id
stringlengths 2
8
| url
stringlengths 31
389
| title
stringlengths 1
250
| text
stringlengths 2
355k
|
|---|---|---|---|
4025352 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20the%20Bridge | Battle of the Bridge | The Battle of the Bridge or the Battle of al-Jisr () was a battle at the bank of the Euphrates river between Arabs led by Abu Ubaid al-Thaqafi, and the Persian Sasanian forces led by Bahman Jaduya. It is traditionally dated to the year 634, and was the only major Sassanian victory over the Rashidun Caliphate army.
Context
The Muslim forces had already taken Hira and assumed control of the surrounding Arab-inhabited areas of Mesopotamia, on the banks of the Euphrates. The fall of Hira shocked the Persians, as the "youthful Yazdgard, began to take the business of the Arabs more seriously." Yazdgard sent forces to the Arab border areas, and looked to be gaining the upper hand, as Al-Muthanna had to call for reinforcements from Medina.
The new Caliph, Umar, sent Abu Ubaid to Mesopotamia to take command from Al-Muthanna. He encountered the main Persian force under Bahman Jaduya, near what is the present site of Kufa. The two forces faced each other on opposing banks of the Euphrates. As it was crossed by a bridge, the battle came to known as the Battle of the Bridge.
Battle
Bahman invited Abu Ubayd to decide who should cross the river. The latter took the initiative, and crossed the river aggressively; this proved to be disastrous. According to accounts, the sight of the elephants in the Persian army frightened the Arabs' horses. A white elephant apparently tore Abu Ubaid from his horse with its trunk and trampled him underfoot during his misguided attempt to attack its trunk. At this, and the inability of the Arab troops to push back the Persians who had formed a rigid line close to the bridge, the Arabs panicked and fled. After Abu Ubayd the command was taken by al-Hakam and Jabr, his brother and son, respectively, and eventually Al-Muthanna. According to tradition, Al-Muthanna remained to fight so that the Arabs could repair the bridge and flee losing 4,000 men, although any accurate estimates of the figures involved in this and other contemporaneous battles are not known. Around 3,000 Arab Muslims were carried away by the river.
Sources agree that for whatever reason, Bahman Jaduya did not pursue the fleeing Arab army.
See also
Muslim conquest of Persia
Fall of the Sasanian Empire
Battle of al-Qādisiyyah
References
Sources
Battles involving the Rashidun Caliphate
Battles involving the Sasanian Empire
Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
634 |
4025360 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistophorus | Cistophorus | The cistophorus (, kistophoros) was a coin of ancient Pergamum. It was introduced shortly before 190 B.C. at that city to provide the Attalid kingdom with a substitute for Seleucid coins and the tetradrachms of Philetairos. It also came to be used by a number of other cities that were under Attalid control. These cities included Alabanda and Kibyra. It continued to be minted and circulated by the Romans with different coin types and legends, but the same weight down to the time of Hadrian, long after the kingdom was bequeathed to Rome. It owes its name to a figure, on the obverse, of the sacred chest () of Dionysus.
Cistophoric standard
It was tariffed at four drachmas, but weighed only as much as three Attic drachmas (the most important weight standard of the time), 12.75 grams. In addition, the evidence of hoards suggests that it did not travel outside the area which Pergamum controlled. It is therefore probable that it was overvalued in this area.
In any case, the result was a closed monetary system similar to that in the Ptolemaic Kingdom. It is likely that this was a deliberate policy.
Design and themes
Cistophoric coinage fails to portray reigning kings in its coins. It is possible that this lack of royal iconography is the result of Attalid royal ideology. The royal coinage is mimicking itself as a federal coinage. Attalid kings were unable to portray themselves as a charismatic and militaristic authority like the other Hellenistic rulers, as the kingdom during reign of Eumenes II received much of its power practically as a Roman gift. He portrayed himself as a benefactor of the Greeks living within Asia Minor.
The types reflect the Attalid kings' claims of descent from Dionysus and Heracles. The cista mystica on the obverse represents Dionysus while the bow case on the reverse represents Heracles, whose son, Telephus, was the mythological founder of Pergamon.
See also
List of ancient Greek monetary standards
References
External links
Cistophorus, article in Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
Coins of ancient Greece
Coins of ancient Rome |
4025362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Franklin%20Bardin | John Franklin Bardin | John Franklin Bardin (November 30, 1916 – July 9, 1981) was an American crime writer, best known for three novels he wrote between 1946 and 1948.
Biography
Bardin was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, where his father was a well-to-do coal merchant and his mother an office worker. Nearly all of his immediate family died of various illnesses, however, with an elder sister dying of septicaemia, and, a year later, his father succumbing to a coronary and leaving little money. Bardin, who by then had graduated from Walnut Hills High School, was studying engineering at the University of Cincinnati, and had to leave in his first year in order to work full-time as a ticket-taker and bouncer at a roller-skating rink, and later as a night clerk at a bookstore, where he would educate himself by reading. "Mother had become a paranoid schizophrenic by then," Bardin said. "It was on visits to her that I first had an insight into the 'going home' hallucinations" that would later form the core of his third novel, Devil Take the Blue-Tail Fly. Other jobs, held in some combination of Cincinnati and New York City, to which he moved before turning 30, including working as a bench hand in a valve foundry; in the advertising department of a bank; in the production department of an advertising agency; and doing freelance market research for Barron Collier.
In New York, he began working in 1944 for the ad agency Edwin Bird Wilson, Inc., and from 1946 to 1948 completed the three novels for which he would be best known: The Deadly Percheron, The Last of Philip Banter, and Devil Take the Blue-Tail Fly, published over the course of 18 months, though that last not in the United States until the 1960s. Bardin would eventually write 10 novels over the course of his lifetime. His magazine articles include "The Disadvantages of Respectability", a review of the book Father of the Man: How Your Child Gets His Personality, by W. Allison Davis and Robert J. Havighurst, in The Nation, May 3, 1947.
After gradually rising to become vice president and director of Edwin Bird Wilson, Bardin left that agency in 1963. Two years earlier he had begun teaching creative writing and advertising at the New School for Social Research, which he would continue to do through 1966. That year he worked as associate publicity director for the United Negro College Fund, and from 1967 to 1968, he wrote for the United Jewish Appeal of Greater New York. Turning to magazines, he then served as an editor at Coronet through 1972.
For the next two years at least, Bardin lived in Chicago, Illinois, where he served as managing editor of the American Medical Association magazine Today's Health through 1973; and through 1974 originated, and served as managing editor of, two American Bar Association Press magazines, Learning and the Law and Barrister. While his official site states he returned to New York in 1974, one source places him in Chicago still in 1978.
He resided in New York City's East Village. He died on July 9, 1981 at Beth Israel Medical Center in Manhattan, New York City. He was survived by his second wife, Phyllida.
Legacy
As of at least 2010, Bardin's copyrights are held by Franklin C. Bardin and Judith A. Bardin, a.k.a. Judith Aycock, his children from his first marriage.
Novels
In 1946, Bardin entered a period of intense creativity during which he wrote three crime novels that were relatively unsuccessful at first, one of them not even being published in America until the late 1960s, but which have since become well-regarded cult novels. He went on to write four more novels under the pen names Gregory Tree or Douglas Ashe; the writer Julian Symons, in his introduction to an omnibus collection of Bardin's first three works, called those later novels "slick, readable, unadventurous crime stories". Under his own name, Bardin also wrote three more novels, the first two of which Symons called, respectively, "an interesting but unsuccessful experiment" and "disastrously sentimental".
His best-regarded works, The Deadly Percheron, The Last of Philip Banter and Devil Take the Blue-Tail Fly experienced renewed interest in the 1970s when they were discovered by British readers. As Symons said of their reemergence:
Symons, who compiled the omnibus, had difficulty tracking down information on Bardin. He was unable to find any American critic who had heard of him and even his original publishers and agents did not know how to contact him or even whether he was still alive. Symons wrote that Third Degree, the journal of Mystery Writers of America, found Bardin in Chicago, editing an American Bar Association magazine, and willing and eager to see his work republished.
The Deadly Percheron tells the story of a psychiatrist who encounters a patient with apparent delusions and a strange story to tell, but who does not otherwise exhibit signs of mental instability. His story turns out to have at least some connection to reality, drawing the psychiatrist into a complicated alternate identity that changes his life. The Last of Philip Banter sees a man receiving (or apparently writing) disturbing predictions about his life. The predictions partly become true, the effect of the predictions themselves being destructive and mind-altering.
Devil Take the Blue-Tail Fly, perhaps his most acclaimed work, is a complicated story told almost entirely in terms of the psychology of the protagonist Ellen, a mental patient who experiences mental disintegration.
Bardin gave his literary influences as Graham Greene, Henry Green and Henry James.
In the film Mona Lisa one of the characters is reading The Deadly Percheron and makes several conversational references to it.
The Library of Congress' Rule Interpretations (October 2009), in its chapter "Uniform Titles", uses The John Franklin Bardin Omnibus as its example of an author's name as an integral part of a copyrighted book title.
In other media
The Last of Philip Banter was adapted into a 1986 film produced, directed and cowritten by Hervé Hachuel and starring Scott Paulin, Irene Miracle, Gregg Henry, Kate Vernon and Tony Curtis.
Bibliography
The Deadly Percheron 1946 by Dodd, Mead in the United States. In England 1947 by Victor Gollancz. In paperback in the US & UK, 1976-1991 first as part of The John Franklin Bardin Omnibus and then in a separate edition. 1998 by Poisoned Pen Press. In Scotland, 2000 by Canongate Books, Ltd (Canongate Crime Classics). 2006 Millipede Press
The Last of Philip Banter 1947 by Dodd, Mead in the United States. In England 1947 by Victor Gollancz. In paperback in the US & UK, 1976-1991 first as part of The John Franklin Bardin Omnibus and then in a separate edition.
Devil Take the Blue-Tail Fly in England 1948 by Victor Gollancz. In the United States 1967 by Macfadden-Bartell (paperback). Again in paperback in the US & UK, 1976-1991 first as part of The John Franklin Bardin Omnibus and then in a separate edition. In Scotland, 2001, by Canongate Books, Ltd (Canongate Crime Classics).
The Case Against Myself (Published under the pseudonym Gregory Tree) 1950 by Charles Scribner's Sons in the United States. 1951 by Bantam. In England, 1951 by Victor Gollancz.
The Burning Glass 1950 by Charles Scribner's Sons in the United States. In England, by Victor Gollancz.
The Case Against Butterfly (Published under the pseudonym Gregory Tree) 1951 by Charles Scribner's Sons in the United States.
A Shroud For Grandmama (Published under the pseudonym Douglas Ashe and in England under the pseudonym Gregory Tree) 1951 by Charles Scribner's Sons in the United States. In England, 1952 by Victor Gollancz. In US, 1970 by Paperback Library (retitled The Longstreet Legacy).
So Young To Die (Published under the pseudonym Gregory Tree) 1953 by Charles Scribner's Sons in the United States. In England, 1952 by Victor Gollancz. In the US, 1969 by Macfadden-Bartell (paperback).
Christmas Comes but Once a Year 1954 by Charles Scribner's Sons in the United States. In England, 1954 by Peter Davies.
Purloining Tiny 1978 by Harper and Row in the United States.
References
External links
"Person Detail:John Franklin Bardin", New York State Literary Tree. Accessed December 27, 2010.
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American male writers
American crime fiction writers
1916 births
1981 deaths
Writers from Cincinnati
American male novelists
Novelists from Ohio
People from the East Village, Manhattan
University of Cincinnati alumni |
4025365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunfermline%20Burghs%20%28UK%20Parliament%20constituency%29 | Dunfermline Burghs (UK Parliament constituency) | Dunfermline Burghs was a burgh constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1918 until 1974. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) using the first-past-the-post voting system.
From 1918 to 1950 it was also, officially, a district of burghs constituency.
There was also a Dunfermline county constituency from 1974 to 1983.
Boundaries
As defined in 1918 the constituency covered the parliamentary burghs of Dunfermline, Cowdenbeath, Inverkeithing, and Lochgelly. Prior to the constituency's creation, the burghs of Dunfermline and Inverkeithing had been represented as components of Stirling Burghs, while Cowdenbeath and Lochgelly were within the county constituency of West Fife.
Members of Parliament
Election results
Elections in the 1910s
Elections in the 1920s
Elections in the 1930s
Elections in the 1940s
Elections in the 1950s
Elections in the 1960s
Elections in the 1970s
References
See also
Former United Kingdom Parliament constituencies
Politics of Fife
Historic parliamentary constituencies in Scotland (Westminster)
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1918
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1974
Politics of Dunfermline |
4025366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry%20of%20Finance%20%28Greece%29 | Ministry of Finance (Greece) | The Ministry of Finance () is the government department responsible for Greece's public finances. The incumbent minister is Christos Staikouras of New Democracy.
Minister's role
According to Article 73 of the Constitution of Greece, any bills relating to pensions must be submitted by the Minister of Finance. According to Article 75 of the Constitution, any bill relating to expenditure or a reduction in revenue must not be introduced unless accompanied by a special report on the bill, signed by the Minister of Finance. Finally, according to Article 79 of the Constitution, the Minister of Finance must bring the budget before the Hellenic Parliament at least one month before the start of the fiscal year, for it to be voted on.
Lists of Ministers
List of Ministers of Finance (1967–2000)
List of Ministers of Economy and Finance (2000–2009)
List of Ministers of Finance (since 2009)
See also
Bank of Greece
References
External links
Official Site of the Ministry of Finance
Government ministries of Greece
Lists of government ministers of Greece
Greece
Finance in Greece |
4025396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil%20Bhoyrul | Anil Bhoyrul | Anil Bhoyrul (born Mauritius, May 1966) is a British business journalist who was convicted of breaching the Financial Services Act 1986 in the 'City Slickers' share tipping scandal of 1999-2000. After writing for the Sunday Express, he joined Arabian Business in Dubai, and is now CEO of JES Media.
Early life
He was born in Mauritius and moved to the UK when he was 14. He graduated in Civil Engineering in 1988.
BusinessAge and Sunday Business
Bhoyrul started working in civil engineering but soon switched to journalism. In 1993 he joined BusinessAge magazine under its editor and owner Tom Rubython, becoming deputy editor the following year. Rubython sold the title to VNU in 1995; according to PR Week "The legend of the pre-VNU BusinessAge was that it went down in a welter of writs". In April 1996 Rubython launched the Sunday Business with Bhoyrul as editor, but despite strong initial sales and investment by Owen Oyston, the Sunday Business struggled financially and failed within a year; the Barclay brothers finalised a deal to buy it from the receivers in August 1997.
Meanwhile BusinessAge had struggled under VNU and was closed in June 1996. Bhoyrul saw that he did not fit in the plans of the new regime at the Sunday Business and with a consortium of investors led by Oyston bought BusinessAge back from VNU. BusinessAge relaunched in June 1997 with Bhoyrul as editor promising "to take the title back to its glossy, controversial and scandalous best. We’ll probably ruin a few careers along the way, but only if they deserve it". Oyston sold his media interests after he was convicted of raping a teenager in 1997. Chris Butt took over as editor in 1998, when Oyston sold to Priory Publishing.
City Slickers scandal
Bhoyrul and BusinessAge colleague James Hipwell then joined the Daily Mirror under editor Piers Morgan. Between incidents such as Bhoyrul getting caught stealing a penguin from London Zoo, they wrote a share-tipping column called "City Slickers". They bought shares before tipping them in the newspaper, in 44 separate incidents between 1 August 1999 and 29 February 2000. Bhoyrul pleaded guilty to the conspiracy on 11 August 2005. He was convicted on charges of conspiracy to breach the Financial Services Act 1986 and sentenced to 180 hours of community service. Hipwell denied the charges along with private investor Terry Shepherd, and they were sentenced to six months and three months in prison respectively.
Punch, Express and ITP
After they were sacked from the Daily Mirror in 2000, Mohamed Al-Fayed gave Bhoyrul and Hipwell a column in Punch and £100,000 to turn into £1 million within 12 months. They wrote a book "for Mirror readers, not your sophisticated types" entitled Make a Million in Twelve Months; We did! but at the time of its launch, five months into the challenge, they had lost 30% of the money. In July 2000 he was planning to write a book on the City Slickers story called A Tip Too Far, and claimed that he had had enough of newspapers and wanted to go back to Mauritius to run a bar on a beach.
However soon Bhoyrul joined Richard Desmond's Express group, where he wrote articles under the byline Frank Bailey. He wrote 26 negative stories about Conrad Black in the Sunday Express between September 2001 and May 2003, including one questioning Black's finances that the newspaper subsequently admitted was false. In May 2003 he wrote to Piers Morgan apologising for articles he had written under various pseudonyms in the Sunday Express :"Nothing would make me happier than not having to write all this stuff, but then nobody else pays me £6k a month...the thinking behind that column comes as you can guess from people above me".
In 2004 he moved to Dubai to become editor of Arabian Business, a weekly English-language magazine published by ITP Media Group. He left the magazine suddenly in 2005 but stayed with ITP and became editor-in-chief. He left in June 2020, shortly after Arabian Business introduced a paywall. he is CEO of JES Media in Dubai.
Personal life
Bhoyrul is married to Branka, a Slovenian photographer. They have three children - Joe, Evita and Savannah. In 2018, worried that his children were becoming too spoilt and materialistic in Dubai, he got them to each throw a dart at a world map and as a result sent them to live in La Paz, Bolivia for two years. He is a fan of Arsenal F.C.
References
External links
ITP articles written by Anil Bhoyrul
1966 births
Living people
British male journalists
People convicted of market manipulation in England and Wales
British expatriates in the United Arab Emirates |
4025398 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry%20of%20Labour%20and%20Social%20Affairs%20%28Greece%29 | Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (Greece) | The Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs () is a government department of Greece. The incumbent minister is Kostis Hatzidakis, Vice President of New Democracy.
Ministers for Employment and Social Protection (2001–2009)
Ministers for Labour and Social Security (2009–2012)
Ministers for Labour, Social Security and Welfare (2012–2015)
Ministers for Labour and Social Solidarity (2015)
Ministers for Labour, Social Insurance and Social Solidarity (2015–2019)
Ministers for Labour and Social Affairs (since July 2019)
References
External links
Government ministries of Greece
Lists of government ministers of Greece
Greece
Labour in Greece |
4025419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat%20Dodson | Pat Dodson | Patrick Lionel Djargun Dodson (born 29 January 1948) is an Australian politician representing Western Australia in the Australian Senate. He is a Yawuru elder from Broome, Western Australia. He has been chairman of the Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation, a Commissioner into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody, and a Roman Catholic priest. He was the winner of the 2008 Sydney Peace Prize and the 2009 John Curtin Medallist. His brother is Mick Dodson, also a national Indigenous Australian leader.
On 2 March 2016, Dodson was announced as the replacement for Joe Bullock as a Labor Senator for Western Australia, following Bullock's resignation. The Parliament of Western Australia appointed Dodson to the Australian Senate on 2 May 2016.
Early life and priesthood
Dodson was born on 29 January 1948 in Broome. His father, John "Snowy" Dodson, was born in Launceston, Tasmania and his mother, Patricia, was an Indigenous Australian. The family moved to Katherine in the Northern Territory when Pat was two, to escape Western Australian laws banning race-mix families.
The Dodson children were orphaned at the deaths of both parents only three months apart in 1960. He and his brother Mick were made wards of the state, but their aunt and uncle decided they should accept a scholarship to study at Monivae College in Hamilton, Victoria, where Dodson became head prefect and captain of football. After completing his schooling, Patrick enrolled to study for the priesthood at Corpus Christi College, Melbourne, and was ordained in the order of the Missionaries of the Sacred Heart in May 1975. He was the first Aboriginal person to become a Catholic priest in Australia. He left the priesthood in the early 1980s due to conflict over the balance and blend of Catholicism and Aboriginal spiritual belief.
Public service
Dodson lives in Broome where he is also involved in matters relating to the preservation and development of Indigenous rights and culture. Some of the prominent roles and positions he has held include:
Director of the Central Land Council and the Kimberley Land Council
Commissioner into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody, 1989
Chairman of the Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation (1991-1997) (This body was replaced by Reconciliation Australia). He retired stating "I fear for the spirit of this country".
Adjunct Professor at the University of Notre Dame Australia.
Chairperson, Kimberley Development Commission (his term expired in November 2010)
Chairman of the Lingiari Foundation, an Indigenous non-government advocacy and research Foundation.
Inaugural Director of the Indigenous Policy, Dialogue and Research Unit (IPDRU) at the University of New South Wales
Chairman of the Yawuru Native Title Holders Body Corporate (2010-2013) and Nyamba Buru Yawuru Ltd (to 2015)
Politics
The Parliament of Western Australia appointed Dodson to fill a casual vacancy in the Australian Senate on 2 May 2016, following the resignation of Labor senator Joe Bullock. He was sworn in as a senator on the same day, and sat as a Labor senator for Western Australia. He retained his seat at the 2016 federal election. He has served on a number of Senate committees, notably as joint chair of the Joint Select Committee into Constitutional Recognition relating to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples.
Dodson was added to the shadow ministry in May 2016, as a shadow assistant minister. He was initially appointed shadow parliamentary secretary to the Leader of the Opposition, and in July 2016 has been shadow assistant minister for indigenous affairs and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. Opposition Leader Bill Shorten promised to appoint Dodson as Minister for Indigenous Affairs if the ALP won the 2019 federal election. This did not eventuate, and Dodson, while re-elected to the Senate, did not stand for re-election to the Labor frontbench.
As the shadow assistant minister for reconciliation and constitutional recognition, Dodson supported the Uluru Statement from the Heart in full.
Dodson served on the "Inquiry into the destruction of 46,000 year old caves at the Juukan Gorge in the Pilbara region of Western Australia", which delivered its interim report in December 2020.
Following Labor's victory at the 2022 federal election, Dodson was appointed Special Envoy for Reconciliation and Implementation of the Uluru Statement from the Heart by Prime Minister Anthony Albanese.
Honours
Dodson holds an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of Melbourne and an Honorary Doctor of Letters degree from the University of New South Wales.
In 2012 he gave the inaugural Gandhi Oration at the University of New South Wales.
References
Other sources
Kevin Keeffe, (2003) ''Paddy's Road: Life Stories of Patrick Dodson" Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra
External links
Patrick Dodson - A Life Story Local ABC NSW Tuesday, 2 September 2003 [Accessed 10 February 2006]
Bio at Kimberley Development Commission website
Heroes: Pat Dodson at Universal Rights Network
Bio at The University of New South Wales
1948 births
Living people
Members of the Australian Senate
Members of the Australian Senate for Western Australia
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Labor Right politicians
People from Broome, Western Australia
Indigenous Australians from Western Australia
Australian indigenous rights activists
Indigenous Australian politicians
21st-century Australian politicians
Australian Roman Catholic priests
Missionaries of the Sacred Heart
Indigenous Australian clergy
Australian Aboriginal elders |
4025425 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.%20T.%20Francis | K. T. Francis | K. T. Francis, full name Kandiah Thirugnansampandapillai Francis (15 October 1939 – 9 June 2013) was a Sri Lankan cricket umpire. Francis officiated in 25 Tests and 56 One Day Internationals between 1982 and 1999, mostly in his own country.
Francis' first Test as umpire was the one-off Test between Sri Lanka and England in February 1982; this was the first recognised Test match played by Sri Lanka. Three days earlier, Francis made his debut as a One Day International umpire, in a match that also featured the debut of future Sri Lankan cricket captain Arjuna Ranatunga.
K. T. Francis was married and has two children.
See also
List of Test cricket umpires
List of One Day International cricket umpires
References
External links
K. T. Francis Cricinfo Profile
1939 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
Sri Lankan Test cricket umpires
Sri Lankan One Day International cricket umpires
Sri Lankan Tamil sportspeople |
4025427 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry%20of%20Health%20%28Greece%29 | Ministry of Health (Greece) | The Ministry of Health (), is the government department responsible for managing the health system of Greece. The incumbent minister is Thanos Plevris of New Democracy. The Alternate Minister for Health Services is , and the Deputy Minister for Mental Health is Zoi Rapti.
Ministers for Health and Social Solidarity (2004–2012)
Ministers for Health (2012–2015)
Ministers for Health, Social Security and Social Solidarity (January 2015–September 2015)
Ministers of Health (since September 2015)
See also
Health care in Greece
List of hospitals in Greece
External links
Health
Health
Greece
1982 establishments in Greece
Ministries established in 1982 |
4025428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20New%20Adventures%20of%20Hitler | The New Adventures of Hitler | The New Adventures of Hitler was a comic series written by Grant Morrison and drawn by Steve Yeowell which first appeared in Cut, a Scottish arts magazine in 1989 before being reprinted in the anthology Crisis in 1990.
Publication history
The New Adventures of Hitler was a satirical and surreal (one scene has Hitler opening a cupboard to find Morrissey singing "Heaven Knows I'm Miserable Now") strip based on the claims of Hitler's sister-in-law Bridget Dowling that Hitler had lived with her, her husband Alois Hitler, Jr., and her son William Patrick Hitler in Liverpool from 1912 to 1913. It first appeared in Cut, a Scottish arts and culture magazine and became instantly controversial, and some accused Morrison of being a Nazi due to their use of Hitler in what was essentially a humorous story.
Cut ceased publication before the entire strip was published, but The New Adventures of Hitler was printed in its entirety in Crisis in 1990.
Crisis was a spin-off from 2000 AD which printed more adult-oriented work and The New Adventures of Hitler fit in with the themes of the magazine. However the controversy which had surrounded the story in Cut continued with the strip's reprinting in Crisis. The story ran from Crisis in issues 46-49 and a proposed collected edition by IPC never appeared. Morrison themselves had planned to set up their own imprint to self-publish some of their work, including The New Adventures of Hitler, but nothing came of the idea.
See also
Adolf Hitler in popular culture
Notes
References
The New Adventures of Hitler at 2000 AD online
External links
Grant Morrison homepage
Cultural depictions of Adolf Hitler
1989 comics debuts
Comics based on real people
Satirical comics
Black comedy comics
Surreal comedy
Crisis (Fleetway) comic strips |
4025445 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night%20After%20Night | Night After Night | Night After Night may refer to:
Night After Night (film), a 1932 film starring George Raft and Constance Cummings, with Mae West
Night After Night (Nils Lofgren album), a 1977 album by Nils Lofgren
Night After Night (U.K. album), a 1979 album by the British band UK
Night After Night with Allan Havey, a talk show starring Allan Havey
"Night After Night", a 2015 song by Sandra Lyng
"Night After Night (Out of the Shadows)", a song by The Rasmus from their album Hide from the Sun
Night After Night (TV series), a South Korean television talk show
Night After Night (2008 TV series), a 2008 South Korean television drama series |
4025448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copic | Copic | is a Japanese brand of refillable markers and related products made by the Too Corporation and distributed in the United States and Canada by its subsidiary, "Too Corporation Americas".
Description
Copic markers are available in 358 non-toxic, alcohol-based ink colours and are refillable using standard colours ink refills. The refill inks can be mixed to create custom colours, and empty markers are sold for this purpose. The markers are airtight to prevent them from drying out.
Sketch markers, which are the most popular version, have a chisel-style tip at one end and a brush tip at the other, though additional styles of replaceable nibs and tips are available.
The company also sells an airbrush system which utilizes either an air compressor or canned air to blow ink off the tips of the markers onto the paper.
History
In 1987, the initial classic line of Copic Markers was introduced in Japan with the manga industry in mind. A total of 71 colours were launched and were developed to meet designers’ demand for photocopy-safe markers. The markers would not dissolve the toner of freshly-printed photocopies, and in turn the markers were given the name Copic, deriving from the word “copies”.
In 1989, an additional 71 colours were added to the line, adding a set of more neutral tones and grays to the marker’s library. These additional tones were created to accommodate for architectural design and figure painting. In 1991, 72 new colours were added to meet the need to design environments and fashion.
In 1993, Copic Sketch was introduced with an assortment of 144 colours. These markers featured a Super Brush Nib, a brush that revolutionized fine art markers with its nib durability and long-lasting lifespan. The Copic Sketch has since become the most widely sought-after marker from the company.
In 1998, the Copic Ciao marker was introduced. The line was released with 72 colours and was an inexpensive pack designed for beginners.
Since 1999 many new colours were added to the line of Copic Sketch to meet the success of the markers and the expansion of the manga market. Many colours introduced to the Copic Sketch line included flesh tones, pastels, fluorescents and many more.
Copic Marker types
Sketch
Copic Sketch markers are available in all 358 Copic colours, with a brush nib and a chisel-shaped nib. They have an oval barrel. They are compatible with the Copic Airbrush System. These are the most popular marker from Too Corporation.
Ciao
Ciao markers are available in 180 colours. They have a brush nib, a chisel nib, and a circular barrel. They are smaller than Copic's other markers and are marketed as a more affordable option.
Classic
Classic markers are available in 214 colours with nine different tip options, including: two calligraphy tips, two types of broad tips, and a range of fine nibs. They come with a chisel nib and a bullet nib on each side.
Wide
Wide markers were available in 36 colours, had a wide chisel-shaped nib and a large oval shaped barrel. They have been used for large backgrounds as well as calligraphy. Too Corporation has discontinued the production of coloured Copic Wide in 2016, but Copic Wide Original (empty marker) continues to be sold.
Refill
Copic markers can be refilled with Copic ink refills. It is also possible to mix inks to create custom colours.
Copic Color System
The Copic Color System identifies and categorizes ink colours by using short colour codes. Such codes can be found on the base of any marker, as well as on the caps of classic and sketch markers.
Copic Colour Wheel
The letter(s) on your marker represents the colour family it falls into. There are currently 16 Copic Marker colour families:
Chromatic Colours (and Fluorescent Colour)
R - Red
B - Blue
Y - Yellow
G - Green
V - Violet (Purple)
YR - Yellow-Red (Orange)
BG - Blue-Green (Teal/Turquoise)
YG - yellow-green family
BV - Blue-Violet
RV - Red-Violet (Pink)
E - Earth Tones (Brown)
F - Fluorescent/Neon colours
Gray Tones
N - Neutral Gray
C - Cool Gray
W - Warm Gray
T - Toner Gray
Achromatic Colours
1 - Black Copic Markers are represented by number only: 100, and 110 for special (rich) black.
0 - Colourless Blender Markers are coded with a single 0 as they contain alcohol-based fluid with no pigment.
Colour Saturation (Blending Group)
Following the letter is the first number. The first digit represents the level of saturation of the Copic Marker. This number ranges between 0- 9, with 0 being the purest form of colour and 9 being most desaturated (with the highest level of gray).
Colour Value (Shade/Intensity)
The last digit(s) on Copic Markers represent a marker's colour intensity (aka how bright that colour is). These numbers are split between 12 levels (000, 00 and 0-9). Markers that fall closer to the 0 range are lighter in value, and become darker the closer they shift toward 9. Markers that are 000 and 00 in nature are often more transparent as they have a higher concentration of colourless blender alcohol-based fluid.
Pens
Four types of pens are sold under the Copic brand, all of which are marketed as having "Copic-proof" ink that does not smudge when coloured over with a Copic marker:
The Multiliner is a fineliner. It is available in ten different colours and seven different nib thicknesses.
The Multiliner SP is an upgraded version of the Multiliner with an aluminium body, a replaceable nib, and a replaceable ink cartridge. It is only available in black ink.
The Gasenfude is a brush pen, available in black ink. Unlike some other manufacturers' brush pens, it cannot be refilled.
The Drawing Pen features a fountain pen nib. It is available in black and sepia (brown) inks, and in two nib sizes.
Copic Airbrush System
The airbrush system uses disposable cans of compressed air, or air from a compressor, to spray ink from Copic Original and Sketch markers onto a surface. Airbrushing uses less ink than direct colouring since saturating the paper isn't necessary.
References
External links
1987 establishments in Japan
Art materials brands
Companies established in 1987
Japanese brands
Japanese stationery |
4025452 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night%20After%20Night%20%28U.K.%20album%29 | Night After Night (U.K. album) | Night After Night is a live album recorded by the British band U.K. It features the trio lineup of Eddie Jobson, John Wetton, and Terry Bozzio.
Recorded in late May and early June 1979 at Nakano Sun Plaza Hall and Nippon Seinenkan, Tokyo, Japan, it is UK's third album and their first live recording, released in September 1979 in support of the band's US tour supporting Jethro Tull (which Eddie Jobson joined after UK's split) and later headlining European tour.
The album was remastered in 2016 and included as part of the box-set Ultimate Collector's Edition, along with an extended version containing nine songs not included in the original album and in actual concert order .
Background
According to Eddie Jobson, the album was recorded at the request of Polydor in Tokyo, originally intended for a Japan-only release, but Polydor in the US were also interested in releasing it. John Wetton explained, "The Japanese record companies, they said that live albums are so popular in Japan right now, that any act coming in, it's almost compulsory to do a live album in Japan, just for release in Japan."
The title track and "As Long As You Want Me Here" do not appear on any studio release by the band.
Track listing
All songs written by Eddie Jobson and John Wetton except where indicated.
Original album
CD
Extended version
Personnel
U.K.
Eddie Jobson – keyboards, electric violin, electronics
John Wetton – bass, lead vocals
Terry Bozzio – drums
Singles
"Night After Night" / "When Will You Realize" (released in UK/Europe)
The A-side is an edited version of the album track, while the B-side is a non-album studio recording that didn't appear on any CD until the 2016 Ultimate Collector's Edition box-set (although it was re-recorded with different lyrics on John Wetton's solo album Caught in the Crossfire in 1980).
References
U.K. (band) albums
1979 live albums
E.G. Records live albums
Albums recorded at Nakano Sun Plaza |
4025459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Barbour%20Democrat | The Barbour Democrat | The Barbour Democrat is an independent newspaper published every Wednesday in Philippi, West Virginia. It is the only newspaper published in Barbour County and has a paid circulation of 5,300, accounting for 31% of the county's population. It is a member of the West Virginia Press Association.
The Barbour Democrat has been published continuously since 6 July 1893, when it was founded by Aldine S. Poling. In the 1940s it absorbed a rival paper, The Philippi Republican. The paper was owned and operated by the Byrne family, but is now owned in its entirety by J. Eric Cutright;
Lars Byrne is the editor and the only remaining Byrne family member still employed by The Barbour Democrat.
Coverage consists of serious news from the region, reported by staff, and social items contributed by readers. In addition to covering events in Philippi, Belington and Junior, the Democrat runs several regular columns reporting news from small rural communities in the county. Despite its name, the paper has long since abandoned political partisanship and does not publish editorials or endorse candidates.
In 2004, The Barbour Democrat received the Barbour County Chamber's Directors' Award 'for long and faithful dedication to the continuing prosperity of Barbour County and its citizens, wherever in the world they may now be living.' In 2005, the paper won the West Virginia Education Association's Golden Apple Award for continuous coverage of education issues.
References
Barbour Democrat Website
Barbour County, West Virginia
Barbour Democrat, The
1893 establishments in West Virginia |
4025490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaplansky%27s%20conjectures | Kaplansky's conjectures | The mathematician Irving Kaplansky is notable for proposing numerous conjectures in several branches of mathematics, including a list of ten conjectures on Hopf algebras. They are usually known as Kaplansky's conjectures.
Group rings
Let be a field, and a torsion-free group. Kaplansky's zero divisor conjecture states:
The group ring does not contain nontrivial zero divisors, that is, it is a domain.
Two related conjectures are known as, respectively, Kaplansky's idempotent conjecture:
does not contain any non-trivial idempotents, i.e., if , then or .
and Kaplansky's unit conjecture (which was originally made by Graham Higman and popularized by Kaplansky):
does not contain any non-trivial units, i.e., if in , then for some in and in .
The zero-divisor conjecture implies the idempotent conjecture and is implied by the unit conjecture. As of 2021, the zero divisor and idempotent conjectures are open. The unit conjecture, however, was disproved for fields of positive characteristic by Giles Gardam in February 2021: he published a preprint on the arXiv that constructs a counterexample. The field is of characteristic 2. (see also: Fibonacci group)
There are proofs of both the idempotent and zero-divisor conjectures for large classes of groups. For example, the zero-divisor conjecture is known to hold for all virtually solvable groups and more generally also for all residually torsion-free solvable groups. These solutions go through establishing first the conclusion to the Atiyah conjecture on -Betti numbers, from which the zero-divisor conjecture easily follows.
The idempotent conjecture has a generalisation, the Kadison idempotent conjecture, also known as the Kadison–Kaplansky conjecture, for elements in the reduced group C*-algebra. In this setting, it is known that if the Farrell–Jones conjecture holds for , then so does the idempotent conjecture. The latter has been positively solved for an extremely large class of groups, including for example all hyperbolic groups.
The unit conjecture is also known to hold in many groups, but its partial solutions are much less robust than the other two. For example, there is a torsion-free 3-dimensional crystallographic group for which it is not known whether all units are trivial. This conjecture is not known to follow from any analytic statement like the other two, and so the cases where it is known to hold have all been established via a direct combinatorial approach involving the so-called unique products property. By Gardam's work mentioned above, it is now known to not be true in general.
Banach algebras
This conjecture states that every algebra homomorphism from the Banach algebra C(X) (continuous complex-valued functions on X, where X is a compact Hausdorff space) into any other Banach algebra, is necessarily continuous. The conjecture is equivalent to the statement that every algebra norm on C(X) is equivalent to the usual uniform norm. (Kaplansky himself had earlier shown that every complete algebra norm on C(X) is equivalent to the uniform norm.)
In the mid-1970s, H. Garth Dales and J. Esterle independently proved that, if one furthermore assumes the validity of the continuum hypothesis, there exist compact Hausdorff spaces X and discontinuous homomorphisms from C(X) to some Banach algebra, giving counterexamples to the conjecture.
In 1976, R. M. Solovay (building on work of H. Woodin) exhibited a model of ZFC (Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory + axiom of choice) in which Kaplansky's conjecture is true. Kaplansky's conjecture is thus an example of a statement undecidable in ZFC.
Quadratic forms
In 1953, Kaplansky proposed the conjecture that finite values of u-invariants can only be powers of 2.
In 1989, the conjecture was refuted by Alexander Merkurjev who demonstrated fields with u-invariants of any even m. In 1999, Oleg Izhboldin built a field with u-invariant m = 9 that was the first example of an odd u-invariant. In 2006, Alexander Vishik demonstrated fields with u-invariant for any integer k starting from 3.
References
H. G. Dales, Automatic continuity: a survey. Bull. London Math. Soc. 10 (1978), no. 2, 129–183.
W. Lück, L2-Invariants: Theory and Applications to Geometry and K-Theory. Berlin:Springer 2002
D.S. Passman, The Algebraic Structure of Group Rings, Pure and Applied Mathematics, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1977.
M. Puschnigg, The Kadison–Kaplansky conjecture for word-hyperbolic groups. Invent. Math. 149 (2002), no. 1, 153–194.
H. G. Dales and W. H. Woodin, An introduction to independence for analysts, Cambridge 1987
Ring theory
Conjectures
Unsolved problems in mathematics |
4025513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Andersson | Dan Andersson | Dan Andersson (6 April 1888 in Ludvika – 16 September 1920 in Stockholm) was a Swedish author, poet, and composer. He sometimes used the pen name Black Jim. Although he is counted among the Swedish proletarian authors, his works are not limited to that genre.
Early life
Born in Grangärde parish in the province of Dalarna, Andersson grew up under harsh conditions in the village of Skattlösberg. His father Adolf was a primary school teacher there, and his mother Augusta had also taught in the local school. The village lies in the "Finn Woods" of southern Dalarna, where Forest Finns had immigrated to cultivate new land. On his father's side, Andersson descended from these Finnish settlers. Andersson took odd jobs during the first years of his life, for instance as a forestry worker and school teacher. He found it difficult to make a living. The family considered trying to find a better life in the United States, and Andersson was sent to live in Forest Lake, Minnesota, as a 14-year-old in 1902 to see if it would be possible. But he wrote to them, saying that there were no better opportunities there than in Sweden, upon which his father asked him to come home. The family moved from Skattlösberg in 1905, but Andersson returned there to live with his parents and siblings from 1911 to 1915. During this period, he wrote a number of stories and poems. Large parts of his and were probably created during this time. In 1918 Andersson married primary schoolteacher Olga Turesson, the sister of troubadour .
