossing, with one troopship being wrecked on the Goodwin Sands with the loss of all on board, and another wrecked off the coast of Holland, totalling between them 500 deaths. Other units were also depleted, but not by shipwrecks, with over 1,000 men returning to Britain when ships were unable to reach their destination. Only the 28th and 36th Regiments of Foot succeeded in arriving substantially intact, but large portions of Cathcart's reinforcements were so badly depleted that they were incapable of further operations, with over 1,000 people having been killed.
Cathcart could do little with his new troops, and had further problems with the local intelligence. On 28 December Castlereagh complained that the situation in Hanover was almost unknown to him, being reliant on French and Dutch newspapers more than anything. In some ways, Cathcart's army knew less than him; Wellesley reported around the same time that "they appear to have very little intelligence in this place, except what they receive from England".
Evacuation
Prussian troops were still present in Hanover, dating from the period before Austerlitz when Prussia was considering more offensive actions against France. Despite Prussia being the reason for Cathcart's continued presence on the continent, he was unimpressed with them, writing that they were "strong numerically, but not in quality". Cathcart kept his army in Hanover in the hope that Russia would continue to fight and that Prussia would finally officially enter the conflict, but he also began to plan routes of retreat, expecting that if the rivers froze and they were not able to sail home, that the army could march towards Swedish Pomerania. The army continued in its positions, awaiting official instructions from Britain. By 29 December the state of Cathcart's allies was so poor that Castlereagh admitted to him that the possibility of supporting them with the British force was now completely gone.
Castlereagh was aware of Cathcart's difficulties, writing to him that he should continue to support the Russians and Prussians where possible, but that the Prussians were untrustworthy and he should not go on the offensive unless Prussian assistance was guaranteed. Prussia was also suspected of plotting to force Cathcart to leave the German soldiers of the KGL in Hanover under Prussian command. Castlereagh and Cathcart were both heavily resistant to this, and the latter ensured that in the case of an evacuation the KGL would leave first. Pitt's health was severely declining and he had retired to Bath; with the prime minister unavailable, the Cabinet began to send troopships to Cathcart in preparation for an evacuation. The remaining troopships at Ramsgate waiting to make the voyage to Hanover had their men disembarked on 30 December, and were instead sent as part of this force. On 5 January 1806 it was decided that no more troops would be sent to Hanover. Two days later it was discovered that on 14 December Prussia had ratified the Treaty of Schönbrunn, a defensive and offensive alliance with France in which Prussia was given leave to occupy Hanover. Prussia also began to withdraw Tolstoy's force, which had been left under its auspices by the retreating Alexander I of Russia. With Prussia now advancing to occupy Hanover with 50,000 men and with rumours growing that a French force of three divisions was preparing to attack from Holland, orders were sent for Cathcart to evacuate on 19 January.
Cathcart received his instructions at the end of the month, and quickly put them into effect. His army by this time had grown to 26,643 men because of recruitment by the KGL which resulted in it returning to Britain with more battalions and depots than it had left with; only around 14,000 were British infantry. The first to leave were the KGL and the four British battalions that had been most weakened in the crossings of the North Sea. By 12 February the last of the army had been embarked, and Cathcart left Hanover on 15 February. Von der Decken, who had served the expedition as quartermaster general to both the British and Russian forces, stayed behind to ensure that all British debts were paid. He finally returned in May.
Aftermath
With the British force gone and the Russians under Prussian control, Hanover was occupied by Prussia. In Britain, the remains of Cathcart's force were split up along the south coast of England to serve as a deterrent to invasion. Prussia was forced by France to close all its north German ports to British traffic, and this caused Britain to declare war on Prussia on 21 April. The expedition was the last military endeavour planned and orchestrated by Pitt. It had achieved nothing, but had not been a great loss of men or material, and Castlereagh would later write that he was well satisfied with Cathcart's actions, war-related losses having been minor. Some senior generals in the army were angered by the failure of the expedition, feeling that its control by civilian politicians trying to be military experts had caused its failure. Critics suggested that if the expedition had been sent to join Lieutenant-General Sir James Craig's Anglo-Russian occupation of Naples then Britain might have had one successful expedition instead of two failures. Positively, however, Hanover had shown that the navy could transport large groups of soldiers across seas at short notice, and in relatively good order barring bad weather.
Lessons were, however, not fully learned. Pitt died on 23 January, having been further weakened by the knowledge that Britain was alone in war against France, her allies defeated and the British once more pushed from the continent. His government was replaced, and future expeditions with equally poor results, such as the Walcheren Expedition, would be launched in imitation of the Hanover Expedition. Castlereagh's disposable force of 30,000 men remained in existence, but by March 1807 it had dwindled to 12,000 men, with the fleet of troopships created to assist in transporting it dispersed for other uses.
Opinions on the expedition have been varied. Atkinson argues that the failure of the expedition was the fault of Britain's allies on the continent, rather than the politicians who had ordered the endeavour. Pitt and Castlereagh had reacted quickly to the opportunity to attack Germany, and Atkinson says that the Austrians and Russians made enough mistakes that Napoleon was able to take advantage and defeat them; without them Cathcart's army could do, and did, nothing. On the other hand, military historian Sir John Fortescue is more critical of the expedition, describing it as an "egregious farce". However, he agrees that the plan behind the expedition was sound in theory, its execution being let down by the rulers of the allied nations; while complimentary to Pitt's attempts to strike a blow against France, he is derisory of the other leaders, calling those of Russia and Sweden "insane", that of Prussia "contemptible", and Austria "weak". This need to rely on the actions of Britain's allies in order to succeed has been echoed by historian Alexander Mikaberidze. Glover writes succinctly that "[The British] had enlisted a few hundred recruits for the King's German Legion, they had offended the King of Prussia, but they had not caused Napoleon a moment's worry". The Third Coalition completed its final collapse in July 1806.
British Expeditionary Force
Notes and citations
Notes
Citations
References
Conflicts in 1805
Campaigns of the Napoleonic Wars
Battles of the War of the Third Coalition
Amphibious operations involving the United Kingdom
Electorate of Hanover
Military campaigns involving France |
44496624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliniodes%20subflavescens | Cliniodes subflavescens | Cliniodes subflavescens is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by James E. Hayden in 2011. It is found in southern Brazil, north to the Federal District.
Adults have been recorded on wing in January, February, April, May and from September to December.
Etymology
The species name is derived from Latin subflavescere (meaning to become slightly yellow).
References
Moths described in 2011
Eurrhypini |
23573533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%99%C3%ADnov%20%28M%C4%9Bln%C3%ADk%20District%29 | Dřínov (Mělník District) | Dřínov is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
23573534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn%C3%AD%20Po%C4%8Daply | Horní Počaply | Horní Počaply is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,200 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Křivenice is an administrative part of Horní Počaply.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
23573536 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C5%99%C3%ADn | Hořín | Hořín () is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 900 inhabitants.
The village of Hořín is protected by a flood wall, due to a high amount of flooded buildings in European floods in 2002.
Administrative parts
Villages of Brozánky, Vrbno and Zelčín are administrative parts of Hořín.
Sights
There is the burial vault of the Lobkowicz family.
Notable people
Jan August Vitásek (1770–1839), composer
References
Villages in Mělník District |
20465496 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk%20This%20Way%20%28album%29 | Walk This Way (album) | Walk This Way is the first and only album released by the White Tie Affair. The album contains the singles "Allow Me to Introduce Myself...Mr. Right" and "Candle (Sick and Tired)". Produced by the collaborative team behind Wired All Wrong (Matt Mahaffey and Jeff Turzo), Walk This Way was recorded at Annetenna Studios in Burbank, California.
Promotion
In February and March, the band went on tour with Secondhand Serenade, Making April and Automatic Loveletter. In July and August, the band went on tour alongside Innerpartysystem, Kill Hannah and the Medic Droid. In October and November, the band went on tour alongside the Higher, Just Surrender and the Morning Of. As well as this they served as the opening act for Lady Gaga's The Fame Ball Tour. Between late June and late August, the band performed on the Warped Tour. The band performed at various Six Flags locations as part of the mtvU VMA Tour.
Singles
Candle (Sick and Tired) is the lead single off the album it has peaked at number 57 on the Billboard Hot 100. The music video made its debut on No Good TV, an internet TV website. In May 2008, the music video for "Candle (Sick and Tired)" aired on MTV's TRL. The Uncut/Director's Version of the video has reached 400,000 views on YouTube, and was the most watched YouTube video on March 29, 2008.
Allow Me to Introduce Myself... Mr. Right was also released as a single. It also has its own music video.
The Letdown is apparently the next single. In May 2009, a Radio Edit of the song was released to the iTunes Store, Amazon, Rhapsody, and other popular online media services as a single download. It was released to Amazon and Rhapsody on May 12, 2009, however on the iTunes Store it states that it was released on May 26, 2009. It is unknown if a music video for the song will be filmed or released, or if it has been filmed yet. The Letdown has had a considerable amount of praise. When "Walk This Way" was first released to the iTunes Store, "The Letdown" was one of the most popular songs from the album, peaking at number 93 on the iTunes top songs chart. On the popular music site, Last.fm, The Letdown has 46,348+ plays and has 8,165+ listeners, coming in at number 4 for the top songs of The White Tie Affair. It even has more plays and listeners than their most popular song, the second single from the album, Candle (Sick and Tired).
Track listing
Release history
Notes
2008 debut albums
The White Tie Affair albums |
44496628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabini%20Bridge | Mabini Bridge | Mabini Bridge, formerly and still referred as Nagtahan Bridge, is a road bridge crossing the Pasig River between Nagtahan Street in Santa Mesa and Quirino Avenue in Paco to the west and Pandacan to the east. It was constructed between January to February in 1945. It initially served as a pontoon bridge transporting U.S. Army jeeps and evacuate citizens caught in the crossfire during the Liberation of Manila.
History
There were plans for a new bridge to connect the Mendiola route to Malacañang Palace was made even before the emergence of World War II. However, the construction did not push through. The pontoon bridge stood for several decades after the World War II despite the construction materials used to build it. It was made out of inflated rubber rafts placed side by side - spanning until the opposite bank of the Pasig River. Two parallel perforated steel planks, each measuring about wide and apart were laid upon its surface. It was built by the US Army Corps of Engineers - enough to carry human traffic as well as light vehicles. On August 17, 1960, a barge collided against the wooden piles of the bridge. It caused major damages to the bridge, which caused flooding within the nearby residences.
In 1963, a permanent bridge was constructed, named Nagtahan. It connected Paco with Pandacan. However, the Mabini Shrine, the former residence of Apolinario Mabini, was situated on the north bank. The government, then, relocated the house at the Polytechnic University of the Philippines in Santa Mesa. In lieu with the 103rd birth anniversary of Apolinario Mabini on July 22, 1967, President Ferdinand Marcos issued the Proclamation No. 234, s. 1967, renaming Nagtahan Bridge as the Mabini Bridge, in memory of Apolinario Mabini, the Sublime Paralytic.
In 2014, the Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office (PCDSPO) recommended changes, of the existing road signs to read Mabini Bridge, to the Department of Public Works and Highways – as a fitting contribution to the Mabini Sesquicentennial.
Present condition
Of the 13 bridges that crosses Pasig River as of that time, only the Mabini Bridge didn't undergo major face-lifting procedures during 1998. Its huge brass profiles on the sides that illuminates at varying hues were the distinctive features of the Mabini Bridge.
Marker from the National Historical Commission
The marker of Mabini Bridge was installed on July 22, 1967 on the occasion of the 103rd Birthday Anniversary of Apolinario Mabini. It was located along Nagtahan Boulevard - connecting Santa Mesa, Manila and Paco, Manila.
See also
List of crossings of the Pasig River
References
Bridges in Manila
Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Metro Manila
Buildings and structures in Paco, Manila
Buildings and structures in Santa Mesa
Bridges completed in 1945 |
23573537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila%20Cockrel | Sheila Cockrel | Sheila M. Cockrel née Sheila Murphy (born November 3, 1947) is an American politician and consultant. She was a member of the Detroit City Council from 1994 to 2009. The widow of Kenneth Cockrel, Sr. and stepmother of Kenneth Cockrel, Jr., she "had [a] fractious relationship with" Monica Conyers, whose resignation she called "an appropriate decision". When Dave Bing proposed a water rate hike, she was among those who voted in favor.
2009 activities
In 2009, Cockrel joined the adjunct faculty of Wayne State University's Irvin D. Reid Honors College. She taught two seminars and joined the Board of Visitors. She became the founder, CEO and president of Crossroads Consulting Group, a firm that assists companies in helping local governments.
Testimony
In 2008, Cockrel testified to a grand jury regarding John Clark, former chief-of-staff to Kenneth Cockrel, Jr., allegedly taking bribes from Synagro Technologies, which won a $47-million sludge disposal contract with the city. She was one of five members of the council who voted in favor of this deal despite protests from residents.
Education
Cockrel has a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy and a Master of Arts in urban planning from Wayne State University.
Personal life
Cockrel is a Detroit native whose parents, Louis and Justine Murphy, founded the Catholic Worker Movement there. They oversaw the operations of the St. Martha House of Hospitality, a home for men and a soup kitchen for the needy. She married Ken, Sr. in 1978 and they had a daughter, Katherine, in 1985. In 1988, Ken died.
Archival collection
Some of Cockrel and her husband's work is preserved in the Ken and Sheila Cockrel Papers, at the Walter P. Reuther Library in Detroit.
References
Detroit City Council members
Living people
1947 births
Women city councillors in Michigan
Wayne State University alumni
21st-century American women |
20465517 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty%20Million%20Letters | Thirty Million Letters | Thirty Million Letters is a 1963 short documentary film directed by James Ritchie and made by British Transport Films. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.
References
External links
1963 films
1963 documentary films
1963 short films
1960s short documentary films
British short documentary films
British Transport Films
1960s English-language films
1960s British films |
23573542 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host%C3%ADn | Hostín | Hostín is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
20465550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire%20forming | Fire forming | The term fire forming in firearms refers to the process of thermomechanically reshaping a metallic cartridge case to optimally fit a new chamber by firing it within that chamber. This might expand a cartridge to a new size, such as a wildcat cartridge, or just to the chamber of a specific gun.
Fire forming a wildcat differs from the normal manufacturing process; in that it relies on firing a loaded cartridge of differing dimensions than the chamber which it is being fired in. After fire forming, the spent case will take on the new dimensions of the firearm's chamber. Fire forming is the final process in creating a wildcat or an improved cartridge.
There are two methods of fire forming. One method is to cold form a parent case using forming dies, creating some form of headspace, load the case and fire the cold formed cartridge in the chamber of the firearm. This first method is the most common and will create a wildcat cartridge. The second method is to fire form a factory cartridge by using its factory headspace to headspace on. The factory cartridge is then fired in the chamber of the firearm. This second method will create an improved cartridge.
References
Parker O. Ackley, Volume 1 Handbook for Shooters & Reloaders, Plaza Publishing, 1962; 17th printing, 1988.
Ammunition
Wildcat cartridges |
23573544 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host%C3%ADn%20u%20Vojkovic | Hostín u Vojkovic | Hostín u Vojkovic is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
44496644 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug%20addiction%20in%20Pakistan | Drug addiction in Pakistan | Drug addiction is defined as compulsive and out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences. In the last few decades, drug addiction has greatly increased in Pakistan. Most of the illegal drugs come from the neighbouring Afghanistan. According to the UN estimate few million people in the country are drug users. Cannabis is the most used drug. The rate of injection drug abuse has also increased significantly in Pakistan, sparking fears of an HIV epidemic. As per 2013 report on drugs by the United Nations Office On Drugs And Crime (UNODC), almost 6.7 million people are taking drugs in Pakistan. The report also revealed that people from age 15 to 64 use prescription drugs for non-medical purposes.
Although, the increase in the problem has been alarming, the government response has been minimal at best. Few programs are active in the country to help drug addicts and smuggling and availability of the drugs in the country has gone almost unchecked.
Anti-Narcotics Force is the government agency responsible for tackling drug smuggling and use within Pakistan.
Extent of the problem
According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Pakistan has 6.7 million drug users. Almost 2 million of these are addicts, amongst the highest number for any country in the world. According to the 2020 research article published in Elsevier, the first step towards drug addiction starts with smoking. Researchers also state that drug usage in movies also influences the behaviour of drug consumption among university students.
Abuse of cannabis and heroin is rife in the country and the drugs are extremely cheap and easy to get. Most of the drugs come from Afghanistan, the country that is responsible for at least 75% of the world's heroin. UNODC calculates that more than 800,000 Pakistanis aged between 15 and 64 use heroin regularly. It is also estimated that up to 44 tons of processed heroin are consumed annually in Pakistan. A further 110 tons of heroin and morphine from neighboring Afghanistan are trafficked through Pakistan to international markets. Furthermore, Pakistan's illegal drug trade is believed to generate up to $2 billion a year.
The number of drug (Cannabis) users is particularly high in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, which neighbors Afghanistan, where close to 11 percent of the population is hooked on drugs (mainly Cannabis) . In 2013, the number of drug users in Balochistan was 280,000.
In Pakistan, the total number of drug addicts as per a UN report is 7.6 million, where 78% are male while the rest 22% are female. The number of these addicts is increasing at the rate of 40,000 per year making Pakistan one of the most drug affected countries in the world. Drug Usage Is Increasing day by day. In Pakistan more than 800,000 people are addicted to drugs.
The number of injection drug users in Punjab has also increased sharply in the recent years. In 2007, Pakistan had an estimated 90,000 injecting drug users but the number had risen to around 500,000 by 2014. This increase has also been accompanied by an increase in HIV positivity. According to research, in 2005, about 11 percent of Pakistani drug users were HIV positive. That number had risen to 40 percent in 2011.
Treatment and Specialist intervention
According to the survey report, treatment and specialist interventions were in short supply. During the period under review, treatment was available to less than 30,000 drug users.
