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4024164 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirunavukkarasu%20Kumaran | Thirunavukkarasu Kumaran | Thirunavukkarasu Kumaran () (born 30 December 1975 in Chennai, Tamil Nadu), also known as 'Kenny' and 'Thiru Kumaran', is an Indian First Class cricketer & Cricket Coach. He is a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-pace bowler.
He was a member of Indian World Team in the Indian Cricket League Twenty20 competition.
Playing career
Kumaran was a product of the MRF Pace Foundation under the personal training from Dennis Lillee. He also had some training at the Australian Cricket Academy in Adelaide.
Kumaran got selected into the national ODI team after an exception haul of 10 wickets in an Irani Trophy match against Karnataka at Bangalore in the 1999/2000 domestic season.
He was picked for the Australian tour where he performed well in the first-class games prior to the first Test. However Ajit Agarkar was preferred over him to play in the series. He took this disappointment in his stride, but another one followed when he was one of the five players replaced for Carlton & United one-day series.
He performed averagely in the 8 ODI's that he played and was never picked to play for India again. He was one of many medium pacers Indian selectors tried out in the late 90's to lend support to Javagal Srinath and Venkatesh Prasad.
ICL career
He joined the rebel Indian Cricket League during its inception in 2007 and was one of the stand-out performers for the Chennai Superstars. He took an astonishing 6 for 21 on debut – a league record – and also has the best strike (12.69) in the 20-over tournament. However, he accepted the BCCI's amnesty offer and quit the league in 2009, along with a host of other Indian players.
Coaching career
After retiring from playing, Kumaran emigrated to the United States. He was an assistant coach of the U.S. national side (under Robin Singh) at the 2012 WCL Division Four and the 2013 Americas Twenty20 tournaments and was the caretaker coach (in Singh's absence) for 2013 WCL Division Three tournament.
Kumaran coached the national under-19 team at the 2015 Americas Under-19 Championship. , he was a resident of Dallas, Texas.
References
External links
India One Day International cricketers
Indian cricketers
Tamil Nadu cricketers
South Zone cricketers
Tamil sportspeople
Cricketers from Chennai
1975 births
Living people
Indian cricket coaches
Indian emigrants to the United States
American cricket coaches
Coaches of the United States national cricket team
ICL India XI cricketers
Chennai Superstars cricketers
American cricketers
American sportspeople of Indian descent |
4024167 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollegal | Kollegal | Kollegal is one of the major taluks in the Chamarajanagara District of Karnataka State in the south of India. It is also the largest taluk in Karnataka, Kollegal is well known for its silk industry which attracts traders from all over the state.
History
Until 1956, Kollegal was part of the Coimbatore district of the Madras Presidency. The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 moved Kollegal to Karnataka primarily organising it along linguistic lines. Kollegal is the name derived from the names of two hermits namely 'Kauhala' and 'Galava' who were believed to be instrumental in the development of Kollegal. Kollegal, also called "Silk City", is famous for its handloom silk saree industry. Kollegal is one of the larger taluks in Karnataka and was previously the largest. Plans are underway to divide Kollegal, making Hanur the capital of the new taluk in the Chamarajanagara District. This separation has been ongoing for years is not yet entirely in effect.
Kollegal serves as a center for pre-university education in the region. Well known schools in Kollegal include Lions High School, Sree Vasavi Vidya Kendra, St. Francis Assisi High School, Nisarga Independent PU college, Seventh Day Adventist High School, and Mudigundam Gurukaar Subappa Veerappa (MGSV), and Mahadeshwara Degree College.
Singanalur, Kollegal is the hometown of Legendary Kannada thespian, the demigod of Karnataka, Dr.Rajkumar. Kollegal was one of the areas which played host to the activities of Veerappan, a notorious bandit who smuggled sandalwood and poached elephants for their tusks.
Many tourists visit the Kollegal area. The Malai Mahadeshwara Hills, and the waterfalls at Hogenakkal near Male Mahadeshwara hills and the waterfalls of Gagana Chukki and Barachukki at Shivanasamudra (also known as Bluff) are popular destinations. In Kollegal, there is a small hill called "Maradi Gudda" which is located in the heart of the city. Gundal dam is just away from Kollegal. It also includes BRT Tiger Reserve (2011) Biligiriranga Hillswhich is approximately 25–30 km from the town, which is a home to many fauna and flora including mammals like Tigers, Leopards, Indian Elephant, Indian Guar and the Sloth Bear.
Transportation
Kollegal is connected by two national highways:
NH 209 this starts from Bengaluru-Dindigul via Coimbatore, Kollegal
NH 212 this starts from Kollegal to Calicut, via Narasipura, Mysuru
The nearest railway stations are Chamarajanagara and Mysuru (MYS) . The nearest airport is Kempegowda International Airport (BLR), , Mysore airport (MYQ), and Coimbatore International Airport (CJB), away. Kollegal is the main junction where you can enter Salem, Coimbatore, Ooty, Kozhikode from Mysuru & Bengaluru. The Biligiri Rangana Betta (known as BR hills) is just away from the town.
The K.Gudi (Kyathadevara Gudi) Wilderness camp run by the jungle lodges and resorts (a government of Karnataka undertaking) is near the B.R hills.
There are two bus routes from Bengaluru to Kollegal:
Bengaluru > Maddur > Malavalli > Kollegal (Via NH 275) Bengaluru Mysuru highway, take left diversion at Maddur after 80 km from Bengaluru
Bengaluru > Kanakapura > Halaguru > Malavalli > Kollegal (Via NH 209)
Karnataka government buses from Bengaluru ply from MCTC which is popularly known as Satellite bus terminal in Mysuru Road. Since the town was in Coimbatore district in the past, buses run between Coimbatore and Kollegal.
Geography
Kollegal is located at . It has an average elevation of . Since the town is on the foothills of the Western Ghats, it is home to a mixed topography. Temperature is moderate.
Demographics
India census Kollegal had a population of 57,149. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Kollegal has an average literacy rate of 69%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 74%, and female literacy is 64%. In Kollegal, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.
People in Kollegal speak a variation of Kannada distinct from that spoken in Mysuru and Bengaluru. There are 25,000 Tamil native speakers in Kollegal Taluk. There was a trust for Tamil peoples welfare activity named Kollegal Tamil Sangam.
College and schools
MCKC High School, Lions School and PU college, Seventh Day Adventist English school, St. Francis Assisi School and PU college, RC mission, Sree Vasavi Vidya Kendra, Mahadeshwara College, JSS Women's College And College For Nursing are the oldest educational institutions in Kollegal offering best education. Manasa degree college and school and its PU college is a decade old private institution. Wisdom school is a recently opened private institution.
Image gallery
Location
See also
Hanur
Male Mahadeshwara Hills
Musicians
References
External links
Kollegal Online Information Website
Kollegal Municipal Corporation Official Website
Kollegal Photos
Cities and towns in Chamarajanagar district |
4024168 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunderland%20Valley | Dunderland Valley | The Dunderland Valley (, ) is a valley in the municipality of Rana in Nordland county, Norway. It reaches from just below the eastern Saltfjellet plateau about south of the Arctic circle. The mountain Bolna is situated in the uppermost boundary of the valley which then proceeds to the southwest all the way down to the Ranfjorden. Some of the minor side valleys include Plurdalen, Røvassdalen, Bjøllådalen, Grønfjelldalen and Virvassdalen. The valley also includes several villages such as Krokstrand, Bjøllånes, Storvoll, Dunderland, Eiterå, Nevernes, Storforshei, Nevermoen and Røssvoll.
The European route E6 highway passes through the Dunderland Valley, following the Ranelva river. The Illhøllia Tunnel on the E6 highway, between Nevermoen and Røssvoll, was opened in 2002. The Nordland Line also follows the river through the valley. Today, the valley only houses a small number of people, and it has two stations on the Nordland Line: Dunderland Station and Bolna Station.
Geology
The mountain rocks in the Dunderland Valley are a caledonian shale, known from its occurrences of iron ore, mica schist, and marble. Its mining industry has produced Fauske marble, also present in Fauske municipality to the north. At Storforshei, there has been a large-scale iron mining industry.
There are also pyrite mines. The valley has several stalactite caverns in the limestone, with some of the tributary streams flowing for considerable distances underground. From the upper parts of the Dunderland Valley, a sequestered bridle-path runs from Bolna to Saltdal on the Skjerstadfjord, with a branch through the magnificent Junkerdal National Park.
Mining
Deposits of iron ore have been known in this area since 1799. The Dunderland Iron Ore Company mined here during several operative periods, the first one starting in 1902. The river Ranelva provided water power to the miners. The mining company was closed in 1947.
Since 1937, Rana Gruber has mined iron ore. Norsk Jernverk was established in 1946, and it began mining magnetite and hematite from the iron ore in 1964.
History
Recent history
This valley was the site to several accidents and recorded events in Norwegian history. During the World War II, Nazis had several concentration camps in the valley. They mainly housed Polish and Russian prisoners, who were used to build the Nordland Line from Trondheim. The stretch of railway passing through Saltfjellet was extremely brutal and many lost their lives building this. The German troops disposed the bodies the majority of the sick/diseased prisoners in the river Ranelva which flows through the Dunderland Valley. The strong currents made it almost impossible to recover anyone.
In 1948, the Dunderlandsdal accident occurred, it was one of the worst bus accidents in Norwegian history to date. For the Sámi, the valley has a special symbolic value due to a tragic incident that occurred about one hundred years ago. In the early 1900s a bus returning from a Sámi conference in Tromsø drove off the road and crashed into the Ranelva river at the bottom of the valley. Of the 23 people on board, 16 were killed and 4 were never found. Most of the people aboard the bus died, and thus the Southern Sámi people lost most of their political leaders in one single blow. There is a memorial that was built on the site in 1950 where the bus ran off the road. It is somewhat hidden in the forest, but accessible from the road by a small stairway.
In 1953, a family tragedy struck the valley. A family was found slaughtered at a remote farm. A young girl at the age of 6 and her mother were found killed in the barn. The father was found hung in the same barn.
In 1995, another tragic event hit the valley. During a Boy Scout camp at an old farm, a 12-year-old girl disappeared. The girl was from the town of Tromsø in Northern Norway. The event was widely covered in Norwegian press. Crews searched for her for two years, but all they found was her backpack lying alongside the Ranelva river.
Stone Age settlements
There have been settlements in the Dunderland Valley since the Stone Age. In the summer of 2003, a Danish tourist discovered a battle axe (Streitaxe) close to the river Eiterå. The axe was delivered to the Cultural Department of the Rana Museum on 1 July 2004.
This is the first discovery of the battle axe culture in the inner parts of Northern Norway. In 1913, a long axe from the same cultural horizon was discovered on Brattland in Utskarpen. The axe is a "boat-axe" of Swedish-Norwegian type from about 2800—2400 BC. It was not a functional tool, but rather a dignity symbol of worthiness and a high social class. It may have belonged to a local chieftain.
The stripe on the backside of the axe resembles an edge from moulding, and is an imitation of moulded axes in bronze from Skåne or Denmark. According to the geologist Barbara Prisemann (Department of Natural history, Rana museum), the axe is made from the green shale rock type.
Axe pictures
References
Valleys of Nordland
Rana, Norway |
4024176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s%20English%20Society | Queen's English Society | The Queen's English Society is a charity that aims to keep the English language safe from perceived declining standards. The president of the Queen's English Society is Bernard Lamb, a former reader in genetics at Imperial College.
In June 2012 the Society announced its closure because of declining participation, but it continued to exist, as volunteers filled the committee in September 2012.
History
The Queen's English Society was founded in 1972 by Joe Clifton, an Oxford graduate and schoolteacher. The Society's meetings were held in Arundel, and members wrote to newspapers and broadcasters, pointing out perceived linguistic errors and instances of ambiguous spoken English.
The Society claims to be concerned about the education of children. It believes that teachers should be trained to spot certain errors in English usage. In 1988, the Society delivered a petition to the then Secretary of State for Education and Science, Kenneth Baker, urging him "to introduce the compulsory study of formal grammar, including parsing and sentence analysis, into the school curriculum".
The objectives of the Society, as expressed in its constitution, are "to promote the maintenance, knowledge, understanding, development and appreciation of the English language as used both colloquially and in literature; to educate the public in its correct and elegant usage; and to discourage the intrusion of anything detrimental to clarity or euphony”.
On 4 June 2012, after a general meeting of the society attracted no nominations to replace retiring officers of the Society, chairman Rhea Williams announced that the society would cease to exist, but after new committee members volunteered, the Society was able to continue.
The QES Academy of the English Language
In June 2010 the QES announced that it had formed an Academy of English, a language reference website. The founder of the academy was quoted as saying that: "At the moment, anything goes. Let’s set down a clear standard of what is good, correct, proper English. Let’s have a body to sit in judgment."
The Academy attracted widespread press coverage, some positive and some negative, and the QES enjoyed a surge in membership. In September 2010 the QES deleted the "Academy" content from its website, though the Academy was continued by its own board on a separate website, which is linked to that of the QES and vice versa.
Reception
A Daily Telegraph opinion piece had called the QES Academy "both welcome and long overdue. [...] English has been left to fend for itself at a time when it is under unprecedented attack." The Guardian believed that the Academy would seek to "protect the language from innovations", although its members had insisted that it would "mov[e] with the times".
American phoneticist Mark Liberman called the QES "even more illogical, hypocritical and badly informed than you'd expect them to be". In the Baltimore Sun John E McIntyre wrote: "the peevish combination of shibboleth and superstition about language, combined with a sad, sad little snobbery about their presumed mastery of the language, renders these people [the QES] impervious to reason", referencing an analysis of their nascent website by Stan Carey. Comedian David Mitchell disliked the "self-appointed" nature of the Academy and asked, "[b]y what authority would they sit in judgment?" The proposal was received with scepticism by The Economist'''s Lane Greene.
Publications
The Society's quarterly journal, Quest, has been sent to members from 1979. It included articles, letters from members, news, book reviews, puzzles and poems. Books published by the QES include The Queen's English: And How to Use It by Bernard Lamb, and Shakin' the Ketchup Bot'le, a compilation of articles from Quest''.
See also
Linguistic prescription
Received Pronunciation
References
External links
Queen's English Society homepage
Charity Commission page for the Queen's English Society
English language
Educational organisations based in the United Kingdom
English
English
1972 establishments in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1972 |
4024177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsyafed | Matsyafed | Matsyafed, the Kerala State Co-operative Federation for Fisheries Development Ltd., is the Apex Federation of 654 Primary Fisherman Co-operative Societies spread over 10 districts of Kerala, South India
There are 332 co-operative societies in the Marine sector, 183 in the Inland sector and 131 Women Co-operatives. The Federation came into existence in 1984. The Federation has a District Office in each of the maritime districts and one in the Inland district each headed by a District Manager. The District Manager with a team of supporting staff Co- ordinate and supervise all the activities in the district. The administration and management of Matsyafed is vested with a Board of Directors having 19 members of who, 1 are elected from the Primary Co-operatives, 5 official members and 3 non-officials members nominated by the Government. The Chief Executive is the Managing Director.
Activities
Matsyafed is engaged in the implementation of multifaceted activities for the welfare development of the fisherman community as detailed below:
Production oriented activities
Welfare activities
Employment generation activities
Commercial activities
Women oriented activities
Extension activities
Aquaculture activities
Housing and basic sanitation.
Production oriented activities: Through the integrated fisheries development project Matsyafed has been involved in the process of supplying quality fishing inputs to the traditional fishermen of marine and inland sectors at subsidized rates. To avoid exploitation of fishermen and to ensure better price to the fish landed, beach level auctions of the fish are conducted by the primary co-operatives societies of Matsyafed.
Welfare activities: Eight Vanitha () Buses are operated for transporting fisherman vendors to various routes. The fishermen are covered under the personal accident Insurance scheme for a nominal premium wherein the dependents of those who die in accidents are paid Rs. 1,50 lakhs and for partial disablement Rs. 0.50 lakhs is paid. Community peeling centres are being run in spite of loss to the Federation as an employment opportunity unit for fishermen. Matsyafed has set up 200 small-scale production units of ornamental fishery benefiting 600 fishermen.
Employment generation: Matsyafed has been implementing schemes with the assistance of the National Backward classes finance and Development Corporation since 1995-96 and National Minorities development and Finance Corporation since 1997-98 to provide alternate and diversified employment avenues for the unemployed youth.
Commercial activities: Matsyafed is spearheading many activities by operating nylon net factories, ice and freezing plant, Diesel bunks, Fish Manure plants, Chitosan Plant, Vyasa stores, OBM service centres etc. To ensure timely service to the fishermen at moderate cost, the OBM workshops are set up. The Net Factory ensures the supply of quality fishing nets at moderate cost; timely supply of fishing inputs and accessories are ensured by the Vyasa Stores.
Women-oriented activities: To take up any employment generating activity, fishermen are given loans at very low interest rate.
Extension activities: Since it is felt that the backwardness of the fishing folk is mainly due to the lack of general programmes, health awareness camps, medical camps, etc. are being organized in the coastal area.
Aquaculture activities: To augment the development of fishery, Matsyafed has been managing 3 farms and 4 hatcheries. Fish farm and aqua tourism centre, Vypin are the two of such farms located in Vypin. To check fishery resource depletion in the marine as well as inland waters, fishery conservation measurements have been taken up.
Housing and basic sanitation: Government has entrusted implementation of Housing and sanitation schemes to local bodies from 1997 onwards and hence the residue works are only being carried out. Matsyafed has already completed construction of 33400 houses. In order to give relief to the poor fishermen, Matsyafed had come up with a debt relief scheme amounting to Rs. 9 crores and the government has sanctioned the required amount for this scheme. Based on this, Matsyafed had constructed Adalaths for the Debt relief scheme for fisherman in all the 14 districts and the maximum relief was passed on to the eligible fishermen during this period.
Citation: from Kerala Government Information site
See also
Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies
Fish farm and aqua tourism centre, Vypin
External links
Department of Fisheries, Kerala
Cooperatives in Kerala
Fishing trade associations
Fishing in India
1984 establishments in Kerala
Indian companies established in 1984 |
4024199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin%20telluride | Tin telluride | Tin telluride is a compound of tin and tellurium (SnTe); is a IV-VI narrow band gap semiconductor and has direct band gap of 0.18 eV. It is often alloyed with lead to make lead tin telluride, which is used as an infrared detector material.
Tin telluride normally forms p-type semiconductor (Extrinsic semiconductor) due to tin vacancies and is a low temperature
superconductor.
SnTe exists in three crystal phases. At Low temperatures, where the concentration of hole carriers is less than 1.5x1020 cm−3 , Tin Telluride exists in rhombohedral phase also known as α-SnTe.
At room temperature and atmospheric pressure, Tin Telluride exists in NaCl-like cubic crystal phase, known as β-SnTe.
While at 18 kbar pressure, β-SnTe transforms to γ-SnTe, orthorhombic phase, space group Pnma. This phase change is characterized by 11 percent increase in density and 360 percent increase in resistance for γ-SnTe.
Tin telluride is a thermoelectric material. Theoretical studies
imply that the n-type performance may be particularly good.
Thermal properties
Standard enthalpy of formation: - 14.6 ± 0.3 kcal/mole at 298 K
Standard Enthalpy of sublimation: 52.1 ± 1.4 kcal/mole at 298 K
Heat capacity: 12.1 + 2.1 x 10−3 T cal/deg
Bond-dissociation energy for the reaction SnTe(g)-> Sn(g)+ Te(g) : 80.6 ± 1.5 kcal/mole at 298 K
Entropy: 24.2±0.1 cal/mole.deg
Enthalpy of Dimerization for the reaction Sn2Te2->2SnTe(g) :46.9 ± 6.0 kcal/mole
Applications
Generally Pb is alloyed with SnTe in order to access interesting optical and electronic properties, In addition, as a result of Quantum confinement, the band gap of the SnTe increases beyond the bulk band gap, covering the mid-IR wavelength range. The alloyed material has been used in mid- IR photodetectors and thermoelectric generator.
References
External links
Berlin thermophysical properties database
Webelements page
Landolt-Börnstein Substance/SnTe index
Reflectivity of Tin Telluride in the Infrared
Tellurides
Tin(II) compounds
IV-VI semiconductors
Rock salt crystal structure |
4024213 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress%20Mao%20%28Former%20Qin%29 | Empress Mao (Former Qin) | Empress Mao (毛皇后, personal name unknown) (died 389) was an empress of the Chinese/Di state Former Qin. Her husband was Fu Deng (Emperor Gao).
Life
She was the daughter of the general Mao Xing (毛興), who served as the governor of He Province (河州, modern southwestern Gansu and eastern Qinghai) during the reign of Fu Jiān (Emperor Xuanzhao). After Former Qin began to disintegrate in 384 following the defeat at the Battle of Fei River, the generals in the western empire began to turn on each other, and in 386, Mao Xing was attacked by the generals Wang Guang (王廣) and Wang Tong (王統), who were brothers. He defeated Wang Guang, but when he was about to attack Wang Tong, his soldiers, worn out by the wars, assassinated him. After an interim command by Wei Ping (衛平), eventually, Fu Deng, a distant relative of Fu Jiān, took over the command of his forces, and was created the Prince of Nan'an by Fu Jiān's son Fu Pi (Emperor Aiping). It might have been at this time that Fu Deng married her, or the marriage might have taken place earlier.
After Fu Pi was killed by Jin forces in 386, Fu Deng assumed imperial title. In 387, he created her, who at that time carried the title of Princess of Nan'an, empress. She was described to be beautiful and mighty in battle, capable in horsemanship and archery. In 389, however, when Fu Deng was attacking the Later Qin emperor Yao Chang, Yao Chang made a surprise attack against his base Dajie (大界, in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi), where Empress Mao had remained, and she, after making a desperate attempt to fight Yao Chang's forces off with her guards, was captured after killing 700 Later Qin soldiers. Yao Chang wanted to make her his concubine, but she, in anger, cried out:
"Yao Chang, you murdered the Son of Heaven (referring to Yao Chang's killing of Fu Jiān in 385), and now you want to humiliate the empress. How can heaven and earth still tolerate you?"
Yao Chang therefore executed her, along with Fu Deng's sons Fu Bian (苻弁) the Prince of Nan'an and Fu Shang (苻尚) the Prince of Beihai. (It is unclear whether they were her sons.)
References
Book of Jin, vol. 115.
Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 107.
Former Qin empresses
Former Qin generals
389 deaths
Year of birth unknown
People from Northwest China
Executed Former Qin people
People executed by Later Qin
4th-century Chinese women
4th-century Chinese people
Executed royalty
Women in ancient Chinese warfare
Women in 4th-century warfare |
4024229 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth%20of%20Israel | Commonwealth of Israel | Commonwealth of Israel is the English translation of the Greek πολιτείας (politeias) mentioned in Ephesians 2:12. The context of the surrounding verses, Ephesians 2:11-13, implies the uniting of Gentiles with Jews, whom had historically been God's heritage and the object of God's promises.
Advocates of Two House theology see in Joseph's blessing over Ephraim and Manasseh evidence that the ten tribes of the Kingdom of Israel became a "multitude of nations". Commonwealth Theology observes many other Bible verses that predict and affirm that the House of Israel was "scattered," swallowed up," "not a people." This theology takes the view that the Gentiles (nations) "brought near by the blood of Christ" may be indistinguishable from the genetic descendants of the Lost Tribes and identical to the "believers scattered among the nations" (the Church). This connection between the dispersed tribes of Israel and the Gentiles would appear to be substantiated by John 7:35: "Then said the Jews among themselves, Whither will he go, that we shall not find him? will he go unto the dispersed among the Gentiles, and teach the Gentiles?" (KJV)
The Commonwealth Theology position that the Commonwealth of Israel denotes more than merely a restored/united Kingdom of Israel is further substantiated by the verses in Ephesians Ch. 2 which follow Paul's reference to the commonwealth. "For He Himself is our peace, who has made both one, and has broken down the middle wall of separation, having abolished in His flesh the enmity, that is, the law of commandments contained in ordinances, so as to create in Himself one new man from the two, thus making peace, and that He might reconcile them both to God in one body through the cross, thereby putting to death the enmity. And He came and preached peace to you who were afar off and to those who were near. 18 For through Him we both> have access by one Spirit to the Father" (Eph. 2:14-18).
"One new man" implies something that did not previously exist, something unique and apart from the United Kingdom under King David and Solomon. In addition, the antecedents of "we both" refer to the Gentiles who were alienated, strangers, far off, and the recipient of the promises which would include both houses of the Divided Kingdom. Once again, this added element of the Gentiles exceeds the original Kingdom consisting only of the Children of Israel and fulfills the prophecy of Isaiah 49:8:
References
Biblical phrases |
4024234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress%20Li%20%28Former%20Qin%29 | Empress Li (Former Qin) | Empress Li (李皇后, personal name unknown) was an empress of the Chinese/Di state Former Qin. Her husband was Fu Deng (Emperor Gao).
Very little is known about the empress. She was already Fu Deng's concubine by 392, when Fu Deng created her empress to replace Empress Mao, who had been captured and killed by the rival Later Qin's emperor Yao Chang in 389. In 393, when Fu Deng was captured and killed by Yao Chang's son and successor Yao Xing, Yao Xing gave her to his official Yao Huang (姚晃). Nothing further was recorded about her.
References
|-
Former Qin empresses |
4024235 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%20Wimbledon%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1995 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles | Two-time defending champion Pete Sampras successfully defended his title, defeating Boris Becker in the final, 6–7(5–7), 6–2, 6–4, 6–2 to win the gentlemen's singles tennis title at the 1995 Wimbledon Championships.
This is the most recent Wimbledon where the top 4 seeds made the semi-finals.
Seeds
Andre Agassi (semifinals)
Pete Sampras (champion)
Boris Becker (final)
Goran Ivanišević (semifinals)
Michael Chang (second round)
Yevgeny Kafelnikov (quarterfinals)
Wayne Ferreira (fourth round)
Sergi Bruguera (withdrew)
Michael Stich (first round)
Marc Rosset (first round)
Jim Courier (second round)
Richard Krajicek (first round)
Stefan Edberg (second round)
Todd Martin (fourth round)
Andriy Medvedev (second round)
Guy Forget (second round)
Sergi Bruguera withdrew due to injury. He was replaced in the draw by the highest-ranked non-seeded player Thomas Enqvist. This marked a change in Wimbledon policy, as previously seeded players who withdrew from the tournament were replaced by a qualifier or lucky loser (depending on when the withdrawal occurred).
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
References
External links
1995 Wimbledon Championships – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
Wimbledon Championship by year – Men's singles |
4024246 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20A.%20Robertson | John A. Robertson | John A. Robertson (June 15, 1943 – July 5, 2017) held the Vinson and Elkins Chair at The University of Texas School of Law. He wrote and lectured widely on law and bioethical issues.
Robertson was the author of two books on bioethics, The Rights of the Critically Ill and Children of Choice: Freedom and the New Reproductive Technologies, and numerous articles on reproductive rights, genetics, organ transplantation, and human experimentation.
He served on, or had been a consultant to, many national bioethics advisory bodies, and was Chair of the Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Robertson was a fellow of the Hastings Center, an independent bioethics research institution.
See also
Procreative liberty
References
1943 births
2017 deaths
Bioethicists
University of Texas at Austin faculty
Hastings Center Fellows
University of Texas School of Law faculty |
4024251 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%20Wimbledon%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1994 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles | Defending champion Pete Sampras successfully defended his title, defeating Goran Ivanišević in the final, 7–6(7–2), 7–6(7–5), 6–0 to win the gentlemen's singles tennis title at the 1994 Wimbledon Championships.
Seeds
Pete Sampras (champion)
Michael Stich (first round)
Stefan Edberg (second round)
Goran Ivanišević (final)
Jim Courier (second round)
Todd Martin (semifinals)
Boris Becker (semifinals)
Sergi Bruguera (fourth round)
Andriy Medvedev (fourth round)
Michael Chang (quarterfinals)
Petr Korda (second round)
Andre Agassi (fourth round)
Cédric Pioline (first round)
Marc Rosset (second round)
Yevgeny Kafelnikov (third round)
Arnaud Boetsch (first round)
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
References
External links
1994 Wimbledon Championships – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
Wimbledon Championship by year – Men's singles |
4024253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arping | Arping | arping is a computer software tool for discovering and probing hosts on a computer network. Arping probes hosts on the examined network link by sending link layer frames using the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) request method addressed to a host identified by its MAC address of the network interface. The utility program may use ARP to resolve an IP address provided by the user.
The function of arping is analogous to the utility ping that probes the network with the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) at the Internet Layer of the Internet Protocol Suite.
Two popular arping implementations exist. One is part of Linux iputils suite, and cannot resolve MAC addresses to IP addresses. The other arping implementation, written by Thomas Habets, can ping hosts by MAC address as well as by IP address, and adds more features. Having both arping implementations on a system may introduce conflicts. Some Linux distros handle this by removing iputils arping along with dependent packages like NetworkManager if Habets's arping is installed. Others (e.g. Debian-based distros like Ubuntu) have iputils-arping split into a separate package to avoid this problem.
In networks employing repeaters that implement proxy ARP, the ARP response may originate from such proxy hosts and not directly from the probed target.
Example
Example session output of arping from iputils:
ARPING 192.168.39.120 from 192.168.39.1 eth0
Unicast reply from 192.168.39.120 [00:01:80:38:F7:4C] 0.810ms
Unicast reply from 192.168.39.120 [00:01:80:38:F7:4C] 0.607ms
Unicast reply from 192.168.39.120 [00:01:80:38:F7:4C] 0.602ms
Unicast reply from 192.168.39.120 [00:01:80:38:F7:4C] 0.606ms
Sent 4 probes (1 broadcast(s))
Received 4 response(s)
Example session output from Thomas Habets's arping:
ARPING 192.168.16.96
60 bytes from 00:04:5a:4b:b6:ec (192.168.16.96): index=0 time=292.000 usec
60 bytes from 00:04:5a:4b:b6:ec (192.168.16.96): index=1 time=310.000 usec
60 bytes from 00:04:5a:4b:b6:ec (192.168.16.96): index=2 time=256.000 usec
^C
--- 192.168.16.96 statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 packets received, 0% unanswered (0 extra)
See also
ArpON
arpwatch
References
External links
arping by Thomas Habets
iputils suite (including arping)
arping source on github
Internet Protocol based network software
Free network management software |
4024257 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet%20Bloomfield | Janet Bloomfield | Janet Elizabeth Bloomfield (née Hood; 10 October 1953 – 2 April 2007) was a British peace and disarmament campaigner who was chair of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) from 1993 to 1996.
Biography
Born in Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire, England, Bloomfield was educated at Abbeydale Grange School, Sheffield and Sussex University, where she obtained a BA (Hons) degree in Geography.
Bloomfield was the Chair of the CND, the largest peace and disarmament organisation in Europe from 1993 to 1996. During this time she helped to develop CND's campaign around the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, which included the production of the highly influential "Blueprint for a Nuclear Weapon Free World.
She was active in the anti-nuclear movement since 1981. She was a local group secretary, national council and executive, regional worker in the West Midlands for CND. She was the National Vice-Chair for two years before being elected Chair in 1993. She was honorary Vice-President of CND at the time of her death.
She was a consultant (Vice-President 1994–1997) to the Geneva-based International Peace Bureau, a Nobel Peace Prize-winning network of non-aligned peace organisations in 44 countries. She was a member of the Global Council of Abolition 2000, Global Network to Eliminate Nuclear Weapons and convened the Abolition Now Campaign Working Group of Abolition, 2000.
Bloomfield organised the campaign to stop arms trade shows being held at the National Exhibition Centre in Birmingham in 1991. She organised and led the Atomic Mirror Pilgrimage 1996 around nuclear and sacred sites of England, Scotland and Wales. This was filmed and made into a documentary called "Sacred Fire".
She was a consultant to the Oxford Research Group.
After 1997, Bloomfield's main work was as UK co-ordinator of the Atomic Mirror, whose goal is to create a nuclear-free world. The Atomic Mirror works with activists, artists, and indigenous peoples from nuclear sites, developing initiatives and joint activities to inspire people to take action, and abolish nuclear weapons and power. The Atomic Mirror is a founding member of the Weapons of Mass Destruction Awareness Programme, of which Bloomfield was a spokesperson.
Affiliations
Chair of Governors of the Grange Farm Primary School, Coventry, from 1988 to 1992.
Member of the Board of Governors of Friends School, Saffron Walden, from 2003 to 2005.
Charter 88 signatory and a Fellow of the British-American Project
Joined Green Party in 1996.
Member of Thaxted Monthly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)
Co-Clerk of the Peace Campaigning and Networking Group of the Quakers' Peace and Social Witness.
Family
She was married since 1976 to Richard Bloomfield; they had two children - Lucie (b. 1980) and Robin (b. 1982).
See also
List of peace activists
References
External links
Oxford Research Group
Abolition 2000
Weapons of Mass Destruction Awareness Programme
1953 births
2007 deaths
British anti-war activists
People from Newcastle-under-Lyme
Alumni of the University of Sussex |
4024269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Rice%2C%203rd%20Baron%20Dynevor | George Rice, 3rd Baron Dynevor | George Talbot Rice, 3rd Baron Dynevor (Dinefwr) (8 October 1765 – 9 April 1852) was a British peer and politician. He was the son of Cecil de Cardonnel, 2nd Baroness Dynevor and George Rice (or Rhys). He was educated at Westminster School and matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford on 1 February 1783, where he was awarded a Master of Arts degree on 30 May 1786.
Talbot Rice was the Tory Member of Parliament for Carmarthenshire from 1790 to 1793. His father had previously been the Tory MP for Carmarthenshire between 1754 and 1779.
He inherited his title in 1793 on the death of his mother. The 3rd Baron's mother had adopted, by royal licence the name of de Cardonnel. In 1817 (again by royal licence) he resumed his paternal surname of Rice. His name is now often hyphenated as Talbot-Rice.
He died on 9 April 1852. On 20 October 1794 he had married Frances Townshend, third daughter of Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney of St Leonards. They had 2 sons and 5 daughters and lived at Newton House in his Dynefwr estate near Llandeilo, Carmarthenshire. He was succeeded by his eldest son George, who later adopted the surname of Rice-Trevor.
References
1765 births
1852 deaths
People educated at Westminster School, London
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
03
Rice, George
Rice, George
Rice, George
George
Lord-Lieutenants of Carmarthenshire |
4024271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%20Tournoi%20de%20France | 1997 Tournoi de France | The 1997 Tournoi de France (; French, 'Tournament of France'), often referred to as Le Tournoi, was an international football tournament held in France in early June 1997 as a warm-up to the 1998 FIFA World Cup. The four national teams participating at the tournament were Brazil, England, hosts France, and Italy. They played against each other in a single round-robin tournament with the group winner also being the winner of the tournament.
Event
England won the tournament after collecting six points by winning their first two matches, against Italy and France, and losing one to Brazil. Brazil were second with five points, a product of a win and two draws. Their 3–3 draw with Italy included two goals from then 22-year-old Alessandro Del Piero and one goal apiece from Romário and Ronaldo as well as one own goal from each of the teams. Del Piero was the top goalscorer of the tournament with three goals scored while Romário scored twice.