Brunnsvik
During 1914–1915, Andersson studied at the Brunnsvik folk high school, with, among others, future authors Harry Blomberg and Ragnar Jändel. He was also a good friend of Karl Lärka, who would become a well-known documentary photographer. From this time onwards he was to become active as an author, writing poems and songs about his home region, which are read and sung almost a century later in Swedish homes. Gunde Johansson and Thorstein Bergman are among the best known of his interpreters. Andersson also set some of his lyrics to music — most notably ("To My Sister") and ("Sailor apprentice Jansson") — and played the accordion and violin. He was a co-worker at the Social Democratic newspaper Ny Tid in Gothenburg 1917–1918, and he also translated texts by Rudyard Kipling and Charles Baudelaire into Swedish. Despite his simple upbringing, Andersson was highly educated.
Death
Dan Andersson died in room 11 at Hotel Hellman in Stockholm on 16 September 1920, where he had gone to look for a job at the newspaper Social-Demokraten. The hotel staff had used hydrogen cyanide against bedbugs and had not cleared the room as prescribed. At 3 p.m. Andersson was found dead. At the same time, insurance inspector Elliott Eriksson from Bollnäs also died. The hotel was located at Bryggaregatan 5 in Stockholm, but it was demolished in the 1960s.
Andersson is buried at Lyviken Cemetery in Ludvika.
Legacy
Dan Andersson's poetry enjoys a broad popularity among the Swedish people because of its naturalist mysticism and searching for God. In 2005, Sofia Karlsson recorded a new interpretation of 11 of Andersson's songs on her album Svarta ballader, which received a Grammis award in both Sweden and Denmark, and before that time his poems had been sung by musicians including the Hootenanny Singers, Love Explosion, and Fred Åkerström. Joakim Thåström has also referenced Andersson in a number of his songs.
In 1988, at the centenary of Andersson's birth, Posten, the Swedish postal service, published two stamps in his honour. In Ludvika, a Dan Andersson week is celebrated the first week of every August. In Ludvika there is also a Dan Andersson museum and a statue of him. A bust is also to be found at Järntorget in Gothenburg.
Works in Swedish
Brevkort från Grangärde finnmark (1903)
(1914)
(1915)
Det kallas vidskepelse (1916)
Svarta ballader (1917)
De tre hemlösa (1918)
David Ramms arv (1919)
. Berättelser från norra Amerika (1920)
Efterlämnade dikter (1922)
Works in English
Modern Swedish Poetry Pt. 1, 1929.
Modern Swedish Short Stories, 1934.
Charcoal Burner’s Ballad and Other Poems, 1943.
Scandinavian Songs and Ballads, 1950.
The Last Night in Paindalen, 1958.
Swedish Songs, LP, 1974.
Swedes On Love, CD, 1991.
Dan Andersson in English, 1994.
Poems of Dan Andersson, 2003.
His life in English
A History of Swedish Literature, 1961.
A History of Swedish Literature, 1989.
A History of Swedish Literature, 1996.
References
External links
Dan Andersson at Authors' Calendar
Translations
Christmas-song in the Finnmark (Julvisa i Finnmarken)
A musician's last journey (En spelmans jordafärd)
For my sister and four other poems
Poems by Dan Andersson
Twelve Poems
Videos
1888 births
1920 deaths
Swedish people of Forest Finnish descent
People from Ludvika Municipality
Swedish-language poets
Swedish people of Finnish descent
Swedish socialists
Writers from Dalarna
20th-century Swedish poets
20th-century Swedish male writers |
4025522 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNAT-TV | KNAT-TV | KNAT-TV (channel 23) is a religious television station in Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States, owned and operated by the Trinity Broadcasting Network (TBN). The station's studios are located on Coors Boulevard in northwestern Albuquerque, and its transmitter is located on Sandia Crest.
History
KMXN-TV
Channel 23 began broadcasting as KMXN-TV on August 10, 1975. It was owned by Spanish Television of New Mexico, headed by state senator Odis Echols, and affiliated with the Spanish International Network, broadcasting from a transmitter atop the Western Bank Building.
Problems emerged with the station's management more than a year after it began operations. At the start of 1977, Herbert Taylor, a former officer of Spanish Television of New Mexico, sued Echols, fellow state senator C. B. Trujillo of Taos, and John Aragon, stockholder and president of New Mexico Highlands University, alleging that the three were using KMXN-TV to provide advertising kickbacks and for other political purposes. The First National Bank sued the station in December 1977, claiming it had defaulted on a $67,500 loan made in March 1976; by that time, Echols had stepped down.
Channel 23 also began to branch out beyond Spanish-language shows. When ABC affiliate KOAT-TV decided not to air Monday Night Baseball, KMXN-TV stepped in to carry it instead; the station then added high school football games.
KLKK-TV
In 1978, Eddie Peña began buying out the partners of Spanish Television of New Mexico. Peña was granted a construction permit the next year to move the transmitter from downtown to Sandia Crest, the main tower site for the Albuquerque area.
Peña also prepared a total relaunch of channel 23's programming. The station shifted to an English-language independent—New Mexico's first—on May 19, 1980, and took on the call letters KLKK-TV. As part of the changes, channel 23 disaffiliated from SIN, which Peña blamed for providing Latin American programming that was not well received in the Albuquerque market. Local productions included pre-existing shows from the Hispanic Chamber of Commerce that had aired on KMXN-TV, as well as Pueblo Speaks, focusing on Native American issues, and a live call-in show. SIN would not be gone from Albuquerque for long, as a translator carrying the network began broadcasting in August.
Not long after the relaunch, Peña began seeking buyers. Rumors circulated as early as the spring of 1981 that channel 23 would be sold. When fired general manager Milt Ledet sued the station for breach of contract at year's end, he revealed that a sale was near, and that he was entitled to two percent of the proceeds. While a $7 million purchase by Malcolm Glazer was reported, it was another buyer that would win out in April: Carson Communications Corporation. A star-studded consortium headed by Johnny Carson and with Neil Simon, David Letterman, Joan Rivers and Paul Anka as other investors, Carson Communications acquired the station and its programming contracts for a total of $3.6 million.
KNAT
After a brief period of silence during the transition, channel 23 emerged under Carson ownership as KNAT on August 9, 1982. The station made an early and aggressive push to court advertisers. Carson hosted some at a gala event in Las Vegas, where his company also owned VHF independent KVVU-TV, while the entertainer also briefly appeared in promotional advertisements. That stopped when the general manager of Albuquerque's NBC affiliate, KOB-TV, complained to the network; to make amends, Carson cut several promotions for The Tonight Show and KOB-TV's late newscasts.
When Peña had flipped KMXN-TV to KLKK-TV in 1980, it was the first independent television station in the Albuquerque market. A year later, competition emerged when KGSW-TV channel 14 signed on; a year after Carson took over, the two independents were tied at the bottom of the market ratings. After KNAT relaunched, two more independent stations piled into a crowded market: KNMZ-TV on channel 2 and Santa Fe-based KCHF on channel 11. As advertising revenues doubled, program costs increased sixfold due to competition between the independent stations.
On April 25, 1985, it was announced that KNAT would go dark on April 27, though it said two buyers were in the process of scouting out the station. The ownership group had changed its name from Carson Communications Corporation to Albuquerque Broadcasting Corporation, removing any mention of the host, after selling KVVU-TV the year prior. General manager Dave Cavileer cited the failure of ownership to market the station and said that "what they paid for programming broke their backs". Competing station executives claimed that, unwilling to provoke Carson's ire, syndicators let the station slide for months without paying fees to purchase programming. Channel 23 ended up on the air several more days while sale talks continued—airing music videos, as most of the other programming had already been returned—however, the station went off the air at midnight on May 1.
It was more than six months after the station went dark that a buyer finally emerged for channel 23: the Trinity Broadcasting Network, which purchased KNAT for $2.25 million. The station returned to the air with TBN programming on December 17.
Subchannels
KNAT-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 23, on that date. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 24. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 23.
References
External links
Official website
Trinity Broadcasting Network affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1975
NAT-TV
Mass media in Albuquerque, New Mexico
1975 establishments in New Mexico |
4025531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection%20formula | Reflection formula | In mathematics, a reflection formula or reflection relation for a function f is a relationship between f(a − x) and f(x). It is a special case of a functional equation, and it is very common in the literature to use the term "functional equation" when "reflection formula" is meant.
Reflection formulas are useful for numerical computation of special functions. In effect, an approximation that has greater accuracy or only converges on one side of a reflection point (typically in the positive half of the complex plane) can be employed for all arguments.
Known formulae
The even and odd functions satisfy by definition simple reflection relations around a = 0. For all even functions,
and for all odd functions,
A famous relationship is Euler's reflection formula
for the gamma function , due to Leonhard Euler.
There is also a reflection formula for the general n-th order polygamma function ψ(n)(z),
which springs trivially from the fact that the polygamma functions are defined as the derivatives of and thus inherit the reflection formula.
The Riemann zeta function ζ(z) satisfies
and the Riemann Xi function ξ(z) satisfies
References
Calculus |
4025533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella%20Loves%20Cole | Ella Loves Cole | Ella Loves Cole is a 1972 studio album by Ella Fitzgerald, arranged by Nelson Riddle, of songs written by Cole Porter.
This was Fitzgerald's first album of songs dedicated to a single composer since 1964's Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Johnny Mercer Song Book (also arranged by Riddle), and her second collection of songs by Porter, her first since 1956's Cole Porter songbook. She later recorded Ella Abraça Jobim, dedicated to Antônio Carlos Jobim. Fitzgerald and Riddle would collaborate again on her 1982 album The Best Is Yet to Come.
The album was re-released on Pablo as Dream Dancing in 1978, with the addition of two new tracks; "Dream Dancing" and "After You". Ella Loves Cole was remastered again in 2002, with colours added to the cover.
Track listing
For the 1972 Atlantic LP release; Atlantic SD 1631.
Side One:
"I Get a Kick Out of You" – 4:21
"Down in the Depths (On the Ninetieth Floor)" – 3:40
"At Long Last Love" – 2:27
"I've Got You Under My Skin" – 3:17
"So Near and Yet So Far" – 2:21
"All of You" – 2:18
"Without Love" – 2:46
Side Two:
"My Heart Belongs to Daddy" – 2:33
"Love for Sale" – 4:36
"Just One of Those Things" – 3:53
"I Concentrate on You" – 4:06
"Anything Goes" – 2:51
"C'est Magnifique" – 2:27
All songs written by Cole Porter.
Personnel
Ella Fitzgerald - vocals
Nelson Riddle - arranger
Harry "Sweets" Edison - trumpet
Keter Betts - double bass
Ed Thigpen - drums
Tommy Flanagan - piano
Val Valentin - recording engineer
References
1972 albums
Ella Fitzgerald albums
Atlantic Records albums
Albums produced by Norman Granz
Albums arranged by Nelson Riddle
Cole Porter tribute albums |
4025534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanan | Kanan | Kanan may refer to:
People
Given name
Male
Kanan Gill (born 1989), Indian stand-up comedian, actor, and internet personality
Kanan Guluyev, an Azerbaijani wrestler
Kanan Karimov (born 1976), an Azerbaijani football manager and former player
Kanan Makiya (born 1949), Iraqi American professor and former dissident
Kanan Malhotra, Indian model and television actor
Kanan Seyidov, an Azerbaijani military officer
Kanan Yusif-zada (born 1973), an Azerbaijani surgeon, professor, and military administrator
Female
Kanan Devi (1916-1992), Indian actress and singer
Kanan Kaushal (born 1939), Indian actress
Kanan Minami (born 1979), a manga artist
Kanan Mishra (1944–2015), an Oriya writer
Surname
Paul Kanan, an American political strategist from Michigan
Sean Kanan, American actor and TV host
Pseudonym
Pen name of Yūko Ōtsuki, illustrator of Galaxy Angel manga
Fictional characters
Kanan, a character in the manga series, Saiyuki
Kanan Jarrus, a character in the Star Wars franchise
Kanan Matsuura, a character from the media-mix project, Love Live! Sunshine!!
Places
Kanan, Osaka, a town in Osaka Prefecture, Japan
Kanan, Pori, a district in Pori, Finland
Kanan-e Olya, a village in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran
Kanan-e Sofla, a village in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran
Kanan-Bakache, a village and commune in Niger, West Africa
Kanan Devan Hills Plantations Company, an Indian consumer products company
Others
The Kanan Tape, a mixtape by American rapper 50 Cent
Kanan (tigress)
Unisex given names |
4025545 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Graduate%20%28MC%20Lars%20album%29 | The Graduate (MC Lars album) | The Graduate is the first studio album of MC Lars released on iTunes on February 14, 2006 and in stores on March 21, 2006.
Track listing
"Download This Song" – 3:44
featuring Jaret Reddick of Bowling for Soup
"The Roommate from Hell" – 3:18
featuring MC Chris
"21 Concepts" – 2:49
"Hot Topic Is Not Punk Rock" – 2:15
featuring The Matches
"Rapgirl" – 3:03
"Generic Crunk Rap" – 3:02
"Ahab" – 3:21
"iGeneration" – 2:53
"If I Had a Time Machine, That Would Be Fresh" – 1:03
"Internet Relationships (Are Not Real Relationships)" – 3:24
featuring A Scholar and a Physician and Piney Gir
"Space Game" – 4:05
"The Dialogue" – 2:53
featuring Ill Bill
"Six Degrees of Kurt Cobain" – 1:44
"Signing Emo" – 3:37
Bonus tracks
Samples
"Download This Song" samples "The Passenger" by Iggy Pop.
The song "21 Concepts" samples music from Tetris. When performed live, the background video includes clips of Mega64's popular Tetris video. Additionally, the lyrics parody the song '99 Problems' by Ice-T.
The chorus to "Ahab" samples the British band Supergrass performing "Moving" off their self-titled album.
The song "iGeneration" samples "American Hearts" by Piebald.
The song "Singing Emo" samples "Cry Tonight" by Hearts That Hate.
References
2006 debut albums
MC Lars albums
Nettwerk Records albums
Albums produced by Mike Sapone |
4025550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Doumit | Sam Doumit | Samia "Sam" Doumit is an American actress.
Early life
Doumit is of Irish, French, Lebanese, German, and Jewish descent (mother's side). She was a Dean's list and honor roll student at Emerson College in Boston before attending the California Institute of the Arts. Doumit's great-uncle is Nobel Peace Prize recipient Dr. Albert Schweitzer.
Career
Sam Doumit starred in the film The Hot Chick with Rob Schneider, Adam Sandler, Anna Faris, and Rachel McAdams as well as the independent film The Utopian Society. She is featured in the Zed video clip "Starlight", included on The Hot Chick DVD. She guest starred on ABC's Castle, Showtime's series Shameless, Criminal Minds, The Mentalist on CBS, and Harry’s Law with Kathy Bates. Doumit guest-starred in the series finale of the series LAX. She played Allison in the never-aired series The Jake Effect with Jason Bateman. She played "Maggie", a recurring character on Disney's Honey, I Shrunk the Kids: The TV Show. Sam was a series regular on MTV’s first scripted series Undressed, playing Jana. Doumit worked with her friend, actor Jeremy Sisto, in the series finale of Dawson's Creek and the film Little Savant. Doumit played a drug addled prostitute in an episode of Southland.
She currently plays the lead role “Rosie” in the 10 episode limited series Red Riding Hoods
Doumit began acting on stage at age 5. She has performed in over 30 professional plays including "Bonnie" in Hurlyburly, "Laura" in The Glass Menagerie and "Juliet" in Romeo and Juliet. She played a stage actress in KY2 in 2000.
In October 2005, she wrote, directed and performed "Not to Fear", a daring performance art piece in the Half-Hour From Home: Cal-Arts Alumni at Barnsdall, organized by Cal-Arts.
Samia Doumit played "Kate" in Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew at the Lillian Theatre in Los Angeles. Her portrayal of "Kate" was featured in an interview and article for Estylo Magazine. In 2009-2010 Doumit played 8 comedic characters in the long running hit Jewtopia at The Greenway Court Theatre in Los Angeles.
Doumit is the face of the SuicideGirls logo. Doumit married Erik Contreras on September 3, 2005.
She hosted "Suicide Girls Radio" Sunday nights on Indie 103.1 FM in Los Angeles from 2006 to 2011. It was voted #1 Radio in 2009 by Rolling Stone Magazine
Filmography
Film
On the Ropes (1999) ..... Maya
Taylor's Wall (2001) ..... Taylor Manning
Beyond the Pale (2001) ..... Dina
The Hot Chick (2002) ..... Eden
The Utopian Society (2003) ..... Nera
Longtime Listener 12th Time Caller (Voice) (2004) ..... Nancy
Just Hustle (2004) ..... Naomi Rose
East L.A ..... Krista Guzman
Rosary Stars ..... Herself
Television
Beverly Hills, 90210 (1998)
Undressed (1999)
Brutally Normal (2000)
Honey, I Shrunk the Kids: The TV Show (2000)
ER (2001)
Boston Public (2002)
Dawson's Creek (2003)
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (2004)
Passions (2005)
LAX (2005)
The Jake Effect (2006)
Southland (2009)
Castle (2010)
The Mentalist (2010)
Shameless (2010)
Matumbo Goldberg (2011)
Harry's Law (2011)Crazy White Chicks (2014)Criminal Minds (2018)Red Riding Hoods ''(2021)
References
Jewtopia Play
TV Tome
Just Hustle Movie
Longtime Listener 12th Time Caller
External links
Sam Doumit Official Website
The Utopian Society Official Site
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Emerson College alumni
Actresses from Sacramento, California
American people of German-Jewish descent
American people of Lebanese descent
California Institute of the Arts alumni |
4025565 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Liberators%20%28comic%20book%29 | The Liberators (comic book) | The Liberators was a science fiction comic book series based on concepts created by Dez Skinn and Will Simpson for the British anthology title Warrior. The series was intended as a far-future continuation of Skinn's proposed shared continuity 'Warrior-verse', established in the Big Ben strip which also ran in Warrior. The Liberators was one of the first mainstream continuing strips scripted by Grant Morrison.
Plot
The scenario is the British capital of London in 2470. A ragtag group of human misfits with strange powers struggle against an occupying force of malevolent, shape-shifting alien beings.
After a disastrous guerilla assault on one of the invaders' living ships, the protagonists are attacked by the unstoppable Wardroid. Meanwhile, in the ruins of the Houses of Parliament, secrets are unearthed that may be the key to understanding the aliens' true motives.
Publication history
The Liberators first featured in Warrior #22, cover dated September 1984. After an initial 5 page installment, Death Run, written by Skinn himself and drawn by John Ridgway, the scripting of the series was handed over to Grant Morrison. Morrison's first 5-page installment, Night Moves, saw publication in Warrior 26, the final issue of the series, cover dated February 1986.
A 6-issue Liberators title by Morrison and Ridgway was announced by Quality Comics for publication in the American market in 1986, but was never published.
In 1996 a previously unpublished Liberators strip by Morrison and Ridgway, Angels and Demons, was published alongside an expanded reprint of Night Moves in the Warrior "Spring Special"/Comics International #67 flipbook.
References
External links
Quality Communications homepage
Grant Morrison's homepage
Richard Arndt's Warrior Index
Warrior titles
Fiction set in the 25th century
Comics set in London |
4025575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendzimir%20process | Sendzimir process | Sendzimir process (named after Tadeusz Sendzimir) is used to galvanize a steel strip by using a small amount of aluminum in the zinc bath and producing a coating with essentially no iron-zinc alloy. The process guarantees high resistance and durability characteristics. About 75% of hydrogen was needed in the original Sendzimir process but all the newer nonoxidizing methods of degreasing require only 7–15%.
The rolling of hot steel slabs using a Sendzimir mill requires a much smaller operational area than a continuous hot strip mill.
This milling process is not recommended for heavy duty running surfaces such as crane rail.
See also
Hot-dip galvanizing
References
Corrosion prevention
Steel
Polish inventions |
4025578 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20McCarthy%20Fennell | Thomas McCarthy Fennell | Thomas McCarthy Fennell (22 December 1841 – 23 February 1914) was a Fenian political prisoner transported as a convict to Western Australia.
Born in County Clare, Ireland in 1841, Fennell was just four years old when the Great Famine struck. Nonetheless he received a good education, attending either a Catholic school or a national school, and he learned to speak Irish at home.
Fenians
In 1863, Fennell became one of the first Fenians recruited from County Clare; he then helped recruit and organize a group of men in preparation for the Fenian Rising. On 5 March 1867, six Fenians men entered the Kilbaha coastguard station, and demanded the station's arms "in the name of the Irish Republic". A scuffle ensued, and Fennell was shot through the hip and testicle. The group retreated, and Fennell was treated for his injuries. He was arrested three days later. Tried for treason in the Clare Assizes, on 15 July 1867 he was found guilty and sentenced to ten years' penal labour. Initially he was lodged at Mountjoy Prison, a clearinghouse for political prisoners; later he was transferred to Portland prison.
In October 1867, he was put on board the Hougoumont, a convict ship bound for Western Australia. The Hougoumont departed Portland on 12 October 1867 and arrived at Fremantle, Western Australia on 9 January 1868.
Pardon
Fennell remained in the Western Australian penal system until March 1871, when he received a conditional pardon under a Royal Clemency announced by William Ewart Gladstone the previous December. Banned from returning to the United Kingdom, Fennell sailed for New Zealand in May 1871. On arrival, he was immediately arrested and deported to New South Wales, as New Zealand had laws restricting immigration of ex-convicts. New South Wales had similar laws, but did not arrest him, presumably because he made known his intention of emigrating to the United States. He sailed for San Francisco on board the City of Melbourne. In 1872 he went to Connecticut. While there, he was approached by John Devoy about plans to rescue the military Fenians still in Western Australia's penal system. Fennell's suggestion was ultimately implemented in the Catalpa rescue. Although Devoy and the other Irish-Americans always credited Fennell with the original idea, Fennell himself claimed that the idea came from "two gentlemen in Australia whose names it would not be well to mention, and a Rev'd gentleman now out west in this country".
In 1874 Fennell married Margaret Collins, and they moved to Elmira, New York. Fennell set up as the operator of the Commercial Hotel, and also served as the local agent for the Cunard Line, a city park commissioner, and Elmira's first Superintendent of Public Works. He helped to raise funds for various Irish causes, such as the Kilrush monument to the Manchester Martyrs. Fennell's first son, Thomas Francis Fennell was the head football coach at Penn State from 1904 to 1908.
Death
Fennell died on 23 February 1914 after a brief illness. He was survived by his wife and three children.
General References
1841 births
1914 deaths
Convicts transported to Western Australia
People from County Clare
Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood |
4025585 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate%20of%20Sicily | Emirate of Sicily | The Emirate of Sicily () was an Islamic kingdom that ruled the island of Sicily from 831 to 1091. Its capital was Palermo (Arabic: Bal'harm), which during this period became a major cultural and political center of the Muslim world.
Sicily was part of the Byzantine Empire when Muslim forces from Ifriqiya began launching raids in 652. Through a prolonged series of conflicts from 827 to 902, they gradually conquered the entirety of Sicily, with only the stronghold of Rometta, in the far northeast, holding out until 965.
Under Muslim rule, the island became increasingly prosperous and cosmopolitan. Trade and agriculture flourished, and Palermo became one of the largest and wealthiest cities in Europe. Sicily became multiconfessional and multilingual, developing a distinct Arab-Byzantine culture that combined elements of its Islamic Arab and Berber migrants with those of the local Greek-Byzantine and Jewish communities. Beginning in the early eleventh century, the Emirate began to fracture from internal strife and dynastic disputes. Christian Norman mercenaries under Roger I ultimately conquered the island, founding the County of Sicily in 1071; the last Muslim city on the island, Noto, fell in 1091, marking the end of Islamic rule in Sicily.
As the first Count of Sicily, Roger maintained a relative degree of tolerance and multiculturalism; Sicilian Muslims remained citizens of the County and the subsequent Kingdom of Sicily. Until the late 12th century, and probably as late as the 1220s, Muslims formed a majority of the island's population, except in the northeast region of Val Demone, which had remained predominantly Byzantine Greek and Christian, even during Islamic rule. But by the mid thirteenth century, Muslims who had not already left or converted to Christianity were expelled, ending roughly four hundred years of Islamic presence in Sicily.
Over two centuries of Islamic rule by the Emirate has left some traces in modern Sicily. Minor Arabic influence remains in the Sicilian language and in local place names; a much larger influence is in the Maltese language that derives from Siculo-Arabic. Other cultural remnants can be found in the island's agricultural methods and crops, the local cuisine, and architecture.
Background
Due to its strategic location in the center of the Mediterranean, Sicily had a long history of being settled and contested by various civilizations. Greek and Phoenician colonies were present at least by the ninth century BC, and skirmished intermittently for centuries. Conflicts continued on a larger scale in the sixth through third centuries BC between the Carthaginians and the Sicilian Greeks, most of all the powerful city-state of Syracuse. The Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage saw Sicily serve as a major power base and theater of war for both sides, before the island was finally incorporated into the Roman Republic and Empire. By the fifth century AD, Sicily had become thoroughly Romanized and Christianized after nearly seven hundred years of Roman rule. But amid the decay of the Western Roman Empire, it fell to the Germanic Ostrogoths following Theodoric the Great's conquest of most of Italy in 488.
First Muslim attempts to conquer Sicily
In 535, Emperor Justinian I reconquered Sicily for the Roman Empire, which by then was ruled from Constantinople. As the power of what is now known as the Byzantine Empire waned in the West, a new and expansionist power was emerging in the Middle East: the Rashidun Caliphate, the first major Muslim state to emerge following the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in 632. Over a period of twenty five years, the caliphate succeeded in annexing much of the Persian Sasanian Empire and former Roman territories in the Levant and North Africa. In 652, under Caliph Uthman, an invasion captured most of the island, but Muslims occupation was short-lived, as they left following his death.
By the end of the seventh century, with the Umayyad conquest of North Africa, the Muslims had captured the nearby port city of Carthage, allowing them to build shipyards and a permanent base from which to launch more sustained attacks.
Around 700, the island of Pantelleria was captured by Muslims, and it was only discord among the Muslims that prevented an attempted invasion of Sicily at that time. Instead, trading agreements were arranged with the Byzantines, and Muslim merchants were allowed to trade goods at Sicilian ports.
The first true attempt at conquest was launched in 740; in that year the Muslim prince Habib, who had participated in the 728 attack, successfully captured Syracuse. Ready to conquer the whole island, they were however forced to return to Tunisia by a Berber revolt. A second attack in 752 aimed only to sack the same city.
Revolt of Euphemius and gradual Muslim conquest of the island
In 826, Euphemius, the commander of the Byzantine fleet of Sicily, forced a nun to marry him. Emperor Michael II caught wind of the matter and ordered that General Constantine end the marriage and cut off Euphemius' nose. Euphemius rose up, killed Constantine and then occupied Syracuse; he in turn was defeated and driven out to North Africa. He offered rule of Sicily over to Ziyadat Allah, the Aghlabid Emir of Tunisia, in return for a place as a general and safety; the Emir agreed, offering to give Euphemius the island in exchange for a yearly tribute. The conquest was entrusted to the 70-year-old qadi Asad ibn al-Furat, who led a force 10,000 infantry, 700 cavalry and 100 ships. Reinforced by the Muslims, Euphemius' ships landed at Mazara del Vallo, where the first battle against loyalist Byzantine troops occurred on July 15, 827, resulting in an Aghlabid victory.
Asad subsequently conquered the southern shore of the island and laid siege to Syracuse. After year-long siege, and an attempted mutiny, his troops were able to defeat a large army sent from Palermo, backed by a Venetian fleet led by Doge Giustiniano Participazio. A sudden outbreak of plague killed many of the Muslim troops, as well as Asad himself, forcing the Muslims to retreat to the castle Mineo. They later renewed their offensive, but failed to conquer Castrogiovanni (modern Enna) where Euphemius was killed, forcing them to retreat back to their stronghold at Mazara.
In 830, the remaining Muslims of Sicily received a strong reinforcement of 30,000 Ifriqiyan and Andalusian troops. The Iberian Muslims defeated the Byzantine commander Teodotus between July and August of that year, but again a plague forced them to return to Mazara and later Ifriqiya. However, Ifriqiyan units sent to besiege the Sicilian capital of Palermo managed to capture it after a year long siege in September 831. Palermo was made the Muslim capital of Sicily, renamed al-Madinah ("The City").
The conquest was an incremental, see-saw affair; with considerable resistance and many internal struggles, it took over a century for Byzantine Sicily to be fully conquered. Syracuse held out until 878, followed by Taormina in 902, and finally, Rometta, the last Byzantine outpost, in 965.
Period as an emirate
In succession, Sicily was ruled by the Sunni Aghlabid dynasty in Tunisia and the Shiite Fatimids in Egypt. However, throughout this period, Sunni Muslims formed the majority of the Muslim community in Sicily, with most (if not all) of the people of Palermo being Sunni, leading to their hostility to the Shia Kalbids. The Sunni population of the island was replenished following sectarian rebellions across north Africa from 943–7 against the Fatimids' harsh religious policies, leading to several waves of refugees fleeing to Sicily in an attempt to escape Fatimid retaliation. The Byzantines took advantage of temporary discord to occupy the eastern end of the island for several years.
After suppressing a revolt the Fatimid caliph Ismail al-Mansur appointed al-Hasan al-Kalbi (948–964) as Emir of Sicily. He successfully managed to control the continuously revolting Byzantines and founded the Kalbid dynasty. Raids into Southern Italy continued under the Kalbids into the 11th century, and in 982 a German army under Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor was defeated near Crotone in Calabria. With Emir Yusuf al-Kalbi (986–998) a period of steady decline began. Under al-Akhal (1017–1037) the dynastic conflict intensified, with factions within the ruling family allying themselves variously with the Byzantine Empire and the Zirids. After this period, Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis attempted to annex the island for the Zirids, while intervening in the affairs of the feuding Muslims; however, the attempt ultimately failed.
Sicily under Arab rule
The new Arab rulers initiated land reforms, which in turn increased productivity and encouraged the growth of smallholdings, a dent to the dominance of the landed estates. The Arabs further improved irrigation systems through Qanats. Introducing oranges, lemons, pistachio and sugarcane to Sicily. A description of Palermo was given by Ibn Hawqal, a Baghdad merchant who visited Sicily in 950. A walled suburb called the Kasr (the palace) is the center of Palermo until today, with the great Friday mosque on the site of the later Roman cathedral. The suburb of Al-Khalisa (Kalsa) contained the Sultan's palace, baths, a mosque, government offices, and a private prison. Ibn Hawqual reckoned 7,000 individual butchers trading in 150 shops. The population of the city during this period is uncertain, as figures given by Arab writers during the era were unreliable. Paul Bairoch estimated Palermo's population at 350,000 in the 11th century, while other historians like Stephan R. Epstein estimated it to be closer to 60,000. Based on al-Maqdisi's statement that Palermo was larger than Old Cairo, Kenneth Meyer Setton put the figure above 100,000 but below 250,000.
Around 1330, Palermo's population stood at 51,000.
Arab traveler, geographer, and poet Ibn Jubair visited the area in the end of the 12th century and described Al-Kasr and Al-Khalisa (Kalsa):
Throughout this reign, revolts by Byzantine Sicilians occurred, especially in the east, and part of the lands were even re-occupied before being quashed.
The local population conquered by the Muslims were Greek-speaking Byzantine Christians, but there were also a significant number of Jews. The Orthodox and Catholic populations were members of one Church until the events of 1054 began to separate them, the sack of 1204 being the last straw as far as the Byzantine "Orthodox" were concerned.
Christians and Jews were tolerated under Muslim rule as dhimmis, but were subject to some restrictions. The dhimmis were also required to pay the jizya, or poll tax, and the kharaj or land tax, but were exempt from the tax that Muslims had to pay (Zakaat).
Under Arab rule there were different categories of Jizya payers, but their common denominator was the payment of the Jizya as a mark of subjection to Muslim rule in exchange for protection against foreign and internal aggression. The conquered population could avoid this subservient status by converting to Islam. Whether by honest religious conviction or compulsion large numbers of native Sicilians converted to Islam. About half the population was Muslim at the time of the Norman Conquest. The Fatimids in the mid-10th century adopted a policy of active conversion and increased oppression of Christians. However, even after 100 years of Islamic rule, numerous Greek speaking Christian communities prospered, especially in north-eastern Sicily, as dhimmis. This was largely a result of the Jizya system which allowed co-existence. The co-existence with the conquered population fell apart after the reconquest of Sicily starting in the 1160s and particularly following the death of King William II of Sicily in 1189. The policy of oppression visited upon Christians was applied to Muslims.
Administration
The emir was in charge of the army, administration, justice and minted money. It is also very likely that a ṭirāz was active in Palermo, a laboratory in which the sovereign authorities had fabrics of great value created (often granted as a sign of appreciation to their subjects to reward them for their work or as a gift of the reception of foreign embassies). The Emir - who resided in today's Royal Palace - appointed the governors of the major cities, the most important judges (qāḍī) and the arbitrators capable of resolving minor disputes between individuals (hakam). There was also an assembly of notables called giamà'a that supported and in some cases replaced the emir in decisions.
It must also be specified that the Muslim domination on the island was not the same, the division into the three valleys also served to distinguish the different approaches to government. In fact, western Sicily was more Islamized and the numerical presence of the Arabs was much greater than the other parts. In Val Demone then the difficulties in the conquest and the resistance of the population determined a domination mostly concentrated in the maintenance of taxes and public order.
The fighters or giund in conquering the lands obtained 4/5 as booty (fai) and 1/5 was reserved for the state or the local governor (khums), following the rules of Islamic law . However this rule was not always respected and in many areas such as that of Agrigento the new owners would not have had the right. But it must be said that this distribution of the lands brought about the end of the large estates and the possibility of better exploitation of the lands. New crops were thus introduced where only wheat had been grown for centuries. Sugar cane, vegetables, citrus fruits, dates and mulberry trees appeared and a mining exploitation began.
Coinage
The coin introduced by the Arabs was the dinar, in gold and weighing 4.25 grams. The dirhem was silver and weighed 2.97 grams. The Aghlabites introduced the solidus in gold and the follis in copper. While following the conquest of Palermo in 886 the kharruba was coined which was worth 1/6 of a dirhem.
Decline and "Taifa" period
By the 11th century mainland southern Italian powers were hiring Norman mercenaries, who were Christian descendants of the Vikings; it was the Normans under Roger de Hauteville, who became Roger I of Sicily, that captured Sicily from the Muslims. In 1038, a Byzantine army under George Maniaces crossed the strait of Messina, and included a corps of Normans. After another decisive victory in the summer of 1040, Maniaces halted his march to lay siege to Syracuse. Despite his conquest of the latter, Maniaces was removed from his position, and the subsequent Muslim counter-offensive reconquered all the cities captured by the Byzantines. The Norman Robert Guiscard, son of Tancred, then conquered Sicily in 1060 after taking Apulia and Calabria, while his brother Roger de Hauteville occupied Messina with an army of 700 knights.
The Emirate of Sicily began to fragment as intra-dynastic quarrels took place within the Muslim regime. In 1044, under emir Hasan al-Samsam, the island fragmented into four qadits, or small fiefdoms: the qadit of Trapani, Marsala, Mazara and Sciacca led by Abdallah ibn Mankut; that of Girgenti, Castrogiovanni and Castronuovo under Ibn al-Hawwàs; Catania held by Ibn al-Maklatí; and that of Syracuse under Ibn Thumna, while al-Samsam retained control of Palermo longer, before it adopted self-rule under a council of sheikhs. There followed a period of squabbles among the qadits that likely represented kin-groups jockeying for power. Ibn Thumna killed Ibn al-Maklatí, took Catania and married the dead qadi's widow who was the sister of Ibn al-Hawwàs. He also took ibn Mankut's qadit, but when his wife was prevented from returning from a visit to her brother, the Fatimid-allied Ibn Thumna attacked Ibn al-Hawwàs only to be defeated. When he left Sicily to recruit more troops, this briefly left Ibn al-Hawwàs in control of most of the island. In waging his war on his rivals, Ibn Thumna had collaborated closely with the Normans, each using the other to further their goal of ruling the entire island, and though Ibn Thumna's death in a 1062 ambush led the Normans to draw back and consolidate, Ibn Thumna's former allies appear to have continued the alliance, such that Muslim troops constituted the majority of the Hauteville "Norman" army in Sicily.
The Zirids of North Africa sent an army to Sicily led by Ali and Ayyub ibn Tamin, and these troops progressively brought the qadits under their control, killing al-Hawwàs and effectively making Ayyub emir of Muslim Sicily. However, they lost two decisive battles against the Normans. Sicilians and Africans were defeated in 1063 by a small Norman force at the Battle of Cerami, cementing Norman control over the north-east of the island. The sizeable Christian population rose up against the ruling Muslims. Then in 1068, Roger and his men defeated Ayyub at the Battle of Misilmeri, and the Zirids returned to North Africa, leaving Sicily in disarray. Catania fell to the Normans in 1071. Palermo, ruled since the Zirid withdrawal by Ibn al-Ba'ba, a man apparently of Spanish Jewish descent from the city's merchant class who led the city with the support of its sheikhs, would in turn fall on 10 January 1072 after a five month siege. Trapani capitulated the same year.
The loss of the main port cities dealt a severe blow to Muslim power on the island. The last pocket of active resistance was Syracuse governed by Ibn Abbad (known as Benavert in western chronicles). He defeated Jordan, son of Roger of Sicily in 1075, and occupied Catania again in 1081 and raided Calabria shortly after. However, Roger besieged Syracuse in 1086, and Ibn Abbad tried to break the siege with naval battle, in which he died accidentally. Syracuse surrendered after this defeat. His wife and son fled to Noto and Butera. Meanwhile, the city of Qas'r Ianni (Castrogiovanni, modern Enna) was ruled by a Hammud, who surrendered and converted to Christianity only in 1087. After his conversion, Hammud subsequently became part of the Christian nobility and retired with his family to an estate in Calabria provided by Roger I. In 1091, Butera and Noto in the southern tip of Sicily and the island of Malta, the last Arab strongholds, fell to the Christians with ease. After the conquest of Sicily, the Normans removed the local emir, Yusuf Ibn Abdallah from power, while respecting the customs of the resident Arabs.
Aftermath
The Norman Kingdom of Sicily under Roger II has been characterized as "multi-ethnic in nature and religiously tolerant". Normans, Jews, Muslim Arabs, Byzantine Greeks, Lombards and native Sicilians lived in relative harmony. Arabic remained a language of government and administration for at least a century into Norman rule, and traces remain in the language of Sicily and evidently more in the language of Malta today. The Muslims also maintained their domination of industry, retailing and production, while Muslim artisans and expert knowledge in government and administration were highly sought after.
However, the island's Muslims were faced with the choice of voluntary departure or subjection to Christian rule. Many Muslims chose to leave, provided they had the means to do so. "The transformation of Sicily into a Christian island", remarks Abulafia, "was also, paradoxically, the work of those whose culture was under threat". Also, Muslims gradually converted to Christianity, the Normans replaced Orthodox clergy with Latin clerics. Despite the presence of an Arab-speaking Christian population, Greek churchmen attracted Muslim peasants to receive a baptism and even adopted Greek Christian names; in several instances, Christian serfs with Greek names listed in the Monreale registers had living Muslim parents. The Norman rulers followed a policy of steady Latinization by bringing in thousands of Italian settlers from the northwest and south of Italy, and some others from southeast France. To this day, there are communities in central Sicily which speak the Gallo-Italic dialect. Some Muslims chose to feign conversion, but such a remedy could only provide individual protection and could not sustain a community.
"Lombard" pogroms against Muslims started in the 1160s. Muslim and Christian communities in Sicily became increasingly geographically separated. The island's Muslim communities were mainly isolated beyond an internal frontier which divided the south and western half of the island from the Christian north and eastern half. Sicilian Muslims, a subject population, were dependent on the mercy of their Christian masters and, ultimately, on royal protection. After King William the Good died in 1189 royal protection was lifted, and the door was opened for widespread attacks against the island's Muslims. This destroyed any lingering hope of coexistence, however unequal the respective populations might have been. The death of Henry VI and his wife Constance a year later plunged Sicily into political turmoil. With the loss of royal protection and with Frederick II still an infant in papal custody Sicily became a battleground for rival German and papal forces. The island's Muslim rebels sided with German warlords like Markward von Anweiler. In response, Innocent III declared a crusade against Markward, alleging that he had made an unholy alliance with the Saracens of Sicily. Nevertheless, in 1206 that same pope attempted to convince the Muslim leaders to remain loyal. By this time the Muslim rebellion was in full swing. They were in control of Jato, Entella, Platani, Celso, Calatrasi, Corleone (taken in 1208), Guastanella and Cinisi. Muslim revolt extended throughout a whole stretch of western Sicily. The rebels were led by Muhammad Ibn Abbād. He called himself the "prince of believers", struck his own coins, and attempted to find Muslim support from other parts of the Muslim world.