The Anti-Narcotics Force is a federal executive bureau of the Government of Pakistan, tasked with combating the drug smuggling and use within Pakistan.
See also
Organised crime in Pakistan
Hudood Ordinances#Prohibition (alcohol) Order
Smoking in Pakistan
References
Drugs in Pakistan |
23573546 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlum%C3%ADn | Chlumín | Chlumín is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.
Gallery
References
Villages in Mělník District |
23573549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choru%C5%A1ice | Chorušice | Chorušice is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Choroušky, Velký Újezd and Zahájí are administrative parts of Chorušice.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
20465595 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untold%20Truths | Untold Truths | Untold Truths is the debut country album from actor-turned-singer Kevin Costner & Modern West. The album was released on November 11, 2008 (see 2008 in country music) on Universal South Records. The album reached #61 on the U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums, and #35 on the U.S. Top Heatseekers charts.
Three singles, "Superman 14", "Long Hot Night", and "Backyard" have been released to radio, although none of the songs entered the Hot Country Songs charts.
Track listing
Chart performance
Album
Singles
References
2008 debut albums
Kevin Costner albums
Show Dog-Universal Music albums |
23573550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clap%20Hands%21%20Here%20Comes%20Rosie%21 | Clap Hands! Here Comes Rosie! | Clap Hands! Here Comes Rosie! is a 1960 studio album by Rosemary Clooney, arranged by Bob Thompson and released by RCA Victor. The album earned Clooney a 1961 Grammy Award nomination for Best Female Vocal Performance (Album), but she lost to Ella Fitzgerald for Ella in Berlin: Mack the Knife.
Track listing
"Clap Hands! Here Comes Rosie!"/"Everything's Coming up Rosie" (Ballard MacDonald, Joseph Meyer, Billy Rose)/(Stephen Sondheim, Jule Styne) – 2:20
"Give Me the Simple Life" (Rube Bloom, Harry Ruby) – 2:33
"Bye Bye Blackbird" (Mort Dixon, Ray Henderson) – 2:43
"Aren't You Glad You're You?" (Johnny Burke, Jimmy Van Heusen) – 2:17
"You Got" (Bernard) – 2:44
"Too Marvelous for Words" (Johnny Mercer, Richard Whiting) – 2:10
"Something's Gotta Give" (Mercer) – 2:20
"Hooray for Love" (Harold Arlen, Leo Robin) – 2:26
"Mean to Me" (Fred E. Ahlert, Roy Turk) – 3:36
"Oh, What a Beautiful Mornin'" (Oscar Hammerstein II, Richard Rodgers) – 2:14
"It Could Happen to You" (Burke, Van Heusen) – 2:30
"Makin' Whoopee" (Walter Donaldson, Gus Kahn) – 3:16
Personnel
Performance
Rosemary Clooney – vocal
Bob Thompson – arranger, conductor
References
1960 albums
Rosemary Clooney albums
Albums arranged by Bob Thompson (musician)
RCA Victor albums
Albums conducted by Bob Thompson (musician) |
23573553 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chvat%C4%9Bruby | Chvatěruby | Chvatěruby is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
20465601 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%20Live%20Again%20%28film%29 | To Live Again (film) | To Live Again is a 1963 short documentary film produced by Mel London. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.
See also
List of American films of 1963
References
External links
1963 films
1963 documentary films
1963 short films
American short documentary films
1960s short documentary films
1960s English-language films
1960s American films |
23573554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stelis%20ornata | Stelis ornata | Stelis ornata is a species of orchid found from Mexico through Guatemala and El Salvador as a miniature epiphyte at elevations of 1500 to 2500 meters above sea level. The plant is characterized by erect ramicauls enveloped by two basal sheaths and carrying a single apical, erect, coriaceous leaf where it blooms on an apical, single successive flowered, 2 inch [4 to 5 cm] long, fractiflex inflorescence that holds the successive opening, single flowers amid or just above the leaves occurring at any time of the year. In cultivation it prefers cool temperatures, shade, and high humidity as well as mounting on tree fern, and good air movement.
References
External links
ornata
Epiphytic orchids
Orchids of El Salvador
Orchids of Guatemala
Orchids of Mexico |
20465613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%20Live%20Again | To Live Again | To Live Again can refer to:
To Live Again (album), by Tarot, 2004
To Live Again (film), a 1963 short documentary film
To Live Again (1998 film), a TV film starring Bonnie Bedelia, Annabeth Gish, and Timothy Carhart
To Live Again (novel), a 1969 science fiction novel by Robert Silverberg
To Live Again , a 2001 novel by Lurlene McDaniel
See also
To Love Again (disambiguation)
"Learning to Live Again", a song |
23573559 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevin%C4%9Bves | Jeviněves | Jeviněves is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
23573561 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadl%C3%ADn | Kadlín | Kadlín is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Ledce is an administrative part of Kadlín.
Etymology
The name was probably derived from tkáti, tkadlec, i.e. "to weave, weaver". It was probably originally a weavers' settlement.
Geography
Kadlín is located about northeast of Mělník and west of Mladá Boleslav. The highest point of the municipality is Hradiště hill with an elevation of .
History
The first written mention of Kadlín is from 1346. Among the notable owners of the village were Hynek Berka of Dubá, Augustinian monastery in Bělá pod Bezdězem, or Rudolf II. In 1445, the territory of the village was divided, and until 1849 the two parts were administered separately and had different owners.
Sights
The landmark of Kadlín is the Church of Saint James the Great. It was first mentioned in 1384.
The local municipal museum focuses on rural themes and includes an exhibition with rural technology, blacksmith's work, a collection of hoes and local field crops.
On Hradiště hill there is an observation tower. It was built in 2006 in the shape of a watchtower and its height is .
References
External links
Villages in Mělník District |
44496652 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained%20glass%20in%20Liverpool%20Cathedral | Stained glass in Liverpool Cathedral | There are two cathedrals in Liverpool, both of which contain notable stained glass. This article refers to the stained glass in the Anglican cathedral, rather than the Roman Catholic Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral.
The stained glass in Liverpool Cathedral all dates from the 20th century. The designs were planned by a committee working in conjunction with the architect of the cathedral, Giles Gilbert Scott, with the intention of forming an integrated scheme throughout the cathedral. A number of stained glass designers were involved in the scheme, but the major contributors came from James Powell and Sons (Whitefriars Glass), in particular J. W. Brown, James Hogan, and Carl Edwards.
The subjects portrayed in the windows are numerous and diverse. They include scenes and characters from the Old and New Testaments, evangelists, church fathers, saints, and laymen, some famous, others more humble. The windows in the Lady Chapel celebrate the part that women have played in Christianity. The designs in the windows at the ends of the cathedral are based on canticles, the east window on the Te Deum laudamus, and the west window on the Benedicite. The earlier designs are dark, but the later windows are much brighter and more colourful. Much of the glass was damaged by bombing in the Second World War. The windows replacing them were based on the originals, but often using simpler and more colourful designs.
History
The foundation stone of Liverpool Cathedral was laid on 19 July 1904, and it was completed in 1979. Giles Gilbert Scott won the competition to design the cathedral, and a Stained Glass Committee under the chairmanship of Sir Frederick Radcliffe was established to organise the design of the stained glass in the windows. The architect worked with the committee initially to decide on "the main lines on which the design of the window should be based and the extent to which is to be of clear glass or coloured". The committee then decided on the subjects to be depicted and, in discussion with the stained glass artist, agreed on the details of the design; Scott was concerned from the outset that "the windows should not detract from the architecture". The committee continued to work during the construction of the cathedral under a series of chairmen, whose discussions were often very detailed. The oldest windows in the cathedral are dark in colour, but with changes in manufacturing techniques from the 1930s, the later windows are much brighter and more colourful.
Description
Lady Chapel
The Lady Chapel was the earliest part of the cathedral to be built. There was a competition in 1907 to design the windows, which was won by James Powell and Sons, who commissioned J. W. Brown as designer. Brown had worked for Powell's until 1886 and then worked freelance, but from 1891 he was "the firm's preferred designer for prestigious projects". As the chapel is dedicated to St Mary, they are based on the role that women have played in the history of Christianity. Running through all the windows is a scroll containing the words of the Magnificat. On the north side are holy women from the British Isles, and on the south side are mainly saints commemorated in the Prayer Book. The Lady Chapel was damaged by bombing on 6 September 1940, and all the glass had to be replaced. The work was undertaken by James Hogan, who used simplified adaptations of the original designs. Following Hogan's death in 1948 the work was continued by Carl Edwards; the resulting windows are much brighter than the originals. The windows at the rear of the chapel and on the staircase were donated by the Girls' Friendly Society, and were designed by Brown. Known as the "Noble Women" windows, they depict women who have made major contributions to society, including Elizabeth Fry, Grace Darling, and Kitty Wilkinson.
Ambulatory and Chapter House
The four windows in the ambulatory are the only designs in the cathedral by Burlison and Grylls, each depicting two saints from a nation of the British Isles. On the steps leading to the Chapter House is the only window in the cathedral by C. E. Kempe and Company. It commemorates the Woodward family, who were local corn merchants between 1803 and 1915, and includes biblical references to corn and harvest. The Chapter House was donated by local Freemasons as a memorial to their members lost in the First World War. The windows were made by Morris & Co. and designed by Henry Dearle, reflecting the interests and traditions of the Freemasons. The windows were damaged in the Second World War and repaired by James Powell and Sons.
East window
The east window, designed by Brown, dominates the east end of the cathedral, rising above the reredos, and is based on the theme of the Te Deum laudamus. At the top of the window is the risen Christ, and around and below are members of the heavenly choir. Under this are four lancet windows, each representing one of the communities praising God. The left window represents 'the company of the apostles', with Saint Raphael at the top. Below are fourteen figures; the twelve apostles, excluding Judas Iscariot but including Saint Matthias, with Saint Paul and Saint Barnabas. The next window commemorates 'the goodly fellowship of the apostles'. At the top is Saint Michael, with fifteen figures below. These include Isaiah, Elijah, John the Baptist, Saint Athanasius, Saint Augustine, John Wycliffe, Thomas Cranmer, and John Wesley. The third window represents 'the noble army of martyrs', with Archangel Gabriel at the top. Below are fifteen Christian martyrs, starting with Saint Stephen. Underneath are Zechariah and the Holy Innocents, Saint Alban, Saint Oswald, and Saint Boniface. At the bottom are figures representing martyrs from Madagascar, Africa, Melanesia, and China. The lancet window on the right commemorates 'the holy church throughout all the world', with an angel, possibly Uriel, at the top. Underneath are various representations: King Alfred as a warrior, Dante as a poet, Fra Angelico as a painter, the musician J. S. Bach, the scientist Isaac Newton, and the physician Thomas Linacre. Other figures commemorate law, commerce, scholarship, and architecture. Also included are Christopher Columbus and Francis Drake.
Choir aisles
There are four main windows in the choir aisles, two on each side, and they are concerned with the four Gospels. The windows on the north side are original, but those on the south side were destroyed by bombing and were renewed. In the renewal, the central mullion of these windows was widened, and the design of the glass was simplified and made more vibrant. Each window, known by its predominant colour, shows the author of the gospel at the top with his symbol. Below are figures linked with the subject matter of the gospel. The windows on the north side are by Brown, the left window, the Sapphire window, represents Saint Matthew and shows a depiction of the Nativity on one side, and the Epiphany on the other. The 'Gold' window commemorates Saint Luke and shows the Feeding of the Five thousand, and the Raising of Jairus' daughter. The windows on the south side are by Hogan. The Ruby window represents Saint John and includes biblical scenes together with the Old Testament figures of Daniel, Ezekiel, Jonah, and Job. Saint Mark is in the Emerald window, with scenes of the Baptism of Jesus and the Transfiguration. Also included are the disciples Saint Simon and Saint Andrew, and the Old Testament figures, Noah, Zechariah, Enoch, and Malachi. At the east ends of the aisles are rose windows by Brown. The window in the north aisle relates to "journeys across the sea and undertaken in faith", namely Moses crossing the Red Sea, Saint Paul's journey to Rome, Saint Columba planting a cross on Iona, and missionaries of the Melanesian Mission landing in the Solomon Islands. The images in the rose window in the south aisle show instances of God's power being demonstrated through water, namely Noah holding a model of the ark, Jesus calming the disciples in a storm, Jesus walking on water, and Saint Paul after his shipwreck in Malta.
Central space
The windows on the north and south sides of the central space were designed by Hogan; each includes three tall lancet windows topped by a rose window. The area of glass in each window is , the sill is above the level of the floor, and the top of the rose window is above floor level. The north window shows figures and themes from the Old Testament, with Moses with the Ten Commandments in the rose window. Below the figures include Adam and Eve, Noah, Solomon, prophets, and important characters from Israelite history. The south window depicts characters and scenes from the New Testament. The Holy Trinity is depicted in the rose window, below which are depictions of events including the Crucifixion and the Ascension, together with a variety of saints.
Transepts
The War Memorial Chapel forming the northeast transept has as its themes the aftermath of the First World War, sacrifice and the risen life. The design of its window was started by Brown and completed by Hogan. It shows suffering and death, including a depiction of the Crucifixion. The original window by Brown was destroyed by bombing; the window replacing it shows Christ with his arms outstretched in welcome at the top. Below are scenes of acts of compassion, including figures such as Saint Francis. The southwest transept forms the baptistry, and its window by Herbert Hendrie of Whitefriars depicts salvation, particularly through water and healing. The window in the northwest transept has the theme of the Church and the State.
Nave aisles
The six windows in the nave aisles deal with historical subjects, all but one designed by Carl Edwards. The exception is the west window on the south side, designed by William Wilson. This is the Bishops' Window, and includes Nicholas Ridley, Hugh Latimer, and William Temple. The middle window is the Parsons' Window, and depicts notable clergymen including Thomas Arnold (with a rugby ball), Revd Peter Green, and Revd W. Farquhar Hook. The Layman's Window includes tradesmen who worked on building the cathedral, members of the committees responsible, and a depiction of Giles Gilbert Scott. The Musicians' Window contains composers, performers, and conductors who have played a part in the development of Anglican church music. The Hymnologists' Window includes hymn writers such as C. F. Alexander and Cecil Spring Rice. Finally there is the Scholars' Window, with theologians, philosophers, and biblical scholars. In the corner is the Very Revd Frederick Dwelly, the first dean of the cathedral.
West window
Following Scott's death in 1960 it was decided to change the design of the west end of the cathedral, which had consisted of a small rose window and an elaborate porch. Frederick Thomas and Roger Pinkney, who had both worked with Scott, produced a simplified design that gave the opportunity for a large west window. Created by Carl Edwards and based on the theme of the Benedicite, the window consists of a round-headed window at the top, and three tall lancet windows below. It covers an area of , each lancet window being more than high. Revd Noel Vincent, the former canon treasurer of the cathedral, states that the top part of the window represents "the risen Christ in glory looking down ... in compassion on the world", and the images beneath depict "all creation united in peace".
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
External links
Cathedral floor plan (PDF file)
Lists of stained glass works
Glass architecture
Windows
Stained glass |
20465647 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice%20Dancer | Nice Dancer | Nice Dancer (1969–1997) was a Canadian Thoroughbred racehorse.
Background
He was from the last Canadian-sired crop of Northern Dancer before the International champion sire was relocated to Windfields Farm American subsidiary in Maryland.
Owned by Tom Morton and Dick Bonnycastle's Harlequin Ranches, Nice Dancer was trained by Jerry Lavigne.
Racing career
In his three-year-old season, the colt was ridden primarily by future Canadian and U.S. Hall of Fame jockey, Sandy Hawley. In addition to important stakes races including the Manitoba Derby at Assiniboia Downs in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Nice Dancer set a new Woodbine track record for a mile and three sixteenths in winning the inaugural running of the Col. R. S. McLaughlin Handicap. He won the third leg of the 1972 Canadian Triple Crown series, the Breeders' Stakes, a race run on turf at a distance of 1½ miles (12 furlongs). In the pre Sovereign Award era, Nice Dancer is historically viewed as the Canadian Champion 3-Year-Old Male Horse of 1972.
At age four, Nice Dancer won the Dominion Day Handicap and the Canadian Maturity Stakes before being retired to stud duty.
Stud record
He stood in Canada from 1974 to 1978 during which time he sired seventy-six foals out of which nine became stakes winners. His most notable offspring was Fiddle Dancer Boy, winner of the 1981 Queen's Plate. Sent to a breeding farm in Japan, Nice Dancer sired nine more stakes winners before his death at age twenty-eight in 1997. He is the damsire of Glide Path, winner of the 1995 Stockholm Cup International, Sweden's most important race.
Pedigree
References
Nice Dancer's pedigree and partial racing stats
1969 racehorse births
1997 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in Canada
Racehorses trained in Canada
Horse racing track record setters
Canadian Champion racehorses
Thoroughbred family 1-e |
23573563 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanina%20%28M%C4%9Bln%C3%ADk%20District%29 | Kanina (Mělník District) | Kanina is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 90 inhabitants.
History
The first written mention of Kanina is from 1207.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
23573566 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kly%20%28M%C4%9Bln%C3%ADk%20District%29 | Kly (Mělník District) | Kly is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,600 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Dolní Vinice, Hoření Vinice, Krauzovna, Lom, Větrušice and Záboří are administrative parts of Kly.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
23573569 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koko%C5%99%C3%ADn | Kokořín | Kokořín is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants. Kokořín is known for the Kokořín Castle.
Administrative parts
Villages of Březinka, Janova Ves, Kokořínský Důl, Šemanovice and Truskavna are administrative parts of Kokořín.
Sights
The main landmark is the Kokořín Castle. It is a medieval fortress carved in the local sandstone. The first written mention of the castle and the settlement is from 1320.