In the 21st minute of the opening match between France and Brazil, Roberto Carlos scored his famous Banana Shot free kick goal, curling from a 33.13-metre distance and often considered to be one of the best in the modern game.
Elo Ratings before the tournament
Venues
Squads
Table
Results
Statistics
Goalscorers
Broadcasters
Rai 1
SVT
Fox Sports (English), Telemundo (Spanish)
See also
1998 FIFA World Cup
References
External links
RSSSF
1997
1997
1996–97 in English football
1996–97 in French football
1996–97 in Italian football
1997 in Brazilian football
1998 FIFA World Cup
June 1997 sports events in Europe
International men's association football invitational tournaments |
4024277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Smith | Alan Smith | Alan or Allan Smith may refer to:
Sports
Association football
Alan Smith (footballer, born 1921) (1921–2019), English football left winger
Alan Smith (footballer, born 1939) (1939–2016), English footballer for Torquay United
Alan Smith (footballer, born 1949), Welsh footballer for Newport County
Alan Smith (footballer, born 1962), English footballer for Leicester City and Arsenal, current pundit
Alan Smith (footballer, born 1966), English footballer for Darlington
Alan Smith (footballer, born 1980), English footballer for Leeds United and Manchester United
Alan Smith (football manager) (born 1946), English former manager of Crystal Palace
Alan Smith (physiotherapist) (born 1950), former England and Sheffield Wednesday physio
Allan Smith (New Zealand footballer), New Zealand international football (soccer) player
Rugby
Alan Smith (rugby union) (born 1942), New Zealand rugby union player
Alan Smith (rugby league, born 1944), English rugby league footballer of the 1960s and 1970s
Alan Smith (rugby league, born 1955), Australian rugby league footballer
Other sports
Alan Smith (cricketer) (born 1936), English cricketer
Alan Smith (sport shooter) (born 1958), Australian sports shooter
Alan Smith (sailor) (born 1964), New Zealand sailor
Allan Smith (diver) (born 1929), Sri Lankan diver
Allan Smith (high jumper) (born 1992), British athlete
Other fields
Allan Smith (solicitor) (1871–1941), British Conservative Party politician, MP for Croydon South 1919–1923
Allan F. Smith (1911–1994), American professor of law at the University of Michigan
Alan Smith (geneticist) (born 1945), British geneticist
Alan Jay Smith (born 1951), American computer scientist
Alan J. Smith (architect) (born 1949), English architect
Alan Smith (radio presenter) (born 1966), British journalist
Alan Smith (bishop) (born 1957), British bishop of St Albans
Alan Smith (RAF officer) (1917–2013), English Second World War fighter ace
Cris Alexander (born Alan Smith, 1920–2012), American actor and photographer
Sam Smith (toymaker) (1908–1983), artist, sculptor and toymaker
See also
Al Smith (disambiguation)
Allen Smith (disambiguation)
Alan Smithee, pseudonym used since 1968 by film directors who wished to be dissociated from a film
Alan Smythe, fictional character in BBC 2000–2005 series Monarch of the Glen |
4024278 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter%27s%20Bar | Hunter's Bar | Hunter's Bar is a roundabout and former toll bar on Ecclesall Road in south-west Sheffield, England; the toll bar was active until the late 19th century. The name also attaches to the area surrounding Hunter's Bar roundabout at the intersection of Ecclesall Road, Brocco Bank, Sharrow Vale Road and Junction Road. The toll bar now stands in the middle of the roundabout. The gatekeeper for the toll bar, known as "Hunter's Toll Gate" lived in a house on the corner of Ecclesall Road and Sharrow Vale Road. In 1871, the gatekeeper was Jacob Thompson, who was born in Wirksworth, Derbyshire and had previously been a lead miner there. His wife and two daughters lived with him.
The area is featured in the Arctic Monkeys' song "Fake Tales of San Francisco", in particular the lyric, "He talks of San Francisco, he's from Hunter's Bar". Hunter's Bar roundabout has its own Twitter account and its own website.
Hunter's Bar is located where the Ecclesall ward of Sheffield Hallam constituency and Broomhill & Sharrow Vale ward of Sheffield Central constituency meet. The main shopping area is situated on Ecclesall Road. Much of the terraced housing in Hunter's Bar and nearby Sharrow Vale is directly attributable to the industrial revolution, when housing was built for workers.
Close to the roundabout are Endcliffe Park and Hunter's Bar Infant and Junior Schools. On Sharrow Vale Road and Ecclesall Road there are fashionable shops, restaurants, cafes and pubs.
Football has been played at Hunter's Bar for over 100 years, notably when The Albion FC played at Hunter's Bar from 1872. Though long gone, the area still has its own team Hunter's Bar FC, who play in the Hope Valley League.
Housing in the area is split between upmarket Yorkstone semi-detached houses and redbrick terraces. There is a high density of students from the nearby University of Sheffield and Sheffield Hallam University campuses.
The former Wilson Road Synagogue lies near Hunter's Bar.
References
Hunter
Roundabouts in England |
4024285 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%20Wimbledon%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1993 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles | Pete Sampras defeated Jim Courier in the final, 7–6(7–3), 7–6(8–6), 3–6, 6–3 to win the gentlemen's singles tennis title at the 1993 Wimbledon Championships. It was the first of an eventual seven Wimbledon titles for Sampras, an all-time record shared with William Renshaw until 2017 when Roger Federer won his eighth title.
Andre Agassi was the defending champion, but was defeated in the quarterfinals by Sampras.
This marked Ivan Lendl's final Wimbledon appearance; he lost in the second round. He was a runner-up in two Wimbledon finals. This was the only major he did not win in his career.
Seeds
Pete Sampras (champion)
Stefan Edberg (semifinals)
Jim Courier (final)
Boris Becker (semifinals)
Goran Ivanišević (third round)
Michael Stich (quarterfinals)
Ivan Lendl (second round)
Andre Agassi (quarterfinals)
Richard Krajicek (fourth round)
Andrei Medvedev (second round)
Petr Korda (fourth round)
Michael Chang (third round)
Wayne Ferreira (fourth round)
MaliVai Washington (second round)
Karel Nováček (first round)
Thomas Muster (first round)
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
References
External links
1993 Wimbledon Championships – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
Wimbledon Championship by year – Men's singles |
4024300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked%20list%20of%20Salvadoran%20departments | Ranked list of Salvadoran departments | The following article is a ranked list of Salvadoran departments.
By area
The following table presents a listing of El Salvador's 14 departments ranked in order of their surface area.
By population
The following table presents a listing of El Salvador's 14 departments ranked in order of their total population (based on 2006 population estimates).
See also
El Salvador
Departments of El Salvador
Geography of El Salvador
List of Salvadoran departmental capitals
Salvadoran Departments by HDI
El Salvador
Lists of subdivisions of El Salvador |
4024303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June%20Gordon%2C%20Marchioness%20of%20Aberdeen%20and%20Temair | June Gordon, Marchioness of Aberdeen and Temair | Beatrice Mary June Gordon, Marchioness of Aberdeen and Temair, , FRSAMD (née Boissier; 29 December 1913 – 22 June 2009), commonly known as Lady Aberdeen, was a professional musician and patron of the Aberdeen International Youth Festival and founder and Musical Director of Haddo House Choral & Operatic Society.
Biography
She was born in 1913 on the Isle of Wight to Arthur Paul Boissier and Dorothy Christina Leslie, daughter of Rev. Clement Smith, rector of Whippingham and canon of Windsor. Trained as a pianist and conductor, she met David Gordon, 4th Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair at Harrow School where her father was Headmaster. They married on 29 April 1939, and lived at Haddo House, Ellon, Aberdeenshire, home of the Gordon family. They adopted four children who were, until 2004, not entitled to either courtesy titles or for the elder son to inherit the peerage:
Lady Mary Katherine Gordon (b. 30 May 1946), married Simon Piers Welfare and had issue.
Lady Sarah Caroline Gordon (b. 25 March 1948), married Mr. P. Scott and had issue; then remarried Eric N Money with one son.
Lord Andrew David Gordon (b. 6 March 1950), married Lucy Mary Frances Milligan and had issue.
Lord James Drummond Gordon (b. 11 April 1953), married Marilyn Sim
Until 2004, adopted children of peers had no right to any courtesy title. However, as a result of a Royal Warrant dated 30 April 2004 adopted children are now automatically entitled to such styles and courtesy titles as their siblings. However, as with illegitimate children where legitimated, such children have no rights to inheritance of peerages, although Scottish peerages rules of descent differ.
They founded the Haddo House Choral & Operatic Society in 1945 in order to give additional cultural opportunities to the residents of Aberdeenshire. Haddo House, is surrounded by gardens, a park and a lake with abundant Scottish wildlife and boasts a wooden built theatre (Haddo House Hall) which was originally built as a tennis court but is now a fully operational theatre and concert hall. The Haddo estate is a uniquely beautiful and peaceful setting for concerts, operas and other shows. Situated 20 miles north of Aberdeen, the House is now administered by the National Trust for Scotland.
Known professionally as June Gordon, a graduate of the Royal College of Music, Lady Aberdeen was a pianist and conductor by training and she developed Haddo's musical programme with great enterprise. The first recorded concert was a Christmas Carol service in Haddo House Chapel in 1945, which still occurs annually. Under June's baton, the society widened its repertoire developing a tradition for presenting major British works – both Operas and concerts. She started with directing Handel's 'Messiah' with soloist Elsie Suddaby in 1947 and other highlights have included 1950's Bach's 'St Matthew Passion' with oboist Leon Goosens in a solo role and major choral works by Elgar, Delius, Tippett, Vaughan Williams and Howells and many operas which require chorus.
A succession of internationally renowned artists have helped make this North East Scotland venue a lively stage for the very best in choral, operatic and drama productions: Dame Janet Baker was asked to perform there immediately on graduating from the Royal College of Music because Lady Aberdeen thought her "promising". Glasgow-born Rosalind Sutherland first performed Desdemona in Verdi's opera Otello at Haddo in 1996, and returned as Micaela in Carmen in 1997, before finding fame taking the title role in 'Madame Butterfly' at the San Francisco Opera House. Judith Lovat, now with the Philadelphia Opera, gained early experience at Haddo. Other eminent musicians to appear have included: Benjamin Britten, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Willard White, Sarah Walker, and Neil Mackie. In recent years there have been visiting performers from France, Finland, Denmark, Germany and America. For many years a Summer Play was also produced, using the renowned Globe Stage in the Hall for Shakespeare one year and presenting another playwright's work the next, but this has recently been discontinued. As a young man, Prince Edward appeared several times in these productions.
Many young people who have grown up in the area have performed at Haddo and gone on to study music and the performing arts at the tertiary level. Students from the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama take part in the opera every year, gaining invaluable experience in the orchestra, chorus and/or taking small singing roles. The Society is now 65 years old and presents an annual programme of opera, oratorio and carols. Professional pianist and singing teacher Alice E Dennis GTCL trains the chorus. HHCOS prides itself on its high standard of performance, achieved by the local community working alongside the professional artists brought in for producing and designing the opera, for the major solo roles and for playing in the orchestra for the opera and concerts alike. The facilities at Haddo comprise a purpose built rehearsal room, and the theatre known as "Haddo House Hall" for performances. The Choral Society also uses the tiny and picturesque Chapel, attached to the side of the main House for their popular carol concerts. These venues are a delight for both artists and their audiences. The umbrella organisation at Haddo house; the "Haddo User Group" involves over 200 members of all ages and backgrounds, who take part in a wide range of productions including the opera, large choral concerts and carol concerts. There are also musical shows from Haddo Youth Music Theatre and the Haddo Children's Theatre and youth concerts involving the two award winning Haddo Youth and Children's Choirs. She was President of the RSCDS (Royal Scottish Country Dance Society) Aberdeen Branch until her death.
Death and legacy
Lady Aberdeen was a Patron of leading Scottish learning disabilities charity Cornerstone Community Care, and Chairman of the North East of Scotland Music School. She received the MBE in 1971 and CBE in 1989. She died in June 2009, aged 95.
A sculpture of June Gordon, Marchioness of Aberdeen and Temair, was commissioned from Laurence Broderick.
References
External links
Aberdeen International Youth Festival
Haddo House Choral & Operatic Society
1913 births
2009 deaths
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Dames Grand Cross of the Order of St John
British marchionesses
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
Deputy Lieutenants of Aberdeenshire
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |
4024306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plovdiv%20University%20%22Paisii%20Hilendarski%22 | Plovdiv University "Paisii Hilendarski" | The Plovdiv University "Paisii Hilendarski" (), also known as The Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, is a university located in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. It was founded in 1962 and has nine faculties.
History and profile
Plovdiv University, named in honor of the Bulgarian historian Paisii Hilendarski (known as Saint Paisius of Hilendar in English), is the city’s leading cultural and scientific institution. It is the largest institution of higher education in southern Bulgaria and the third largest Bulgarian university, after St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia and St. Cyril and St. Methodius University of Veliko Tarnovo.
In 1945 the University of Plovdiv was inaugurated by a Decree of the Regents’ Council of August the 4th, promulgated the same year in the State Gazette of August 20, structured in two faculties: Medicine and Agriculture and Forestry, which in July 1961 was reorganized as Higher Teacher-Training Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences. The institute was promoted to university status by government decree on 12 January 1972, when it took its present name “Paisiy Hilendarski” Plovdiv University.
In 1973, it became the first higher institution in Plovdiv to offer language and literature studies, offering B.A. degrees in Bulgarian and Russian Languages and Literature. Soon after, a program in Slavonic Languages and Literature (with specialization in Czech Language and Literature) was added. A degree in Education was offered for the first time in 1984, Law degree programs were introduced in 1992, and Economics degree programs were launched in 1994.
Today the University of Plovdiv is a true university by international standards, since it provides training to students in the four major fields of higher education: natural sciences, humanities, social sciences, and economics. “Paisiy Hilendarski” Plovdiv University has been institutionally accredited by National Certification and Accreditation Board (Protocol No. 1 of 15 February 2001). Over 7,500 full-time and 5,000 part-time students are enrolled in the programs and courses by the university’s nine faculties. The full-time teaching staff consists of 34 full professors, 167 associate professors and 360 assistant professors.
The university also comprises a Technical College in Smolyan as well as two branches outside of Plovdiv: a Smolyan branch, successor to the Teacher Training Institute opened in 1962 as part of the old Bulgarian tradition in teacher training, and a branch in Kardzhali, successor of semi-Pedagogical Institute "L.Karavelov" - Kardzhali founded in 1961.
Organization
The nine faculties in which the university is divided into are:
Faculty of Biology
Faculty of Economics and Social Science
Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics
Faculty of Education ('Faculty of Pedagogics')
Faculty of Physics
Faculty of Languages and Literature ('Faculty of Philology')
Faculty of Philosophy and History
Faculty of Chemistry
Faculty of Law
See also
List of colleges and universities
References
External links
Official Website
Educational institutions established in 1962
Universities in Plovdiv |
4024308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokopis%20Pavlopoulos | Prokopis Pavlopoulos | Prokopios Pavlopoulos (, ; born 10 July 1950), commonly shortened to Prokopis (Προκόπης), is a Greek lawyer, university professor and politician who served as the president of Greece from 2015 to 2020. A member of New Democracy, he previously was Minister of the Interior from 2004 to 2009. He was succeeded by Katerina Sakellaropoulou on 13 March 2020, who became the first woman to serve as President of Greece.
Academic career
Prokopis Pavlopoulos was born in Kalamata to high school principal and classics teacher Vasilios Pavlopoulos and grew up in the same city. After finishing school in his home town, he entered the Law School of the University of Athens in 1968.
In 1975, on a government scholarship, he received his DEA from the Paris Panthéon-Assas University, followed by his PhD in 1977 on Public Law. He then returned to Greece to serve his military service in the Hellenic Army (1978–79). He was elected Lecturer at the University of Athens in 1980, and he was promoted to Reader in 1981. In 1983 he became Assistant Professor and he was promoted to Associate Professor in 1986. In 1989, he was elected (Full) Professor of Administrative Law. In 1986, Pavlopoulos was an adjunct faculty member at the Panthéon-Assas University.
Political career
Early political career
Pavlopoulos was secretary to the first President of the metapolitefsi, Michail Stasinopoulos, in 1974. From November 1989 to April 1990, he served as alternate Minister for the Presidency and government spokesman in the ecumenical government headed by Xenophon Zolotas. He served as head of the legal office to President Konstantinos Karamanlis from 1990 to 1995, and political advisor to Miltiadis Evert, then chairman of New Democracy, from September 1995. He was elected as a Member of Parliament for the New Democracy party in the 1996 parliamentary election; in the 2000 parliamentary election, he was elected as an MP for the Athens A constituency. He was appointed as New Democracy's Press and Information Spokesman by Evert on 20 April 1996; he subsequently became its Parliamentary Spokesman on 14 April 2000. Pavlopoulos was successively re-elected for Athens A in the 2000, 2004, 2007, 2009 and 2012 elections.
Minister of the Interior
Following the March 2004 legislative election, which was won by New Democracy, Pavlopoulos became Minister of the Interior, Public Administration and Decentralisation in the new government of the Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis on 10 March 2004. In the government appointed following New Democracy's victory in the September 2007 parliamentary election, the Interior Ministry was merged with the Ministry of Public Order; Pavlopoulous became Minister of the Interior and Public Order.
He is a member of the Central Committee of New Democracy, and on 29 July 2004 he was designated as a member of the party's Political Council as one of seven MP candidates; no vote was necessary because there were only seven MP seats available on the Council.
President of Greece
On 17 February, Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras nominated Pavlopoulos as the ruling Syriza–ANEL coalition's candidate for the post of President of Greece in the presidential election that had begun in December 2014. On 18 February 2015, backed by Syriza, ANEL and his own New Democracy party, Pavlopoulos was elected by the Hellenic Parliament as the new President of Greece with 233 votes in favour. He succeeded Karolos Papoulias after the end of the latter's term on 13 March 2015.
Personal life
Pavlopoulos is married to Vlassia Pavlopoulou-Peltsemi and together they have two daughters, Maria and Zoe, and one son, Vasilis.
David Davis, the son of Katherine, Crown Princess of Yugoslavia (and her husband Alexander Davis), is a godchild of President Prokopis Pavlopoulos.
Honours
: Grand Collar of the Order of Makarios III - 30 March 2015
: Grand Cross of the Order of the Legion of Honour - 22 October 2015
: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic - 23 November 2015
: Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry - 27 January 2017
Knight of the Order of the White Eagle - 18 November 2017
Order of the Republic of Serbia - 15 February 2021
References
External links
|-
|-
1950 births
21st-century presidents of Greece
20th-century Greek lawyers
Greek MPs 1996–2000
Greek MPs 2000–2004
Greek MPs 2004–2007
Greek MPs 2007–2009
Greek MPs 2009–2012
Greek MPs 2012 (May)
Greek MPs 2012–2014
Living people
Ministers of the Interior of Greece
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens faculty
New Democracy (Greece) politicians
Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas University alumni
Politicians from Kalamata
Presidents of Greece
Greek legal scholars |
4024334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%20Wimbledon%20Championships%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1980 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles | Four-time defending champion Björn Borg successfully defended his title, defeating John McEnroe in the final, 1–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–7(16–18), 8–6 to win the gentlemen's singles tennis title at the 1980 Wimbledon Championships. It was his fifth consecutive singles title at the Championships. The final has often been called one of the greatest and most exciting matches of all time, and was central to the Borg–McEnroe rivalry. A dramatic depiction of the final featured as the conclusion to the 2017 movie Borg vs McEnroe.
Seeds
Björn Borg (champion)
John McEnroe (final)
Jimmy Connors (semifinals)
Vitas Gerulaitis (fourth round)
Roscoe Tanner (quarterfinals)
Gene Mayer (quarterfinals)
Peter Fleming (quarterfinals)
Víctor Pecci (third round)
Pat DuPré (third round)
Ivan Lendl (third round)
Harold Solomon (withdrew before the tournament began)
Yannick Noah (withdrew before the tournament began)
Wojciech Fibak (quarterfinals)
Victor Amaya (first round)
Stan Smith (third round)
José Luis Clerc (third round)
Harold Solomon and Yannick Noah withdrew due to injury. They were replaced in the draw by Qualifiers Kevin Curren and Wayne Hampson respectively.
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
References
External links
1980 Wimbledon Championships – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
Wimbledon Championship by year – Men's singles |
4024338 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korg%20Poly-61 | Korg Poly-61 | The KORG Poly-61 (PS-61) is an analogue programmable polyphonic synthesizer released by Korg in 1982, as a successor to the Polysix. It was notable for being Korg's first largely "knobless" synthesizer - featuring a push-button interface for programming, dispensing with the Polysix's knobs and switches. The Poly-61 also uses digitally controlled analog oscillators or DCO's (Roland's Juno-6 had made the same leap the previous year), in place of the Polysix' VCOs. The Poly-61 also boasted double the amount of patch memory (64 memory positions versus the Polysix's 32), but did not feature its predecessor's on board effects.
In 1984 a MIDI version, the Poly-61M was released featuring basic MIDI implementation, however, prior to that, a person could order a factory installed Poly 61 with MIDI in and MIDI out jacks installed on a plate on the rear of the keyboard, simply called Poly-61 with Factory Installed MIDI. The MIDI implementation was basic with only note on and note off information, partly as the synthesiser was not touch sensitive.
Audio path
Oscillators
The Poly-61 offers two DCOs per voice. DCO1, a more traditional design, provides sawtooth, pulse, and PWM waveforms. DCO2, based on low-resolution counter ICs, has only sawtooth and square, and is not available on its own.
Filter
The filter has the typical controls for cutoff, resonance, keyboard tracking and envelope amount. Some of these are rather limited by the parameter resolution. Keyboard tracking is simply "on" or "off" for example, and resonance and envelope level (here labelled "EG Intensity") have only 8 values. However, when manipulated by internal LFOs, the resolution is considerably better without notable stepping.
Output
The final component in the audio path is a VCA. It can be driven by the envelope generator or a CV/Gate pulse.
Embedded processors
NEC D8049C - 8 bits, 11 MHz (max.), 40 pins (DIP), Supply Voltage = 5V
There are 2 of them on the CPU board (KLM-509), one is a Programmer and the other is an Assigner.
The 8049 has 2 kB of masked ROM as well as 128 bytes of RAM and 27 I/O ports. The µC's oscillator block divides the incoming clock into 15 internal phases, thus with its 11 MHz max. crystal, one gets 0.73 MIPS (of one-clock instructions). Some 70% of instructions are single byte/cycle, but 30% need two cycles and/or two bytes, so raw performance is closer to 0.5 MIPS. The minimum instruction length is 8 bits and the maximum instruction length is 16 bits.
Modulation
Envelope generator
The envelope is an ADSR type. All parameters can only be set to one of 16 values.
There are 6 SSM-2056 analog envelope generator chips used in the Poly 61, each being controlled by discrete 4-bit D/A converters. This means there are only 16 possible settings for each of the ADSR parameters.
LFO
The LFO (known as a 'modulation generator' on the Poly-61) is a simple triangle wave that can be routed to the DCOs or VCF. It has a variable delay before it is triggered.
Joystick
The joystick controls a second LFO, adjustable by a knob with rate indicator LED, and entirely independent of the main LFO, although the effect can be cumulative. The joystick can be used to route this to DCO pitch (vibrato) or VCF. As control of this LFO is entirely manual, it does not feature in the programmable patch structure of the synth.
Performance features
Joystick
Unlike the separate pitch and modulation wheels of the Polysix, the Poly 61 features a full joystick, with variable pitchbend (+/- about 7 semitones), and an independent LFO (see above).
Chord memory
As well as standard 6-voice polyphony, a chord memory can be engaged, memorising any chord voicing held down while pressing the Chord Memory button. This chord is then replicated, its lowest note matching any note played on the keyboard. A hold function works in either Poly or Chord mode, with a dedicated input jack for a release foot pedal.
Arpeggiator
There is a simple arpeggiator with dedicated control buttons and tempo knob, which can work in conjunction with the chord memory for moderately sophisticated sequences.
Reception and Impact
The Poly-61 was not as well received as its predecessor, in particular the push button programming interface being criticised for its lack of resolution compared to the knob-controlled analog synths of the period; this would foreshadow general criticisms of the menu diving required to edit patches 'on the fly' whilst playing that would be directed at the digital and sample-based synths that were to follow. The Poly-61 also lacked the on-board effects capability of the Polysix.
Crucially, the Poly-61 was released just before the introduction of MIDI, and still used old style analog voltage trigger outputs to interface it with sequencers and drum machines (although this was addressed by the later addition of MIDI in the Poly-61M). However, it would be the release of the all-digital Yamaha DX7 just a few months after the Poly-61 that would quickly erode its market appeal. The Poly-61 was replaced in 1985 by the DW-8000 which still used a partially analog architecture. It was not until the revolutionary Korg M1 six years later, that Korg returned to the top of the class with the first sample-based digital workstation synth.
Notable users
Com Truise
Cardiacs
FM Static
Homeshake
Jesse Saunders
Kanjo
Ray Parker Jr. "Ghostbusters"
The Faint
Twenty Four Hours
Tuxedomoon
J McCarthy
Brian Auger
Kebu
References
P
Analog synthesizers
Polyphonic synthesizers |
4024350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skreemer | Skreemer | Skreemer is a six-issue comic book limited series, written by Peter Milligan with art by Brett Ewins and Steve Dillon. The first issue was published by American company DC Comics in May 1989.
Synopsis
The story is set thirty-eight years after the fall of civilization in New York. The central character is Veto Skreemer, an imposing giant in an age when giants are near-obsolete. His story is narrated by Peter Finnegan as he looks back on both Veto's life and how it intersects with the lives of the Finnegan family, contrasting the formers’ rise to power with the latter's struggle to survive.
Inspiration
Brett Ewins, in the foreword to the book, explains that Skreemer has two distinct inspirations. The first is gangster films, specifically Once Upon a Time in America and The Long Good Friday, and the second is James Joyce's Finnegans Wake.
Collected editions
The series has been collected into a trade paperback:
Skreemer (169 pages, 2002, Titan Books, , DC Comics, )
Awards
1989: Won "Favourite Single or Continued Story US" Eagle Award
Notes
References
Comics by Peter Milligan |
4024356 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry%20Milyutin | Dmitry Milyutin | Count Dmitry Alekseyevich Milyutin (, tr. ; 28 June 1816, Moscow – 25 January 1912, Simeiz near Yalta) was Minister of War (1861–81) and the last Field Marshal of Imperial Russia (1898). He played a major role in the Circassian genocide. He was responsible for sweeping military reforms that changed the face of the Russian army in the 1860s and 1870s.
Early career
Milyutin graduated from the Moscow University School in 1833 and Nicholas Military Academy in 1836. Unlike his brother Nikolai Milyutin, who chose to pursue a career in civil administration, Dmitry volunteered to take part in the Caucasian War (1839–45). After sustaining a grave wound, he returned to the military academy to deliver lectures as a professor.
In the following years, Milyutin earned a considerable reputation as a brilliant scholar. He emphasized the scientific value of military statistics and authored the first comprehensive study of the subject, which earned him the Demidov Prize for 1847. Milyutin regarded Suvorov as a model for military commanders and the Italian campaign of 1799 as the pinnacle of his career, elaborating these views in a detailed account of the campaign, published in five volumes in 1852 and 1853.
Capitalizing on his knowledge, Milyutin analyzed the causes of Russia's defeat in the Crimean War and framed some radical proposals for military reforms. His ideas were approved by Alexander II, who appointed Milyutin to the post of Minister of War in 1861. Several years earlier, Milyutin had taken part in the capture of Shamil, thus helping bring the prolonged Caucasian War to an end.
Minister of War
Milyutin was Minister of War from 16 May 1861 to 21 May 1881. The military reforms carried on during Milyutin's long tenure resulted in the levy system being introduced to Russia and military districts being created across the country. Military service was declared compulsory to all males aged 21 for 6 years instead of the previous 25 years. This applied to all males including nobles. The system of military education was also reformed, and elementary education was made available to all the draftees. Milyutin's reforms are regarded as a milestone in the history of Russia: they dispensed with the military recruitment and professional army introduced by Peter the Great and created the Russian army such as it continued into the 21st century until Anatoliy Serdyukov announced military reforms to end in 2020. (See: 2008 Russian military reform)
Up to Dmitry Milyutin's reforms in 1874 Russian Army had no constant barracks and was billeted in dugouts and shacks.
The success of his reforms was demonstrated during the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878). Milyutin's subtle leadership made itself felt during the peak of the conflict when the Russians failed three times in a row to take Pleven and many experts advised them to retreat. Milyutin promptly ordered the siege to be continued in a more orderly manner which brought the war to a victorious end. At the close of the war, Milyutin set up a commission in order to investigate faulty supply of provisions and other problems that had surfaced during the siege. In recognition of his services, he was made a count and received all the Russian orders, including the Order of Saint Andrew.
Having gained the tsar's ear, Milyutin was the chief decision-maker, for ordering the deportations that he knew would cause the death from starvation and disease of large numbers of Circassians from 1861 to 1865.
Later life
After the Congress of Berlin, Milyutin succeeded the ailing Chancellor Gorchakov as the leader of the imperial foreign policy. Alexander II's assassination in 1881 rendered his position precarious, however, and after Konstantin Pobedonostsev, intent on reversing the liberal innovations of the previous reign, emerged as the most powerful policy-maker, Milyutin resigned his office. In 1898, when the 80th anniversary of Alexander II was celebrated, he was promoted to Field Marshal, the first man to receive this honour for many years and the last in the history of the Russian Empire. He died in Simeiz in 1912.
Honours and awards
Domestic
Order of St. Anna, 1st class
Order of St. Anna, 2nd class
Order of the White Eagle
Order of St. Stanislaus, 1st class
Order of St. Stanislaus, 3rd class
Order of St. Vladimir, 1st class
Order of St. Alexander Nevsky
Order of St. Andrew
Demidov Prize
Order of St. George, 2nd class
Foreign
Order of the Star of Romania
Kingdom of Prussia:
Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle, 9 September 1872
Pour le Mérite (military), 22 March 1879
Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle, 4 September 1879
:
Knight of the Imperial Order of the Iron Crown, 2nd Class, 1853
Grand Cross of the Austrian Imperial Order of Leopold, 1872
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, September 1876
French Order of Academic Palms
:
Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim, 19 July 1875
Kingdom of Denmark:
Knight of the Order of the Elephant, 19 August 1876
:
Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 1874
Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
House Order of the Wendish Crown
Order of the Cross of Takovo
Order of Prince Danilo I
Order of the Lion and the Sun
References
Further reading
Forrest A. Miller, Dmitrii Miliutin and the Reform Era in Russia (1968)
Walter Richmond, The Circassian Genocide (Rutgers University Press, 2013) online
His memoirs have been reprinted. The early years in a volume published by Oriental Research Partners (Newtonville, Mass) in 1978 with a new useful introduction by Prof. Bruce Lincoln. A three volume set of memoirs of his later years was published by Rossiiski arkhiv (Moscow 1999-2006) Pp. 525, 557, 730.
External links
1816 births
1912 deaths
Writers from Moscow
People from Moskovsky Uyezd
Counts of the Russian Empire
Members of the State Council (Russian Empire)
Field marshals of Russia
Politicians of the Russian Empire
Military writers of the Russian Empire
Reformers
Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Russian military personnel of the Caucasian War
Circassian genocide perpetrators
Demidov Prize laureates
Honorary members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Second Degree
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Takovo
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur |
4024362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silly%20Songs%20with%20Larry | Silly Songs with Larry | Silly Songs with Larry is a regular feature segment in Big Idea's cartoon series VeggieTales. Often secular, they generally consist of Larry the Cucumber singing either alone or with some of the other Veggie characters. Occasionally, another character, like Mr. Lunt, Bob the Tomato, Junior Asparagus, Laura Carrot, Archibald Asparagus, Oscar the Polish Caterer, and the French Peas Jean-Claude and Philippe, or an ensemble is featured in Larry's place. The Silly Songs have proven to be a very popular part of the show and have also prompted the release of several "sing-along" and compilation videos of these segments, some wrapped with new material that threads them into a fresh context. Some of the silly songs have been nominated for a GMA Dove Award.
Segment structure
Sometimes a Silly Song is introduced with a static picture of Larry. Then, an unseen narrator, sometimes Archibald, says the following: "And now it's time for Silly Songs with Larry, the part of the show where Larry comes out and sings a silly song." However, this format is used loosely; sometimes it is renamed, adapted to the context of the episode, or eschewed altogether.
The Silly Song, when present, always appears in the middle of an episode, usually at a cliffhanger moment or between two separate segments, and usually has nothing to do with the episode storyline. The segment either takes place on the familiar countertop which opens and closes some of the episodes, or is presented in another setting off the countertop. On some videos, the background scenery often appears as a stage set, behind which electrical outlets and ceramic tile can be seen.
On a few occasions, the song is stopped and replaced before it can even begin. When this occurs, the brief images that are shown of the original song are intentionally more outlandish than usual, leaving the audience to wonder what it might have been. Examples of this occurring include Madame Blueberry, Lyle the Kindly Viking, Moe and the Big Exit, Tomato Sawyer and Huckleberry Larry's Big River Rescue, and MacLarry and the Stinky Cheese Battle.
The segment typically ends, unless pre-empted or replaced by another character, with the same unseen narrator saying "This has been Silly Songs with Larry. Tune in next time to hear Larry sing another Silly Song."
History
Phil Vischer wrote in his book, Me, Myself, and Bob: A True Story about Dreams, God, and Talking Vegetables, that when he originally created the Silly Songs section of the first show (Where's God When I'm S-Scared?), he never intended it to be a recurring segment, but after complaints from viewers about the lack of the segment in the second show (God Wants Me to Forgive Them!?!), he suggested that Mike Nawrocki write more Silly Songs for future shows. Since the third show (Are You My Neighbor), the segment has returned.
Mike Nawrocki has written and directed a majority of the silly songs for the past 20 years. Kurt Heinecke has served as producer and composer for nearly all of the silly songs of the past 20 years. Christian songwriter Steve Taylor wrote the 2009 silly song entitled "Sippy Cup."
Many of the Silly Songs such as ''The Pirates Who Don’t Do Anything'', ''His Cheeseburger'', ''The Yodeling Veterinarian of the Alps'', and ''Belly Button'' have been nominated for several GMA Dove Award including best music video of the year.
The segment was briefly discontinued after the original series ended in 2015 and were not featured in the Dreamworks spinoff series VeggieTales in the House (2014-2016) or VeggieTales in the City (2017). On his podcast (entitled The Holy Post) in late spring of 2019, Phil Vischer announced that the silly song segment will be returning with new songs in the new series The VeggieTales Show (which premiered in October 2019).