However, Frederick II, no longer a child, responded by launching a series of campaigns against the Muslim rebels in 1221. The Hohenstaufen forces rooted out the defenders of Jato, Entella, and the other fortresses. Rather than exterminate the Muslims who numbered about 60,000. In 1223, Frederick II and the Christians began the first deportations of Muslims to Lucera in Apulia. A year later, expeditions were sent against Malta and Djerba, to establish royal control and prevent their Muslim populations from helping the rebels. Paradoxically, in this era the Saracen archers were a common component of these "Christian" armies and the presence of Muslim contingents in the imperial army remained a reality even under Manfred and Conradin.
The House of Hohenstaufen and their successors (Capetian House of Anjou and Aragonese House of Barcelona) gradually "Latinized" Sicily over the course of two centuries, and this social process laid the groundwork for the introduction of Latin (as opposed to Byzantine) Catholicism. The process of Latinization was fostered largely by the Roman Church and its liturgy. The annihilation of Islam in Sicily was completed by the late 1240s, when the final deportations to Lucera took place. By the time of the Sicilian Vespers in 1282 there were no Muslims in Sicily and the society was completely Latinized.
List of emirs
al-Hasan al-Kalbi (948–953)
Ahmad ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi (954–969)
Ya'ish (969–970), usurper
Abu'l-Qasim Ali ibn al-Hasan al-Kalbi (970–982)
Jabir al-Kalbi (982–983)
Ja'far al-Kalbi (983–985)
Abdallah al-Kalbi (985–990)
Yusuf al-Kalbi (990–998)
Ja'far al-Kalbi (998–1019)
al-Akhal (1019–1037)
Abdallah (1037–1040), Zirid usurper
Hasan as-Samsam (1040–1053)
Taifa period
Abdallah ibn Mankut - Trapani and Mazara (1053–?)
Ibn al-Maklatí - Catania (1053–?)
Muhammed ibn Ibrahim (Ibn Thumna) - Syracuse (1053–1062) and in later years Catania and Trapani/Mazara
Alí ibn Nima (Ibn al-Hawwàs) - Agrigento and Castrogiovanni (1053–about 1065), all Taifas from 1062
Ayyub ibn Tamim (Zirid) (about 1065–1068)
Ibn al-Ba'ba, Palermo (1068–1072)
Hammad - Agrigento and Castrogiovanni (1068–1087)
Ibn Abbad (Benavert) - Syracuse and Catania (1071–1086)
See also
Emirate of Bari
Emirate of Granada
Fatimid Caliphate
History of Islam in southern Italy
History of Sicily
Kalbids
References
Sources
1091 disestablishments in Europe
11th-century disestablishments in Italy
States and territories established in the 830s
Shia dynasties
Spread of Islam
Former Muslim countries in Europe
Former emirates
Former Arab states
Arab–Byzantine wars
History of Malta
831 establishments
9th-century establishments in Italy |
4025587 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Fennell | Thomas Fennell | Thomas Fennell may refer to:
Thomas Fennell (politician) (1928–2012), member of the Parliament of Canada
Thomas McCarthy Fennell (1841–1914), Irish prisoner
Tom Fennell (1875–1936), American football coach
Thomas F. Fennell (1904–1991), American college football player
See also
Fennell, surname |
4025594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennell | Fennell | Fennell is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Alan Fennell (1936–2001), British writer and editor
Albert Fennell (1920–1988), British film and television producer
Dale Fennell (born 1957), English rugby player, son of Jack
Dave Fennell (born 1953), Canadian football player
Desmond Fennell (1929–2021), Irish writer, philosopher, and linguist
Eamonn Fennell (born 1984), Gaelic football player
Emerald Fennell (born 1985), English actress, filmmaker, and writer
Frederick Fennell (1914–2004), American music conductor
Jack Fennell (1933–2019), English rugby player, father of Dale
Jan Fennell, dog trainer and writer
Jane Fennell, Australian TV presenter
John Fennell, Canadian luger
John Lister Illingworth Fennell, British historian of Russia
Joseph Fennell (1835–1919), Anglican priest
Kevin Fennell, American drummer, Guided by Voices
L. Raymond Fennell (1893–1986), Canadian politician
Marc Fennell (born 1985), Australian film critic, technology journalist, radio personality and author
Nuala Fennell (1935–2009), Irish economist and politician
Patricia Fennell, American writer and businessperson
Robert Fennell (born 1956), American politician and restaurateur
Susan Fennell (born 1953), Canadian politician, mayor of Brampton, Ontario
Thomas Fennell (disambiguation)
Willie Fennell (1920–1992), Australian actor and comedian
See also
Finnell, a surname
Fennel, a plant |
4025596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Prosper%20Tassin | René-Prosper Tassin | René-Prosper Tassin (17 November 1697 – 10 September 1777) was a French historian, belonging to the Benedictine Congregation of Saint-Maur.
Tassin was born at Lonlay, in the Diocese of Le Mans. He was professed at the Abbey of Jumièges in 1718. United in close friendship with his brother in religion, Dom Charles-François Toustain, he collaborated with him on a new edition of the works of Theodore the Studite, which task led them to visit Rome together. Their work was interrupted by a dispute between the Benedictine Abbey of St. Ouen and the chapter of Rouen, which was supported by the erudite Jean Saas. Tassin and his friend wrote against Saas in defence of their brethren.
They then resided at the Abbey of Rouen where they remained till 1747, when they were summoned to the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, at Paris, by their general. To defend the authenticity of the deeds of their abbey they were obliged to make a deep study of diplomatics, dealing with diplomas, charters, and other official documents, for which Jean Mabillon had laid the foundations in his great Latin work, De re diplomatica (1681).
As a result of their researches they wrote the Nouveau traité de diplomatique, in six quarto volumes, which appeared between the years 1750 and 1765. Toustain died before the second volume had been entirely printed, and so Tassin saw the great work to completion. However, he wished the name of his friend to be associated with the project in its entirety, and consequently all the volumes are described as the work of "two Benedictines".
Tassin later wrote his Histoire littéraire de la Congrégation de Saint-Maur (Paris and Brussels, 1770), a model history containing the lives and list of works, printed or in manuscript, of all the learned authors of the Congregation, from its formation in 1618 until his own time, including a list of their works, printed or in manuscript. Several manuscript works of Tassin are in the Bibliothèque nationale in Paris. Tassin died in Paris.
References
People from Seine-Maritime
1697 births
1777 deaths
18th-century French historians
French Benedictines
18th-century French writers
18th-century French male writers |
4025611 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinaroo%20Dam | Tinaroo Dam | The Tinaroo Dam, officially the Tinaroo Falls Dam, is a major ungated concrete gravity dam with a central ogee spillway across the Barron River located on the Atherton Tableland in Far North Queensland, Australia. The dam's purpose includes irrigation for the Mareeba-Dimbulah Irrigation Scheme, water supply, hydroelectricity, and recreation. Completed between 1953 and 1958, the dam creates the impounded reservoir, Lake Tinaroo.
Location and features
In 1952, the Tinaroo Dam and Mareeba-Dimbulah Irrigation Scheme was approved by the Queensland Government. Construction on the dam was started in 1953 and completed in 1958, at a cost of 12.666 million. When the dam was filled in 1959, the old township of Kulara near Yungaburra went underwater, and all of the residents relocated to Yungaburra and surrounding towns. The area around Kulara was among the last to flood when the dam filled. Earlier the area of Danbulla, located on Robson's Creek - which also feeds into the lake, went underwater. Most of these residents relocated to the tablelands area as their farms were resumed. The dam is located close to Lake Barrine and Lake Eacham (Yidyam).
The dam wall, constructed with of concrete, is high and long. The maximum water depth is and at 100% capacity the dam wall impounds enough water from the Barron River to create a lake approximately 75% the size of Sydney Harbour with a capacity of of water at . The surface area of the Lake Tinaroo is and the catchment area is . The ungated, central ogee spillway is capable of discharging . Two radial gates serve as irrigation outlets that yield a annually. In addition, one core valve serves as an outlet for the Barron River.
After the dam was completed in 1958, there was expected to be another few months before the annual rains to do some final earthworks at the base of the dam, and to clear out the final settlements in the area. Unfortunately the rains began earlier than expected and to this day there are still some pieces of large construction equipment under water at the base of the dam wall, because they were not able to be removed in time.
In 2011 the dam's owner, SunWater, completed improvements that included work on both the main dam wall and the saddle dam. The main dam wall was reinforced with the insertion of steel cable anchors within the wall and the addition of a concrete protection slab along the downstream base of the dam wall. The height of the saddle dam was increased by and filters zones, designed to minimise damage caused by seepage during a flood event, was placed on the downstream face.
History
James Mulligan was the first European explorer and prospector to visit the tablelands in 1875. The area is now called the Atherton Tablelands after John Atherton who settled at Emerald End Station, at the junction of Emerald Creek and the Barron River. It is reported through popular legend that upon discovering alluvial tin at the headwaters of the creek, Atherton shouted "Tin, Harroo!!" to his prospecting mate.
Water uses
Irrigation
Covering almost , the Mareeba-Dimbulah Irrigation Area is spread across the valleys of the Barron, Walsh and Mitchell Rivers. Some of farmland are irrigated by the lake when it supplies its of water each year. Farmers access this water from the extensive network of of channels using either a gravity fed system or pumps. Areas not serviced by the channels can draw water from streams that have their water replenished by the Barron River, which, in turn, is fed by the lake.
Power generation
The Tinaroo Hydro Power Station became operational in 1963 and generates , thereby reducing of carbon dioxide from entering the atmosphere each year. The dam is used to regulate the waterflow for use at the Barron Gorge Power Station, located downstream from the dam wall.
Urban water supply
The townships of Tinaroo, Walkamin, Mareeba, Kuranda, Mutchilba, Dimbulah and Yungaburra are supplied from Tinaroo Dam through the Barron River.
In 1952 the Queensland government approved construction at the dam on the Atherton tablelands in Far North Queensland. It took six years to build costing them 12 million dollars. The dam supplied so much water for the 1000 people that worked there. The dam was 44.5 meters tall. The supply level was 670 meters, and the length of storage was 15 kilometers long. There would have been 100 houses but now there is only 12 because it all has been swept away.
Recreation
Located on the picturesque Atherton Tableland, with the Tinaroo Range and the Danbulla State Forest surrounding it, Lake Tinaroo provides a popular tourist attraction and recreation facility for over 500,000 people a year.
Water sports
With over of shoreline, Lake Tinaroo offers many bays with smooth water that are protected from the wind. To this end, the lake is often used for sailing, water skiing, houseboating and swimming. During the drought of the last few years, some of the trees that were flooded during the dam's creation have become a hazard to boats because of the receding waters. Sunwater, the owners of the dam do not cut down trees due to safety hazards. Cutting trees at water level creates less visible submerged stumps as well as underwater obstructions which can float to areas that have been mapped as clear. Illegal tree clearing is reported to Atherton police and Maritime safety Queensland. There are still large areas of flooded vegetation, including trees and other man-made objects such as telephone poles, which stand around in the waters of the Lake. The degree of exposure varying with the water level.
Hiking
The lake is surrounded by national park, rainforest, pine tree plantations and Australian "bush". Hiking paths wind in and out of the mountains surrounding the lake and range from a pleasant walk from the parking lot to the water-front, to week-long treks around the lake and its mountains.
Fishing
Many species of fish and other aquatic animals populate the lake. The barramundi can grow to an enormous size in the lake because they have no natural predators. Each year, the lake is stocked with young barramundi from the Walkamin Research Station as the species is unable to breed in the lake due to the lack of access to salt water. Also present in Lake Tinaroo are eel-tailed catfish, sooty grunter, sleepy cod, mouth almighty, archer fish, spangled perch, long tom and many species of crayfish, including the red-claw and yabby.
A Stocked Impoundment Permit is required to fish in the dam.
Tilapia were illegally introduced into Lake Tinaroo and are now well established. They have been declared a noxious pest species and must be destroyed and buried if caught. It is illegal to possess, rear, sell or buy tilapia. It is also an offence to release tilapia into Queensland waterways or to use them as bait, live or dead.
Statistical overview
References
External links
Fishing information with lake map at Sweetwater Fishing Lake Tinaroo
Tinaroo Education Centre
Buildings and structures in Far North Queensland
Dams completed in 1958
Dams in Queensland
Gravity dams
1958 establishments in Australia
Tablelands Region |
4025630 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCHF | KCHF | KCHF (channel 11) is a religious independent television station licensed to Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States, serving the Albuquerque area and most of the state. It is owned by the estate of Belarmino "Blackie" Gonzalez (1933–2008) and his non-profit ministry, Son Broadcasting. KCHF's studios are located on 4th Street in northwestern Albuquerque, and its transmitter is located near Los Alamos.
KCHF's main channel is relayed on the fifth digital subchannel of KYNM-LD (channel 21.5) in Albuquerque to provide improved reception in areas of the city where the main signal from Los Alamos is hard to receive, and on translator K24ML-D (channel 24) in Taos, New Mexico and K29ME-D (channel 29) in Antonito, Colorado.
History
The original construction permit for KCHF was granted on January 19, 1983. The station signed on in January 1984 and was granted a license to cover on June 29, 1984. It claims to be the first VHF Christian television station in the United States. During the analog era, KCHF was one of a few Christian television stations in the United States to operate on the VHF band (KJNP-TV in Fairbanks, Alaska is another example). KCHF's digital transmitter was licensed on January 26, 2006.
Programming
Some of the programs produced by KCHF include Restoring God's People, Healing is for You, A Healthier You and God Answers Prayer.
God Answers Prayer is a weekday, studio-based talk show with a live call-in segment. A "best of" show, with highlights of the past week, is seen on Sundays.
As part of its compliance with the federal Children's Television Act, KCHF broadcasts over eight hours of E/I-compliant children's programming each week, mostly aimed at children under 10, including a five-hour block on Saturday mornings.
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
KCHF carried the country music channel Heartland on channel 11.3 beginning June 30, 2014. In early June 2016, Heartland was dropped for QVC with Antenna TV moving from 11.4 to 11.2 and WeatherNation moving from 11.2 to 11.6.
Translators
Analog-to-digital conversion
KCHF shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 11, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition VHF channel 10. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former VHF analog channel 11.
References
External links
Official website
Television channels and stations established in 1984
CHF
Religious television stations in the United States
Buzzr affiliates
1984 establishments in New Mexico
Mass media in Santa Fe, New Mexico |
4025637 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Greig%20%28supermarket%29 | David Greig (supermarket) | David Greig was the supermarket (initially grocery shop) chain founded by the Greig family of Hornsey, north London. With its headquarters at Atlantic Road, Brixton (and later at Waterloo Road, London) and grocery shops across southern England, it was a rival to the Sainsbury's chain, John and Mary Sainsbury having opened their first grocery shop in Holborn one year earlier. A deep personal rivalry developed between the two families, because of acrimonious feelings about the Greigs' alleged betrayal of a verbal agreement regarding the purchasing of sites for development.
The David Greig chain is considered to have been established in 1870, when the wife of a Hornsey cabinet maker of Scots birth opened a small provisions shop at 32 High Street, Hornsey. By 1881 her son David Greig had joined her in the business and described himself as a 'provision dealer' in the census of that year. The business thrived and wishing to expand beyond Hornsey, Greig opened his first shop at 54-58 Atlantic Road, Brixton in 1888, initially "anchoring" the nascent Brixton Market, which started in Atlantic Road in the 1870s and was so successful that it spread to Brixton Road before being relocated to Brixton Station Road plus several purpose built covered arcades and finally also Electric Avenue, to reduce congestion and allow further growth. Around 1890 a second shop was opened at nearby Loughborough Junction, near Brixton. This was probably the shop at 232 Coldharbour Lane where a wooden ‘David Greig’ fascia with ‘Brilliant cut’ gilded lettering in the distinctive serif typeface of the chain, was uncovered in 2020.
By the late 1960s, there were more than 220 Greig shops across the south of the country, all trading under the David Greig brand. However, the company was sold to Fitch lovell and merged into Fitch Lovell's own Key Markets supermarket brand in 1972 after crippling death duties were incurred when several of the men in the family died in quick succession, with inheritance tax obligatory on their entirely private holdings. Key Markets was later bought by Gateway, and eventually rebranded as Somerfield, although several of the larger stores were taken over by ASDA, including the Sturry Road site, near Canterbury. This was in turn bought by the Co-operative Group. Each of these changes included considerable restructuring, so many ex-Greig stores may now be in different ownership. In 1992 Gateway rebranded two of its stores, including one in Bristol, with the David Greig name.
David Greig was a notable philanthropist, and, grateful for the education he received at the local parish school in Hornsey village, left educational trusts for the benefit of Hornsey and the community. These have contributed to the Greig City Academy in Hornsey.
A commemorative plaque has been placed on 32 Hornsey High Street, the site of the very first Greig shop. The David Greig shop at 54-58 Atlantic Road, Brixton, is no longer a supermarket, but the frontage, containing a "DG" cypher, remains relatively original, and although the full name has been removed from the facade it is still visible in the mosaic floor outside the recessed shop entrance.
Two well-preserved examples of David Greig shops have been listed Grade II by Historic England - firstly in 2000 the branch at 177 Streatham High Road (for listing description see: https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1380345?section=official-listing) and later in 2017, No.65 Lordship Lane in East Dulwich both largely retain their authentic late 19th-century interiors.
The old David Greig building at 23 St Georges Street Canterbury (now Superdrug) was designed by Robert Paine and Partners in 1952 and became a listed building in 1995 under the English Heritage building protection scheme. There is an inscription on the wall, in memory of DAVID GREIG, founder and DAVID ROSS GREIG. When Superdrug refurbished the store in the 1990s and the marble replaced, a stonemason was employed to re-create the inscription. It can still be seen today.
Film of the Canterbury store from about 1955 is held in the collection of The Cinema Museum London Ref HM0355.
There is another facility in Alcester (Warwickshire) in memory of his wife Hannah Susan. The current sports, arts and community facilities are called The Greig and are managed by the Hannah Susan Greig Memorial Company Limited.
The family tableaux is located in Magpie Hall Lane cemetery, Bromley, London.ent.
A David Greig shop sign was uncovered at No.257 Old Kent Road after the current occupiers carried out refurbishments in November 2019.
Detail of David Greig tiling at 16 Half Moon Lane, London.
See also
List of supermarket chains in the United Kingdom
References
External links
Photo of mosaic floor outside recessed entrance to first shop, in Atlantic Road Brixton, as seen in Aug 2003
Defunct supermarkets of the United Kingdom
1870 establishments in the United Kingdom |
4025640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert%20Lombard | Lambert Lombard | Lambert Lombard (c. 1505 – August 1566) was a Renaissance painter, architect and theorist for the Prince-Bishopric of Liège. During his career he worked for Jan Gossaert in Middelburg and trained Frans Floris.
Biography
Lombard was born in Liège, where in 1532 he became court painter and architect. A few paintings and many drawings have been preserved.
In 1537, he was sent to Rome by Érard de La Marck, prince-bishop of Liège, to buy works of art, and he discovered the wonders of the Italian Renaissance. On his return he brought not only works of art, but also the new ideas concerning art and the position of the artist, to Liège.
His pupils were Frans Floris, Hendrick Goltzius, Willem Key, Dominicus Lampsonius, , and .
Dominicus Lampsonius wrote a biography of Lombard, The Life of Lambert Lombard.
References
External links
2006 Lambert Lombard exposition
Lombard at World Wide Arts Resources
The Life of Lambert Lombard by Domenicus Lampsonius, original latin version (1565) on Google Books
Pieter Bruegel the Elder: Drawings and Prints, a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which includes material on Lambert Lombard (see index)
The engravings of Giorgio Ghisi, a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on Lambert Lombard (see index)
1505 births
1566 deaths
Early Netherlandish painters
Flemish Renaissance painters
Court painters
16th-century painters from the Prince-Bishopric of Liège |
4025641 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth%20man | Sixth man | The sixth man in basketball is a player who is not a starter but comes off the bench much more often than other reserves, often being the first player to be substituted in. The sixth man often plays minutes equal to or exceeding some of the starters and posts similar statistics. He is often a player who can play multiple positions, hence his utility in substituting often. For example, Kevin McHale, a famous sixth man who played for the Boston Celtics in the 1980s, variably played center and power forward. The presence of a good sixth man is often a sign of team excellence. It usually means that a team has excellent depth, as the sixth man is usually more than talented enough to start for most teams.
A common strategy is to place a good scorer as a sixth man when the starting lineup already has enough scorers. In this case, the sixth man will enter the game without the team suffering a drop-off in scoring. This was used during the Chicago Bulls' championship runs with forward Toni Kukoč and more recently with Manu Ginóbili of the San Antonio Spurs, Leandro Barbosa during his tenure with the Phoenix Suns, Jason Terry during his time with the Dallas Mavericks, James Harden during his time with the Oklahoma City Thunder, and Jamal Crawford with the Los Angeles Clippers. A different strategy is to wait for the game to develop, thus letting the sixth man read the opponent's weak spots and take advantage of them once he steps in. Theo Papaloukas brought this tactic to another level both for CSKA and Olympiacos, as well as the Greece men's national basketball team.
Legendary Boston Celtics coach Red Auerbach has been credited with creating the sixth man. He first used guard Frank Ramsey, who played behind the Hall-of-Fame duo of Bob Cousy and Bill Sharman, in the role during the early part of the Celtics' dynasty years. Though Ramsey was one of the Celtics' best players, he felt more comfortable coming off the bench and Auerbach wanted his best players fresh and in the lineup at the end of close games. The most famous sixth man, however, was teammate John Havlicek, who revolutionized the role during his 16-year career.
See also
12th Man (football)
NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award
WNBA Sixth Player of the Year Award
References
Basketball terminology |
4025645 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission%20test%20cycle | Emission test cycle | An emission test cycle is a protocol contained in an emission standard to allow repeatable and comparable measurement of exhaust emissions for different engines or vehicles. Test cycles specify the specific conditions under which the engine or vehicle is operated during the emission test. There are many different test cycles issued by various national and international governments and working groups. Specified parameters in a test cycle include a range of operating temperature, speed, and load. Ideally these are specified so as to accurately and realistically represent the range of conditions under which the vehicle or engine will be operated in actual use. Because it is impractical to test an engine or vehicle under every possible combination of speed, load, and temperature, this may not actually be the case. Vehicle and engine manufacturers may exploit the limited number of test conditions in the cycle by programming their engine management systems to control emissions to regulated levels at the specific test points contained in the cycle, but create a great deal more pollution under conditions experienced in real operation but not represented in the test cycle. This results in real emissions higher than the standards are supposed to allow, undermining the standards and public health.
Application
Emission test cycles are typical tests for research and development activities on engines at automobile OEMs.
The commonly used hardware platforms therefore are:
engine test stand - for just a single engine
vehicle test stand (also "chassis dynamometer" or "chassis dyno" or "emission dyno") - for the complete car with engine
ASM Test - Accelerated Simulation Mode: (California inspections) Vehicles tested at 15 MPH & 25 MPH where vehicle undergoes a load.
References
See also
Emission standards
Engine test stand
Vehicle inspection
Automotive technologies
Pollution control technologies |
4025654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point%20%28basketball%29 | Point (basketball) | Points in basketball are used to keep track of the score in a game. Points can be accumulated by making field goals (two or three points) or free throws (one point). If a player makes a field goal from within the three-point line, the player scores two points. If the player makes a field goal from beyond the three-point line, the player scores three points. The team that has recorded the most points at the end of a game is declared that game's winner.
NBA
Regular season
Most career points: Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (38,387 pts)
Highest career scoring average: Michael Jordan (30.12 ppg)
Most points scored in a season: 4,029 by Wilt Chamberlain (1961–62)
Highest seasonal scoring average: 50.4 by Wilt Chamberlain (1961–62)
Most points in one game: 100 by Wilt Chamberlain (3/2/1962 vs. New York Knicks)
Most points in one half, regular season: 59 by Wilt Chamberlain
Most points in one quarter, regular season: 37 by Klay Thompson
Most points in one overtime period, regular season: 16 by Gilbert Arenas
Playoffs
Most career points, Playoffs: LeBron James (7,491)
Highest career scoring average, Playoffs: Michael Jordan (33.4)
Most points in one game, Playoffs: Michael Jordan (63, 4/20/1986 vs. Boston Celtics [2OT])
Most points in one half, Playoffs: Sleepy Floyd (39, Golden State Warriors vs. L.A. Lakers)
Most points in one quarter, Playoffs: Sleepy Floyd (29, Golden State Warriors vs. L.A. Lakers)
Most points in one overtime period, Playoffs: Stephen Curry (17, 5/9/16 vs. Portland Trail Blazers)
Most points in one game, Finals: Elgin Baylor (61, 4/14/1962 vs. Boston Celtics)
Most points in one half, Finals: Michael Jordan (35, 6/3/1992 vs. Portland Trail Blazers)
U.S. college
Most points in one game: 138 points by Grinnell's Jack Taylor on November 20, 2012
Highest career scoring average: Pete Maravich (44.2ppg)
See also
List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders
List of National Basketball Association season scoring leaders
List of National Basketball Association players with most points in a game
List of National Basketball Association players with 50 or more points in a playoff game
List of National Basketball Association top individual scoring season averages
List of National Basketball Association top rookie scoring averages
List of National Basketball Association career rebounding leaders
List of National Basketball Association career assists leaders
References
Basketball terminology
Basketball statistics
Scoring (basketball) |
4025671 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-%20The%20Life%20and%20Music%20of%20Richard%20Thompson | RT- The Life and Music of Richard Thompson | RT- The Life and Music of Richard Thompson is a 5-CD box set by Richard Thompson, released in February 2006. It gives an extensive overview of Thompson's long career without including content from any of his mainstream albums.
While many of the songs included are familiar to Thompson fans, the tracks are mostly live, nearly all of them previously unreleased, and the arrangements are often different from those of the original recordings. Thompson himself granted the compilers access to his personal archives of recordings and photos, and other collectors of Thompsonia (most notably American record producer Edward Haber) also contributed to the set. Thompson retained (and exercised) the right of veto over any aspect of the set.
Of particular interest are live tracks by Richard and Linda Thompson (including a few from the 1982 "tour from hell"), songs demo-ed for his first solo album Henry the Human Fly as well as several of Thompson's comic songs ("Madonna's Wedding" and his lampooning of Janet Jackson's infamous breast-baring moment at the Super Bowl) and several songs that Thompson himself had never released.
The set also includes a 168-page book – consisting of a biography, an exclusive interview and track notes – and a reproduction of a Vincent Motorcycles catalogue (a reference to Thompson's best loved song “1952 Vincent Black Lightning”). As with the actual track selection Thompson had input into the book and was involved in the proofreading and supplied some of the photos that are included. There are numerous typographical errors.
The five CDs are themed, which gives each disc a specific focus and helps to give this large set some cohesion.
Songs based on real persons and events
Essential songs
Epic live performances
Thompson covering other artists' songs, or playing as a session musician.
Rarities
A sixth CD "RT on FR" is offered free of charge by returning a coupon included in the box.
Track listing
All songs written and performed by Richard Thompson except where noted otherwise
Disc 1 – Walking the Long Miles Home.
"Now That I Am Dead" (D. Blair and J. French)
"Genesis Hall"
"Josef Locke"
"Willy O'Winsbury" (traditional, arranged by Thompson)
"Don't Sit On My Jimmy Shands"
"Nobody's Wedding"
"Madonna's Wedding"
"Walking The Long Miles Home"
"Withered And Died"
"Beat The Retreat"
"The Great Valerio" – performed by Richard and Linda Thompson
"Walking On A Wire" – performed by Richard and Linda Thompson
"Never Again" – performed by Richard and Linda Thompson
"The End Of The Rainbow"
"King Of Bohemia"
"Killerman Gold Posse"
"Lotteryland"
"Now Be Thankful"
"Shoot Out The Lights"
"Outside Of The Inside"
Disc 2 – Finding Better Words.
"I Feel So Good"
"Push And Shove"
"Time To Ring Some Changes" – performed by Richard and Linda Thompson
"Cooksferry Queen"
"Waltzing's For Dreamers"
"I Want To See The Bright Lights Tonight" performed by Richard and Linda Thompson
"I Misunderstood"
"Meet On The Ledge"
"Down Where The Drunkards Roll"
"Gethsemane"
"Tear-Stained Letter"
"Wall Of Death"
"1952 Vincent Black Lightning"
"From Galway To Graceland" – performed by Richard Thompson and Fairport Convention
"Crazy Man Michael"
"Dimming Of The Day" – performed by Richard and Linda Thompson
"Beeswing"
Disc 3 – Shine In The Dark.
"Valerie"
"Don't Let A Thief Steal Into Your Heart"
"Ghosts In The Wind"
"Crash The Party"
"For Shame Of Doing Wrong" – performed by Richard and Linda Thompson
"Calvary Cross"
"Sloth" – performed by Richard and Linda Thompson
"Night Comes In"
"Drowned Dog, Black Night"
"Put It There Pal"
"Morris Medley/Flying Saucer Rock 'n roll" (traditional, arranged Thompson / R. Scott)
Disc 4 – The Songs Pour Down Like Silver.
"Substitute" (P. Townshend)
"Tempted" (C. Difford and G. Tillbrook)
"The Story Of Hamlet" (F. Loesser) – performed by Richard Thompson and Danny Thompson
"Oops! I Did It Again" (K. Sandberg and R. Yacoub)
"Ca Plane Pour Moi" (Plastic Bertrand)
"Why Don't Women Like Me?" (G. Formby)
"Time Has Told Me" (N. Drake) – performed by Richard Thompson and Raymond Kane
"Shenandoah" (traditional, arranged Thompson)
"Danny Boy" (traditional, arranged Thompson)
"Move It" (P. Samwell) – performed by Richard Thompson with Fairport Convention
"Willie and The Hand Jive / Not Fade Away" (J.Otis / N.Petty and C. Hardin)
"Loch Lomond" (traditional, arranged Thompson)
"Job of Journeywork" (traditional, arranged Thompson)
"Napoleon's Dream" (traditional, arranged Thompson) – performed by Richard and Linda Thompson
"Sally Rackett" (traditional, arranged Thompson)
"God Loves A Drunk" – performed by Norma Waterson
"The Angels Took My Racehorse Away" – performed by Dave Burland
"Poseidon" (J. Owen)– performed by Judith Owen and Richard Thompson
"Wall Of Death / Just Like Tom Thumb's Blues / Needles and Pins" (Thompson / B. Dylan / S. Bono)
"You'll Never Walk Alone" (R. Rodgers and O. Hammerstein)
"I Ain't Marching Anymore" (P. Ochs)
"My Generation / I Can't Explain / Substitute" (P. Townshend)
Disc 5 – Something Here Worth More Than Gold.
"Albion Sunrise" – performed by the Albion Country Band
"How Many Times Do You Have To Fall" – performed by Richard and Linda Thompson
"Bad News Is All The Wind Can Carry"
"Mrs Rita"
"Shady Lies" – performed by the Albion Country Band
"Lucky in Life, Unlucky in Love"
"Dragging the River"
"Alexander Graham Bell"
"Someone Else's Fancy"
"Modern Woman" – performed by Richard and Linda Thompson
"Woman Or A Man" – performed by Richard and Linda Thompson
"My Daddy Is A Mummy"
"You Got What You Wanted"
"In Over Your Head"
"Dear Janet Jackson"
Disc 6 – RT on FR.
-Meet On The Ledge.
-When I Get To The Border.
-I Want To See The Bright Lights.
-We Sing Hallelujah.
-The Hangman's Reel.
-Albion Sunrise.
-Sir Patrick Spens.
-New St. George.
-Sword Dance/Young Black Cow.
-The Lady Is A Tramp.
-Farewell, Farewell.
-Meet On The Ledge.
-Gas Almost Works
-Withered And Died.
-Has He Got A Friend For Me.
-End Of The Rainbow.
-Beeswing.
References
http://www.freereed.co.uk
http://www.richardthompson-music.com
The Life And Music Of Richard Thompson by Nigel Schofield. Free Reed. 0-9542610-8-9.
2006 compilation albums
Richard Thompson (musician) compilation albums |
4025673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yimyu | Yimyu | Yimyu is one of the 15 wards that make up Mokokchung town in India. It is an extensive area and forms the northwestern part of Mokokchung. Until 2003, Yimyu was a separate town and not under Mokokchung Municipal Council. However the last two decades has seen the gradual expansion of the settlements of both Yimyu and Mokokchung and had become a continuous settlement area. In 2003, Yimyu was formally incorporated as part of Mokokchung town. The Mariani-Mokokchung Highway passes through this ward. Mokokchung District Jail and DIET College are located here.
Location
Yimyu is situated in the North-West side of Mokokchung District about three kilometers from the heart of Mokokchung Town. Kubolong bound it in the North, Alichen and Longkum in the South, Mokokchung Village in the North-East and Aliba and Kinunger in the West. It is a narrow strip of mountainous territory between Mokokchung town and Khensa village. Ongpangkong Compound falls under the jurisdiction of Khensa village but they have a separate administration council under the chairmanship of Extra Assistant Commissioner(EAC) of Ongpangkong range. Yimyu is located at an altitude of about 1100 metres above sea level.
History
There are many stories behind the name Yimyu, and many suggested meanings. First, Yimyu is derived from the word "Yimyu Langjem" meaning 'meeting place'. 'Yim' means 'village', 'Yu' means 'word' and 'Langjem' means 'decide'. It is said that there was a dispute between Khensa village and Settsu village, and it was at this particular place that the Khensa villagers met to discuss their strategies and plans with their rival. Second, the bird Oyim once flew across this place and it was called Yimyu, which means the Oyim flew over this land. Third, the term Yimyu is derived from the Phom Naga dialect. Today it has been altered to YimYu Ward Ongpangkong because this is the central place for Ongpangkong range among 16 villages. The decision to alter the name was made by all the 16 villages that fall under the jurisdiction of Ongpangkong range.
External links
http://www.akasworld.com/
http://www.cic.nic.in/cicwebpages/nagaland/onpangkong_south/blockinformation.html#geography
Mokokchung
Cities and towns in Mokokchung district |
4025674 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSWR%20L12%20class | LSWR L12 class | The London and South Western Railway L12 class was a class of 20 4-4-0 steam locomotives designed for express passenger work by Dugald Drummond. They were introduced to the London and South Western Railway network in 1904. Despite the class being an unremarkable continuation of the Drummond lineage, one member was involved in the infamous Salisbury rail crash in June 1906. None of the class survived into preservation after their brief career in British Railways ownership.
Background
In 1904, the LSWR Locomotive Superintendent, Dugald Drummond, was tasked by his superiors to analyse the possibility of an updated version of his successful T9 class 4-4-0. With open competition against the Great Western Railway in earning revenue from ocean-going traffic in the south-west of England at Plymouth, there was a need for a new design of powerful locomotive capable of hauling heavy loads at high speeds. This furthermore provided Drummond with the chance to take advantage of various advances in locomotive technology that had accumulated in the five years since the release of the T9.
Construction history
The last in an unbroken lineage of Drummond 4-4-0s stretching back to his unsuccessful C8 Class of 1898, the L12 continued the tradition of solid construction and robust operation.
Drummond took the decision to construct a further new class of 20 4-4-0s as part of the competition between the LSWR and GWR regarding boat trains to Plymouth harbour. Once again, the L12 followed the example of the Class S11 in incorporating the same frames as the T9. The major design difference between this and the Class S11 was the fact that the driving wheels seen on the T9 were reinstated for fast running on the LSWR main line.
The boiler was also similar to that of the T9s, capped off with a dome and stovepipe chimney, though the smokebox was of a smaller design in comparison due to the initial lack of superheating. The locomotive was fitted with cross-water tubes fitted into the firebox, as featured on the T9 Class. This was an attempt to increase the heat surface area of the water, which was achieved, though at a cost in boiler complexity. The new locomotive had a higher centre of gravity than the earlier T9 class, which would cause the locomotive to become unbalanced on curves at speed, and this would have fatal consequences later on.
One major modification was made by Robert Urie, who exchanged the saturated steam boilers for the superheated variety, resulting in an enlarged smokebox when compared to that fitted on the S11 Class. At the same time, the addition of the superheater header and associated tubes meant that the overall weight was increased by from .
Production of the class began at Nine Elms in 1904, with all members of the class were fitted with the Drummond "watercart" eight-wheel tender for longer running on the LSWR network.
Operational details
The class gained the nickname "Bulldogs" from their crews due to their 'butch' appearance. The L12s were initially rostered to Nine Elms, Bournemouth and Salisbury, where they worked the LSWR system on express passenger trains..
The class was later also shedded at Exmouth Junction where they shared the Ocean Liner special expresses to and from Plymouth with the S11 class. Although the class was relatively well-received by locomotive crews, there was no discernible improvement over the T9s it was supposed to develop from, and as such, led uneventful careers after the accident of 1906. They began to be withdrawn soon after Nationalisation in 1948, by which time the class were used for local freight working on rural lines. The last of the class was withdrawn from Guildford shed in 1955, ending its life on pick-up/set down goods trains on the Meon Valley Railway. None survived for preservation.
Accidents and incidents
It was at that the class gained an infamous reputation, as number 421 was involved in the Salisbury high speed derailment of 1 July 1906, which resulted in twenty-eight fatalities and eleven injuries. 421 was one of two locomotives hauling a boat train to London Waterloo from Plymouth, which failed to round a curve at the eastern end of Salisbury station and subsequently derailed. The resultant inquiry into the incident ended the ruthless competition between the LSWR and GWR for Plymouth boat traffic.
Livery and numbering
LSWR and Southern
Under the LSWR, the locomotives were outshopped in the LSWR Passenger Sage Green livery with purple-brown edging, creating panels of green. This was further lined in white and black with 'LSWR' in gilt on the tender tank sides.
When transferred to Southern Railway ownership after 1923, the locomotives were outshopped in Richard Maunsell's darker version of the LSWR livery. The LSWR standard gilt lettering was changed to yellow with 'Southern' on the water tank sides. The locomotives also featured black and white lining.
However, despite Bulleid's experimentation with Malachite Green livery on express passenger locomotive, the Maunsell livery was continued with the S11s, though the 'Southern' lettering on the tender was changed to the 'Sunshine Yellow' style. During the Second World War, members of the class outshopped form overhaul were turned out in wartime black, and some of the class retained this livery to Nationalisation.
Post-1948 (nationalisation)
Livery after Nationalisation was initially Southern Wartime Black livery with 'British Railways' on the tender, and an 'S' prefix on the number, until superseded by the Standard BR 30xxx series. Latterly, the class was outshopped in BR Mixed Traffic Black livery, with red and white lining. The BR crest was placed on the tender tank sides.
References
External links
SEMG gallery
L12
4-4-0 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1904
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain |
4025676 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois%20Toustain | Charles-François Toustain | Charles-François Toustain (13 October 1700 – 1 July 1754) was a French historian and a member of the Benedictine Congregation of Saint Maur. He is remembered for his scholarly work carried out withwith his fellow-Maurist, Dom René-Prosper Tassin.
Life
Charles-François Toustain was born into a family of note at Repas in the diocese of Séez on 13 October 1700. On 20 July 1718, he took the vows of the Benedictine order at the abbey of Jumièges. After finishing the philosophical and theological course at the Abbey of Fécamp, he was sent to the at Rouen, to learn Hebrew and Greek. At the same time he studied Italian, English, German, and Dutch, in order to be able to understand the writers in these languages.
He was not ordained priest until 1729, and then only at the express command of his superior. He always said Mass with much trepidation and only after long preparation. In 1730 he entered the Abbey of St-Ouen at Rouen, and went later to the Abbey of St-Germain-des-Pres and the , both in Paris.
His theological opinions inclined to Jansenism.
Toustain died while taking his milk-cure at the abbey of Saint-Denis on 1 July 1754. He had worn out his body by fasting and ascetic practices.