Notable people
Václav Bolemír Nebeský (1818–1882), poet and translator
References
External links
Villages in Mělník District |
6899785 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor%20Philips | Trevor Philips | Trevor Philips is a fictional character and one of the three playable protagonists, alongside Michael De Santa and Franklin Clinton, of Grand Theft Auto V, the seventh main title in the Grand Theft Auto series developed by Rockstar Games. He also appears in the game's multiplayer component, Grand Theft Auto Online. A career criminal and former bank robber, Trevor leads his own organisation, Trevor Philips Enterprises, and comes into conflict with various rival gangs and criminal syndicates as he attempts to secure control of the drugs and weapons trade in the fictional Blaine County, San Andreas. He is played by actor Steven Ogg, who provided the voice and motion capture for the character.
Rockstar based Trevor's appearance on Ogg's physical appearance, while his personality was inspired by Charles Bronson. Grand Theft Auto V co-writer Dan Houser described Trevor as purely driven by desire and resentment. To make players care for the character, the designers gave the character more emotions. Trevor is shown to care about people very close to him, despite his antisocial behavior and psychotic derangement.
Trevor is considered one of the most controversial characters in video game history. The general attention given to Trevor by critics was mostly very positive, although some reviewers felt that his violent personality and actions negatively affected the game's narrative. His design and personality have drawn comparisons to other influential video game and film characters. Many reviewers have called Trevor a likeable and believable character, and felt that he is one of the few protagonists in the Grand Theft Auto series that would willingly execute popular player actions, such as murder and violence.
Character design
Grand Theft Auto V co-writer Dan Houser explained that Trevor "appeared to pretty much out of nowhere as the embodiment of another side of criminality [...] If Michael was meant to be the idea of some version of criminal control [...] what about the guy who didn't do that?" He later described Trevor as "the person who's driven purely by desire, resentment, no thought for tomorrow whatsoever, completely id rather than ego-driven." He stated that Trevor "kills without remorse, like a true psychopath, but very sentimental for the right reasons when it suits him."
Rockstar drew upon game protagonist archetypes while scripting the characters; Trevor was considered to embody insanity. Houser said the team characterised Michael and Trevor as juxtapositions of each other. He said, "Michael is like the criminal who wants to compartmentalise and be a good guy some of the time and Trevor is the maniac who isn't a hypocrite". He said that having three lead characters would help move the game's plot into more original territory than its predecessors, which traditionally followed a single protagonist rising through the ranks of a criminal underworld. Steven Ogg was cast as Trevor. During the initial audition process, Ogg noticed an on-set chemistry between him and Ned Luke (who portrayed Michael), which he felt helped secure them the roles. Ogg said, "When [Luke] and I went in the room together we immediately had something". While the actors knew their auditions were for Rockstar Games, it was when they signed contracts that they learned they would be involved in a Grand Theft Auto title.
Ogg felt Trevor's characterisation developed over time. He said, "Nuances and character traits that began to appearhis walk, his manner of speech, his reactions, definitely informed his development throughout the game". Ogg cites Tom Hardy's portrayal of English criminal Charles Bronson in the 2008 biopic Bronson as a strong stylistic influence. He opined that while Trevor embodies the violent, psychopathic Grand Theft Auto anti-hero archetype, he wanted to evoke player sympathy to Trevor's story. "To elicit other emotions was tough, and it was the biggest challenge and it's something that meant a lot to me", Ogg explained. The actors began working on the game in 2010. Their performances were mostly recorded using motion capture technology. Dialogue for scenes with characters seated in vehicles was recorded in studios. Because the actors had their dialogue and movements recorded on-set, they considered their performances were no different from those of film or television roles. Their dialogue was scripted so that it did not allow the actors to ad-lib; however they sometimes made small changes to the performance with approval from the directors.
Appearances
Grand Theft Auto V
Trevor was born in Canada, just north of the border of the United States. He grew up with a physically abusive father and an emotionally abusive mother. Trevor loved planes, and at some point entered the military as a pilot, but was quickly forced to leave after being reproved in a psychological evaluation. Later on, Trevor committed crimes, the first one being a small robbery that landed him in jail for six months. Due to good behavior, he was out in four. He would continue his criminal ways, including using his piloting skills to become a smuggler. Trevor met Michael Townley in 1993 and they realised that they wanted to earn money by performing large heists, so they joined forces and became successful in doing so over the following years. Their partnership began to strain after Michael married a stripper named Amanda and started a family with her. Despite this, Trevor grew close to Michael's children, who came to see him as their uncle.
In 2004, during a heist in Ludendorff, North Yankton, Michael and mutual accomplice Brad Snider are shot by police while Trevor escapes. While on the run, Trevor is led to believe that Michael died and Brad was sent to jail. Trevor eventually settles in Sandy Shores, a small town in Blaine County, San Andreas, where he establishes a small criminal enterprise that smuggles weapons and manufactures methamphetamine, which he hopes will grow into a large empire. Due to raging abandonment issues, Trevor surrounds himself with two loyal friends that he kidnapped and brainwashed from their previous lives named "Nervous" Ron Jakowski and Wade Hebert. Trevor enters an uneasy truce with his competitors in Sandy Shores, including the Lost Motorcycle Club led by Johnny Klebitz, the Varrios Los Aztecas gang, and the O'Neil Brothers.
In 2013, Trevor finds out that Michael faked his death, and is so spooked and enraged that he breaks the truce and kills most of his competition in one outburst of violence, a deadly streak that continues when a potential game-changing deal with a group of triads falls through. He later drives to Los Santos, taking over the apartment and ruining the life of Wade's cousin Floyd, and reunites with Michael, who took on the surname "De Santa" and is supposedly living in witness protection. Though Michael is reluctant to have Trevor back in his life again, he eventually introduces him to Franklin Clinton, after which the two perform heists again, this time including Franklin. Trevor is determined to rob anything guarded by Merryweather Security Consulting, a private security firm that he dislikes, but he often fails.
When corrupt Federal Investigation Bureau (FIB) agents Dave Norton and Steve Haines contact Michael after he breaks his agreement with them by committing heists again, they force him to carry out a number of operations alongside Trevor and Franklin to undermine the rival International Affairs Agency (IAA). Steve later introduces the trio to Devin Weston, a billionaire investor who hires them to steal a number of rare cars, but ultimately cheats them out of their money. During this time, Trevor begins to bond with Franklin, as they carry out several jobs together without Michael, some of which involve Franklin's friend Lamar Davis, whom Trevor also befriends. Later, after not getting paid for a job, Trevor kidnaps Patricia, the wife of drug kingpin Martin Madrazo. Due to her kind maternal nature and his own abandonment issues, Trevor falls in love with her and only returns her after much demanding from Michael. However, the two stay in contact until the end of the game.
Trevor eventually discovers that the Ludendorff heist from nine years prior was a set up planned by Michael and Dave, meant to allow the former to retire and escape from Trevor, and that Brad was not arrested, but rather killed and buried in Michael's fake grave. Feeling betrayed, Trevor vows to kill Michael, but later comes to his and Dave's aid when they are betrayed by Steve, because he needs Michael alive for one last heist. When that heist is successful, Trevor is so pleased that he lifts the death vow but still hates Michael. Near the end of the game, Franklin is approached separately by Dave and Steve, who contend that Trevor is a liability, and by Devin, who seeks revenge against Michael for an earlier incident. This leaves Franklin with three choices: kill Trevor, kill Michael, or try to save them both in a suicide mission.
If the first option is chosen, Franklin meets up with Trevor, before chasing him to an oil plant, where Michael arrives and causes Trevor to crash into an oil tank. With Trevor covered in oil, either Franklin or Michael shoot the oil, setting Trevor alight and killing him. After the mission, Trevor's cut of the final heist is equally split between Michael and Franklin, who are both affected by Trevor's death and decide to end their partnership, but remain friends. Ron, Lamar, and Michael's son Jimmy are also upset by Trevor's death: the former threatens Michael for his involvement and tells him that the business he and Trevor had built is over; Lamar asks Franklin if he knows how it happened, and the latter lies that Trevor was killed by government agents; and Jimmy is shocked to learn that Michael was involved, but the latter assures him that Trevor was dangerous.
If the second option is chosen, Franklin calls Trevor to help him kill Michael, but he refuses and cuts his ties with Franklin, saying he is tired of being surrounded by traitors. If Franklin meets with Trevor afterward, the latter accuses him of killing Michael, and warns him to stay away. Trevor is also called by Jimmy, but does not know what to say to comfort him because he was never close to his own father.
If the third option is chosen, Trevor and Michael put their differences aside to help Franklin survive an onslaught by the FIB and Merryweather, before splitting up to eliminate their remaining enemies; Trevor assassinates Steve and kidnaps Devin so that the trio may kill him together. Afterward, Trevor reconciles with Michael and they agree to stop working together, but remain allies. Trevor can continue to hang out with Michael and Franklin, during which he eventually admits that he over-reacted after learning the truth about Brad, and refers to himself and Michael as friends.
Grand Theft Auto Online
Trevor is a main character in Grand Theft Auto Online, the online multiplayer mode of Grand Theft Auto V, set several months before the single-player story. He provides missions to the player after they reach Rank 13 and steal Trevor's rolling meth lab during a job. When the player arrives at his trailer, Trevor demands compensation for the stolen meth lab and has them complete several jobs, which generally consist of stealing drugs from rivals, mainly the Lost MC, and killing the dealers. Trevor later plays a major role in the 2015 Heists update, where he masterminds one of the heists featured in the update. This "heist" consists of the theft of drugs from various gangs, including the Lost, the O'Neil Brothers, the Los Santos Vagos, and the Ballas, which Trevor plans to sell for a large profit. After all drug shipments are collected, Trevor and the players deliver them to the deal's location, whereupon Trevor gives the players their cut in advance and they leave. When the buyer arrives, Trevor quickly realizes that the deal is a sting operation, at which point he is ambushed by the Drug Observation Agency (DOA), but manages to escape, albeit without the drugs.
Although Trevor makes no further appearances in the game, he is mentioned by Ron in the 2017 update Smuggler's Run, which is set in 2017, a few years after the single-player story. Ron, after being abandoned by Trevor, contacts the player to start their own smuggling operation, and when they meet, the former briefly talks about Trevor, saying he has "gone Vinewood" and has become a guru and lifestyle coach; this confirms Trevor is still alive after the events of Grand Theft Auto V. Furthermore, the 2019 update, The Diamond Casino & Resort, includes a mention of the events of "The Third Way," implying that both Trevor and Michael canonically survive the events of the single-player story.
Cultural impact
Reception
Trevor's character was met with generally positive feedback following the release of Grand Theft Auto V. Edge singled out Trevor as the stand-out of the three protagonists, which they owed to his volatile personality. Like Edge, Caroline Petit of GameSpot considered Trevor "a truly horrible, terrifying, psychotic human being—and a terrific character." Eurogamers Tom Bramwell, however, felt that Trevor undermined the other characters because he was a "shallow and unconvincing" sensationalised anti-hero, and that "his antics derail[ed] the narrative" and overshadowed the character development of Michael and Franklin. Xav de Matos of Joystiq found all three characters unlikable to the extent that they had an alienating effect on the story, noting that "though each character has a valid motivation for his journey, it's difficult to want them to succeed." He also felt that the ambivalence between Trevor and Michael was a tired device by the conclusion of the story as it became a "seemingly endless cycle" of conflict between them.
Lucas Sullivan of GamesRadar praised Trevor for being the first character in the series that "makes sense". He stated that, upon their first playthrough of a Grand Theft Auto game, most players "carjacked some poor schlub, then started doing 90mph on the sidewalk, mowing over civilians", as opposed to playing peacefully. "Trevor's existence isn't a commentary on any group of people–he's just the first logical fit to the way people have been playing GTA games for the past decade," he said. Sullivan concluded that Trevor is one of the few protagonists in Grand Theft Auto that would willingly execute popular player actions, such as murder and violence. Andy Corrigan of IGN compared Trevor to Heath Ledger's Joker in the 2008 film The Dark Knight. Corrigan felt that Trevor is the only character in Grand Theft Auto V not trying to fake his persona, stating "Trevor absolutely knows that he's a monster but just doesn't care. He enjoys causing misery and harm, lives for it and embraces it and – much like Heath Ledger's Joker – he exists purely for unadulterated anarchy." He also felt that Trevor's only reasoning for hurting people and messing everything up around him is simply because it's just too much fun not to. Corrigan concluded saying that it's clear that the world through the eyes of Trevor is already royally broken and he sees no harm in messing it up some more, hence the reason for Trevor's actions.
Trevor was named Best Character for the Official Xbox Magazine Game of the Year Awards 2013. The character was nominated for Character of the Year at VGX, Best New Character from Hardcore Gamer, and Best Character from Destructoid. Steven Ogg was also nominated for his work as Trevor from VGX, The Telegraph, and the 10th British Academy Video Games Awards.
Controversies
The mission "By the Book" from Grand Theft Auto V was criticised for its depiction of torture. In the mission, Trevor interrogates Ferdinand "Mr. K" Kerimov for information about a suspected Azerbaijani fugitive who poses a threat to the FIB (the game's version of the FBI). Trevor uses torture equipment on the restrained man, which players select from a table. Once Mr. K provides the FIB with the information, Trevor is asked to kill him, but instead drives him to the airport, providing him an opportunity to escape. While driving Kerimov, Trevor monologues about the ineffectiveness of torture, pointing out Kerimov's readiness to supply the FIB with the information without being tortured, and expressing that torture is used as a power play "to assert ourselves".
Reviewers echoed that while the mission served as political commentary on the use of torture by the United States government, its use of torture was in poor taste. GameSpots Petit felt that placing the torture scene in context with the monologue created a hypocrisy in the mission's function as a commentary device, and IGNs Keza MacDonald felt it "pushed the boundaries of taste". In an editorial, Bramwell discussed whether the political commentary was overshadowed by the violent content, comparing the mission to Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2s "No Russian" controversy. He considered the sequence lacking enough context to justify its violence and summarised its function as "flawed". Labour MP Keith Vaz expressed concern that underage players could be exposed to the mission. Keith Best of Freedom from Torture said the torturer role-play "crossed a line". Tom Chick defended the torture sequence, and wrote that unlike the "No Russian" mission or the 2012 film Zero Dark Thirty, the underlying political commentary on torture in "By the Book" necessitated the violent content.
References
Missions
Fictional alcohol abusers
Fictional assassins in video games
Fictional aviators
Fictional bank robbers
Fictional pansexuals
Fictional businesspeople in video games
Fictional Canadian people
Fictional cannabis users
Fictional cannibals
Fictional career criminals
Fictional characters from California
Fictional characters with psychiatric disorders
Fictional crime bosses
Fictional criminals in video games
Fictional drug dealers
Fictional gangsters
Fictional immigrants to the United States
Fictional kidnappers
Fictional mass murderers
Fictional methamphetamine users
Fictional military personnel in video games
Fictional outlaws
Fictional professional thieves
Fictional rampage and spree killers
Fictional Royal Canadian Air Force personnel
Fictional soldiers in video games
Fictional smokers
Fictional torturers and interrogators
Fictional torturers
Grand Theft Auto characters
Grand Theft Auto V
LGBT characters in video games
Male characters in video games
Video game characters introduced in 2013
Video game mascots
Video game protagonists |
23573571 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozom%C3%ADn | Kozomín | Kozomín is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.
History
The first written mention of Kozomín is from 1400.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
44496653 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmead%20Medical%20Research%20Foundation | Westmead Medical Research Foundation | The Westmead Hospital Foundation is an Australian not-for-profit organisation which awards grants, provides fundraising support, and community advocacy for health care and medical research at in the western suburbs of Sydney.
History
Westmead Hospital Foundation, previously known as The Millennium Foundation, My Westmead, and Westmead Medical Research Foundation was established in 1990 to support the care of sick children and adults and hospital-based medical research. Westmead Hospital Foundation is based in Sydney's western suburbs.
A board of directors oversees the operations of the organisation.
A scientific advisory committee oversees grant applications and makes recommendations about the merits of individual applications for funding.
Funding
The organisation grants approximately $3 million per annum across a variety of grant programs.
Equipment grants
Grants are awarded towards priority projects within Westmead Hospital that enhance services provided by doctors, nurses and allied health workers to patients and their families. Past equipment grants have been awarded to assist in the purchase of cutting-edge technology for the support of critically ill premature babies; an interventional neuroradiology machine as a minimally invasive approach used in diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the head, neck, and spine such as cerebral aneurysms and strokes;
Research grants
During 2016 the organisation awarded over $600,000 to support specific research projects, such as the transplantation of pancreatic islet cells to treat patients with type 1 diabetes; a study to provide objective biological markers to help in the diagnosis of Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); a study to help understand the role of the ovarian hormones, estrogen and progesterone, that may lead to an increased risk of breast cancer; and a clinical research support program.
Service grants
Grants are awarded to a variety of programs that provide direct patient benefits; such as a program that provides seriously ill patients and their families some respite from illness, enabling them to take a short vacation, without cost; a brand new bus run by volunteers to offer free transport for patients to and from their residence to local general practitioners or hospitals like Blacktown, Mount Druitt and Westmead; refurbishment of public rooms in the oncology/palliative care ward; and wheelchairs for use by patients within Westmead Hospital.
Infrastructure grants
The foundation and its donors have also contributed funds to support major infrastructure projects on the Westmead health campus. The Westmead Institute for Medical Research is housed within a newly built, best-practice building that encourages collaboration and is a lynchpin of research in the Westmead precinct. $9m was granted by Westmead Medical Research Foundation to the institute to assist in the construction of this award-winning premises.
References
Medical and health organisations based in New South Wales
Parramatta |
23573573 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krenek | Krenek | Krenek may refer to:
Ernst Krenek (1900–1991), Austrian and American composer
Křenek (Prague-East District) |
23573575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led%C4%8Dice | Ledčice | Ledčice is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
44496686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliniodes%20iopolia | Cliniodes iopolia | Cliniodes iopolia is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by James E. Hayden in 2011. It is found in Peru, Ecuador and Colombia.