Songs
VeggieTales (1993-2015)
"The Water Buffalo Song" (Where's God When I'm S-Scared?) Written by Phil Vischer in 1993 – Wearing an oversized cowboy hat, Larry comes out and sings that "everybody's got a water buffalo," until Archibald Asparagus brings the song to an abrupt end and critiques Larry over the falseness of his lyrics. Larry then starts singing that "everybody's got a baby kangaroo," which makes Archibald so exasperated he charges at Larry and knocks him off the screen. Covered by Superchick on the album Veggie Rocks!.
"The Hairbrush Song" (Are You My Neighbor?) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 1995 – Larry, wearing a towel and having recently emerged from the bathtub, rues the mysterious loss of his hairbrush while hopping and dancing around in the bathroom. Pa Grape and Junior Asparagus try to help him, but it is Bob the Tomato who finally solves the mystery. "The Hairbrush Song" marks the first of many cameo appearances by The Peach, which has become a running gag for the series. Covered by Audio Adrenaline on the album Veggie Rocks!.
"Dance of the Cucumber" (Rack, Shack, and Benny) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 1995 – Larry, dressed up in Argentenian garb, sings and dances to a traditional ballad "in its original Spanish," while Bob, in a sheriff's hat, translates. Bob becomes frustrated, however, when Larry begins to taunt him because Bob cannot dance and sing. This gets to the point in which Bob eventually snaps and chases Larry off the set. Larry, meanwhile, hopes Bob does not catch him.
"I Love My Lips" (Dave and the Giant Pickle) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 1996 – Larry visits his psychiatrist (played by Archibald) worried about losing his lips. Because his focus on his lips is so absolute, he sees everything as a lip when given a Rorschach test. The Rorschach test in the original release featured a picture of Sonny Bono, after Sonny's death, later releases replaced the picture with a caricature of Mike Nawrocki. It was covered by Stevenson on the album Veggie Rocks!.
"Oh, Santa!" (The Toy That Saved Christmas) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 1996 – While awaiting the arrival of Santa Claus on Christmas Eve, Larry is visited by a bank robber (Scallion #1), a viking (Pa Grape), and an IRS agent (the Peach), whom Larry shares his cookies with (except the IRS agent). When Santa (Bob) arrives, however, it is revealed that Larry's remaining two guests have stolen parts of his outfit and he is fed up with it, chasing the two off the set. Larry gives the IRS agent the last cookie and says "Merry... Christmas." (presumably either to Santa or the IRS agent) and ends the song by staring at the viewer.
"The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything" (Very Silly Songs!) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 1997 – The "infamous" pirates (played by Larry, Mr. Lunt, and Pa Grape) sing of their lack of ambition, but Larry does not seem to grasp the concept of the song. This song was covered by Relient K for the Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie and The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything: A VeggieTales Movie soundtracks.
"The Song of the Cebú" (Josh and the Big Wall!) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 1997 – In a "sequential image, stereophonic, multimedia event" (a.k.a. a slide projector and a bed sheet), Larry presents the audience (Junior and the Gourds) with a song and slide show about a boy who owns three Cebús and a hippo, though due to an error by the Photo Booth Larry occasionally dives off-topic, leading Archibald to continually critique the presentation. As Junior and the two Gourds (Jimmy and Jerry) leave, Jimmy and Jerry talk about wanting their money back and how unfulfilling the presentation was.
"His Cheeseburger" (Madame Blueberry) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 1998 – Larry is about to introduce a new Silly Song when Archibald announces the cancellation of his segment as a result of the disastrous outcome of the Song of the Cebu. He then gives Mr. Lunt a chance to sing a song in his own segment, Love Songs with Mr. Lunt. During the segment, Mr. Lunt sings of Jerry Gourd's unrequited love for a cheeseburger in this homage to typical rock 'n' roll ballads. At Archibald's assumption Mr. Lunt was going to sing about "growing up in Connecticut," Mr. Lunt clarifies he "grew up in New Jersey." It is included on WOW 1999. This song is covered by Tait on the album Veggie Rocks!.
"The Yodeling Veterinarian of the Alps" (The End of Silliness?) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 1998 – Larry introduces this Silly Song after getting his Silly Songs with Larry segment back following a petition. Narrated in song by a barbershop quartet (consisting of the Scallions and Frankencelery), Larry is portrayed as a veterinarian who believes he is able to cure sick pets simply by yodeling to them. Meanwhile, his nurse (Pa Grape) is slipping prescriptions to the pets' owners behind his back. After refusing to give the nurse a raise, Larry realizes the painful truth of the inadequacy of his singing when a bear stuck in a trap is entirely unaffected by his 'treatment' and runs amok.
"Endangered Love" aka Barbara Manatee (King George and the Ducky) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2000 – While watching the television soap opera, "Endangered Love", Larry sings of his love for the main character, a manatee, while dancing with a stuffed manatee doll. Meanwhile, onscreen, the story of lovers Barbara and Bill is told. However, the song is abruptly stopped when Bob interrupts Larry mid-song and suggests he read a book.
"The Puppy Song" aka Lost Puppies (Esther, the Girl Who Became Queen) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2000 - Miss Acmetha, another woman on stage before Esther auditioning to be queen of Persia, sings a song about helping lost puppies, which King Xerxes and Haman turn down.
"Larry's High Silk Hat" (Lyle the Kindly Viking) Written by Marc Vulcano in 2001 – A new Silly Song is about to be introduced when Archibald intervenes and interrupts the segment, calling on the French Peas Philippe and Jean-Claude, who slide the title card for a segment simply known as Classy Songs with Larry in, before he begins introducing the new segment. During the new segment, Archibald and Larry sing to the tune of Funiculì, Funiculà, while Larry expresses his joy at having a lovely stovepipe hat and a box of chocolates while sitting at a trolley stop having to contend with nosy people (Art Bigotti, Mr. Nezzer, Miss Achmetha, Apollo Gourd, and Scallion #1) in the hot sun.
"The Credit Song" (Jonah: A Veggietales Movie) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2002 - The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything sing as the credits to Jonah: A Veggietales Movie roll. The Pirates express how the song they are singing has nothing to do with the movie the audience had just seen.
"BellyButton" (The Ballad of Little Joe) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2003 – In the introduction to this song, the boy band "Boyz in the Sink" (Mr. Lunt, Larry, Jimmy Gourd, and Junior Asparagus) dramatically state their intent to be "serious" artists. During the song, Mr. Lunt admits that he lacks a bellybutton and he goes to the hospital to see the doctor and the nurse (Khalil the Caterpillar and Miss Achmetha) for help. The song is a direct parody of O-Town, and the band itself is named after Boyz n the Hood. This is the first Silly Song to not be shot on the normal countertop stage.
"Sport Utility Vehicle" (A Snoodle's Tale) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2004 – Larry and Miss Achmetha sing of their admiration for each other's SUV's, but stuck in their sedentary lifestyles, they can only dream of going off-road and performing daring rescues.
"Schoolhouse Polka" (Sumo of the Opera) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2004 – Presented as "Schoolhouse Polka with Larry". In a parody of the Schoolhouse Rock! series, Larry plays the accordion and sings a song about homophones to the tune of the title song from the play/movie "Oklahoma!". However, he gets exhausted and tries to go off-screen, but the announcer keeps bringing him back to sing more.
"The Blues With Larry" (Duke and the Great Pie War) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2005 – Larry enthusiastically tries his hand at singing the Blues, but lacks the necessary life experiences as his version of the Blues is filled with sunshine and happiness. A professional Blues singer named Blind Lemon Lincoln tries to help by making Larry sad so he will get it right, but there is always something that makes Larry happy again. A frustrated Lemon eventually gives up ("Sorry, man, you are way too happy to sing the blues!"), and the song ends with Larry joining a polka player, Oscar The Polish Caterer. This song is set to the tune of Santa Claus Is Back In Town.
"Pizza Angel" (Minnesota Cuke and the Search for Samson's Hairbrush) Written by Tim Hodge in 2005 – Larry is awaiting his pizza delivery, which is hours late, and sings a desperate, 1950s-style, love ballad as he waits. When the pizza finally comes, the box is empty. The pizza delivery guy (played by Jimmy Gourd) explains that he was unable to locate Larry's house because the address number on Larry's door was broken and that he also ate Larry's pizza out of gluttony.
"My Baby Elf" (Lord of the Beans) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2005 – presented as "Silly Songs with Elves, the part of the show where Ear-a-Corn comes out and sings a Silly Song for Elves". Ear-a-Corn (Larry, dressed as Elvis Presley with elf ears) sings a song about an elvish girl, whose disdain for Ear-a-Corn is mistranslated by him as compliments. Leg-o-Lamb (Jimmy Gourd) interrupts near the end, pulling Ear-a-Corn's fake ears off and accusing Ear-a-Corn of being an "elvish impersonator".
"Gated Community" (Sheerluck Holmes and the Golden Ruler) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2006 – Larry's ball bounces over the wall of a gated community. Instead of helping him, the residents of the community sing about how lovely life is there, much to Larry's irritation and annoyance. The song ends with the residents finally throwing the ball back.
"Lance the Turtle" (Gideon Tuba Warrior) Written by Tim Hodge in 2006 – With Larry dressed as a pirate, the French Peas force Bob to stand in with a replacement segment called "Ukulele Karaoke with Bob". Confused and completely unprepared, Bob sings the lyrics to his backup singers, "The Wiggly Turtle Toobies" (a trio of peas perched on turtle-shaped cut-outs). Just as Bob is starting to enjoy the song, he accidentally shreds his script through a fan, forcing the Peas to hastily tape the script back together – thus creating completely nonsensical lyrics.
"A Mess Down In Egypt" (Moe and the Big Exit) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2007 - The Boyz in the Sink return and interrupt the Silly Songs with Larry narrator to allow them to tell the Moses story in their own way. However, Bob comes in and tells them that the show is sticking with its own Western version of the story.
"Monkey" (The Wonderful Wizard of Ha's) Written by Andrew Peterson and Randall Goodgame in 2007 – While on a photo safari, Larry continually repeats what he heard from an "expert" about the difference between monkeys and apes ("if it has a tail then it's a monkey, if it doesn't have a tail then it's an ape"), applying such logic to everything he sees. Bob repeatedly tries to correct Larry, but after Larry mistakenly identifies a cow as a monkey, Bob gives up in frustration. Bob then says that he and Larry do not have tails, but Larry utters some disagreement which Bob does not understand and it is later revealed that Bob's does have a tail.
“Rock Monster” (The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything A Veggietales Movie)- Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2008 - The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything perform a parody of The B-52's song entitled "Rock Lobster". The song focuses on the event of the movie when the pirates arrive on the island of walking rocks.
"The Biscuit of Zazzamarandabo" (Tomato Sawyer and Huckleberry Larry's Big River Rescue) Written by Andrew Peterson and Randall Goodgame in 2008 – When Larry forgets to write a silly song, Archibald jumps in with a song of his own. In the song, Larry, Archibald, Pa Grape, Mr. Lunt, and the French Peas go on a journey to see the famed "Biscuit of Zazzamarandabo." However, Larry (the driver) is constantly stopping to get something, frustrating Archibald. After a long journey (in which they first accidentally end up at the "Biscuit of Doug") and with 0.01 miles left to the Biscuit of Zazzamarandabo, they turn around to take a "potty break", with the nearest restroom 57 miles in the opposite direction. In the end, when they cue the title card, Larry comments to Archibald: "I always thought you were the announcer." Archibald relies, "So did I..."
"Sneeze if You Need To!" (Abe and the Amazing Promise) Written by Andrew Peterson and Randall Goodgame in 2009 – Bob needs to sneeze and visits the Sneeze Doctor (Larry) who tries multiple methods (potpourri, flowers, bright light, a bowling ball, and a toilet plunger) to get Bob to sneeze. Eventually, a cat comes along, which makes Bob sneeze. He is relieved, but then starts sneezing uncontrollably. Meanwhile, the nurse (Mr. Lunt) shares trivia about sneezing.
"Sippy Cup" (Minnesota Cuke and the Search for Noah's Umbrella) Written by Steve Taylor and Mike Nawrocki in 2009 – Larry goes to a fancy restaurant and asks for a glass of grape juice. The waiter (Mr. Lunt) refuses because Larry has spilled grape juice several times in the past and ultimately forces Larry to use a sippy cup. Larry tries to argue his case with the waiter, busboy (Jimmy), and maître d' (Madame Blueberry), but they insist that Larry use the sippy cup. When a courtroom judge (Mr. Nezzer) is about to pass the sippy cup sentence, the governor calls in and says that Larry can have his grape juice in a glass, which he promptly spills. When the title card appears again, Larry says he will take the sippy cup.
"Donuts for Benny" (Saint Nicholas: A Story of Joyful Giving) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2009 – Presented as "Helpful Humanitarian Songs with Mr. Lunt", Mr. Lunt sings about Benny, a poor old mutt who sits outside a donut shop and begs for donuts. At Mr. Lunt's urging, passersby keep giving Benny donuts, but Mr. Lunt learns the hard ways that dogs should not be fed donuts when Benny twice gives a hyperactive rendition of "Waltz Me Around Again, Willie".
"Where Have All the Staplers Gone?" (Pistachio - The Little Boy That Woodn't) Written by Mike Nawrocki and Kurt Heniecke in 2010 – Presented as "Obscure Broadway Show Tunes with Larry", Larry and Petunia lament the displacement of various office supplies and reminisce about the time when they were plentiful in this parody of the folk song Where Have All the Flowers Gone?. In the end, the narrator promotes Act 2, "Revenge of the Staplers".
"Pants" (Sweetpea Beauty) Written by Ian Eskelin and Douglas McKelvey in 2010 – Presented as a "Veggie Shopping Network" infomercial. Larry and Pa Grape sell pants to viewers while Jimmy and Jerry Gourd show them off on stilts.
"Goodnight Junior" (It's a Meaningful Life) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2010 – Presented as "Bedtime Songs with Junior", Junior is revealed to be a rather spoiled little brat, as he proceeds to continuously and unreasonably nag Mom Asparagus to get him everything he "needs" for bedtime.
"Hopperena" (Twas The Night Before Easter) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2011 – Presented as "The Latest Dance Craze with Jean-Claude and Philippe", the French Peas invent a new dance craze (a spoof of the Macarena), which Archibald becomes a big fan of.
"Astonishing Wigs!" (Princess and the Popstar) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2011 – In an installment of "The History of Fashion with Archibald", Archibald, Madame Blueberry, Jimmy Gourd, Mr. Lunt, and a pack of singing pigs sing about wigs. This song loosely ties to the feature by occurring after a scene where Princess Poppyseed and popstar Vanna Banana exchange clothes, including Vanna's wig, in a vain attempt to switch lives.
"The Eight Polish Foods Of Christmas" (The Little Drummer Boy) Written by Mike Nawrocki (recorded in 1996, animated in 2011)– At "A VeggieTales Christmas Party", Oscar the Polish Caterer arrives to serve his filling cuisine (sung to "The 12 Days of Christmas"). Originally recorded for the "A Very Veggie Christmas" album, this is its first appearance in video form.
"Bubble Rap" (Robin Good and The Not-So-Merry Men and If I Sang a Silly Song) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2012 – The Boyz In The Sink perform a song about the wonders of bubble wrap.
"Best Friends Forever" (The Penniless Princess) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2012 – Laura and another girl text each other about being friends forever on the internet talk.
"Supper Hero" (The League of Incredible Vegetables) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2012 – Jimmy Gourd (dressed as the Supper Hero) eats the whole league's supper (including their chocolate cake).
"Happy Tooth Day" – (The Little House that Stood) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2013 – Larry sings about having his one tooth, and has a celebration for the tooth.
"Kilts and Stilts" (MacLarry and the Stinky Cheese Battle) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2013 – Larry and Scooter interrupt the narrator to begin a segment of "Silly Songs with Scottish Larry". The song begins Larry standing on stilts while singing in a Scottish accent, while Scottish food, music, quilting, and kilts are also mentioned. However, the French Peas interrupt the song to change the background, prompting Larry and his friends to sing similar verses about Ireland, England and the United States, much to the dismay of Scooter, who eventually faints.
"Wrapped Me Up for Christmas" (Merry Larry and the Light of Christmas) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2013 – Larry accidentally wraps himself, Bob, Jean-Claude, Phillipe, and Pa Grape in wrapping paper. Junior unwraps them (with the exception of Pa, who remains unseen until the end of the Silly Song).
"Asteroid Cowboys" (Veggies in Space: The Fennel Frontier) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2014 – Larry, Junior, and Jimmy sing about their lives as asteroid herders.
"Perfect Puppy" (Celery Night Fever) Written by Len Uhley, Dave Kinnoin, and Jimmy Hammer in 2014 – Larry wants a puppy, but is having a hard time deciding what breed is perfect for him. He is taken to the kennel by Bob and ends up choosing a puppy which bears a strange resemblance to himself.
"Macaroni and Cheese" (Beauty and the Beet) Written by Len Uhley, Dave Kinnoin, and Jimmy Hammer in 2014 – A parody of Romeo and Juliet. Larry describes in the operatic form how his Italian ancestors, the rival Cucaroni and Cumbarizzi families, invented Macaroni and Cheese when his great (etc.) grandmother Maria, and great (etc.) grandfather Tony, accidentally crashed their cheese and macaroni carts into each other.
"My Golden Egg" (Noah's Ark) Written by Len Uhley, Dave Kinnoin, and Jimmy Hammer in 2015 – An Easter egg hunt is enjoyed by Junior, Laura, and Larry. Larry sings about a special golden egg that he wants to find by imagining himself on a jungle adventure. Laura finds the Golden egg first, but she shares her egg with Larry in the end.
The VeggieTales Show (2019–present)
“The Agitated Song” (A Lifetime Supply of Joy) Written by Guy Vasilovich in 2020 - As the cast takes a brief intermission from the play of Paul and Silas, Larry becomes extremely agitated at Archibald for leaving the story on a cliffhanger. Bob then forces Larry to perform a silly song for the audience during intermission, but Larry becomes extremely agitated at the cast and sings the shortest silly song in VeggieTales history.
“Amazing Glazed” (It’s Cool to be Kind) Written by Mike Nawrocki in 2020 - Larry sings a western ballad about Billy the Doughnut puppet. Billy is in love with Mary-Joe Cruller. However, Mary-Joe literally has a hole where her heart should be.
"Wanna Wallaby" (Little Things Matter) Written by Phil Vischer in 2020 - Larry sings about his desire to be an Australian Wallaby, but his excessive kicking has Archibald intervene and end the song.
"Oh Pluto" (Being Gentle Makes You Great) Written by Phil Vischer in 2020 - Larry sings about where the planet Pluto has gone, until Archibald intervenes after the song ends, stating that Pluto is a dwarf planet.
"Tooth Sweater" (The Giving-est Day) Written by Phil Vischer in 2021 - Larry sings about tooth sweaters, sweaters that cover your teeth. Bob later interrupts the song, stating that other parts of Larry's body aren't covered up, like his eyes. When Larry covers them up with eye sweaters, it causes him to lose his vision and make chaos in the silly song's set.
"Sleep Singing" (The Good Shepherd) - written by Mike Nawrocki in 2021- Larry, Jimmy, and Mr. Lunt all sing about Bob's activities while he sleepwalks, which include singing, eating from the trash, and dancing. Bob later wakes up from his trance, and wonders what happened in his sleep.
"Alligator Family" (“The One and Only You”) - written by Phil Vischer in 2021- After being attacked by an alligator in the previous sketch of the show, Bob gets the alligator in the crate and is about to take him to a zoo. However, Bob is interrupted by Larry who wants to keep the alligator and make it apart of his family.
Albums
Videos
References
Further reading
VeggieTales
Children's music |
4024364 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick%20IV%2C%20Duke%20of%20Holstein-Gottorp | Frederick IV, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp | Frederick IV (18 October 1671 – 19 July 1702) was the reigning Duke of Holstein-Gottorp.
He was born in Gottorf Castle as the elder son of Duke Christian Albert of Holstein-Gottorp and Princess Frederica Amalia of Denmark. He was married on 12 May 1698 to Princess Hedwig Sophia of Sweden and they had an only child, Charles Frederick, who eventually fathered the future Tsar Peter III of Russia, therefore making Frederick a patrilineal ancestor to all Russian emperors after Catherine II.
He took part in the Great Northern War and was killed by artillery fire in the Battle of Kliszów in Poland.
According to Robert Massie's Peter the Great: His Life and World, Duke Frederick arrived in Stockholm to marry his cousin, Princess Hedwig Sophia, soon befriending his first cousin and new brother-in-law, King Charles XII (their respective mothers, Frederica Amalia and Ulrika Eleonora, being daughters of Frederick III of Denmark). His visit made such an impression on Swedish society that the excesses surrounding him and the King earned him "the Gottorp Fury" as a nickname. Duke Frederick and King Charles regularly participated in wild festivities, drinking binges, and outlandish pranks. Generally, Duke Frederick's influence was the blame for the King's "reckless" lifestyle. There were even rumors at the time that the Duke sought to kill the King and usurp the throne. As it happened, according to Massie in the aforementioned book, the 17-year-old King Charles, in the summer of 1699, pushed himself to an unbearable point of excess and vowed never to touch another drop of liquor again. Apparently, writes Massie, the King stuck to beer thereafter, and even just drank beer when he was either wounded or post-battle. As for his relationship with his cousin Frederick, they remained on good terms, so much that King Charles gave him military assistance to defend Holstein-Gottorp from Danish invasion.
Ancestry
Notes and references
See also
History of Schleswig-Holstein
House of Holstein-Gottorp
Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp
Military personnel killed in action
1671 births
1702 deaths |
4024369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javad%20Maroufi | Javad Maroufi | Javād Ma'roufi (), (1912 in Tehran – December 7, 1993, in Tehran) was an Iranian composer and pianist.
Biography
Javād Ma'roufi was born in Tehran to the musician father Musā Ma'roufi and mother Ozrā Ma'roufi (or Ezra Ma'roufi) who both were distinguished pupils of Darvish Khan, a renowned music master of the time in Iran. Javād Ma'roufi lost his mother at young age, and consequently grew up in his paternal family. He was taught in music first by his father, playing both the tar and the violin. At fourteen he attended the Academy of Music of which Ali-Naqi Vaziri was the director and where he studied the piano under the music master Tatiana Kharatian (تاتیانا خاراطیان). During this period he studied works by Chopin, Mozart, Beethoven and Bach.
Ma'roufi died in the morning of Tuesday 7 December 1993 (16 Āzar 1372 AH) in a hospital in Tehran.
Notes
External links
Official Website of Ostād Javād Ma'roufi
Javad Maroufi webpage at Rouhollah Khaleghi Artistic Center (Kanun-e Honari-e Rouhollah Khaleghi)
An article about Javad Maroufi
Iran Daily article about Javad Maroufi (PDF)
1912 births
1993 deaths
Iranian composers
Iranian pianists
Musicians from Tehran
20th-century pianists
20th-century composers |
4024375 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden%20%28band%29 | Golden (band) | Golden is an American rock band formed in 1993 on April 7 in Oberlin, Ohio. Since Golden's members are also involved with other, more well-known bands, Golden is often considered more of a side project than a full-fledged band in its own right.
Golden's sound is an amalgamation of many rock styles, but also includes rhythms and influences of many styles from around the world (likely due to guitarist Ian Eagleson working as an ethnomusicologist).
Members
Ian Eagleson - guitar, vocals (member of Extra Golden)
Alex Minoff - guitar, vocal (member of Weird War, Extra Golden, The Make-Up and Six Finger Satellite)
Jon Theodore - drums (ex-member of The Mars Volta and Royal Trux, currently a member of Queens of the Stone Age)
Phillip Manley - bass (member of Trans Am and The Fucking Champs)
Discography
Albums
Here comes the Golden Fuzz (Slowdime, 1997)
Golden (Trans Solar, 1998)
Super GOLDEN Original Movement (Slowdime, 1999)
Golden Summer (Slowdime, 2000)
Apollo Stars (National Record Label, 2002)
Singles & EPs
"Gone To Return / Shack" (7") (Proteen Records, 1993)
"Chet's Jalopy" (7") (Proteen Records, 1995)
"Victory Is Ours!/Lance A." (7") (Happy Go Lucky, 1995)
"Violator/Deep Skills" (7") (The Bedtime Record, 1999)
"Golden And Rhythm Beat Jazz" (12") (Slowdime, 1999)
Compilations
"Oldies" (Bandcamp, 2015)
External links
Golden's Page on Epitonic
2012 Flab Mag audio interview with Alex Minoff
Golden's Page on Bandcamp
Golden Discography on Discogs
Rock music groups from Ohio
Musical groups established in 1993 |
4024392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Extremist%20%28comics%29 | The Extremist (comics) | The Extremist was a four-issue comic book mini-series, written by Peter Milligan with art by Ted McKeever. The series was published by DC Comics through their Vertigo comics imprint from September to December 1993. It was originally created by Brendan McCarthy, who gave it to Peter Milligan to develop as a comic series because he "couldn't be bothered to draw it".
Plot
Judy Tanner, grieving after the murder of her husband Jack, desires to get revenge on the murderer. She submerges her identity into that of "The Extremist", an alias her husband went by in both his life as a patron of the most extreme sex clubs and as a hired assassin for a shadowy organization called "The Order". Judy eventually murders a woman she believes to be her husband's killer, but she later learns the real killer was a man named Patrick, the "Chief Hedonist" of the Order. Patrick claims he killed Jack in order to manipulate Judy into becoming the Extremist, and into killing an innocent woman, to "liberate" her from her bourgeois moral system.
After Judy goes missing, her neighbor Tony Murphy attempts to find her while discovering more and more about what "The Extremist" really is, and he is both ashamed and titillated by his discoveries. In his quest to find Judy, Tony's obsession prompts his wife and newborn child to leave him. He does eventually manage to track Judy down, after which a thoroughly indoctrinated Judy kills him to prevent him from exposing her activities or those of the order.
Notes
External links
The Extremist at the Big Comic Book DataBase
Comics by Peter Milligan |
4024395 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Rice-Trevor%2C%204th%20Baron%20Dynevor | George Rice-Trevor, 4th Baron Dynevor | George Rice-Trevor, 4th Baron Dynevor (5 August 1795 – 7 October 1869) was a British politician and peer.
Early life
He was the son of George Talbot Rice, 3rd Baron Dynevor. Dynevor matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford 13 October 1812; he was awarded a D.C.L. on 11 June 1834.
By royal licence, 28 October 1824, he took the name of Trevor, after that of Rice, on inheriting the estates of the Trevor family at Glynde, Sussex.
Political career
He served as Tory Member of Parliament (MP) for Carmarthenshire, from 1820 to 1831. At the 1831 General Election he chose to stand down from the Commons on the basis that his political views diverged from those of his constituents. The following years, however, he contested the seat and was re-elected, serving until his elevation to the peerage in 1852 upon the death of his father.
Rebecca Riots
When the Rebecca Riots of 1843–44 reached Carmarthenshire Rice-Trevor, as a militia officer, and MP and vice-lieutenant of the county, returned from London to deal with the situation. After the rioters burned crops on his father's Dinefwr estate he threatened armed retaliation. The response of the rioters was to dig a grave in the grounds and announce that Rice-Trevor would occupy it by 10 October 1843. He did not, but he did order in so many troops and police that a barracks had to be built to accommodate them.
Later life
Lord Dynevor succeeded to the title of Baron Dynevor and the Dinefwr estate on the death of his father in 1852. He was an honorary colonel in the militia and from 1852 to 1869 he served as ADC to Queen Victoria.
Personal life
On 27 November 1824 he married Frances Fitzroy, daughter of General Lord Charles Fitzroy (a younger son of Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton). The couple had the following children:
The Hon. Frances Emily Rice (1827– 26 November 1863)
The Hon. Caroline Elizabeth Anne Rice-Trevor (1829 – 12 August 1887), married Thomas Bateson, 1st Baron Deramore
The Hon. Selina Rice-Trevor (11 September 1836 – 22 January 1918), married William Pakenham, 4th Earl of Longford
The Hon. Elianore Mary Rice-Trevor (born 1839)
Dynevor died on 7 October 1869, aged 74, at Malvern, Worcestershire from paralysis and was interred in the family vault at Barrington Park, Gloucestershire. As he died without male issue, his cousin the Reverend Francis William Rice succeeded to the barony. The family wealth passed to his daughters, thus splitting the wealth from the title.
References
External links
1795 births
1869 deaths
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Carmarthenshire constituencies
04
Dynevor, George Rice-Trevor, 4th Baron
UK MPs 1820–1826
UK MPs 1826–1830
UK MPs 1830–1831
UK MPs 1832–1835
UK MPs 1835–1837
UK MPs 1837–1841
UK MPs 1841–1847
UK MPs 1847–1852
Dynevor, B4
Tory MPs (pre-1834)
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for Welsh constituencies
Dynevor, George Rice-Trevor, 4th Baron
George
People from Glynde |
4024402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebula | Trebula | Trebula may refer to:
Trebula Mutusca, an ancient Sabine town, modern Monteleone Sabino, Province of Rieti, Lazio
Trebula Suffenas, an ancient Sabine town, location unknown
Trebula Balliensis, modern Treglia, in the comune of Pontelatone, Province of Caserta, Campania |
4024413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobstering | Lobstering | Lobstering may refer to one of the following:
Lobster fishing
Caridoid escape reaction, swimming backwards by frightened shrimp |
4024414 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troides%20minos | Troides minos | Troides minos, the southern birdwing, also called Sahyadri birdwing, is a large and striking swallowtail butterfly endemic to south India. With a wingspan of 140–190 mm, it is the second largest butterfly of India. It is listed as Least Concern in the IUCN Red List.
It was earlier considered a subspecies of the common birdwing (Troides helena) but is now recognised as a valid species.
The species is more common in the Western Ghats of South India, which is a biodiversity hotspot with a high degree of endemism in many taxa. It is much sought after by collectors and is a highlight of many butterfly tours in the Western Ghats. It is the state butterfly of Karnataka, India.
Description
Description from Charles Thomas Bingham (1907) The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma, Butterflies. Volume II.
Male and female. Differs from Troides helena cerberus as follows.
Male: Hindwing: the black along the dorsal and terminal margins both on upper and undersides much broader; on the upperside entirely filling interspace 1, on the underside with only a narrow streak of yellow at the angle between the median vein and vein 2; the cone-shaped black markings on the terminal margin shorter and broader; on the costal margin the black is narrower than in cerberus, barely extended below vein 8 except at the base and apex of the wing where it broadens; the abdomen is dull yellow above and below not shaded with black.
Female: Hindwing: the black on the costal margin as in cerberus, but there is always a large yellow spot at base of interspace 7; interspace 1 black, with a pale patch in the middle; the black terminal border broader, the inwardly extended cone-shaped markings prominent, those in interspaces 2 and 3 with pale buff lateral edgings, extended inwards to the postdiscal spots. In both male and female the hindwing on the upperside is clothed with soft, silky, long brownish-black hairs from base along the dorsal area.
Expanse: 140–190 mm.
Habitat: Southern India. Bombay to Travancore.
Larva. Roughly cylindrical, tapers a little to each end, with two rows of fleshy processes somewhat curved forwards and a double row on each side that are much shorter. On the 2nd, 3rd and 4th segments an additional long pair between the dorsal and lateral rows. Head smooth and black; body of a uniform dark madder brown, prettily lighted with a tinge of pink at the points of some of the fleshy processes; dorsal process on the 8th segment and a lateral pair on the 7th pinkish-white, with a band of the same colour uniting them.
Pupa. Suspended by the tail and a band that encircles it much nearer the head than is usual with Papilio pupae. In form stout, flattened, dilated in the middle, with head and thorax thrown back. Head somewhat angular and tuberculated; two of the abdominal segments each with a prominent dorsal pair of pointed tubercles. Colour usually light brown, with a strongly contrasting saddle of old gold. (After Davidson & Aitken) - Mr T. A. Sealy (Proc. Ent Soc. 1875 p. 9) states- "The pupa possesses the power of making a curious noise like pha-pha!, and makes it very loudly when touched; the noise is accompanied (perhaps produced) by a short contraction of the abdominal segments. I thought at first it was merely produced by the rubbing of one ring of the pupa-case against the next, but the sound did not resemble a mere frictional sound, it was more like the sound of a rush of air through small holes. I tried to produce it with a dead chrysalis but failed: the pupa sometimes contracted on being touched without making the noise, and appeared unable to make the noise until some time was given to allow it to recover its vigour." Messrs. Davidson and Aitken have also noticed this power in the pupa, but they speak of it "as a husky squeaking noise, produced apparently by friction of the abdominal rings."
Range
Western Ghats and parts of the Eastern Ghats.
Status
The butterfly is locally very common in the southern and central Western Ghats covering the states of Karnataka and Kerala. Also found in southern Maharashtra and northern Goa where it is uncommon. Despite its restricted range and endemicity, the butterfly is not known to be threatened but the IUCN recommends continuous monitoring.
Habitat
Found up to in the Western Ghats. Found in diverse habitats from low-land evergreen forests near the coast to mixed deciduous forests, dry scrub and agricultural fields.
Habits
Active during early morning hours when both sexes feed in the forest on Lantana and diverse food plants. Later on, it is seen sailing as high as over the countryside until it descends later in the evening to feed again. It flies in a leisurely manner circling around jungle clearings and also frequents hill tops. A determined flier, it is known to cover very large distances before settling. The only food source is nectar, it also visits gardens and orchards and sips from domestic plants such as Mussaenda, Ixora and Lantana.
Life cycle
Though it flies all the year round, it is abundant in the during monsoon and post-monsoon periods.
Eggs
Spherical eggs laid singly on the edges of the undersides of young leaves and shoots.
Larva
Velvety maroon red with shiny black head and four rows of fleshy bright red tubercles. Grey markings on the back with a broad oblique pink white band on the 7th and 8th segments. These are heavily parasitised by tiny braconid wasps.
Pupa
Pale brown or green, marked with fine brown striations and minute markings. Found on the underside of leaves. If touched, it sways and makes hissing sounds.
Food plants
The larval host plants of these butterflies are small creepers and climbers of the family Aristolochiaceae such as Aristolochia indica, Aristolochia tagala, Thottea siliquosa and Bragantia wallichii The host plant toxins sequestered by the butterfly during its larval stage make it unpalatable to predators. Its flight and bright colouration advertise its unpalatability.
Related species
Troides minos is a member of the Troides aecus species group. The members of this clade are:
Troides aeacus C. & R. Felder, 1860
Troides magellanus (C. & R. Felder, 1862)
Troides minos (Cramer, [1779])
Troides rhadamantus (Lucas, 1835)
Troides dohertyi (Rippon, 1893)
Troides prattorum (Joicey & Talbot, 1922)
See also
Papilionidae
List of butterflies of India
List of butterflies of India (Papilionidae)
References
Kurt Rumbucher; Béla von Knötgen, 1999 Part.6, Papilionidae. 3, Troides. 1 aeacus- group in Erich Bauer and Thomas Frankenbach Eds. Butterflies of the World Keltern: Goecke & Evers 1999.