Scholarship
As a scholar Toustain became highly respected. He worked for twenty years with his fellow-Maurist, Dom René-Prosper Tassin, on an edition of the works of the Byzantine Greek monk Theodore the Studite. It was never printed, as a publisher could not be found. Another joint project of the two was the Nouveau traité de diplomatique (6 vols, 1750–1765) in which they addressed more fully and thoroughly the subjects taken up in Jean Mabillon's great work De re diplomatica. Toustain and Tassin's work provided the basis for the modern discipline of diplomatics. The final four volumes were edited by Tassin alone following Toustain's death.
Of general interest among Toustain's personal writings are: La vérité persécutée par l'erreur (2 vols, 1733), a collection of the writings of the Fathers on the persecutions of the first eight centuries; and "L'authorité de miracles dans l'Église" (no date), in which he expounds the opinion of St. Augustine. Tassin testifies that he was zealous in his duties, modest, and sincerely religious.
Attribution
1700 births
1754 deaths
18th-century French historians
French Benedictines
Fécamp Abbey
French male non-fiction writers |
4025696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chieri | Chieri | Chieri (; ) is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont (Italy), located about southeast of Turin, by rail and by road. It borders the following municipalities: Baldissero Torinese, Pavarolo, Montaldo Torinese, Pino Torinese, Arignano, Andezeno, Pecetto Torinese, Riva presso Chieri, Cambiano, Santena, and Poirino.
History
Pre-Roman
Between the Neolithic and the Iron Age, the original inhabitants of this part of the Italian peninsula were the Ligures. The Ligures living in this area of the Po river plain belonged specifically to the Taurini tribe.
The location of Chieri is within the Taurini tribe's territory, in the belt of hills which surround Turin. The original settlement was most likely founded by them, being sited on a prominent hill (on which the church of San Giorgio currently stands) and growing to be the geographical focus of the city centre. Its original name would have been Karreum or a variant thereof (e.g. Karreo/Karrea/Carrea); this is based on the root kar, which possibly means "stone", reflecting the typical Ligurian settlement layout of a stone edifice at the centre of a grouping of other habitations within a village, which would have likely been the original layout of Chieri.
Sometime around 400 BCE, Celtic tribes crossed the Alps from Gaul and settled the Po river plain. These peoples mingled with the original Ligures, either through conquest or peaceful cohabitation, and gave rise to a Celto-Ligurian people, inhabiting the region which the Romans would call Cisalpine Gaul, i.e. "Gaul this side of the Alps".
Roman
The Romans, over the two centuries between 400-200 BCE, conducted a prolonged counter-offensive to conquer all of the northern Italian peninsula, partially in response to successive invasions, starting with Gauls led by king Brennus in 391 BCE, and later the Carthaginians under the great general Hannibal Barca in 218 BCE.
It is likely sometime after 176 BCE that Cisalpine Gaul was completely subdued by Roman legions, and this would have included the village of Karreum itself. This was possibly under the command of Roman consul Caius Claudius Pulcrus, leading a military response to a rebellion the year before by the Ligures.
Following this Roman conquest in the 2nd Century BCE, the village became known as the Roman settlement of Carreum Potentia: the Latin name Potentia (derived from potens, "powerful") being added as a cognomen to the original Ligurian name.
It is likely that, following similar examples elsewhere, at Carreum Potentia the Roman settlement was built alongside the pre-Roman one, the Roman part built on lower ground in the plain, alongside the Rio Tepice stream and at the base of the original native hill-top settlement. It would appear the Forum and the main Temple (most likely dedicated to the goddess Minerva) were located in the area where the cathedral and the piazza around it currently stand, with a wall around it (traces of which were excavated in the 1960s).
Roman historian Pliny the Elder referenced "Carreum quod Potentia cognominatur", in his Naturalis Historia (dated 50-60 AD), naming it within a list of fortified settlements which then abounded in the section of Cisalpine Gaul between the River Po and the Ligurian Apennines: the city was portrayed as a prosperous Roman walled city, surrounded by cultivated farmlands and scattered agricultural settlements.
By the 1st Century AD, Carreum Potentia was indeed referred to as a Roman municipium, i.e. a seat of local government for the surrounding area.
The city underwent conversion to Christianity sometime between the 4th and 5th century, as recorded on a funeral slab dated from June 488 AD for a little girl called Genesia who died at the age of two.
According to Marguerite de Lussan, biographer of Louis Balbe-Bertone de Crillon, the city of Chieri was given a republican form of government by a Balbus, member of a patrician Roman family, who relocated to the city in the late sixth century. No evidence of this statement is provided, although Chieri would emerge in the middle ages as a republic striving for independence from its feudal liege lords.
Early Middle Ages
No further historical records exist regarding Chieri until the 10th century, when it was officially granted as a fief to the Bishop of Turin by an Imperial grant of Otto III, although it was also subject to the military authority of the larger march of Italy, whose holder at the time was the titular Count of the House of Savoy through his marriage to Adelaide of Susa.
Following the death of Adelaide of Susa, Marchioness of Turin, many of the Piedmontese holdings of the counts of Savoy were lost by her heir Umberto II.
In the political fragmentation which followed, the Piedmontese lands east of Turin were divided into the counties of Saluzzo, Biandrate and the March of Montferrat, which eventually allowed the cities of Chieri and Asti to flourish economically and declare independence from their respective liege bishops as free cities, supported by the House of Savoy who were interested in diminishing the power of the local feudal lords.
The process of obtaining independence was gradual and prudent and started with various administrative and tax reforms to provide the city's government with resources and offices of government of Roman stamp, consuls, as well as with the strengthening of the city's fortifications. In this gradual manner, the city of Chieri started to expand its influence to the neighbouring territories.
By the first half of the 11th century, the city had an encircling defensive wall erected around the San Giorgio Hill (known as the Castrum Sancti Georgi, which still constitutes the city nucleus), under the direction of Bishop Landulf: these long-demolished Mura Landolfiane still clearly trace the outline of the pattern of narrow streets around the hill (known as the Chiocciola, "snail"). The work included a strengthening of the fortifications and tower atop the hill, now incorporated into the Church of San Giorgio which occupies the hilltop and overlooks the city.
Outside the walls, on the plains surrounding the city, a church was erected dedicated to the Virgin Mary: this site was likely that of an earlier and more primitive Church dating from the 4th century, which had itself replaced the earlier Roman Temple to the goddess Minerva.
This period also experienced the construction of numerous quadrilateral towers inside the perimeter of the walls by the powerful families of the city, hence it became known as Città delle Cento Torri ("city of one hundred towers"): a handful of these towers still survive to this day.
In 1154, the city allied itself with the more powerful city of Asti in fighting against William V of Montferrat, defeating him in battle.
At the first Diet of Roncaglia, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa who had descended upon Italy with his army to restore his sovereignty, granted William V of Montferrat, who had married a niece of the Emperor, rights over the two cities. With his army following the river Po, the Emperor was determined to lay siege to both cities. The citizen of Chieri, knowing that the city would be no match for a siege by the Imperial Army, fled the city carefully leaving behind copious amounts of wine and food for the invaders, who nonetheless proceeded to demolish its towers and ruin its fortifications, ultimately setting the city on fire in January of 1155, before moving on to Asti, where they would repeat the deed.
Popular legend has it that the present-day name of the city was given by Barbarossa, who, upon departing the city after ransacking it, looked back upon its ruins and asked Ma tu, chi eri? (Italian for "And you, who were you?"), although this story is most likely apocryphal.
In 1158, the Emperor returned to Italy to deal with the continued insurgence of the cities of northern Italy, which were growing politically bolder and economically more prosperous.
Although this time Chieri sided with the Emperor and immediately contributed to his army, it was terribly compensated, for it was newly to the Bishop of Turin who in turn gave it to the powerful Guido III, Count of Biandrate, possibly fearing that alone he may not have sufficient power to hold it.
In 1169, Chieri and Asti signed a defensive treaty of mutual aid to defend themselves from the ambitions of the Counts of Biandrate and found themselves shortly after victorious in a war against them, restoring some of their rights and furthering their path towards independence.
In 1176, the Emperor was defeated by the Lombard League at the battle of Legnano and personally injured.
The Balbo family from the city of Chieri participated in the battle fighting in the Guelph side, against the Emperor.
At the end of the century, the city allied with Testona to declare war on its ecclesiastical liege lord the Bishop of Turin, Arduino Valperga. The town of Turin, the counts of Biandrate, and the lords of Cavoretto and Revigliasco joined on the side of the Bishop, while the lords of Cavorre and Piossasco joined on the side of the republic of Chieri. The republic of Asti, which was bound to Chieri by similar ambitions and fate, and by a military pact of 1194, came to the aid of Chieri. Although first hand recollections of the war are unavailable, it is assumed by the following peace that the war was favorable to Chieri. The peace was signed in the fields of Mairano, near Testona, on 10 February 1200 in the presence of ambassadors of Asti and Vercelli, the Bishop Arduino, the Podestà of Turin, Chieri and Testona, and numerous prominent citizens of the city, including two Pulluolii, Uberto di Bencia, two Merli, Pier Gribaldo, Signorino Balbo and Enerico Tana. The peace had several clauses, of which the most important was likely a clause stating that the two republics of Testona and Chieri would aid the Count of Savoy were he to exercise his rights over the city of Turin and the Bishop, in recognition that he was the heir of their former sovereigns and out of mutual enmity with Turin.
A treaty of 4 March 1204 bound Chieri, Testona and Turin. On top of the defensive and mutual aid clauses, others were made to establish that each of the cities would enjoy the same municipal privileges of the others, and that they would share the same podestà. Many provisions were made in regards to the bridge of Testona (today at Moncalieri), which was of vital economical importance to all three cities, including its tolls, the roads leading to it and the guards to be provided. Although ambitious in nature, the treaty was soon put aside, with a new Bishop of Turin requesting that many of his privileges be restored.
This included being beneficiary of all fines for homicide, theft, treason and for duels, as well as of those foreigners who died without will and those of Chieri with no will and no relatives up to the fourth grade. This was ratified in a treaty in 1210.
On 10 June of the same year, the city signed a treaty with Goffredo, Count of Biandrate, and his nephews for mutual defense against all enemies save for the Emperor and the Bishop. The treaty forbade the Count to give citizenship to any man of the city of Chieri, and vice versa for Chieri to offer citizenship to any of his subjects. The clause is characteristic of the regulation of growth in the medieval period, where the founding of a city required imperial dispensation, fortifications were to be approved by liege lords, and the movement of people was an enormous loss of capital for the feudal system, although one that would prove irreversible as urban areas grew larger and more powerful over the coming centuries.
Many of the privileges earned were to be confirmed by Otto IV, to whom a richer Chieri sent the ambassador Iacopo de Rohat, their podestà, and many others. Privileges he granted the city included the faculty of receiving new citizens as well as confirmed sovereignty over smaller territories nearby.
In 1123 and 1224, respectively, Riva and Coazze were annexed by Chieri. The inhabitants of the latter were moved closer to Chieri with its help to the lands of Pecetto.
Greatly responsible for the prosperity of Chieri at this time was Ugone del Carretto, podestà of Chieri and in 1225 of Asti. He was also instrumental for the purchase by the city of the Castle of Revigliasco and its surrounding lands.
Finally, the commercial disputes over the merchant root from Genova and Lombardy which went through Asti and Chieri, which took Italian merchants to France, resulted in a new war by Chieri and Asti against Testona. In 1228, the troops of the two allied cities razed Testona to the ground, not sparing even its churches. In the following years, the dispersed inhabitants resettled in the nearby locality of Moncalieri.
Late Middle Ages
In the course of the 13th century, the Republic of Chieri experienced a period of substantial prosperity, and at that time was comparable in splendor and importance to other Italian city-states such as Genoa, Asti and Pisa.
In 1238, the Republic was granted the status of camera speciale (Italian: "special chamber") by Emperor Frederick II, which meant that the only authority the Republic would be subject to was that of the (very remote) emperor.
Following growing violent internecine struggles between city factions to the end of that century, the Republic of Chieri, despite asserting its dominion over adjacent lands and castles and constructing a secondary ring of city walls, decreased in power and autonomy to the point that in 1339 the city made itself subject to Robert of Anjou, King of Naples; in doing so, it granted half of its lands and territories as feudal possession to Prince Iacopo of the house of Savoy-Acaia. The city eventually passed in its entirety to the House of Savoy, when the line of Acaia died out.
Renaissance era
The 15th century brought Chieri a period of economic prosperity and a flourishing of the arts with, among other endeavours, the rebuilding of the Church of Santa Maria into its present form as the Duomo. During this time the hill-top church of San Giorgio was also rebuilt into its current incarnation, and several works of Flemish art were brought into the area by rich city merchants.
The 16th century covered a period of succeeding plagues, epidemics, and wars, and from 1551 to 1562 also brought French domination. During this period, some of its citizens became followers of the Protestant Reformation started by Martin Luther, but this was quashed by strong opposition from Duke Emmanuel Philibert: it was in order to honour him, along with Charles Emmanuel I of Savoy, that the city towards the end of this century constructed a triumphal arch, still present on the main street (currently Via Vittorio Emanuele II).
The year 1630 saw a terrible outbreak of the Bubonic Plague, which is still commemorated every 12 September with the ceremony of the Madonna delle Grazie. Despite this, the remainder of the 17th century experienced a flourishing of artistic achievement, with the building of several churches and chapels in Baroque style such as Sant'Antonio Abate at Chieri, as well as numerous paintings and sculptures.
Modern era
In 1785 Chieri became a Principality under the control of the Duke of Aosta. The late 18th century again brought French domination, this time under the conquests of Napoleon Bonaparte, but this period also witnessed the establishment of a major textile mill, which consolidated and built upon the city's base as a medieval centre for textile trade and manufacture.
Numerous other textile factories followed in the late 19th century, with textile manufacture originating from Chieri playing a prominent role even in international textile fairs. The year 1850 saw the demolition of the old medieval city gates and the privatisation of the city walls, which at that time still demarcated the limits of the entire city.
In 1871, a railroad link was constructed to the city in the form of the Chieri-Trofarello branch line, partly due to contributions from the municipality and from wealthy citizens. This was to serve the now very significant textile industry of the city, with the building of the railway station also serving to initiate in the surrounding area the erection of the first city quarter built outside its walls.
The early 20th century brought the electrification of the textile industries (1909). World War II caused no direct bombardments to the city despite the relocation of numerous factories and heavy industry manufacture from the nearby major industrial centre of Turin. Germany occupied the city following the 1943 Armistice of Cassibile until its liberation by Allied forces.
Today
The post-war period experienced a huge increase in Chieri's population, as massive migration occurred between the 1950s and 1970s from the Veneto region and from Southern Italy to the major industrial centres of Northern Italy such as Milan and Turin and adjacent areas. This resulted in a population boom from approximately 14,000 immediately after the war to 30,000 inhabitants in just under three decades.
The later years of the 20th century also witnessed the decline of textile industry in the city, as numerous factories were forced to close from competitive pressure from the cheaper manufacturing centres of the Indian subcontinent and the Far East. This is being counteracted by the establishment of a new industrial area outside the city, and also by a rediscovering and redeveloping of Chieri's significant cultural and historical heritage.
Today, Chieri is a growing center for the provision of a varied portfolio of commercial, retail, financial, and tertiary services.
Main sights
Chieri Cathedral: Gothic-style Duomo (cathedral), founded in 1037 and reconstructed in 1405, is the largest in Piedmont, and has a 13th-century octagonal Baptistery which includes a collection of 13th century frescoes. Its glass stained windows are the work of renowned glass artist Silvio Vigliaturo.
San Giorgio: hill-top church dominating the historical centre and offering commanding views of the entire city.
San Filippo: church on the principal Via Vittorio Emanuele, boasting an example of Italian Baroque-style face-brick façade.
San Guglielmo
The Arco (Triumphal Arch), dedicated to Charles Emmanuel I and Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy.
Santi Bernardino e Rocco
Sanctuary of the Santissima Annunziata
Collegiata di Santa Maria della Scala
San Domenico: gothic style church
Sports
Chieri is home to semi-professional football team A.S.D. Calcio Chieri 1955, which plays in the Serie D.
People
Giuseppe Avezzana (1797–1879), Italian general and politician who previously fought under Napoleon in 1813–14
Giuseppe Benedetto Cottolengo (1786–1842), Catholic priest and saint, died in Chieri
David Levi (1816–98), Italian poet and patriot
Giovanni Perrone (1794–1876), theologian
Roberto Rosato (1943–2010), football player
Francesco Stacchino (born 1940), football player
Notable events
At 8:30a.m. on Tuesday, 15 October 2002, Chieri experienced one of Italy's worst civilian massacres outside of wartime when unemployed craftsman Mauro Antonello (40), a gun enthusiast with a history of mental illness, went on a shooting rampage in Via Parini Street within the Borgo Venezia Quarter on the outskirts of the city.
Using four weapons (including three semi-automatic), the perpetrator killed seven people, starting with his ex-wife Carla Bergamin, at whose house the tragedy occurred. His other victims included her widowed mother Teresa Gobbo; Carla's brother Sergio Bargamin and his wife Margherita Feyles, who operated a textile workshop on the ground floor of their house; next-door neighbour Decio Guerra along with his wife; and Pierangela Gramaglia, a friend of Margherita's who also worked for them at their workshop.
The perpetrator took his own life before police arrived on the scene.
International relations
Gastronomy
Chieri's Focaccia
This town has among its culinary specialties a sweet flatbread, a recipe completely homemade, which is eaten at the end of a meal. In order to prepare it, it is necessary to use a dough made of water, flour, milk, eggs, butter, sugar and beer yeast. This mix is then put in the oven so that it can caramelize. These days one can buy the traditional version, which weighs half a kilo.
Library
In Chieri there is the Nicolo and Paola Francone Library. The project for the renovation of the building and its furniture was given to the architect and library expert, Gianfranco Franchini from Genoa. He renovated the interior design with pragmatism, having as a priority the use of pieces of furniture from the 1950s to set up the library. For Franchini, those pieces of furniture had to be in line with the design style of the former cotton mill Tabasso.
Chieri is twinned with:
Épinal, France
Nanoro, Burkina Faso
Tolve, Italy
Adria, Italy
References
External links
www.comune.chieri.to.it/
Roman towns and cities in Italy |
4025702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltrum | Baltrum | Baltrum () is a barrier island off the coast of East Frisia (), in Germany, and is a municipality in the district of Aurich, Lower Saxony. It is located in-between the chain of the seven inhabited East Frisian Islands. Baltrum is the smallest island in this chain by area and inhabitants. It has a land area of 6.5 square kilometres, and a population in (2011) of just over 500 resident inhabitants.
Geography
It is located in the middle of the island chain known as the East Frisian Islands () and is the smallest permanently inhabited island in the chain according to the area and number of inhabitants. The gat or tidal channel of Wichter Ee in the west separates Baltrum from Norderney and the tidal creek Accumer Ee in the east separates it from Langeoog. There are two villages on the island – Ostdorf () and Westdorf () – although they have essentially merged into one. The ferry for Baltrum departs from the small port near the village of Neßmersiel (in the parish of Dornum) with connection to the train station of Norden. The island has its own ferry terminal and a small airstrip.
The island is about long and wide. It covers an area of and has a population of around 600 people, swelling to about 3,500 during the summer months due to tourism. Tourists (mainly from the Ruhr Area in North Rhine-Westphalia) travel to Baltrum to enjoy the countryside of the Lower Saxony Wadden Sea National Park, the beach and attractions such as the indoor swimming pool filled with sea water or a miniature golf course. The highest point on the island is a central coastal dune with a viewing platform on top called Aussichtsdüne in German and is above sea-level.
Etymology
The origin of the name Baltrum is not clearly clarified. In 1398, the island was mentioned for the first time in a document of enfeoffment as Balteringe meaning either "pasture" or "[the place of] the sons or followers of Balter" in Old Frisian. Another assumption is that the name is derived from the Norse god Baldr – son of Odin and Frigg. In the recent past an ironic version arose, one would be bald 'rum () when encircling the island, as the island is small it would not take a long time to walk around Baltrum. Nevertheless, the circumference amounts to about .
History
The geographers Strabo and Pliny the Elder provide an indication that the island existed since the first century BC and AD. During the era of the East Frisian chieftains, from 1350 to 1464, the East Frisian islands belonged to the powerful family tom Brok. In 1398 Baltrum was mentioned in a document for the first time, when Widzel tom Brok assigned Balteringe (besides the other islands) to Duke Albert I of Bavaria and received them back as fief.
In the 17th century Baltrum had an elongated shape similar to the present shape of the barrier islands Norderney and Juist. Through the centuries Baltrum lost a huge amount of land at its west coast due to wind and sea conditions which the extension at the east coast could not compensate. Between 1650 and 1960 the island moved about at its west side to east, whereas the east coast moved only to east. A journey from a committee in 1650 reports that the 14 inhabitants on the island of that time were in jeopardy by the sea. In 1737 there was a village with a church which had to be abandoned due to silting of shifting sand dunes in 1800. The new village, named Western village, was settled down around to the west of the present day west coast (near the present day shoal Othelloplate in-between Baltrum and Norderney) and in the east there was the Eastern village. A storm surge in 1825 disrupted the island in several pieces and it became mostly uninhabitable, followed by deserting the Western village.
From 1870 onwards the island was protected against the power of the sea with groynes, wooden palisades and revetments. Furthermore, are levees protecting the built-up area against floodings.
On the island exist no official street names but house numbers, instead. Currently (retrieved 2009), are about 300 numbers assigned to houses. The numbering is based on the date of the house construction in ascending order. So the numbers reveal some history of the buildings on the island. However the numbers do not change if a building is replaced by a newer construction.
Tourism
Although Baltrum became a seaside resort in 1876, the tourism grew very slowly. Since 1966 Baltrum has been a seaside health resort approved by the state of Germany. Two hotels were opened in the end of the 19th century, Hotel Küper in 1892 and Hotel zur Post in 1895. Before the World War II broke out 5,000 to 6,000 people visited Baltrum annually. In 1960 nearly 17,000 tourists showed up and since the 1970s there are over 30,000 people making holidays every year during the peak season. Besides the approximately 500 inhabitants about 3,000 guests are constantly living on the island during the peak seasons exhausting the acceptance capacity of the two small villages.
Points of interest
Old church of the island: In 1826 the church was built as Lutheran church, later used as Catholic church, afterwards as a morgue. In present days it is only used for marriage ceremonies, baptisms and cultural events.
Great Lutheran church of the island: This church was built in the years of 1929–30. Both naves were attached in 1959, the tower was elevated in 1964–65.
Saint Nicholas church: The foundation block of the Catholic church was laid on Saint Nicholas Day in 1956 and consecrated on Ascension Day in 1957. The church has a closed building used during the winter (winter church) and a thatching roofed building used in the summer season (summer church). The winter church has seats for 50 people and the summer church can receive up to 300 people. The constructor of the church was the architect Heinrich Feldwisch-Drentrup from Osnabrück, the glass windows were created by Margarete Franke.
Historical palisade for protection: The palisade for protection () is located at the southwestern side. It was positioned in the 1880s and renewed in 1930–31. Nowadays it is only a section of the original palisade in-between the tiny harbor and the western end. It is heritage-protected and due to extensive restoration works in 2008 repaired at the western side.
Museum of local history in the old custom house: The museum was opened in the old custom house by the association of local history of Baltrum on May 24, 2007. The exhibition covers the local and the natural history.
National park museum: Founded in 1987 in the former shed of the shipping company Baltrum Linie and focuses on the tides.
Traffic
Baltrum is a completely car-free island, because of the traffic ban of all kind of motor vehicles. The only exceptions are vehicles of the volunteer fire department, an ambulance, a few wheel loaders and some machines needed for the coastal protection. From 1949 until 1985 there was a small single track Inselbahn Baltrum () which was an unelectrified narrow gauge railway for baggage and cargo transportation. No bicycle sharing system exists on Baltrum and the tourists are asked not to bring their own bicycles onto the island, riding bicycles is the privilege of inhabitants. The passenger and freight transportation is accomplished by horse-drawn carriages. The baggage is transported by two-wheeled or four-wheeled carts or also carriages, use of electrical bicycles is the latest trend.
There are no street names on Baltrum, and postal addresses are related to the chronology of the development of the areas meaning that the numbering is geographically independent.
There is a search and rescue station presently on Baltrum which is operated by the German Maritime Search and Rescue Service.
Transport
Ferry services
Baltrum is tidal independent laid by ferries owned by the shipping company Baltrum Line, founded in 1928, starting in Neßmersiel. The journey takes about 30 minutes and depending on the season and tourist season one ferry leaves once up to four times for each direction daily. The baggage is containerized and transported in the same ferry as the vacationers. The highlights of the passage are the seals on the shoals ahead of Norderney passed by the ferry. The shipping company manages a bus connection to the train station of Norden, Lower Saxony. Until 2006 the freight traffic was accomplished with the ferry Baltrum II via the port in Norddeich, Lower Saxony, but since then is transacted via the port in Neßmersiel. The port of Neßmersiel was inaugurated in 1970 and extended by a cargo wharf with in length from April to August 2008 due to the relocation of the freight transportation.
Airport
The airstrip on Baltrum achieves the connection by air to Norddeich.
Walk
At the event of low water Baltrum is reachable from the port of Neßmersiel as a guided walk across the mudflats taking 2.5 hours.
External links
Official website
Literature
References
Geography of Lower Saxony
Towns and villages in East Frisia
East Frisian Islands
Aurich (district)
Islands of Lower Saxony
Car-free zones in Europe |
4025703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How%20to%20Draw%20Manga | How to Draw Manga | How to Draw Manga () is a series of instructional books on drawing manga published by Graphic-sha, by a variety of authors. Originally in Japanese for the Japanese market, many volumes have been translated into English and published in the United States. The English-language volumes in the series were co-produced by Graphic-sha and two other Japanese companies, Japanime Co. Ltd. and Japan Publications Trading Co.
List of books in the series
This is a list of books in the main HTDM set and other sets that relate to the main series.
How to Draw Manga
Originally there were no volume numbers on the English versions, because the original Japanese version did not have them. Only volumes 1 - 8 were given numbers. With continued reprints and more books being released, all volumes gained a number. The dates given are the first printing.
How to Draw Manga Vol. 1: Compiling Characters (October 1999)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 2: Compiling Techniques (July 2000)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 3: Compiling Application and Practice (August 2000)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 4: Dressing Your Characters in Casual Wear (May 2001)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 5: Developing Shoujo Manga Techniques (July 2002)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 6: Martial Arts & Combat Sports (June 2002)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 7: Amazing Effects (June 2003)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 8: Super Basics (June 2003)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 9: Special: Colored Original Drawing (May 2001)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 10: Getting Started (October 2000)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 11: Maids & Miko (November 2002)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 12: Giant Robots (February 2002)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 13: Super Tone Techniques (August 2002)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 14: Colorful Costumes (January 2003)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 15: Girls' Life Illustration File (May 2003)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 16: Guns & Military Vol. 1 (September 2003)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 17: Guns & Military Vol. 2 (October 2004)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 18: Super-Deformed Characters Vol. 1 Humans (August 2004)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 19: Super-Deformed Characters Vol. 2 Animals (June 2005)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 20: Female Characters (December 1999)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 21: Bishoujo Pretty Gals (November 2000)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 22: Bishoujo Around the World (March 2001)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 23: Illustrating Battles (October 2000)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 24: Occult & Horror (June 2003)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 25: Bodies & Anatomy (December 2001)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 26: Making Anime (January 2003)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 27: Male Characters (July 2002)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 28: Couples (January 2003)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 29: Putting Things in Perspective (October 2002)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 30: Pen & Tone Techniques (April 2003)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 31: More about Pretty Gals (August 2003)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 32: Mech. Drawing (December 2003)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 33: Costume Encyclopedia Vol. 1 Everyday Fashion (December 2003)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 34: Costume Encyclopedia Vol. 2 Intimate Apparel (January 2005)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 35: Costume Encyclopedia Vol. 3: Sexy Sports Wear (May 2005)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 36: Animals (February 2005)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 37: Macromedia Flash Techniques (February 2004)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 38: Ninja & Samurai Portrayal (September 2005)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 39: Creating Manga: Stories (April 2007)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 40: Dressing Your Characters In Suits & Sailor Suits (August 2006)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 41: Costume Encyclopedia Vol. 4 Kimono & Gowns (April 2007)
How to Draw Manga Vol. 42: Drawing Yaoi (June 2007) Note: this is a bishōnen how-to guide, not yaoi
How to Draw Manga Vol. 43: Drawing Bishōnen (December 2008)
How to Draw Manga: Ultimate Manga Lessons
This set was printed in a smaller format of 15 cm x 21 cm.
How to Draw Manga: Ultimate Manga Lessons Vol. 1: Drawing Made Easy (April 2005)
How to Draw Manga: Ultimate Manga Lessons Vol. 2: The Basics of Characters and Materials (August 2005)
How to Draw Manga: Ultimate Manga Lessons Vol. 3: Drawing Sensational Characters (November 2005)
How to Draw Manga: Ultimate Manga Lessons Vol. 4: Making the Characters Come Alive (March 2006)
How to Draw Manga: Ultimate Manga Lessons Vol. 5: A Touch of Dynamism (2006)
How to Draw Manga: Ultimate Manga Lessons Vol. 6: Striking the Right Note (2006)
How to Draw Manga: Computones
Each volume in this set includes a CD-ROM for use with Windows only.
How to Draw Manga: Computones Vol. 1: Basic Tone Techniques (May 2005)
How to Draw Manga: Computones Vol. 2: Depicting Characters (September 2005)
How to Draw Manga: Computones Vol. 3: Mecha (October 2005)
How to Draw Manga: Computones Vol. 4: Portraying Couples (June 2006)
How to Draw Manga: Computones Vol. 5: Aiming For Action (June 2006)
How to Draw Manga: Sketching Manga-Style
How to Draw Manga: Sketching Manga-Style Vol. 1: Sketching to Plan (February 2007)
How to Draw Manga: Sketching Manga-Style Vol. 2: Logical Proportions (April 2007)
How to Draw Manga: Sketching Manga-Style Vol. 3: Unforgettable Characters (October 2007)
How to Draw Manga: Sketching Manga-Style Vol. 4: All About Perspective (Nov 12, 2008)
How to Draw Manga: Sketching Manga-Style Vol. 5: Sketching Props (August 11, 2009)
These books are no longer in print and the series has been canceled.
Manga Pose Resource Book
This set was printed in an over-sized format of 21 cm x 29.6 cm.
Manga Pose Resource Book Vol. 1: Basic Poses (2002)
Manga Pose Resource Book Vol. 2: Animals (2002)
Manga Pose Resource Book Vol. 3: Actions Scenes (2002)
How to Draw Anime and Game Characters
This set is another Graphic-Sha publication that is shown alongside the main HTDM series on the dustjacks and in ads.
How to Draw Anime and Game Characters Vol. 1: Basics for Beginners and Beyond (August 2000)
How to Draw Anime and Game Characters Vol. 2: Expressing Emotions (March 2001)
How to Draw Anime and Game Characters Vol. 3: Bringing Daily Actions to Life (August 2001)
How to Draw Anime and Game Characters Vol. 4: Mastering Battle and Action Moves (April 2002)
How to Draw Anime and Game Characters Vol. 5: Bishoujo Game Characters (September 2003)
More How to Draw Manga
Another set of manga-know-how with only four volumes, based in character creation.
More How to Draw Manga Vol. 1: The Basics of Character Drawing (March 2004)
More How to Draw Manga Vol. 2: Penning Characters (March 2004)
More How to Draw Manga Vol. 3: Enhancing a Character's Sense of Presence (August 2004)
More How to Draw Manga Vol. 4: Mastering Bishoujo Characters (September 2004)
Cancelled/status unknown volumes
These are volumes that were going to be released in English and even advertised for ordering, but they have been cancelled.
How to Draw Manga: Digital Comic Guide Vol. 1
Cross-promotions
A special edition of the series titled How to Draw Manga Special: Colored Original Drawing was produced detailing how to use Copic markers. It explains how to avoid blotches, use colorless blenders, select paper, refill markers, changing nibs and the airbrush system. It is Volume 9 in the English language series.
Reception
The series has been credited with "the standardization of manga style", popularizing most common tropes such as "the large eyes of shōjo characters, the feminine features of bishōnen". The series has been successful in multiple markets as it has been translated to numerous other languages, and it shows the global success of manga - that not only the product itself is successful, but even works about the process of making the product.
References
External links
Manga related books on Graphic-sha website
How to Draw Manga
Books about visual art
Books about manga
Handbooks and manuals
Book series introduced in 1999
Japanese book series |
4025717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercan%C3%ADas%20Madrid | Cercanías Madrid | Cercanías Madrid is the commuter rail service that serves Madrid, the capital of Spain, and its metropolitan area. It is operated by Cercanías Renfe, the commuter rail division of Renfe, the former monopoly of rail services in Spain. The system is known for being the target of the 11 March 2004 Madrid train bombings. The total length spans 370 km.
History
Until 1989
The first railroad line departing from Madrid (the second in Spain and the third in the Iberian Peninsula) was built in 1851 between Madrid and Aranjuez. Soon the growing Spanish railway system was dominated by two large companies: the Compañía del Norte (Northern Company), who operated the lines between Madrid and the Atlantic North of Spain from the Estación del Norte (now Príncipe Pío),and the Madrid-Zaragoza-Alicante (MZA) who operated the lines between the capital and the Mediterranean and Andalusian cities from the Atocha station. Another station, Delicias, served the line to Lisbon. Other smaller companies operated from Madrid, mostly in narrow gauge. After the Civil War, in 1941, the ailing railway companies were nationalised and joined in the new RENFE, and the narrow gauge lines were progressively closed, the last one in 1970. Almost at the same time, the new Chamartín station was built and all services were transferred to the main stations: Chamartín for the north and east-bound and the international services and Atocha for the south and west-bound trains. Both stations were linked by a tunnel, the Connection Railway Line (Línea de Enlaces Ferroviarios, a line to link the MZA lines with the Norte lines; the building started during the Second Republic and was only finished in 1967. The delays gave the tunnel the nickname of Túnel de la risa ("Tunnel of Laughter" (es)), after a fairground attraction very popular in the 1930s. The introduction of the RENFE 440 series trains in Madrid on two commuter lines in 1975 is considered to be the beginning of the modern Cercanías Madrid network.
The development of the towns around Madrid as bedroom communities only started in the late 1960s, in two different parts of the metropolitan area:
The Henares Corridor
The main Madrid-Zaragoza-Barcelona line followed the valley of the Henares river, going through the important town of Alcalá de Henares to Guadalajara and Zaragoza. The towns around the line (Coslada, San Fernando de Henares, Torrejón de Ardoz, Alcalá itself) and some suburbs within the city of Madrid (Vallecas Villa, Vicálvaro) started to grow large bedroom communities, which relied heavily in the railway for commuting to Madrid.
The South-Southwestern Area
At the same time, the former rural towns of Alcorcón, Móstoles, Leganés, Fuenlabrada and Getafe (and some others) started to grow as bedroom communities. These bedroom communities were less rail-oriented and relied more in bus services and private transportation, but soon the rail services were enlarged: in the Madrid-Toledo line for the towns of Getafe and Parla, in the Madrid-Talavera de la Reina line for Leganés and Fuenlabrada, and in 1976 a wide Iberian gauge line between Madrid and Móstoles was built, substituting the narrow gauge line closed in 1970.
At this time, the services were full part of the normal RENFE services, and the cars and stations had the standard livery of the rest of the company. In the 1980s, services started to operate between Madrid-Chamartín and the new town of Tres Cantos, serving also the Autonomous University of Madrid campus, in Cantoblanco.
From 1989 to 2008
In 1989, RENFE divided its services in business areas (áreas de negocio), each one with its own symbols and livery. The gold and blue colors were substituted by the red, white and gray colors of the new Cercanías brand and new network maps were made, where the lines were numbered: clockwise from the north, from Madrid to:
(later extended to Colmenar Viejo)
Guadalajara
Aranjuez
Parla
Fuenlabrada
Móstoles
Las Rozas (then returning to Madrid)
El Escorial/Cercedilla
In 1991, the tunnel passing through Madrid linking the C-5 and the C-6 was finished, disbanding the C-6 into a new suburb-to-suburb C-5.
At the same time, a shift was appreciated in the Metropolitan Madrid area growth; the new housing initiatives moved from the northeast and southwest part of the region to the northwest. RENFE then started an ambitious plan of growth of the Cercanías network: upgrading the from the decaying Norte station, now renamed Príncipe Pío, to the Atocha station, through the former industrial districts just south the Madrid downtown, burying it underground from Príncipe Pío to Delicias. This project, called the Pasillo Verde (Green Corridor), also created new streets (namely the and the Imperial Boulevard) and housing projects. In 1996, the Pasillo Verde was finished. A new line, the C-10, was started linking Collado Villalba to Atocha Station through the Green Corridor.
In 2000, the line C-1 was extended to the towns of Alcobendas and San Sebastián de los Reyes, relieving the heavy road traffic between these towns and Madrid. In 2003, the C-7 line was extended to Colmenar Viejo, and in 2004, the C-5 to Humanes. Both extensions were ardently sought, because both cities were already linked by railroad to Madrid, so a Cercanías service was considered logical. The company also developed the so-called CIVIS services, linking important stations non-stop with downtown Madrid (see below at CIVIS).
The 11 March 2004 attacks
The 11 March 2004 attacks occurred in four trains circulating by the Madrid-Alcalá-Guadalajara-Zaragoza line. One of the trains was a double-decker 450 series which served the C-2 line coming from Guadalajara to Chamartín; the other three were 446 series who departed from Alcalá de Henares: two serving the C-1 line to Alcobendas and one serving the C-7 line, finishing in Príncipe Pío. After the attacks, services were reintroduced the following day, with RENFE private security reinforced. Security measures and design of the rolling stock have been accredited to having notably reduced the number of casualties in the attacks.
From 2008 on
In 2008, the opening of the second north-south rail tunnel through Madrid allowed the C-3, from Aranjuez, and the C-4, from Parla, which used to finish at Atocha, to continue their route further to the north, the C-3 to El Escorial, and the C-4 to Alcobendas-San Sebastián de los Reyes or Colmenar Viejo alternatingly, passing through Madrid. The next year, the rail station of Puerta del Sol in downtown Madrid, part of this second tunnel, was inaugurated. The old C-1 line was absorbed into the C-4 and until 2011 there was no C-1 line, when it was revived as the railway to the Madrid-Barajas Airport was inaugurated.
Since 2011 no new lines have been enacted, and the link to the Parque Warner Madrid theme park was closed because of lack of use. The improvements have consisted of insertion of new stations in the existing lines and further connections to the Madrid Metro, such as the access from the Sol rail station to the Gran Vía Street, opened in 2021.
Lines
Nine lines serve the Cercanías network. There are three kinds of lines:
suburb-to-Madrid lines these lines make a direct link between the suburbs with downtown Madrid: lines C-2, C-7, and C-10.
suburb-to-suburb lines, passing through Madrid these lines link two suburbs, but most passengers only go from one of the suburbs to Madrid or vice versa; indeed, some of these lines have special services suburb-to-Madrid only, specially in rush hours, early in the morning or late at night. Suburb-to-suburb lines are the C-3, C-4, C-5 and C-8.
intra-city line C-1, only runs through the city of Madrid from Príncipe Pío to the Madrid Airport.
tourist line C-9, from the village of Cercedilla (terminus of C-8) to the ski resorts of Navacerrada Pass and Cotos. Only runs from December to March.
It can be argued that lines C-2 and C-8 are the same line, as usually the trains who finish C-8 line in Atocha will follow line C-2 to Guadalajara and vice versa; indeed, a C-2 train will be signed El Escorial or Cercedilla rather than Chamartín, and a C-8 train will rather be signed Guadalajara than Atocha.
There is no line C-6 because it was combined with line C-5.
In 2004 construction was begun on a second central line to link Atocha and Chamartín, to relieve the heavy traffic in the old tunnel (built during the 1930s and 1940s, when materials were scarce and poor). Opening on July 9, 2008, it included a new station at Sol of the Metro where trains stop instead of at Recoletos on the old line. The tunnel is now in use by the C-3 and C-4.
Stations
Operation
Operating times
Rather strangely for such a night-living city as Madrid, trains do not operate late at night, mostly for union and safety reasons. The first train to operate on weekdays is the 5:07 C-5 train from Móstoles/El Soto; the rest of the lines (except C-9) start to operate around 5:30 am. Line C-9, being a branch line located far away from central Madrid in the Sierra de Guadarrama, operates from 9:30 am to 10:30 pm.