The length of the forewings is 17–18 mm for males and about 18 mm for females. The forewing costa is grey with violet-brown scales. The basal and medial areas are grey with scattered violet-brown or ruby scales. The hindwings are translucent white with a black marginal band. Adults have been recorded on wing in January, September and November.
Etymology
The species name is derived from Greek íov (meaning violet) the Greek word for grey.
References
Moths described in 2011
Eurrhypini |
23573578 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhotka%20%28M%C4%9Bln%C3%ADk%20District%29 | Lhotka (Mělník District) | Lhotka is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Hleďsebe is an administrative part of Lhotka.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
20465666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20William%20Pritchard | Edward William Pritchard | Edward William Pritchard (6 December 1825 – 28 July 1865) was an English doctor who was convicted of murdering his wife and mother-in-law by poisoning them. He was also suspected of murdering a servant girl, but was never tried for this crime.
He was the last person to be publicly executed in Glasgow.
Early years
Pritchard was born in Southsea, Hampshire, into a naval family. His father was John White Pritchard, a captain.
He claimed to have studied at King's College Hospital in London and to have graduated from there in 1846. He then served in the Royal Navy as an assistant surgeon on HMS Victory. For another four years, he served on various other ships sailing around the world.
He returned to Portsmouth, England, on HMS Hecate. While in Portsmouth, he met his future wife, Mary Jane Taylor, the daughter of Michael Taylor (1793-1867), a prosperous retired silk merchant from Edinburgh then living at 22 Minto Street. The couple married in 1851. He had five children with her.
He resigned from the Navy and first took a job as a general practitioner in Yorkshire, living for a time in Hunmanby.
He was the author of several books on his travels and on the water cure at Hunmanby, as well as articles in The Lancet.
In 1859, he left under a cloud and in debt, and moved to Glasgow.
Murders
On 5 May 1863, there was a fire in the Pritchards' house at 11 Berkeley Terrace, Glasgow, which killed a servant girl. Her name was Elizabeth McGrain, aged 25. The fire started in her room but she made no attempt to escape, suggesting that she was unconscious, drugged, or already dead.
The procurator fiscal looked into the case, but no charges were brought.
In 1865, Pritchard poisoned his mother-in-law, Jane Taylor, 70, who died on 28 February. His wife, whom he was treating for an illness (with the help of a Dr. Paterson), died a month later on 18 March at the age of 38. Both had been living at Pritchard's new family home at 131 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow. She had gone to her family home at 1 Lauder Road in Edinburgh to recuperate, and this worked, but she got ill again on return to Glasgow. Both his wife and mother-in-law are buried in the grave purchased by his father-in-law, Michael Taylor, in Grange Cemetery in south Edinburgh. The grave lies on the eastmost wall around 40m from the entrance.
Dr. Paterson was highly suspicious of the "illnesses" of both women and, when the time came, refused to sign the death certificates. However, he did not go out of his way to inform the medical or legal authorities of his suspicions. A 'Vindication' of Dr Paterson was circulated at the time and he took other steps to clear his name.
Pritchard was apprehended after an anonymous letter was sent to the authorities. When the bodies of his wife and mother-in-law were exhumed, it was found that they contained the poison antimony.
Trial and execution
The major points of interest in the trial were:
Pritchard's motive. Possibly he was having an affair with another maid in the household and would blame her for the poisonings as his defence.
The strange reticence of Dr. Paterson to inform anyone in authority of his suspicions.
Pritchard was convicted of murder after a five-day hearing in Edinburgh in July 1865, presided over by the Lord Justice Clerk, Lord Glencorse. He was hanged in front of thousands of spectators at the Saltmarket end of Glasgow Green at 8 a.m. on 28 July 1865.
In popular culture
In 1947, Scottish playwright James Bridie wrote Dr Angelus, based on the case. It originally starred Alastair Sim and George Cole. It was revived at the Finborough Theatre, London, in 2016.
Sir Cedric Hardwicke played Pritchard in the 6 October 1952 episode of the radio series Suspense.
In 1956, Pritchard was played by Joseph Cotten in an episode of the television series "On Trial" (episode name: The Trial of Edward Pritchard).
In the Sherlock Holmes short story, The Adventure of the Speckled Band, while commenting on the apparent villain (Dr Grimesby Roylott), Holmes tells Dr Watson that when a doctor goes bad he is "the first of criminals". He then illustrates this with the comment that Drs Palmer and Pritchard were at the "head of their profession". Since neither was considered a good doctor, and Pritchard was considered something of a quack by the medical fraternity in Glasgow, their "profession" was that of murder.
In the audio drama Tales from the Aletheian Society Pritchard appears as the (deceased) former Chaptermaster of a shadowy occult organisation, driven to murder by dark supernatural forces.
At his Trial Pritchard was represented (unsuccessfully) by Scottish law firm Maclay Murray and Spens. Upon his execution the law firm pursued his estate for their outstanding fees. But as there was no money in his estate to settle their bill they arrested his wooden consulting chair along with some other property. The chair remained on display in the firm's boardroom until as late as 2016.
See also
List of serial killers by country
References
Bibliography
"An eminent lawyer", A complete report of the trial of Dr. E. W. Pritchard for the alleged poisoning of his wife and mother-in-law, Issue 8 of Celebrated criminal cases, William Kay, 1865.
William Roughead, Trial of Dr. Pritchard, Notable Scottish Trials, William Hodge, 1906
William Roughead, "Dr Pritchard" in "Famous Trials 4" (ed. James H. Hodge), Penguin, 1954, 143-175
External links
Article with photograph
An account of the trial
A transcript of the trial
1825 births
1865 deaths
19th-century British people
19th-century English medical doctors
Executed people from Hampshire
Medical practitioners convicted of murdering their patients
People executed by Scotland by hanging
People executed for murder
People from Southsea
Poisoners
Glasgow Green
Royal Navy Medical Service officers
19th-century executions by Scotland
Suspected serial killers
1865 murders in the United Kingdom |
23573583 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libi%C5%A1 | Libiš | Libiš is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 2,300 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
20465676 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbalier%20Bay | Timbalier Bay | Timbalier Bay is a bay in southeastern Louisiana in the United States.
The bay is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico and lies near New Orleans along the southwestern coast of Lafouche Parish. Timbalier Island lies between Barataria Bay and the Gulf of Mexico.
The United States Navy seaplane tender , in commission from 1946 to 1954, was named for Timbalier Bay.
Notes
References
(ship namesake paragraph)
Merriam Webster's Geographical Dictionary, Third Edition. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, 1997. .
Bays of Louisiana
Bodies of water of Lafourche Parish, Louisiana
Bodies of water of Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana |
23573584 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobe%C4%8D | Lobeč | Lobeč is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.
Sights
There is a museum dedicated to life and work of Eduard Štorch.
Notable people
Václav Emanuel Horák (1800–1871), composer and liturgical musician
Eduard Štorch (1878–1956), archaeologist and writer; worked here and is buried here
References
Villages in Mělník District |
44496695 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Macdonald%20%28missionary%29 | Daniel Macdonald (missionary) | Daniel Macdonald (4 March 1846 – 18 April 1927) was a missionary to the New Hebrides (now Vanuatu). He was born in Alloa, Scotland, but migrated to Ballarat, Victoria. He studied at the Presbyterian Theological Hall in Melbourne, and was the first Australian-trained Presbyterian missionary to the New Hebrides.
Macdonald served at Port Havannah on the island of Efate from 1872 to 1905. He was the "most notable linguist in the history of the New Hebrides Mission", and was the "organising translator-editor" of the Nguna–Efate Old Testament published in 1908. He, John W. Mackenzie, and Peter Milne each contributed approximately one third of the translation. Macdonald espoused the idea that Oceanic languages were of Semitic origin, and promoted a hybrid Efatese language. He and Milne were involved in a feud that lasted for more than fifteen years, which started with a disagreement over how to translate the word "God" in the local language.
Macdonald was awarded a Doctor of Divinity degree from McGill University, and served as moderator of the Presbyterian Church of Victoria in 1896.
He married Elizabeth Keir Geddie, daughter of missionary Rev. John Geddie.
References
1846 births
1927 deaths
People from Alloa
Scottish emigrants to Australia
Scottish Presbyterian missionaries
Australian Presbyterian missionaries
Presbyterian missionaries in Vanuatu
Translators of the Bible into Oceanic languages
British expatriates in Vanuatu
Australian expatriates in Vanuatu
McGill University alumni
New Hebrides people
Missionary linguists |
20465735 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbalier%20Island | Timbalier Island | Timbalier Island is an island off southeastern Louisiana in the United States.
The island lies off the southeastern coast of Terrebonne Parish. Timbalier Bay lies between the island and the Louisiana mainland, and the island separates the bay from the Gulf of Mexico.
It borders Terrebonne Bay to its north and the Gulf of Mexico to its south. It is considered a barrier island essential in Louisiana to assist in the reduction of storm surges during hurricanes. It experiences more rapid land loss than the rest of Louisiana because of local tidal action.
Notes
References
Merriam Webster's Geographical Dictionary, Third Edition. Springfield, Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, 1997. .
External links
Pictopia.org 731237 (26-Timbalier Island, LA-3) View of Timbalier Island Lighthouse, Louisiana, 1871
Islands of Louisiana
Landforms of Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana
Barrier islands of Louisiana |
23573586 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronika%20Pol%C3%A1%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1 | Veronika Poláčková | Veronika Poláčková (sometimes as Veronika Poláček) is Czech actress.
Biography
She was born 28 August 1982 in Prague.
Education
After graduating from the Janáček Academy of Music and Performing Arts (JAMU) in Brno in 2004 she completed her doctoral program in Dramaturgy in 2012. Since 2006 Poláčková works as guest lecturer and pedagogical adviser at the JAMU in Brno.
Professional career
2004 – 2009 actress at the Brno City Theatre
2009 – 2013 presenter and editor at the local Brno TV station ("BRNĚNSKÁ TELEVIZE")
2012–present actress at the "Malého divadla komedie " "
Movies and TV shows (selection)
2014 Poslední z Aporveru
2013 Pionýři hororu (TV show)
2012 Tady hlídám já (movie)
2010 Cesty domů (TV show)
2009 Dům U Zlatého úsvitu (TV movie)
2003 Janek nad Janky (TV movie)
Theatre
City Theatre, Brno
Slaměný klobouk .... Helena
The Chioggia Scuffles .... Orsetta
Death of Paul I .... Mrs. Volkova
Peklo .... Shade
Three Musketeers .... Nun/Maid of honour/Aunt
Twelfth Night, or What You Will .... Valentin
Henry VIII .... Anne Boleyn
Máj .... Hanka
Arcadia ... Thomasina Coverly
Romance for Bugle .... Village Woman
Maškaráda .... niece
Ginger and Fred .... Cover Girl in TV Commercial
Labyrint světa a ráj srdce .... 1st picture
Jak je důležité míti Filipa .... Gwendoline Fairfax
Odysseia .... Aphrodite
Ferdinand, kd´Este? .... ensemble
Kdyby tisíc klarinetů .... girl from boarding school
Oliver! .... Off-stage
Zahrada divů .... Skřet
External links
City Theatre (Czech)
References
Czech stage actresses
Living people
1982 births
Actresses from Prague |
6899789 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas%20Girard | Nicolas Girard | Nicolas Girard (born June 5, 1972 in Montreal, Quebec) is a politician in Quebec, Canada, and former member of the National Assembly of Quebec. He was elected to the National Assembly in a by-election as a Parti Québécois member on September 20, 2004 in riding of Gouin in the Montreal region.
Student activism
Girard was involved in politics in his teens, notably on the Parti Québécois (PQ) Youth Association in the riding of La Prairie.
As a student of Collège Édouard-Montpetit, Girard was involved in the Parti Québécois local cell. He was then elected president of the student college association. He fought against budget cuts made by the Canadian federal government.
During the 1995 Quebec referendum, he founded a student organization supporting the yes side. He gave several speeches along with PQ leader, Jacques Parizeau.
Girard has a bachelor's degree in political sciences at the Université de Montréal and did studies for the master's degree in industrial relations.
During his stay at the Université de Montréal, he was elected leader of student association - Fédération des associations étudiantes du campus de l'Université de Montréal (FAÉCUM).
He is a former student activist, notably organizing student rallies against former minister Lloyd Axworthy's cuts in education. He then became the president-elect of the Federation des associations étudiantes du campus de l'Université de Montréal (FAECUM). FAECUM supported the yes side during the 1995 Quebec referendum.
Early political career
Upon graduation, Girard was hired by the Parti Québécois as a communication advisor. He later worked for several ministers, including François Legault, André Boisclair and Sylvain Simard as a press secretary.
At the 2003 provincial election, he was appointed as the deputy communication director for the campaign. Following the PQ's defeat, he was hired by the Confédération des syndicats nationaux (CSN), as a communication specialist. He also joined Pauline Marois's organization as an advisor, in her attempt to quickly replace Bernard Landry.
2004 by-election
In 2004, following André Boisclair's resignation, he ran for the PQ in the Gouin riding. In the candidate selection process, he was backed by Pauline Marois and defeated high-profile Bloc Québécois vice-president, Dominique Ollivier, who was supported by Bernard Bigras, Gilles Duceppe and Louise Harel.
He won his selection at the third round by a one-vote margin.
Political career 2004 - 2007
Early after his election, he left Marois' organization to back Bernard Landry who was gaining support in order to get a decent confidence score at a mandatory PQ internal vote.
In 2005, Bernard Landry resigned after gaining only 75% of his party support, Girard then convinced André Boisclair to make a bid for the PQ leadership, which he won.
Since, Girard's political career has been on the fast-track. Boisclair appointed him the PQ critics in social services and as the chief strategist for the upcoming provincial election. Girard then appointed long-time friend, Pierre-Luc Paquette, as PQ's general manager.
It is said that Girard would play a leading role in an eventual Boisclair government.
General election 2007
Girard was re-appointed the PQ's candidate in the Gouin riding in 2007. He faced Françoise David, the leader of Quebec Solidaire, a left wing political party.
His electoral office was occupied by FRAPRU, a social lobby supporting more public funded housing, police were forced to evacuate the illegal protesters.
He was re-elected with almost 40% of the vote, however the PQ finished in third position.
Defeat and AMT appointment
Girard was defeated in the September 4, 2012 Quebec general election. On September 25, 2012, he was appointed president and CEO of the Agence métropolitaine de transport (AMT), which coordinates regional transportation in the Montreal area.
He was removed from the position by Premier Philippe Couillard in August 2015, resulting in PQ claims that it was because he was a sovereignist. His large severance pay also created controversy.
Electoral record (partial)
* Result compared to Action démocratique
* Result compared to UFP
|-
|Liberal
|Edith Keays
|align="right"|3,645
|align="right"|24.32
|align="right"|-5.88
|-
|-
|-
|-
|Independent
|Régent Millette
|align="right"|33
|align="right"|0.22
|align="right"|–
|-
|}
References
1972 births
French Quebecers
Living people
Parti Québécois MNAs
Politicians from Montreal
Université de Montréal alumni
21st-century Canadian politicians |
23573588 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C5%BEec%20nad%20Vltavou | Lužec nad Vltavou | Lužec nad Vltavou is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,400 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Chramostek is an administrative part of Lužec nad Vltavou.
Notable people
Miloš Jiránek (1875–1911), painter, art critic and writer
References
Villages in Mělník District |
44496701 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1%C5%9Flak%C3%B6y%2C%20Mut | Kışlaköy, Mut | Kışlaköy is a village in Mut district of Mersin Province, Turkey. It is situated to the south of Turkish state highway and to the west of the highway to Gülnar at . Göksu River is to the west of the village. Its distance to Mut is and to Mersin is . Population of Kışlaköy was 207 as of 2012.
References
Villages in Mut District |
23573593 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%BD%20%C3%9Ajezd | Malý Újezd | Malý Újezd is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,100 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Jelenice and Vavřineč are administrative parts of Malý Újezd.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
23573596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medonosy | Medonosy | Medonosy () is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants. The village of Nové Osinalice within the municipality has well preserved examples of folk architecture is protected by law as a village monument reservation.
Administrative parts
Villages and hamlets of Chudolazy, Nové Osinalice, Osinalice and Osinaličky are administrative parts of Medonosy.
History
The first written mention of Medonosy is from 1352.
Gallery
References
External links
Villages in Mělník District |
23573597 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stelis%20quinquenervia | Stelis quinquenervia | Stelis quinquenervia is a species of orchid endemic to western South America.
quinquenervia |
20465740 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonel%20Pern%C3%ADa | Leonel Pernía | Leonel Adrián Pernía (born September 27, 1975 in Buenos Aires) is an Argentine racing driver. He has run in different series, with major success in TC 2000, where he finished 3rg in 2009 and 2nd in 2010 driving for the works Honda team.
He is the son of former footballer and racing driver Vicente Pernía, and brother of Spanish international footballer Mariano Pernía. In fact, he played for Boca Juniors First Division in 1997, in the National Professional Soccer League the next two years, then raced at the Argentine Turismo Nacional in 2000 and 2001. Because of the crisis, he returned to the United States to compete in the Major Indoor Soccer League from 2002 to 2005.
In 2006, Pernía retired from football and returned to Argentina to race professionally. That year he competed at the TC Pista in a Chevrolet (12th) and the TC2000 in a Honda (3 races). The next season, Pernía raced two TC Pista races, half of the TC2000 season in a Fineschi Honda and the rest of the year in a works Honda, ending up 13th.
The next years, he continued racing for Honda and was vice-championship in 2009 and 2010. He also raced at the Turismo Nacional Clase 3 in 2008, the Top Race V6 in 2009 and Turismo Carretera since 2009. In 2009 he also won the Drivers Masters karting all-star race in downtown Buenos Aires.
In 2013, 2014 and 2015 he was runner-up in Super TC 2000 (successor to TC 2000) behind Matías Rossi and Néstor Girolami (twice), already with the official Renault Argentina team. In 2018 he won the Turismo Nacional Clase 3 championship with Chetta Racing and the following year the Súper TC 2000 with Renault.