Minos
Butterflies of Asia
Taxa named by Pieter Cramer
Butterflies described in 1779 |
4024418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff%20Montgomery | Cliff Montgomery | Cliff Montgomery (September 17, 1910 – April 21, 2005) was an American football player who served as the captain of the Columbia Lions football team that won the 1934 Rose Bowl Game. Montgomery, the quarterback, called a hidden-ball trick play known as KF-79 that led to Columbia's 7-0 upset over Stanford University. It was widely regarded as one of the greatest athletic upsets of the twentieth century, and Montgomery was named the game's Most valuable player. He went on to play for one season with the National Football League Brooklyn Dodgers.
Montgomery served with the United States Navy during World War II. He earned the Silver Star during the 1945 invasion of Okinawa, credited with saving the lives of 400 sailors on April 6, 1945 when he navigated his flagship alongside a burning destroyer in rough seas.
An executive at McGraw Hill, Montgomery spent 25 years as a college football official and earned a spot in the College Football Hall of Fame.
See also
List of Columbia University people
References
External links
Columbia University obituary for Cliff Montgomery
1910 births
2005 deaths
Recipients of the Silver Star
American football quarterbacks
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Columbia Lions football players
United States Navy personnel of World War II
United States Navy officers
Burials at the Cemetery of the Holy Rood |
4024423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status%20of%20Jerusalem | Status of Jerusalem | The status of Jerusalem is disputed in both international law and diplomatic practice, with both the Israelis and Palestinians claiming Jerusalem as their capital city. The dispute has been described as "one of the most intractable issues in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict", with conflicting claims to sovereignty over the city or parts of it, and access to its holy sites. The main dispute revolves around the legal status of East Jerusalem and especially the Old City of Jerusalem, while broader agreement exists regarding future Israeli presence in West Jerusalem in accordance with Israel's internationally recognised borders.
The majority of United Nations (UN) member states hold the view that the final status of Jerusalem should be resolved through negotiation, and have therefore favored locating their embassies in Tel Aviv prior to a final status agreement. In the late 2010s, the international consensus to abstain from expressing a viewpoint on the city's final status has shown signs of fragility, with Russia, the United States, and Australia adopting new policy positions. Furthermore, the proposal that Jerusalem should be the future capital of both Israel and Palestine has also gained international support, with endorsements coming from both the United Nations and the European Union.
Background
From 1517 until the First World War, Jerusalem was part of the Ottoman Empire. It was part of the Damascus eyalet (province) until, as a result of widespread administrative reform in the mid 1800s, it became an independent sanjak (district) in 1872. Since the 1860s, Jews have formed the largest religious group in the city and since around 1887, with the beginning of expansion outside the old city walls, Jews have been in the majority.
Historically, the Vatican has had a particular interest in protecting Christian churches and holy places in the region, and acted particularly with the agency of Italy and France as Catholic states in advancing that objective. In the 19th century, European powers were competing for influence in the city, usually on the basis (or pretext) of extending protection over Christian churches and holy places. Much of the property that is now owned by the churches was bought during this time. A number of these countries, most notably France, entered into capitulation agreements with the Ottoman Empire and also established consulates in Jerusalem. In 1847, with Ottoman approval, the first Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem since the Crusades was established.
After capturing Jerusalem in 1917, the United Kingdom was in control of Jerusalem; initially under a wartime administration, then as part of the Mandate of Palestine assigned to Britain in 1920. The principal Allied Powers recognized the unique spiritual and religious interests in Jerusalem among the world's Abrahamic religions as "a sacred trust of civilization", and stipulated that the existing rights and claims connected with it be safeguarded in perpetuity, under international guarantee.
However, the Arab and Jewish communities in Palestine were in mortal dispute and Britain sought United Nations assistance in resolving the dispute. During the negotiations of proposals for a resolution that culminated in the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine (also known as Resolution 181) in November 1947, the historic claims of the Vatican, Italy and France were revived. The Vatican's historic claims and interests, as well as those of Italy and France were based on the former Protectorate of the Holy See and the French Protectorate of Jerusalem. From their point of view this proposal was essentially to safeguard Christian holy sites and was expressed as a call for the special international regime for the city of Jerusalem. This status was also confirmed in UN General Assembly Resolution 194 in 1948, which maintained the position that Jerusalem be made an international city, under United Nations supervision. The Vatican's official position on the status of Jerusalem was in favour of an internationalization of Jerusalem, in order to keep the holy place away from either Israeli or Arab sovereignty.
The United Nations Partition Plan called for the partition of Palestine into separate Arab and Jewish states, with Jerusalem (with borders expanded to include Bethlehem, see UN map of Jerusalem) being established as a corpus separatum, or a "separated body", with a special legal and political status, administered by the United Nations. The Free City of Danzig was a historical precedent for this solution; Trieste was a contemporaneous city ruled by the UN. Jewish representatives accepted the partition plan, while representatives of the Palestinian Arabs and the Arab states rejected it, declaring it illegal.
On 14 May 1948, the Jewish community in Palestine issued the declaration of the establishment of the State of Israel within territory set aside for the Jewish state in the Partition Plan. Israel became a member of the United Nations the following year and has since been recognised by most countries. The countries recognizing Israel did not necessarily recognize its sovereignty over Jerusalem generally, citing the UN resolutions which called for an international status for the city. The United States, Guatemala, Honduras and Kosovo have embassies in Jerusalem.
With the declaration of the establishment of the State of Israel and the subsequent invasion by surrounding Arab states, the UN proposal for Jerusalem never materialised. The 1949 Armistice Agreements left Jordan in control of the eastern parts of Jerusalem, while the western sector (with the exception of the Mount Scopus exclave in the east) was held by Israel. Each side recognised the other's de facto control of their respective sectors. The Armistice Agreement, however, was considered internationally as having no legal effect on the continued validity of the provisions of the partition resolution for the internationalisation of Jerusalem. In 1950, Jordan annexed East Jerusalem as part of its larger annexation of the West Bank. Though the United Kingdom and Iraq recognized Jordanian rule over East Jerusalem, no other country recognized either Jordanian or Israeli rule over the respective areas of the city under their control. Pakistan is sometimes falsely claimed to have recognized the annexation as well.
Following the Six-Day War of 1967, Israel declared that Israeli law would be applied to East Jerusalem and enlarged its eastern boundaries, approximately doubling its size. The action was deemed unlawful by other states who did not recognize it. It was condemned by the UN Security Council and General Assembly which described it as an annexation and a violation of the rights of the Palestinian population. In 1980, Israel passed the Jerusalem Law, which declared that "Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel". The Security Council declared the law null and void in Resolution 478, which also called upon member states to withdraw their diplomatic missions from the city. The UN General Assembly has also passed numerous resolutions to the same effect.
Prelude: UN resolution from 1947
On 29 November 1947 the UN General Assembly passed a resolution which, as part of its Partition Plan for Palestine, included the establishment of Jerusalem as a separate international entity under the auspices of the United Nations, a so-called corpus separatum.
Israel
1948 war and 1949 diplomatic steps
During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Israel took control of West Jerusalem while Jordan took control of East Jerusalem (including the walled Old City in which most holy places are located). Although accepting partition before the war, Israel rejected the UN's corpus separatum decision at the Lausanne Conference of 1949, and instead indicated a preference for division of Jerusalem into Jewish and Arab zones, and international control and protection only for holy places and sites. Also in 1949, as the UN General Assembly began debating the implementation of its corpus separatum decision, Israel declared Jerusalem as Israel's "eternal capital".
Aftermath of 1967 Six-Day War
After Israel conquered East Jerusalem from Jordan in 1967 during the Six-Day War, Israel argued that it had the stronger right to the city.
Very soon after its conquest of East Jerusalem in 1967, Israel merged East Jerusalem with West Jerusalem by administratively extending the municipal boundary of the city.
1980 Jerusalem Law
In July 1980, the Knesset passed the Jerusalem Law as part of the country's Basic Law, which declared Jerusalem the unified capital of Israel.
Legal positions since Oslo Accords
On the corpus separatum issue
According to a 1999 statement by the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, "There is no basis in international law for the position supporting a status of 'corpus separatum' (separate entity) for the city of Jerusalem." In the view of the ministry, the concept of corpus separatum became irrelevant after the Arab states rejected the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine and invaded the newly created State of Israel in 1948. Accordingly, the ministry states, "There has never been any agreement, treaty, or international understanding which applies the 'Corpus Separatum' concept to Jerusalem."
On sovereignty
In 2003 Israel argued that Jordan had no rights to any land west of the Jordan River, that it had taken the West Bank and East Jerusalem by an act of aggression, and therefore never acquired sovereignty.
Government positions since Oslo Accords
Positions on the final status of Jerusalem have varied with different Israeli governments.
Yitzhak Rabin (Prime Minister, 1992–95)
The Oslo Accords declared that the final status of Jerusalem would be negotiated, but Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin declared that he would never divide the city. In 1995, he allegedly told a group of school children that "if they told us peace is the price of giving up a united Jerusalem under Israeli sovereignty, my reply would be 'let's do without peace'".
Benjamin Netanyahu (Prime Minister, 1996–99)
This position was upheld by his successor, Benjamin Netanyahu, who stated there would be "..no discussion of the case of Jerusalem...".
Ehud Barak (Prime Minister, 1999–2001)
Netanyahu's successor, Ehud Barak, during negotiations, became the first Israeli Prime Minister to allow for a possible division of Jerusalem, despite his campaign promises.
Ariel Sharon (Prime Minister, 2001–06)
Prime minister during the second intifada, Ariel Sharon was unequivocal in his support for an undivided Jerusalem. In an interview done one week before a stroke incapacitated him he stated: "Our position is that Jerusalem is not negotiable. We are not going to negotiate on Jerusalem. Jerusalem will be forever a united and undivided capital of Israel."
Ehud Olmert (Prime Minister, 2006–09)
Prime Minister (and former Jerusalem mayor) Ehud Olmert vowed to keep Jerusalem the "undivided, eternal capital of the Jewish people", but later supported the detachment of several Arab neighborhoods from Israeli sovereignty and the introduction of an international trust to run the Temple Mount.
Benjamin Netanyahu (Prime Minister, 2009–2021)
When Netanyahu succeeded Olmert, he declared that "all of Jerusalem would always remain under Israeli sovereignty" and that only Israel would "ensure the freedom of religion and freedom of access for the three religions to the holy places".
These statements seem to closely reflect Israeli public opinion. According to a 2012 poll by the right-wing Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, 78% of Jewish voters who responded said that they would reconsider voting for any politician that wants to relinquish Israel's control over the Old City and East Jerusalem.
On 17 May 2015, Prime Minister Netanyahu reiterated, regarding Jerusalem serving as the capital of both Israel and a future Palestinian state, "Jerusalem has forever been the capital of only the Jewish people and no other nation."
On 2 January 2018 Israel passed into law new legislation that requires the two-thirds majority support of the Knesset for any section of Jerusalem to be transferred to a foreign government.
On 25 January 2018, Netanyahu repeated the previous government position but seemed to alter it, reportedly saying: "Under any peace agreement the capital of Israel will continue to be in Jerusalem."
Palestine
During the British Mandate, the main representation of the Palestinian Arabs was the Arab Higher Committee, formed in the beginning of the Great Arab revolt in 1936; it was outlawed in 1937 and its leaders deported. Reconstituted in 1945 and dominated by Palestinian Arabs, it continued in various iterations until 1948, when, viewed as a threat to Jordan, its army was forced to disband. There was unequivocal support for an Arab controlled Jerusalem (at that time the status quo).
Until the establishment of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1964, there was little in terms of an internationally recognised representation of the Palestinian Arabs. The Arab League usually took over the job, with the short-lived Egyptian-controlled All-Palestine Government based in Gaza having little sway, and Jordan taking control of the West Bank with East Jerusalem.
Until the Oslo Accords in 1993, and the Letters of Mutual Recognition, the Palestinians, represented since 1964 by the PLO, had at all times rejected any partition of any part of the former British Mandate territory. However, while they had previously rejected the UN's internationalisation plan, most of the Arab delegations at the Lausanne Conference of 1949 accepted a permanent international regime (called corpus separatum) under United Nations supervision as proposed in Resolutions 181 and 194. The Arabs vociferously objected to Israel moving to (West) Jerusalem its national institutions, namely the Knesset, the presidential, legislative, judicial and administrative offices.
The Palestinian leadership now claims the "1967 borders" (in effect the 1949 armistice lines) as the borders of the Palestinian territories, and includes East Jerusalem as part of these territories. Despite recognition of Israel (only from Fatah, not Hamas), and its support in 1949 of corpus separatum, it had never conceded sovereignty of Jerusalem. In 1988, Jordan conceded all claims to the West Bank, including Jerusalem, other than the Muslim holy places on the Temple Mount, and recognized the PLO as the legal representatives of the Palestinian people.
The Palestinian National Authority views East Jerusalem as occupied Palestinian territory, in line with UNSC Resolution 242. The PNA claims all of East Jerusalem, including the Temple Mount, as the capital of the State of Palestine, and claims that West Jerusalem is also subject to final status negotiations, but is willing to consider alternative solutions, such as making Jerusalem an open city. In the Palestine Liberation Organization's Palestinian Declaration of Independence of 1988, Jerusalem is called the capital of the State of Palestine. In 2000 the Palestinian Authority passed a law designating the city as such, and in 2002 this law was ratified by Chairman Yasser Arafat. The official position of the PNA is that Jerusalem should be an open city, with no physical partition and that Palestine would guarantee freedom of worship, access and the protection of sites of religious significance. The status quo on the Temple Mount now is that tourists are allowed to visit, but not pray, on the Temple Mount, although this seems to be slowly changing.
ICJ case — Palestine v. United States of America
In September 2018, the State of Palestine initiated an action in the International Court of Justice, in the case Palestine v. United States of America (officially titled Relocation of the United States Embassy to Jerusalem), in which Palestine charges the US with violating the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations by moving its embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, arguing the Convention requires that "the diplomatic mission of a sending State must be established on the territory of the receiving State." The Palestinian application argues that in international law Jerusalem cannot be considered to be the territory of the State of Israel because under General Assembly Resolution 181 of 1947 (the Partition Plan) Jerusalem was to have been placed under international governance, and thus precludes considering Jerusalem to be under the sovereignty of any State.
United Nations
The United Nations considers East Jerusalem to be part of Israeli-occupied territories or occupied Palestinian territory. It envisions Jerusalem eventually becoming the capital of two states, Israel and Palestine. This is at odds with other General Assembly Resolutions, which promote an internationally administered Jerusalem.
1947 UN Partition Plan (Resolution 181(II)) provided for the full territorial internationalisation of Jerusalem: "The City of Jerusalem shall be established as a corpus separatum under a special international regime and shall be administered by the United Nations." The resolution was accepted by the Jewish leadership in Palestine, but rejected by the Arabs. This position was restated after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War in Resolution 194 of 1948 and in Resolution 303(IV) of 1949. According to a 1979 report prepared for and under the guidance of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, it would appear that the United Nations has maintained the principle that the legal status of Jerusalem is that of a corpus separatum.
The United Nations General Assembly does not recognize Israel's proclamation of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, which is, for example, reflected in the wording of General Assembly Resolution 63/30 of 2009 which states that "any actions taken by Israel, the occupying Power, to impose its laws, jurisdiction and administration on the Holy City of Jerusalem are illegal and therefore null and void and have no validity whatsoever, and calls upon Israel to cease all such illegal and unilateral measures."
Although the General Assembly cannot pass legally binding resolutions over international issues, the United Nations Security Council, which has the authority to do so, has passed a total of six Security Council resolutions on Israel on the matter, including UNSC resolution 478 which affirmed that the enactment of the 1980 Basic Jerusalem Law declaring unified Jerusalem as Israel's "eternal and indivisible" capital, was a violation of international law. The resolution advised member states to withdraw their diplomatic representation from the city. The Security Council, as well as the UN in general, has consistently affirmed the position that East Jerusalem (but not west Jerusalem) is occupied Palestinian territory subject to the provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention. The International Court of Justice in its 2004 Advisory opinion on the "Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory" described East Jerusalem as "occupied Palestinian territory".
Many UN member states formally follow the UN position that Jerusalem should have an international status. The European Union has also followed the UN's lead in this regard, declaring Jerusalem's status to be that of a corpus separatum, or an international city to be administered by the UN.
Nevertheless, and inconsistent with the status of corpus separatum, the UN has designated East Jerusalem occupied Palestinian territory. China recognizes East Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine, and the United States has recognised at least West Jerusalem as Israel's capital. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said on 28 October 2009 that Jerusalem must be the capital of both Israel and Palestine. The UN has never revoked resolutions 181 and 194, and maintains the official position that Jerusalem should be placed under a special international regime.
European Union
The European Union currently views the status of Jerusalem as that of a corpus separatum including both East and West Jerusalem as outlined in United Nations Resolution 181. In the interest of achieving a peaceful solution to the Arab–Israeli conflict, it believes a fair solution should be found regarding the issue of Jerusalem in the context of the two-state solution set out in the Road Map. Taking into account the political and religious concerns of all parties involved, it envisions the city serving as the shared capital of Israel and Palestine.
The EU opposes measures which would prejudge the outcome of permanent status negotiations on Jerusalem, basing its policy on the principles set out in UN Security Council Resolution 242, notably the impossibility of acquisition of territory by force. It will not recognise any changes to pre-1967 borders with regard to Jerusalem, unless agreed between the parties. It has also called for the reopening of Palestinian institutions in East Jerusalem, in accordance with the Road Map, in particular Orient House and the Chamber of Commerce, and has called on the Israeli government to "cease all discriminatory treatment of Palestinians in East Jerusalem, especially concerning work permits, access to education and health services, building permits, house demolitions, taxation and expenditure."
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
On 13 December 2017, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), consisting of 57 primarily Muslim countries, declared East Jerusalem as the capital of the State of Palestine and invited "all countries to recognise the State of Palestine and East Jerusalem as its occupied capital." The declaration makes no mention of Jerusalem as corpus separatum, nor makes any reference to West Jerusalem.
Location of foreign embassies
After Israel passed the Jerusalem Law in 1980, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 478, which called upon UN member states to withdraw their diplomatic missions from the city. Thirteen countries—Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, the Netherlands, Panama, Uruguay and Venezuela—moved their embassies from Jerusalem primarily to Tel Aviv. Costa Rica and El Salvador moved theirs back to Jerusalem in 1984. Costa Rica moved its embassy back to Tel Aviv in 2006 followed by El Salvador a few weeks later. No international embassy was located in Jerusalem again until 2018, although Bolivia had its embassy in Mevasseret Zion, a suburb west of the city, until relations were severed in 2009.
Various countries recognized Israel as a state in the 1940s and 1950s, without recognizing Israeli sovereignty over West Jerusalem. There is an international sui generis consular corps in Jerusalem. It is commonly referred to as the "Consular Corps of the Corpus Separatum". The states that have maintained consulates in Jerusalem say that it was part of Mandate Palestine, and in a de jure sense has not since become part of any other sovereignty. The Netherlands maintains an office in Jerusalem serving mainly Israeli citizens. Other foreign governments base consulate general offices in Jerusalem, including Greece, Spain, and the United Kingdom. The United States had a consulate general in Jerusalem, which was reclassified as its embassy in 2018. Since the President of Israel resides in Jerusalem and confirms the foreign diplomats, ambassadors need to travel to Jerusalem to submit letters of credentials upon being appointed.
The United States relocated its embassy to Israel to Jerusalem in 2018, as did Guatemala. Honduras followed in 2021. A number of countries have indicated that they could relocate their embassies to Jerusalem, including Brazil, Serbia, the Czech Republic and the Dominican Republic. In December 2020, the Czech Republic indicated that in 2021 it will open a Jerusalem branch office of the Czech Embassy in Tel Aviv. Hungary had previously opened an official diplomatic mission in Jerusalem. Kosovo committed to opening its embassy in Jerusalem when Israel and Kosovo established diplomatic relations in February 2021.
Palestinian officials have consistently condemned each such relocation and diplomatic offices in Jerusalem, saying that they constitute "a flagrant violation of international law and goes against the unified EU position on the legal status of Jerusalem."
Russia
On 6 April 2017 the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement saying, "We reaffirm our commitment to the UN-approved principles for a Palestinian-Israeli settlement, which include the status of East Jerusalem as the capital of the future Palestinian state. At the same time, we must state that in this context we view West Jerusalem as the capital of Israel." Some commentators interpreted this as a Russian recognition of Israel's claim to West Jerusalem, while others understood the statement as a Russian intention to recognize West Jerusalem as Israel's in the context of a peace deal with the Palestinians. On 14 June 2018, Russia held, for the first time, its annual Russia Day reception in Jerusalem. Until then, the annual reception has been held in the Tel Aviv area. Although Russia has publicly recognised West Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, it continues to locate its embassy in Tel Aviv.
Prior to these events, in 2011 the Russian President Dmitry Medvedev stated that Russia had recognized the State of Palestine with East Jerusalem as its capital already in 1988, and that it had not changed its view.
Russia has publicly opposed Israeli settlement construction in East Jerusalem. In March 2010, the Russian Foreign Ministry denounced Israeli plans to construct homes for Jewish settlers in East Jerusalem, calling the measure "unacceptable" and in opposition to "internationally acknowledged reconciliation proceedings". In January 2011, reaffirming Russia's recognition of the State of Palestine, President Dmitry Medvedev said Russia "supported and will support the inalienable right of the Palestinian people to an independent state with its capital in East Jerusalem."
United States
When Israel was founded, the position of the United States was that its recognition of Israel did not imply a particular view on the status of Jerusalem. The US voted for the UN Partition Plan in November 1947, which provided for the establishment of an international regime for the city, and Resolution 194 in 1948, following the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. But the US voted against Resolution 303 in 1949 which reaffirmed that Jerusalem be established a corpus separatum under a special international regime to be administered by the UN, because the US regarded the plan as no longer feasible after both Israel and Jordan had established a political presence in the city. The US position continues to be that final status of Jerusalem is to be resolved through negotiations. On 8 December 2017, Secretary of State Rex Tillerson clarified that the President's statement "did not indicate any final status for Jerusalem" and "was very clear that the final status, including the borders, would be left to the two parties to negotiate and decide."
On 6 December 2017, the United States recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, and on 14 May 2018 transferred the United States embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. The US reclassified as its embassy its Jerusalem Consulate, which had been a lot in the neighborhood of Talpiot leased in 1989 for 99 years by the Israeli government and relocated there in 2002. From 28 October 2020, for the first time, U.S. citizens born in Jerusalem will be allowed to list "Jerusalem, Israel" as their place of birth on their U.S. passport.
China
China recognizes East Jerusalem as the capital of the State of Palestine. In a 2016 speech to the Arab League, Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping said that "China firmly supports the Middle East peace process and supports the establishment of a State of Palestine enjoying full sovereignty on the basis of the 1967 borders and with East Jerusalem as its capital." China announced that this position remains unchanged in the aftermath of the US recognizing Jerusalem as Israel's capital.
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom position on Jerusalem states that "Jerusalem was supposed to be a ‘corpus separatum’, or international city administered by the UN. But this was never set up: immediately after the UNGA resolution partitioning Palestine, Israel occupied West Jerusalem and Jordan occupied East Jerusalem (including the Old City). We recognised the de facto control of Israel and Jordan, but not sovereignty. In 1967, Israel occupied E Jerusalem, which we continue to consider is under illegal military occupation by Israel. Our Embassy to Israel is in Tel Aviv, not Jerusalem. In E Jerusalem we have a Consulate-General, with a Consul-General who is not accredited to any state: this is an expression of our view that no state has sovereignty over Jerusalem."
The UK believes that the city's status has yet to be determined, and maintains that it should be settled in an overall agreement between the parties concerned, but considers that the city should not again be divided. The Declaration of Principles and the Interim Agreement, signed by Israel and the PLO on 13 September 1993 and 28 September 1995 respectively, left the issue of the status of Jerusalem to be decided in the "permanent status" negotiations between the two parties.
France
The French Government notes that "It is up to the parties to come to a final and overall agreement with regard to the final status, which would put an end to the conflict. France believes that Jerusalem must become the capital of the two States."
Other G20 countries
: On 15 December 2018 Prime Minister Scott Morrison announced that Australia recognised West Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, while East Jerusalem should be the capital of the State of Palestine. However, Morrison also announced that Australia would not relocate its embassy to West Jerusalem until after the final status of Jerusalem was resolved.
: Brazil recognizes East Jerusalem as the capital of the State of Palestine, with which it maintains full diplomatic relations, whereas the Brazilian embassy to Israel is based in Tel Aviv; prior to his election, President Jair Bolsonaro publicly stated his intention to shift the Brazilian embassy to Jerusalem, but he later backed down from this statement.
: According to Global Affairs Canada, "Canada considers the status of Jerusalem can be resolved only as part of a general settlement of the Palestinian–Israeli dispute. Canada does not recognize Israel's unilateral annexation of East Jerusalem." In the fact sheet on Israel displayed on the Canadian Foreign Affairs Department's website, the "Capital" field states that "While Israel designates Jerusalem as its capital, Canada believes that the final status of the city needs to be negotiated between the Israelis and Palestinians. At present, Canada maintains its Embassy in Tel Aviv." In August 2018 delegates at a policy convention for the Conservative Party of Canada passed a motion to recognise Jerusalem as the capital of Israel. The Conservative Party is currently the main opposition party in Canada.
: According to Germany's Foreign Minister Sigmar Gabriel, Germany is committed to a two-state solution and believes that the final status of Jerusalem must be resolved through negotiations between the Israelis and Palestinians.
: "Endorsing the stance of the European Union in this regard, Italy does not recognise the legitimacy of any border changes that are not agreed between the parties. The question of Jerusalem is extremely sensitive, being the home to the Holy Places belonging to the three great monotheistic religions. To resolve this issue it will be necessary for the parties to reach a difficult, but possible, agreement to safeguard the special character of the city and meet the expectations of both peoples."
: In a 1980 statement to the United Nations, Japan criticized Israel's proclamation of Jerusalem as its united capital: "Japan cannot recognize such a unilateral change to the legal status of an occupied territory, which is in total violation of the relevant United Nations resolutions". Japan later reiterated its position in a 2001 UN report: "Japan believes that issues relating to Jerusalem should be resolved through the permanent status negotiations between the parties concerned, and until such a solution is achieved both parties should refrain from taking any unilateral action relating to the situation in Jerusalem."
: Saudi Arabia recognizes the State of Palestine, with East Jerusalem as its capital. Saudi Arabia does not formally recognize the State of Israel, although it supports a "responsible" two-state solution. The Saudi monarchy has not taken an official position on the fate of West Jerusalem's status. Saudi Arabia expressed disappointment in the United States's recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital. The Saudi government called the action "irresponsible and unwarranted" and reaffirmed its support for a negotiated two-state solution.
: South Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs introduces Israel's capital as Jerusalem, but mentions that there is controversy over its status. However, the South Korean Embassy in Israel is in Herzliya.
: On 17 December 2017, Turkey's President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said "the day is close when officially" his nation will open an embassy in East Jerusalem. This statement came several days after Erdoğan had called for worldwide recognition of East Jerusalem as the occupied capital of a Palestinian state at a summit of Muslim countries convened in response to the US recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital.
Other countries
: The Chilean government considers Jerusalem to be a city with special status, whose final sovereignty must be decided by both Israel and Palestine. It also considers Israel's occupation and control over East Jerusalem illegal. Chile maintains its embassy to Israel in Tel Aviv, while its representative office to the State of Palestine is located in Ramallah.
: According to a 7 December 2017 announcement by Taiwan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), Taiwan considers Jerusalem to be the capital of Israel, but has no plans of moving its representative office to the city in the wake of Donald Trump's formal recognition of it as Israel's capital. Although Jerusalem is listed as the capital of Israel on MOFA's website, the ministry notes that its status as such "has not been widely recognized by the international community" and remains highly controversial.
: In May 2017, the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Parliament rejected a UNESCO resolution that criticized Israel for its excavations in East Jerusalem. The Chamber declared that the Czech government "should advocate a position respecting Jerusalem as the Israeli capital city" and called on the government to withhold its annual funding of UNESCO. On 6 December 2017, following the recognition statement by the United States, the Czech Foreign Ministry acknowledged that Jerusalem is "in practice the capital of Israel in the borders of the demarcation line from 1967", but said the Czech government, in line the positions of other EU member states, considers the city to be the future capital of both Israel and Palestine. The Ministry also said it would consider moving the Czech embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem "only based on results of negotiations with key partners in the region and in the world." In May 2018, Czech Republic reopened its honorary consulate in Jerusalem. On 11 March 2021, the Czech Republic opened a branch of its embassy in Jerusalem.
: "Israel has declared Jerusalem to be its capital. Due to the conflict and unclear situation concerning the city's status, foreign embassies are in Tel Aviv."
: The Finnish embassy to Israel is in Tel Aviv; Finland refers to East Jerusalem as part of the "occupied Palestinian territory", and it understands that East Jerusalem "will be the capital" of the Palestinian state.
: On 16 May 2018, Guatemala reopened its embassy in Jerusalem, the second country to do so.
: On 24 June 2021, Honduras opened its embassy in Jerusalem, the third country to do so.
: On 27 December 2017, the Iranian parliament voted in favor of a bill recognizing Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine in response to the United States decision to recognize the city as Israel's capital.
: In December 2018, following his state visit to Israel, Moldovan President Igor Dodon said that he and his administration are considering the possibility of moving the Moldovan embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, probably in the hope to win support from the US for his embattled government. In June 2019, Prime Minister Pavel Filip announced that the decision to move of the Moldovan embassy to Jerusalem has now been taken by his government-one that has been described as "lame-duck" due to a constitutional crisis, with a second, counter-government in place that is opposed to the move, and which is recognised by Russia, the US and the EU. For this reason, the announcement was flatly ignored by the Israeli government. The Filip government has also adopted the decision to sell to the US the plot of land needed for the construction of the new American embassy in Jerusalem.
: On 29 August 2019, Nauru officially recognized all of Jerusalem as the state capital of Israel. The island nation does not maintain an embassy in Israel, although it does have an honorary consulate in Rosh HaAyin.
: In 2010, the Norwegian Foreign Ministry stated "Norway considers the Israeli presence in East Jerusalem to be in violation of international law, as does the entire international community."
: Oman does not recognize the State of Israel, and has stated that it will refuse to normalize relations with Israel until a sovereign and independent Palestinian state is established. As such, the country claims united Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine and does not have an embassy in Israel.
: Pakistan has refused to recognize Israel until an "adequate and fair" independent sovereign state for the Palestinians is established, specifically the State of Palestine with its pre-1967 borders and united Jerusalem as its capital.
: Paraguay moved its embassy to Jerusalem in May 2018, but following a change in government, on 6 September 2018, Paraguay announced that its embassy would be relocated to Tel Aviv. This move was due to President-elect Mario Abdo Benítez's disagreement over the embassy relocation.
: On 6 December 2017, following the recognition statement by the United States, President Rodrigo Duterte expressed interest in relocating the embassy of the Philippines from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem and reportedly contacted the Foreign Ministry of Israel to discuss the plans. However, the Philippines' Department of Foreign Affairs later mentioned that it does not support Trump's statement to recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital and expressed its support for a two-state solution.
: In April 2018, Prime Minister Viorica Dăncilă announced that the Government has adopted a memorandum regarding the initiation of procedures to relocate the Romanian embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. President Klaus Iohannis, who had not been informed about this decision, accused the Premier of violating the Constitution, while emphasizing "the need for a just and lasting settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict by implementing the two-state solution."
: "St Vincent and the Grenadines strongly urges the United States of America to acknowledge that any unilateral declaration on its part regarding the status of Jerusalem will not in any way advance the cause of a just, peaceful and lasting solution to the dispute between the peoples of Israel and Palestine".
: On 4 September 2020, following a breakthrough U.S.-led agreement with Kosovo (and Israel), Serbia agreed to recognize united Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and relocate its embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem by June 2021. On 9 September 2020, The Jerusalem Post quoted an unnamed source from the Serbian President's office who stated that Serbia would not move its embassy to Jerusalem as it pledged to do by signing the White House Agreement if Israel recognizes Kosovo as an independent state.
: In a 7 December 2017 statement, Singapore's Ministry of Foreign Affairs reaffirmed the country's support for a two-state solution where the final status of Jerusalem would be "decided through direct negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians."
: "Slovakia is on its way to relocating its embassy to Jerusalem," the head of the Slovak National Council Andrej Danko said on 4 July 2018 in a meeting with the President of Israel. A date for the relocation has not been provided, but Slovakia will first open an honorary consulate in the city.
: Surinamese Foreign Minister Albert Ramdin announced in 2022 that Suriname intends to open an embassy in Jerusalem. The status of this decision was shortly after contradicted in parliament by vice president Brunswijk.
: "Sweden, like other states, does not recognise Jerusalem as Israel's capital, which is why the embassy is in Tel Aviv."
: The Republic of Vanuatu recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel in June 2017. Vanuatu President Baldwin Lonsdale issued the recognition in response to a controversial UNESCO resolution passed in October 2016 that, according to the Israeli government, downplays Jewish connection to the Temple Mount.
: In 2018, the Venezuelan government affirmed the support for Palestinian cause by declaring its stance to recognize Jerusalem as the eternal capital of Palestine after the US embassy move to Jerusalem, which it called as an "extremist decision" that lacks legal validity and violates international law.
Islamic holy sites
The status of Islamic holy sites in Jerusalem, including Haram Al-Sharif/Temple Mount, is also unresolved. In 1924, the Supreme Muslim Council, the highest Muslim body in charge of Muslim community affairs in Mandatory Palestine, accepted Hussein bin Ali (Sharif of Mecca) as custodian of Al-Aqsa Mosque.
In the 1994 peace treaty with Jordan, Israel committed to "respect the present special role of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in Muslim Holy shrines in Jerusalem." Israel also pledged that when negotiations on the permanent status will take place, it will give high priority to the Jordanian historical role in these shrines. The Wakf Department that oversees Muslim sites in Jerusalem is controlled by the Jordanian government, which insists on its exclusive custodianship of the holy site. In 2013, the Palestinian Authority also recognized Jordan's role through an agreement signed between PA President Mahmoud Abbas and King Abdullah II.
Position of the Vatican
The Vatican has had a long-held position on Jerusalem and its concern for the protection of the Christian holy places in the Holy Land which predates the Palestinian Mandate. The Vatican's historic claims and interests, as well as those of Italy and France were based on the former Protectorate of the Holy See and the French Protectorate of Jerusalem, which were incorporated in article 95 of the Treaty of Sèvres (1920), which besides incorporating the Balfour Declaration also provided: "it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine". The Balfour Declaration and the proviso were also incorporated in the Palestinian Mandate (1923), but which also provided in articles 13 and 14 for an international commission to resolve competing claims on the holy places. These claimants had officially lost all capitulation rights by article 28 of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923). However, Britain never gave any effect to Mandate provisions arts 13 & 14.