The frequency of the trains depends on the size of the towns served and the traffic on the line. The central section of the network, from Atocha to Chamartín, through Recoletos and Nuevos Ministerios, has trains every 3–4 minutes (of various lines) on weekday peak hours; the farther branches of the C-8 line have trains every two hours on weekends.
All lines (except C-9) finish their operations around midnight.
Rolling stock
There are basically three series of trains operating in the Madrid Cercanías network:
446 series built from 1989 on, these are the most usual cars in the network, together with 447 series. They are used for almost all lines. Their maximum speed is 100 km/h and can carry 704 passengers (204 seated) in each three cars. They use an AdTranz Propulsion & Control System, with CAF bogies and carbody.
447 series built from 1993 on. Their maximum speed is 120 km/h and can carry 704 passengers (204 seated) in each three cars. They use a Siemens Propulsion & Control System, with CAF bogies and carbody.
450 series the double-decker 450 series were built from 1990 on. Apart from the double deck, they are different from the other series in their almost all-seat configuration. They are mostly used on the C-2/C-8 and the C-1 line. Their maximum speed is 140 km/h and they can carry 1840 passengers (1008 seated).
They are also new modular and moderns trains, called Civia (462, 463, 464 or 465 series). They share the same design, the series number depending on the number of coaches, with a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 5 coaches. They have been designed as a replacement for the old 440/440R series in the CIVIS services. In Madrid there are only 465 series.
The 446 and 447 series trains can serve in two composition: a single composition of three cars (called tren corto or short train) and a double composition of six cars (called tren largo or long train) As the double composition is the most usual, when a service is operated by a single composition it is announced previously.
Tickets
Cercanias is part of the Madrid Regional Transport Consortium (Consorcio Regional de Transportes de Madrid) and follows its zoning system, based in concentric zones around Madrid. The price of the trips inside the network depends on the number of zones crossed.
Prices of one single trip ticket, in euro as of April 2015:
There is also the bonotren, that allows ten trips (prices range from € 5.65 to 26.20) and the abono mensual that allows two trips a day during a natural month (prices range from € 20.00 to 70.00) The abono mensual should not be confused with the Abono Transportes, which allows the use of the entire transport network – not just trains.
CIVIS
CIVIS is a special service which operates on some lines: first on C-10 and C-3, and later on C-2. The CIVIS services uses the direct railway line between Chamartín and San Fernando without stopping and thus provides faster through service to San Fernando and stations beyond.
Development plans
As Renfe is (at the moment) a constituent of the Spanish Ministry of Infrastructure, and national infrastructure development projects during the last ten years have focused on the development of the Spanish high speed network, funding for new lines has been scarce and growth has been slow (in comparison with the rocket-paced growth of the Madrid Metro).
As the Cercanías network is the only public transportation system in Madrid which is owned by the Spanish central state (in comparison with the Metro and bus services, owned regionally, municipally and privately) this difference has been exploited politically. A harsh debate between the Madrid regional government (which operates the Metro) and the central government (which operates the Cercanías) about who is responsible for building the line to the new terminal of the Barajas Airport delayed the construction of any rail link. The Madrid Metro Line 8 extension to Terminal 4 opened in May 2007, while the Cercanías link did not open until 2011.
See also
Madrid Metro
Renfe
Commuter rail
Elektrichka
S-Bahn
Réseau Express Régional
Transportation in Spain
References
External links
Cercanías
Rail transport in Madrid
Rail transport in the Community of Madrid |
4025721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artie%20Cobb | Artie Cobb | Artie Cobb (born November 17, 1942) is an American professional poker player, based in Las Vegas, Nevada. Cobb began playing poker in New York, where he is originally from, and would later move to Las Vegas in 1976.
Poker career
Cobb has won four bracelets at the World Series of Poker (WSOP), three of them in seven-card stud. To date, only one player has made more in WSOP stud events than Cobb.
He won his first bracelet in the 1983 WSOP $1,000 seven card stud event Hi-Lo event, defeating David Singer during the heads-up play. This was Cobb's first cash in any WSOP event.
Cobb won his second bracelet in 1987, defeating multi-bracelet winner Don Williams heads-up in a seven card stud event. He later won two more bracelets at the WSOP, both in seven card stud events.
Cobb cashed in the $10,000 no limit Texas hold'em main event in 1986 (34th), 1987 (34th), and 1990 (28th).
As of 2011, his total live tournament winnings exceed $1,550,000.
World Series of Poker Bracelets
Notes
1942 births
American poker players
Living people
World Series of Poker bracelet winners
Super Bowl of Poker event winners |
4025722 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celano | Celano | Celano is a town and comune in the Province of L'Aquila, central Italy, east of Rome by rail.
Geography
Celano rises on the top of a hill in the territory of Marsica, below the mountain range of Sirente. It faces the valley of Fucino, once filled by the large Fucine Lake, which was drained during the 19th century.
History
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Celano suffered from the invasions of Lombards (6th century). The city passed under Byzantine control, and was then subdued by the Lombards and governed by the duchies of Spoleto and Benevento.
From the 8th century, Charlemagne and his descendants ruled the Marsica region independently of Spoleto, raising it to the rank of county. Celano was elected Caput Marsorum (capital city of the Marsica region), governed by the Berardi family. From around the year 1140, it was captured by the Normans, who annexed it to the Kingdom of Sicily. Fearing that Marsica was becoming too powerful, in the year 1223 Emperor Frederick II ordered his army to destroy the castles of the region. Celano suffered a long siege, which ended with its defeat and total destruction and the exile of its entire male population to Sicily and Malta. Once the feudal rights of Celano were abolished the region came under the jurisdiction of the Giustizierato of Abruzzo, with Sulmona as capital.
After the intercession of the Pope Honorius III, Emperor Frederick II authorised the inhabitants to return from exile. The new city was rebuilt three years after its destruction, about one kilometre from the ancient city. Celano reflourished and was once again governed by the Berardi family.
After a series of struggles between the Angevins and Aragonese, in the 15th century the family of Berardi was dethroned by the family of the Pope Pius II of Pienza, allied to the Aragonese, who governed the city and its county. Celano was incorporated into the Kingdom of Naples till 1860, except during the years associated with the Napoleonic era and the Parthenopean Republic. In the year 1591, the Piccolomini family sold the County of Celano to Camilla Peretti, sister of Pope Sixtus V. The city was at times also governed by the Savelli and Sforza families and was damaged by earthquakes in the years 1695, 1780, 1915 and 2009.
From the year 1860, Celano belonged to the Kingdom of Italy.
Main sites
The square Piccolomini Castle, with round towers at the corners, was erected in its present form on the top of the San Vittorino Hill. Its construction was commissioned by Count Pietro Berardi around the year 1392, and was finished around 1451. In 1463, it was adapted on the orders of Antonio Piccolomini. On January 13, 1915, the castle was seriously damaged by a terrible earthquake that destroyed many villages in the area. The restoration began 25 years later, in 1940, but was interrupted because of the Second World War and was resumed only in 1955, with completion in 1960. Today, the castle hosts the Museum of Sacred Art of the Marsica. The beautiful castle is easily recognisable driving on the highway A25 between Rome and Pescara.
Celano is home to three churches with 13th-century façades, in the style of those of L'Aquila.
Culture and sport
Celano F.C. Marsica plays in Serie D Group F in the 2012/2013 football season.
Celano's sister city is Żejtun in Malta.
Notable people
Celano is the birthplace of the Blessed Thomas of Celano, born between the years 1185 and 1190, and follower of St. Francis of Assisi, and of the classical pianist Nazzareno Carusi.
See also
Museo Paludi di Celano
References
External links
:it:Immagine:Celano con Castello Piccolomini.jpg
Picture of Castello Piccolomini
Marsica |
4025738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSWR%20K10%20class | LSWR K10 class | The London and South Western Railway K10 Class was a class of 40 4-4-0 steam locomotives designed for mixed traffic work. They were introduced on the London and South Western Railway in 1901 and 1902 to the design of Dugald Drummond, where they earned the nickname "Small Hoppers".
Background
In order to satisfy a pressing requirement for mixed-traffic locomotives, Drummond adopted the solution of a small-wheeled 4-4-0 he had previously employed on the Caledonian Railway. The resulting K10 had the same diameter coupled wheels as the M7 and the boiler was interchangeable with the M7, 700 and C8 classes
Construction history
Forty of the class were subsequently outshopped from the LSWR's Nine Elms Locomotive Works. They were generally paired with a 6-wheel tender because of their intended short journey lengths, which included local stopping trains and medium-level freight haulage, but as with the later L11 class, some could occasionally be seen with a "watercart" tender for longer trips.
Livery and numbering
LSWR and Southern
Livery under the LSWR was Drummond's LSWR Passenger Sage Green, with purple-brown edging and black and white lining. Under Southern Railway ownership from grouping in 1923, the locomotives were outshopped in Richard Maunsell's darker version of the LSWR Sage Green with yellow lettering on the tender, with black and white lining. This livery was continued under Oliver Bulleid despite his experimentations with Malachite green, though the 'Southern' lettering on the tender was changed to the 'Sunshine Yellow' style. During the Second World War, members of the class outshopped form overhaul were turned out in wartime black. The class was haphazardly numbered by the LSWR. Numbering under the Southern retained the LSWR allocations.
Post-1948 (nationalisation)
In 1947 nos.136/8/49 & nos.342/4/7/81/7/8 were placed out of use leaving just thirty-one to enter into British Railways ownership upon nationalisation in 1948. However, with withdrawals rapidly continuing only no.381 physically received its new BR number (30381 in ‘Sunshine Yellow’ and still with ‘Southern’ on its black unlined tender). But it too was withdrawn (April 1951) before no.389 (failed July 1951) and no.384 (already condemned but serviceable to August 1951). None of the K10 class carried the Railway Executive's Standard Livery for British Railways (as published in February 1949).
Operational details
The class shared the same inability to sustain their power over long distances as the C8s, leading to the K10s being employed only on occasional main line trips over short distances. The class therefore gained the nickname of "Small Hoppers" from their crews. The aforementioned defect was not a hindrance, with the class leading an admirable career on secondary routes. Due to the LSWR being primarily a passenger railway, there were few heavy goods services that would have proved too much for the design despite its flaws.
Comparison with L11
According to Dendy Marshall, the main differences between the K10 "Small Hoppers" and the L11 "Large Hoppers" were:
K10, coupling rods and C8 type boiler
L11, coupling rods and T9 type boiler
Preservation
None have been preserved.
References
Casserley, H.C. (1971) London and South Western locomotives, incorporating Burtt, F. [1949] LSWR locomotives—a survey. Shepperton, Surrey: Ian Allan Limited.
Further reading
Ian Allan ABC of British Railways Locomotives, 1949 edition, part 2
External links
SEMG gallery
Blood & Custard and associated liveries
K10
4-4-0 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1901
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain |
4025744 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carini | Carini | Carini (, ) is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Palermo, Sicily, by rail west-northwest of Palermo. It has a population of 37,752.
Timaeus, in the thirteenth book of his work Histories, said that it was called Hyccara because the first men who arrived there found a species of fishes which were called hycae ().
The small town, in the ancient periods called Garinis, was built around the X century by the Arabs, not far from Hyccara, the only Sican settlement (probably a fishing village) on the coast. It was stormed and taken by the Athenians in 415 BC during the Peloponnesian War, and the inhabitants, among them the famous courtesan Lais, sold as slaves. Christian catacombs were found at Villagrazia.
The first historical mention of a bishop of the see is in two letters of Pope Gregory the Great, in the 6th century, one addressed to Bonifacius of Reggio Calabria, the other to Barbarus of Carini. But many signs, including local catacombs, show that a Christian community existed at Carini from the 3rd century. A lead seal bears the name of a Felix, bishop of this see. One of Gregory the Great's letters show that the diocese was incorporated into that of Reggio Calabria in September 595, but by 602 it was again under its own bishop. A Bishop John of the see took part in a synod at Rome in 649. The last testimony to its existence dates from the 8th century, and the Muslim conquest of Sicily, which began in 827, brought it to an end as a residential bishopric.<ref>[http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/bonifacio_res-7c7e332e-87e8-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/ Paolo Bertolini, "Bonifacio" in Dizionario Biografico Treccani]</ref> As a result, Carini/Hyccara/Hyccarum is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.
Tourism and retail
Tourism is an important part Carini's economy. Carini's lure for tourists is based mainly on shopping but also on its possession of other ancient and modern attractions. Carini has one of the biggest shopping areas in Sicily called the Zona Industriale where more than ten big shopping centres can be found. The Zona Industriale attracts people from the surrounding areas and beyond, especially during weekends and the summer season. Carini has two shopping malls, including one of sicily's largest, centro commerciale Poseidon. The other shopping mall is called Portobello - Le Gallerie del Risparmio''.
Military Architecture
Carini Castle
The building was erected in the late ninth and early twelfth century, certainly on a previous Arab construction, by the first Norman feudal lord Rodolfo Bonello, warrior in the retinue of Count Roger. The excavations carried out during the recent restoration, both in the east and in the north, they have surfaced walls of earlier times to the Norman. The castle has a large courtyard, where there is the residential structure made primarily in two elevations. The ground floor consists of: a room with a cross vault that contains a wall in stone, which originally served as the exterior wall. In this are visible windows and a pointed front door with splays of the old medieval structure; A large hall divided by two pointed arches with the central column; The private chapel where you can admire a beautiful wooden tabernacle of the first decade of '600, with Corinthian columns that mark prospectively space.
Outside the chapel, a portal giving access to the bastion, where the remains of a perimeter wall are visible. The second floor, reached by an outside stone staircase Billiemi, architect Matteo Carnalivari, comprises: the ballroom, classic example of fifteenth-century room with coffered wooden ceiling, fireplace adorned with the emblem of La Grua and large windows with leaning seats and from the sleeping area, composed of frescoed rooms, where you can admire a beautiful eighteenth-century decorated door that characterizes the alcove. A small circular staircase leads to the kitchen, while another adjoining rooms on the upper floors. From the west side there is access to an area called "Foresteria." A staircase leads to the castle tower or male. The continuous tower with a wooden gallery from which a mullioned window with the emblem of Abbate can observe the south side of the country. The Abbate family commanded the castle from 1283 to 1397 after Palmerio Abbate campaigned with Geovanni Procida during the War of the Sicilian Vespers. The castle was then commanded by the La Grua Talamanca family. Here is the time to cruise with plumes also ending with Billiemi stone. A scale, which no longer exists, allowing the output to the battlements of the tower. From a door, characterized by an arch lancet, you exit into a small terrace, recently created, which allows to observe the city.
Coastal Defensive Towers
Torre Muzza, built in the seventeenth century and located on the coastal strip in Piraineto area;
Internal Defensive Towers to the Territory
Franco tower, built in the seventeenth century and located close to the Villagrazia di Carini;
Guardiola Tower, built in the seventeenth century and located near Zucco Fund;
Tower of Life, built in the eighteenth century and located near the historic center
Defensive Towers Incorporated into Beams
Tower and trap Baglio, the first of which was built in the thirteenth century and incorporated in the beam in the sixteenth century, located on the coast in places Carborangeli;
Tower and beam Chiachea, built in the sixteenth century and located on the coastal strip in locations Chiachea;
Tower and beam Milioti, built in the sixteenth century and located near the coast in places Milioti;
Tower and beam Aiello, built in the eighteenth century and located near the village of Olives Park;
The farm Zucco, complex built in the eighteenth century, surrounded by four towers, famous for its wines.
Main sights
References
External links
Municipalities of the Metropolitan City of Palermo |
4025776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendham | Mendham | Mendham may refer to:
Mendham, Saskatchewan, Canada
Mendham, Suffolk, England
Mendham Borough, New Jersey, USA
Mendham Township, New Jersey, USA
People with the surname
John Mendham, English MP
Joseph Mendham, English clergyman and controversialist
Peter Mendham, English former footballer |
4025777 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Hellmann | Hans Hellmann | Hans Gustav Adolf Hellmann (14 October 1903 – 29 May 1938) was a German theoretical physicist.
Biography
Hellmann was born in Wilhelmshaven, Prussian Hanover. He began studying electrical engineering in Stuttgart, but changed to engineering physics after a semester. Hellmann also studied at the University of Kiel.
He received his diploma from the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry in Berlin for work on radioactive compounds under Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner. He received his Ph.D. at Stuttgart with Prof. Erich Regener for work on the decomposition of ozone. Hellmann's future spouse Victoria Bernstein was the foster daughter of Regener. In 1929 Hellmann became an assistant professor at the Leibniz University Hannover.
After the Nazi rise to power, Hellmann was dismissed on 24 December 1933 as ‘undesirable’ because of his Jewish wife. He immigrated to the Soviet Union, taking up a position at the Karpov institute in Moscow working among other things on pseudopotentials. However, he was later denounced during the Great Purge, imprisoned on 10 May 1938 and executed in Butovo on 29 May. His son, Hans Hellmann, Jr., was only allowed to leave the former Soviet Union in 1991.
In science, his name is primarily associated with the Hellmann–Feynman theorem, as well as with one of the first-ever textbooks on quantum chemistry (‘Kvantovaya Khimiya’, 1937; translated into German as ‘Einfuehrung in die Quantenchemie’, Vienna, 1937). He pioneered several approaches now commonplace in quantum chemistry, notably the use of pseudopotentials.
Notes
References
Translation of
Siegen university site
Complete list of publications of Hans Hellmann (Freie Universität Berlin)
1903 births
1938 deaths
20th-century German chemists
People from Wilhelmshaven
People from the Province of Hanover
20th-century German physicists
University of Stuttgart alumni
University of Kiel alumni
University of Hanover faculty
Great Purge victims from Germany
Refugees from Nazi Germany in the Soviet Union
Theoretical physicists
Executed people from Lower Saxony |
4025783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afferden%2C%20Limburg | Afferden, Limburg | Afferden (; ) is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Bergen (L.), and lies about 25 km southeast of Nijmegen.
History
The village was first mentioned in 1293 as Afordia. The etymology is unknown. Afferden is a village along the Maas. It was a heerlijkheid before 1176. The castle was destroyed in the 16th century. In 1648, it became part of Spanish Guelders. In 1713, it became part of Prussia, and in 1815, it became part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
The Catholic St Cosmas and Damianus Church is a three aisled basilica like church with a tower at some distance. The tower dates from the late-13th century. The church dated from the 15th century, but was severely damaged in 1945 and demolished. The current church was built between 1957 and 1958 and designed by Johannes Kayser. The tower was repaired in the same period.
The ruins of the Bleijenbeek Castle are to the east of Afferden. In 1390, a fortified farm with tower was built. The tower was destroyed in 1579. Around 1688, the castle was modified and extended in a classical style. In 1945, it was reduced to a ruin.
Affereden was home to 460 people in 1840.
Afferden was severely damaged in 1944 and 1945. During Operation Market Garden, the western side of the Maas was liberated by the British, however the Germans built defences on the eastern side. The grist mill Nooit Gedacht was built in 1958. Its predecessor was built in 1852. In January 1945, the inhabitants were evacuated, and when the miller returned in May 1945, the wind mill was reduced to ruins. Nowadays, it only operates on a voluntary basis.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Bergen, Limburg |
4025784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSnapshot | KSnapshot | KSnapshot is a screenshot application for the KDE desktop environment developed by Richard J. Moore, Matthias Ettrich and Aaron J. Seigo. The screenshots taken by KSnapshot are also called snapshots, which explains its name. It is written in Qt and C++. KSnapshot allows users to use hotkeys to take a screenshot.
In December 2015, KSnapshot has been replaced by Spectacle.
Features
KSnapshot has the following features:
Save snapshot in multiple formats
Take new snapshot
Open with... possibility to open snapshot in external editor.
Copy to clipboard
Several capture modes, including selected region or single window.
Snapshot delay
Ksnapshot also had a direct-to-print button but it was removed in version KDE 3.5.
Spectacle
Spectacle replaced KSnapshot with the release of KDE Applications 15.12 in December 2015.
In addition to what one could do with KSnapshot, Spectacle can take composite screenshots of pop-up menus along with their parent windows. Other feature is the ability to take screenshots without explicitly starting Spectacle by using the keyboard shortcuts and respectively. Spectacle was optimized to start fast to minimize the time lag between starting the application and capturing the image.
See also
GNOME Screenshot
scrot
References
External links
The KSnapshot Handbook
Free software programmed in C++
KDE Applications
Screenshot software
Software that uses Qt
Utilities for macOS
Utilities for Windows |
4025790 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altweerterheide | Altweerterheide | Altweerterheide (; ) is a town in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Weert, and lies about 4 km southwest of Weert.
In 2001, Altweerterheide had 514 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 0.14 km², and contained 195 residences.
References
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Weert |
4025793 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%BCve%20diagram | Stüve diagram | A Stüve diagram is one of four thermodynamic diagrams commonly used in weather analysis and forecasting.
It was developed circa 1927 by the German meteorologist Georg Stüve (1888–1935) and quickly gained widespread acceptance in the United States to plot temperature and dew point data from radiosondes.
This diagram has a simplicity in that it uses straight lines for the three primary variables: pressure, temperature and potential temperature. The isotherms are straight and vertical, isobars are straight and horizontal, dry adiabats are also straight and have a 45° inclination to the left, while moist adiabats are curved. Wind barbs, symbols used to show wind speed and direction, are often plotted at the side of the diagram to indicate the winds at different heights.
However, using this configuration sacrifices the equal-area property of the original Clausius–Clapeyron relation requirements between the temperature of the environment and the temperature of a parcel of air lifted/lowered. Although it permits analysis of the cloud cover and the stability of the airmass, it thus does not permit calculation of the Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE). This is why the three other thermodynamic diagrams (emagrams, tephigrams, and skew-T log-P diagrams) are most often preferred, the latter in the USA nowadays.
See also
Thermodynamic diagrams
Skew-T log-P diagram
Emagram
Tephigram
References
M. K. Yau and R. R. Rogers, Short Course in Cloud Physics, Third Edition, published by Butterworth-Heinemann, January 1, 1989, 304 pages.
J. V. Iribarne and W. L. Godson, Atmospheric Thermodynamics, Second Edition, published by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland, 1981, 278 pages, ,
Atmospheric thermodynamics |
4025794 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meall%20a%27%20Bh%C3%B9iridh | Meall a' Bhùiridh | Meall a' Bhùiridh (IPA:[ˈmauɫ̪ˈaˈvuːɾʲɪʝ]) is a mountain on the edge of Rannoch Moor in the Highlands of Scotland. It lies near the top of Glen Coe and Glen Etive, overlooking the Kings House Hotel inn and the A82 road. The Glencoe Ski area is located on the northern slopes of the peak.
Meall a' Bhùiridh is linked by a high bealach to the neighbouring peak of Creise, and the two hills are often climbed in conjunction, starting and finishing at the ski area carpark.
The Clachlet Traverse is a 25 km north-to-south route linking the inn at Inveroran with the Kingshouse. Meall a' Bhùiridh is the final of four Munros crossed on this route, the others being (south to north) Stob a' Choire Odhair, Stob Ghabhar and Creise.
See also
Ben Nevis
List of Munro mountains
Mountains and hills of Scotland
References
External links
Glencoe Mountain
Glencoe Ski area
Highland-Instinct
Munros
Marilyns of Scotland
Mountains and hills of the Central Highlands
Ski areas and resorts in Scotland
Mountains and hills of Highland (council area)
One-thousanders of the British Isles
Glen Coe |
4025796 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcen | Arcen | Arcen (; ) is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. In 2010, it became part of the municipality of Venlo. Previously, it had been part of the municipality of Arcen en Velden and the seat of the town hall ().
In 2001, Arcen had 1884 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 0.39 km2, and contained 747 residences.
In December 2009, the last month before merging with the city of Venlo, the municipality of Arcen en Velden had 8671 inhabitants.
Its location on the river Maas (Meuse) makes it a popular tourist attraction. It is wedged in between Germany in the east and the river Maas in the west. National Park de Hamert lies just north of Arcen. Historic buildings include the 'Schanstoren' (Schans Tower) and the castle as well as century old houses in the village itself. The town hall is of a Traditionalist 20th century design by A.J. Kropholler while the church was designed in a similar style by H.W. Valk. Outside the centre are the Hertog Jan beer brewery and the 'De IJsvogel' distillery, which is located in a historic water mill and produces jenever (gin), bitters and liquors.
Near Arcen lies the only preserved fortress built to protect the Fossa Eugeniana, a canal built between 1625 and 1629 to connect the rivers Rhine and Maas.
Arcen has a thermal bath and various holiday parks.
Arcen's 'Kasteeltuinen' (castle gardens) went bankrupt in 2012.
Arcen is the birthplace of former Dutch soccer international Stan Valckx.
Gallery
Climate
References
External links
Castle Gardens
Boroughs of Venlo
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Spa towns in the Netherlands |
4025797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arensgenhout | Arensgenhout | Arensgenhout (; ) is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Beekdaelen, and lies about 8 km south of Geleen.
The hamlet was first mentioned in 1381 as "dat dorpe 't gene Hoit", and means "forest belonging to Arnold (person)".
Arensgehnout was home to 287 people in 1840. In 1850, the remains of the Roman villa Steenland were discovered.
The former monastery Ravensbos was built in 1885 with school and boarding house and was intended as a seminary. It was sold in the late-20th century, and has a residential function.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Beekdaelen |
4025803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesfin%20Woldemariam | Mesfin Woldemariam | Mesfin Woldemariam (Ge'ez: መስፍን ወልደ ማርያም; 23 April 1930 – 29 September 2020) was an Ethiopian academic and human rights activist.
Early life and education
Mesfin Woldermariam was born on 23 April 1930 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopian Empire. Mesfin received his early education at Teferi Mekonnen School, and was a student of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, receiving ordination as a deacon in 1946. He completed his further education in London in 1951, and won a scholarship to study abroad. He received his BA from Punjab University, Chandigarh in 1955 and his MA and Ph.D. from Clark University in 1977 by dissertation rural vulnerability to famine in Ethiopia.
Mesfin was professor of geography at Haile Selassie University (now Addis Ababa University), and for a time was head of the geography department. He was also a senior Fulbright scholar in 1971, 1986 and 1987. He retired in 1991.
Political activism
Responding to a student petition, on 8 April 2001 Mesfin and Berhanu Nega held a day-long panel discussion at the hall of the National Lottery on academic freedom. They were arrested on the allegations that this panel incited a student protest at AAU the next day, but released on bail 5 June and neither were ever tried.
In November 2005, the government of Ethiopia detained Mesfin on charges of treason, genocide and outrage against the constitution, along with other leading members of the Coalition for Unity and Democracy. This charge was considered to criminalize actions of free speech, freedom of association and freedom of expression that are guaranteed by international human rights laws, and has been condemned by many international observers including Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and the European Union. He was held at Kaliti Prison. During his incarceration, Mesfin took part in two hunger strikes in December 2005 and January 2006, protesting his detention and trial. He later contracted pneumonia, collapsing in his prison cell 18 August, and was taken to the hospital. The court was supposed to deliver the verdict on 19 February 2007. However, Mesfin, and 37 others were pronounced guilty on 11 June 2007.
This judgment occurred after Mesfin refused to defend himself, insisting that the arrest, charges, detention and trial were politically motivated and that the trial was not likely to be fair. Along with 37 others, he was convicted on the basis of the prosecution evidence and prevented from making a statement in court after the prosecution case ended. The prosecutor is said to have presented video and audio evidence. The judge ruled that as they had not submitted a defense and were guilty as charged.
Mesfin, along with the 37 other Ethiopian opposition party officials, prominent human rights defenders and journalists on trial with him, were freed on 20 July 2007. They received a pardon and had their political rights restored four days after most were sentenced to life in prison and others to prison terms of up to 15 years.
Death and funeral
Mesfin died on 29 September 2020 from complications brought by COVID-19, at the age of 90. Mesfin's funeral took place on 6 October 2020, with many government officials, celebrities and family members attended. Professor Berhanu Nega, spokesperson of the House of Federation Tagesse Chaffo, the mayor of Addis Ababa Adanech Abebe, and the President of Oromia Region Shimeles Abdisa also presented.
In his funeral service statements, he was credited as the founder of the Ethiopian Human Rights Council (EHRCO) and he also conducted various researches on famine and drought related topics, various socio economic thematic areas.
References
External links
Official website dedicated to Mesfin Wolde Mariam by his children
A call for immediate release of Prof. Mesfin W/Mariam by Amnesty International
Prof. Mesfin's controversial Book
1930 births
2020 deaths
Addis Ababa University faculty
Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Ethiopia
Clark University alumni
Ethiopian prisoners and detainees
Ethiopian human rights activists
Rainbow Ethiopia: Movement for Democracy and Social Justice politicians
Recipients of Ethiopian presidential pardons |
4025807 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County%20Route%20575%20%28New%20Jersey%29 | County Route 575 (New Jersey) | County Route 575 (CR 575) is a county highway in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The highway extends from Somers Point-Mays Landing Road (CR 559) in Egg Harbor Township to New York Road (U.S. Route 9 or US 9) in Port Republic.
Route description
CR 575 begins at an intersection with CR 559 in Egg Harbor Township, heading north on two-lane undivided English Creek Avenue. The road runs through a mix of woods and homes, crossing CR 615 as it turns more to the northeast and crosses CR 559 Alternate. CR 575 continues to US 40/US 322 (Black Horse Pike), where it turns west to form a concurrency with that road. Here, English Creek Avenue continues north as CR 603. The Black Horse Pike, a four-lane divided highway, heads west through commercial areas, crossing into Hamilton Township and reaching the CR 646 junction. CR 575 splits from US 40/US 322 by heading northeast on Wrangleboro Road a short distance before the US 40/US 322 split.
Past this intersection, CR 575 is briefly a six-lane divided highway as it intersects a ramp to and from the eastbound Atlantic City Expressway and an access road to the Hamilton Mall. The road becomes a four-lane undivided road as it continues through commercial areas and runs southeast of the former Atlantic City Race Course. Upon reaching a partial interchange with access to and from the westbound direction of the Atlantic City Expressway, CR 575 becomes two lanes again and enters woodland. The road crosses CR 563 near the Atlantic City International Airport before coming into Galloway Township. Here, the route becomes Pomona Road and enters wooded residential areas within the community of Pomona, intersecting CR 686 and CR 605 before crossing NJ Transit’s Atlantic City Line. The route acontinues to an intersection with US 30 (White Horse Pike).
After US 30, CR 575 crosses CR 633 before leaving Pomona and meeting CR 561. The road continues through forested areas with some farms before passing near the campus of Stockton University. Past the college, the route forms a concurrency with CR 561 Alternate and reaches a complete interchange with the Garden State Parkway. This interchange provides access to and from the parkway. CR 561 Alternate and CR 575 split a short distance later, with CR 575 heading into Port Republic on English Creek-Port Republic Road, Pomona Avenue, and Main Street. The road continues through dense woodland before making a turn to the east and passing several homes. CR 575 intersects CR 610 and turns north onto Old New York Road, intersecting CR 624 a short distance later. Leaving the center of Port Republic, the road enters rural areas again and turns northeast at the CR 650 junction onto Chestnut Neck Road. The route parallels the Garden State Parkway to the south and passes a couple businesses. CR 575 comes to its northern terminus at an intersection with US 9.
Major intersections
See also
References
External links
County Route 575
575
575 |
4025808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenray | Asenray | Asenray (; ) is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Roermond, and lies about 3 km east of Roermond.
It was first mentioned in 1267 as "vicum qui dicitur Asenraede", and means "forest cultivation by Aso (person)". Asenray was home to 194 people in 1840. A church was built in 1932. In 1945, just before liberation, it was blown up by the Germans. In 1948, a new church was built.
References
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Roermond |
4025812 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baarlo | Baarlo | Baarlo (; ) is a village in the southeastern Netherlands. It is located in the municipality of Peel en Maas, Limburg, about 6 km southwest of Venlo.
Name and symbols
The oldest mention of the name Baarlo is from 1219.
The oldest certificate of the bank of Baarlo dates from 25 January 1377. In 1629 for the first time it used its own seal. The seal shows the Saint Peter, holding a key in his left hand and in his right hand three ropes carrying a shield, on which a stag is shown jumping to the left. At that time, the local lord, schout or pastor sealed the certificates.
History
Archeological excavations have shown that at the beginning of our calendar people already had settled in Baarlo. Later the Romans came; they built the Roman road between Tongeren and Nijmegen and Oyen (between Baarlo and Kessel).
In the 19th century the old church of Baarlo became too small, so the city decided to build a new one. Pierre Cuypers was the architect and the church was finished in 1878.
In 1932, the priest chancel and the cross of the church were extended by Joseph Frassen. In November 1944 the church was blown up by the Germans. A restoration was not possible. Therefore, it was decided to build a new church. This work has been completed in 1955.
Castles
There are four castles in Baarlo. Castles d'Erp (has also been called de Borcht), Berckt, and Raay were built in the 13th century. Castle Scheres was built about 1860 and was inhabited by the Japanese artist Shinkichi Tajiri until he died on 15 March 2009.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Peel en Maas |
4025816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baexem | Baexem | Baexem () is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Leudal, and lies about 9 kilometres northwest of Roermond.
History
The village was first mentioned in 1244 as Baxen, and means "settlement of Bako (person)". Baexem was part of the Imperial Abbey of Thorn, a tiny independent country, until 1794. It developed into two centres in the 19th century. One was located along the Antwerp to Roermond railway line and the other Roermond to Weert road. In the 20th century, the settlements merged.
The St John the Baptist Church was built between 1949 and 1950 to replace the old church which was destroyed in 1944. A tower was added in 1958. Baexem Castle was first mentioned in 1244. The castle received its current shape from 1676 onwards. Two side wings were probably added in the 18th century.
The grist mill Aurora was built in 1845. In 1945, the miller and his assistant were repairing the wind mill when it suddenly started to turn and killed the miller. The new owner only used the electro motor. The wind mill was restored in 1972, and operates on a voluntary basis.
Baexem was home to 576 people in 1840. Until 1991, Baexem was a separate municipality; it then became a part of Heythuysen. It is part of the municipality of Leudal since 2007.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Former municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
Leudal |
4025817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Bedford | Ian Bedford | Philip Ian Bedford (11 February 1930 – 18 September 1966) was an English first-class cricketer who had a sensational start to his first-class career with Middlesex in 1947 as a 17-year-old lower-order batsman and leg break bowler. In his first match, against Essex, he was the fourth spin bowler used in the Essex first innings, but took four wickets for 81 runs. He then took four for 65 in his second match against Nottinghamshire, five for 53 in his third against Surrey and five for 54 in his fourth and final match of 1947 against Lancashire.
He returned to club cricket for several years, until he succeeded John Warr as Middlesex captain in 1961 and 1962.
He played in 77 first-class matches between 1947 and 1962, taking 128 wickets at an average cost of 32.87, with a personal best of 6/52.
He died following a brain aneurysm, while batting for Finchley C.C. at Buckhurst Hill in 1966. He was 36. He left a wife and four young daughters.
References
External links
1930 births
1966 deaths
English cricketers
Middlesex cricket captains
Combined Services cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
North v South cricketers
Gentlemen of England cricketers
Cricketers from Greater London
Deaths from aneurysm
Middlesex cricketers |
4025823 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baneheide | Baneheide | Baneheide (; Ripuarian: is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Simpelveld, and lies about 9 km southwest of Kerkrade.
It was first mentioned in 1603 or 1604 as Baenenheidt, and means "cultivated heath".
National monuments
Baneheide has four farms that have been designated national monuments.
References
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Simpelveld |
4025824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banholt | Banholt | Banholt (Limburgish: Tebannet) is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is part of the municipality of Eijsden-Margraten and lies about 10 km southeast of Maastricht.
The village was first mentioned in 1294 or 1295 as Bannoyt. Banholt which developed in the Middle Ages on the plateau of Margraten. In the 18th century, it became a road village.
The Catholic St Gerlachus Church is a three aisled church with wide church which was constructed between 1874 and 1876. Banholt was home to 471 people in 1840.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Eijsden-Margraten |
4025827 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beegden | Beegden | Beegden (; ) is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is a part of the municipality of Maasgouw, and is located about 6 km west of Roermond.
Until 1991, Beegden was a separate municipality. During that year the village became part of the municipality of Heel en Panheel. In 2007 the municipality of Heel en Panheel, including Beegden, became part of the new municipality of Maasgouw. The town currently has about 1800 inhabitants.
During the past few years tourism has developed in Beegden, the key attractions of the town are the church, the seventeenth-century house and the St. Lindert windmill. The last underwent a major restoration in 2000 and can be visited free of charge every Wednesday and Saturday.
Born in Beegden
Annemiek Derckx (born 1954), Dutch canoer who twice won a bronze medal at the Summer Olympics
Gallery
References
Former municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
Populated places in Limburg (Netherlands)
Maasgouw |
4025831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20Saints%27%20Church%2C%20Earls%20Barton | All Saints' Church, Earls Barton | All Saints' Church, Earls Barton is a noted Anglo-Saxon Church of England parish church in Earls Barton, Northamptonshire. It is estimated that the building dates from the later tenth century, shortly after Danish raids on England.
The tower
The tower at Earls Barton was probably originally a tower nave, the ground floor serving as the main body of the church with a small chancel annexed to it to the east, as at St Peter's Church, Barton-upon-Humber, built at roughly the same period. A doorway on the south side of the tower, and originally another opening on the west face, allowed access to the outside. The upper floors possibly provided accommodation for the priest or acted as a safe-haven to house treasures, although it has been pointed out that such towers would have been deathtraps in a Viking raid, with their combustible wooden floors and multiple doors. There is a belfry at the uppermost storey.
The tower is constructed of stone rubble and rendered on the outside, and is decorated with vertical limestone pilaster strips and strapwork. At the corners of the tower, the walls are strengthened by long vertical quoin stones bedded on horizontal slabs, and hence is termed long and short work. The way in which the tower is decorated is unique to Anglo-Saxon architecture, and the decorated Anglo-Saxon tower itself is a phenomenon that occurs locally, including Barnack near Peterborough and Stowe Nine Churches in Northamptonshire.
The storeys are divided by projecting stone string courses, and at each successive storey, the walls become slightly thinner, creating a step at each string course. The vertical pilaster strips continue up the tower, and are interspersed with stone strip arches at lower level and triangular decoration at upper level, in some instances resulting in a criss-cross pattern.
In the 12th century the small Anglo-Saxon chancel, narrower than the tower, was razed and replaced by a nave so that the tower now stands at the west end. This nave was enlarged later in the 12th century and then renovated in the 13th and early 14th centuries. The east end of the chancel is 13th century.
The tower is 69 feet (21 metres) high from base to the battlements.
Architectural characteristics
The influence is very much Roman, and this can be seen by looking at the doors and windows of the tower. At the west doorway, pilaster strips run up the sides and continue over the head in an arch. Within this, there is an arched moulding springing from square imposts. These are decorated with vertical fluting. The jambs are of large flat stones, at right angles to the wall. The form of the jambs is Roman in origin. An example of this can be seen in the Bath House of Chesters Fort on Hadrian's Wall. Windows at low level on the south are mullioned with baluster shafts and arched lintels, and the window apertures themselves are cross-shaped. At high level, the belfry has arched five-light windows with baluster shaft mullions.
The blind arcading is purely decorative, since the arches and triangles spring from string courses rather than supporting them. In fact Warwick Rodwell has suggested that the "hopeless jumble" of the arcading at Earls Barton demonstrates it was mere ornament. Rodwell suggests that the design was based on timber framing but that the parts were then assembled wrongly. The position of openings in the tower makes use of this decoration by fitting within the triangles and pilaster strips.
The use of stone enabled sturdy towers to be built in this period, but the availability of stone that could be easily quarried and carved enabled towers as at Earls Barton to be decorated in such a way. The limestone at Barnack was quarried extensively from Anglo-Saxon times and throughout the Middle Ages to build churches and cathedrals including Peterborough and Ely. It is evident that Anglo-Saxon churches with long and short work and pilaster strips are distributed throughout England where this type of limestone was available, and in East Anglia where the stone was transported.
In 1935, Henry Bird painted the 15th century rood screen. Its upper parts contain butterfly species that are local to the area.