Career
Complete World Touring Car Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
References
External links
1975 births
TC 2000 Championship drivers
Argentine racing drivers
Living people
Top Race V6 drivers
Turismo Carretera drivers
World Touring Car Championship drivers
Súper TC 2000 drivers |
23573600 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%9Blnick%C3%A9%20Vtelno | Mělnické Vtelno | Mělnické Vtelno is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,000 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Radouň and Vysoká Libeň are administrative parts of Mělnické Vtelno.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
23573604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebu%C5%BEely | Nebužely | Nebužely is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
44496716 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami%20Farag | Sami Farag | Sami Farag Youssef (; September 1, 1935 – February 21, 2015) was an Egyptian lawyer, judge, prosecutor and Vice-President of the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt. He was viewed by many as one of the most influential Copts in modern history.
Early life
He was born in Nazlet El Seman in the Giza province. He later studied law at Cairo University.
Career
He held the following offices:
Independent lawyer till February 1962.
Legal adviser to Banque Misr till September 1965.
Deputy General Prosecutor (1965-1973)
Judge and court president (1973-1981)
Prosecuting attorney in Faiyum (1981-1982)
Judge at the court of appeals (1982-1986)
Judge at the court of cassation (1986-1989)
Vice-President of the court of cassation (1989)
Vice-President of the Supreme Constitutional court of Egypt (1990-1999)
He is the person to have served the longest term (nine years) at the position of Vice-President of the Supreme Constitutional court of Egypt.
In 1995 he was appointed by President Mubarak to serve temporarily in the General Congregation Council of the Coptic Church. He was a very close and trusted friend of Pope Shenouda III. He would serve sometimes as the liaison between the government and the Church's leadership.
He represented Egypt 5 times at the Congress of the Conference of European Constitutional Courts.
In the 1996 Conference that was held in Budapest, his performance convinced the President of the Congress to name Egypt as an observant member at the Conference of European Constitutional Courts.
During his term at the Supreme Constitutional Court, he oversaw many cases involving the President of the Republic, the government and the Coptic Pope.
He trained and was the mentor of Egyptian President Adly Mansour.
Personal life
Sami Farag was the father of two sons and two daughters. He also left six grandchildren.
Death
On February 21, 2015, he died at the Anglo-American Hospital in Zamalek, Cairo.
President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi couldn't attend the funeral, so he sent General Mohamed Rostom to represent him instead.
Pope Tawadros II of Alexandria said after his death that Sami Farag was "a pious and great judge, a loyal servant to his church and his country."
References
1935 births
People from Giza
20th-century Egyptian judges
Coptic Orthodox Christians from Egypt
2015 deaths |
20465742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/140%20Days%20Under%20the%20World | 140 Days Under the World | 140 Days Under the World is a 1964 New Zealand short documentary film about Antarctica. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short.
References
External links
Watch One Hundred and Forty Days Under the World at NZ On Screen
1964 films
1964 documentary films
1964 short films
1960s short documentary films
1960s English-language films
New Zealand short documentary films
Documentary films about Antarctica |
23573606 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedomice | Nedomice | Nedomice is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
6899793 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas%20Allanbrook | Douglas Allanbrook | Douglas Allanbrook (April 1, 1921 – January 29, 2003) was an American composer, concert pianist and harpsichordist. He was associated with a group of mid-twentieth century Boston composers who were students of Nadia Boulanger. His compositions are described by the Kennedy Center as "smooth, showing astute sense, assertiveness, and originality."
Early life
Allanbrook was born on April 1, 1921, and raised in Melrose, Massachusetts, a suburb of Boston. He began taking piano lessons at the age of eight. Within two years he was playing Bach, Haydn, and Czerny. By thirteen, he started composing; his first serious piece was entitled On the Death of a Beautiful White Cat. While in high school, he was composing sonatas for violin and piano and writing sketches for a Symphony in G minor.
Education
After high school, Allanbrook studied at Boston University for one year. In 1939 he was hired as a music teacher at the Mary Wheeler finishing school, a private girls' school, in Providence, where Gloria Vanderbilt was among his piano students. In 1941, the Rhode Island Symphony played his student orchestral work "Music for a Tragedy."
During the same year, Nadia Boulanger came to Providence to accept an honorary degree from Brown University. She heard some of Allanbrook's music and immediately took him under her wing. He began commuting regularly to Cambridge to study with her, and became part of her coterie of Boston composers, which included Harold Shapero, Irving Fine, Paul Desmarais, and Daniel Pinkham.
In the fall of 1942, the Army drafted Allanbrook. Serving as an infantryman for three years, he fought his way up the Italian peninsula, in the process earning a Bronze Star and starting his lifelong love affair with Italy. His 1995 book, See Naples: A Memoir of Love, Peace, and War in Italy recounts his wartime experiences with the 88th Division in the Italian Campaign, in which his division suffered a 75% casualty rate.
When the war ended, he returned to Boston to enter Harvard University on the G.I. Bill. His major professor was composer Walter Piston, with whom he studied harmony, counterpoint, and orchestration. Among his fellow students were Peter Davison, who was to become a poet and publisher, and John Clinton Hunt, also to become a writer. Allanbrook composed prolifically, including his first three-movement piano sonata, and a cantata to T.S. Eliot's poem Ash Wednesday. He spent his summers at the MacDowell Colony in New Hampshire, composing among distinguished artists also there. He completed his B.A. degree in May 1948. He was awarded a Paine Traveling Fellowship from Harvard, which he used to spend the next two years (1948–1950) in Paris honing his composing and performing skills, once again studying under Nadia Boulanger. There he formed close musical friendships with composers Ned Rorem, Noël Lee, Leo Preger and Georges Auric.
In the summer of 1950 on a Fulbright scholarship, he returned to Italy to study harpsichord under Ruggero Gerlin, longtime associate of Wanda Landowska, at the Naples Conservatory. Under Gerlin's tutelage, he learned to perform the partitas and the two books of the Well-Tempered Clavier of J. S. Bach, the of François Couperin, and various sonatas of Domenico Scarlatti. Allanbrook spent two extraordinarily creative years in Italy as composer and performer. His main work from this period is his first opera, Ethan Frome, a setting of Edith Wharton's novel of the same name with a libretto by John Clinton Hunt.
St. John's
In 1952 he returned to the U.S. to become a tutor at St. John's College in Annapolis in its Great Brooks Program. Although he taught part-time at the Peabody Conservatory in Baltimore from 1953 through 1956, he chose to stay at St. John's for the duration of his teaching career. Allanbrook was on the faculty at St. John's for 45 years, teaching music, math, philosophy, Greek, and French. Although he retired from the college in May 1986, he continued to teach and perform there until his death. For many years, he was a member of the board at the Yaddo artists colony near Saratoga Springs, NY. He died in Annapolis, Maryland on January 29, 2003, from a heart attack at the age of 81.
Catalog
His catalog contains 63 mature musical compositions, from his Te Deum (1942) to his String Quartet No. 6 (2002). He greatly admired Boulanger and Stravinsky, and his formative years of composing show influence from both artists. His main works include seven symphonies, two operas, Ethan Frome and Nightmare Abbey (based on the novel by Thomas Love Peacock), sacred and secular choral works, four string quartets, numerous chamber pieces, and innumerable piano and harpsichord works. His opera Ethan Frome was written in 1951 was based on the novel by Edith Wharton. He performed the piano part himself in 1955 for Aaron Copland at the Harvard Club. However, the opera was shelved for fifty years until his son John Allanbrook directed in at the Eliot House. During his lifetime, his orchestral works were performed by orchestras across America and Europe, including the National Symphony Orchestra, Baltimore Symphony, Stuttgart Philharmonic, Munich Radio Orchestra. He had a warm and creative collaboration with the Annapolis Brass Quintet from 1975 until its disbandment in 1991. Other performers who gave premieres of his music under his supervision include harpsichordist Ralph Kirkpatrick, violinist Robert Gerle, and the Kronos Quartet.
Personal life
Allanbrook was married twice, with both marriages ending in divorce. As recounted in See Naples, his first marriage was in 1952 to Candida Curcio, a theater actress whom he met in Italy; they had a son, Timothy, an architect. Later in 1975, he married the Mozart scholar and future president of the American Musicological Society Wye Allanbrook née Jamison (March 15, 1943 – July 15, 2010); their son, John, is a musician who has conducted recordings of several major Allanbrook works for Mapleshade Records.
Further reading
Douglas Allanbrook, See Naples: A Memoir. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1995.
Douglas Allanbrook and Pierre Sprey, publicity material for Mapleshade Records, 1995–2003.
Edward Komara, Douglas Allanbrook: A Classified List of Works. SUNY Buffalo, 1989, unpublished.
"Douglas Allanbrook" in Laura Kuhn, editor, Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians, Centennial Edition, New York: Schirmer, 2000.
Interview with Douglas Allanbrook, April 27, 1987
References
1921 births
2003 deaths
American male composers
Boston University alumni
Harvard University alumni
St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe) faculty
People from Melrose, Massachusetts
Musicians from Massachusetts
United States Army personnel of World War II
Peabody Institute faculty
20th-century American pianists
20th-century American composers
American male pianists
United States Army soldiers
20th-century American male musicians
Mapleshade Records artists
American expatriates in Italy |
44496718 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliniodes%20festivalis | Cliniodes festivalis | Cliniodes festivalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by James E. Hayden in 2011. It is found in northern Colombia, where it has been recorded from Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta.
The length of the forewings is for males and about 19 mm for females. The forewing costa is reddish brown and the basal area is reddish brown with black. The antemedial line is black with violet scales and the medial area has an orange anterior and a violet posterior. The hindwings are translucent white with black marginal band. Adults have been recorded on wing in January, February and from July to September.
Etymology
The species name refers to the colorful maculation and is derived from Latin festivus (meaning joyous).
References
Moths described in 2011
Eurrhypini |
23573610 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nos%C3%A1lov | Nosálov | Nosálov () is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants. The village with well preserved examples of folk architecture is protected by law as a village monument reservation.
Administrative parts
Villages of Brusné 1.díl, Libovice and Příbohy are administrative parts of Nosálov.
History
The first written mention of Nosálov is from 1324.
Sights
The village of Nosálov consists of a unique complex of original wooden cottages from the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, so called hop houses. They are a remnant of the times when there was a hop-growing area.
The small Chapel of the Holy Trinity in the centre of Nosálov was built in 1808 and is a valuable example of a small village building of this period.
References
External links
Villages in Mělník District |
6899802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice%20Ahern | Maurice Ahern | Maurice Ahern (born 1938/39) is a former Irish Fianna Fáil politician. He was a member of Dublin City Council for the Cabra–Glasnevin local electoral area from 1999 to 2009. He was first elected at the 1999 local elections, topping the poll. He was re-elected at the 2004 local elections. He was the Lord Mayor of Dublin in 2000, and formerly Leader of the Fianna Fáil group on the council. He was a member of the Irish Sports Council.
Married to Moira Murray-Ahern, he has five sons and one daughter. His eldest son, Dylan Ahern, was found dead in his apartment on 22 November 2009.
He is the elder brother of Bertie Ahern and Noel Ahern, both of whom served as Fianna Fáil TDs, Bertie Ahern having served as Taoiseach from 1997–2008.
He was the Fianna Fáil candidate in the Dublin Central by-election which was held on 5 June 2009. He lost that election being beaten into 5th place. On the same day, he also lost his council seat in the 2009 local elections.
References
1930s births
Living people
Year of birth uncertain
Maurice
Fianna Fáil politicians
Local councillors in Dublin (city)
Lord Mayors of Dublin
Sport Ireland officials
People educated at O'Connell School |
23573613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%A1%20Ves%20%28M%C4%9Bln%C3%ADk%20District%29 | Nová Ves (Mělník District) | Nová Ves is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,000 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Miřejovice, Nové Ouholice, Staré Ouholice and Vepřek are administrative parts of Nová Ves.
History
The first written mention of Nová Ves is from 1421.
Economy
Vepřek Solar Park, the largest photovoltaic power station by area and the second biggest by nameplate capacity, is located in Vepřek.
Sights
There are four cultural monuments in the municipality: Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, a belfry in Nová Ves, a belfry in Vepřek and a watermill in Vepřek.
Galery
References
Villages in Mělník District |
6899816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mystery%20of%20the%20Tolling%20Bell | The Mystery of the Tolling Bell | The Mystery of the Tolling Bell is the twenty-third volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series. It was first published in 1946 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene. The actual author was ghostwriter Mildred Wirt Benson.
Plot summary
Nancy, Bess, and George travel to the picturesque seaside town of Candleton to meet Carson Drew's client, a woman named Mrs. Chantrey, who has been cheated out of money by buying phony stock. On the way, they stop in Fisher's Cove where Bess buys expensive "Mon Coeur" perfume from a suspicious woman. Upon arrival in Candleton, they meet busy Mrs. Chantrey at her restaurant, the Salsandee shop, and help out as waitresses for a day. While waiting on tables, Nancy meets a mysterious diner named Amos Hendrick. He tells her of his search for a missing Paul Revere bell. When he leaves, Nancy finds a piece of paper that he dropped with a mysterious message on it and gives it to Mrs. Chantrey for safekeeping.
When Mr. Drew fails to join the girls as planned, Nancy is worried. She soon finds that he has been kidnapped and left in a hotel. She rescues her father, who thinks that he has been drugged. Meanwhile, Nancy also becomes interested in the local story of Amy Maguire, who married a man named Ferdinand Slocum despite her parents' disapproval.
While talking with Mrs. Chantrey and the other residents of Candleton, they tell her of a cave which is said to be inhabited by a ghost who rings a bell every time water rushes through it. Nancy investigates and is swept into the sea by rushing water until she is rescued. This does not stop her and she continues to investigate the cave, which lies directly under the Maguire house. Then, Nancy discovers that many other residents of Candleton besides Mrs. Chantrey have been scammed into buying fake stock in the "Mon Coeur" brand. Nancy eventually tracks down the perfume scammers, finds out the true story of Amy Maguire, uncovers the ghost, and, with the help of the mysterious piece of paper, rescues the tolling bell, which turns out to be the valuable Paul Revere bell that Amos Hendrick was searching for.
Artwork, text, and publishing history
The first edition featured a dust jacket and plain-paper frontispiece by Russell H. Tandy, and it was the first Nancy Drew book with a wraparound spine. The book is also notable as it was the last Nancy Drew book to be published with the orange silhouette and orange lettering on the book boards that had been in print since 1932.
The Tandy art was kept in print for multiple original text picture cover printings from 1962 until 1966, when Rudy Nappi revised the cover art depicting the same scene for later original text printings, with a revised frontispiece by an unknown artist. This artwork featured Nancy in pink and was in print until the book was revised in 1973.
The cover and spines of books with the second cover art (first Nappi) both have the title "Mystery of the Tolling Bell". This would create confusion as the original title was "The Mystery of the Tolling Bell", and the original text still said "The Mystery of the Tolling Bell" on the inside.
It was not until the text was revised in 1973 that the title was changed to "Mystery of the Tolling Bell". Rudy Nappi made a new cover for the revision using heavy symbolism from the original two covers. The revision had five internal illustrations and a frontispiece by an uncredited artist, although one of the illustrations bears the clear signature "A. Orbaan" (presumably Albert Orbaan). The revised text of this book is still in print as of 2021, now published in “glossy flashlight” format by Grosset & Dunlap.
The original text was in print for 26 years, from 1946 to 1972. A revised text was published in 1973 as part of the Stratemeyer Syndicate’s project to revise the Nancy Drew and Hardy Boys texts published from 1927 to 1956. The original spans 25 chapters and 213 pages, while the revised edition has 20 chapters and 181 pages.
References
Nancy Drew books
1946 American novels
1946 children's books
Grosset & Dunlap books
Children's mystery novels |
6899817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb%20Williams | Caleb Williams | Caleb Williams may refer to:
Caleb Williams, the shortened title and the name of the protagonist of Things as They Are; or, The Adventures of Caleb Williams, a 1794 British novel
Caleb Williams (American football) (born 2002), American football quarterback
Caleb Williams Saleeby (1878–1940), English physician |
23573614 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob%C5%99%C3%ADstv%C3%AD | Obříství | Obříství is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,600 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Dušníky and Semilkovice are administrative parts of Obříství.
Notable people
Bedřich Smetana (1824–1884), composer; lived and married here
Svatopluk Čech (1846–1908), writer and poet; lived here in 1895–1903
References
Villages in Mělník District |
44496728 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Magnetic%20Tree | The Magnetic Tree | The Magnetic Tree () is a Chilean Spanish co-produced film written and directed by Isabel de Ayguavives and filmed in Chile.
The Magnetic Tree is Isabel de Ayguavives' debut feature film.
The film premiered at the 2013 San Sebastián International Film Festival.
Plot
Bruno is a young immigrant returning to Chile from Germany after a long absence. Bruno is staying in the house of his cousins in the country, where the whole family are gathered to bid the place a farewell, as it is about to be sold. They visit a place that he remembers fondly, the "Magnetic Tree" a local curiosity. The tree has a mysterious magnetic force, so powerful that it can pull cars toward itself.
The group, in a series of free and open conversations, reveal the feelings that come from a family relationship.
Cast
Andrés Gertrúdix
Catalina Saavedra
Manuela Martelli
Gonzalo Robles
Juan Pablo Larenas
Daniel Alcaíno
Edgardo Bruna
Lisette Lastra
Production
The movie is a Chilean-Spanish production by Dos Treinta y Cinco P.C, Parox, and Instituto de la Cinematografía y de las Artes Audiovisuales .
Awards
San Sebastian Film Festival Nominated: Kutxa – New Director Award
Reception
The film had generally positive reception.
Twitchfilm review: "The strongest element of the movie, written and directed by Isabel de Ayguavives, is how it manages to recreate that feeling of a family reunion, specially when it comes to Chile."