During the negotiations of proposals that culminated in the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine (also known as Resolution 181) in 1947, the historic claims of the Vatican, Italy and France were revived, and expressed as the call for the special international regime for the city of Jerusalem. This was also confirmed in UN General Assembly Resolution 194 in 1948, which maintained the position that Jerusalem be made an international city, under United Nations supervision. The Vatican's official position on the status of Jerusalem was in favour of an internationalization of Jerusalem, in order to keep the holy place away from either Israeli or Arab sovereignty.
Pope Pius XII supported this idea in the 1949 encyclical Redemptoris nostri cruciatus. It was proposed again during the papacies of John XXIII, Paul VI, John Paul II and Benedict XVI. The Vatican reiterated this position in 2012, recognizing Jerusalem's "identity and sacred character" and calling for freedom of access to the city's holy places to be protected by "an internationally guaranteed special statute". After the US recognized Jerusalem as Israel's capital in December 2017, Pope Francis repeated the Vatican's position: "I wish to make a heartfelt appeal to ensure that everyone is committed to respecting the status quo of the city, in accordance with the relevant resolutions of the United Nations."
French claims in Jerusalem
There are four sites in Jerusalem claimed by France as "Domaine national français", which are based on claimed French acquisitions predating the formation of the State of Israel, and based on the former French Protectorate of Jerusalem (also known as capitulations), which was abolished in 1923. These sites are:
Church of the Pater Noster, also known as the Sanctuary of the Eleona
Benedictine monastery in Abu Ghosh
Tombs of the Kings
Church of Saint Anne.
French presidents have claimed that the Church of Saint Anne in Jerusalem, for example, comes under French protection, is owned by its government, and is French territory. The Israeli government has not made any public statement relating to the French claims.
See also
Foreign relations of Israel
Green Line (Israel)
International recognition of the State of Palestine
Status of territories occupied by Israel in 1967
References
International relations
Israeli–Palestinian conflict in Jerusalem
Palestinian nationalism
Zionism |
4024438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20Grazing%20Service | United States Grazing Service | The United States Grazing Service was a part of the United States Department of the Interior that managed grazing lands and carried out the Taylor Grazing Act, which leased public land for grazing. It was later merged with the General Land Office to form the Bureau of Land Management.
History
When the Taylor Grazing Act was passed in 1934 by the United States Congress, an office under the Department of the Interior was also created to manage the act. It was first called the Division of Grazing, but later was renamed the U.S. Grazing Service in 1939. Its responsibilities were to enforce the act, which leased public lands to farmers and ranchers for grazing.
The Grazing Service encountered multiple problems, such as very low fees to lease land, which could not be raised due to opposition from farmers, budget reductions enacted by Congress, or unlawful use of the lands. Hoping to better control improper use of the lands, the Grazing Service moved its headquarters from Washington, D.C. to Salt Lake City, Utah.
With so much conflict surrounding the Grazing Service, the Secretary of the Interior combined the Grazing Service and the General Land Office to form the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) in 1946. The BLM was given the responsibilities of the former U.S. Grazing Service and General Land Office.
The BLM retained control of its laws until 1976. In that year, Congress passed the Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA). The FLPMA removed the responsibilities of the former General Land Office. It also changed fees and some regulations in the BLM's other set of responsibilities, which had been owned by the Grazing Service, and that are still used today.
Notes
References
Encart Encyclopedia entry on "Public Lands".
"The Bureau of Land Management" at The Thoreau Institute.
United States Department of the Interior
Government agencies established in 1934
1946 disestablishments in the United States
Defunct agencies of the United States government
1934 establishments in the United States |
4024441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monteith | Monteith | Monteith or Menteith may refer to:
People
Alex Monteith (born 1977), new media artist
Alexander C. Monteith (1902–1979), senior vice-president of the Westinghouse Electric Corporation
Andrew Monteith (1823–1896), Canadian businessman and politician
John C. Monteith (1853–1940), Canadian politician and son of Andrew
Joseph Monteith (1865–1934), Canadian politician and son of Andrew
Jay Waldo Monteith (1903–1981), Canadian politician and son of Joseph
Robert Monteith (1812-1884) DL, JP, Scottish politician and philanthropist
Joseph Monteith (Deputy Lieutenant) (1852-1911) DL, JP, son of Robert Monteith of Carstairs
Brian Monteith (born 1958), former Scottish politician
Cory Monteith (1982–2013), Canadian actor
Dermott Monteith (1943–2009), Irish cricketer
Hazel Monteith (1917-2012), Jamaican Senator, social worker and radio personality
Henry Ruthven Monteith (1848-1922), American professor at the University of Connecticut
Jimmie W. Monteith (1917–1944), United States Army officer awarded the Medal of Honor
John Monteith (born 1929), Scottish Royal Society fellow
John Monteith (minister), founder of University of Michigan
Kelly Monteith (born 1943), American comedian
Ken Monteith (born 1938), former Canadian politician
Larry K. Monteith (born 1933), American electrical engineer and academic leader
Ray Monteith (born 1920), Canadian politician
William Monteith (1790–1864), British soldier and historian
Monteith and Rand, 1979 comedy team
Places
Australia
Monteith, Glebe, a heritage-listed house in Sydney, New South Wales
Monteith, South Australia
Canada
McMurrich/Monteith, Ontario, a Canadian municipality
Monteith, community in Iroquois Falls, Ontario
Monteith Correctional Complex, a medium-security prison in Monteith
United Kingdom
Menteith or Monteith, a district of south Perthshire, Scotland
Carstairs House or Monteith House, a country house in South Lanarkshire
Lake of Menteith, Scotland
Monteith, County Down, a village in Northern Ireland
Other uses
Camp Monteith, Kosovo military base
Monteith Hall (disambiguation), multiple places
Monteith's, a brand of beer, brewed in Greymouth, New Zealand on the west coast of the South Island
See also
Thomas and Walter Monteith House, built by the founders of Albany, Oregon |
4024447 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This%20Kind%20of%20Punishment | This Kind of Punishment | This Kind of Punishment were a New Zealand post-punk band formed in Stratford in 1983.
History
The band was formed by brothers Peter and Graeme Jefferies, after the breakup of their post-punk outfit Nocturnal Projections. Their first self-titled album was recorded on 4-track recorder borrowed from Chris Knox, and released in an edition of 1000 on the Flying Nun label in 1983. It was reissued on the Roof Bolt label in 1998.
Their second album, A Beard of Bees, was recorded with an extended line-up, and self-released on vinyl in 1984. It was reissued on cassette by the Xpressway label in 1990, and again on CD by the Ajax label in the mid '90s.
In The Same Room, their third album, was released in 1987 by Flying Nun. It was reissued in 1993 by Ajax Records, and contained the tracks from their 5 By Four EP.
Discography
LPs
This Kind of Punishment (1983)
A Beard of Bees (1984)
In The Same Room (1987)
Singles & EPs
5 By Four (1985)
Compilations
In The Same Room/5 By Four (1993)
References
New Zealand post-punk music groups
Flying Nun Records artists |
4024457 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodansha%20Kanji%20Learner%27s%20Dictionary | Kodansha Kanji Learner's Dictionary | The Kodansha Kanji Learner's Dictionary is a kanji dictionary based on the New Japanese-English Character Dictionary by Jack Halpern at the CJK Dictionary Institute and published by Kenkyūsha. Originally published in 1999 (with a minor update in 2001), a Revised and Updated Edition was issued on 2013, reflecting the new changes in the Joyo Kanji mandated in 2010. This Revised and Expanded Edition increases the number of kanji entries from 2,230 to 3,002, as well as changing all pronunciations from romaji to kana. There also exists electronic forms of this dictionary for both iOS and Android. A more extensive version of this dictionary by the CJK Dictionary Institute is also published by Kodansha called the Kodansha Kanji Dictionary.
The dictionary arranges entries according to an original system called SKIP (System of Kanji Indexing by Patterns). The dictionary also has indexing by radical and character readings.
SKIP
The SKIP method used by the Kodansha Learner's Dictionary is an original system for indexing kanji, meant to be accessible to those who have no prior knowledge of them. Instead of organizing kanji based on radicals, they are organized based on pattern. Based on how a kanji can be divided into sections, they are grouped into four main categories: Left-Right (1), Up-Down (2), Enclosure (3), and Solid (4). Users then count the number of strokes in each segment, and use them to determine the kanji's SKIP number. Since December 12, 2014, the SKIP coding system and all established SKIP codes have been released for public use under a Creative Commons licence.
Determining SKIP numbers
1) Left-Right
Left-Right kanji are those which can be broken down into sections segmented vertically such as 明 (bright), which can be broken down into the left segment 日 (sun) and the right segment 月 (moon). Thus, 明 would be in the first main category (Left-Right), would have four strokes in its left segment and four in its right, giving it a SKIP number 1-4-4.
In the above example, the kanji can be broken down into two segments, both of which are actual radicals, but such does not need to be the case. The kanji 測 (measure) can be broken down into three segments 氵 (water), 貝 (shell money), and 刂 (knife). In such cases, the leftmost discrete element is treated as the left segment, and the rest of the kanji as the right segment. Therefore, 測 is split into the left segment of 氵and the right segment of 則 (rule), and the resulting SKIP number is 1-3-9.
2) Up-Down
Up-Down kanji are kanji that can be broken down into sections segmented horizontally such as 男 (male), which can be broken down into the up segment 田 (rice field) and the down segment 力 (power). Thus, 男 would be in the second main category (Up-Down), would have five strokes in its up section and two strokes in its down section, giving it a SKIP number of 2-5-2.
Again, the up and down sections do not necessarily need to be radicals, and can consist of more than two segments. The kanji 薬 (medicine) can be split into three segments. In such cases, the topmost discrete element is the up segment, while the remainder of the kanji (楽) is the down segment. Thus, 薬 has a SKIP number of 2-3-13.
3) Enclosure
Enclosure kanji are those where one element borders or surrounds other elements of the kanji. Such elements can border other elements on two sides (近 and 症), three sides (風 and 区), or completely surround the other elements (囲). In SKIP numbers for enclosure kanji, the bordering element's stroke count comes first, followed by the stroke count of the elements inside the enclosure. Thus, the SKIP number of 風 (wind) is 3-2-7.
4) Solid
Solid kanji are kanji that cannot be easily broken down into elements based on the patterns of the other categories. Often these kanji are formed from a single radical. Solid kanji are broken down into four sub-patterns:
Top line – Kanji which have a prominent horizontal stroke at the top, e.g. 耳 (ear) and 子 (child).
Bottom line – Kanji which have a prominent horizontal stroke at the bottom, e.g. 上 (up) and 丘 (hill).
Through line – Kanji which have a prominent vertical stroke through the middle, e.g. 本 (book) and 中 (middle).
Others – Kanji which cannot be placed in the preceding sub-patterns, e.g. 女 (woman) and 丸 (circle).
SKIP numbers for Solid kanji follow the following pattern:
Main category (in this case, 4 for whole kanji)
Stroke count for whole kanji
Subpattern
Thus, the SKIP number of 子 is 4-3-1 and the SKIP number for 本 is 4-5-3.
The Solid SKIP codes put the stroke count second, and the subpattern third, in order to aid in linear searching (such as in the paper dictionary). Since it is straightforward to count the entire kanji’s strokes, while classifying its subpattern can be subjective, this ordering makes it more likely a Solid kanji will be found, even if the reader misclassifies its subpattern.
Aids in searching
In its index for kanji, pages where a user might erroneously expect a kanji to be located (either because of incorrect classification or incorrect stroke count) are cross-referenced with their correct SKIP number.
For example, 門 is correctly a 1 (Left-Right) kanji split into two 4-stroke parts, making it 1-4-4. But it is also cross-referenced at 3-8-0 as an incorrect classification of an Enclosure (corresponding to radical 169, ⾨), with eight containing strokes and zero contained strokes. Since many kanji sharing this radical (such as 開, 3-8-4, or 閉, 3-8-3) follow this 3-8-… pattern, 門 itself is also cross-referenced there.
See also
Four corner method, a structural encoding for Chinese characters
References
External links
CJKI home page
Kanji Dictionary Publishing Society home page
Database companies
Japanese dictionaries
Kanji books
Lexicography |
4024459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahumyan%20Province | Shahumyan Province | Shahumyan Province (, also spelled Shaumyan and Shahumian) is a claimed province of the breakaway Republic of Artsakh, de jure part of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The capital of the province was Karvachar. Shahumyan Province had 17 communities of which one is considered urban and 16 are rural. Its bordered Martakert Province to the east, Kashatagh Province to the south, Gegharkunik and Vayots Dzor provinces of Armenia to the west and Dashkasan, Goygol and Goranboy districts of Azerbaijan to the north.
The western part of the province, corresponding to the Kalbajar District of Azerbaijan, was controlled by Artsakh from 1993 to 2020, while the northern part, originally the Shahumyan District of the Azerbaijani SSR (now part of the Goranboy District), remained under Azerbaijani control from 1992, but was claimed by Artsakh. The Shahumyan District was located outside of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, but prior to the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, its population was mostly Armenian and was expelled during Operation Ring in 1991. While the Shahumyan region was not part of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, representatives from Shahumyan declared independence along with the oblast, and the proclamation of Artsakh includes the Shahumyan region within its borders.
History
In antiquity the territory was a part of the province of Artsakh of Greater Armenia. In the Middle Ages it was part of the principality of Khachen; in the 17th and 18th centuries, the territory formed part of the Melik-Abovian dynasty's melikdom of Gulistan, with its capital in the fortress of that name.
During Soviet times the area was a part of the Azerbaijan SSR and was renamed Shahumyan (Shaumyanovksy raion in Russian) after the Armenian Bolshevik Stepan Shahumyan, its administrative centre (Shahumyan or Shaumyanovsk) taking the same name. The population of the Shahumyan District was mostly ethnic Armenian, although the area was not included within the boundaries of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast.
In the spring/summer of 1991, Soviet general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev ordered Operation Ring in which the Soviet Red Army and Azerbaijani OMON surrounded some of the area's Armenian villages (as well as Getashen and Martunashen in the neighboring Khanlar District of the Azerbaijan SSR) and deported their inhabitants to Armenia.
Approximately 17,000 Armenians living in Shahumyan's 23 villages were deported from the region. The operation involved ground troops, military, armored vehicles and artillery. The deportations of Armenian civilians were carried out with gross human rights violations documented by international human rights organizations. Armenian forces recaptured most of Shahumyan in fall 1991, and the region was included in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic when it declared its independence in December 1991. However, Armenian forces lost control of Shahumyan in summer 1992 after an Azerbaijani offensive.
The town of Shahumyan was subsequently renamed to Aşağı Ağcakənd by Azerbaijan in 1992 and partially repopulated by Azerbaijanis, mostly representing internally displaced persons deported from Nagorno-Karabakh and surrounding districts.
Armenian forces captured the Kalbajar District of Azerbaijan in 1993 and administered it as a part of Shahumyan Province.
As part of an agreement that ended the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, the town of Kalbajar (Karvachar) and its surrounding district were returned to Azerbaijani control. The initial deadline of 15 November 2020, but this was extended to 25 November 2020. It was the second region to be returned to Azerbaijan per the ceasefire agreement, after Aghdam.
Artsakh Foreign Ministry said on 12th June 2022 that the "de-occupation Shahumyan remains one of the issues on Artsakh's foreign policy agenda", in a statement issued 30 years after Azerbaijani armed forces established control over the Shahumyan province on June 12, 1992.
Towns in Soviet Shahumyan and Getashen
Armenians constituted 73.2% of the population of the Shahumyan District of the Azerbaijan SSR in 1979, and the majority of the villages within the Shahumyan district and the Getashen village had an Armenian majority prior to the First Nagorno-Karabakh war and Operation Ring, with the exception for some Azerbaijani-majority villages (as well as some smaller localities), which are mentioned as such in the following list. The Shahumyan district and Getashen subdistrict are claimed by the Republic of Artsakh as part of the Shahumyan Province.
Shahumyan district
Getashen subdistrict
External links
Armeniapedia - Rediscovering Armenia - Nagorno-Karabakh
References
Regions of the Republic of Artsakh
Shahumyan (province)
States and territories disestablished in 2020 |
4024482 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorhawk | Terrorhawk | Terrorhawk is the second and final album by the post-hardcore band Bear vs. Shark, released in 2005 by Equal Vision Records. The Clash, Black Sabbath, and Hüsker Dü were all cited by the group as influences on the album. It was written in a cabin in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.
A video for "Catamaran" was released in February 2006, composed of clips taken from a number of live performances in August and September 2005.
Track listing
All tracks written by Bear vs. Shark.
"Catamaran" – 2:55
"5, 6 Kids" – 3:49
"Six Bar Phrase Hey Hey" – 0:28
"The Great Dinosaurs With Fifties Section" – 3:13
"Baraga Embankment" – 3:07
"Entrance of the Elected" – 3:07
"Seven Stop Hold Restart" – 2:43
"What a Horrible Night for a Cause" – 3:51
"Out Loud Hey Hey" – 1:38
"India Foot" – 0:25
"Antwan" – 2:45
"I Fucked Your Dad" – 3:31
"Heard Iron Bug, "They're Coming to Town"" – 2:39
"Song About Old Roller Coaster" – 6:02
"Rich People Say Fuck Yeah Hey Hey" – 3:45
"Start Small, Great Destroyer" (2016 Remastered vinyl LP bonus track) - 5:07
Personnel
Dana Collie – saxophone
John Gaviglio – guitar, bass guitar and vocals
Ashley Horak – drums
Derek Kiesgen – guitar and bass guitar
Mike Muldoon – guitar, bass guitar and keyboards
Marc Paffi – album artwork, vocals, guitar and keyboards
References
Bear vs. Shark albums
2005 albums
Equal Vision Records albums |
4024485 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atreyee%20%28disambiguation%29 | Atreyee (disambiguation) | Atreyee may refer to any of the following:
Atreyee river
Atreyee D. A. V. Public School (formerly "The Atreyee English Medium School), Balurghat, India
Atreyee B. Ed college, Balurghat |
4024504 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forearm%20%28firearm%20component%29 | Forearm (firearm component) | In firearms, the forearm (also known as the fore-end/forend, handguard or forestock) is a section of a gunstock between the receiver and the muzzle. It is used as a gripping surface to hold the gun steady, and is usually made out of heat-insulating material such as wood or reinforced plastics. Near the front of the forearm there is often an underside sling swivel stud, and sometimes also a barrel-band to secure the forearm to the barrel (as seen in the photo at right).
Some forearms are equipped with additional heat shields to protect the user from heat radiating from the barrel when the firearm is fired.
Firearm components |
4024506 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace%20House | Wallace House | Wallace House or Wallace Farm may refer to:
Places in the United States
(by state, then city)
J. N. Wallace House, Boise, Idaho, listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in Ada County, Idaho
Wallace House (University of Chicago), Illinois
Henry C. Wallace House, Winterset, Iowa, listed on the NRHP in Madison County, Iowa
Henry Wallace House, Des Moines, Iowa, NRHP-listed
Charles Wallace House, Hartford, Kentucky, listed on the NRHP in Ohio County, Kentucky
Michael Wallace House, Kirksville, Kentucky, listed on the NRHP in Garrard County, Kentucky
Samuel Wallace House, Midway, Kentucky, listed on the NRHP in Woodford County, Kentucky
Wallace-Alford Farmstead, Midway, Kentucky, listed on the NRHP in Woodford County, Kentucky
Napoleon Wallace House, Pierce, Kentucky, listed on the NRHP in Green County, Kentucky
Wallace House (Walton, Kentucky), listed on the NRHP in Boone County, Kentucky
Everett Wallace House, Milbridge, Maine, listed on the NRHP in Washington County, Maine
Wallace House (Independence, Missouri), a National Historic Site
Wallace House (Lebanon, Missouri), listed on the NRHP in Laclede County, Missouri
Wallace Farm (Columbia, New Hampshire), NRHP-listed
Wallace House (Somerville, New Jersey), NRHP-listed
Jonathan Wallace House, Potsdam, New York, NRHP-listed
Timothy Wallace House, Rochester, New York, NRHP-listed
Hambley-Wallace House, Salisbury, North Carolina, listed on the NRHP in Rowan County, North Carolina
Charlton Wallace House, Cincinnati, Ohio, NRHP-listed
Wallace Farm (Northfield Center, Ohio), listed on the NRHP in Summit County, Ohio
Wallace House (fur-trade post), a fur trading station located in the French Prairie in what is now Keizer, Oregon
Wallace-McGee House, Columbia, South Carolina, NRHP-listed
Gregg-Wallace Farm Tenant House, near Mars Bluff, South Carolina, NRHP-listed
Wallace-Hall House, Mansfield, Texas, listed on the NRHP in Tarrant County, Texas
Thomas Wallace House, Petersburg, Virginia, NRHP-listed
Wallace-Jagdfeld Octagon House, Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, NRHP-listed
Persons
Wallace House (politician) (1929–1985) was an educator and politician in Newfoundland, Canada
See also
Gen. Lew Wallace Study, Crawfordsville, Indiana
John M. Wallace Fourplex, Portland, Oregon
Wallace-Baily Tavern, Brier Hill, Pennsylvania
Wallace-Cross Mill, Felton, Pennsylvania
Wallace Building (disambiguation)
Wallace (disambiguation) |
4024508 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/92nd%20Air%20Refueling%20Wing | 92nd Air Refueling Wing | The 92d Air Refueling Wing is a United States Air Force unit assigned to the Air Mobility Command Eighteenth Air Force. It is stationed at Fairchild Air Force Base, Washington. The wing is also the host unit at Fairchild. The wing carries out air refueling, passenger and cargo airlift, and aero-medical evacuation missions.
Its 92d Operations Group is a successor organization to the World War II 92d Bombardment Group. It was the first VIII Bomber Command Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bombardment group to bomb strategic targets in Occupied Europe and Nazi Germany from RAF Bovingdon, England in September 1942. From 1948 to 1992, the 92d Bombardment Wing was a part of Strategic Air Command's nuclear deterrent force during the Cold War.
The 92d Air Refueling Wing is commanded by Colonel Cassius T. Bentley III, Its Vice Commander is Colonel Jeffrey M. Marshall and Command Chief Master Sergeant is Chief Master Sergeant Daniel Guzman.
History
The wing's origins lie with the 92d Bombardment Group, first established during World War II.
On 17 November 1947, the 92d Bombardment Wing, Very Heavy was organized at Spokane Army Air Field, Washington as part of the United States Air Force's wing base reorganization, in which combat groups and all supporting units on a base were assigned to a single wing. The 92d Bombardment Group, flying Boeing B-29 Superfortresses became its operational component. It served as a double-sized B-29 wing until April 1950, and again from May 1950 to April 1951, although one bomb group was generally deployed overseas for training or combat in Korea. It also supervised the 454th Bombardment Group, a Reserve corollary bomb group from June 1949 until February 1951, when the 454th was called to active duty for the Korean War.
Upon return to the United States, the wing reequipped with the Convair B-36 Peacemaker. In August and September 1953, the wing completed the first mass flight of B-36s to the Far East in Operation Big Stick. The 92d visited bases in Japan, Okinawa and Guam. Big Stick followed close on the heels of the end of hostilities in Korea and was intended to show American determination to keep the peace in the Far East. On 15 and 16 October 1954 the wing deployed to Andersen Air Force Base, Guam for 90 days. This was the first deployment of an entire wing of Peacemakers to an overseas base. The wing deployed to Andersen again from 26 April until 6 July 1956.
The wing added air refueling operations to bombardment mission in September 1957. From March to June 1959, the wing participated in Operation Head Start III, a precursor to Operation Chrome Dome. The 92d kept five of its Stratofortresses airborne at all times, with crews flying 24 hour missions with the support of ten KC-135 tankers. In January 1961, SAC disclosed it was maintaining an airborne force for "airborne alert training."
From July 1961 to August 1965, controlled an SM-65E Atlas missile squadron. Supported SAC activities in Southeast Asia from early 1965 to December 1975 through deployment of bomber and tanker aircraft and crews and Air Weather 9thWS Det3. In 1969, supplied aircraft for Operation Giant Lance over Alaska, a secret mission designed to intimidate the Soviet Union into backing away from supporting the North Vietnamese.
From March–September 1968, March–September 1969, and June 1972-October 1973, all wing Boeing B-52 Stratofortresses and many Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers, plus aircrews and support personnel, were involved in Southeast Asia operations. After 1975, performed joint USAF/US Navy sea reconnaissance and surveillance missions. In 1983, the Wing's B-52Gs were modified to carry AGM-86B Air-Launched Cruise Missiles (ALCM). In 1985, upgraded to B-52H with improved strategic weapons carriage and offensive electronics capabilities. Earned the Fairchild Trophy in 1953, 1986, and again in 1992 when it won SAC's last competition and retired the trophy. Also won the Saunders Trophy for best air refueling unit in SAC for 1992. Provided KC-135 aircraft to tanker task forces in the US, Europe, and the Pacific through 1992.
Post Cold War era
Ended B-52 alert duties in September 1992, and ended bombardment mission in 1994, with transfer from Air Combat Command to Air Mobility Command upon departure of last B-52H. On 24 June 1994, a B-52H practicing for an airshow crashed on the airfield while making an unauthorized, low altitude, steep turn. The aircraft exceeded 90 degrees of bank, entered a stall and impacted the ground killing all on board, including the squadron commander and chief of standardization-evaluation. The pilot, Lt Col Arthur "Bud" Holland, maneuvered the bomber beyond its operational limits and lost control. The aircraft stalled, fell to the ground and exploded, killing Holland and the other three USAF officers aboard. The crash was captured on video and was shown repeatedly on news broadcasts throughout the world.
As a purely air refueling unit, the group's squadrons routinely augmented AMC's overseas tanker task forces in Panama, Europe, Turkey, and Southwest Asia, providing aerial refueling to attack and transport aircraft.
The wing deployed personnel and aircraft to expeditionary bases in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Spain as part of the Kosovo War (NATO "Operation Allied Force") in 1999. That year, the Wing became the 92d Air Expeditionary Wing at Morón Air Base in Spain, tasked with providing fuel to NATO aircraft involved in the war. In addition to serving as the HQ 92 AEW (serving units in France, Crete, Sicily and Spain), Morón hosted 37 tankers (KC-135 and KC-10) and 800 personnel. The 92 AEW became the largest tanker wing since the Vietnam War and held the distinction of being the largest tanker base during the Kosovo War.
In the mid-2010s, wing staff officially stated that the wing 'operate[d] 34 KC-135 R/T Stratotanker refueling aircraft valued at $1.6 billion and 58 aircrews to support worldwide military missions. Serving as Fairchild Air Force Base host unit, the wing control[led] and 1,248 buildings. The wing employ[ed] over 2,200 active-duty military, as well as over 700 civilian employees.'
Structure in the early 2020s
The 92d Air Refueling Wing is structured under four groups: Operations, maintenance, mission support and medical, as well as 12 staff agencies organized under the Director of Staff.
92d Operations Group
Primarily responsible for the wing's four flying squadrons - the 92d, 93d, 97th and 384th Air Refueling Squadrons, which fly the KC-135R Stratotanker. The 92d Operations Support Squadron manages functions such as intelligence, weather, tactics, aircrew training, life support supervision, airfield management, air traffic control, combat crew communications and current operations. The 92d OSS is also responsible for managing the airfield, weather station, control tower and flight simulators for the wing.
92d Air Refueling Squadron
93d Air Refueling Squadron
97th Air Refueling Squadron
384th Air Refueling Squadron
92d Operations Support Squadron
92d Maintenance Group
Provides field-level maintenance support for 34 KC-135 R/T aircraft and 240 pieces of aerospace ground equipment supporting peace and wartime worldwide aerial refueling and airlift operations. The group also provides services for transient contract and military aircraft. Furthermore, the 92d Maintenance Group maintains a high state of combat readiness for over 650 personnel and equipment supporting worldwide contingency and nuclear deterrence operations, while also maintaining base munitions.
92d Mission Support Group
Provides professional civil engineer, communications, contracting, logistics, mission support, security forces, and combat, community, and family support services. Additionally, through the wing's Air Expeditionary Force Cell, the 92d MSG integrates all wing readiness functions to train, deploy and reintegrate up to 1,300 personnel annually who deploy worldwide.
92d Medical Group
Serves more than 12,640 military beneficiaries, with a staff of 308 and an annual budget of $12.3 million. The medical clinic receives over 53,688 outpatient visits and 12,975 dental visits annually. The group currently manages the 92d Aeromedical Dental Squadron, 92d Medical Operations Squadron and the 92d Medical Support Squadron.
Wing staff agencies consist of a variety of functions. These functions include legal, plans and programs, safety, command and control, chapel, public affairs, military equal opportunity, sexual assault prevention program, protocol, history and the inspector general.
Lineage
Designated as the 92d Bombardment Wing, Very Heavy and organized on 17 November 1947
Discontinued on 12 July 1948
Redesignated 92d Bombardment Wing, Medium and activated on 12 July 1948
Redesignated 92d Bombardment Wing, Heavy on 16 June 1951
Redesignated 92d Strategic Aerospace Wing on 15 February 1962
Redesignated 92d Bombardment Wing, Heavy on 31 March 1972
Redesignated 92d Wing on 1 September 1991
Redesignated 92d Bomb Wing on 1 June 1992
Redesignated 92d Air Refueling Wing on 1 July 1994
Assignments
Fifteenth Air Force, 17 November 1947
57th Air Division, 16 April 1951 (attached to 3rd Air Division, 16 October 1954 – 12 January 1955 and 26 April-6 July 1956)
Fifteenth Air Force, 4 September 1956
18th Air (later, 18th Strategic Aerospace) Division, 1 July 1959 (attached to 14th Strategic Aerospace Division after 15 June 1968)
14th Strategic Aerospace Division, 2 July 1968
4th Strategic Aerospace Division, 31 March 1970
47th Air Division, 30 June 1971
57th Air Division, 23 January 1987
Fifteenth Air Force, 15 June 1988
Twelfth Air Force, 1 June 1992
Fifteenth Air Force, 1 July 1994
Eighteenth Air Force, 1 October 2003 – present
Components
Wings
90th Bombardment Wing: attached 2 January 1951 – 31 January 1951
98th Bombardment Wing: attached 17 November 1947 - 15 April 1950 and 16 May 1950 - 31 March 1951
Groups
92d Bombardment Group (later 92d Operations Group): 17 November 1947 – 16 June 1952 (detached 7 February-19 May 1949 and 9 July-30 October 1950); 1 September 1991–present
98th Bombardment Group: attached 17 November 1947 – 21 August 1948, 10 December 1948 – 16 May 1949 and 18 August 1949 – 15 April 1950; rear echelon (no aircraft or crews) attached 2 August 1950 – 16 April 1951
454th Bombardment Group: attached 27 June 1949 – 16 June 1951
Squadrons
22d Air Refueling Squadron: 15 June 1960 – 1 July 1962
43d Air Refueling Squadron: 2 April 1966 – 1 September 1991 (detached c. 22 March-8 July 1968 and 9 June-14 September 1969)
92d Air Refueling Squadron: 1 July 1957 – 1 September 1991 (detached until 13 September 1957)
325th Bombardment Squadron: attached 16 February 1951 – 15 June 1952, assigned 16 June 1952 – 1 September 1991
326th Bombardment Squadron: attached 16 February 1951 – 15 June 1952, assigned 16 June 1952 – 1 April 1961 (detached after 1 March 1961)
327th Bombardment Squadron: attached 16 February 1951 – 15 June 1952, assigned 16 June 1952 – 1 June 1960
567th Strategic Missile Squadron: 1 April 1960 – 25 June 1965
Stations
Spokane Army Air Field (later Spokane Air Force Base, Fairchild Air Force Base), Washington, 17 November 1947 – present
Aircraft and missiles
Boeing B-29 Superfortress, 1947–1950, 1950–1952
Boeing KB-29 Superfortress, 1948–1950, 1950–1952
Convair B-36 Peacemaker, 1951–1957
Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, 1957–1968, 1968–1969, 1969–1972, 1973–1994
Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker, 1958–present
SM-65E Atlas, 1961–1965
Cessna T-37 Tweet, 1991–1994
Bell UH-1 Huey, 1993–present
See also
List of B-52 Units of the United States Air Force
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Fact Sheets at Fairchild Air Force Base web site
0092
Military units and formations in Washington (state)
Military units and formations established in 1994 |
4024517 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLSA | FLSA | FLSA may refer to :
Fair Labor Standards Act, a federal statute of the United States
French Language Services Act, a law in the province of Ontario, Canada |
4024520 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandzasar%20monastery | Gandzasar monastery | Gandzasar () is a 13th-century Armenian Apostolic cathedral (historically a monastery) near the village of Vank in the Martakert Province of the breakaway Republic of Artsakh, de jure in the Kalbajar District of Azerbaijan. It has historically been the region's most important church since its foundation. One of the finest pieces of Armenian architecture of the mid-1200s, the building is best known among scholars for its richly decorated dome.
In Azerbaijan, the monastery is called Ganjasar () and the Azerbaijan authorities deny its Armenian heritage, instead referring to it as "Caucasian Albanian".
History
Background
The name Gandzasar, which means "treasure mountain" in Armenian, is believed to have originated from the tradition that the monastery was built on a hill containing ores of silver and other metals.
The site was first mentioned in written records by the tenth century Catholicos Anania of Moks (r. 946-968), who listed Sargis, a monk from Gandzasar, among the participants of a 949 council convened in Khachen to reconcile Chalcedonian and non-Chalcedonian Armenians. Khachkars dated 1174, 1182, and 1202 have been found around the monastery, which also point to the existence of a church or monastery at the site.
Foundation
The main church was built between 1216 and 1238 by Hasan-Jalal Dawla, the Armenian prince of Inner Khachen and the patriarch of the House of Hasan-Jalalyan. It was consecrated on July 22, 1240, on the Feast of the Transfiguration (Vardavar) in attendance of some 700 priests. The gavit (narthex), to the west of the church, was started in 1240 and completed in 1266 by Atabek, the son of Hasan-Jalal and his wife, Mamkan. Kirakos Gandzaketsi, a contemporary historian, described the construction of the church in his History of Armenia.
14th-16th centuries
Gandzasar became the seat of the Catholicosate of (Caucasian) Albania, a see of the Armenian Apostolic Church, in the late 14th century. Rouben Paul Adalian considers the foundation of the see a result of an ancient bishopric seeking "ecclesiastical autonomy to compensate for the lack of control and communication from a central pontificate" and part of various local strategies in an Armenia dominated by foreign and Islamic rule to "preserve some semblance of religious authority among the people". In the 16th century it became subordinate to the Etchmiadzin catholicosate.
17th-early 20th centuries
According to contemporary sources, in early 1700s the patriarch of Gandzasar had authority over some 900 villages with hundreds of households in each, composed of peasant and merchant Armenians.