History
To the north of All Saints' Church, Earls Barton, a mound and ditch almost abuts the church. Nikolaus Pevsner supposed that the lord of the manor regarded the church as an encroachment and planned to demolish it. Following the Norman conquest of England an Anglo-Saxon called Waltheof had become the first Earl of Northampton. He married the niece of William I, Judith, and she was granted land at Buarton, later named Earls Barton. The mound may have been part of a manor. It is reasonable to suggest that All Saints was originally linked to a manor, rather than to a monastery. Earthworks are also present adjacent to the church at Sulgrave in Northamptonshire, where the remains of an Anglo-Saxon hall have been discovered, so churches linked to manors were not unknown at the time of the building of All Saints.
References
Sources
External links
Church website
The Friends of All Saints
Religious buildings and structures completed in 970
10th-century church buildings in England
Towers completed in the 10th century
Standing Anglo-Saxon churches
Church of England church buildings in Northamptonshire |
4025839 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babette%20Deutsch | Babette Deutsch | Babette Deutsch (September 22, 1895 – November 13, 1982) was an American poet, critic, translator, and novelist.
Biography
Born in New York City, the daughter of Michael and Melanie (Fisher) Deutsch, she matriculated from the Ethical Culture School and Barnard College, graduating in 1917 with a B.A. She published poems in magazines such as the North American Review and the New Republic while she was still a student at Barnard.
On April 29, 1921, Deutsch married Avrahm Yarmolinsky, chief of the Slavonic Division of The New York Public Library (1918–1955), also a writer and translator. They had two sons, Adam and Michael.
During the 1940s, 1950s and into the 1960s, Deutsch was teaching at Columbia University, where her students included poet/publisher Lawrence Ferlinghetti. In 1946, she received an honorary D. Litt. from Columbia University.
She translated Pushkin's Eugene Onegin into English and also made some of the best English versions of Boris Pasternak's poems. Deutsch's own poems displayed what poet Marianne Moore called "her commanding stature as a poet."
Bibliography
Poetic collections
Banners (1919, George H. Doran)
Honey Out of the Rock (1925, B. Appleton)
Fire for the Night (1930, Jonathan Cape & Harrison Smith)
Epistle to Prometheus (1931, Jonathan Cape & Harrison Smith)
One Part Love (1939, Oxford University Press)
Take Them, Stranger (1944, Henry Holt)
Animal, Vegetable, Mineral (1954, E.P. Dutton)
Coming of Age: New & selected poems (1959, Indiana University Press)
Collected Poems, 1919–1962 (1963, Indiana University Press)
The Collected Poems of Babette Deutsch (1969, Doubleday & Co.)
Novels
A Brittle Heaven (1926, Greenberg)
In Such A Night (1927, Martin Secker)
Mask of Silenus: A Novel About Socrates (1933, Simon and Schuster)
Rogue's Legacy: A Novel About Francois Villon (1942, Coward-McCann)
Other works
Potable Gold: Some Notes on Poetry and This Age (1929, W. W. Norton)
This Modern Poetry (1936, Faber & Faber)
Walt Whitman: Builder for America (1941, Julian Messner)
The Reader's Shakespeare (1946, Julian Messner)
Poetry Handbook (1957, Funk & Wagnalls)
Poetry in Our Time (1958, Columbia University Press)
Poems – Samuel Taylor Coleridge, ed. Babette Deutsch, illus. Jacques Hnizkovsky (1967, Thomas Cromwell)
As translator
Modern Russian Poetry: an Anthology – trans. by Babette Deutsch and Avrahm Yarmolinsky (1921, John Lane)
Contemporary German Poetry: an Anthology – trans. by Babette Deutsch and Avrahm Yarmolinsky (1923, Harcourt Brace & Co.)
Eugene Onegin – Alexander Pushkin, illus. Fritz Eichenberg (1939, Heritage Society)
Heroes of the Kalevala – illus. Fritz Eichenberg (1940, Julian Messner)
Poems from the Book of Hours – Rainer Maria Rilke (1941, New Directions)
Selected Poems – Adam Mickiewicz, trans. Babetted Deutsch (alongside W. H. Auden, Louise Bogan, Rolfe Humphries and Robert Hillyer) (1955, The Noonday Press)
Two Centuries of Russian Verse – trans. Babette Deutsch and Avrahm Yarmolinsky (1966, Random House)
For juvenile audience
Crocodile – Korney Chukovsky, trans. Babette Deutsch (1931, J. Lippincott)
It's A Secret! – illus. Dorothy Bayley (1941, Harper & Bros.)
The Welcome – illus. Marc Simont (1942, Harper & Bros.)
The Steel Flea – Nikolas Leskov, trans. Babette Deutsch and Avrahm Yarmolinsky, illus. Mstislav Dobufinsky (1943, Harper & Row) – revised 1964, illus. by Janina Domanska
Tales of Faraway Folk – trans. Babette Deutsch and Avrahm Yarmolinsky, illus. Irena Lorentowicz (1952, Harper & Row)
More Tales of Faraway Folk – trans. Babette Deutsch and Avrahm Yarmolinsky, illus. Janina Domanska (1963, Harper & Row)
I Often Wish (1966, Funk & Wagnalls)
References
External links
Babette Deutsch at FactMonster
Babette Deutsch in The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia at GeoCities.com
Babette Deutsch at The Literary Encyclopaedia (subscription required) – no text as of 2016-07-17
Penguin Translators A–G at Penguin First Editions – one book translated by Deutsch as of 2016-07-17
1895 births
1982 deaths
20th-century American novelists
Barnard College alumni
American women poets
Russian–English translators
American literary critics
Women literary critics
American women novelists
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American poets
Women anthologists
20th-century American translators
Journalists from New York City
Novelists from New York (state)
American women non-fiction writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American women critics |
4025851 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carr%C3%A9%20de%20l%27Est | Carré de l'Est | Carré de l'Est is a French cheese originating from Lorraine. Its place of origin and square shape give it its name (literally "square of the East").
Carré de l'Est is produced from cow's milk and is aged five weeks. It has a smokey bacon flavour.
References
French cheeses
Cow's-milk cheeses
Lorraine |
4025870 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20S.%20Fletcher | J. S. Fletcher | Joseph Smith Fletcher (7 February 1863 – 30 January 1935) was an English journalist and author. He wrote more than 230 books on a wide variety of subjects, both fiction and non-fiction, and was one of the most prolific English writers of detective fiction.
Early life and education
Fletcher was born in Halifax, West Yorkshire, the son of a clergyman. His father died when he was eight months old, and after which his grandmother raised him on a farm in Darrington, near Pontefract. He was educated at Silcoates School in Wakefield, and after some study of law, he became a journalist.
Writing career
At age 20, Fletcher began working in journalism, as a sub-editor in London. He subsequently returned to his native Yorkshire, where he worked first on the Leeds Mercury using the pseudonym A Son of the Soil, and then as a special correspondent for the Yorkshire Post covering Edward VII's coronation in 1902.
Fletcher's first books published were poetry. He then moved on to write numerous works of historical fiction and history, many dealing with Yorkshire, which led to his selection as a fellow of the Royal Historical Society.
Michael Sadleir stated that Fletcher's historical novel, When Charles I Was King (1892), was his best work. Fletcher wrote several novels of rural life in imitation of Richard Jefferies, beginning with The Wonderful Wapentake (1894).
In 1914, Fletcher wrote his first detective novel and went on to write over a hundred more, many featuring the private investigator Ronald Camberwell.
Fletcher published multiple crime fiction novels during the "Golden Age of Detective Fiction," namely his The Middle Temple Murder (1919) which served as the basic formulaic template for writing detective fiction novels; though, this particular novel (in addition to many of his others) did not share many general traits with those that characterize this particular literary era. On the contrary, it's argued that Fletcher is an almost exact contemporary of Conan Doyle. Most of his detective fiction works considerably pre-date that era, and even those few published within it do not conform to the closed form and strict rules professed, if not unfailingly observed, by the Golden Age writers.
Personal life
He was married to the Irish writer Rosamond Langbridge, with whom he had one son, Rev. Valentine Fletcher, who held various ministries across Yorkshire, including Bradford and Sedbergh, and was himself a writer, author of various children's books and of Chimney Pots and Stacks, on the British domestic chimney pot.
Death
Fletcher died in Surrey 1935, one week short of his 72nd birthday. He was survived by his wife Rosamond and son Valentine.
Works
Novels
Frank Carisbroke's Stratagem (1888)
Andrewlina (1889)
Mr. Spivey's Clerk (1890)
When Charles the First Was King (1892)
In the Days of Drake (1895)
Where Highways Cross (1895)
Mistress Spitfire (1896)
Baden Powell of Mafeking (1900)
Lucian the Dreamer (1903)
Perris of the Cherry-Trees (1913)
The King versus Wargrave (1915)
The Rayner-Slade Amalgamation (1917)
Paul Campenhaye (1918)
The Chestermarke Instinct (1918)
The Borough Treasurer (1919)
The Middle Temple Murder (1919)
The Talleyrand Maxim (1919)
Scarhaven Keep (1920)
The Herapath Property (1920)
The Lost Mr. Linthwaite (1920)
The Orange-Yellow Diamond (1920)
The Markenmore Mystery (1921)
The Root of All Evil (1921)
Wrychester Paradise (1921)
In the Mayor's Parlour (1922)
Ravensdene Court (1922)
The Middle of Things (1922)
The Million Dollar Diamond (1923)
The Charing Cross Mystery (1923)
The Kang-He Vase (1924)
The Safety Pin (1924)
Sea Fog (1925)
The Bedford Row Mystery (1925)
The Cartwright Gardens Murder (1925)
The Mill of Many Windows (1925)
Dead Men's Money (1928)
The Ransom for London (1929)
Murder at Wrides Park (1931)
Murder in Four Degrees (1931)
Murder of the Ninth Baronet (1932)
Murder in the Squire's Pew (1932)
The Borgia Cabinet (1932)
The Solution of a Mystery (1932)
Todmanhawe Grange (completed after his death by Edward Powys Mathers as Torquemada, 1937)
Short Stories
Miscellaneous Stories (1907)
Mr. Poskitt's Nightcaps (1910)
The Secret of the Barbican and Other Stories (1924)
Green Ink and other stories (1926)
Poetry The Juvenile Poems of Joseph S. Fletcher (1879)Early Poems by Joseph Smith Fletcher (1882)Anima Christi (1884)
References
Further reading
Ellis, Roger and Richard Williams, J. S. Fletcher: A Bibliographical Checklist of the British First Editions''. Dragonby Press, 2013.
External links
1863 births
1935 deaths
British male journalists
20th-century English novelists
British mystery writers
English historical novelists
Fellows of the Royal Historical Society
People from Halifax, West Yorkshire
People educated at Silcoates School
English male novelists
English crime fiction writers
Detective fiction writers
20th-century English male writers
Writers of historical fiction set in the early modern period |
4025877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagni%20di%20Lucca | Bagni di Lucca | Bagni di Lucca (formerly Bagno a Corsena) is a comune of Tuscany, Italy, in the Province of Lucca with a population of about 6,100. The comune has 27 named frazioni (wards).
History
Bagni di Lucca has been known for its thermal springs since the Etruscan and Roman ages. The place was noted for the first time in an official document of 983 AD as "Corsena", with reference to a donation by the Bishop Teudogrimo of the territory of Bagni di Lucca to Fraolmo of Corvaresi. The area is rich in chestnut forests, mentioned by the Roman poet Virgil.
Some of the earliest accounts of occupation were by the Lombards. Their leader Alboin occupied the whole Serchio Valley for many years, building guard towers that were later converted to churches. One of them is Pieve di Controne.
Between the 10th and 11th centuries, the village became a feudal property of the Suffredinghi, then the Porcareschi, and later the Lupari families. In the 12th century, the commune of Lucca occupied the territory of Bagni di Lucca. In 1308 Lucca unified the community of Bagni di Lucca with those of the nearby villages, forming the "Vicarship of the Lima Valley" with each hamlet governed by a member of the Bagni di Lucca parish. These members are still responsible for the monitoring of religious festivals and preservation of old churches.
Lucca restored the town in the 14th century, recognising the revenue from visitors to the thermal springs of Bagni di Lucca. The commune developed it as a destination for visitors, including international figures.
Bagni di Lucca with its thermal baths reached its greatest fame during the 19th century, especially during the French occupation. The town became the summer residence of the court of Napoleon and his sister, Elisa Baciocchi. A casino was built, where gambling was part of social nightlife, as well as a large hall for dances.
At the Congress of Vienna (1814), the Duchy of Lucca was assigned to Maria-Louisa of Bourbon as ruler of Parma. Bagni de Lucca continued as a popular summer resort, particularly for the English, who built a Protestant church there. In 1847 Lucca with Bagni di Lucca was ceded to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, under the domain of the Grand Duke Leopold II of Lorraine. His rule started a period of decline for the springs and casino as a destination, since he was used to a secluded life. In 1853 the casino was closed. It was reopened after 1861, when Lucca became part of the unified Kingdom of Italy.
World War II
During the German invasion of Italy in the 1940s, Bagni di Lucca was occupied along with many other towns along the Gothic Line in the Apennines. Several houses and mansions in the area were used as residences for German soldiers, and some residents born after 1940 in this region have German ancestry.
During the Italian Social Republic, a puppet state of Germany which existed from September 1943 until May 1945, a concentration camp for Jews was set up in Bagni di Lucca, where both Italian and foreign Jews were interned from December 1943 to January 1944. More than 100 people were interned in squalid conditions in the Hotel Le Terme. Some managed to escape, but most were sent to Auschwitz on 30 January 1944. Some Jews were moved between this camp and the Colle di Compecito (PG60) camp near Lucca.
Hot springs
The commune is known for its springs, in the valley of the Lima River, a tributary of the Serchio. The district is known in the early history of Lucca as the Vicaria di Val di Lima. Ponte Serraglio is the principal village of the warm spring area, but there are warm springs and baths also at Villa, Docce Bassi, and Bagno Caldo. The springs do not seem to have been known to the Romans. Bagno a Corsena is first mentioned in 1284 by Guidone de Corvaia, a Pisan historian (Muratori, R.I.S. vol. xxii.). Several writers and poets have since visited, including Dante on his way to Northern Italy.
Fallopius, who gave the springs credit for the cure of his own deafness, sounded their praises in 1569; and they have been more or less in fashion since. The temperature of the water varies from . In all cases, the springs give off carbonic acid gas and contain lime, magnesium and sodium products. The thermal springs were brought to much attention by natural medicinal doctor Montecatini of the University of Pisa in which "Montecatini Terme" is named after.
Main sights
In the valley of the Serchio, about below Ponte a Serraglio, is the medieval Ponte della Maddalena (circa 1100), with a lofty central arch. It is also known as Ponte del Diavolo. Il Ponte del Diavolo is known to have a few origins, however there is one main story. It is said that when a construction worker was working on the bridge late at night, the devil came up to him and offered assistance if he could claim the first passenger on the bridge. The agreement was made and when the bridge was finally built, a little dog wandered over the bridge and mysteriously disappeared. Many years later, another arch was added to the bridge for trains to pass by, this bridge is regarded as the most notable sight in the Bagni di Lucca area.
The Ponte delle Catene is a 19th-century suspension bridge.
The pieve (rural parish church) of San Cassiano was built before 722. It has the painting St. Martin Riding by Jacopo della Quercia and others from the Renaissance. More Renaissance works hang in the parish church of San Paolo a Vico Pancellorum, which dates back to the year 873.
The war memorial in San Cassiano is dedicated to the casualties of war from World Wars I and II from that town and its seven districts (Chiesa, Livizzano, Coccolaio, Capella, Cembroni, Vizzata, and Piazza).
Every year a festival is held at the parish church and in the town of Controne to honour the 16th-century miracle that nobody in the town was infected with plague. A cross is carried and people march around the village rejoicing.
The hospital in the frazione of Bagno Caldo was built in 1826 by the philanthropy of Nicholas Demidoff.
The English Protestant church has been converted to the Bagni di Lucca Bibiloteca (library), holding archives and records dating back several centuries.
Additionally, temporary villas of previous poets, writers, etc. are also main sights. One of the main villas is that of the poets Robert Browning and his wife, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, who spent a lot of time in the town.
English Cemetery
The small English cemetery, recently restored, provides a final place of rest for the many foreign Protestant visitors who died in Bagni di Lucca. Some of the more notable graves, in order of the date of death, are of: Alexander Henry Haliday (1807-1870), Irish entomologist; Charles Isidore Hemans (1817-1876), English antiquary; Mahlon Dickerson Eyre (1821-1882), American art collector; English novelist Maria Louise Rame, better known as Ouida (1839-1908); Rose Cleveland (1846-1918), de facto First Lady of the United States; Nelly Erichsen (1862-1918), English illustrator and painter; Edward Perry Warren (1860-1928), English art collector; and Evangeline Marrs Whipple (1862-1930), American philanthropist and author.
Economy
The local economy is mainly based on tourism, attracted to the thermal springs, the historic architecture, and numerous quality hotels. Local industries produce paper and building materials, as well as machines. Many residents of the surrounding area produce their own and survive off local agriculture, however, there is a supermarket in the area, a few restaurants, cafes, and two weekend markets that bring foods and vegetable and fruits of all sorts to the public. Like many towns in Italy though, business has not been so great in Bagni di Lucca and local industries are moving to bigger areas and metropolises such as Milan. The population of the area is somewhat stable and the countryside is very quiet; tourism is and probably will be for a while the main source of income for Bagni di Lucca businessmen and workers.
Transportation
The main road that passes through Bagni di Lucca is SS12 which connected the Grand Duchy of Lucca to the Grand Duchy of Modena. There are several commuter buses that serve the commune of Lucca and Florence to the area. There is a train that goes through Bagni di Lucca and stops in the Fornoli section of town. It runs every hour or two and takes about 25 minutes from Lucca, or over 2 hours from Aulla Lunigiana. Automobile is the best way to travel through Bagni di Lucca and to other hamlets on the outskirts of Bagni di Lucca town central.
Sister cities
Bagni di Lucca is twinned with:
Longarone, Italy
References
Municipalities of the Province of Lucca |
4025878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical%20Fidelity | Musical Fidelity | Musical Fidelity is a British producer of high-end audio equipment focusing on streaming music players, and its core product range of amplifiers of various types (power, phono, headphone, integrated and pre-amplifiers). Other products have included headphones, Digital-Analog Converters (DACs), CD players, Bluetooth Receivers, ‘all-in-one systems’ (including Phono turntable). Founded in the United Kingdom in 1982, they are known for their unusual industrial design, Nuvistor tube use and Class-AB amplifiers.
History
Musical Fidelity was founded in 1982 by Antony Michaelson, a clarinettist and Hi-Fi enthusiast, following his exit from Michaelson & Austin, a predecessor company of which he was a partner.
Musical Fidelity's first product was "The Preamp", which incorporated moving coil and moving magnet pre-amplification and a single line-level ‘Tuner’ input. This was originally designed to overcome his dissatisfaction with the Michaelson & Austin TVP-1 pre- amplifier. The first batch of “The Preamp” were made on Michaelson's home kitchen table and sold out almost at once through a local dealer. The dealer asked for more product, which resulted in Michaelson making the decision to go into full-time production.
This was followed by the ‘Dr Thomas’ power amplifier, designed by Dr Martin Vaughan Thomas, capable of outputting 100-plus watts. Later products included the Preamp II, and the Typhoon Power amplifier.
From there, Michaelson commissioned a seemingly endless variety and range of new products using a wide variety of circuit concepts and technologies. Many of these became significant Hi-Fi milestones.
Significant products
Musical Fidelity is probably best known for its A1 integrated amplifier, a Class A/B amplifier, rated at 20W per channel these run very hot but produced, according to the manufacturer, a very sweet, authentic sound, reminiscent of tube amplifiers. This was launched in 1985 and sold over 100,000 units over its lifetime.
In 1986, the A370 power amplifier was launched – at that time unusual (in the UK) for being a rack-mountable domestic amplifier. It produced 185 Watts per channel. These were the first of their type to be made by a UK Hi-Fi company. Then followed a range of well received loudspeakers, the MC series (designed by Martin Colloms) and the Reference series, featuring 'TPX' polypropylene drivers.
A year later, the Digilog was launched, one of the first stand-alone production DACs.
In the late 1980s Musical Fidelity introduced further amplifiers, including the P170 and high-powered rack mount style amplifiers, including the P270, A370 (all featuring Hitachi lateral MOSFETs) and the SA470, SA570. In the early nineties, Musical Fidelity released the P180, with CRPS (Choke Regulated Power Supply). This was possibly the first time bifilar wound coils had been combined with transistor electronics. This design innovation helped suppress electro-magnetic radiation frequencies (EMF), reducing the amount of potential noise interference into the audio circuits .
In 1992, the A1000 was launched – one of the first 'super integrated' amplifiers, with a full range of line level inputs coupled to a Class AB power amplifier section producing 50W / channel into 8 ohms. Initially it was only made for Japan but later was well received around the world.
The X series was launched in 1997 consisting of a range of cute extruded cylindrical add-on components, which later spawned the XA series. The units consisted of various amplifiers, Digital-to-analogue converters, Phono stages, tuners and CD players and ancillary power supplies.
The NuVista preamp was introduced in 1997, the first modern, mass-produced audio product using Nuvistor tubes, which were miniature metal-ceramic enclosed vacuum tubes manufactured by RCA . These were followed by power and integrated amplifiers, with ancillary power supplies. Numerous products have descended from it, such as the Tri-Vista 21 ‘Super DAC’, introduced in 2002, culminating in the latest being the NuVista 800.
The kW Pre- and Power Amp was introduced in 2003. The power amplifier was then the highest power audiophile-grade power amp ever made commercially by a UK audiophile company, producing 1 kW of power per channel into 8 ohms. Notably, two mono-blocs and their power supply weighed in at 129 kG. It was followed by the Titan, an upgrade from the kW.
In 2015, the Merlin was released, a multi-format music system that came with a turntable, wireless streaming and a pair of unique speakers, allowing users to play vinyl records and stream digital music over high quality apt-X Bluetooth, in a very compact form factor.
As of 2018 , the products consist of the Nu-Vista, M8, M6, M5si, M3, MX, LX2, and V90 Series as well as the Encore Streaming Music servers. Most of the series provide a mix of Phono stages, integrated amplifiers, DACs, CD players and Headphone amplifiers. The Nu-Vista series continues in the tradition of using a mix of Nuvistor tubes, transistors and Digital technology.
Musical fidelity CDs
Michaelson was a professional clarinettist and on the Musical Fidelity label recorded a number of CDs of major works for the clarinet .
2004 Musical Fidelity CD - Mozart Clarinet Concerto K622 In A Major. Antony Michaelson, Michelangelo Chamber Orchestra, Leader Adrian Levine, Conducted by Robert Bailey
2002 Musical Fidelity CD - Mozart and Brahms Clarinet Quintets. Antony Michaelson, Adrian Levine, Kathy Andrew, Stephen Tees, Judith Serkin
2001 Musical Fidelity CD - Mozart And Brahms Clarinet Trios. Antony Michaelson, Stephen Tees, Andrea Hess, Ingrid Jacoby
2001 Musical Fidelity CD – Brahms Clarinet Sonatas. Antony Michaelson, Ingrid Jacoby
1999 Musical Fidelity CD - Weber Clarinet Quintet / Bärmann 3rd Clarinet Quintet . Antony Michaelson, Beverley Davison, Elizabeth Layton, Roger Chase, Jonathan Williams
1994 Musical Fidelity CD- Mozart Clarinet Quintet, Antony Michaelson, Adrian Levine, Colin Callow, Jeremy Williams, Robert Bailey
Sonic characteristics of Musical Fidelity products
Michaelson stressed that his most important design aim was accuracy and truthfulness to the music. Despite this, Musical Fidelity products generally displayed a sweet, easy going sound quality. Although most reviews identified this quality with MF's products, some did not approve of it.
Michaelson thought that for best results, Hi-Fi should not need much set-up and tweaking. He strongly disapproved of what he called 'cable madness'. His refusal to accept the prevailing zeitgeist of cable worship frequently landed him in disputes with a variety of Hi-Fi luminaries. He relished the disagreements. Over time, his view has been borne out by the waning of the market for high-end interconnect and speaker cables sold at very high prices.
Change of ownership
In 2017, Michaelson decided to retire. A search was conducted for a suitable partner to take over the brand name and continue with the heritage. Eventually he came to an agreement with Heinz Lichtenegger of Audio Tuning (also the owner of Pro-ject) and on 14 May 2018 they took over the brand and its intellectual property.
Product range timeline
1980s
The Preamp
The Preamp 2
Dr. Thomas power amplifier
Synthesis Integrated
3a/3b pre-amp
MVT
MVX
Studio T
A1 series
A100 series
B200 series
P140(x)
P150(x)
P170
P270
P180
A370
A470
Digilog
B1 series
MC loudspeaker series
Reference loudspeaker series
1990s
A1000
F series
Elektra series
X series
XA series
NuVista series
Michaelson Audio series
2000s
A3 series
A5 series
A308 series
kW series
TriVista series
Kelly Transducers
M1 turntable
V series
Titan
2010s
M1 series
M3 series
M5 series
M6 series
Quarkie headphones
Musical Fidelity EB and MF headphone series
Merlin
Round Table turntable
V90 series
MX series
LX series
NuVista series
See also
List of phonograph manufacturers
References
External links
http://www.musicalfidelity.com/
Audio amplifier manufacturers
Compact Disc player manufacturers
Manufacturing companies established in 1982
Audio equipment manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Manufacturing companies based in London
Headphone amplifier manufacturers
Phonograph manufacturers
1982 establishments in the United Kingdom |
4025883 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simol%C3%A2ndia | Simolândia | Simolândia is a municipality in northeast Goiás state, Brazil.
Location and Geography
Simolândia is situated in the northeast of Goiás, at kilometer 250 of the important BR-020 (Belém-Brasília highway). It forms boundaries with Posse, Alvorada do Norte and Buritinópolis. It belongs to the Vão do Paranã statistical micro-region.
The distance to Goiânia is 460 km. Highway connections are made by BR-153 / Anápolis / BR-060 / Alexânia / Sobradinho / Planaltina / Formosa / BR-020 / BR-030 / BR-020 / Vila Boa / Alvorada do Norte.
The municipality lies mainly on the slopes of the Serra da Chapadinha and the topography is broken by several rivers: the Corrente, Salobro and Buriti, which are popular with tourists. The climate is hot and dry. The vegetation is made up of 60% forest and 40% savanna. Hardwoods are exported or used in the furniture industry.
Demographic Information
Population density: 19.88 inhabitants/km2 (2007)
Urban population: 5,735 (2007)
Rural population: 1,189 (2000)
Population growth: a gain of about 1,000 people since 1991
Economic Information
The economy is based on subsistence agriculture, cattle raising (19,100 head in 2006), services, public administration, and small transformation industries. There were no banks in 2007. There were 362 automobiles in 2007.
Motor vehicles: 443 (automobiles and pickup trucks)
Number of inhabitants per motor vehicle: 15
Agricultural data 2006
Farms: 345
Total area: 23,174 ha.
Area of permanent crops: 255 ha.
Area of perennial crops: 723 ha.
Area of natural pasture: 14,657 ha.
Area of woodland and forests: 7,432 ha.
Persons dependent on farming: 950
Tractors: 33
Cattle herd: 19,100
Main crops: 540 hectares
Health and education
Schools: 15
Classrooms: 49
Teachers: 110
Students: 2,596 (2006)
Hospitals: 1 with 16 beds (2007)
Higher education: none
Adult literacy rate: 76.1% (2000) (national average was 86.4%)
Infant mortality rate: 33.48 (2000) (national average was 33.0)
Simolândia was ranked 233 out of 242 municipalities in the state of Goiás on the United Nations Human Development Index with a score of 0.657. Nationally it was ranked 3,649 out of 5,507 municipalities in 2000. (All data are from 2000.)
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
Microregions in Goiás
References
Municipalities in Goiás |
4025884 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Download%20This%20Song | Download This Song | "Download This Song" is the second single from MC Lars' first studio album, The Graduate, and features Jaret Reddick of Bowling for Soup. The song uses sampling from Iggy Pop's "The Passenger".
In early 2006, this song was featured on the pop culture CBC Radio show Definitely Not the Opera during an exposé on geeks. It charted at number 29 on the Australia ARIA charts.
Fight versus RIAA
MC Lars, and the Nettwerk Music Group, became involved in a lawsuit that the RIAA filed against David Greubel, a man from Texas, United States, who allegedly had committed copyright infringement through peer-to-peer filesharing over 600 music files, including "Sk8r Boi" by Avril Lavigne, another Nettwerk client. Greubel's 15-year-old daughter Elisa contacted MC Lars, citing the "Download This Song" lyric, "they sue little kids downloading hit songs", and saying that she could identify with the song due to her family's situation. In response, Nettwerk, which denounced the suit, announced that it would pay all of the family's legal fees, as well as any fines should the family lose. Furthermore, they arranged for representation for the family by Chicago lawyer Charles Lee Mudd Jr., who had previously defended other people subpoenaed by the RIAA.
Music video
The music video was featured on TiVo in early 2007. Parts of the music video parody the common iTunes commercial with blacked out figures dancing on a color background. It also shows numerous people listening to music on iPods and Sony PSPs including a punk kid, skaters, and people at a gym.
Track listing
"Download This Song"
"Hot Topic Is Not Punk Rock" (featuring The Matches)
"Rockstar"
"Download This Song" (music video)
Charts
References
2006 singles
MC Lars songs
Intellectual property activism
Mass media about Internet culture
Nettwerk Records singles
2006 songs |
4025887 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderic%20Hill | Roderic Hill | Air Chief Marshal Sir Roderic Maxwell Hill, (1 March 1894 – 6 October 1954) was a senior Royal Air Force commander during the Second World War. He was a former Rector of Imperial College and Vice-Chancellor of London University. The Department of Aeronautics of Imperial College was situated in a building named after him.
Early life
Roderic Maxwell Hill was born in Hampstead, London, on 1 March 1894, the eldest of the three children of Michaiah John Muller Hill, professor of mathematics at University College, London, and his wife, Minnie. His brother was Geoffrey T. R. Hill and Sir George Francis Hill was their uncle. Roderic was educated at Bradfield College and, in 1912, went to the fine arts department of University College, London, with the ambition of becoming an architect. From 1909 onwards both he and Geoffrey became fascinated by aviation; with money earned by Roderic from drawings published in The Sphere, they built, and successfully flew, a glider of their own design in 1913.
RAF career
Hill was commissioned as a 2nd lieutenant in the 12th Northumberland Fusiliers in December 1914, and was posted to France in the second half of 1915. Hill first saw intensive combat in the Battle of Loos, where he earned a mention in despatches but suffered a wound in the side.
While recovering from his wounds, Hill successfully applied to join the Royal Flying Corps and by July 1916 he had transferred and qualified as a pilot. Demonstrating above average flying ability he was posted to No. 60 Squadron, then flying the tricky Morane-Saulnier N. He quickly proved himself a skilled pilot, making repeated patrols and engagements over the German lines and fighting in the air battles during the Somme offensive in November 1916. Shortly after this he was again mentioned in despatches and awarded the Military Cross, for "conspicuous skill and gallantry. Under very heavy fire he dived at an enemy balloon, and brought it down in flames." In December 1916 Hill became flight commander of No. 60 Squadron and was promoted captain.
In February 1917, Hill's reputation as an intelligent pilot with aerobatic skills led to his posting as the leader of the experimental flying department at Royal Aircraft Factory, Farnborough. There, his test flying contributed to the success of the S.E.5, the R.E.8, and the DH.9 (with the Napier Lion engine). On the formation of the Royal Air Force in April 1918, Hill was promoted to squadron leader. In August of that year he was awarded the Air Force Cross (AFC) for meritorious flying as an experimental pilot at Farnborough; he had flown into a barrage balloon cable to test a newly invented protective device. During this tour, he also carried out development work testing wireless direction finding, radio control; he experimented personally with early types of parachute. In recognition, he was awarded a Bar to his AFC in 1921. At the Hendon Pageant of 1922, he demonstrated the manoeuvrability of the Airco DH.10 Amiens twin-engined bomber in a mock dogfight with S.E 5 fighters. Also in that year, he won the R. M. Groves aeronautical research prize.
Hill remained at Farnborough until 1923, when he attended the RAF Staff College in Andover. After graduating in 1924, he was briefly employed on Air Staff duties at Inland and Area H.Q. then in September was posted as the commanding officer of No. 45 Squadron at Hinaidi. There he was instrumental in running the Cairo–Baghdad air route, flying Vickers Vernon transport aircraft, and in maintaining the security of Iraq. He wrote and illustrated a memoir of his time in Iraq and the Middle East: it gives a lively account of flying the large biplanes of the period over difficult desert terrain, and also provides a sharply focussed, and sometimes lyrical description of the landscape and people of the region.
Hill joined the Directing Staff at the RAF Staff College in 1927 and then went on to be the Officer Commanding the Oxford University Air Squadron in 1930, Deputy Director of Repair and Maintenance at the Air Ministry in 1932 and Air Officer Commanding Palestine & Transjordan Command in 1936.
During the Second World War Hill was Director-General of Research and Development at the Air Ministry and then Commandant of the RAF Staff College from 1942. He was appointed Air Officer Commanding No. 12 Group in 1943 and then served as Commander-in-Chief of Fighter Command (also briefly called the Air Defence of Great Britain during his command) from 1943 to 1945. Under his command the RAF was able to deal a blow to the German Luftwaffe's strategic bombing campaign during Operation Steinbock.
After the war Hill was Air Member for Training and then Air Member for Technical Services before retiring in 1948. In retirement he became Rector of Imperial College. In 1953 he was nominated Vice-Chancellor of London University, before ill-health forced him to resign in the following year before completing his term of office.
Personal life
Befitting of his original ambition to be an architect, Hill was a talented illustrator. During the First World War, and for a time afterwards, he was a frequent contributor of drawings to Flight.
Hill married Mabel Helen Catherine Morton in 1917. They had two daughters and an only son who was killed in action in 1944. He died from a coronary thrombosis near St Bartholomew's Hospital.
See also
List of Vice-Chancellors of the University of London
Notes
References
External links
Imperial College London – Sir Roderic M. Hill
Obituary in Flight Magazine
|-
|-
|-
|-
1894 births
1954 deaths
Royal Air Force personnel of World War I
Royal Air Force air marshals of World War II
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Recipients of the Military Cross
Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
Commanders of the Legion of Merit
Grand Crosses of the Order of the White Lion
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)
Fellows of the Royal Aeronautical Society
Alumni of University College London
Vice-Chancellors of the University of London
Rectors of Imperial College London
People educated at Bradfield College
British military personnel of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
Royal Northumberland Fusiliers officers
People from Hampstead
Military personnel from London
British Army personnel of World War I
Royal Flying Corps officers |
4025888 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20Risks | Control Risks | Control Risks is a global risk and strategic consulting firm specializing in political, security and integrity risk.
History
Control Risks was formed in 1975, as a professional adviser to the insurance industry. A subsidiary of insurance broker Hogg Robinson, the firm aimed to minimize their exposure to kidnap and ransom payouts. The firm expanded its capabilities when these crisis management and incident response specialists were joined by political and security risk analysts, before becoming independent in 1982 following a management buyout.
See also
ArmorGroup
FTI Consulting
Navigant
Eurasia Group
Kroll
Le Beck International
Pinkerton
References
External links
Companies based in the London Borough of Southwark
Consulting firms established in 1975
Security consulting firms
Private intelligence agencies
1975 establishments in England |
4025909 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relation%20construction | Relation construction | In logic and mathematics, relation construction and relational constructibility have to do with the ways that one relation is determined by an indexed family or a sequence of other relations, called the relation dataset. The relation in the focus of consideration is called the faciendum. The relation dataset typically consists of a specified relation over sets of relations, called the constructor, the factor, or the method of construction, plus a specified set of other relations, called the faciens, the ingredients, or the makings.
Relation composition and relation reduction are special cases of relation constructions.
See also
Projection
Relation
Relation composition
Mathematical relations |
4025911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddaloni | Maddaloni | Maddaloni (Campanian: ) is a town and comune of Campania, Italy, in the province of Caserta, about southeast of Caserta, with stations on the railways from Caserta to Benevento and from Caserta to Naples.
Main sights
The city is at the base of one of the Tifata hills, the towers of its medieval castle and the Church of San Michele crowning the heights above. The fine old palace of the Caraffa family (once dukes of Maddaloni), the old college now named after Giordano Bruno, and the institute for the sons of soldiers are the chief points of interest.
The Gothic church of Santa Margherita has a series of 15th-century frescoes by the Florentine painter Giovanni Balducci. The church of the Annunziata has a series of early 17th century paintings that decorate the rich wooden ceiling. Many of the works were patronized by the local feudal lords, the Carafa family.
The town has two museums, the Museo Civico and the Museo Archeologico, which contains pre-Roman tombs and objects from the ancient city of Calatia.
There are many important schools in Maddaloni. The "Convitto Nazionale Giordano Bruno" is the oldest public secondary school in the province of Caserta. It was founded in 1807 in the former Franciscan convent. The great hall has a ceiling, which is decorated with the largest canvas painting in the world spanning .
The "Villaggio dei Ragazzi" was originally a school for orphans founded in 1947 by local priest Don Salvatore D'Angelo. The private school has become an important centre of learning in the province and has been run by the religious order The Legion of Christ since its founder died in 2000.
Giulietta Sacco was born here in 1944 and continued to live here, is a prominent interpreter of Neapolitan songs in the late 1960s and 1970s.
About east of Valle di Maddaloni is the Ponte della Valle, an Aqueduct aqueduct built by the orders of Charles of Bourbon king of Naples and his son. It was built to convey the water of the Taburno to Caserta across the valley between Monte Longano and Monte Gargano. In that area, the aqueduct goes past a threefold series of arches rising to a height of nearly and measuring long.
References
References
Cities and towns in Campania |
4025914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible%20John-A%20Forensic%20Meditation | Bible John-A Forensic Meditation | Bible John - A Forensic Meditation was a story written by Grant Morrison and appeared in the anthology title Crisis #56-61 in 1991.
Publishing history
Bible John was an unidentified serial killer who killed in Glasgow in the late 1960s. Bible John - A Forensic Meditation is a study by Morrison into the nature of evil, as well as forming ideas as to why the killer committed his crimes.
The story was serialised in Crisis from issues #56-61 and has not been reprinted since.
Notes
References
Bible John at 2000 AD online
External links
Crime Library story on Bible John
Crisis (Fleetway) comic strips
Works about serial killers |
4025920 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glou | Glou | Glou is the debut album from Puerto Rican reggaeton singer Glory. She composed almost all of the songs on the album.
Track listing
"Intro" – 0:46
"Perreo 101" (Glory) – 3:03
"Acelerá" (Glory, Alex Quiles) – 4:06
"La Traicionera" [featuring Don Omar] (Glory, Don Omar, Eduardo Reyes) – 4:10
"Dale, Dale" (José Miguel Velázquez) – 3:18
"Sin Freno" (Glory) – 3:35
"Un Paso" (Glory, Eric Pérez, Eduardo Reyes) – [ – 3:30
"Ahora Regresas" (Glory) – 3:31
"A Popolear" [feat Valentino] (Glory) – 3:31
"Flor del Barrio" [featuring Gallego] (Glory, José Raúl González, Alex Quiles) – 4:30
"Te Vas" (Glory) – 4:11
"Lento" (Glory, Marvin Rasario D., Eric Pérez) – 3:36
"La Popola" (Glory) – 3:13
"Outro" – 2:16
Singles
"La Popola", later re-released
"Perreo 101"
"La Tracionera" [featuring Don Omar]
"Acelerá"
"Lento"
"Un Paso"
Chart performance
Facts
"Te Vas" is featured on "Reggaeton Hitmakers Love Stories".
"Outro" is featured on "Reggaeton Best Remix".
She is signed to Don Omar's All Star Records
The song "La Popola" has been banned in many Latin American countries due to its vulgar lyrics. In the Dominican Republic "Popola" is slang for a woman's vagina.
References
External links
Listen to samples of the album
2005 debut albums
Reggaeton albums |
4025924 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%20suis%20partout | Je suis partout | Je suis partout (, lit. I am everywhere) was a French newspaper founded by , first published on 29 November 1930. It was placed under the direction of Pierre Gaxotte until 1939. Journalists of the paper included Lucien Rebatet, , the illustrator Ralph Soupault, and the Belgian correspondent Pierre Daye.