Cineuropa review: "Ayguavives has created a mosaic of different situations that combine to form a subtle reflection on that damned nostalgia that can sometimes end up weighing down too heavily on us."
The Hollywood Reporter: “Lively and intimate, it's a film made by someone whose interest in and compassion for her people is deep and forgiving.” Jonathan Holland, The Hollywood Reporter.
References
External links
The Magnetic Tree Official webpage
Films shot in Chile
2013 films
Spanish drama films
2010s Spanish-language films
Films about immigration
Films set in Chile
Films about trees
2013 drama films
Chilean drama films |
23573616 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olovnice | Olovnice | Olovnice is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
20465760 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick%20Harrison | Dick Harrison | Dick Walther Harrison (born 10 April 1966) is a Swedish historian. He is currently a Professor of History at Lund University.
His main areas of interest are the European Middle Ages, including the medical history of the period and the history of slavery. Harrison regularly writes articles for the Swedish journal Populär Historia (Popular History). He has also written popular historical works and, during Spring 2010, a blog covering the history of monarchs and monarchies with emphasis on the Swedish monarchy. Harrison regularly gives lectures to the general public on a broad range of historical topics.
Harrison is the editor-in-chief of a comprehensive series about Swedish history published by Norstedts with the first volume released in September, 2009. The Swedish TV channel TV4 has made a companion television series for which Harrison is the historical consultant and co-host along with Martin Timell. The TV series has 12 episodes of which the first six aired on TV4 during spring 2010. The second set of six episodes aired spring 2011.
In addition to his historical writing, Harrison has written three historical novels about Ulvbjörn Vamodsson, a 7th-century (fictitious) warrior: Ofärd, Niding and Illdåd.
Harrison was born in Huddinge, Stockholm County, and spent much of his youth in Staffanstorp in Scania. He married Katarina Lindbergh in 2010.
Selected bibliography
Non-fiction
1995 – Europa I världen : medeltiden Europe in the World: Middle Ages
1997 – Uppror och allianser: politiskt våld i 1400-talets svenska bondesamhälle Revolts and Alliances: Political Violence in 15th Century Swedish Rural Society
1998 – Skapelsens geografi Geographic Creation: Perceptions of Space and Place in Medieval Europe
1998 – Age of Abbesses and Queens
1999 – Krigarnas och helgonens tid: Västeuropas historia 400–800 e.Kr. The Era of Warriors and Saints: Western European History 400-800 A.D.
1999 – I skuggan av Cathay: västeuropéers möte med Asien 1400–1600 In the Shadow of Cathay: Western Europeans Encounters with Asia 1400-1600
2000 – Mannen från Barnsdale: historien om Robin Hood och hans legend The Man From Barnsdale: The History of Robin Hood and His Legend
2000 – Stora döden: den värsta katastrof som drabbat Europa The Black Death: the Worst Disaster to Strike Europe (Received August prize)
2000 – På Klios fält: essäer om historisk forskning och historieskrivning On Clio's Field: Essays About Historical Research and Writing
2002 – Jarlens sekel: en berättelse om 1200-talets Sverige The Earl's Century: an Account of 13th Century Sweden (chosen as Swedish history book of the year)
2002 – Karl Knutsson: En biografi Karl Knutsson: a Biography
2002 – Sveriges historia – medeltiden Sweden's History: Middle Ages
2003 – Harrisons historia Harrison's History (textbook)
2003 – Tankar om historia Thoughts About History (essay collection)
2003 – Historiebok för kakälskare A Cookie Lovers’ History Book (historical recipes) (Together with Eva-Helen Ulvros.)
2005 – Förrädaren, skökan och självmördaren The Traitor, the Whore and the Suicide: The Story of Judas Iscariot, Mary Magdelen, Pontius Pilate and Joseph of Aramathea
2005 – Gud vill det! - nordiska korsfarare under medeltiden God's Will: Nordic Crusaders During the Middle Ages
2006 – Slaveri: Forntiden till renässansen Slavery: Prehistoric to the Renaissance
2007 – Slaveri: 1500 till 1800 Slavery: 1500 to 1800
2008 – Slaveri: 1800 till nutid Slavery: 1800 to the present
2009 – Sveriges historia: 600-1350
2010 – Sveriges historia: 1350–1600 (with Bo Eriksson)
2012 – Från en säker källa...
2013 – 101 föremål ur Sveriges historia (with Katarina Harrison Lindbergh)
2015 – Slaveriets historia
2016 – Ett stort lidande har kommit över oss
2017 – Kalmars historia
2018 – Englands historia. Del 1, up until 1600
2018 – Englands historia. Del 2, from 1600 onwards
2018 – Dalslands historia
2019 – Trettioåriga kriget
2019 – Vikingarnas historia
2020 – Folkvandringstid
2020 – Sveriges medeltid
2021 – Sveriges stormaktstid
Fiction
2007 – Ofärd (Calamity) historical fiction set in 6th century western Europe
2010 - Niding (Oathbreaker) sequel to Ofärd
2012 - Illdåd (Misdeed) third book in the Ulvbjörn series
Articles
"Dark Age Migrations and Subjective Ethnicity: The Example of the Lombards", Scandia 57:1, Lund 1991.
"The Invisible Wall of St John. On Mental Centrality in Early Medieval Italy", Scandia 58:2, Lund 1992.
"Plague, Settlement and Structural Change at the Dawn of the Middle Ages", Scandia 59:1, Lund 1993.
"The Duke and the Archangel: A Hypothetical Model of Early State Integration in Southern Italy through the Cult of Saints", Collegium Medievale vol. 6 1993/1, Oslo 1993.
"The Early State in Lombard Italy", Rome and the North, eds. A. Ellegård and G. Åkerström-Hougen, Jonsered 1996.
"Murder and Execution within the Political Sphere in Fifteenth-century Scandinavia", Scandia 1997:2.
"The Lombards in the Early Carolingian Epoch", in "Karl der Grosse und sein Nachwirken. 1200 Jahre Kultur und Wissenschaft in Europa", hrsgb. P.L. Butzer, M. Kerner und W. Oberschelp, Turnhout 1997.
"Political Rhetoric and Political Ideology in Lombard Italy", Strategies of Distinction: The Construction of Ethnic Communities, 300–800, eds. W. Pohl and H. Reimitz, Leiden 1998.
"Patterns of Regionalisation in Early Medieval Italy: a Historical and Methodological Problem", Analecta Romana Instituti Danici 26, Rom 1999.
"Invisible Boundaries and Places of Power: Notions of Liminality and Centrality in the Early Middle Ages", i The Transformation of Frontiers: from Late Antiquity to the Carolingians, eds. W. Pohl, I. Wood and H. Reimitz, Leiden 2001.
"The Development of Élites. From Roman Bureaucrats to Medieval Warlords", i Integration und Herrschaft. Ethnische Identitäten und Soziale Organisation im Frühmittelalter, Forschungen zur Geschichte des Mittelalters 3, hrsgb. Walter Pohl och Max Diesenberger, Wien 2002.
"Structures and Resources of Power in Early Medieval Europe", i The Construction of Communities in the Early Middle Ages: Texts, Resources and Artefacts, eds. R. Corradini, M. Diesenberger and H. Reimitz, Leiden 2002.
Honours and awards
1996 The Clio Prize
2000 The August Prize for non-fiction
2001 Duke Carl's Prize
2002 Book of the Year about Swedish History
Sources
1966 births
Living people
People from Huddinge Municipality
20th-century Swedish historians
Lund University faculty
Linköping University faculty
August Prize winners
21st-century Swedish historians
Swedish medievalists |
23573619 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ov%C4%8D%C3%A1ry%20%28M%C4%9Bln%C3%ADk%20District%29 | Ovčáry (Mělník District) | Ovčáry is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
20465770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompania%20Zamkowa | Kompania Zamkowa | Kompania Zamkowa (Castle Company) was the military unit the size of an infantry company, responsible for providing protection for the President of the Republic of Poland from 1926 to 1939. They also had a ceremonial function.
Castle Company, named after Royal Castle, Warsaw, then a presidential residence, consisted of:
Commanding squad
Three infantry platoons
Heavy machine gun platoon
Gendarmerie platoon
The Company was created after disbanding the Presidential military office and the previous protective squad. The only President under its protection was Ignacy Mościcki.
In 1928 Company was merged with a castle motorcade, gendarmerie platoon and horse unit to for the Castle Unit.
Commanders:
Major Stanisław Kłopotowski
Captain Witold Grębo
Captain Zygmunt Roszkowski
Major Wiktor Gębalski
References
Polish ceremonial units
Military history of Poland
Second Polish Republic
Protective security units |
6899826 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Fall%20of%20America%3A%20Poems%20of%20These%20States | The Fall of America: Poems of These States | The Fall of America: Poems of These States, 1965–1971 is a collection of poetry by Allen Ginsberg, published by City Lights Bookstore in 1973, for which Ginsberg shared the annual U.S. National Book Award for Poetry.
It is characterized by a prophetic tone inspired by William Blake and Walt Whitman, as well as an objective view characterized by William Carlos Williams. The content is more overtly political than most of his previous poetry with many of the poems about Ginsberg's condemnation of America's actions in Vietnam. Current events such as the Moon Landing and the 1968 Democratic National Convention, the death of Che Guevara, and personal events such as the death of Ginsberg's friend and former lover Neal Cassady are also topics. Many of the poems were initially composed on an Uher Tape recorder, purchased by Ginsberg with the help of Bob Dylan.
Style
The Fall of America blends poetry, travel writing, personal experience, radio news broadcasts, popular songs, newspaper headlines, and journalistic observations, to give it a multilayered and spontaneous effect. It marks Ginsberg's movement toward a more complete spontaneous style of expression.
Some of the poems included in this collection are:
"Beginning of a Poem of These States"
"Elegy For Neal Cassady"
"On Neal's Ashes"
"Please Master"
"Hum Bom!"
"September on Jessore Road"
For Collected Poems Ginsberg grouped Wichita Vortex Sutra from Planet News and all of Iron Horse together under the heading The Fall of America.
Poems included under the heading The Fall of America in Collected Poems 1947-1980 and in Collected Poems 1947-1997:
"First Party Ken Kesey's with Hells Angels"
"Wichita Vortex Sutra"
"Iron Horse (Poem)"
"City Midnight Junk Strains"
"Wales Visitation"
Trivia
Paul McCartney and Youth, performing as The Fireman, borrowed the title of their album Electric Arguments from the poem "Kansas City to St. Louis," in which Ginsberg describes driving along the highway in a "white Volkswagen" (i.e., a "beetle") while listening to music and call-in shows on the radio and looking at signs and billboards:
Wooing the decade / gaps from the 30s returned / Old earth rolling mile after mile patient / The ground / I roll on / the ground / the music soars above / The ground electric arguments / ray over / The ground dotted with signs for Dave's Eat Eat"
Thus, "electric arguments" refers both to the radio waves carrying talk-show arguments and also to illuminated billboards and neon signs.
References
Schumacher, Michael. (1992) Dharma Lion. St. Martins Press, New York.
Poetry by Allen Ginsberg
American poetry collections
National Book Award for Poetry winning works
Vietnam War poems
1973 poetry books
City Lights Publishers books |
23573624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%C5%99i%C5%BE%C3%ADn | Postřižín | Postřižín is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,700 inhabitants.
Notable people
František Janda-Suk (1878–1955), discus thrower, the first Czech Olympic medalist
Gallery
References
Villages in Mělník District |
6899827 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege%20of%20Kiso%20Fukushima | Siege of Kiso Fukushima | The 1554 siege of Kiso-Fukushima was a siege by Takeda Shingen on Fukushima Castle, in the Kiso River Valley of Shinano province. This was one of many battles fought during Shingen's campaign to seize control of Shinano.
Kiso Yoshiyasu, commander of the besieged castle, surrendered as his garrison ran out of food and water, as a result of Shingen's starvation siege tactics.
References
Turnbull, Stephen (1998). 'The Samurai Sourcebook'. London: Cassell & Co.
Kiso-Fukushima
Kiso-Fukushima
1554 in Japan
Conflicts in 1554 |
23573625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%20Golden%20Rule | That Golden Rule | "That Golden Rule" is the second single to be taken from Scottish alternative rock trio Biffy Clyro's fifth studio album, Only Revolutions, released on 23 August 2009.
The band describe the song as a mixture of prog and stoner rock, citing that "[it's] like Kyuss and Tool playing with some Scottish freaks screaming over the top of it". It received its first radio play in early July 2009, on Zane Lowe's Hottest Record in the World slot on Radio 1. The single debuted at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart on 30 August 2009, as well as number one on the Scottish Singles Chart, making the song the band's fourth and most recent number-one single on that chart. The song was used by Sky Sports in its coverage of Super League from 2011 to 2013.
Music video
The video for That Golden Rule was shot in Chiswick House, West London. It was released on NME's official website on 22 July 2009. The video received heavy airplay on British rock television stations Scuzz and Kerrang! TV and has been A-listed by BBC Radio 1.
Artwork
Storm Thorgerson's artwork for the single references the band's previous studio album, Puzzle, with a missing jigsaw piece resting in front of a sailor. The other man, sailing into the distance, appears to have a jigsaw shaped hole in his side – it is likely that this represents the man depicted on the front cover of Puzzle.
Thorgerson later confirmed this on his official website, stating:
Track listing
CD single 14FLR38CD
"That Golden Rule"
"Prey Hey"
7" Picture Vinyl 14FLR38
"That Golden Rule"
"Eye Lids"
7" Orange Vinyl 14FLR38X
"That Golden Rule"
"Time Jazz"
iTunes Digital EP
"That Golden Rule"
"Prey Hey"
"Eye Lids"
"Time Jazz"
Charts
References
Biffy Clyro songs
Song recordings produced by Garth Richardson
2009 singles
2009 songs
14th Floor Records singles
Songs written by Simon Neil
Number-one singles in Scotland |
20465786 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovak%20Trade%20Union%20Association | Czechoslovak Trade Union Association | Czechoslovak Trade Union Association (), abbreviated to OSČ, was a national trade union center, founded in 1897 in what was then the Austro-Hungarian Empire. With the break-up of the empire, the OSČ emerged as the major trade union force in Czechoslovakia up to the Second World War.
Organizational history
Foundation
Odborové sdružení českoslovanské ('Czechoslav Trade Union Association') was founded in Prague on January 31, 1897. The OSČ represented a desire on the part of Czech trade unionists to build a Czech trade union movement separate from the Viennese Imperial Trade Union Commission (the 'Vienna Commission'), the culmination of two years of complaints by Czech trade unionists that the Vienna Commission was neglecting the Czech labour movement. The formation of OSČ did not, however, represent a total break with the Vienna Commission; several OSČ unions retained affiliations with the Vienna Commission. The founding congress was attended by 108 delegates, representing 90 trade union organizations, who met in the metalworkers' assembly hall in Karlín. Fourteen trade union organizations not represented at the congress also supported the OSČ's formation. Josef Roušar was elected its secretary. The new organization was linked to the Czechoslav Social Democratic Workers Party.
Competition between Prague and Vienna centres
The OSČ and the Vienna Commission had a complicated and vacillating relationship for several years. In 1902, the OSČ accepted that the Vienna Commission would be the sole representative of the trade union movement in the Austrian Empire to the international strike fund of the International Secretariat of National Trade Union Centres. Aside from this concession, however, the OSČ demanded autonomy for the ethnic Czech trade union movement. Yet over the next three years, several OSČ member unions, including its strongest one, the Union of Metalworkers, joined the Vienna Commission.
In 1904 Roušar was replaced as the secretary by Josef Steiner. Under Steiner's leadership, relations with the Vienna Commission worsened. In advance of the 1905 Amsterdam congress of the International Secretariat of National Trade Union Centres, the OSČ sought recognition as a separate trade union centre. The congress allowed an OSČ representative was allowed to attend as a guest but rejected the OSČ's bid for recognition.
The tensions between OSČ and the Vienna Commission peaked in 1905 and 1906. The Vienna Commission argued that the Czech autonomism was a minority standpoint within the labour movement, while the OSČ became more vocal. The OSČ began a process of regaining some unions that had been lost to the Vienna Commission from 1902 to 1905. In early 1906 the Union of Shoemakers rejoined.
Growth of OSČ
In 1909 the Union of Metalworkers rejoined OSČ. The following year unions organizing chemical workers, leatherworkers, miners and tailors followed suit. In 1910 Rudolf Tayerlé succeeded Steiner. The Vienna Commission became increasingly frustrated as the OSČ expanded its sphere of influence. By 1911 the OSČ had established a considerable following in Moravia and Silesia. This development marked a definite break with the Vienna Commission. Nevertheless, the Vienna Commission unions continued to encompass the majority of ethnic Czech workers in those regions.
War
The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 was a heavy blow to the organizational growth of the OSČ. Many union activists were drafted and sent to the battlefields. Prices of essential commodities rose, making the bargaining position of workers weaker. By the end of the year the OSČ had lost almost half of its membership. Several local structures were closed down and several OSČ publications were discontinued. Repressive measures were enacted by the government in order to forestall strikes in the strategically important mining and industrial sectors. Strikers or protesters could be punished with jail or being sent to the front.
By 1917 the tide turned. Inequalities in wage increases between ethnic German and ethnic Czech workers angered the Czech working class. In the scope of a year, the OSČ membership tripled, although membership levels still lagged behind the prewar level. Recruitment was particularly strong in heavy industries. The influx posed some organizational challenges for OSČ and coincided with a shift from craft unionism to mass industrial unionism.
Independence and the unity of the labour movement
Between April and October 1918, OSČ negotiated a possible merger with the National Socialist Československá obec dělnická (ČOD). The negotiations ended unsuccessfully because the ČOD insisted that unions should subordinate themselves to political parties.