In the 17th and 18th centuries Gandzasar became the center in the liberation efforts by Karabakh Armenian meliks, who were united around Catholicos Yesayi Hasan-Jalalyan (d. 1728). He was staunchly pro-Russian and in a 1701 letter signed by Karabakh and Syunik meliks, he asked Peter the Great to protect Armenians from Muslims. However, it was not until the early 1800s that the Russian Empire took control of the region. The Karabakh Khanate eventually came under complete Russian control through the Treaty of Gulistan. Through the 1836 regulation by the Russian authorities, known as Polozhenie, Gandzasar ceased to be the seat of the diocese of Karabakh, which was moved to Shusha. It was gradually abandoned and became dilapidated by the late 19th century.
Soviet period
Gandzasar was closed down by the Soviet authorities no later than 1930. The diocese of Artsakh was reestablished in 1989. Archbishop Pargev Martirosyan was named its primate. Due to his efforts, Gandzasar reopened on October 1, 1989 after six months of renovations. The Soviet government had given permission, while that of Soviet Azerbaijan had not. Gandzasar became the first church to be reopened after decades of suppression. According to Zori Balayan several KGB agents "could [have been] spotted among the crowd attending." Gandzasar served as seat of the bishop before it was moved to Ghazanchetsots Cathedral in Shusha (Shushi) in 1998.
First Nagorno-Karabakh War
Gandzasar was attacked several times during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. On July 6, 1991 Soviet soldiers and OMON (special police) officers raided Gandzasar allegedly in search of guns. They checked papers and conducted a thorough search, including in the graveyard.
Fierce fighting took place around Gandzasar in 1992, when Azerbaijan besieged the area. The Armenians broke the siege, which saved Gandzasar and enhanced its spiritual status, wrote Thomas de Waal. On August 16, 1992 some of the outlying buildings within the monastery complex were destroyed as a result of Azerbaijani bombardment by helicopters, which intentionally targeted the church. Corley writes that the attempted bombing of Gandzasar was not of any military importance and that its raid "appeared to be a deliberate attempt to attack the Armenian heritage in Karabakh."
On August 31, 1992 Armenia's Defense Minister Vazgen Sargsyan and Serzh Sargsyan, the head of the self-defense committee of Karabakh Armenians, convened the first meeting of the region's commanders in one of the monastic cells of Gandzasar.
On January 20, 1993 an air strike conducted by two Azerbaijani attack aircraft caused serious damage to the monastery, killed several people nearby and wounded a priest.
Restoration and revival
Following the war, the monastery was completely refurbished through the funding of Russia-based businessman and philanthropist Levon Hayrapetyan, a native of Vank. Restoration works, which lasted from 2000 to 2002, included restoration of the altar, gavit, and tiling of the floor. Hayrapetyan also funded the asphalting of the road leading to the church. Some controversy surrounded the tiling of the wall around the monastery in 2011. It was funded by Hayrapetyan and carried out by a company owned by Vladimir Hayrapetyan, his younger brother. While Archbishop Pargev Martirosyan said the wall was not medieval and did not have much architectural significance, therefore tiling was justified, critics argued it was part of the historic complex.
On October 16, 2008 a mass wedding, sponsored by Levon Hayrapetyan took place in Karabakh. Some 700 couples got married on that day, 500 of whom married at Ghazanchetsots Cathedral in Shushi and 200 at Gandzasar. On April 13, 2016 Catholicos Karekin II and Catholicos of Cilicia Aram I delivered a prayer for peace and safety of Nagorno-Karabakh. It came days after the clashes between Armenian and Azerbaijani forces, which were the deadliest since the ceasefire of 1994. The monastery's 770th anniversary was commemorated in 2010 and the 777th anniversary in 2017.
Description
The monastery is located atop a hill, at an altitude of , to the south-west of the village of Vank (Azerbaijani: Vəngli) in the province of Martakert. The walled monastery complex includes the church with its narthex (gavit), living quarters, bishop's residence, refectory, and a school building. The living quarters, located on the northern side contain eight cells (), were built in the 17th century. On the eastern side there is a refectory, built circa 1689. The two-floored school building was erected in 1898. To the south of the monastery walls is the old cemetery, where priests, bishops and notable laypeople (such as meliks) of the areas were buried.
Anatoli L. Yakobson called Gandzasar an "encyclopedia" of Armenian architecture, while Bagrat Ulubabyan and M. S. Asatryan described it as a "jewel".
The monastery consists of a narthex (gavit) and the main church, named for John the Baptist.
The narthex or gavit, measured , is a square-plan hall with two columns near the eastern wall that support the roof. It is very similar to the gavit of the Holy Cross church of Haghpat Monastery. The portal on western facade of the gavit is richly decorated.
The church's exterior dimensions are variously given as or .
The main church, named for John the Baptist, has a rectangular, cruciform plan with two-floored sacristies (chambers) on four corners. In its style, it is similar to the plans of the main churches of Geghard, Hovhannavank and Harichavank, also built in the 13th century.
The church is prominent for its richly decorated 16-sided cupola. The bas-reliefs on its exterior depict the Crucifixion of Jesus, Mary with baby Jesus, Adam and Eve, two ktetors (patrons) holding the model of the church, geometrical figures, such as rosettes, head of a bull and an eagle. The bas-reliefs have been compared to the elaborate carvings of Aghtamar.
The interior pendentives under the cylindrical dome in the interior are decorated with geometrical ornaments such as stars, circles and squares, plants such as spiral shoots, palmettes. Each side of the pendentive has high reliefs depicting head of a sheep, heads of a bull and anthropomorphic figures. According to Yakobson, sheep and bulls were considered holy animals in this period and are used as protectors of the structure.
Significance
Ancient cultural center
Since its foundation the monastery was for centuries a center of education and manuscript production. It served as the burial place of Armenian princes of Khachen.
Matenadaran branch
A branch of the Matenadaran, the Yerevan-based museum and research institute of manuscripts, was established at the monastery in 2015. During the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, the more than one hundred manuscripts kept there were evacuated to Yerevan and displayed at the Yerevan Matenadaran in March 2021.
Tourism and pilgrimage
Gandzasar is the principal historic tourist attraction in all of Karabakh (Artsakh) and one of the top destinations overall. It is also a center of pilgrimage as the region's main historic cathedral both for Karabakh Armenians and tourists (of Armenian ancestry). Thomas de Waal noted as early as 1997 that Gandzasar, the most famous church in Karabakh, "has acquired a mythical status in Karabakh." Felix Corley wrote that it is, along with Ghazanchetsots Cathedral in Shushi (Shusha), a powerful symbol of history and identity of Karabakh Armenians regardless their religiosity.
Azerbaijani negationism
In the 1970s, Soviet Azerbaijani historians, particularly Rashid Geyushev and Ziya Bunyadov, asserted a negationist theory that postulated that Gandzasar was a Caucasian Albanian monument. They based their claim on the fact that it was the seat of the Albanian Catholicosate of the Armenian Apostolic Church. This theory was adopted and promoted by other Azerbaijani historians, such as Davud Akhundov, and since been adopted by Azerbaijan's authorities. For instance, in 2017, Hikmet Hajiyev, Spokesman for the Azerbaijani Foreign Ministry, stated that Gandzasar is an "Albanian Christian temple, occupied by the Armenian armed forces in the Kalbajar region, is not Gandzasar, but Ganjasar, and has nothing to do with the Armenian Gregorian Church."
A number of scholars have taken issue with the Azerbaijani state version of the region's local history, including Victor Schnirelmann, who notes that Caucasian Albania disappeared in the 10th century, and that the Armenian Church simply adopted the name for its easternmost diocese out of tradition. Schnirelmann notes that Azerbaijani historians intentionally omit the fact that Gandzasar is a typical example of Armenian architecture of 10th-13th centuries, as well as the numerous Armenian inscriptions on its walls. Thomas de Waal noted that in a 1997 pamphlet titled "The Albanian Monuments of Karabakh" by Igrar Aliyev and Kamil Mamedzade "carefully left out all the Armenian writing" in the depiction of the façade of Gandzasar on its cover. Rouben Galichian notes that Gandzasar, though presented in Azerbaijan as supposedly an "Albanian-Azerbaijani" historic monastery and a part of Azerbaijan's cultural heritage, was left to decay under Azerbaijani control.
Gallery
References
notes
citations
Bibliography
Further reading
Yakobson, Anatoly L. "From the History of Medieval Armenian Architecture: the Monastery of Gandzasar," in: Studies in the History of Culture of the Peoples in the East. Moscow-Leningrad. 1960.
Գանձասարի վանքի նորահայտ արձանագրությունը
Արցախի հոգևոր թեմի պատմությունը վավերագրերում (1813-1933)
External links
Gandzasar.com - Gandzasar Monastery (official site)
Program about Gandzasar Monastery by Vem Radio
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1238
Christian monasteries established in the 13th century
Christian monasteries in the Republic of Artsakh
Oriental Orthodox congregations established in the 13th century
Christian monasteries in Azerbaijan
Churches in Azerbaijan
Armenian Apostolic monasteries
Armenian Apostolic monasteries in Azerbaijan |
4024529 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korg%20Polysix | Korg Polysix | The Korg Polysix (PS-6) is a six-voice programmable polyphonic analog synthesizer released by Korg in 1981.
Features
The synthesizer's main features are six-voice polyphony (with unison and chord memory voice assignment modes), 32 memory slots for patches and cassette port for backing up patches, and an arpeggiator.
At the time of its release, the Polysix, along with the contemporary Roland Juno-6, was one of the first affordably priced polyphonic analog synthesizers. It cost about twice as much as the competing Juno-6 but had more features. It also had on-board patch storage and backup which the cheaper Juno lacked until the upgraded Juno-60 model.
Korg developed the Polysix with an eye on the Sequential Circuits Prophet 5, trying to provide some of the features found on the more expensive synth in a compact, reliable and much cheaper design. While not as powerful, it used SSM2044 4-pole voltage-controlled filters, giving the Polysix a warm, rounded, and organic sound.
Although the Polysix only had one oscillator per voice, it also featured built in chorus, phaser, and 'ensemble' effects (using a 'bucket brigade' analog delay line design), to provide a fuller sound.
Oscillators
A typical concern for synthesizers equipped with voltage controlled oscillators (VCO), rather than digitally controlled oscillators, is with tuning, as the analog VCO circuits are temperature sensitive and will drift in pitch as the instrument warms up. Almost all VCO based synthesizers of this era provided an automatic or manually activated auto-tuning function, to start an alignment routine and keep all oscillators in tune with each other. To achieve this, the pitch control circuitry for each voice would be adjusted by the auto-tune routine individually.
The Polysix however does not include an auto-tune feature. Instead, Korg used an alternative method: a single control circuit is demuxed to control all six voices which have been calibrated manually to track in tune together. This allowed them to avoid a complex tuning function that would increase the cost of parts and programming.
Audio path
The Polysix had a straightforward synthesis architecture. Each voice had one oscillator with sawtooth wave, variable pulse wave, or PWM outputs. The PWM section had its own LFO. In addition, there is a sub-oscillator that allows the addition of a square wave either one or two octaves below the main VCO pitch.
The filter has controls for cutoff frequency, resonance, envelope amount and keyboard tracking. The envelope control has a center zero, letting the user select either a normal or an inverted envelope. The envelope is an ADSR type.
The VCA can be operated from either the envelope or a gate signal.
The mixed sound of all the voices can be sent to an effects section, which offers three modulated delay-based effects (Chorus, Phase or Ensemble setting). This acts to fatten the sound considerably, and was a key feature at the time of release.
Modulation
The LFO (known here as a 'modulation generator') is a simple triangle wave that can be routed to the VCO, VCF or VCA. It has a variable delay before it is triggered.
Reliability
Although built into a substantial (and heavy) chipboard case, the Polysix has some reliability problems.
Like other programmable synthesizers of the era, it had a rechargeable nickel-cadmium battery that powered the memory when the unit was switched off. The original batteries are now well past their designed lifespan and thus prone to failure, leaving the instrument unable to recall user designed patches from its memory. More seriously, if the battery is not replaced, it can leak and corrode the circuits. Unfortunately for the Polysix, this battery is mounted on the main processor board and corrosion here can be fatally damaging to the circuitry of the instrument.
Some instruments of its era had begun the move towards digital technology by using DCOs or microprocessor-generated envelopes. The Polysix, however, used a separate analog VCO, VCF and envelope generator for each voice. Whilst this might have benefits for the richness of the sound, the extra complexity also brings greater tuning problems and more possibilities for failure.
The Polysix keyboard used a light plastic keyboard with conductive rubber contacts. These contacts are often the source of 'dead' keys on the keyboard. This is probably the most common problem on old Polysix units, and one shared with some other Korg instruments that used the same keyboard, such as the Poly-61 and Mono/Poly.
The patch recall buttons also have a tendency to fail.
Software
There is a software emulator of the Polysix included in the Korg Legacy Collection called Polysix Legacy Edition. This software is a full digital replica (emulation) of the hardware Polysix. And was also part of the LAC-1 expansion for the Korg OASYS and is one of the Korg Kronos sound engines. More recently, KORG introduced a mobile iOS application for iPad ( iPolysix ), which faithfully reproduces the dynamics of the original.
In July 2013, KORG introduced a PolySix instrument for Propellerhead Reason 7.
Notable users
14 Bis
Alphaville
Astral Projection
Blancmange
China Crisis
Chvrches
Clarence Jey
Clio ("Faces", "Eyes")
Damon Albarn (Blur / Gorillaz)
Eat Static
EOTO
Europe
Eric Prydz
Geoff Downes
Jean-Michel Jarre
Jens Johansson
Jimi Tenor
Keith Emerson
Kerri Chandler (used in "Bar A Thym" with the Brave Arp preset)
Kitaro
P-Model
Uchoten
Polysics (also named after the instrument)
Robert Rich
Roger Powell
Ruja
Tears for Fears
The Kinks
The Sound
Zoot Woman (two Polysixes can be seen in the "Living in a Magazine" video)
Margita Stefanović (Ekatarina Velika)
References
Vintage Synth Explorer
Synth Museum
External links
Polysix mailing list digest page
Analog.no: original factory patches
Polysix owner's manual in PDF
New patches from AnalogAudio1
P
Analog synthesizers
Polyphonic synthesizers
Musical instruments invented in the 1980s |
4024540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Albert%2C%20Duke%20of%20Holstein-Gottorp | Christian Albert, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp | Christian Albert (, Gottorp – , Gottorp) was a duke of Holstein-Gottorp and bishop of Lübeck.
Biography
Christian Albert was a son of Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, and his wife Princess Marie Elisabeth of Saxony. He became duke when his father died in the Castle Tönning, besieged by the King Christian V of Denmark. He was forced to flee at that point, and the remainder of his life was characterized by his fight with Denmark. Later, he was to marry the daughter of King Frederick III of Denmark, a marital alliance arranged in the hope for peace, but it changed nothing.
During Christian Albert's reign, the connection with Sweden, initiated by his father, was strengthened, which provided some protection. However, this also led to the duchy being pulled into all of Sweden's conflicts, including the Great Northern War and several wars with Denmark. From 1675 to 1689, Christian Albert lived in exile in Hamburg. However, with the aid of the Holy Roman Emperor and the European allies, he managed to force the Danish king to sign the so-called Altonaer Vergleich, which allowed him to regain his former position.
Christian Albert made some contribution to culture, education and the arts. On 5 October 1665, he founded the University of Kiel. In 1678, he took part in the founding of the Hamburg Oper am Gänsemarkt. Both he and his father, Frederick III, extended patronage to the painter Jürgen Ovens, who worked for more than thirty years with them.
Family and children
Christian Albert married, on 24 October 1667, Princess Frederica Amalia of Denmark, daughter of King Frederick III of Denmark and Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg. They had the following children:
Sophie Amalie (19 January 1670 – 27 February 1710), married on 7 July 1695 to Prince Augustus William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel.
Duke Frederick IV of Holstein-Gottorp (18 October 1671 – 19 July 1702), patrilineal ancestor of all Russian emperors after Catherine II.
Duke Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp (11 January 1673 – 24 April 1726), whose eldest-surviving son established a new dynasty in Sweden-Finland.
Marie Elisabeth (21 March 1678 – 17 July 1755), Abbess of Quedlinburg.
Agnatic progeny of his elder son ended up on the throne of Russia, and agnatic progeny of the younger son – on the thrones of Sweden and Oldenburg.
See also
History of Schleswig-Holstein
Ancestors
Lutheran Prince-Bishops of Lübeck
Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp
University of Kiel
1641 births
1695 deaths |
4024567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy%20de%20Alwis | Guy de Alwis | Ronald Guy de Alwis (February 15, 1959 - January 12, 2013) was a Sri Lankan cricketer who played in 11 Tests and 31 ODIs from 1983 to 1988.
De Alwis was married to Sri Lankan Women's cricketer Rasanjali Silva.
International awards
One-Day International Cricket
Man of the Match awards
References
1959 births
2013 deaths
Sinhalese Sports Club cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Alumni of S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia
Wicket-keepers |
4024572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susil%20Fernando | Susil Fernando | Ellekutige Rufus Nemesion Susil Fernando (born 19 December 1955) is a Sri Lankan Australian former cricketer who played in five Test matches and seven One Day Internationals from 1983 to 1984.
Following the end of his cricketing career, Fernando migrated to Australia.
References
1955 births
Living people
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Sri Lankan emigrants to Australia |
4024573 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra%20Chambers | Sandra Chambers | Sandra Chambers (born 11 April 1967), also known as Sandy Chambers or simply Sandy, is a British dance music vocalist based in Italy.
Career
Chambers moved to Italy in 1992 and her voice has been used in many Italian Electronic dance music productions, mainly Eurodance. In the 2000s Chambers has been frequently used by Italian producers Alle and Benny Benassi who she first met when she did the vocals for a track by the Italian dance act J.K., that the Benassis produced. She also toured with Italian singer Giorgia.
As a songwriter, Chambers contributed to the Corona project. Though never officially confirmed nor denied by the production team, rumours circulated that she also gave her vocals to the project's two first albums and it has later been confirmed that she at least sang "Baby Baby". It was already suspected that Giovanna Bersola, who was known for lending her voice to lip-syncing models, sang Corona's debut single, "The Rhythm of the Night", and the seemingly different voice featured on the other tracks on Corona's debut album was assumed to belong to Chambers, who also had released a single on the same record label (DWA). In 2007, Chambers was credited as “original Corona vocalist Sandy Chambers” on the single "Baby Baby" by Sunblock, a cover version on which she appeared as a featured singer.
Discography
1990s - "Dreamin' Stop"
1992 - "Send Me An Angel"
1993 - "Breakdown"
1994 - "I'm Feeling" with Charles Shaw
1994 - "Everybody's Dancing"
1995 - "Bad Boy"
1995 - "Dancing with an Angel"
1995 - "Wanna Be With You"
1995 - "You Know What I Want"
1996 - "My Radio"
1998 - "Don't tell me Lies"
1999 - "Sing A Song Now Now"
2000 - "Lovin' it"
2002 - "I Miss You"
2003 - "Get Better"
2003 - "Illusion"
2004 - Pumphonia
"Get Better"
"I Feel So Fine"
"Illusion"
"Turn Me Up"
2005 - ...Phobia
"Castaway"
"Light"
"Movin' Up"
2005 - "Give It Time"
2007 - "Play My Music"
2007 - "Get Hot"
2008 - "Foundation"
2008 - "Make the World Go Round"
2008 - "Break the Wall"
2009 - "get out of my mind"
2009 - "this is me"
2009 - "brighter"
References and notes
21st-century Black British women singers
Living people
1967 births
British emigrants to Italy
20th-century Black British women singers |
4024576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohan%20Goonasekera | Yohan Goonasekera | Yohan Goonasekera (born November 8, 1957, Colombo), is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in 2 Tests and 3 ODIs in 1983. He is an Old boy of Nalanda College Colombo.
External links
1957 births
Living people
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Alumni of Nalanda College, Colombo |
4024582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabelle%20Rom%C3%A9e | Isabelle Romée | Isabelle Romée, also known as Isabelle de Vouthon and Isabelle d'Arc (1377–1458) and Ysabeau Romee, was the mother of Joan of Arc. She grew up in Vouthon-Bas and later married Jacques d'Arc. The couple moved to Domrémy, where they owned a farm consisting of about of land. After their daughter's famous exploits in 1429, the family was granted noble status by Charles VII in December of that year. Isabelle moved to Orléans in 1440 after her husband's death and received a pension from the city. She petitioned Pope Nicholas V to reopen the court case that had convicted Joan of heresy, and then, in her seventies, addressed the opening session of the appellate trial at Notre Dame cathedral in Paris. The appeals court overturned Joan's conviction on 7 July 1456. Isabelle died two years later, probably at Sandillon near Orléans.
Biography
Isabelle Romée was a native of Vouthon-Bas, a village near Domrémy where she and her husband Jacques d'Arc settled. Together they owned about of land and a modest house. Isabelle Romée may have earned her surname from a pilgrimage to Rome. Surnames were not universal in the early 15th century and a woman could be known by a different one from her husband.
Isabelle Romée gave her daughter a religious, Catholic upbringing and taught her the craft of spinning wool. She also had three sons, Jacquemin, Jean, and Pierre, and a daughter named Catherine, though little is known about her life. Like the rest of the immediate family, she was ennobled by royal grant on 29 December 1429. She moved to Orléans in 1440 after her husband's death and received a pension from the city.
Isabelle Romée spent the rest of her life restoring her daughter's name. She petitioned Pope Nicholas V to reopen the court case that had convicted Joan of heresy. An inquiry finally opened in 1449. The chief inquisitor of France, Jean Bréhal, took up the case and conducted an initial investigation in May 1452. On 7 November 1455, after the reign of Pope Callixtus III had begun, Isabelle traveled to Paris to visit the delegation from the Holy See. Although she was over seventy years old, she addressed the assembly with a moving speech. It began, "I had a daughter, born in legitimate marriage, whom I fortified worthily with the sacraments of baptism and confirmation and raised in the fear of God and respect for the tradition of the Church," and ended, "…without any aid given to her innocence in a perfidious, violent, and iniquitous trial, without a shadow of right… they condemned her in a damnable and criminal fashion and made her die most cruelly by fire." Isabelle attended most of the appellate trial sessions despite poor health. The appeals court overturned the conviction on 7 July 1456.
Isabelle died on 28 November 1458, likely in the village of Sandillon near Orleans.
Portrayals
Jeanne D'Alcy in the 1900 film Joan of Arc starring Jeanne Calvière.
Selena Royle in the 1948 film Joan of Arc starring Ingrid Bergman.
Tatiana Moukhine in the 1994 film Joan the Maiden starring Sandrine Bonnaire.
Jacqueline Bisset in the 1999 television miniseries Joan of Arc starring Leelee Sobieski.
Regine Delalin in the 2017 musical film Jeannette: The Childhood of Joan of Arc starring Lise Leplat Prudhomme.
Glenn Close in the 2018 theater play The Mother of the Maid at the Public Theater in New York City
Notes
As inscribed on a memorial plaque in Notre-Dame Cathedral dated April 22, 1894.
.
.
.
.
See also
Joan of Arc bibliography
External links
Isabelle Romee page at MaidofHeaven
1377 births
1458 deaths
People from Meuse (department)
French untitled nobility
14th-century French people
14th-century French women
15th-century French people
15th-century French women |
4024586 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinothen%20John | Vinothen John | Vinothen Bede John (born 27 May 1960) is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in six Test matches and 45 One Day Internationals between 1982 and 1987.
Domestic career
After attending St Peter's College, Colombo, John played for the Nondescripts Cricket Club, Bloomfield Cricket and Athletic Club, Moratuwa Sports Club, Sinhalese Sports Club and continuously for over two decades in the Nationalised Services Cricket Tournament, representing the Ceylon Petroleum Corporation.
International career
John made his Test debut in Lancaster Park in New Zealand and had the scalps of Glenn Turner and Sir Richard Hadlee. The stocky right-arm seamer opened the bowling for Sri Lanka in the eighties in Tests and ODIs.
John's Test career ended in the famous Lord's Test against England where he captured four wickets for 98 runs. He played six Tests, claiming an impressive 28 wickets (average 21.92), and took 34 ODI wickets (48.67) in 45 matches before retiring after the 1987 Cricket World Cup.
External links
1960 births
Living people
Cricketers at the 1983 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 1987 Cricket World Cup
Bloomfield Cricket and Athletic Club cricketers
Moratuwa Sports Club cricketers
Nondescripts Cricket Club cricketers
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Sinhalese Sports Club cricketers
Sri Lankan Tamil sportspeople
Alumni of St. Peter's College, Colombo |
4024588 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moine | Moine | Moine, French for "monk", may refer to:
A' Mhòine, a peninsula in northern Scotland
Le Moine, a mountain of the Pennine Alps
La Moine River, a tributary of the Illinois River in western Illinois in the United States
Moine Thrust Belt, a major geological feature in the north-west of Scotland
Moine Supergroup, metamorphic rocks that form the dominant outcrop of the Scottish Highlands
People with the surname
Antonin Moine (1796–1849), French sculptor
Claude Moine or Eddy Mitchell (born 1942), French singer and actor
Jean-Jacques Moine (born 1954), French swimmer
Mario Moine (born 1949), Argentine politician
Michel Moine (1920–2005), French journalist and parapsychologist
Roger Moine, an SC Bastia player
See also
Des Moines, Iowa
Tête de Moine a Swiss cheese
Lemoine, a surname
Moina (disambiguation) |
4024590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumesh%20Ratnayake | Rumesh Ratnayake | Rumesh Joseph Ratnayake (born 2 January 1964), is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in 23 Test matches and 70 One Day Internationals from 1982 to 1993. He is the current interim head coach of Sri Lanka national cricket team.
Ratnayake was born in Colombo. During a career often blighted by injury, he was a strapping right arm fast-medium bowler who was capable of swinging the new ball and generating considerable pace and bounce. He spearheaded the Sri Lankan fast bowling attack in his heydays although his international career was relatively short due to being injury prone.
He was also a more than useful hard-hitting lower order batsman, as Test match fifties against Pakistan and England testify. He is usually known for his appointments as interim coach of Sri Lanka national cricket teamusually in between permanent appointments. He also works as fast bowling coach being attached to the High Performance Center of Sri Lanka Cricket on a full time basis.
International career
One of Ratnayake's best performances came in the 1985/86 series against India, taking 20 wickets at 22 for the series. In the 2nd Test he managed 9 wickets in the match which gave Sri Lanka a rare Test win, and inaugural series victory. Other good hauls include 6 for 66 against Australia at Hobart in 1990/91 and 5 for 69 against England at Lord's. His bowling spell of 6/66 was instrumental in restricting Australia for 224.
After retirement
In July 2001, Ratnayake became the administrative team manager for the Sri Lankan national cricket team.
In 2003, Ratnayake was a development officer for the Asian Cricket Council and was a coach and selector for the Asian Dream Team, a composite team of lesser Asian cricketing nations that played 6 matches in Sri Lanka that year.
Ratnayake was in May 2007 linked with the Sri Lankan national cricket team assistant coaching job with some saying he had been given the interim coaching job. Ultimately it was the deputy's job that he was offered, and later declined in June 2007.:
He has also advised cricket hopefuls in Canada.
In August 2011, he became the head coach of Sri Lankan national team. On 8 August 2017, after Champaka Ramanayake resigned, Ratnayake was again appointed as the fast bowling coach of the national team.
In January 2022, he was appointed as the interim coach of Sri Lankan side for the home bilateral ODI series against Zimbabwe in the absence of Mickey Arthur whose contract with the national side as head coach had expired on 4 December 2021. He was persisted as the interim coach of Sri Lankan side for the five match T20I series against Australia in February 2021 and for the bilateral series against India in March 2021. It has been revealed that the unprofessionalism and lackluster attitude of Sri Lanka cricket in finding the head coach after the departure of Mickey Arthur resulted in extended coaching gig for Ratnayake.
References
External links
Fiery Paceman Rumesh Ratnayake
1964 births
Living people
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Nondescripts Cricket Club cricketers
Alumni of St. Peter's College, Colombo
Cricketers at the 1983 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 1987 Cricket World Cup
Sri Lankan cricket coaches
Coaches of the Sri Lanka national cricket team
Coaches of the Oman national cricket team |
4024599 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sridharan%20Jeganathan | Sridharan Jeganathan | Sridharan Jeganathan (11 July 1951 – 14 May 1996) was a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in two Test matches and five One Day Internationals from 1983 to 1988.
1951 births
1996 deaths
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Sri Lankan Tamil sportspeople
Sri Lankan Hindus
Cricketers at the 1987 Cricket World Cup
Nondescripts Cricket Club cricketers |
4024605 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithra%20Wettimuny | Mithra Wettimuny | Mithra de Silva Wettimuny (11 June 1951 – 20 January 2019) was a Sri Lankan cricketer who played in two Test matches and one One Day International (ODI) in 1983.
Family
Mithra Wettimuny was one of three brothers to represent Sri Lanka (all opening batsmen). His elder brother Sunil played in the 1975 and 1979 Cricket World Cups while his youngest brother Sidath scored Sri Lanka's first Test match hundred.
International career
Wettimuny originally came to prominence as captain of the successful Ceylon Schools team which toured India in 1969/70, a team which included future Test captains Bandula Warnapura and Duleep Mendis. Sri Lanka gained Test status in 1982, and by then in his early thirties, Wettimuny's entire first-class cricket career incorporated nine matches in four countries in 127 days. His highest score was 55 on debut against Zimbabwe at Bulawayo in November 1982.
References
External links
1951 births
2019 deaths
Alumni of Ananda College
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers |
4024606 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amal%20Silva | Amal Silva | Sampathwaduge Amal Rohitha Silva (born December 12, 1960, in Moratuwa) is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in 9 Tests and 20 ODIs from 1983 to 1988. He was a left-handed wicketkeeper batsman and opened the batting for Sri Lanka.
School times
Amal Silva is a past student of Prince of Wales' College, Moratuwa and St Peter's College, Colombo
International career
From when he made his Test debut against New Zealand, Silva was in a battle with Guy de Alwis for first choice gloveman. Due to an injury to de Alwis in 1984, Silva toured England with Sri Lanka aiming to cement his spot in the side. In the 1st Test and Lord's he opened the batting and made an unbeaten 102 in the second innings. He was rewarded by being included in their next Test series, against India. After taking 9 catches in the 1st Test he took another 8 in the 2nd, as well as making a career best 111. He finished the series with 22 dismissals, a Sri Lankan record.
International centuries
Test centuries
References
External links
Cricinfo Profile
1960 births
Living people
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Nondescripts Cricket Club cricketers
Moratuwa Sports Club cricketers
Sportspeople from Moratuwa
Alumni of St. Peter's College, Colombo
Alumni of Prince of Wales' College, Moratuwa
Wicket-keepers |
4024608 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure-four%20%28grappling%20hold%29 | Figure-four (grappling hold) | A figure-four is a catch wrestling term for a joint-lock that resembles the number "4". A keylock or toe hold can be referred to as a figure-four hold, when it involves a figure-four formation with the legs or arms. If the figure-four involves grabbing the wrists with both hands, it is called a double wrist lock; known as kimura in MMA circles. A figure-four hold done with the legs around the neck and (usually) arm of an opponent is called figure-four (leg-)choke, better known as a triangle choke these days, and is a common submission in modern mixed martial arts, Submission wrestling and Brazilian jiu jitsu, and of course Catch wrestling. In addition to Lancashire, or catch-as-catch-can wrestling, the move was also found in jujutsu, and was thereafter incorporated into Judo. The leg figure-four choke is also part of Japanese martial arts, where it is known as Sankaku-Jime.
References
External links
The Double Wrist Lock. Shows extensive use of the figure-four hold.
Grappling hold
Wrestling |
4024618 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal%C3%A1zs%20Tar%C3%B3czy | Balázs Taróczy | Balázs Taróczy (; born 9 May 1954) is a retired tennis player from Hungary. The right-hander won 13 singles titles in his career, and achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 12 in April 1982.
Tennis career
Taróczy was six times a Hungarian national champion.
One of the game's premier doubles players, Balazs and partner Heinz Günthardt won the 1985 Wimbledon doubles title. Though never especially proficient on the grass, the duo defeated Pat Cash/John Fitzgerald in four sets.
He became the Hungarian No. 1 player in 1973 and was a member of the Hungary Davis Cup team from 1973 to 1985.
Despite playing part-time, still managed to finish top 50 in the doubles world rankings at No. 45 in 1989
From September 1989 to the end of 1990, he was the coach of Goran Ivanišević.
Career finals
Singles: 20 (13 wins, 7 losses)
Doubles: 59 (26 wins, 33 losses)
References
External links
1954 births
Living people
Hungarian male tennis players
Hungarian tennis coaches
Tennis players from Budapest
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles
Universiade medalists in tennis
Universiade silver medalists for Hungary
Universiade bronze medalists for Hungary
French Open champions
Wimbledon champions
Medalists at the 1973 Summer Universiade
Medalists at the 1977 Summer Universiade
20th-century Hungarian people
21st-century Hungarian people |
4024619 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roshan%20Guneratne | Roshan Guneratne | Roshan Punyajith Wijesinghe Guneratne (26 January 1962, Colombo – 21 July 2005, California) was a Sri Lankan cricketer who played in one Test in 1983.
School times
He is an old boy of Nalanda College Colombo and captained the college's cricket team in 1982.
International career
Roshan is the 24th Sri Lanka Test Cap (Sri Lanka Vs Australia at Kandy 1982/3).
Death
He died suddenly of a heart attack at the age of 43 in California.
See also
One-Test wonder
References
External links
Roshan Guneratne dies at 43
1962 births
2005 deaths
Basnahira North cricketers
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Alumni of Nalanda College, Colombo |
4024620 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Jefferies | Peter Jefferies | Peter Jefferies is a musician from New Zealand. He is known for his involvement with Nocturnal Projections and This Kind Of Punishment as well as his extensive solo and collaborative work.
History
In 1981 Peter and his brother Graeme Jefferies formed the post-punk band Nocturnal Projections. The band released a few records, and performed around their hometown of New Plymouth, as well as Auckland. After Nocturnal Projections disbanded in 1983, the brothers formed This Kind Of Punishment, and released three full-length albums and an EP. In 1985 Jefferies released the Randolph's Going Home 7" and the "fish out of water" 12" with Shayne Carter. This was followed in 1986 with the At Swim 2 Birds LP, recorded with Jono Lonie, on the Flying Nun label. This was reissued on Xpressway and later on Drunken Fish. The Catapult 7", a collaboration with Robbie Muir, was released on Xpressway in 1989, reissued by the Chicago-based Ajax label in 1991. Further recordings by Jefferies and Muir were released by Ajax in 1992 as the double 7" Swerve. The Last Great Challenge in a Dull World album was released on cassette by the Xpressway label in 1990. Another collaboration with Shayne Carter, the Knocked Out or Thereabout 7", was released on Flying Nun in 1992. The Electricity LP was released on Ajax in 1994, followed by Elevator Madness on Emperor Jones in 1996, then Substatic on Trance Syndicate in 1998, and Closed Circuit in 2001 (also on Trance Syndicate). Jefferies formed 2 Foot Flame with Jean Smith of Mecca Normal. The band released two LPs on Matador Records, 1995's self titled LP, and 1997's Ultra Drowning.