Interwar
In its very beginning, Je suis partout was centered on covering international topics, without displaying extremism, antisemitism, or even a consistently right-wing approach. However, the group of editors was heavily influenced by the ideas of Charles Maurras and the integralist Action française, and the ideology quickly spilled into the editorial content, as the more moderate journalists quit in protest.
The paper became a staple of anti-parliamentarianism, nationalism, and criticism of "decadent" Third Republic institutions and culture, becoming close to fascist movements of the era, French and foreign alike. It clearly supported Benito Mussolini as of October 1932, when Italian politics were awarded a special issue. Je suis partout was favorable to the Spanish Falange, the Romanian Iron Guard, the Belgian Léon Degrelle's Rexism, as well as to Oswald Mosley and his British Union of Fascists. From 1936, it also opened to Nazism and Adolf Hitler.
Despite its international connections, Je suis partout did not recommend copying over local origin in establishing a Fascist régime: "We will regard foreign fascism only through French fascism, the only real fascism" (14 April 1939). Thus, it held Jacques Doriot in esteem for his attempts to unite the French far right into a single Front.
The antisemitic rhetoric of the paper greatly increased after the Stavisky Affair and the attempted coup d'état introduced by the far right rally in front of the Palais Bourbon on 6 February 1934 (see: 6 February 1934 crisis). It turned vitriolic after the forming of the left-wing Popular Front government under the Jewish Léon Blum (1936). From 1938 on, Je suis partout matched the racist propaganda in Nazi Germany by publishing two special issues, Les Juifs ("The Jews") and Les Juifs et la France ("The Jews and France"). The publisher Jean Fayard cut links with the paper in 1936, and it was sold to a new board – which included the Argentine Charles Lescat (who was, according to his own depiction, "a fascist as genuine as he is calm"). Shortly before World War II and the German occupation in 1940, the paper was banned.
Collaboration
It was published again from 1941, and its ultra-collaborationist stances attracted the harsh criticism of Maurras, who repudiated the paper. Je suis partout published calls for the murder of Jews and Third Republic political figures: "The death of men to which we owe so many mournings... all French people are demanding it" (6 September 1941). It exercised an influence over an intellectual and young audience, going from 46,000 issues in 1939 to 250,000 in 1942.
Robert Brasillach was its editor-in-chief from June 1937 to September 1943 (he was to be executed for treason in 1945). Brasillach was believed to be too lenient, and was replaced with Pierre-Antoine Cousteau, brother of Jacques Cousteau. Cousteau aligned Je suis partout with the Nazi leadership, went against its roots by adhering to Nazi anti-intellectualism, and opened itself to advertising for the Waffen-SS and the Légion des Volontaires Français. Several of its editors joined either the Parti Populaire Français or the Milice. It continued to be published as late as August 1944, the moment of the Liberation of Paris.
References
P.-M. Dioudonnat, "Je suis partout" (1930-1944). Les maurrassiens devant la tentation fasciste, éd. La Table ronde, 1973
Michel Dobry (ed.), Le Mythe de l'allergie française au fascisme, éd. Albin Michel, 2003
Pascal Ory, Les Collaborateurs, éd. du Seuil, "Points"-histoire, 1980
Eugen Weber, L'Action française, éd. Hachette, 1985
1930 establishments in France
1944 disestablishments in France
Newspapers established in 1930
Publications disestablished in 1944
Fascist newspapers and magazines
Defunct newspapers published in France
Far-right politics in France
Newspapers of the Vichy regime
French Integralism
French Third Republic
Antisemitic publications
Weekly newspapers published in France
Action Française |
4025927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallarate | Gallarate | Gallarate (; Lombard: Galaraa) is a city and comune of Alto Milanese of Lombardy and of Milan metropolitan area, northern Italy, in the Province of Varese. It has a population of some 54,000 people.
It is the junction of railways to Varese, Laveno and Arona (for the Simplon). Some to the west are the electric works of Vizzola, where 23,000 hp are derived from the river Ticino. Its territory is crossed by the river Arnetta and belongs to the Ticino River Natural Park.
The city had a strong textile industry in the first part of the 19th century.
In common with other nearby cities, such as Casorate Sempione and Samarate, its name comes from Latin.
History
Founded by the Gauls and later conquered by the Romans, Gallarate was mentioned as an important vicus or village in documents dating back to the Roman conquest of what was then called Gallia Cisalpina. After the Carolingian conquest of northern-central Italy, a castle was erected upon the remains of the original Roman fortifications located beside the still existing Basilica of Santa Maria. The castle has disappeared, but its ancient location is identified through the city's topography and by the street name Via Postcastello.
After the obliteration of Castelseprio by Ottone Visconti in 1287, Gallarate became the capital of the vast Seprio county. During these years, Gallarate saw a period of prosperity and economic growth that would last for the rest of Visconti control, until the beginning of French rule two centuries later (1498). Documents in the National Archives refer to Gallarate as an important centre of commercial exchange between both Italian and foreign markets, particularly for cotton, drapes, flax and textiles. Distinguished families such as the Rosnati, Reina, Masera, Palazzi, Macchi, Curioni, Mari and the Guenzati represented the nobility and the merchant classes. This period was also noted as a time of great civic improvement and the beginning of Gallarate as a centre of industrial activity.
In the late 15th century, the city fell under foreign domination, initially under the Spanish and then under the French (and then again Spanish and their Austrian successors), a condition which lasted until the 19th century. In between this political instability, Gallarate became a private fief of some of the competing noble Italian families such as the Bentivoglio, Pallavicino, Caracciolo, Altemps, Visconti, and Castelbarco.
Gallarate became a part of the Kingdom of Italy in 1859 and received the honorary title of city with a royal decree on 19 December 1860.
By the latter half of the 19th century, modern industry had begun to take over many areas of Italy. In a few decades, Gallarate became an important industrial city. This period was also marked by heavy social tensions brought about by the rapid political and economic changes wrought by Gallarate's own industrial revolution. Nowadays, Gallarate's industrial structure no longer includes these giant industrial powerhouses of the past. Their existence, however, is still marked out by the presence of the high chimneys, which are still visible along Gallarate's skyline. Many of the old Liberty style buildings, where thousands of Gallaratesi worked during the past century and a half, have been turned into new modern multi-level shopping centres and plazas.
Main sights
San Pietro: Romanesque church built in the 11th to 13th centuries, including some Gothic elements. The interior has a nave without aisles. The façade, the apse and the sides are characterized by arcades supported by small columns forming a fake loggia. It was declared a national monument in 1844.
Santa Maria Assunta: church located in the city centre and in autumn 2016 the local government started works of restoration
Baroque church of Sant'Antonio Abate
Sanctuary of Madonna di Campagna, dating to the early 17th century.
Church of San Zenone (18th century)
Church of San Rocco (16th century)
Historical pharmacy Dahò, where the carbonari used to hide in the 19th century, owned by Dott. Renata Minoli. The pharmacy is located in Piazza Garibaldi, in which there a statue of Giuseppe Garibaldi.
Museo MAGA (Museo d’Arte Gallarate-Art Museum of Gallarate) museum which holds over 5,000 pieces of modern and contemporary art.
Economy
In the 19th and 20th centuries Gallarate was an important centre for the textile industry. Now it is a local hub for transport and high-tech industries.
Education
The Sistema Bibliotecario Consortile Antonio Panizzi has its main offices in Gallarate. The system operates the Biblioteca Civica " Luigi Majno " in Gallarate. Gallarate is also the seat of the Aloysianum, a former Jesuit college, which is now a Jesuit cultural centre with an important library. Carlo Maria Martini spent there the last years of his life.
In 2010 the local government built a modern art museum called Museo MAGA, hosting a Missoni exhibition in honour of the deceased Ottavio Missoni. MAGA is a focal point for local student research and adult education.
Transport
Gallarate railway station, opened in 1860, is the junction of the railway lines Domodossola–Milan, Luino–Milan and Porto Ceresio–Milan. The station is a stop for several long-running trains (EuroCity from Milan to Geneva and Basle), of regional trains from Milan to Domodossola, and of line S5 of Milan suburban railway service, and line S30 of Ticino railway network.
References
External links
Official website
Cities and towns in Lombardy |
4025932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Robb%20%28RAF%20officer%29 | James Robb (RAF officer) | Air Chief Marshal Sir James Milne Robb, (26 January 1895 – 18 December 1968) was a senior Royal Air Force commander. After early service in the First World War with the Northumberland Fusiliers, Robb joined the Royal Flying Corps and became a flying ace credited with seven aerial victories. He was granted a permanent commission in the Royal Air Force in 1919 and commanded No. 30 Squadron RAF in the Iraqi revolt against the British. In 1939, Robb travelled to Canada to help establish the Empire Air Training Scheme, a massive training program that provided the Royal Air Force with trained aircrew from Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Southern Rhodesia. He commanded No. 2 Group RAF of RAF Bomber Command and No. 15 Group RAF of RAF Coastal Command.
Robb became Deputy Chief of Combined Operations under Lord Louis Mountbatten in 1942. During Operation Torch he was air advisor to the Supreme Allied Commander, Lieutenant General Dwight Eisenhower and in February 1943, Eisenhower appointed him Deputy Commander of the Northwest African Air Forces. When Eisenhower became Supreme Allied Commander in Europe in January 1944, he brought Robb to his Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force as Deputy Chief of Staff (Air). Robb became Commander-in-Chief of Fighter Command in 1945 and learned to fly the Gloster Meteor, the RAF's first operational jet aircraft. He became Vice-Chief of the Air Staff in 1947, and then Commander in Chief of the Western Union's air forces in 1948. In 1951 he became Inspector General of the RAF.
Early life
James Milne Robb was born in Hexham, Northumberland on 26 January 1895, the third son of a draper, James Thomas Robb, and his wife Mary Elizabeth née Weir. He was educated at George Watson's School in Edinburgh and Durham University. He had two older brothers, one of whom, William, later became a major-general in the British Army.
First World War
Following the outbreak of the First World War, Robb enlisted in the 4th Battalion, Northumberland Fusiliers. He was commissioned into the Northumberland Fusiliers as a second lieutenant on 10 November 1914, and promoted to captain a year later. In August 1916 he transferred to the Royal Flying Corps.
After learning to fly, Robb was posted to No. 32 Squadron RFC, a fighter squadron on the Western Front equipped with Airco DH.2s. Robb was wounded in March 1917 and spent some time with a training unit in England before returning to the Western Front in May 1918 as a flight commander with No. 92 Squadron RFC, flying SE5as. Robb achieved the squadron's first air victory on 22 July, shooting down a Fokker D.VII. In February 1919 he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. His citation read:
Between the wars
In August 1919 he was granted a permanent commission in the Royal Air Force as a captain. He joined No. 24 Squadron RAF in February 1920. In September 1922 he was posted to No. 6 Squadron RAF in Iraq flying Bristol F.2 Fighters. He was promoted to squadron leader in 1924 and assumed command of No. 30 Squadron RAF. Robb was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his service during operations in Kurdistan in 1925.
Returning to the United Kingdom in 1926, Robb became chief flying instructor at the Central Flying School at RAF Upavon in Wiltshire. He married Bessie Murray on 29 December 1927. Their marriage produced a son and a daughter. In 1932 he was promoted to the rank of wing commander and attended the Royal Naval Staff College in Greenwich, London. This was followed by a posting as senior air officer aboard the aircraft carrier in the Far East. In 1935 he became fleet aviation officer with the Mediterranean Fleet before returning to the Central Flying School as commandant. He was promoted to group captain in 1936.
Second World War
In 1939, Robb travelled to Canada to help establish the Empire Air Training Scheme, a massive training program that provided the Royal Air Force with trained aircrew from Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Southern Rhodesia throughout the Second World War. In January 1940 he was promoted to air commodore. He took command of No. 2 Group RAF in April. In July 1940 he was awarded the Air Force Cross, and in September he was promoted again, this time to air vice marshal. On 1 January 1941, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath. However, he fell out with the head of RAF Bomber Command, Air Marshal Sir Richard Peirse, over the merits of sending Bristol Blenheims on unescorted daylight missions, which Robb regarded as suicidal. Robb was therefore transferred to RAF Coastal Command, where he command No. 15 Group RAF.
Robb became Deputy Chief of Combined Operations under Lord Louis Mountbatten in 1942. During Operation Torch he was air advisor to the Supreme Allied Commander, Lieutenant General Dwight Eisenhower. In February 1943, Eisenhower appointed him Deputy Commander of the Northwest African Air Forces under Major General Carl Spaatz. After Air Chief Marshal Tedder became Deputy Supreme Allied Commander in Europe in January 1944, he brought Robb to his Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force as Deputy Chief of Staff (Air). Robb was promoted to air marshal in October 1944 and created a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in January 1945. In May 1945 he was appointed the head of RAF Fighter Command and learned to fly the Gloster Meteor, the RAF's first operational jet aircraft. He claimed to have flown over 150 different aircraft types in his career. In August 1945 he received the U.S. Distinguished Service Medal from the President of the United States, Harry S. Truman.
Post war
In 1947 Robb became Vice-Chief of the Air Staff. He then became Commander in Chief, Air Forces, Western Union Defence Organisation in 1948. Finally, in 1951 he became Inspector General of the RAF. He was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in June 1949,
and in January 1951 was elevated to a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath. After retiring from the RAF on account of ill health he became King of Arms of the Order of the Bath on 21 March 1952, remaining in this appointment until 26 January 1965.
Robb was co-author of a volume of the official history of the Second World War, Victory in the West (1962), of which Major Lionel Ellis was the main author, with Captain G. R. G. Allen RN and Lieutenant Colonel A. E. Warhurst.
He died at a nursing home in Bognor Regis, Sussex on 18 December 1968.
Notes
References
|-
|-
|-
1895 births
1968 deaths
British World War I flying aces
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
People educated at George Watson's College
People from Hexham
Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
Foreign recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States)
Officers of the Legion of Merit
Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur
Royal Aeronautical Society
Grand Crosses of the Order of the White Lion
Recipients of the Czechoslovak War Cross
Royal Air Force air marshals
Royal Northumberland Fusiliers officers
Western Union (alliance) military appointments
Alumni of Armstrong College, Durham
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Graduates of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich
Military personnel from Northumberland |
4025940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Enthoven | Tom Enthoven | Henry John Enthoven (4 June 1903 – 29 June 1975) was an English first-class cricketer who was born in Cartagena, Spain, and was educated at Harrow School and Pembroke College, Cambridge. He played in 123 first-class matches for Middlesex County Cricket Club, as a right-handed batsman and right-arm medium bowler between 1923 and 1936, scoring 4478 runs and taking 100 wickets. He shared the county captaincy with Nigel Haig in 1933 and 1934. He later served as the club treasurer.
He died in Kensington, London aged 72.
References
External links
1903 births
1975 deaths
Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge
Cambridge University cricketers
English cricketers
Free Foresters cricketers
Gentlemen cricketers
H. D. G. Leveson Gower's XI cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Middlesex cricketers
English cricket captains
Middlesex cricket captains
People educated at Harrow School
Sportspeople from Cartagena, Spain |
4025942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County%20Route%20571%20%28New%20Jersey%29 | County Route 571 (New Jersey) | County Route 571 (CR 571) is a county highway in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The highway extends from Route 37 in Toms River Township to Route 27 in Princeton. Though it is designated a north–south county route by the New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT), it is signed both as north–south and east–west inconsistently.
Route description
Ocean and Monmouth counties
CR 571 begins at an intersection with Route 37 in Toms River, Ocean County, heading north on four-lane divided Fischer Boulevard concurrent with CR 549 Spur. The road continues north through business areas, with the median turning into a center left-turn lane. The routes turn northwest through residential and commercial areas along with some marshland from the adjacent Barnegat Bay to the east, with alternating segments of median and center left-turn lane. CR 571 splits from CR 549 Spur by heading west onto two-lane undivided Bay Avenue into areas of homes. The road intersects CR 627 before turning more to the northwest and becoming four lanes at the CR 22 junction. The route widens into a divided highway as it passes between the Ocean County Mall to the north and the Seacourt Pavilion shopping center to the south and intersects CR 549 at an at-grade cloverleaf interchange. After this, CR 571 becomes Bey Lea Road and becomes undivided again as it passes through more wooded areas of development, with the northbound direction narrowing to one lane at the CR 18 junction as it turns west. After crossing CR 623, the road becomes three lanes, with two westbound lanes and one eastbound lane, as it heads northwest past more businesses on Indian Head Road. The route runs west near a few homes before passing under the Garden State Parkway and reaching the U.S. Route 9 (US 9) junction.
CR 571 becomes four lanes at this point and passes residences to the north and a shopping center to the south prior to intersecting CR 527. CR 571 turns northwest to join CR 527 on Whitesville Road, passing wooded areas of housing developments. CR 527 splits from CR 571 by turning north, and CR 571 continues northwest along Toms River Road, entering Manchester Township. The road continues through forested development as it comes to the Route 70 junction. At this point, the route narrows to two lanes and passes through more wooded areas with occasional residences, crossing Conrail Shared Assets Operations' Southern Secondary line. CR 571 crosses CR 547 before heading into Jackson Township. The route runs through forested areas of the Pine Barrens with intermittent residential development for several miles, eventually turning north and coming to the junction with CR 528 in the community of Cassville. The road becomes Cassville Road at this intersection and passes Cassville Lake as it comes to the CR 638 intersection. CR 571 continues north past more wooded areas of homes before coming to an intersection with CR 526. At this point, CR 526 turns north to form a concurrency with CR 571 and the two routes continue through forests on Trenton-Lakewood Road, passing under Interstate 195 (I-195) prior to coming to the CR 537 junction.
At the CR 537 intersection, CR 526/CR 571 continues into Millstone Township in Monmouth County and continues northwest through more forested areas of homes before CR 526 splits from CR 571 by heading west. CR 571 heads north along Millstone Road and comes to the junction with CR 524. Here, the route turns west to join CR 524 on Stage Coach Road, making a turn to the north at an intersection with Red Valley Road/Spring Road. The routes make a sharp turn to the southwest before CR 571 splits from CR 524 by heading north on Rising Sun Tavern Road. The route runs through forests with some homes and farms, curving to the northwest and entering Roosevelt, where it becomes Clarksburg Road and continues through wooded areas with some homes. CR 571 turns north onto South Rochdale Avenue and passes more residences. The route crosses back into Millstone Township and heads into areas of farmland and woodland, turning northwest at the CR 1 junction.
Mercer County
CR 571 enters East Windsor Township in Mercer County and becomes Etra Road in the community of Etra, as it continues through a mix of farms, woods, and homes. The route turns north before curving northwest near Etra Lake and passing over the New Jersey Turnpike (I-95). The road heads west into Hightstown and passes homes before reaching an intersection with CR 539. CR 571 turns north to follow CR 539 on South Main Street at this point. Upon reaching the commercial downtown of Hightstown, northbound CR 539/CR 571 join Route 33 as it merges from Mercer Street onto Main Street. Traveling southbound, CR 539/571 follow Route 33 onto Mercer Street for one block before turning east onto Ward Street and then south onto South Main Street; those wanting to travel west onto Route 33 from northbound CR 539/571 must also use Ward Street. CR 571 then leaves the concurrency by turning to the west on Stockton Street. The route passes more residences, the Stockton Street Historic District, before crossing back into East Windsor Township and intersecting US 130. The road heads northwest and becomes Hightstown Road at this point and passes through commercial areas with a few farms, widening to four lanes just before the junction with the western terminus of Route 133. A short distance later, CR 571 crosses CR 535 and heads west into West Windsor Township, passing through a mix of farmland, woodland, and residences. The road enters areas of residential subdivisions after it crosses Southfield Road, crosses Bear Brook, and then turns northwest as it comes to another junction with CR 526.
At this point, CR 526 forms a signed (but not officially designated) concurrency with CR 571 for the remainder of the route, with the road intersecting CR 607 prior to crossing CR 638. The route narrows to two lanes and turns north at this point, passing a mix of homes and businesses as it reaches the CR 615 junction. At this point, CR 571 becomes part of the state-maintained Route 64, a two-lane divided highway that carries the route over Amtrak's Northeast Corridor near the Princeton Junction Station at West Windsor. Past the terminus of Route 64, CR 571 continues northwest on two-lane undivided Washington Road, passing through wooded residential areas before intersecting US 1 at the modified Penns Neck Circle. Past the intersection, the road runs through the historic Washington Road Elm Allée, rows of Princeton elm trees that line both sides of the road. The road descends a hill before crossing the Delaware and Raritan Canal and Lake Carnegie into Princeton. At this point, CR 571 runs through the heart of the Princeton University campus, reaching its northern terminus at Route 27 (Nassau Street).
History
From Hightstown to Millstone Township, the road was built by the Hightstown and Perrineville Turnpike Company, chartered in 1859. Their road also extended east along what is now Perrineville Road.
When it was first designated in the early 1950s, CR 571 ran entirely in Ocean County from then-Dover Township to CR 526 in Jackson Township. The modern-day route north of there followed CR 526 to Carrs Tavern, CR 524 in Clarksburg, municipal and minor county routes in Monmouth and Mercer Counties, and from Hightstown to Princeton what was then designated CR 539. By 1962, the designation entered Monmouth County, and by 1976, CR 571 from Hightstown to Princeton was in-place.
In the summer of 2012, NJDOT installed barriers at the Penns Neck Circle to prevent "left-turning" traffic from US 1 in either direction onto CR 571. In conjunction with other blockades of nearby intersections, this 12-week pilot program was meant to improve traffic flows along the congested US 1. Though the project was improving travel times along US 1, motorists wanting to make the previously-allowed left turns were making U-turns and K-turns in the driveways of Penns Neck residences instead of using nearby interchanges to U-turn on US 1 itself. The project ended a month early after residents complaints and local politicians opposition to the project were heard.
NJDOT has proposed a realignment of CR 571 in the Penns Neck neighborhood of West Windsor. The various alternatives would have begun near the northern terminus of Route 64 at a new grade-separated interchange to provide access to the Princeton Junction Station and the existing Washington Road, run north of Penns Neck through the David Sarnoff Research, cross US 1 at a new grade-separated interchange, and return to the existing alignment south of the Millstone River.
Major intersections
See also
References
External links
New Jersey 5xx Routes (Dan Moraseski)
New Jersey County Route 571 and NJ 64
CR 571 (Greater New York Roads)
571
571
571
571 |
4025949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goito | Goito | Goito (Upper Mantovano: ) is a comune of 10,005 inhabitants in the Province of Mantua in Lombardy. Goito is north of Mantua on the road leading to Brescia and lake Garda, and straddles the old east–west Via Postumia between Cremona and Verona. The town is on the right bank of the Mincio River at a key crossing. The birthplace of Sordello, Goito is part of the historic region known as Alto Mantovano (Upper Mantuan) and was once the site of a fortress of note.
Etymology
The term "Goito" is generally taken to indicate an area of Gothic settlement and is a common toponym in Italy (such as in Godega). In 1902 Italian legal scholar Nino Tamassia published a legal document from 1045 (brought to his attention by the scholar F.C. Carreri) showing that at least some of the inhabitants of Goito claimed to live "according to Gothic law" ("qui professimus legem vivere Gothorum") even as late as the XI century. Local histories by Federico Amedei, Livio Calafassi and Giovanni Tassoni have all agreed on the Gothic origin of the toponym.
Historian Pietro Pelati has instead made the case for an etymology from "Guttus", a Latin term for a water vase, arguing the term often indicated a settlement by a river.
History
Antiquity
In pre-Roman antiquity, the area of present-day Goito stood on a crossing at the Mincio at a halfway point between the Celtic Cenomani towns of Brescia and Verona and the Etruscan and Boii settlement of Mantua. The Cenomani soon became Roman clients, but goodwill between them and the expanding Roman Republic did not last. Eventually, allied with the Insubres and Boi they took part in a series of revolts between 200 BCE and 197 BCE orchestrated and aided by a Carthaginian general named Hamilcar (modern historians argue Hamilcar's role was ultimately "minimal"). The Cenomani and Insubres was defeated at an unspecified crossing of the river Mincio in 197 BCE by the Roman consul Gaius Cornelius Cethegus (it is possible that in the course of the battle the Cenomani betrayed the Insubres). Roman rule of the upper Mantuan began as a result.
Goito was perhaps founded as a Roman waystation in the early 2nd century BCE when the Romans built a major road known as the Via Postumia to connect their colonies at Genoa, Piacenza and Cremona in Aemilia et Liguria to the newly conquered territories in the Eastern Po Valley. The middle section of the Postumia started in Cremona and ran eastwards to Bedriacum (then the major crossing on the river Oglio) crossing the Mincio at Goito (though nearby crossings existed at Valeggio and Mantua) before continuing eastwards to the former Cenomani town of Verona and to the capital of the new Roman province of Venetia at Aquileja.
Sections of the ancient Via Postumia have always remained visible in Goito: on the right bank of the Mincio at Corte Merlesca and at Torre di Goito, and on the left bank at Massimbona. These sections of the road are locally known as "la Levada", the raised earth-bank or the raised road. Further evidence of Roman-era settlement in the area is supplied by Roman remains found in the late XIXth century at localitá Castelvetere o Castelvetro indicating some kind of settlement (now in the collections of the Museo Civico at Mantua) and 21 Roman burials excavated in 1939 about 1.5 km south-east of the main town. In the tombs, a number of brooches or fibulae and a carved cameo jewel were retrieved, as well as pendants and elements of a glass-bead necklace. No Roman-era bridge has however been found anywhere on the Mincio, so it is likely the river was crossed by ferry or ford. Local historians have taken the toponym Corte Guá (farmstead at the ford) to indicate an old ford on the Mincio.
Early Middle Ages
After the fall of Rome, the territory of Goito emerges as a significant barbarian settlement. Excavations undertaken in 1968 and then again between 1990 and 1993 have unearthed two Late Antique and Early Medieval burial grounds in the territory of the comune. The burial grounds, situated on the road between Goito and Castellucchio at the locality known as "Sacca di Goito", contain at least 240 burials. Two small cross pendants, a number of short swords and daggers, pendants and other objects have been retrieved. Some of the graves at Sacca di Goito likely belonged to Ostrogoths (in so far as fibulae and mirrors found in the graves can be ascribed to the Chernyakhov culture) while the larger number of early medieval graves in the same burial ground are burials of Lombards or of the Lombard period.
High Middle Ages
Documents from XI century Goito show the population claimed to live according to multiple forms of personal law: Latin Law, Lombard Law and Gothic Law. Historian Carreri claimed the first mention of the town occurs in a small donation by a priest of "Latin law" Martin, son of Leo, to the monastery of Saint Genesius at Brescello from 1031. Two similar small donations are made to the Church of Saint Mary, a dependency of the monastery, by Manfred, "of Alemannian law", in 1042 and 1044. A more substantial donation by Matilda of Tuscany, who held comital power over the county of Mantua, records the town in 1099. Matilda donates 4 farmsteads in nearby Rivalta sul Mincio and 4 in Goito to the monastery of Saint Genesius.
The eighteenth-century historian Ippolito Donesmondi had found and published a document showing rights over a chapel in the castle in Goito were donated in 1123 by the Bishop of Mantua to the abbey of San Benedetto Polirone, a wealthy monastery patronized by Matilda of Tuscany. This donation shows that Goito was already a fortified place in 1123. Goito's connections with Matilda of Tuscany have led some local historians (including Carreri) to suppose that the 1080 battle of Volta Mantovana between pro-Imperial and pro-Papal forces actually took place in Goito rather than in nearby Volta, but their interpretation would rest on a completely different understanding of the accepted text of the Chronicon of Bernold of Constance (i.e. swapping "apud Guithum" for the accepted "apud Voltam").
The castle of Goito became more significant in the following years. In 1237 Frederick II received a delegation from Mantua at Goito and pardoned the Mantuans for their insubordination against the Holy Roman Empire. In 1250 the castle of Goito was chosen for a pro-Imperial diet by Conrad IV of Germany.
At some point in the late XIIth century, the celebrated troubadour Sordello was born in a knightly family in Goito, as testified by his almost contemporary anonymous Occitan biographer. Early modern Mantuan historians such as Bartolomeo Sacchi "il Platina" and Scipione Agnelli Maffei state he was of the Mantuan line of the Visconti family (a claim not accepted by modern historians) and the literary historian Giovanni Mario Crescimbeni even stated that Sordello, after his famous exile in Provence, returned and acquired the title of "de Goito" when he become lord of Goito. This claim is unsubstantiated and not accepted by modern historians: the elderly Sordello returned to Italy only as a member of Charles of Anjou's entourage in 1265. He was imprisoned at Novara for unknown reasons the following year, and in 1269 received the lordship of various lands and castles in Abruzzo.
According to historians the Bonacolsi family - de facto rulers of Mantua in the late XIII century - purchase a house to collect tolls at the bridge-head in Goito in the late XIII century. In 1318 the Bonacolsi's sworn enemy and the new ruler of Mantua, Gian Francesco Gonzaga granted Goito a tax exemption, and in 1353 Charles IV of Bohemia donated the down of Goito to the house of Gonzaga and the Marquisate of Mantua, confirming the town's status as a key fortress for the regime of the Gonzagas, one of the more significant signorie in the late-medieval Po Valley.
The Renaissance
In the 15th century, the town of Goito was embroiled in the wars opposing the Visconti of Milan to the rising Gonzaga of Mantua and the Republic of Venice. In 1453 Carlo Gonzaga, a claimant to the Gonzaga estates in Mantua sought to take control of the area with Venetian support. Carlo Gonzaga's troops were however defeated in battle at the farmstead of Villabona (a frazione of Goito) on 14 June 1453 by the forces of the marquis of Mantova Ludovico III Gonzaga. Ludovico Gonzaga, delighted by his victory, went on to build a residence in Goito (in which the painter Andrea Mantegna worked in 1463–64), restored the fortifications and built the Naviglio di Goito canal, and died here by plague in 1478. Goito maintained its prosperity under the later dukes of Mantua Guglielmo and Vincenzo I Gonzaga, becoming a wealthy market town on the road between Mantua and Venetian-held Verona.
The War of the Mantuan Succession
On 22 November 1629, during the war of the Mantuan succession Goito was surrendered by its Mantuan commander to Imperial forces then besieging Mantua. The capture of Goito was a key episode in the Imperial siege of Mantua, and its fall threatened communication and supply routes between the beleaguered city and its Venetian allies in Verona, Peschiera, and Valeggio sul Mincio. An attempt to lift the siege of Mantua failed on 29 May 1630 when French and Venetian troops were comprehensively defeated just outside Goito at the Battle of Villabuona in today's frazione of Villabona. The treaty of Cherasco restored Goito and the duchy of Mantua to Charles Gonzaga, duke of Mantua. In the wake of the war, the ensuing plague, and the general decline in Mantua's economic and political fortunes spelt the beginning of the town's decline. Goito was struck by an earthquake on 5 July 1693, and the castle was damaged.
The Eighteenth Century
In the Autumn of 1701, during the War of the Spanish succession Goito was surrounded and besieged by Imperial troops only to be relieved by French troops allied with the Duke of Mantua Ferdinando Carlo Gonzaga in the spring of 1702. The town was again besieged unsuccessfully on Friday 19 May 1702 by another Imperial army. The French garrison at Goito was eventually driven out of the town on 19 August 1706 by Imperial forces under the command of the prince of Hesse. In the report of the battle the prince of Hesse specifies that Goito had "a large ditch, a thick wall, 4 bastions and a ravelin" and that he besieged it with 1,800 foot soldiers and 1,000 horse. After bombardment with a battery of eight guns was ineffective the prince had given orders to scale the walls, but the commander surrendered the night before the attack commenced, and was allowed to withdraw with his 200-strong garrison to Cremona. The taking of Goito was a key event in the lead up to the French victory at the battle of Castiglione, where the Imperial forces were defeated by a large French army that had reached too late to relieve Goito. Notwithstanding the defeat, Imperial forces went on to conquer Lombardy for Austria, entering Milan in triumph on 26 September 1706, ending a century and a half of Spanish rule in Lombardy.
Duke Ferdinando Carlo Gonzaga's alliance with France and his betrayal of his Imperial suzerain during the course of the war was punished by an Imperial edict terminating his lordship over the Duchy of Mantua. The Duke died in exile in Padua before the news reached him, and so the Duchy and the town of Goito came to be incorporated into the domains of the Austrian Hapsburgs. Spanish Lombardy too became an Austrian domain, though it was administered separately from the former duchy of Mantua. The Austrian gains in Lombardy and Mantua were confirmed by the Treaty of Utrecht.
During the war of the Polish succession an allied Franco-Piedmontese army successfully invaded Austrian Lombardy and entered the Austrian duchy of Mantua. Imperial troops led by Count Königsegg had left a garrison of 100 men under Lieutenant Carrillo at Goito to either prevent the allies from crossing the Mincio or to slow down their advance. But fearing that the allied army had already crossed further upstream, Carillo quit Goito on 16 June 1735 without offering resistance, though he destroyed either partially or completely the bridge on the Mincio. Goito was then immediately occupied by 400 men under the Comte de Ségur. The main Austrian army and the Piedmontese-French allies then faced off against one another on the opposite banks of the Mincio, but count Königsegg, fearing that his position was no longer defensible decided to retreat from Lombardy altogether. In the armistice negotiations in October 1735, the French requested and were allowed to retain a garrison in Goito and free passage to resupply it. The French garrison was removed only when peace was officially concluded.
In 1745, during the War of the Austrian Succession the Austrian administration, seeking to simplify matters of governance and finance united the territories of the former Duchy of Mantua, including Goito, with Austrian Lombardy and the territories of the former Duchy of Milan. Goito has been a comune of Lombardy ever since. Taxes to fund the war then being fought in Western Lombardy, Piedmont and Liguria and across Germany were raised, and soldiers from the Mantuan countryside were recruited to Austrian regiments to fight. As shown by the historian Corrado Vivanti, after the wars, peasants and townsmen in declining Goito benefited only very partially from the judicial, administrative and revenue reforms associated with Maria Theresa of Austria and Joseph II of Austria's enlightened absolutism and the reformism of Lombard intellectuals, which contributed instead to consolidate large-scale landholding. The region experienced agrarian disturbances in 1761.
Napoleonic Wars
In 1796, during the course of operations leading to the Battle of Borghetto Goito was taken by French revolutionary troops and incorporated into the Cisalpine Republic. It was eventually recaptured by the Austrian colonel of Serbian descent Sebastian Prodanovich on 11 April 1799. On 25–26 December 1800 French troops moving to recapture the town clashed again with the Austrians at the bridge of Goito in the course of events connected with the Battle of Pozzolo. In the initial engagements undertaken by the French right-flank, general Dupont and the Division Watrin defeated an 8,000 strong Austrian force led by General D'Aspre' and seized the bridge on the Mincio and the town. The course of the battle involving the French right flank then shifted to nearby Monzambano. Following French victories in the Italian Campaign Goito and Lombardy became part of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. On 8 February 1814, during the War of the Sixth Coalition, 34,000 French and Italian troops, led by Eugène de Beauharnais, and a similar number of Austrians, under Field Marshal Heinrich von Bellegarde, battled for control of the bridge on the Mincio the town of Goito and a number of surrounding localities and rural frazioni in a sprawling, indecisive, and bloody engagement known as the Battle of the Mincio River.
Risorgimento 1815-1861
After the Napoleonic wars, Goito and the Mantuan territories were returned to the Austrian crown and eventually incorporated into the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia. The Piedmontese army won the opening engagement of the First Italian War of Independence at the bridge over the river Mincio by Goito on 8 the April 1848 - the first-ever military engagement of the Bersaglieri light infantry. In a short battle, the newly established light infantry unit commanded by Alessandro La Marmora successfully captured the bridge on the Mincio river and forced the small detachment of Austrian defenders to withdraw to the fortifications of the Austrian Qaudrilatero. Following Radetzsky's counter-offensive later in May and the defeat of Tuscan and Neapolitan volunteers at the Battle of Curtatone and Montanara the Austrian and Piedmontese armies clashed again on 30 May 1848 at the large-scale Battle of Goito, just outside the town: Radetzky was defeated and the Piedmontese army allowed to resume its offensive.
With the final defeat of the Piedmontese army at Custoza and the end of the war, Goito, however, returned to Austrian rule. As part of the Risorgimento nationalist movement locals in Goito continued to conspire against Austrian rule nonetheless, risking arrest and execution. The most notable case to occur in Mantua province was the January 1852 arrest and execution of the members of the underground nationalist circle founded by the Mantuan clergyman Enrico Tazzoli, a former student of Goito grammar school. Tazzoli and his followers eventually came to be known and celebrated as the Belfiore martyrs and became integral to the developing pantheon of Italian nationalism. Don Giuseppe Ottonelli, a Goito native and well-established local figure (the parish priest of San Silvestro church) was tried and sentenced to death in the same case, but escaped execution, as his sentence was commuted by Radetzky and he was later pardoned.
Goito as the border crossing between Italy and Austria 1861-1866
Goito became part of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1859 (from 1861 known as the Kingdom of Italy), after the Second Italian War of Independence and was annexed to the newly constituted province of Brescia. 3/5ths of the territory of the former Mantua province (including Mantua) remained in Austrian-held territory. As a result of the partition of the erstwhile Mantua province between Italy and Austria the town of Goito came to be, briefly, between 1861 and 1866 an international border crossing between the kingdom of Italy on the right bank of the Mincio and Austria-Hungary on the left bank. Because according to the treaty of Zurich the border between Italian Lombardy on the one side and Austrian Mantua on the other was to follow the exact course of the river, the municipal territory of the town came to be divided into two, and houses on the river's left bank (for a total of 1.050 inhabitants) came to be part of Austria, separated by the bridge and river from the main, Italian-held town, where two-thirds of the population then lived. Crossing the border for locals for mass and for the weekly market could be difficult, though Goitesi were technically exempt from having to use a passport to do so. Italian police reports show a local schoolteacher sought to elude border patrols in order to meet every night with an Austrian police inspector in Austrian-held Villa Giraffa. The Austrian authorities on the other hand complained Goito parish priest Don Giuseppe Rondelli and his deputy Pietro Fortuna (a political refugee from Austrian-held Venetia) incited Italian nationalism and decided to try to prevent left-bank locals from crossing over the river to listen to the nationalist sermons at mass. Austrian suspicions were not without reason. Father Rondelli of Goito wrote and published in 1860 a book titled Sulle sventure di Mantova, Verona, Venezia lotto il gioco dell'Austria (On the misfortunes of Mantua, Verona and Venice under Austrian yoke) lamenting that one-third of his flock remained "under Austrian tyranny" and complaining of the "persecution suffered at every crossing of the bridge for being of one true colour, that of a true Italian" The international border crossing at Goito ceased to exist when Italy annexed Venetia following the Third war of Italian Independence.
Goito in Liberal Italy 1866-1919
Political and social life in Goito and in the Upper Mantuan was influenced by the agrarian struggles that culminated in the 1883 and 1885 tenant and farm-labourer strikes known as "Le Boje". These strikes started in the Lower Mantuan municipality of Gonzaga and interested a number of adjoining villages, and are widely recognized as Italy's first mass labour strike. No specific instance of peasant revolt is recorded in Goito, but labourers and tenants had formed in the late XIX century two cooperative associations to negotiate better wages from local landlords, such as one in Goito in 1873 ("La Cooperativa") and one in Cerlongo in 1893. These would later be dissolved during the Fascist period.
Fascism in Goito 1919-1943
During the Bienno Rosso Goito and the Upper Mantuan experienced considerable political and social unrest as left-wing activists and agricultural labourers sought to wrestle local political power from middle-class townspeople, rural notables and landlords gathered in the Confederazione Nazionale Agraria, and then, from 3 May 1921, in a local sezione of the new Partito Nazionale Fascista (then simply known as the "Fascio"). Local Goito agricultural entrepreneur and major landholder Giuseppe "Pino" Moschini emerged as the most significant organizer of Fascist squadrismo in Goito and nearby localities. Moschini's activism was key in crushing peasant agitation, putting an end to widespread rent-strikes and curtailing developing leftist political activism in the region. Ruthless violence (such as a three-day raid against Valeggio sul Mincio) also ensured that Moschini - popularly known as the local "Ras" - soon became one of the most prominent Fascist leaders in rural Mantua, and between 1922 and 1927 he "single-handedly controlled economic policy and all labour movement in the entire province" Moschini also took part, according to his obituary, in notorious Fascist expeditions against leftists in Parma, Cremona, Bolzano, Milano and Ferrara, leaving the description of some of the raids in his editorials, later collected by posthumous admirers in a 1934 volume. The official daily of the Mantuan federation of the National Fascist Party La Voce di Mantova at one point described him as a "the young-faced, red-bearded leader (...) who has chosen over considerable wealth this hard life of battle, revealing uncommon organizational capacity. Rough-tempered, with the character of a former officer of the Alpini, he is invariably forgiven his tremendous ragings by his subordinates who know the extent of his goodness and are deeply attached to him".