In October 1918 the OSČ changed its name to Odborové sdružení československé ('Czechoslovak Trade Union Association'). Discussions between OSČ and Slovak Social Democratic trade unions began in December 1918. On February 2, 1919, a Regional Trade Union Council of OSČ was formed in Slovakia, with a secretariat in Ružomberok. Later a secretariat was set ut in Bratislava. In March 1919 OSČ started a Slovak-language publication, Priekopnik ('Pioneer'). By this time OSČ had a membership of 30 000 workers in Slovakia.
Also, by February 1919, the Vienna Commission union organization that were now within the boundaries of the independent Czechoslovak Republic merged into OSČ. Likewise OSČ branches in areas that were now parts of Austria had already joined Austrian unions.
Footnotes
Trade unions in Austria-Hungary
National trade union centers of Czechoslovakia
1897 establishments in Austria-Hungary
Trade unions established in 1897 |
20465795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbalier | Timbalier | Timbalier may refer to:
Places
Timbalier Bay, a bay in Lafourche Parish on the southeast coast of Louisiana in the United States
Timbalier Island, an island in Lafourche Parish off the southeast coast of Louisiana in the United States
Ships
USS Timbalier (AVP-54), a United States Navy seaplane tender in commission from 1946 to 1954 |
23573627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98ep%C3%ADn | Řepín | Řepín is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 700 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Živonín is an administrative part of Řepín.
Notable people
Josef Seger (1716–1782), organist, composer and educator
References
Villages in Mělník District |
20465814 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa%20Brown | Lisa Brown | Lisa Brown may refer to:
Lisa Brown (actress) (1954–2021), American actress
Lisa Brown (artist) (born 1972), Lisa Michelle, American illustrator and children's writer
Lisa Brown (boxer) (born 1971), Trinidadian boxer
Lisa Brown (lawyer) (born 1960), White House staff secretary
Lisa Brown (Washington politician) (born 1956), former member of the Washington State Senate, Chancellor of Washington State University Spokane and candidate for Congress
Lisa Brown-Miller (born 1966), American female ice hockey player
Lisa Brown (Michigan politician) (born 1967), Oakland County Clerk-Register and former member of the Michigan State House of Representatives |
23573628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stelis%20tricardium | Stelis tricardium | Stelis tricardium is a species of orchid native to Ecuador.
References
tricardium |
23573629 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spomy%C5%A1l | Spomyšl | Spomyšl is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
23573630 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%A1nka | Stránka | Stránka is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Ostrý and Tajná are administrative parts of Stránka.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
44496742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inveni%20David%2C%20WAB%2019 | Inveni David, WAB 19 | (I have found David), WAB 19, is a sacred motet composed by Anton Bruckner in 1868.
History
Bruckner composed the motet on 21 April 1868 at the end of his stay in Linz. He wrote it for the 24th anniversary of the . The first performance occurred on 10 May 1868 as offertory of a mass of Antonio Lotti.
The manuscript is archived at the Linzer Singakademie (Frohsinn-archive). The motet was first published in band III/2, pp. 239–244 of the Göllerich/Auer biography. It is put in Band XXI/23 of the .
Music
The text is taken from Psalm 89 ().
{|
|
|style="padding-left:2em;"|I have found David, my servant;
I have anointed him with my holy oil.
For my hand shall aid him
and my arm shall strengthen him.
Alleluia.
|}
The work is a setting of 46 bars in F minor for choir and 4 trombones.
The last 16 bars consist of an Alleluja, for which Bruckner drew his inspiration from the Hallelujah of Händel's Messiah, on which he often improvised on the organ.
Discography
The first recording occurred in 1959:
Martin Koekelkoren, Mastreechter Staar, Royal Male Choir Mastreechter Staar – 45 rpm: Philips 402 155 NE
Other recordings:
Joachim Martini, Junge Kantorei, Geistliche Chormusik der Romantik – LP: Schwarzwald MPS 13004, 1970
Martin Flämig, Dresdner Kreuzchor, Ave Maria – Anton Bruckner: Geistliche Chöre-Motets – CD: Capriccio 10 081, 1985
Hans-Christoph Rademann, NDR Chor Hamburg, Anton Bruckner: Ave Maria – CD: Carus 83.151, 2000
Dan-Olof Stenlund, Malmö Kammarkör, Bruckner: Ausgewählte Werke - CD: Malmö Kammarkör MKKCD 051, 2004
Michael Stenov, Cantores Carmeli, Benefizkonzert Karmelitenkirche Linz - CD/DVD issued by the choir, 2006.
Thomas Kerbl, Männerchorvereinigung Bruckner 08, Anton Bruckner, Männerchöre – CD: LIVA027, 2008
Philipp Ahmann, MDR Rundfunkchor Leipzig, Anton Bruckner & Michael Haydn - Motets – SACD: Pentatone PTC 5186 868, 2021
References
Sources
August Göllerich, Anton Bruckner. Ein Lebens- und Schaffens-Bild, – posthumous edited by Max Auer by G. Bosse, Regensburg, 1932
Anton Bruckner – Sämtliche Werke, Band XXI: Kleine Kirchenmusikwerke, Musikwissenschaftlicher Verlag der Internationalen Bruckner-Gesellschaft, Hans Bauernfeind and Leopold Nowak (Editor), Vienna, 1984/2001
Cornelis van Zwol, Anton Bruckner 1824–1896 – Leven en werken, uitg. Thoth, Bussum, Netherlands, 2012.
Crawford Howie, Anton Bruckner - A documentary biography, online revised edition
Uwe Harten, Anton Bruckner. Ein Handbuch. , Salzburg, 1996.
External links
Inveni David f-Moll, WAB 19 Critical discography by Hans Roelofs
Live performances can be heard on YouTube:
Rutgers University Glee Club, NJ: Inveni David
Jonas Rannila with the Manifestum Men's Choir: Inveni David (WAB 19)
Motets by Anton Bruckner
1868 compositions
Compositions in F minor |
23573635 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C5%99emy | Střemy | Střemy is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Jenichov is an administrative part of Střemy.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
23573636 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stelis%20cuencana | Stelis cuencana | Stelis cuencana is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae, native to Ecuador.
References
cuencana
Flora of Ecuador |
44496747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester%20Fort | Manchester Fort | Manchester Fort is a retail park in the Cheetham Hill area of Manchester, United Kingdom. The property includes 36 units with a total floorspace of 325,000 sq ft. It opened in 2005 and its anchors included B&Q and TK Maxx.
Henderson Global Investors purchased Manchester Fort in 2011 from the Universities Superannuation Scheme pension fund.
References
External links
Manchester Fort
Shopping centres in Manchester
Retail parks in the United Kingdom |
23573638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C5%A1ice | Tišice | Tišice is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 2,400 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Chrást and Kozly are administrative parts of Tišice.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
23573641 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuha%C5%88%20%28M%C4%9Bln%C3%ADk%20District%29 | Tuhaň (Mělník District) | Tuhaň is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 800 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
23573642 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stelis%20piestopus | Stelis piestopus | Stelis piestopus is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae, native to Peru. It was first described by Rudolf Schlechter in 1921.
References
piestopus
Flora of Peru
Plants described in 1921 |
23573643 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupadly%20%28M%C4%9Bln%C3%ADk%20District%29 | Tupadly (Mělník District) | Tupadly is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
23573646 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ajezdec%20%28M%C4%9Bln%C3%ADk%20District%29 | Újezdec (Mělník District) | Újezdec is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
History
The first written mention of Újezdec is from 1380.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
23573648 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9A%C5%BEice%20%28M%C4%9Bln%C3%ADk%20District%29 | Úžice (Mělník District) | Úžice () is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 900 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages and hamlets of Červená Lhota, Kopeč and Netřeba are administrative parts of Úžice.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
23573652 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velk%C3%BD%20Borek | Velký Borek | Velký Borek is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,200 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Mělnická Vrutice and Skuhrov are administrative parts of Velký Borek.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
17327836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20Lebanon%20conflict | 2008 Lebanon conflict | The 2008 Lebanon conflict (Or the 7 May 2008 clashes, Arabic: أحداث 7 أيار) was a brief intrastate military conflict in May 2008 in Lebanon between opposition militias (mainly Shiite Hezbollah) and pro-government Sunnis, after the 18-month-long political crisis spiraled out of control, when the government's decision to dismantle Hezbollah's telecommunication system, which led to Hezbollah seizing control of west Beirut, and ended with the adoption of the Doha Accord in 2008.
The fighting between pro-government and opposition militias affiliated to respectively the Future Movement and PSP political parties on one side and Hezbollah, Amal, SSNP, LDP and the Arab Democratic Party on the other side, was sparked by a government move to shut down Hezbollah's telecommunication network and remove Beirut Airport's head of security after the discovery of a hidden remote-controlled camera monitoring one of the airport's runway and his alleged ties to Hezbollah. Clashes first occurred on May 7 after a general strike called for by the country's union federation to demand higher wages and decry high consumer prices became overshadowed by the government's decisions and escalated into low-level violence between pro-government and opposition protesters. Violence severely escalated the next morning on May 8 after a televised speech by Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah. In his speech, Nasrallah responded to the government's decision to declare the organization's telecommunication network illegal by calling it a declaration of war on the organization, shortly after which fighting between pro-government and opposition militias broke out in Beirut. Within two days, Hezbollah-led opposition fighters had seized control of several West Beirut neighbourhoods from pro-government Future Movement militiamen. In the following days, fighting between pro-government and opposition militias spread to other parts of the country with major clashes in the Aley District and Tripoli. On May 15, an intervention by the Arab League brokered an immediate end to hostilities and a pledge from warring parties to send emissaries to Doha for a mediation process. The resulting Doha Agreement, reached on May 21, 2008, brought an end to the 18-month political feud that exploded into fighting and nearly drove the country to a new civil war.
Background
On December 1, 2006, a series of protests and sit-ins began in Lebanon, led by the March 8 political coalition which opposed the government of Prime Minister Fouad Siniora. Formed after the Cedar Revolution in 2005, the March 8 coalition was up of the Shiite Hezbollah and Amal, the Christian Free Patriotic Movement and a number of smaller parties such as the SSNP, LDP and the Arab Democratic Party. On the other side of the political divide stood the March 14 coalition, at the time holding the majority of cabinet and parliamentary seats. The March 14 coalition was made up of the primarily Sunni Future Movement and a number of smaller parties including the Druze Progressive Socialist Party and the Christian Lebanese Forces.
At the core of commencement of the protests was the unhappiness of Hezbollah with the division of power under the current status quo and the pro-Western course of the Lebanese government. It argued that too much executive power was in the hands of the Future Movement, the primary political party of March 14, which it in their view misused by too closely aligning with Western states, most notably the United States, thereby compromising Lebanon's sovereignty and security. In addition, the period was marked by political strife between the March 8 and March 14 coalitions over the international investigation on the assassination of former prime minister Rafic Hariri, the creation of the future Lebanon Tribunal to prosecute the perpetrators this assassination and the question of Hezbollah's armed status. Hezbollah was the only organization allowed to retain its weapons after the ratification of the Taif Agreement, which brought an end to the Lebanese Civil War, although UN Security Council Resolution 1559 of September 2004 denied the organization the right to retain its arms. By 2008, the military strength of the organization had grown to such levels that it was widely considered to be stronger than the Lebanese Armed Forces. To ensure its interests, Hezbollah demanded a new national unity government in which March 8 would have at least a third plus one of the cabinet seats in order to grant them the ability to veto cabinet decisions.
After Shi'a ministers of Hezbollah and Amal had resigned from the cabinet in December 2006 in protest against a decision concerning the Lebanon Tribunal, the opposition demanded the immediate resignation of the cabinet as it now was unbalanced with regard to the proportional representation of religious groups as stipulated by the Lebanese Constitution and therefore was deemed illegitimate. When Prime Minister Siniora refused to resign his cabinet, Hezbollah and its allies on March 8 called on its supporters in early December 2006 to protest against the perceived illegitimacy of the cabinet of Siniora to increase pressure on it. In the face of massive protests, Siniora and the remaining ministers in his cabinet still refused to step down as long as they enjoyed the support of the majority of the parliament. As protestors kept up the pressure on the government with their encampment near the Grand Serail, the prime ministerial office in downtown Beirut, Siniora and his minister were under virtual house arrest due to security concerns since the assassination of Pierre Gemayel, one of Siniora's ministers, in late 2006. With Siniora not giving in, the opposition organized a general strike in January 2007, which ended in sectarian clashes leaving multiple dead and hundreds wounded. Political deadlock took a new turn with the end of term of President Émile Lahoud in late 2007 as the March 8 and March 14 blocs could not agree on his successor, leaving the country in a presidential vacuum further worsening the political crisis.
May 2008 controversies
In May 2008, the tensions between the pro-government and opposition parties escalated when the cabinet announced a series of security decisions. Tensions began with revelations on Friday May 2 made by Progressive Socialist Party leader Walid Jumblatt, a key politician in the ruling March 14 alliance. He announced that a remote-controlled camera had been set up in a container park overlooking Beirut international airport's runway 17, which was frequently being used by March 14 politicians. In March 14 circles, fear was that the monitoring could be used for a possible attack on its leaders, as Lebanon had faced a series of political assassinations in recent times. Although Jumblatt did not accuse the party directly, he made clear that he thought March 8's Hezbollah was behind the monitoring system's installment. Hezbollah dismissed the accusations, calling the allegation a product of Jumblatt's imagination and saying that those who leveled them were scaremongering and simply parroting a US campaign against it and other groups which are resisting Israel. In addition to the monitoring system, Jumblatt stated that Hezbollah had laid down a fiber optic telecommunication network connecting its powerbase in Dahiya in South Beirut with cities and towns in South and East Lebanon in predominantly Shiite areas. Although this was known to the government, it was now claimed that the network was being extended to the predominantly Christian and Druze areas of Mount Lebanon.
In its response to these allegations, the Lebanese cabinet announced that it regarded the telecommunication network and the monitoring system as a breach of law, undermining the state's sovereignty and the security of its citizens. Therefore, it declared that the matter would be referred not only to the Lebanese judicial system, but also to the Arab League and the United Nations. In addition to infringing state sovereignty, the network was regarded by the government as an infringement on public funds since it claimed that it competes with its own and used the Lebanese infrastructure. The cabinet announced that it would uproot the telecommunication network and in addition also ordered the removal Brigadier General Wafic Shkeir, head of security at Beirut's international airport and considered to be sympathetic to Hezbollah and Amal, on account of failing to deal with the monitoring system. These moves severely antagonized Hezbollah, bringing tensions between the March 8 and March 14 coalitions to a boiling point.
Armed clashes
May 7: Protests and minor clashes
Coincidentally, a day after the cabinet's decision, on Wednesday May 7, the Lebanese General Workers Union had planned a general strike to demand higher wages and decry high consumer prices. The strike turned violent as the opposition threw their weight behind the strike, paralyzing large parts of Lebanon's capital Beirut. Instigated by the recent developments and the strike, pro-government and opposition supporters took the streets coming into conflict with each other at multiple places. Clashes were first reported when government and opposition supporters in a pro-government sector of Beirut exchanged insults and began throwing stones at each other after Hezbollah supporters insisted on blocking the roads. Witnesses said security forces intervened and gunshots were heard, apparently troops firing in the air to disperse the crowds. In the afternoon, verbal violence and stone throwing turned into more violent clashes, with gunfire sporadically going off in the city. Around the city, armed opposition supporters blocked roads including the strategic road towards Beirut international airport, cutting it off from the rest of the city, and roads to the city's sea port.
May 8 - May 9: Takeover of Beirut
After a tense night with sporadic gunfire, Hezbollah's secretary-general Hassan Nasrallah addressed the country in a speech televised on Hezbollah affiliated al-Manar station in the morning of May 8. He referred to the cabinet's decisions of that week as "despotic" and having inaugurated a new phase in Lebanese history, similar to the assassination of former prime minister Rafic Hariri in 2005. He stated that the telecommunication network was not a simple commercial operation aimed merely at generating profit for the organization, but "integral and fundamental" as part of its military apparatus. He claimed that his opponents had already known about the existence of the telecommunication network years before and in drawing attention to the timing of the decision, insinuated that the cabinet's actions were aimed at obstructing the forces of the Resistance (against Israel) in the region. Hezbollah had the right to defend itself, he argued, and metaphorically stated that they would cut-off the hand of anyone that would touch the Resistance. "All red lines had been crossed", according to Nasrallah, and the actions therefore amounted to no mere than a "declaration of war."
Minutes after Nasrallah's speech, heavy street battles began between pro-government and opposition militias. Fighting erupted along Corniche Mazraa, an avenue separating Shiite and Sunni areas, later spreading to the western, southern and eastern parts of Beirut where Sunni and Shiite neighborhoods overlapped. Combat was also heard near the office of Lebanon's Sunni religious leader - an ally of the government - and the palatial compound of the Hariri family in Koreitem was hit by RPG fire. More barricades were set up, closing major highways. Opposition militants eventually overran the positions of pro-government militias in West Beirut and burnt-down three pro-government offices. Saad Hariri, leader of the Future Movement, quickly responded to the outbreak of violence, describing the events as a form of fitna, criticizing the actions of Hezbollah as a threat to the unity of the country and calling on Nasrallah to stop the descendance towards civil war. Faced with large-scale inter-communal violence erupting all over the city, the Lebanese Armed Forces decided not to intervene in the clashes for fear of sparking divisions in the army along sectarian lines, as had happened during the civil war. Other factors that as to why the army did not act in line with the cabinet are, according to political scientist Aram Nerguizian, the apprehension among army commanders at how the cabinet chose to address the issue of Hezbollah's telecommunication network. Secondly, the perception among them that cabinet also did not sufficiently consult the army prior to their decision to dismiss Beirut's airport head of security. Thirdly, the presidential ambitions of Army Commander Michel Suleiman - who would indeed within two weeks become the country's next president - and his resulting need not to antagonize the March 8 coalition and its Syrian allies may also have influenced his decision not to intervene against Hezbollah according to Nerguizian. The army's decision to refrain from intervention did spark objections from within however. Some saw it as a "missed opportunity" for the army to "signal its objection to domestic military action by any of the country's competing political/sectarian forces." Around 120 Sunni officers later even offered their resignation as response to "the humiliation felt from the military's conduct during the militias' invasion of Beirut" as their resignation letter stated. All of the officers except one later repealed their resignation however.