The Last Great Challenge in a Dull World was re-issued in 2013 on vinyl by de Stijl records. At Swim 2 Birds was reissued by Flying Nun Records in 2017.
Jefferies lives in New Plymouth, New Zealand and is employed three days per week at Spotswood College. He is a key member of the Music Department overseeing drum tuition, songwriting, mentoring students and he manages the recording studio every Friday with students enrolled in the school's Gateway Programme. He also runs a weekly session of music at the school's Special Needs Unit.
In addition, Jefferies is employed by two other high schools in Taranaki where he teaches drums and songwriting and records students' compositions: Stratford High School and Coastal Taranaki School.
Jefferies is a part of the New Zealand Music Commission's "Music Mentoring In Schools Program", going into schools and fostering the development of songwriting and composition skills in primary, intermediate and secondary school students.
Musician Amanda Palmer described Jeffries as her "teenage idol". In 2012, Palmer said she had toured New Zealand for the past five years and always hoped to find a link that would lead her to Jefferies. The pair performed solo songs at Vinyl Countdown store in New Plymouth to a crowd of 40, before combining on a number of covers including Oasis's Wonderwall and Wild Thing.
Discography
Solo albums:
At Swim 2 Birds (1987)
The Last Great Challenge in a Dull World (1990)
Electricity (1994)
Elevator Madness (1996)
Substatic (1998)
Closed Circuit (2001)
Compilation albums:
Chorus of Interludes (1996)
With Nocturnal Projections:
Nerve Ends in Power Lines (1995)
With This Kind of Punishment:
This Kind of Punishment (1983)
A Beard of Bees (1984)
In the Same Room (1987)
With Cyclops:
Goat Volume (1994)
With 2 Foot Flame:
2 Foot Flame (1995)
Ultra Drowning (1997)
References
External links
AudioCulture profile
New Zealand Music Commission
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Jefferies, Peter
People from New Plymouth |
4024622 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition%20for%20Peace%20through%20Security | Coalition for Peace through Security | The Coalition for Peace Through Security (CPS) was a campaigning group founded in September 1981 and active in the UK throughout the early and mid-1980s. It strongly opposed unilateral nuclear disarmament and withdrawal from NATO as advocated by the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, supporting instead the replacement of Polaris by Trident and the deployment of NATO cruise missiles after the Soviet Union began deploying its SS20 missiles in 1977. The basis of the CPS case was set out in detail in a book published towards the end of the campaign, Paul Mercer's "Peace" of the Dead, and many of its arguments at the time can still be found on the website of Julian Lewis, formerly its Research Director.
Its main activists were Julian Lewis, Edward Leigh, Tony Kerpel and, for its first year only, Francis Holihan. It was said to have close relations with the Institute for the Study of Conflict, the Institute of Economic Affairs and the Centre for Policy Studies.
The CPS was said to have close links with Conservative leaders. It was endorsed by British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and rented its offices in Whitehall, London, from Jeffrey Archer. It was associated with the Campaign For Defence and Multilateral Disarmament (CDMD), which was run by Conservative Central Office. The CDMD included Winston Churchill, Conservative Party Chairman John Selwyn Gummer, Minister of State for Defence Peter Blaker, MOD spokesman Ray Whitney, Secretary of State for Defence Michael Heseltine and Conservative ex-Chairman Cecil Parkinson. The Economist newspaper reported in 1983 that the CPS had had meetings with Blaker. The Guardian newspaper reported that Churchill was appointed by Thatcher to co-ordinate the Government's campaign against CND. Parkinson was also involved with the CPS, and, according to Dorril he passed them a list of Conservative Party agents. The CPMD was said to have distributed CPS literature.
Amongst its activities were commissioning a series of Gallup polls showing levels of support for and opposition to British possession of nuclear weapons; providing speakers at public meetings and debates; highlighting what it considered to be the left-wing affiliations of leading CND figures; and mounting counter-demonstrations and stunts to undermine those organised by CND - for example, haranguing CND marchers from the roof of its offices and chartering a plane to fly over a CND festival with a banner reading, "Help the Soviets, Support CND!" The CPS also drew attention to peace movement links with other bodies, such as the World Peace Council (WPC), the World Federation of Scientific Workers (WFSW) and the Soviet Peace Committee (SPC), which were funded and controlled by the Soviet Union.
The CPS attracted criticism for not revealing its sources of funding whilst alleging that parts of the anti-nuclear movement were funded by the Soviet Union. The CPS was not a membership organisation and was financed by The 61, "a private sector operational intelligence agency" said by its founder, Brian Crozier, to be funded by "rich individuals and a few private companies". The CPS was said to have also received funding from the Heritage Foundation in 1982.
Bruce Kent, the CND general secretary, said in his autobiography that Francis Holihan spied on CND. It was said that Holihan sent senior clerics in the Catholic Church material about Kent, that he organised the aerial propaganda against CND, that he entered CND offices under false pretences and that CPS workers joined CND in order to gain access to the Campaign's 1982 Annual Conference. A draft CPS leaflet, but not its printed version, also linked Bruce Kent, then General Secretary of CND, to IRA hunger-strikers. When Kent went on a speaking tour of America, Holihan was said to have followed him, critical material on Kent was sent to newspapers and radio stations and demonstrations were organised against him. The CPS and Holihan parted company before the end of 1982.
With the decline in anti-nuclear agitation from 1985, and the Zero Option agreement in the 1987 INF Treaty to scrap both cruise and SS20 missiles, the organisers of the CPS pursued other political objectives. Tony Kerpel MBE became Chief of Staff to Conservative Party Chairman Kenneth Baker. Edward Leigh and Julian Lewis became Conservative MPs, for Gainsborough and New Forest East respectively.
Though unconnected with them, the CPS may have inspired the emergence of similar overseas organisations like the New Zealand–based Peace Through Security, which was formed by conservative activist Dr Thomas Jim Sprott to oppose the Fourth Labour Government's anti-nuclear policy. Like the CPS, the New Zealand Peace through Security alleged that the local anti-nuclear movement had been infiltrated and manipulated by pro-Soviet Communist elements.
Notes
External links
BBC Report of a CPS Demonstration 1 April 1983
1981 establishments in the United Kingdom
Nuclear weapons
Organizations established in 1981
Political advocacy groups in the United Kingdom
Front organizations |
4024627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayantha%20Amerasinghe | Jayantha Amerasinghe | Amerasinghe Mudalige Jayantha Gamini Amerasinghe (born February 2, 1954, Colombo) is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in two Tests in 1984.
International career
Amerasinghe is the only Sri Lankan to top-score for his team in a Test as a number 11 batsman, when he scored 34 where Sri Lanka were dismissed for 215 in their first innings by New Zealand in 1984.
Also he was only the second player from any team to top-score for his team in the second innings of a Test as a number 11 batsman, after Bert Vogler of South Africa. Amerasinghe was just the fifth player in Test history to top-score for his team in a Test as a number 11 batsman.
References
1954 births
Living people
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Alumni of Royal College, Colombo
Nomads Sports Club cricketers
Antonians Sports Club cricketers |
4024632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20Raoul | Super Raoul | Super Raoul is the debut LP from Fishtank Ensemble. The album was recorded live at Fishtank in Oakland, California in early 2004 and completed over the course of two weekends. At this time, the band had only been playing together for three weeks.
Track listing
All tracks feature traditional music and/or lyrics except where noted.
"Bordeas" – 6:55
"Itty Bitty Snitty Little Frenchman" (A. Seeman, 2004) – 3:44
"Papirosen" (lyrics by H. Yablokoff, 1932) – 3:02
"Troll Wedding" – 6:37
"Pegasus Vaulters" (A. Seeman, 2004) – 3:33
"Ringo Bushi" (Narita Unchiku, 1954) – 2:51
"Arabu Andaluz" – 4:36
"Hora di Bucharest / Hora de Fabrice" – 6:48
"Le Kidnappeur"" (D. Smolens, K. Kmetz, 2004) – 6:22
"Hopa di Bida" – 4:10
"The Last Shamisen Master" (K. Kmetz, 2003) – 4:39
"Suite Romaine" – 4:42
"Doina Sonnambule" – 4:49
First and second editions
Super Raoul has been released in two editions. The first edition was released through a limited Mimicry pressing and has a cover with a photograph montage that refers to the band as "Fishtank". There is no copyright on the disc.
The second edition was independently released. The album cover features a cartoon by Garth Kauffman on the cover and refers to the band as "Fishtank Ensemble".
Besides purely aesthetic differences, there are significant differences between the sound quality of the releases. Though both of the CDs have the same tracks in the same order, the Mimicry pressing of Super Raoul is inferior to the quality of the independent pressing; notably so on the songs "Hora di Bucharest/Hora de Fabrice" and "Suite Romaine". On the Mimicry pressing, these songs "skip", then abruptly silence repeatedly. This is most likely due to an error in transferring the data of the tracks. On the second edition, these tracks do not have such problems. Though the first edition is technically inferior in quality, it is perhaps likely to become a collector's item.
Many consumers who have purchased the first edition CD from CD Baby have been sent a replacement CD along with a short note of apology.
Personnel
Fabrice Martinez - violin, violumba
Ursula Knudsen - vocals, saw, violin
Kevin Kmetz - shamisen
Aaron Seeman - accordion
El Douje (Doug Smolens) - guitar
Tim Smolens - acoustic bass
Adam Stacey - percussion, accordion on "Le Kidnapeur"
Notes
External links
Official Website
Super Raoul at CD Baby
2004 albums |
4024634 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanath%20Kaluperuma | Sanath Kaluperuma | Sanath Mohan Silva Kaluperuma (born 22 October 1961) is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in four Tests and two ODIs from 1984 to 1988.
Life and career
Born in Colombo, Kaluperuma studied at Nalanda College Colombo and represented Bloomfield Cricket and Athletic Club. A top-order batsman who could open and a handy off-spin bowler, he was also a skilled slip (gully) fielder.
Kaluperuma migrated to Melbourne, Australia, in 1989 where he played district cricket and later captain-coached the Mount Waverley, Cheltenham and Keysborough clubs.
His elder brother, Lalith Kaluperuma, represented Sri Lanka in their inaugural Test matches.
References
External links
1961 births
Living people
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Bloomfield Cricket and Athletic Club cricketers
Alumni of Nalanda College, Colombo
Cricketers from Colombo |
4024640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julissa%20Gomez | Julissa Gomez | Julissa D'Anne Gomez (November 4, 1972 – August 8, 1991) was an American gymnast whose rapid rise through the ranks of elite gymnastics in the mid-1980s was cut short by a vaulting accident in 1988 that left her a quadriplegic. She eventually died from her injury. She was being coached by Al Fong, and had previously been coached by Bela Karolyi.
Her injury sparked major changes to the vaulting discipline of women's gymnastics with the goal of preventing such serious injuries.
Career
Gomez was born in San Antonio, Texas, the older of two daughters born to a pair of former migrant farm workers from Laredo, Texas. Her parents, mother Otilia and father Ramiro, worked their way up from their farm working days to become a teacher and a welder, respectively, and struggled to keep their family together while giving 10-year-old budding gymnast Julissa a chance to train with renowned gymnastics coach Béla Károlyi in Houston. At the 1986 U.S. Championships, she placed fourth in the all-around in the junior division and won a place on the U.S. National Team. By 1987, she was representing the United States in international meets. Especially strong on the uneven bars and balance beam, Gomez was considered a legitimate contender for the 1988 U.S. Olympic team.
In mid-1987, Gomez, wanting to move further up the rankings and reportedly frustrated with Károlyi's sometimes abusive training methods, decided to leave the Károlyis. After briefly training at US Acrosports in Webster, Texas, Gomez's search for a new coach led her to select Al Fong, who was the trainer of another up-and-coming gymnast eager to make the 1988 Olympic team, Christy Henrich. Though her parents had vowed to keep the family together no matter where Julissa's career took her, they decided that Ramiro would move with Julissa to Blue Springs, Missouri, where Fong's gymnastics club, Great American Gymnastics Express (GAGE), was located while Otilia would remain behind until Julissa's younger sister Kristy finished school for the year.
Injury and death
In May 1988, several months before the Olympics, Gomez traveled with her coach to Tokyo, Japan, to compete in the World Sports Fair. During the all-around competition, Gomez qualified for the vault finals. However, observers had noticed her struggle with the apparatus over the months leading up to the competition, including her former coach Béla Károlyi, past and present teammates, and even her present coach Al Fong. Gomez' technique on the extremely difficult Yurchenko vault had been described as shaky at best, and Gomez was unable to perform the vault with any consistency during practices, sometimes missing her feet on the springboard. A teammate from Károlyi's, Chelle Stack, later stated, "You could tell it was not a safe vault for her to be doing. Someone along the way should have stopped her." However, Julissa's coaches insisted that she needed to continue training and competing the Yurchenko vault in order to achieve high scores.
During warmups for the final, held on May 5, 1988, Gomez continued to practice the Yurchenko. As she raced toward the vault on one of her practice runs, her foot slipped off the springboard and she slammed headfirst into the vaulting horse at high speed. The resulting impact instantly paralyzed her from the neck down. A subsequent accident at a Japanese hospital, in which she became disconnected from her ventilator, resulted in severe brain damage and left her in a coma. Gomez's family cared for her for three years before she succumbed to an infection and died in August 1991 in Houston.
Aftermath
Gomez's accident stands as one of the most serious to occur in artistic gymnastics, and helped prompt changes in the sport. In 1989, the International Gymnastics Federation decided to increase vaulting safety by allowing U-shaped springboard mats, traditionally utilized in practice to give all gymnasts a greater margin of error in preflight, to be used during competitions. The mat is now mandatory: the 2006 Code of Points specifies that performing a Yurchenko-style vault without the safety mat results in an automatic score of zero.
In 2001, the traditional horse was completely phased out and replaced by a larger, more stable vaulting table to provide gymnasts with additional safety.
See also
Elena Mukhina, a Soviet gymnast paralyzed in a tumbling accident in 1980 while attempting the now-banned Thomas salto.
Christy Henrich, an American gymnast who was told she was fat by an international gymnastics judge in 1989 and pushed by coaches to lose weight while continuing to train until constant dieting led to anorexia nervosa, which contributed to Henrich's death from multiple organ failure less than five years later.
Little Girls in Pretty Boxes, book by Joan Ryan recalling Julissa Gomez's story, along with other gymnasts and figure skaters.
References
External links
Memorial at Gymnastic Greats
1972 births
1991 deaths
20th-century American women
20th-century American people
American female artistic gymnasts
People with tetraplegia
Sports deaths in Texas
Sportspeople from San Antonio
U.S. women's national team gymnasts |
4024644 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20Mayer | Gene Mayer | Gene Mayer (born May 11, 1956) is a former tennis player from the United States who won 14 professional singles titles during his career.
Mayer was born in Flushing, Queens, New York. He grew up in Wayne, New Jersey, and played tennis at Wayne Valley High School, where he went unbeaten in his two years on the tennis team. He was a double hander on both forehand and backhand.
The right-hander Mayer reached his highest ranking on the ATP Tour on October 6, 1980, when he reached the rank of World No. 4.
Mayer has been a resident of Woodmere, New York. In 2005, he was inducted into the Nassau County Sports Hall of Fame.
Gene's older brother Sandy was also a tour player. He achieved the rank of World No. 7 in 1982. They met each other in the Stockholm Open final 1981 and won 5 doubles tournaments together, including 1979 French Open.
Career finals
Singles: 26 (14 wins, 12 losses)
Doubles: 24 (15 wins, 9 losses)
References
External links
1956 births
American male tennis players
French Open champions
Living people
American people of German descent
People from Woodmere, New York
People from Wayne, New Jersey
Wayne Valley High School alumni
Sportspeople from Queens, New York
Stanford Cardinal men's tennis players
Tennis people from New Jersey
Tennis people from New York (state)
Wimbledon champions
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles
Sportspeople from Nassau County, New York
Sportspeople from Passaic County, New Jersey |
4024648 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair%20queuing | Fair queuing | Fair queuing is a family of scheduling algorithms used in some process and network schedulers. The algorithm is designed to achieve fairness when a limited resource is shared, for example to prevent flows with large packets or processes that generate small jobs from consuming more throughput or CPU time than other flows or processes.
Fair queuing is implemented in some advanced network switches and routers.
History
The term fair queuing was coined by John Nagle in 1985 while proposing round-robin scheduling in the gateway between a local area network and the internet to reduce network disruption from badly-behaving hosts.
A byte-weighted version was proposed by Alan Demers, Srinivasan Keshav and Scott Shenker in 1989, and was based on the earlier Nagle fair queuing algorithm. The byte-weighted fair queuing algorithm aims to mimic a bit-per-bit multiplexing by computing theoretical departure date for each packet.
The concept has been further developed into weighted fair queuing, and the more general concept of traffic shaping, where queuing priorities are dynamically controlled to achieve desired flow quality of service goals or accelerate some flows.
Principle
Fair queuing uses one queue per packet flow and services them in rotation, such that each flow can "obtain an equal fraction of the resources".
The advantage over conventional first in first out (FIFO) or priority queuing is that a high-data-rate flow, consisting of large packets or many data packets, cannot take more than its fair share of the link capacity.
Fair queuing is used in routers, switches, and statistical multiplexers that forward packets from a buffer. The buffer works as a queuing system, where the data packets are stored temporarily until they are transmitted.
With a link data-rate of R, at any given time the N active data flows (the ones with non-empty queues) are serviced each with an average data rate of R/N. In a short time interval the data rate may fluctuate around this value since the packets are delivered sequentially in turn.
Fairness
In the context of network scheduling, fairness has multiple definitions. Nagel's article uses round-robin scheduling of packets, which is fair in terms of the number of packets, but not on the bandwidth use when packets have varying size. Several formal notions of fairness measure have been defined including max-min fairness, worst-case fairness, and fairness index.
Generalisation to weighted sharing
The initial idea gives to each flow the same rate. A natural extension consists in letting the user specify the portion of bandwidth allocated to each flow leading to weighted fair queuing and generalized processor sharing.
A byte-weighted fair queuing algorithm
This algorithm attempts to emulate the fairness of bitwise round-robin sharing of link resources among competing flows. Packet-based flows, however, must be transmitted packetwise and in sequence. The byte-weighted fair queuing algorithm selects transmission order for the packets by modeling the finish time for each packet as if they could be transmitted bitwise round robin. The packet with the earliest finish time according to this modeling is the next selected for transmission.
The complexity of the algorithm is O(log(n)), where n is the number of queues/flows.
Algorithm details
Modeling of actual finish time, while feasible, is computationally intensive. The model needs to be substantially recomputed every time a packet is selected for transmission and every time a new packet arrives into any queue.
To reduce computational load, the concept of virtual time is introduced. Finish time for each packet is computed on this alternate monotonically increasing virtual timescale. While virtual time does not accurately model the time packets complete their transmissions, it does accurately model the order in which the transmissions must occur to meet the objectives of the full-featured model. Using virtual time, it is unnecessary to recompute the finish time for previously queued packets. Although the finish time, in absolute terms, for existing packets is potentially affected by new arrivals, finish time on the virtual time line is unchanged - the virtual time line warps with respect to real time to accommodate any new transmission.
The virtual finish time for a newly queued packet is given by the sum of the virtual start time plus the packet's size. The virtual start time is the maximum between the previous virtual finish time of the same queue and the current instant.
With a virtual finishing time of all candidate packets (i.e., the packets at the head of all non-empty flow queues) computed, fair queuing compares the virtual finishing time and selects the minimum one. The packet with the minimum virtual finishing time is transmitted.
Pseudocode
The function receive() is executed each time a packet is received, and send() is executed each time a packet to send must be selected, i.e. when the link is idle and the queues are not empty. This pseudo-code assumes there is a function now() that returns the current virtual time, and a function chooseQueue() that selects the queue where the packet is enqueued.
The function selectQueue() selects the queue with the minimal virtual finish time. For the sake of readability, the pseudo-code presented here does a linear search. But maintaining a sorted list can be implemented in logarithmic time, leading to a O(log(n)) complexity, but with more complex code.
See also
Network scheduler
Weighted fair queuing
Weighted round robin
Generalized processor sharing
Deficit round robin
Bufferbloat
Fairness measure
Max-min fairness
Statistical multiplexing
Active queue management
References
Network scheduling algorithms |
4024651 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patties%20Foods | Patties Foods | Patties Foods, is an Australian food manufacturing company that produces meat pies, baked goods, frozen fruits, and pre-made desserts. Patties Foods is represented in the Australian market by the Four'n Twenty, Patties, Herbert Adams, Nanna's, Chefs Pride, Boscastle and Snowy River brands. Patties is the largest Meat pie producing company in Australia, and the world. They are the producers of several well-known Meat pies, including the Patties, Snowy River pie, Herbert Adams pie, and as of 2003, Four'n Twenty pies. Patties Foods is headquartered in Bairnsdale, Victoria.
History
Patties Foods was founded as Patties Bakeries. Originally a cake shop in Lakes Entrance, in August 1966 Patties Bakery, originally named for the owner's wife Patty Neat, was purchased by Peter and Annie Rijs, whom emigrated from the Netherlands in 1956. In 1967 the Rijs family began to build business by introducing pies and bread rolls. The demand for Patties' product increased, prompting a series of shops and bakeries to be built, bought and sold. In 1985 a new factory was built and production was moved to Bairnsdale, where it continues to this day.
The business continued to expand over the years, Patties began distribution in Melbourne in 1986, and in 1995 exporting to New Zealand. In 1993, Patties launched Arriba, a Mexican food range. In 1996, after pastry sales grew, Patties sold its bread business to Sunicrust in order to concentrate on pastry products. Demand for pastry products continued to grow, resulting in significant expansions to the factory. In 1998, a two million dollar plant renovation and extension took place, including installation of a spiral freezer. In 2000, a new parallel manufacturing line, capable of making all pasties, sausage rolls and finger foods, was installed, substantially increasing capacity.
Australian brands Four'n Twenty, Herbert Adams and Nanna's were purchased from Simplot in 2003 and Patties began manufacturing the associated products in the Bairnsdale factory in 2004. In 2006, Patties was inducted into the Victorian Manufacturing Hall of Fame and the Gippsland Business Awards Hall of Fame.
Patties Foods was publicly listed on the Australian Securities Exchange in 2006. The Rijs brothers, sons of the founding Mr and Mrs Rijs, retained 40% shareholding of the company. In 2007 Patties acquired the Chefs Pride and Creative Gourmet businesses, and introduced gluten free foods to its product roster.
In early 2015 a recall was ordered on Nanna's frozen berries which had been imported from China and Chile, after five people contracted hepatitis A. In November 2016 Patties was purchased by Pacific Equity Partners and delisted from the ASX. In September 2022 Patties was sold to PAG.
Brands and product lines
Pattiess Pies
Pies, pasties, sausage rolls and quiches in three different sizes (standard, party and mini party), there is also a gluten free range of patties pies and a vegan roll.
Four'n Twenty
Pies, including the 'traveller pie', pasties and sausage rolls.
Wedgewood
Pies, party pies and sausage rolls.
Nanna's
Frozen fruit, family and snack sized fruit pies, waffles, danishes, crumbles and jam filled donuts.
Herbert Adams
A range of gourmet pies, pasties and sausage rolls.
Snowy River
Pies, pasties and sausage rolls in two different sizes (standard and party).
Arriba
Burritos
Chefs Pride
A range of bistro items, desserts, finger foods, fruits, vegetable and specialty items which are supplied to hotels, restaurants and other leading hospitality establishments.
References
Further reading
Bye-bye American pie, The Age, 21 July 2003
How Dutch migrant made a new life, The Age, 25 January 2013
Bakeries of Australia
Companies formerly listed on the Australian Securities Exchange
1966 establishments in Australia |
4024653 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Riddell | Chris Riddell | Chris Riddell ( ) (born 13 April 1962) is a South African-born British illustrator and occasional writer of children's books and a political cartoonist for the Observer. He has won three Kate Greenaway Medals - the British librarians' annual award for the best-illustrated children's book, and two of his works were commended runners-up, a distinction dropped after 2002.
Books that he wrote or illustrated have won three Nestlé Smarties Book Prizes and have been silver or bronze runners-up four times. On 9 June 2015, he was appointed the UK Children's Laureate.
Life
Chris Riddell was born in 1962 in Cape Town, South Africa, where his father was a "liberal Anglican vicar" and was opposed to the system of apartheid. The family returned to Britain when Chris was one year old, where he spent the rest of his childhood with his sister and three brothers, who now live in South Africa, Brighton, and Egypt. He attended Archbishop Tenison's Grammar School in Kennington. Chris displayed artistic talent from an early age and was encouraged in this by his mother. (She gave him paper and pen to keep quiet during his father's sermons.) As a child, he admired the work of Sir John Tenniel, the first illustrator of Alice in Wonderland, and W. Heath Robinson. At Brighton Polytechnic, he studied illustration; one teacher was Raymond Briggs, an earlier winner of two Greenaway Medals.
Riddell worked as an illustrator at The Economist beginning in the 1980s and at the Observer starting in 1995.
In 2002, he named as influences Tenniel and E. H. Shepard, the first illustrator of The Wind in the Willows and Winnie the Pooh.
As of 2019, Riddell and his wife, Joanne Burroughes, an illustrator and print-maker, live in Brighton with three children. They also have a second home in rural Norfolk where Joanne is from. Daughter Katy Riddell is also a children's book illustrator, including of Pongwiffy by Kaye Umansky.
His brother Rick Riddell, a secondary teacher at the Alice Smith School, died in February 2012.
Career
The Edge Chronicles
Some of Riddell's most notable work is The Edge Chronicles (from 1998), a children's book series cowritten with Paul Stewart and illustrated by Riddell alone. Set in the fictional world known as "The Edge", the books have been praised for Chris's beautifully detailed line drawings and the unique nature of their collaborative writing process.
Other works
For his illustrations, Riddell was a commended runner-up for the 1994 Kate Greenaway Medal (Something Else by Kathryn Cave) and highly commended for 1999 (Castle Diary by Richard Platt).
He won the 2001 Medal for illustrating Pirate Diary: The Journal of Jake Carpenter by Platt. The press release called Pirate Diary the first "information book" to win the Medal since 1975 and "a fictionalised account" when he spoke with author Richard Platt the harsh necessities of historical accuracy came into play. 'Everything I got excited about got shot down. No parrots, eye-patches or wooden legs. Thank god there were weapons and amputations!' (quoting Riddell). (After Castle Diary and Pirate Diary, Platt continued the Diary series with illustrator David Parkins.)
Three years later, Riddell won the Greenaway again, this time for his work on Jonathan Swift's "Gulliver" (Walker, 2004), retold by Martin Jenkins from the 1726 classic Gulliver's Travels. The panel chair commented, "Gulliver is a tour de force. Chris Riddell has given us 144 pages of fantastic, faultless illustrations, which constantly extend the power of the text. Our winning title also proves that today's picture books are not just for the youngest age-groups, but are [also] an important source of pleasure and learning for readers of all ages."
(The 2001 and 2004 panels recommended Pirate Diary and Gulliver for readers age 8+ and 10+, while their recommendations for thirteen other shortlisted books ranged from 2+ to 7+.)
Other books illustrated by Chris Riddell include Fergus Crane, Corby Flood, and Hugo Pepper, all set in the same world. These books were also co-written with Paul Stewart. Stewart and Riddell also collaborated with him on Muddle Earth and the Barnaby Grimes series. Most recently, Riddell has both written and illustrated the Ottoline series, written while he was on holiday visiting his brother in Malaysia. The first book, Ottoline and the Yellow Cat (2007), won the final Smarties Prize in age category 6–8 years (the Smarties were discontinued in 2008). It has been followed by Ottoline Goes to School and Ottoline at Sea.
Beside writing and illustrating books, Riddell is an acclaimed political cartoonist for the Observer newspaper in London, where his caricatures of politicians from John Major to Gordon Brown, Bill Clinton to George W. Bush, have earned him a reputation as a fine draughtsman and acute commentator on the political scene. Before working at the Observer, Chris spent time working at the Economist as an illustrator and occasional cover artist.
Chris Riddell is the cover artist for the Literary Review magazine formerly edited by Auberon Waugh, a role he took over from the late Willie Rushton. Chris's serial gag cartoon for this magazine, called "Illustration to Unwritten Books", was published in book form as The Da Vinci Cod and Other Illustrations to Unwritten Books.
In November 2017, Riddell publicly accused department store chain John Lewis of plagiarizing elements of his 1986 picture book Mr Underbed for their Christmas advert "Moz the Monster". The chain defended the allegations, noting that the concept of a monster who lived under a child's bed was a common literary trope, and that both works had dissimilar plots. The row led to renewed interest in the book, with copies quickly selling out from stores.
Selected works
As author and illustrator
Ben and the Bear (1986)
Mr Underbed (1986)
Bird's New Shoes (1987)
The Fibbs (1987)
The Trouble With Elephants (1988)
The Wish Factory (1988)
When the Walrus Comes (1989)
The Bear Dance (1990)
The Wonderful World of Zoom (1995)
Puzzle Boy (1996)
My Busy Book (1998)
Tribal Politics (1999)
The Da Vinci Cod (2005)
The Emperor of Absurdia (2006)
Wendel's Workshop (2007)
Chris Riddell's Doodle-a-Day (2015)
100 Hugs (2017)
Travels with My Sketchbook (2017)
Once Upon A Wild Wood (2018)
Timorous Beasts (2021)
Humphrey:
Humphrey the Hippo (1986)
Humphrey of the Rovers (1986)
Humphrey Goes to the Ball (1986)
Humphrey's New Trousers (1986)
Platypus:
Platypus (2001)
Platypus and the Lucky Day (2002)
Platypus and the Birthday Party (2003)
Ottoline:
Ottoline and the Yellow Cat (2007)
Ottoline Goes to School (2008)
Ottoline at Sea (2010)
Ottoline and the Purple Fox (2016)
Alienography:
Alienography or How to spot an alien and what to do about it (2010)
Alienography – Tips for Tiny Tyrants (2012)
Goth Girl:
Goth Girl and the Ghost of a Mouse (2013)
Goth Girl and the Fete Worse than Death (2014)
Goth Girl and the Wuthering Fright (2015)
Goth Girl and the Pirate Queen (2015 World Book Day edition)
Goth Girl and the Sinister Symphony (2017)
The Sleep Of Reason:
The Sleep Of Reason Volume I (2019)
The Sleep Of Reason Volume II (2020)
The Sleep Of Reason Volume III (2021)
The Cloud Horse Chronicles:
Guardians of Magic (2019)
Tiggy Thistle and the Lost Guardians (2022)
Five Years... A Sketchbook of Political Drawings:
Five Years... A Sketchbook of Political Drawings - Volume One 2020 (2021)
Five Years... A Sketchbook of Political Drawings - Volume Two 2021 (2022)
As illustrator
Riddell has collaborated with Paul Stewart on dozens of books, including the Edge Chronicles series. He has also illustrated several books written by each of five other authors.
written by other authors
The Mystery of Silver Mountain (1984)
Beware, Princess! (1986)
Love Forty (1986)
Dreamboat Brontosaurus (1987)
Gruesome Giants (1987)
The Magician's Cat (1987)
Beyond the Rolling River (1988)
Dracula's Daughter (1988)
Moon Whales (1988)
Peter Pan (1988), an edition of the 1911 J. M. Barrie classic
Treasure Island (1988), an edition of the 1883 R. L. Stevenson classic
The Pirates of Pudding Beach (1989)
Manifold Manor (1989)
You're Thinking About Doughnuts (1989)
Ffangs the Vampire Bat and the Kiss of Truth (1990)
The Prism Tree (1990)
Lizzie Dripping and the Witch (1991)
Patrick in Person (1991)
Best Enemies (1992)
The Thing in the Sink (1992)
An Armful of Bears (1993)
A Trunkful of Elephants (1994)
Rent-a-Friend (1994)
Say Hello to the Buffalo (1994)
The Iron Wolf (1995)
Angus Rides the Goods Train (1996)
Brilliant Minds (1996)
Buddhism for Sheep (1996)
Feng Shui for Cats (1997)
Feng Shui for Dogs (1997)
The Castle of Inside Out (1997)
The Swan's Stories (1997)
The Tall Story (1997)
Until I Met Dudley (1997)
Buddhism for Bears (1998)
Buster's Diaries (1998)
Management for Martians (1998)
Stories for Me! (1998)
Castle Diary (1999), by Richard Platt
The Tao for Babies (2000)
Pirate Diary (2001), by Richard Platt
The Rabbits' Rebellion (2001)
Three Scary Stories (2001)
Hairy Bill (2002)
Un Italiano in America (2003)
Jonathan Swift's "Gulliver" (2004), Gullivers Travels (1726) adapted by Martin Jenkins
Politics Cutting Through the Crap (2006)
Don Quixote (2010), Don Quixote (1605) adapted by Martin Jenkins
Just So Stories (2013), an edition of the 1902 Rudyard Kipling classic
The Pied Piper of Hamelin (2014), by Russell Brand
The Box of Demons (2015), by Daniel Whelan
A Great Big Cuddle: Poems for the Very Young (2015), by Michael Rosen
Things You Find in a Poet's Beard (2015), by A. F. Harrold
Island (2015), by Nicky Singer
My Little Book of Big Freedoms (2015)
The Hunting of the Snark (2016), an illustrated edition of The Hunting of the Snark (1876) by Lewis Carroll
The Castle of Inside Out (2016), by David Henry Wilson
The Lie Tree (2016), by Frances Hardinge
I Killed Father Christmas (2017), by Anthony McGowan
How To Stop Time (2017), by Matt Haig
A Kid in My Class (2018), by Rachel Rooney
Poems to Live Your Life By (2018)
The Tales of Beedle The Bard (2018), by J.K. Rowling
Poems to Fall in Love With (2019)
The Greenhill Dictionary of Military Quotations (2020), edited by Peter G. Tsouras
Poems to Save the World With (2020)
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (2020), an illustrated edition of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) by Lewis Carroll
DOCTOR WHO: Adventures in Lockdown (2020), by Chris Chibnall, Paul Cornell, Russell T Davies, Neil Gaiman, Mark Gatiss, Pete McTighe, Steven Moffat, Vinay Patel, Joy Wilkinson
Many Different Kinds of Love (2021), by Michael Rosen
Indigo Takes Flight (2021), by Krista M. Lambert
Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There (2021), an illustrated edition of Through the Looking-Glass (1871) by Lewis Carroll
Arthur: The Always King (2021), by Kevin Crossley-Holland
The Big Amazing Poetry Book (2022)
We Wish You A Merry Christmas and other festive poems (2022)
The Little Prince (2023), an illustrated edition of The Little Prince (1943) by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
written by Paul Stewart
The Edge Chronicles:
Beyond the Deepwoods (1998)
Stormchaser (1999)
Midnight Over Sanctaphrax (2000)
Cloud Wolf (2001) - Side story
The Curse of the Gloamglozer (2001)
The Last of the Sky Pirates (2002)
Vox (2003)
Freeglader (2004)
The Edge Chronicles Maps (2004)
The Winter Knights (2005)
The Stone Pilot (2006) - Side story
Clash of the Sky Galleons (2006)
The Lost Barkscrolls (2006)
The Immortals (2009)
The Nameless One (2014)
Doombringer (2015)
The Descenders (2019)
Rabbit and Hedgehog Stories:
A Little Bit of Winter (1998)
The Birthday Presents (1999)
Rabbit's Wish (2001)
What Do You Remember? (2002)
The Blobheads:
Invasion of the Blobs (February 2000)
Talking Toasters (February 2000)
School Stinks (March 2000)
Beware of the Babysitter (April 2000)
Garglejuice (May 2000)
Silly Billy (June 2000)
Naughty Gnomes (July 2000)
Purple Alert! (August 2000)
Muddle Earth:
Book 1: Muddle Earth (2003)
Muddle Earth Book/Section 1: Engelbert the Enormous
Muddle Earth Book/Section 2: Here be Dragons
Muddle Earth Book/Section 3: Doctor Cuddles of Giggle Glade
Book 2: Muddle Earth Too (2011)
Muddle Earth Too Book/Section 1: Down with Stinkyhogs
Muddle Earth Too Book/Section 2: Pesticide the Flower Fairy
Muddle Earth Too Book/Section 3: Trouble with Big Sisters
Free Lance:
Free Lance and the Lake of Skulls (2003)
Free Lance and the Field of Blood (2004)
Free Lance and the Dragon's Hoard (2005)
Far-Flung Adventures:
Fergus Crane (2004)
Corby Flood (2005)
Hugo Pepper (2006)
Barnaby Grimes:
Barnaby Grimes: Curse of the Nightwolf (2007)
Barnaby Grimes: Return of the Emerald Skull (2008)
Barnaby Grimes: Legion of the Dead (2008)
Barnaby Grimes: Phantom of Blood Alley (2009)
Wyrmeweald Trilogy:
Wyrmeweald Book 1: Returner's Wealth (2010)
Wyrmeweald Book 2: Bloodhoney (2012)
Wyrmeweald Book 3: The Bone Trail (2013)
Scavenger Series:
Scavenger: Zoid (2014)
Scavenger: Chaos Zone (2015)
Scavenger: Mind Warp (2016)
written by Andrew William Gibson
Ellis and the Hummick (1989)
The Abradizil (1990)
Jemima, Grandma and the Great Lost Zone (1991)
The Rollickers and Other Stories (1992)
The Amazing Witherspoon's Amazing Circus Crew (1993)
Chegwith Skillet Escapes (1995)
written by Kathryn Cave
Henry Hobbs, Alien (1990)
Out for the Count (1991)
Andrew Takes the Plunge (1994)
Something Else (1994) - UNESCO prize, 1997
Jumble (1995)
The Emperor's Gruckle Hound (1996)
Horatio Happened (1998)
William and the Wolves (1999)
Septimus Similon, Practising Wizard (2000)
Henry Hobbs, Space Voyager (2001)
Henry Hobbs and the Lost Planet (2002)
written by Philip Ridley
Kasper in the Glitter (1994)
Meteorite Spoon (1994)
Dakota of the White Flats (1995)
Mercedes Ice (1995)
Dreamboat Zing (1996)
Scribbleboy (1997)
ZinderZunder (1998)
written by Brian Patten
Beowulf and the Monster (1999)
Juggling With Gerbils (2000)
The Story Giant (2002)
Gargling With Jelly (2003)
Thawing Frozen Frogs (2003)
The Utter Nutters (2007)
written by Neil Gaiman
The Graveyard Book (2008)
The Sleeper and the Spindle (2013) - Kate Greenaway Medal winner, 2016
Fortunately, the Milk... (2013)
Coraline (2013)
Odd and the Frost Giants (2016)
Neverwhere (2017)
Art Matters: Because Your Imagination Can Change The World (2018)
Pirate Stew (2020)
written by Francesca Gibbons
A Clock of Stars:
A Clock of Stars: The Shadow Moth (2020)
A Clock of Stars: Beyond the Mountains (2021)
A Clock of Stars: The Greatest Kingdom (2022)
Awards and recognitions
Some of these awards and related honours may have recognised the writers of books Riddell illustrated. The three Greenaway Medals, two commendations, and three shortlists recognised Riddell as illustrator.