Party struggles internal to the Fascist Party and a rivalry with more "moderate" Fascist leaders such as the mayor of Mantua ensured Moschini's role diminished with time. His support for Corporatism and his dislike for those he considered opportunistic fascists of no true conviction led Moschini to vehemently criticize some of Italy's leading industrialists such as Agnelli and Olivetti, even challenging Adriano Olivetti to a duel. Marginalized at a national level by his own radicalism Moschini was removed from the Secretariat of the Provincial Section of the Fascist party in a 1927 reorganization of the local party led by Fascist leader Augusto Turati. Moschini nonetheless remained locally influential, founding the Mantuan legion of volunteer Blackshirts (the XXIII MVSN Legion "Mincio") and organizing the erection of the monument to the Bersagliere in town, for which Benito Mussolini contributed personally the sum of 1,000 Lira.
He died in 1934 in a car-crash and was buried in the family villa in Goito. Local authorities named the newly established kindergarten of Goito in his honor and organized a yearly bike race between Mantua and Milan (the "trofeo Moschini").
The Second World War and the Resistance
During the Second World War, in the wake of the armistice of the 8th of September and the subsequent German occupation of Northern Italy and creation of the fascist puppet-state known as the Italian Social Republic in nearby Salò a few locals from villages and towns across the provinces of Mantua and Verona joined local partisan formations to fight the Germans, while others signed up to local collaborationist units. Goito, a rural market town, appears to have only been significant for the Germans as an entrepôt for trucks carrying supplies to the Gothic line. Nevertheless, the skies above Goito saw some air combat as the Allied airforces sought to disrupt German supply lines and truck-stands between Verona and the Gothic line and as Allied planes flew to bomb industrial centres in German-occupied northern Italy.
On 2 April 1945 in air combat over Goito National Republican Air Force pilot and prominent Bologna fascist leader Aristide Sarti's Messerschmitt Bf109 was shot down by a USAF P-47 Thunderbolt from the 346th Fighter Squadron piloted by Lt. Richard Sulzbach, and crashed in a pond in the rural frazione of Corte Baronina. Sarti either died in the crash or drowned in the pond. The dogfight in which Sarti was shot down had begun when National Republican Air Force Bf109s from the 2nd gruppo caccia "Gigi Tre Osei" attacked a group of 57th Bombardment Wing B-25s and their P-47th escorts from the 346th and 347th fighter squadrons returning from a bombing run. The engagement turned out to be one of the most catastrophic air battles ever undertaken by the National Republican Air Force; 14 Bf109s belonging to the 2nd gruppo caccia were shot down and six Fascist pilots were killed. On the other hand, the Fascist airmen scored no kills.
On 11 April 1945, for just over two hours, USAF planes aiming to destroy German fuel cisterns hidden in and around the countryside town bombed Goito, damaging a number of homes. No one was killed in the air raid: some inhabitants attributed this to the Madonna della Salute, and a thanksgiving Mass was recited. Military historians have specified the town was never the objective of the raid, which targeted instead a large and partially hidden German fuel depot. In a first wave, 7 Flying Fortresses from the 483d bomber group, escorted by 36 Mustangs from the 52nd Fighter Group attacked the depot, but seem to have done little damage. A Luftwaffe Arado 234 was however damaged by the escorts and later crash-landed in Switzerland. The second wave of 24 Liberators from the 464th and 465th bomber group hit parts of the fuel depot, and a later third wave of 36 Liberators from the 454th, 455th and 456th bomber group reportedly destroyed 12 structures at the Goito fuel depot. German casualties at the fuel depot are not known.
The most prominent resistance unit operating locally in the upper Mantuan countryside was the Brigata Italia based in and around nearby Villafranca di Verona, which was responsible for operations in and around Goito. On 25 April 1945 Barbieri Gino, a resistance fighter of the brigade that had been captured was executed with no trial by retreating German soldiers in the town of Goito itself, and his corpse was left unburied on the wayside. Retreating German units were supposed to burn at least part of the town to the ground, but the act was not carried out - reportedly due to the actions of a friendly German officer - and the town was liberated by the Allies the following morning, on 26 April 1945.
Goito in the First Republic
After the war Goito, like other northern Italian localities, benefited from the Italian economic miracle and rising standards of living. New consumer goods, educational institutions and amenities transformed life in the small town. A Cinema for instance was opened in the "Sala Verde" in 1948.
Politically, after the war the population of Goito - primarily composed of agricultural labourers - organized in the Federbraccianti trade union began supporting the Italian Communist Party, transforming the small town into a left-wing stronghold. The national strike of agricultural labourers of 1949 was especially significant in Goito, and in the course of the labour unrest, some farmhouses were blown up with sticks of dynamite. 14 leftist activists, including the secretary of the Camera del Lavoro Angelo Vincenzi, were arrested for criminal conspiracy, illegal possession of firearms and criminal damage. In 1952 the charges against Vincenzi and six others were dismissed for lack of evidence, while seven others received jail sentences.
At municipal elections in 1949, the Communist trade unionist Gina Magnoni was elected mayor of Goito - the first woman to ever win a mayoral election in Mantua province. Local Communist leader Narciso Vaccari then won municipal elections in 1951 and 1956. The authorities of the newly democratic Republic of Italy were still often unsympathetic to labour unrest and political activism. On 27 July 1954 for instance the Prefect of Mantua suspended Vaccari from his mayor functions for three months after he had held political speeches and had incited working farm-labourers to join 15 June 1954 national farmhand's strike.
In 1959, to Vaccari's delight, the local team of Goito won the Italian championship of Tamburello, a ball game primarily played in Lombardy and Piedmont.
The hold of the Communist party declined in the following years. In local elections in 1960, the Communist Party suffered electoral defeat, and the town elected a mayor from the Italian Catholic Christian-Democrat party, dott. Aldo Pampuri. The town's Christian Democrats narrowly won municipal elections again on 22 November 1964, when Sereno Guindolini obtained the highest number of preferences. A Christian Democratic majority in the municipal council was again returned by the municipal elections of 7 June 1970. Elections in 1975 and 1980 and the lack of a clear win for either Christian Democrats or Communists consecrated instead as mayor the Partito Socialista Italiano candidate Rinaldo Rabbi (a former Christian Democrat ward councillor), first in alliance with the Communists, then with their Christian Democrat rivals. Mayor Rabbi was a controversial figure in local politics, and was widely believed to administer the municipality from an out-of-town pizzeria and ballroom named "Mocambo". Rabbi was eventually dropped from the Socialist Party mayoral candidacy following internal party disagreements but remained active and influential in local politics as an alderman. In 1985 a fragile local alliance headed by Christian Democrat Cesarino Marchioro run the municipality until political disagreement scuttled the municipal government in 1987. On 28 May 1989, new elections were held to provide the beleaguered town with a functioning municipal government. Communist leader Giancarlo Pajetta is supposed to have given one of his last political speeches during this municipal election. The Communist bid for power was unsuccessful, and the Socialist Ilario Chiaventi, brother of Communist President of the Province of Mantua and future MP Massimo Chiaventi, was eventually sworn in as mayor, with Cesarino Marchioro as deputy mayor.
Goito found itself at the heart of a national political scandal when in Autumn 1989 former mayor Rinaldo Rabbi - then an alderman - was arrested and charged with arms trafficking. Rabbi had been selling homemade submachine guns, manufactured by a local Goito gunsmith, to criminals in the Mantova and Verona area, and allegedly even to the Mafia. When another local politician, social-democratic former deputy mayor (from '75 to '80) and planning committee chairperson (from '85 to'88) Arnaldo Vincenzi was arrested and sentenced to one year and ten months for the crimes of extortion and abuse of public office, national daily Corriere della Sera asked if Goito deserved "the prize for being the most turbulent municipality in the region". Former mayor Rabbi was later arrested and imprisoned in the Canton Mombello Brescia jail on charges of paedophilia, and later released to house arrest.
Goito in the Second Republic
In the early 1990s Operation clean hands or "Mani Pulite" brought an end to the extant political system in Italy, and all extant Italian parties either disappeared or were founded anew. With established parties by and large discredited Enzo Cartapati, a former Communist leader was elected mayor of Goito in 1991 for the newly established social democratic Democratic Party of the Left. In 1994 he was re-elected mayor for the Democrats of the Left. In the late 1990s the political scene in northern Italy was transformed by the emergence of a new kind of regionalist and populist political force, the Lega Lombarda, which attracted considerable support in Mantua province and in Goito. In 1998 the former Christian Democrat Pietro Marcazzan led a coalition of new centre-right forces centred on the Lega to victory and became the first centre-right mayor of Goito. Marcazzan's tenure was successful and he was reconfirmed mayor in 2002. In 2007, as Marcazzan left to pursue national-level politics, Anita Marchetti ran for mayoral office supported by Lega and Forza Italia and won the municipal election. Marchetti made the national news when she insisted admissions at the municipal kindergarten would from then onwards be reserved exclusively for "the children of Christian parents". Marcazzan eventually returned to challenge Marchetti and was elected mayor for the third time in 2012. In 2017 the son of the late Socialist mayor Ilario Chiaventi, Pietro Chiaventi, was elected mayor at the head of a non-political, civic list promising to "turn a new page" for Goito.
From the early 2000s, a substantial number of immigrants have settled in Goito and found work in the town's local industries. Some have acquired Italian citizenship in the process. As of 1 January 2020, 1.249 foreign citizens resided in Goito, amounting to 12.4% of the entire population of the commune. This number does not include foreign-born citizens who acquired citizenship after settling in Italy. By far the largest group of immigrants to Goito has come from the Indian State of the Punjab, and as of 2020 536 Indian citizens resided in Goito. Most Indian immigrants to Goito are Sikh and are employed in the local dairy industry as either entrepreneurs or labouring farm-hands, and worship at a local gurdwara in Rivalta sul Mincio. In 2015 an amritdhari Sikh resident of Goito was fined for carrying a kirpan. The fine on the carrying of the kirpan was later upheld by Italy's higher appeal court, the Corte di Cassazione. The Court's sentence has been interpreted by some as an infringement on the religious liberties of Sikhs and widely reported in international media as a ban on the kirpan. In India, MP Gurjeet Singh Aulja met with Italian diplomats to discuss the affair and was assured no generalized ban on kirpans is operative.
Notable sites
Religious edifices of note
Church of Saint Peter the Apostle
Church of Massimbona
Church of St. Mary Virgin and Martyr at Solarolo
Military edifices of note
Castle of Goito
Castle of Cerlongo
Civic landmarks
Civic Tower
The bridge of Goito ("Ponte della Gloria")
Villa Giraffa
Villa Moschini
Corte Villabona
Monument to the Bersaglieri
Municipal Theater
Twin towns
Goito is twinned with:
Baienfurt, Germany, since 2005
References
Sources
Cities and towns in Lombardy |
4025952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Habbaniyah | Lake Habbaniyah | Lake Habbaniyah ( Baḥīra al-Ḥabbāniya) is a lake located halfway between Ramadi and Fallujah near Al-Taqaddum (TQ) Air Base in Al Habbaniyah in Anbar Province, Iraq.
In the late 1930s and 1940s Lake Habbaniyah was used by Imperial Airways as a refueling point and hotel for flying boats flying from the United Kingdom to India. Nearby on the banks of the Euphrates had already been established the Royal Air Force airbase of RAF Dhibban, later renamed RAF Habbaniya.
It was the scene of action during the Rashid Ali rebellion Anglo-Iraqi War when the RAF trainee aircrew and troops stationed there effectively saw off the besieging Iraqi troops and subsequent German aerial attacks.
See also
123 Signals Unit RAF
Al Taqaddum - TQ
RAF Habbaniya
Lake Tharthar
Lake Milh
Lake Qadisiyah
Mosul Dam
List of dams and reservoirs in Iraq
Wildlife of Iraq
References
Al Anbar Governorate
Lakes of Iraq
Euphrates |
4025953 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meldola | Meldola | Meldola () is a town and comune near Forlì, in Emilia-Romagna, Italy.
History
The area of Meldola was inhabited since very ancient times. The Romans built here a large aqueduct (still existing under the ground) which served the military port of Classis. To the 5th-6th century belongs a large patrician villa which is now under the historical centre.
In the Middle Ages a castle was present, the name Meldola first attested around the year 1000. The castle was a possession of the Montefeltro, Ordelaffi, Malatesta, the Borghese Aldobrandini and the Doria Pamphilj. It gained the status of city in 1862, soon after the unification of Italy.
Main sights
Rocca (castle)
Castle of Teodorano, outside the city. Of the originary fortified burgh, destroyed by Cesare Borgia, a tower and part of the walls remain.
Church of the Madonna del Sasso (1523). It is now home to the Ecology Museum.
Churches of San Cosimo and San Nicolò.
Ponte dei Veneziani (Venetians' Bridge), a 5-arch bridge dating from the early 16th-century.
Scardavilla Wood preserved area
Rocca delle Caminate fortress, which was a summer residence of Benito Mussolini
Government
List of mayors
Economy
In the late 19th century and in the first years of 20th century, Meldola was well known for its production of silk. The main activities include agriculture and the manufacture of furniture. A recently built oncology hospital provides research into cancer and care for cancer patients.
Notable people
The following notable persons were born in Meldola: the philosopher and theologian Bartolomeo Mastri; the patriot Felice Orsini; the painter Maria Giuditta Versari. Japan football coach
Alberto Zaccheroni was also born in Meldola.
References |
4025954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastling | Eastling | Eastling is a small village 4½ miles to the southwest of Faversham, Kent in England. It is set in a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty on the slope of the North Downs.
The village's Conservation Area boasts some excellent buildings and gardens, and the Eastling Manor House.
St Mary's Church
The village church of St Mary's is believed to have been built on the foundations of an earlier place of worship before the 11th century. The oldest surviving parts are the base of the southwest tower, the nave and the western part of the chancel.
The chancel was extended eastwards in the 14th century to create a sanctuary. About the same time, the St Katherine Chapel and an arcade was added to the southeast corner.
The nave, north aisle and south arcade were substantially rebuilt by the architect R.C. Hussey in 1855-56; the west porch added and the nave re-roofed. St Mary's box pews, pulpit, lectern, rector's stall and choir stalls all date from that era.
Eastling school
Eastling County Primary School opened on Kettle Hill on 7 February 1881 with 80 children. The first head was Bessie Higham; since February 2002 it has been Dave Walsh. It replaced a schoolhouse built before 1842 in Newnham Lane and which doubled as a church hall.
Currently (January 2020) the school has a roll fluctuating around 100 pupils with spaces for 15 new pupils each year at ages 4 and 5.
Transport
A public bus service (the number 660) links the village to Faversham, every day except Sundays.
References
External links
Eastling Village website
Villages in Kent
Borough of Swale
Civil parishes in Kent |
4025956 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug%20Flach | Doug Flach | Doug Flach (born August 10, 1970) is a former tennis player from the United States.
Flach won two doubles titles during his career. The right-hander reached his highest individual ranking on the ATP Tour on March 21, 1994, when he reached World No. 108. He defeated Andre Agassi (seeded third) in the first round at Wimbledon in 1996 but lost in the third round. He also defeated Agassi in 1997 at Washington, D.C.
Additionally, Flach had career wins over Ivan Lendl, Pat Rafter, Gustavo Kuerten, and Thomas Johansson. Flach won two doubles titles: one with Paul Annacone and the other with Sandon Stolle. He retired in 1999.
Flach was an All-American at the University of Tennessee in 1990. His older brother Ken was a prominent tour doubles player in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
Career finals
Doubles: (2 titles, 4 runner-ups)
External links
1970 births
Living people
American male tennis players
Tennis players from St. Louis
Tennessee Volunteers men's tennis players |
4025957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASER | ASER | ASER may refer to:
Adelaide Station and Environs Redevelopment of Adelaide railway station
Appraisal subordination entitlement reduction |
4025962 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Robb%20%28politician%29 | James Robb (politician) | James Alexander Robb, (10 August 1859 – November 11, 1929) was a Canadian Member of Parliament and cabinet minister. Robb was a member of the Liberal Party of Canada.
He served as Liberal Party Whip from 1919 to 1921.
From 5 September 1925 to 28 June 1926 and again from 25 September 1926 until his death, he served as Minister of Finance in the administration of William Lyon Mackenzie King. He served briefly as Acting Minister of National Defence in October 1926.
References
External links
1859 births
1929 deaths
Canadian Ministers of Finance
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Laurier Liberals
Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada
People from Montérégie |
4025965 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle%20of%20a%20Summer | Chronicle of a Summer | Chronicle of a Summer (French original title: Chronique d'un été) is a 1961 French documentary film shot during the summer of 1960 by sociologist Edgar Morin and anthropologist and filmmaker Jean Rouch, with the technical and aesthetic collaboration of Québécois director-cameraman Michel Brault.
The film is widely regarded as structurally innovative and an example of cinéma vérité and direct cinema. The term "cinéma vérité" was suggested by the film's publicist and coined by Rouch, highlighting a connection between film and its context, a fact Brault confirmed in an interview after a 2011 screening of Chronique d'un été at the TIFF Bell Lightbox in Toronto.
In a 2014 Sight & Sound poll, film critics voted Chronicle of a Summer the sixth-best documentary film of all time.
Synopsis
The film begins with Rouch and Morin discussing whether it is possible to act sincerely on camera. A cast of real-life individuals are then introduced and led by the filmmakers to discuss topics related to French society and working-class happiness. At the movie's end, the filmmakers show their subjects the footage and have them discuss the level of reality that they thought the movie achieved.
Production
Chronicle of a Summer was filmed in Paris and Saint-Tropez, France. Rouch used synchronized sound, using a 16 mm camera connected through pilottone with a prototype of Nagra III, a transistorized tape recorder with electronic speed control developed by Stefan Kudelski.
Cast
All cast members appear as themselves.
Jean Rouch
Edgar Morin
Marceline Loridan-Ivens
Marilù Parolini (as Mary Lou)
Angelo
Jean-Pierre Sergent
Jean (worker)
Nadine Ballot (student)
Régis Debray (student)
Céline (student)
Jean-Marc (student)
Landry (student)
Raymond (student)
Jacques (office workers)
Simone (office workers)
Henri (artist)
Madi (artist)
Catherine (artist)
Sophie (One cover girl)
Véro (young girl, uncredited)
Maxie (Jacques' wife, uncredited)
Jacques Rivette (cameo, scene deleted)
See also
Inquiring Nuns
References
External links
Chronicle of a Summer: Truth and Consequences an essay by Sam Di Iorio at the Criterion Collection
1961 documentary films
1961 films
French documentary films
French avant-garde and experimental films
Self-reflexive films
Films directed by Jean Rouch
Films produced by Anatole Dauman
1960s French-language films |
4025968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noblesse%20%28cigarette%29 | Noblesse (cigarette) | Noblesse () is an Israeli brand of cigarettes, currently owned and manufactured by Dubek. The name "Noblesse" comes from the French term Noblesse oblige, which means "nobility obliges".
History
Noblesse was first launched in 1952 in a distinct green, 80mm, 'soft-pack' which has never been dramatically changed. It is the oldest in Dubek's product line. The cigarette also has the highest tar (19 mg) and nicotine (1.3 mg) amounts available on the Israeli cigarette market.
Despite Dubek's original plans to make Nobblesse cigarettes a premium priced cigarette, its cheap price made it popular with generations of soldiers, Kibbutzniks and even prisoners who wanted to smoke but not burn too much money. However, in more recent times, the Noblesse brand is barely smoked in the Israel Defense Forces anymore, as it holds a 1% sale rate amongst the soldiers and other brands like Marlboro and Camel have become more popular over the years.
Dubek has since made three additions to the Noblesse family: A lower nicotine/tar blend branded Noblesse Virginia Blend, an even lower nicotine/tar blend in a flip-top pack branded American Blue and Noblesse Golden Virginia. Noblesse cigarettes are also distributed or sold by the Israel Defense Forces to imprisoned soldiers within Israeli military prisons.
Noblesse cigarettes have a special place in the Israeli history, as a feature of young people who want to realize the values of the 1960s "Sex and drugs and rock and roll phase" Apparently this place was given to the brand due to the distribution of free Noblesse cigarettes in Kibbutz, which has become a feature of the youth and the Nahal.
In March 2013, it was reported that Dubek contacted Ben Ezra, the Kosher supervisor, to approve their brands (which are Noblesse, Time and Golf) as Kosher for Passover. During the holiday, Jewish law forbids Chametz – anything consisting of grains that may have come in contact with water, starting the process of fermentation. Some Jews, including many who are not religiously observant the rest of the year, spend weeks before Passover cleaning their homes and belongings to rid them of any morsel of food considered to be Chametz.
In January 2015, as taxes on cigarettes were increased in Israel, Noblesse cigarettes were sold significantly less as consumers chose to buy cheaper brands.
Marketing
Noblesse has appeared in some Israeli newspapers via advertisements.
In 2015, limited edition packs were released, featuring a special camouflage pattern on all the pack variants.
Markets
Noblesse is or was sold in Israel, the Netherlands, Denmark (As Nobless), Switzerland, Canada and Argentina.
Products
Noblesse Filter: Full flavor, length: 80 mm, available in soft pack
Noblesse Golden Virginia: Medium flavor, length: 80 mm, available in soft pack
Noblesse Blend: Refined flavor, length: 80 mm, available in soft pack
See also
Dubek
References
Israeli cigarette brands
Products of Israel
Israeli brands
Dubek brands |
4025969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20in%20Argentina | 2006 in Argentina | Events in the year 2006 in Argentina.
Incumbents
President: Néstor Kirchner
Vice President: Daniel Scioli
Governors
Governor of Buenos Aires Province: Felipe Solá
Governor of Catamarca Province: Eduardo Brizuela del Moral
Governor of Chaco Province: Roy Nikisch
Governor of Chubut Province: Mario Das Neves
Governor of Córdoba: José Manuel De la Sota
Governor of Corrientes Province: Arturo Colombi
Governor of Entre Ríos Province: Jorge Busti
Governor of Formosa Province: Gildo Insfrán
Governor of Jujuy Province: Eduardo Fellner
Governor of La Pampa Province: Carlos Verna
Governor of La Rioja Province: Ángel Maza
Governor of Mendoza Province: Julio Cobos
Governor of Misiones Province: Carlos Rovira
Governor of Neuquén Province: Jorge Sobisch
Governor of Río Negro Province: Miguel Saiz
Governor of Salta Province: Juan Carlos Romero
Governor of San Juan Province: José Luis Gioja
Governor of San Luis Province: Alberto Rodríguez Saá
Governor of Santa Cruz Province: Sergio Acevedo (until 30 March); Carlos Sancho (starting 30 March)
Governor of Santa Fe Province: Jorge Obeid
Governor of Santiago del Estero: Gerardo Zamora
Governor of Tierra del Fuego: Jorge Colazo
Governor of Tucumán: José Alperovich
Vice Governors
Vice Governor of Buenos Aires Province: Graciela Giannettasio
Vice Governor of Catamarca Province: Hernán Colombo
Vice Governor of Chaco Province: Eduardo Aníbal Moro
Vice Governor of Corrientes Province: Tomás Rubén Pruyas
Vice Governor of Entre Rios Province: Pedro Guastavino
Vice Governor of Formosa Province: Floro Bogado
Vice Governor of Jujuy Province: Walter Barrionuevo
Vice Governor of La Pampa Province: Norma Durango
Vice Governor of La Rioja Province: Luis Beder Herrera
Vice Governor of Misiones Province: Pablo Tschirsch
Vice Governor of Nenquen Province: Federico Brollo
Vice Governor of Rio Negro Province: Mario de Rege
Vice Governor of Salta Province: Walter Wayar
Vice Governor of San Juan Province: Marcelo Lima
Vice Governor of San Luis Province: Blanca Pereyra
Vice Governor of Santa Cruz: Carlos Sancho (until 30 March); vacant thereafter (starting 30 March)
Vice Governor of Santa Fe Province: María Eugenia Bielsa
Vice Governor of Santiago del Estero: Blanca Porcel
Vice Governor of Tierra del Fuego: vacant
Events
January
3 January: Four years after defaulting on its external debt, Argentina pays its US$9.57 billion debt with the International Monetary Fund.
24 January: Venezuela buys an additional US$312 million of Argentina's national debt, adding to the US$1 billion already purchased. The government of Hugo Chávez says that the scheme will further South American integration.
31 January: After a meeting with executives of the main supermarket chains, the government announces an extension of price agreements until the end of the year (aimed at containing inflation).
Brazil and Argentina agree on trade barriers (exceptions to the free trade practices of Mercosur) to preserve local industries.
Santa Fe cancels its water service contract with Aguas Provinciales de Santa Fe, part of the French corporation Suez.
February
6 February: A protest of oil industry workers blocks Provincial Route 43 in Las Heras, Santa Cruz. A violent attempt to free an imprisoned protester results in the death of a policeman.
7 February: The National Food Safety and Quality Service announces the discovery of 70 head of cattle with foot-and-mouth disease in the San Luis del Palmar Department, Corrientes. Major buyers of Argentine meat (such as Chile, Russia, the European Union, Israel, Brazil and Uruguay) totally or partially suspend imports. Initial estimates are US$250 million in losses for the Argentine meat export sector.
12 February: A rainstorm causes widespread flooding in Jujuy, especially in the capital and the cities of Palpalá and Libertador General San Martín. Over the following days 1,300 people have to be evacuated, and seven die.
15 February: The Argentine branch of Telefónica withdraws a suit for US$2,384 million against Argentina at the CIADI (associated with the World Bank) and announces US$300 million in investments for 2006.
The EU announces it will restrict Argentine meat imports only from the parts of Corrientes where foot-and-mouth disease was found.
March
7 March: Mayor of Buenos Aires, Aníbal Ibarra, is removed from office by an impeachment jury on accusations related to the República Cromagnon nightclub fire. (ABC News)
8 March: After several weeks of persistent rises in the cost of red meat, the Minister of Economy announces a suspension of most beef exports for 180 days, attempting to increase internal offer. (Reuters)
8 March: An Argentine military aircraft crashes after takeoff from El Alto International Airport in La Paz, Bolivia, killing all six people on board. The aircraft was a Learjet 35A.
13 March: The ice bridge of the Perito Moreno Glacier ruptures approximately at 11 p.m., after several days of minor activity that attracted thousands of tourists. (La Nación)
15 March: Governor of Santa Cruz, Sergio Acevedo, resigns "for personal reasons" in the midst of a scandal over illegal detention of oil union workers. (La Nación)
19 March: Top officers of the Navy are found to be involved in a vast espionage operation that included dossiers on Minister of Defense Nilda Garré, her children and their regular activities, personal information on the President, data on social activists, etc., as well as files related to the last dictatorship that the Navy had previously denied to possess. The President orders the removal of several officers and shuts off the whole Intelligence Division of the Navy. (Página/12, La Nación, Clarín)
21 March: The Environmental Assembly of Gualeguaychú, Entre Ríos, lifts the blockade of Route 136 that leads to Uruguay, which had started 45 days before in protest for the installation of cellulose plants on the Uruguay River. (La Nación)
The national government cancels the concession with Aguas Argentinas (of the Suez Group) for the provision of water to Buenos Aires and its metropolitan area, over low quality of services and other contractual breaches. (Clarín)
24 March: Events throughout the country commemorate the 30th anniversary of the coup d'état that started the military dictatorship of the Proceso de Reorganización Nacional. The date was declared a public holiday this year.
Declassified documents in the U.S. reveal that the Argentine military acknowledged 22,000 kidnappings and/or killings between 1975 and mid-1978. (La Nación)
April
3 April: The government of Buenos Aires City shuts down 18 clandestine clothing sweatshops that employed around 300 Bolivian immigrants under conditions of near-slavery, following widespread accusations. (La Nación)
The city of Tartagal, Salta, becomes practically isolated from the rest of the province after weeks of increased rainfall cause the Tartagal River to destroy or severely damage access roads and bridges. (La Nación)
20 April: Around 60% of the population of San Salvador de Jujuy (some 200,000 inhabitants) are left without water by the collapse of a master pipe. The city government delivers bottled water to affected neighbourhoods. (La Nación)
24 April: A collision between a passenger bus and a truck kills 10 people, members of two different families, in Marcos Paz, Argentina.
30 April: The water service starts to return to San Salvador de Jujuy after 9 days. (Clarín)
May
4 May: Argentina accuses Uruguay, before the International Court of Justice, of violating the Uruguay River Statute by unilaterally authorizing the construction of two cellulose plants on its shore. (La Nación)
8 May: The national government announces the opening of bids for the construction of a high-speed railway that will link Buenos Aires, Rosario and Córdoba by 2009. (Clarín, La Capital, La Voz del Interior)
23 May: Agricultural and livestock producers of La Pampa protest the national government's measures restricting exports of beef and grains with a 1,600-vehicle parade down the streets of the capital Santa Rosa and a 2,500-people assembly. (Clarín)
25 May: Celebration of the 196th anniversary of the May Revolution. Before some 100,000 people gathered at the Plaza de Mayo, President Néstor Kirchner assesses the achievements of the 3rd year of his administration, avoiding partisan discourse. (Clarín, La Nación , Página/12)
26 May: The Ministry of Economy partially lifts the beef export ban set in March, allowing for a quota for June–November equivalent to 40% of the exports of the same period in 2005. (La Nación)
After large losses during the week due to fears that the U.S. Federal Reserve would raise interest rates, the MERVAL index of the Buenos Aires Stock Exchange rebounds, going up by more than 6%. (La Nación)
June
21 – 26 June: Truckers boycott Chinese-owned stores after a truck driver is shot by a store manager
21 June: The trial begins of Miguel Etchecolatz, a former senior police officer accused of murder, torture and forced disappearance during the Dirty War. He is the first to be prosecuted after Congress repealed the Ley de Punto Final in 2003.
29 June: Argentina agrees to accept a 56% increase in the price of natural gas imported from Bolivia, to US$5 per million BTU until 31 December 2006, and then to be re-calculated. Bolivia promises to increase exports, eventually to reach 27.7 million m³. The agreement states that Argentina must use the gas for internal consumption only, ostensibly because Bolivia does not want it to be sold to Chile. (La Nación)
July
2 July: Sudden ice thawing and massive rain on the course of the rivers Grande and Turbio cause floodings in Tierra del Fuego, damaging parts of National Route 3 and leaving 65,000 people in Río Grande without drinking water. (La Nación)
The Argentine government calls the UK's decision to grant broad 25-year fishing licenses to Falklanders "illicit and unilateral", since the area is "subject to a sovereignty controversy". (La Nación)
20 July: The Summit of the Mercosur starts in Córdoba, for the first time with Venezuela as a full member, and with the presence of invited presidents Michelle Bachelet (Chile), Evo Morales (Bolivia) and Fidel Castro (Cuba). (Clarín)
22 July: Agricultural and livestock farmers go on strike, to last four days, against national government policies (lack of a development/assistance plan, exports taxes and restrictions, etc.). (Clarín)
24 July: The government launches a plan to expand the stock of cattle by 20% in 4 years, with subsidized credit and tax exemptions for farmers worth nearly 900 million pesos ($290/€225 million). (Clarín)
25 July: Argentina raises export taxes for natural gas from 20 to 45% and over a higher price, set by an agreement with Bolivia, in turn sharply increasing costs of imported gas for Chile. (La Nación)
26 July: A strong, unexpected 20-minute hailstorm in the Buenos Aires area leaves 15 wounded, hundreds of broken windows, and damage to thousands of vehicles. (Clarín, La Nación)
29 July: Union and business leaders negotiate a raise of the minimum monthly wage from 630 to 800 pesos ($260, €200) in three steps, ending in November. (Clarín)
A fire in a transformer station causes a blackout in Buenos Aires City, initially leaving 228,000 without power. (Clarín)
August
4 August: Julio Simón (aka "El Turco Julián") becomes the first Dirty War criminal to be convicted and sentenced by prosecution following the repeal of the Due Obedience and Full Stop laws. He was convicted of abducting the child of "disappeared" parents and passing it on for adoption. (La Nación)
5 August: An earthquake of magnitude 5.7 in the Richter scale, with its epicenter in Barrancas, 25 km from Mendoza City and the strongest in 20 years in the area, is felt in Mendoza, La Rioja, San Juan and Córdoba. A magnitude 3.7 earthquake happens the next day in the same area. Together they cause minor or moderate damage to about 600 buildings and injuries to several people. (La Nación, La Nación)
10 August: The Senate passes a law that authorizes the performance of tubal ligation and vasectomy without the need of medical reasons or spousal consent. The law mandates that surgical sterilization be done without charge in public hospitals and that it be included in labor union and private health insurance plans. (Clarín, Página/12, La Nación)
September
18 September: Argentina and Paraguay agree to settle Paraguay's debt of $11,000 million for the joint Yaciretá dam project. Paraguay will pay using its share of hydroelectricity, at the rate of "8000 gigawatts " per year for 40 years.
October
5 October: The Senate passes a law that makes sex education compulsory in all schools, private and public, starting at the initial level (5 years of age), to be implemented by each establishment respecting "its institutional body of ideas and the convictions of its members". (Clarín)
13 October: Cellulose plant conflict: Demonstrators again block border crossings between Argentina and Uruguay after the World Bank announces its decision to continue funding the disputed paper mills.
25 October: Argentine prosecutors formally charge the Iranian government and the Lebanese militia Hezbollah over the 1994 bombing of a Jewish centre which killed 85 people.
November
December
3 December: Russia wins the 2006 Davis Cup after a 3–2 victory over Argentina.
Deaths
8 January: José Luis Sánchez, 31, football (soccer) player, from injuries sustained in a biking accident.
9 February: José María Mainetti, physician, surgeon and oncologist.
10 March: Alberto Migré, telenovela screenwriter and producer.
5 April: Marcelo Real, 48, sportscaster.
14 April: Raúl Quijano, 82, former foreign minister.
1 May: Raúl Francisco Primatesta, Cardinal Archbishop Emeritus of Córdoba.
4 May: Alejandra Boero, actress and director.
16 May: Jorge Porcel, actor and comedian.
25 May: Aída Luz, theater and film actress.
28 May: Fermín Chávez, 82, historian, complications from renal failure. , ,
29 June: Fabián Bielinsky, film director.
8 July: Ana María Campoy, actress.
11 July: Oscar Moro, musician.
4 August: Leopoldo Bravo, politician and diplomat.
22 September: Enrique Gorriarán Merlo, revolutionary and guerrilla leader.
6 October: Eduardo Mignogna, 66, film director.
4 November: Delfor Medina, 78, actor.
16 November: Pablo Shilton, 38, actor, Car accident.
19 November: Julio Ramos, 71, journalist, director of Ámbito Financiero, leukemia.
20 November: Saúl Ubaldini, 69, labor leader and parliamentarian for the Peronist party, lung cancer.
22 December: Jorge Manuel López, Archbishop Emeritus of Rosario
26 December: Nelva Méndez de Falcone, 76, pioneering member of the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, lung disease.
Sports
See worldwide 2006 in sports
7 May: Boca Juniors wins the 2006 Clausura Argentine Championship.
14 September: Boca Juniors wins the 2006 Recopa Sudamericana against São Paulo FC in the second match held in São Paulo.
See also
List of Argentine films of 2006
References
Years of the 21st century in Argentina |
4025987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artashumara | Artashumara | Artashumara Akkadian: ), brother of Tushratta and son of Shuttarna II, briefly held the throne of Mitanni in the fourteenth century BC.
Reign
He is known only from a single mention in a tablet found in Tell Brak "Artassumara the king, son of Shuttarna the king" and a mention in Amarna letter 17. According to the later, after the death of Shuttarna II he briefly took power but was then murdered (by someone named Tuhi) and succeeded by his brother Tushratta
See also
Mitanni
References
Hurrian kings
14th-century BC rulers |
4025990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence%20Blochman | Lawrence Blochman | Lawrence Goldtree Blochman (February 17, 1900 – January 22, 1975) was an American detective story writer and translator.
Lawrence Blochman was born in San Diego, California, to Lucien A. Blochman, a banker, and his wife Haidee Goldtree. He began writing early. As a junior at San Diego High School, Blochman reported school sports for the San Diego Evening Tribune and, as a senior, he replaced the Tribune sports editor who had left to serve in World War I. Blochman then attended the University of California, Berkeley where he edited the college newspaper, the Daily Californian. In the summer he served as a police reporter for the Tribune and a courthouse reporter for the San Diego Sun. He graduated from college in 1921.
After graduation, he tried to write his "way around the world," working in Tokyo for the Japan Advertiser, in Hong Kong for the South China Morning Post, in Shanghai for the Far Eastern Review, in Calcutta for The Englishman, and in Paris for the Chicago Tribune. He returned to San Diego as city editor of the Sun in 1924. In 1926, he married Marguerite Maillard in Paris.
Writing as Lawrence G. Blochman, he published more than 50 books, including many mystery and detective novels, as well as several hundred short stories, novelettes, and articles. Several of his stories were made into films, television programs, and radio shows. He also translated more than a dozen books and detective stories from the French, including novels by the celebrated Belgian writer Georges Simenon.
In 1948, Blochman served as the fourth president of the Mystery Writers of America, following Baynard Kendrick, Ellery Queen, and Hugh Pentecost. In 1951, Blochman's "Diagnosis: Homicide" received an Edgar Award in the Best Short Story category. He was vice president of the Overseas Press Club and winner of its Meritorious Service Award in 1959. He died in New York City in 1975. His widow Marguerite died there in 1991. Blochman's family was of French Jewish origin and was among the pioneers in San Diego.
Bibliography
Bombay Mail (1934)
Bengal Fire (1937)
Red Snow at Darjeeling (1938)
Midnight Sailing (1939)
Blow Down (1940)
Wives to Burn (1940)
See You at the Morgue (1946)
Diagnosis: Homicide (1950)
Death Walks in Marble Halls aka Murder Walks in Marble Halls (1951)
Pursuit (1951)
Rather Cool for Mayhem (1952)
Recipe for Homicide (1952)
Clues for Dr. Coffee (1964)
External links and sources
"The Blochman Saga in San Diego" by Trudie Casper in the Journal of San Diego History, Winter 1977, Volume 23, Number 1
1900 births
1975 deaths
American mystery writers
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American male writers
Edgar Award winners
University of California, Berkeley alumni
American editors
20th-century American translators
American male novelists
American male short story writers
20th-century American short story writers |
4025991 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County%20Route%20569%20%28New%20Jersey%29 | County Route 569 (New Jersey) | County Route 569 (CR 569) is a county highway in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The highway extends from Quakerbridge Road (CR 533) in Lawrence Township to Broad Street (CR 518) in Hopewell Borough.
Route description
CR 569 begins at an intersection with CR 533 in Lawrence Township, heading to the west on Province Line Road, which quickly narrows from a divided highway into a two-lane undivided road. Passing through a residential neighborhood, the road turns northwest as it crosses the Delaware and Raritan Canal and comes into wooded areas with some homes. CR 569 reaches the CR 583 intersection, turning southwest onto that route before splitting and heading north on Fackler Road. Along this road, the route passes homes and farms before coming to a brief concurrency with US 206. Past US 206, CR 569 continues north on Carter Road and passes through mostly residential areas with some farms and corporate parks. The road intersects CR 604 before coming into Hopewell Township and meeting CR 625. From this point, the road continues north, with the surroundings becoming more rural as it comes into Hopewell Borough, where CR 569 becomes municipally-maintained Princeton Avenue. The route passes homes before reaching its northern terminus at an intersection with CR 518.
Major intersections
See also
References
External links
New Jersey 5xx Routes (Dan Moraseski)
569
569 |
4025994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooton | Hooton | Hooton may refer to:
Places in England
Hooton, Cheshire
Hooton Park, disused aerodrome
Hooton railway station
Hooton Levitt, South Yorkshire
Hooton Pagnell, South Yorkshire
Hooton Roberts, South Yorkshire
Other uses
Hooton (surname)
See also
Houghton (disambiguation) |
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.