Fighting from the previous day lasted throughout the night and only stopped for a short time a little bit after dawn on May 9, 2008. However, fighting quickly resumed after the brief lull. Pro-government militias were however no match to the Hezbollah led opposition forces. All over West Beirut, pro-government militias had lost ground. Media outlets related to the pro-government Future Movement, amongst which Future TV, Al Mustaqbal Newspaper, Future News, Radio Orient and Future-owned Armenian radio station Sevan had been raided by opposition fighters and forced to close. Future TV and Al Mustaqbal were particularly targeted by opposition fighters. RPG missiles were launched from empty adjacent buildings under construction to Mustaqbal's offices, setting fire to two floors. Future TV offices were raided by Hezbollah members who subsequently cut all of its broadcasts. According to Habib Battah, a media analyst, shutting down Future TV was not only a psychological attack on Future Movement's supporters, but also gave the opposition a monopoly on propaganda messages. Overpowered by Hezbollah's military apparatus and besieged in his residence, Saad Hariri had by then ordered militia members loyal to his Future Movement to stand down. The opposition had now firmly moved in and taken over abandoned positions of pro-government fighters, seizing large parts of the capital's western neighbourhoods. The Lebanese Army also stepped in to take over position deserted by pro-government militiamen and in some instance were handed over control of recently conquered position by Hezbollah. In some neighbourhoods, the takeover had been peaceful with opposition fighters facing no resistance as they moved throughout West Beirut.
May 10 - May 12: Fighting spreads to Aley and the North
As fighting in Beirut dwindled down, violence began to spread to other parts of the country, in particular the Aley District south of Beirut and the north of the country. In the evening of May 9 sporadic clashes erupted in Sidon, where two civilians were killed; and in Bar Elias in the Bekaa Valley where a woman was killed. Also, eight people were killed near the town of Aley in clashes between government supporters and opponents. Seven people who were Hezbollah supporters were killed.
On May 10, 2008, a funeral procession was attacked by a shop-owner affiliated with the Amal Movement, whose shop was previously burned down by Sunni militants, leaving six people dead. An Associated Press photographer who witnessed the shooting said the attack came as a procession of 200 people headed toward a nearby cemetery to bury a 24-year-old pro-government supporter killed in previous fighting. At least 14 people were killed in the town of Halba, in the Akkar region of north Lebanon, as about 100 pro-Future Movement gunmen attacked an office of the SSNP. 10 of the dead were SSNP members, three were government loyalists and one was an Australian citizen of Lebanese descent on vacation in Lebanon, who was trying to get information at the SSNP offices about evacuating from the city. The Australian father of four, Fadi Sheikh, reportedly had his hands and feet cut off. The SSNP says Fadi Sheikh was a member of the party - but was not a militant. He was just in the wrong place at the wrong time. One other person was killed in fighting in Sidon and two soldiers died in fighting east of Beirut. Heavy fighting had also broken out between Alawite Hezbollah sympathizers and Sunni supporters of the government in the neighbourhoods of Jabal Mohsen and Bab al-Tabbaneh, two neighbourhoods in Tripoli notorious for its sectarian violence, leading thousands to flee their homes.
Faced with the escalated situation as a result of the cabinet's decisions, Prime Minister Fouad Siniora announced on May 10 that the cabinet would handover the issue of telecommunication network to the army and, in addition, announced the reinstatement of the head of security of Beirut's international airport. Subsequently, the Lebanese army took a more active stance in the events and announced it had frozen the measures taken by the government and called for all armed militants to withdraw from the streets. In response, Hezbollah announced that it would withdraw its fighters together with other opposition fighters from West Beirut in compliance with the Lebanese army's request, but that a civil disobedience campaign will continue until the group's political demands are met. The next day, Beirut was quiet as control of areas seized by the opposition was handed over to the Lebanese army. Many roads in the capital remained blockaded however, including the strategic airport road, as the opposition continued their campaign of civil disobedience.
Battle of Mount Barook and Aley District
On May 9, heavy fighting broke out in Mount Lebanon between pro-government Progressive Socialist Party fighters and Hezbollah. The clashes started in Aytat, near Kaifun and soon expanded to cover many spots in Mount Lebanon including the cities of Baisour, Choueifat and Aley. Most of the fighting was concentrated on Hill 888. Fighting started when four Druze members of the Aley municipal police were kidnapped by Hezbollah. Soon after the news of the kidnapping spread, the mayor of Aley assembled a group of PSP fighters and went up to Hill 888. As they reached the hill they were attacked by Hezbollah gunmen who wounded a few of the PSP and municipality members. PSP members retaliated by killing 3 of the kidnappers. The incident developed into a significant armed clash. Artillery and mortars were used for the first time during these battles. A ceasefire agreement was supposed to take place at 18:00 of the same day, but fighters from both sides continued to exchange fire. Negotiations were ongoing for the PSP members to give up the fight and surrender their positions to the Lebanese Army, but it never happened.
The battles at Aley stopped for several hours, but the two sides clashed again in Mount Barouk to the southeast shortly before midnight. Barook separates the Druze heartland of Shouf from the mainly Shi'ite southern end of the Bekaa Valley. That night Hezbollah's fighters deployed from southern Beirut to the Qmatiye area tried to attack the hills near Aley but they were beaten back. After that Hezbollah tried to go on the offensive again and attacked their rival's positions. The Druze fighters had fought the Hezbollah militants from dug-in positions left over from the 1975–90 Civil War. The Druze used hunting guns, AK 47s and other machine guns, RPGs and allegedly even 23mm anti-aircraft guns to blast at the advancing Hezbollah fighters. Opposition forces bombarded the pro-government Druze area with artillery while ground forces attacked Druze positions using rockets and machine guns. By morning, the Druze fighters agreed to cease hostilities and several villages loyal to Lebanon's pro-government Druze leader Walid Jumblatt had been handed over to the army. The kidnapped municipality police members were released by Hezbollah on May 12 in exchange of at least 30 Hezbollah members that were kidnapped by PSP in Mount Barook. Hezbollah were defeated.
Clashes in Hamra and Tripoli
After a day of relative quiet in Beirut renewed gunfire was heard in the commercial area of Hamra in the western part of the city shortly after midnight on May 12. The fighting occurred near the home of Future Movement leader Saad al-Hariri. A two-man Al Jazeera camera crew suffered injuries while trying to film the fighting and were evacuated by the Lebanese army. Meanwhile, in Tripoli, clashes left one person dead and at least six others wounded. Now taking a proactive role in the events, the Army stated that if the clashes did not end by Tuesday May 13, it would intervene and use force if necessary to end the fighting. The next days saw only limited and sporadic fighting.
Resolution process
Arab League intervention
As fighting was spreading to other parts of Lebanon, the Arab League, which had been involved as a mediator in Lebanese political crises since 2005, decided to intervene in Lebanon at an emergency meeting on May 11. The League Council mandated the formation of a Ministerial Committee headed by the Foreign Minister of Qatar and the League's Secretary General which was to go to Lebanon and mediate in the crisis. The League Council also called for a halt to the fighting, the withdrawal of militiamen from the streets, the facilitation of the Lebanese Army to restore calm and talks between the Lebanese political leaders. On May 15, after a round of talks with Lebanon's prime political leaders, the Ministerial Committee announced an initial agreement that marked a cessation of all hostilities and entailed that major Lebanese political leaders would enter into a national dialogue the next day in Doha for further mediation.
Doha Agreement
After half a week of deliberations in Doha, Lebanese political leaders signed an accord on May 21 that brought an immediate end to the 16-month political crisis that had been plaguing the country. Following the principle of "no victor, no vanquished", which entails that no political party or sect can eliminate one of the other political parties or sects, the Doha Agreement was regarded as a compromise deal between government and opposition demands. The accord stipulated (1) the immediate election of Army Commander Michel Suleiman as president; (2) the formation of a national unity government with a blocking third for the opposition; (3) adaption of the electoral law aimed at redistricting based on the 1960 electoral law; (4) a commitment by the signatories not to resort to violence for political gains; (5) initiation of a national dialogue on the promotion of Lebanon's internal sovereignty and (6) a commitment by signatories to abstain from resorting to rhetoric of treason or political and sectarian incitement. The accord was considered a victory for the Lebanese opposition as they secured their key demands for veto-wielding power in the new government and a new electoral law which could benefit the opposition in the upcoming 2009 parliamentary elections. In addition, the question of Hezbollah's weapons was postponed, to be dealt with in a future national dialogue. Nonetheless, the opposition had to give concessions regarding the reappointment of Fouad Siniora as Prime Minister, the distribution of ministerial portfolios and the distribution of parliamentary seats in certain electoral districts. Despite Hezbollah's tactical victory on the streets of Lebanon and the securing of it demands in the accord, analysts have pointed out that the events greatly reduced its legitimacy as a popular resistance movement and that it was seen more than ever as a "Shiite militia brutally defending its parochial interests." In addition, it increased the distrust and fear of it among other political parties and heightened domestic opposition to its armed status as a result of the use of its weapons against other Lebanese actors, despite its earlier pledge not to do so.
Reactions to the fighting
Domestic reactions
Many March 14 leaders decried the events as a coup, pointed towards the Hezbollah's intricate relationship to the Iranian government and assigned a role played in the events to the latter. Hani Hammoud, a senior adviser to Saad Hariri referred to the events as a "one-sided civil war" with the result that "Iran has taken over the country" Christian leaders Samir Geagea and Amine Gemayel also accused Hezbollah of staging a coup, with the former calling on moderate forces in the Arab world to intervene and asked the international community not to stand idly by. A US diplomatic cable revealed by Wikileaks also showed how on May 11, Gemayel, together with Social Affairs Minister Nayla Mouawad and Telecommunications Minister Marwan Hamadeh urged the US to provide more support to the March 14 coalition. Believing that a Hezbollah victory could be imminent, they proposed several ideas, including extending UN Security Council Resolution 1701 to Beirut's airport, sea port and access roads, an imposement of an air ban against Syria by the US and immediate US military aid to their own militias. PSP leader Walid Jumblatt stated that he still stood behind his support for the government's decisions that week, however he acknowledged that he had underestimated the response from Hezbollah. Regarding Hezbollah's next moves he told reporters to "ask [Iranian President] [Mahmoud] Ahmadinejad", stating that "this situation goes beyond Lebanese borders." Furthermore, he linked the events to regional geopolitics stating that "the Iranians chose the moment America is weak in the Middle East. The balance of power has completely changed in Lebanon and now we wait to see what new rules Hezbollah, Syria and Iran will lay down."
Michel Aoun, leader of the Free Patriotic Movement and a Hezbollah ally whose supporters did not participate in the fighting, spoke in more neutral terms, calling for the return for normality on the streets.
International reactions
The White House condemned Hezbollah's actions with a spokesman denouncing the organization as a "destabilizing force" which had turned "its arms against the Lebanese people and challenged Lebanon's security forces for control of the streets." In addition, US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice pronounced the continuing support by the US for the Lebanese government.
Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Saud al-Faisal accused Iran of "backing what happened in Lebanon, a coup" and called for "all regional parties to respect the independence and sovereignty of Lebanon and to stop meddling in its affairs and inciting sectarian tensions". He further accused Hezbollah of taking "violent, offensive measures, which aim at an annihilation of people." A diplomatic cable released by Wikileaks two years later show, however, that Prince Saud al-Faisal had proposed to the US Ambassador in Saudi Arabia the creation of an "Arab force" to be supported by the US and NATO which was to restore order in Beirut in response to "Hezbollah's military challenge to the Government of Lebanon." Furthermore, he feared that a Hezbollah victory would lead to the fall of the Siniora cabinet and the "Iranian takeover of Lebanon."
Iran's Foreign Ministry Spokesman Mohammad-Ali Hosseini has called on national unity among the Lebanese adding that the situation can be "managed through talks and consensus-building." Hosseini blamed the U.S. and Israel for the ongoing hostilities in Lebanon.
Casualties
The exact total number of casualties as resulting from the fighting in May remains uncertain, but figures range from approximately 70 to 110 deaths. A UN report published in June 2008 reports 69 fatalities, among which civilians, and more than 180 wounded. A Human Rights Watch Report from 2009 states a minimum of 71 deaths. In an article from September 2008 entailing a series of interviews on the events, Beatriz Martínez and Francesco Volpicella note that the official number of casualties up to 15 May is 80 deaths and more than 200 wounded.
See also
2006–2008 Lebanese political protests
Lebanon bombings and assassinations (2004-present)#2008
References
Further reading
External links
Lebanon: Chronicles of an attempted suicide
Deal for Lebanese Factions Leaves Hezbollah Stronger
Doha Compromise is 'No Cave In to Hezbollah'
Lebanon civil war
civil war
Wars involving Lebanon
Wars involving Hezbollah
Syrian Social Nationalist Party
March 8 Alliance
March 14 Alliance |
23573657 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidim%20%28M%C4%9Bln%C3%ADk%20District%29 | Vidim (Mělník District) | Vidim is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
Notable people
Ivan Mrkvička (1856–1938), painter
References
Villages in Mělník District |
6899836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzushio-class%20submarine | Uzushio-class submarine | The Uzushio-class submarine (Whirlpools) was a series of submarines in service with Japanese Maritime Self Defense Force which was the first generation of the teardrop type submarine that valued the underwater performance against that of the conventional-hull type . Seven from 1967 fiscal year were built with the third defense plan. The eighth 49 fiscal year warship was discontinued and construction was discontinued because of the construction expense and sudden rise oil crisis though eight were planned at first. Many were converted to training submarines (ATSS) towards the end of their lives.
General characteristics
The Uzushio-class submarine adopted the teardrop hull type for the first time in the Maritime Self-Defense Force. When the was built, the adoption of the teardrop type had been examined. However, the Maritime Self-Defense Force at that time selected the conventional model that valued safety from the operation results. It was moving to the warship type that valued the underwater performance, and the examination that used the model in 1960 fiscal year was advanced, and necessary data was obtained also with TRDI in the age.
When designing, the location etc. are original though it refers to the of United States Navy of not a complete copy but the inner shell structure and sail plane and torpedo tube.
Boats
Submarine classes |
6899842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Clue%20in%20the%20Old%20Album | The Clue in the Old Album | The Clue in the Old Album is the twenty-fourth volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series. It was first published in 1947 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene.
Plot summary
Nancy witnesses a purse snatching and pursues the thief. She rescues the purse, but not its contents, then is asked by the owner, a doll collector, to do some detective work. "The source of light will heal all ills, but a curse will follow him who takes it from the gypsies." This is one of the clues Nancy is given to find an old album, a lost doll, and a missing gypsy violinist. The young sleuth never gives up her search, though Nancy faints after being injected with poison by a French-swordsman doll, is run off the road in her car by an enemy, and sent several warnings to give up the case.
References
External links
The Clue in the Old Album at Fantastic Fiction
Nancy Drew books
1947 American novels
1947 children's books
Grosset & Dunlap books
Children's mystery novels |
23573659 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojkovice%20%28M%C4%9Bln%C3%ADk%20District%29 | Vojkovice (Mělník District) | Vojkovice is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 800 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Bukol, Dědibab and Křivousy are administrative parts of Vojkovice.
History
The first written mention of Vojkovice is from 1088.
Notable people
Bohuslava Kecková (1854–1911), physician
References
Villages in Mělník District |
23573661 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vra%C5%88any | Vraňany | Vraňany is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 900 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Mlčechvosty is an administrative part of Vraňany.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
23573662 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C10H15NO | C10H15NO | {{DISPLAYTITLE:C10H15NO}}
The molecular formula C10H15NO (molar mass : 165.23 g/mol, exact mass : 165.115364) may refer to:
Anatoxin-a
Ephedrine
Hordenine
2-Methoxyamphetamine
3-Methoxyamphetamine
para-Methoxyamphetamine (4-methoxyamphetamine)
Perillartine
Pholedrine
Pseudoephedrine
Talsaclidine |
23573666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C5%A1etaty%20%28M%C4%9Bln%C3%ADk%20District%29 | Všetaty (Mělník District) | Všetaty is a market town in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 2,300 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
The village of Přívory is an administrative part of Všetaty.
Transport
Všetaty is an important railroad hub. Two main railroads Prague–Turnov and Kolín–Rumburk crosses here.
Notable people
Jan Palach (1948–1969), student who self-immolated himself in a protest against the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
References
Market towns in the Czech Republic
Populated places in Mělník District |
23573670 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965%20ICF%20Canoe%20Slalom%20World%20Championships | 1965 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships | The 1965 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships were held in Spittal an der Drau, Austria under the auspices of International Canoe Federation for the second time in a row after hosting the event previously in 1963. It was the 9th edition. It also marked some changes in which the folding kayak events were replaced by standard kayaks for the men's and women's events. Additionally, the mixed C2 team event returned for the first time since 1957.
Medal summary
Men's
Canoe
Kayak
Mixed
Canoe
Women's
Kayak
Medals table
References
Results
International Canoe Federation
Icf Canoe Slalom World Championships, 1965
Icf Canoe Slalom World Championships, 1965
ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships
International sports competitions hosted by Austria |
23573671 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vysok%C3%A1%20%28M%C4%9Bln%C3%ADk%20District%29 | Vysoká (Mělník District) | Vysoká is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 900 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Bosyně, Chodeč, Strážnice and Střednice are administrative parts of Vysoká.
References
Villages in Mělník District |
23573672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1lezlice | Zálezlice | Zálezlice is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
Administrative parts
Villages of Kozárovice and Zátvor are administrative parts of Zálezlice.
Gallery
References
Villages in Mělník District |
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