Awards
1997 Something Else, written by Kathryn Cave, won the UNESCO Prize for Children's and Young People's Literature in the Service of Tolerance. Later in a TV in 13.9.2001. (ages 3-6).
2001 Pirate Diary, written by Richard Platt, won the Kate Greenaway Medal.
2003 Pirate Diary won the Blue Peter Book Award, Best Book with Facts.
2004 Jonathan Swift's "Gulliver", adapted by Martin Jenkins from the 1726 classic, won the Greenaway Medal.
2004 Fergus Crane, written by Paul Stewart, Nestlé Smarties Book Prize (ages 6–8) and the Smarties Prize "4Children Special Award".
2007 Ottoline and the Yellow Cat, written and illustrated by Riddell, won the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize (ages 6–8).
2008 Ottoline and the Yellow Cat won a Red House Children's Book Award.
2013 Goth Girl and the Ghost of a Mouse won the Costa Book Awards (Children's category).
2016 The Sleeper and the Spindle, written by Neil Gaiman and illustrated by Riddell, won the Kate Greenaway Medal. This made him become the first ever triple winner of the award.
2019 He was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services to illustration and charity.
Runners-up, etc.
1994 Something Else by Cave was commended for the Greenaway Medal.
1999 Castle Diary by Platt was highly commended for the Greenaway Medal.
2002 Pirate Diary by Platt was Smarties silver runner-up (ages 6–8).
2005 Corby Flood by Stewart was Smarties bronze runner-up (ages 6–8).
2006 Hugo Pepper by Stewart was Smarties silver runner-up (ages 6–8).
2006 The Emperor of Absurdia, written and illustrated by Riddell, was Smarties silver runner-up (ages 0–5).
2007 The Emperor of Absurdia made the Greenaway shortlist.
2008 Ottoline and the Yellow Cat, written and illustrated by Riddell, made the Greenaway shortlist.
2008 Wendel's Workshop, written and illustrated by Riddell, made the Booktrust Early Years Award shortlist.
2010 The Graveyard Book, written by Neil Gaiman, made the Greenaway shortlist in its Children's Edition illustrated by Riddell. (Gaiman won the companion Carnegie Medal).
Notes
References
External links
1962 births
British Children's Laureate
British editorial cartoonists
British illustrators
British children's book illustrators
Kate Greenaway Medal winners
The Economist people
The Observer people
Writers who illustrated their own writing
Alumni of the University of Brighton
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Officers of the Order of the British Empire |
4024654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patties%20pie | Patties pie | Patties Pies are a brand of meat pie created by Peter and Annie Rijs, in a bakery named "Patties" in Lakes Entrance, Victoria
The Patties Pie manufacturing plant in Bairnsdale, Victoria currently produces processed meat pie products such as Party 30 Pack, East Meets West Combo Pack and Patties Pie Bites
See also
Australian meat pie
References
Four'N Twenty
Bye-bye American pie, The Age, 21 July 2003
Australian brands
Brand name pies
Australian pies
Bakeries of Australia |
4024656 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo%20Penco | Carlo Penco | Carlo Penco (born August 1948) is an Italian analytic philosopher and full professor in philosophy of language at the University of Genoa in Italy.
Biography
Penco received his Ph.D. in Philosophy Summa cum Laude at the University of Genoa in 1972 with a specialization in the philosophy of science (at the time in Italy there were no PhD; he became a member of the PhD program later as a teacher). He studied with Evandro Agazzi in Genoa, with Michael Dummett in Oxford, and later with Robert Brandom at the University of Pittsburgh.
He has received various academic awards and fellowships including: CNR Fellow (1976), NATO Fellow at Oxford University (1979) and Fellow of the Center for Philosophy of Science in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (1998). He has been President of the Italian Society for the Analytic Philosophy (2002-2004), and member of Steering Committee of the Italian Society for Logic and the Philosophy of Sciences and the European Society for Analytic Philosophy. Together with Joao Branquino and Josep Corbi, he began a series of "Latin Meeting in Analytic Philosophy", in order to foster the exchange of ideas among Analytic Philosophers in the southern countries in Europe, with connection with Latin America.
He has been teaching in South of Italy (University of Lecce) between 1988 and 1991; then he went to the University of Genoa, where he is still teaching as full professor in Philosophy of Language. President of the Master in Philosophy during the period 2004-2010, he became Head of the Doctoral School in Human Science.
He has been working in the Editorial or Scientific Committees for various journals, such as Epistemologia, An International Journal for Logic and Philosophy of Science, Networks, A journal for the philosophy of Artificial Intelligence and the Cognitive Sciences, European Journal of Analytic Philosophy, Theoria (A Swedish Journal for Philosophy).
His early research interests has been mainly on the philosophy of the later Wittgenstein and the philosophy of Frege. He began to work on the problem of context for the Meetings "Modeling and Using Contexts" since 1999. His recent interests are more strictly linked to different topics in the Philosophy of Language and Pragmatics, mainly on the problem of the boundaries between semantics and pragmatics.
Published works
Books (author)
"Frege", Carocci, Roma, 2010
Introduzione alla filosofia del linguaggio Laterza, Roma-Bari 2004 (3 ed. 2005)
Vie della Scrittura, Milano, Angeli, 1994 (2 ed. 2002)
Matematica e gioco linguistico, Wittgenstein e la filosofia della matematica del '900. Firenze, Le Monnier, 1981
Books (editor)
"Explaining the Mental" (With M. Beaney and M. Vignolo), Cambridge Scholar Publishing, 2007.
La svolta contestuale (a reading of original papers in philosophy of language and artificial intelligence by V. Akman, M. Benerecetti, M. Benzi, P. Bouquet, M. Frixione, C. Ghidini, F. Giunchiglia, F. Guala, M. Motterlni, J. Perry, E. Picardi, S. Predelli, M. Sbisà, A. Varzi, N. Vassallo) McGraw Hill, 2002
(with Eva Picardi): Gottlob Frege, Senso, funzione e concetto (philosophical papers 1891-1897) Laterza, Bari, 2001.
Filosofia analitica - Reading of Frege, Russell, Wittgenstein, Quine, Austin, Grice, Searle, Putnam - La Nuova Italia, Firenze, 2001.
(with G. Sarbia) Alle radici della filosofia analitica (Acts of the first Italian conference of the Italiana Society of Analytic Philosophy - with edition in print and in hypertext), Erga, Genova, 1996
(with C. Dalla Pozza) Linguaggi e Macchine - Epistemologia (special issues on logic and artificial intelligence) - 1993
(with A. Bottani) Significato e teorie del linguaggio (Reading including Brandom, Davidson, Dummett, Kaplan, Kripke, Putnam, Barwise, Hall Partee...) Milano, Angeli, 1991.
Italian edition of E. Tugendhat Vorlesungen über die Sprachanalytische Philosophie:Introduzione alla filosofia analitica, Marietti, Genova, 1989
(with D. Marconi and M. Andronico), Capire Wittgenstein Readings (including Von Wright, Dummett, Stroud, Black, Kenny, Robinson, ....) Genova, Marietti, 1988
Italian edition (with M. Sbisà) of J.L.Austin How to do things with words: Come fare cose con le parole, Genova, Marietti. 1987
Italian edition of M. Dummett, Philosophy of language, (with translation): Filosofia del linguaggio. Saggio su Frege, Genova, Marietti, 1983
Selected papers
"Essentially Incomplete Descriptions", European Journal for Analytic Philosophy, 2011
"Assertion and Inference" in Towards an Analytic Pragmatism, CEUR Workshop, 2009: http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-444
"The influence of Einstein on Wittgenstein's Philosophy", in Philosophical Investigations 2010
"Il senso degli enunciati. La nefasta influenza del Tractatus sulla filosofia della logica", in L. Perissinotto (a cura di) /Un filosofo senza trampoli. Saggi su Ludwig Wittgenstein, Mimesis, 2010.
"Rational procedures: A Neo-Fregean Perspective on Thought and Judgement" in Yearbook of Philosophical Hermeneutics: The dialogue, Münster, 2009 (137-153)
"Keeping track of individuals: Brandom's Analysis of Kripke's puzzle and the content of belief". In: S. Pirmin, Stekeler, Weithofer (eds) The Pragmatics of Making It Explicit, Benjamins, Amsterdam ( 163-185).
"Wittgenstein, olismo ed esperimenti mentali:l'influenza di Einstein" in Paradigmi, 2, 2008
"Inferenza e contesto: quali limiti alla libertà di parola?", in Cassazione penale, XLVIII, 2008 (3060-3075).
"Idiolect and Context"; in R.E.Auxier and L.E. Hahn (eds.) The Philosophy of Michael Dummett - Library of Living Philosophers, vol. XXXI, 2007(567-590).
"Competenza pragmatica come filtro", in M.Andronico, A. Paternoster, A. Voltolini, Il significato eluso. Saggi in onore di Diego Marconi, Rivista di Estetica, n. 34 (1/2007), anno XLVII
"Context and Contract" in Perspectives on Contexts, edited by Paolo Bouquet, Luciano Serafini, and Rich Thomason. CSLI, Stanford, 2006.
Enciclopedia Filosofica di Gallarate, 2006, Voci: E. Anscombe, Apriori-Aposteriori, D. Armstrong, R. Brandom, Deflazionismo, M. Dummett, Estensionalita', G. Evans, Filosofia Postanalitica, G. Frege, P. Geach, Gioco Linguistico, Intensione/Estensione, F. Kambartel, D. Kaplan, S. Kripke, L. Linsky, J. Mcdowell, Opacita' Referenziale, J. Perry, A. Prior, E. Tugendhat, C. Wright.
"Converging towards What? on semantic and pragmatic competence" in P. Bouquet, L. Serafini, Context representation and reasoning 2005, proceedings of the first international workshop, CEUR-WS, vol.136, 2005 <http://sunsite.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/Publications/CEUR-WS/Vol-136/>
"Keeping Track of Individuals: Brandom's Analysis of Kripke's Puzzle and the Content of Belief", in Pragmatics and Cognition, 13:1 (2005), 177-201
"Anatra all'arancia: il tema del contesto nella filosofia analitica", Teoria 2005 (1) pp. 3–21.
"Wittgenstein, Locality and Rules" in E.Picardi, A.Coliva, Wittgenstein Today, Il Poligrafo, Padova, 2004, pp. 249–274.
"Frege, sense and limited rationality" Modern Logic Vol.9, 2001-2003 (Issue 29) pp. 53–65
"Frege: Two thesis, two senses", in History and Philosophy of Logic 2003, vol. 24, n.2 (pp. 87–109).
"Filosofia del linguaggio", in Floridi, Luciano (a cura di), Linee di Ricerca, SWIF, 2003 (pp. 1–26).
(con M. Frixione) "Sensi fregeani, procedure e limiti computazionali", in Vassallo N. La filosofia di Gottlob Frege, Angeli, Milano 2003 (pp. 163–180).
"Introduzione" a J. Perry, Contesti De Ferrari, Genova, 2002.
"Holism, Strawberries and Hairdryers" in Topoi 2002 (pp. 47–54)
"Local Holism" in V. Akman, P. Bouquet, R. Thomason, R.A. Young (eds.) Modeling and Using Context - Proceedings of the Third International and Interdisciplinary Conference on Modeling and Using Context (CONTEXT'01), [Lecture Notes in AI Volume 2116] Springer Verlag, July 2001 (pp. 290–303)
" Three alternatives on contexts" in D. Marconi (editor) Knowledge and Meaning. Topics in Analytic Philosophy edizioni Mercurio, Vercelli, 2000 (pp. 113–130).
" Ragione e Pratica Sociale " in Rivista di Filosofia 3, 1999 (467-486)
" Objective and Cognitive Context " in Paolo Bouquet, Patrick Brézillon, Luciano Serafini, Francesca Castellani eds. Modeling and Using Context, 2nd International and Interdisciplinary Conference, CONTEXT'99 Springer, 1999 (270-283).
" Sensi, catene anaforiche e olismo " in Iride 1999 (190-195)
" Context and Incomplete knowledge" in Third European Congress of Analytical Philosophy, Maribor 1999 (book of abstracts, p. 187)
"Holism in Artificial Intelligence?" in Language, Quantum, Music edited by M.L.Dalla Chiara, Laudisa and Giuntini, Kluwer, 1999 (pp. 37–48) (see: expanded version)
"Wittgenstein and our times" R.Egidi (ed.), In Search of a New Humanism: the Philosophy of Georg Henrik von Wright, Kluwer, Dordrecht,1999 (47-53).
"Competenza e competenze: tre tesi su competenza, linguaggio e significato" in Iride 1998 (392-397).
"Frege e Carnap: verso una teoria integrata del senso" in Vito Michele Abrusci, Carlo Cellucci, Roberto Cordeschi, Vincenzo Fano (a cura di) Prospettive della Logica e della Filosofia della scienza: Atti del Convegno SILFS, ETS, Pisa, 1998 (pp. 345–360)
"Dummett and Wittgenstein's philosophy of Mathematics", in McGuinness B. - Oliveri G. The Philosophy of Michael Dummett, Kluwer Academic Press, (pp. 113–136), 1994.
"Wittgenstein et le Conventionalisme" in G.Sommaruga (a cura di) Aspects et problémes du Conventionalisme, Fribourg, Presse Universitaire di Fribourg, 1992
"Frames and Logic in Knowledge Representation" (con D.Palladino), Epistemologia, 15 (119-140), 1992.
Italian edition of G.Frege's letters to Wittgenstein: G. Frege, "Lettere a Wittgenstein", in Epistemologia, 14 (189-204), 1991
"Eredi del terzo regno" in Epistemologia 12 (253-276) [fascicolo speciale Logica e Ontologia], 1989
"Mathematik und Interesse" in R.Haller (a cura di) Sprache und Erkenntnis als Soziale Tatsache, Wien, Holder-Pichler-Tempsky (49-56), 1981
"Intuition in mathematics: Wittgenstein's Remarks" in Epistemologia 4 (77-94), 1981
"Matematica e Regole. Wittgenstein interprete di Kant" in Epistemologia 2 (123-154), 1979
"Intension: Wittgenstein's Philosophy of Mathematics considered under the influence of Frege's Tradition" in: Akten des 2.Int. Wittgenstein Simposiums: Wittgenstein und sein Einfluss auf die gegenwartige Philosophie, Wien, Holder-Pichler-Tempsky (191-195), 1978
External links
A collection of on-line papers (English and Italian) by Carlo Penco can be found here
Complete list of publications
Home Page, University of Genoa
1948 births
Living people
University of Genoa alumni
Alumni of the University of Oxford
University of Pittsburgh alumni
20th-century Italian philosophers
21st-century Italian philosophers
Philosophers of language
Philosophy academics
University of Genoa faculty
University of Salento faculty |
4024663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EsseGesse | EsseGesse | EsseGesse was an Italian team of cartoonists, most famous for their Western comics, which were popular in the 1950s. The comics were translated to French, Serbo-Croatian, Turkish, Greek, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian.
Their name was taken from the Italian pronunciation of the first letters of their three surnames, Pietro Sartoris of Greek descent (Turin, Italy 15 August 1926 - 27 July 1989), Dario Guzzon (Turin, Italy 4 January 1926 - 3 May 2000), and Giovanni Sinchetto (Turin, Italy 5 April 1922 - 19 January 1991).
Some of their more famous series are Captain Miki, Il Grande Blek, Comandante Mark, Kinowa and Alan Mistero.
In Turkey, three films were produced with the character Kinowa in the early 1970s.
Early life
Dario Guzzon and Pietro Sartoris went to similar schools and obtained their diploma as primary school teachers. Guzzon attended the Art School and then the Academy of Fine Arts. Sartoris started up his publishing activity that eventually took him to the Taurina publishing house. He met Guzzon there. Guzzon himself was already publishing some of his cartoons in the magazine Piccina. When Taurina went bankrupt, the two men had already become close friends and passed to another publishing house, Edizioni Alpe, owned by Giuseppe Caregaro, where Guzzon designed some episodes of the strip "Cucciolo", while Sartoris edited the collection Tarman with a script by Amedeo Martini. Later on, at Torelli, they met the person who would become their soul mate in so many future cartoon adventures: Giovanni Sinchetto. Sinchetto made his début in the world of cartoons with the series entitled "Fulmine Mascherato" and then continued with "Carnera" published by Torelli. The first co-operation between the three young authors from Turin gave life to "Kinowa" in 1950, a cartoon built on texts by Andrea Lavezzolo and published by the Dardo press owned by Gino Casarotti.
Captain Miki
The first character to be drawn and dramatized by the three authors, who by that time had started to sign themselves with the acronym EsseGesse, was published on 1 July 1951: the famous Capitan Miki (Captain Miki). The protagonist of the story is a sixteen-year-old boy alone in the world, who becomes a friend of a funny drunkard called Double Rum and joins up with the Nevada Rangers. After carrying out a number of successful missions where he shows all his bravery and firmness, young Miki is promoted, in spite of his young age, to the rank of captain. Captain Miki also has his own young fiancée, Susy, the daughter of the fort commandant, and in addition to Double Rum - based on the classic old man of westerns (interpreted by Walter Brennan in many film versions) - he makes friends with another funny character, Doctor Salasso, graphically reminiscent of the actor Thomas Mitchell (drunken Doc, the alcoholic, in "Stagecoach?"). These two characters gave the cartoon series a vein of comic relief, to counterbalance Miki's almost excessive maturity and conscientiousness.
In 1953 EsseGesse had the first contacts with Tea Bonelli, the then wise guide of our Publishing House, and produced the art work for the "Cavaliere nero" dramatized from texts by Giovanni Luigi Bonelli. It was an album that recounted the adventures of Frisco Smith, a policeman serving for a western railway company. Dressed in a vaguely Mexican style, the hero of this serial is a skilful gunslinger usually assisted by a young Native American called Piccolo Corvo.
Il Grande Blek
"Il Grande Blek" was published on 3 October 1954 by Casarotti: the story is set during the American Revolution and Blek is the leader of a group of trappers who fight against the cruel Redcoats, the symbol of colonialist oppression. Blek's faithful buddies in adventure are his stepson Roddy and the ingenious professor Occultis. It was published during 650 parts until 1967 before a dispute sets the authors to the publisher. It is Lug who would publish the whole adventures of Blek in France. First in black and white in Kiwi, then in its own name magazine, republishing its adventures in colors. Numerous covers were realized by Jean Frisano. When the original stories were exhausted, new ones were created by Carlo Cedroni or Nicola del Principe, but also in France by Jean-Yves Mitton, André Amouriq or Ciro Tota.
Miki and Blek were both achieved enormous success and were created up until 1965, and would later be continued abroad with artwork by French illustrators.
Alan Mistero
In 1965 there appeared "Alan Mistero", whose protagonist was a sturdy fiery red-haired hero capable of the most astonishing disguises and also a very skilful gunman, flanked in his adventures by two comic foils: the sophisticated Conte and the greedy Polpetta. This series originally appeared in a collection of weekly albums published by its own creators, but failed to achieve success and the series was soon after transferred by the three Torino authors to the publishing house Araldo, owned by Sergio Bonelli, which published it in the appendix of the Collana Araldo.
Comandante Mark
In September 1966, Comandante Mark was finally born. Once the regular January 1990 series was finished, the reprinting of the whole series Tutto Mark was published the very next month, and starting from the summer of that same year the Specials were also published, reaching their thirteenth annual publication by the summer of 2000.
Against the background of the American Revolutionary War, Comandante Mark is presented to the readers as a handsome, brave, sturdy and invincible young man, who nonetheless does not convey any trace of the aloofness that is often generated by a protagonist's sense of superiority over the surrounding world. Mark has just the right degree of self-confidence as a hero and he radiates a warm feeling of confidence; he has accumulated excellent experience in his field (pitched battles and uncompromising warfare against the soldiers of George III) and he uses his vast knowledge on every occasion and always succeeds. He moves together with the Ontario Wolves, a group of indomitable guerrilla fighters composed of men and women from many different places, of all ages and from all social classes, people with different histories and past lives who have joined together.
After Sartoris and Sinchetto passed on in 1989 and 1991 respectively, Guzzon was the only one left capable of designing and supervising the stories of Mark and his Ontario Wolves in Special Albums; so the baton was completely handed over to the illustrator Lina Buffolente, another doyen of Italian cartoons, mainly known for her contribution to the "Piccolo Ranger" saga. The scripts were instead developed over the following years by Bonelli's new generation of authors, such Moreno Burattini and Luigi Mignacco and Michele Masiero. The passing away of Guzzon in May 2000 finally marked the end of EsseGesse.
Sources
External links
Esse G. Esse at Lambiek's Comiclopedia
at Comic Vine
at Deadlicious
at Sergio Bonelli Editore
at Fantasy-world
1950 establishments in Italy
2000 disestablishments in Italy
Italian comics artists
Italian comics writers
Trios |
4024664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saliya%20Ahangama | Saliya Ahangama | Franklyn Saliya Ahangama (born 14 September 1959) is a Sri Lankan Australian cricket coach, commentator and former cricketer who played in 3 Tests and one ODI in 1985.
After cricket
He would have played more tests, having a bowling average of 19, but retired due to constant injury. He then became a commentator. Saliya is now a cricket coach at the Melbourne Sports Stadium and Eastern Indoor Sports Centre. He is married and has two daughters.
References
External links
1959 births
Living people
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Sri Lankan emigrants to Australia
Alumni of S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia
Sri Lankan cricket commentators
Sinhalese Sports Club cricketers
Australian cricket coaches |
4024666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20hashing | Universal hashing | In mathematics and computing, universal hashing (in a randomized algorithm or data structure) refers to selecting a hash function at random from a family of hash functions with a certain mathematical property (see definition below). This guarantees a low number of collisions in expectation, even if the data is chosen by an adversary. Many universal families are known (for hashing integers, vectors, strings), and their evaluation is often very efficient. Universal hashing has numerous uses in computer science, for example in implementations of hash tables, randomized algorithms, and cryptography.
Introduction
Assume we want to map keys from some universe into bins (labelled ). The algorithm will have to handle some data set of keys, which is not known in advance. Usually, the goal of hashing is to obtain a low number of collisions (keys from that land in the same bin). A deterministic hash function cannot offer any guarantee in an adversarial setting if , since the adversary may choose to be precisely the preimage of a bin. This means that all data keys land in the same bin, making hashing useless. Furthermore, a deterministic hash function does not allow for rehashing: sometimes the input data turns out to be bad for the hash function (e.g. there are too many collisions), so one would like to change the hash function.
The solution to these problems is to pick a function randomly from a family of hash functions. A family of functions is called a universal family if, .
In other words, any two different keys of the universe collide with probability at most when the hash function is drawn uniformly at random from . This is exactly the probability of collision we would expect if the hash function assigned truly random hash codes to every key.
Sometimes, the definition is relaxed by a constant factor, only requiring collision probability rather than . This concept was introduced by Carter and Wegman in 1977, and has found numerous applications in computer science (see, for .
If we have an upper bound of on the collision probability, we say that we have -almost universality. So for example, a universal family has -almost universality.
Many, but not all, universal families have the following stronger uniform difference property:
, when is drawn randomly from the family , the difference is uniformly distributed in .
Note that the definition of universality is only concerned with whether , which counts collisions. The uniform difference property is stronger.
(Similarly, a universal family can be XOR universal if , the value is uniformly distributed in where is the bitwise exclusive or operation. This is only possible if is a power of two.)
An even stronger condition is pairwise independence: we have this property when we have the probability that will hash to any pair of hash values is as if they were perfectly random: . Pairwise independence is sometimes called strong universality.
Another property is uniformity. We say that a family is uniform if all hash values are equally likely: for any hash value . Universality does not imply uniformity. However, strong universality does imply uniformity.
Given a family with the uniform distance property, one can produce a pairwise independent or strongly universal hash family by adding a uniformly distributed random constant with values in to the hash functions. (Similarly, if is a power of two, we can achieve pairwise independence from an XOR universal hash family by doing an exclusive or with a uniformly distributed random constant.) Since a shift by a constant is sometimes irrelevant in applications (e.g. hash tables), a careful distinction between the uniform distance property and pairwise independent is sometimes not made.
For some applications (such as hash tables), it is important for the least significant bits of the hash values to be also universal. When a family is strongly universal, this is guaranteed: if is a strongly universal family with , then the family made of the functions for all is also strongly universal for . Unfortunately, the same is not true of (merely) universal families. For example, the family made of the identity function is clearly universal, but the family made of the function fails to be universal.
UMAC and Poly1305-AES and several other message authentication code algorithms are based on universal hashing.
In such applications, the software chooses a new hash function for every message, based on a unique nonce for that message.
Several hash table implementations are based on universal hashing.
In such applications, typically the software chooses a new hash function only after it notices that "too many" keys have collided; until then, the same hash function continues to be used over and over.
(Some collision resolution schemes, such as dynamic perfect hashing, pick a new hash function every time there is a collision. Other collision resolution schemes, such as cuckoo hashing and 2-choice hashing, allow a number of collisions before picking a new hash function). A survey of fastest known universal and strongly universal hash functions for integers, vectors, and
strings is found in.
Mathematical guarantees
For any fixed set of keys, using a universal family guarantees the following properties.
For any fixed in , the expected number of keys in the bin is . When implementing hash tables by chaining, this number is proportional to the expected running time of an operation involving the key (for example a query, insertion or deletion).
The expected number of pairs of keys in with that collide () is bounded above by , which is of order . When the number of bins, is chosen linear in (i.e., is determined by a function in ), the expected number of collisions is . When hashing into bins, there are no collisions at all with probability at least a half.
The expected number of keys in bins with at least keys in them is bounded above by . Thus, if the capacity of each bin is capped to three times the average size (), the total number of keys in overflowing bins is at most . This only holds with a hash family whose collision probability is bounded above by . If a weaker definition is used, bounding it by , this result is no longer true.
As the above guarantees hold for any fixed set , they hold if the data set is chosen by an adversary. However, the adversary has to make this choice before (or independent of) the algorithm's random choice of a hash function. If the adversary can observe the random choice of the algorithm, randomness serves no purpose, and the situation is the same as deterministic hashing.
The second and third guarantee are typically used in conjunction with rehashing. For instance, a randomized algorithm may be prepared to handle some number of collisions. If it observes too many collisions, it chooses another random from the family and repeats. Universality guarantees that the number of repetitions is a geometric random variable.
Constructions
Since any computer data can be represented as one or more machine words, one generally needs hash functions for three types of domains: machine words ("integers"); fixed-length vectors of machine words; and variable-length vectors ("strings").
Hashing integers
This section refers to the case of hashing integers that fit in machines words; thus, operations like multiplication, addition, division, etc. are cheap machine-level instructions. Let the universe to be hashed be .
The original proposal of Carter and Wegman was to pick a prime and define
where are randomly chosen integers modulo with . (This is a single iteration of a linear congruential generator.)
To see that is a universal family, note that only holds when
for some integer between and . Since , if their difference is nonzero and has an inverse modulo . Solving for yields
.
There are possible choices for (since is excluded) and, varying in the allowed range, possible non-zero values for the right hand side. Thus the collision probability is
.
Another way to see is a universal family is via the notion of statistical distance. Write the difference as
.
Since is nonzero and is uniformly distributed in , it follows that modulo is also uniformly distributed in . The distribution of is thus almost uniform, up to a difference in probability of between the samples. As a result, the statistical distance to a uniform family is , which becomes negligible when .
The family of simpler hash functions
is only approximately universal: for all . Moreover, this analysis is nearly tight; Carter and Wegman show that whenever .
Avoiding modular arithmetic
The state of the art for hashing integers is the multiply-shift scheme described by Dietzfelbinger et al. in 1997. By avoiding modular arithmetic, this method is much easier to implement and also runs significantly faster in practice (usually by at least a factor of four). The scheme assumes the number of bins is a power of two, . Let be the number of bits in a machine word. Then the hash functions are parametrised over odd positive integers (that fit in a word of bits). To evaluate , multiply by modulo and then keep the high order bits as the hash code. In mathematical notation, this is
and it can be implemented in C-like programming languages by
(size_t) (a*x) >> (w-M)
This scheme does not satisfy the uniform difference property and is only -almost-universal; for any , .
To understand the behavior of the hash function,
notice that, if and have the same highest-order 'M' bits, then has either all 1's or all 0's as its highest order M bits (depending on whether or is larger).
Assume that the least significant set bit of appears on position . Since is a random odd integer and odd integers have inverses in the ring , it follows that will be uniformly distributed among -bit integers with the least significant set bit on position . The probability that these bits are all 0's or all 1's is therefore at most .
On the other hand, if , then higher-order M bits of
contain both 0's and 1's, so
it is certain that . Finally, if then bit of
is 1 and if and only if bits are also 1, which happens with probability .
This analysis is tight, as can be shown with the example and . To obtain a truly 'universal' hash function, one can use the multiply-add-shift scheme
which can be implemented in C-like programming languages by
(size_t) (a*x+b) >> (w-M)
where is a random odd positive integer with and is a random non-negative integer with . With these choices of and , for all . This differs slightly but importantly from the mistranslation in the English paper.
Hashing vectors
This section is concerned with hashing a fixed-length vector of machine words. Interpret the input as a vector of machine words (integers of bits each). If is a universal family with the uniform difference property, the following family (dating back to Carter and Wegman) also has the uniform difference property (and hence is universal):
, where each is chosen independently at random.
If is a power of two, one may replace summation by exclusive or.
In practice, if double-precision arithmetic is available, this is instantiated with the multiply-shift hash family of hash functions. Initialize the hash function with a vector of random odd integers on bits each. Then if the number of bins is for :
.
It is possible to halve the number of multiplications, which roughly translates to a two-fold speed-up in practice. Initialize the hash function with a vector of random odd integers on bits each. The following hash family is universal:
.
If double-precision operations are not available, one can interpret the input as a vector of half-words (-bit integers). The algorithm will then use multiplications, where was the number of half-words in the vector. Thus, the algorithm runs at a "rate" of one multiplication per word of input.
The same scheme can also be used for hashing integers, by interpreting their bits as vectors of bytes. In this variant, the vector technique is known as tabulation hashing and it provides a practical alternative to multiplication-based universal hashing schemes.
Strong universality at high speed is also possible. Initialize the hash function with a vector of random integers on bits. Compute
.
The result is strongly universal on bits. Experimentally, it was found to run at 0.2 CPU cycle per byte on recent Intel processors for .
Hashing strings
This refers to hashing a variable-sized vector of machine words. If the length of the string can be bounded by a small number, it is best to use the vector solution from above (conceptually padding the vector with zeros up to the upper bound). The space required is the maximal length of the string, but the time to evaluate is just the length of . As long as zeroes are forbidden in the string, the zero-padding can be ignored when evaluating the hash function without affecting universality. Note that if zeroes are allowed in the string, then it might be best to append a fictitious non-zero (e.g., 1) character to all strings prior to padding: this will ensure that universality is not affected.
Now assume we want to hash , where a good bound on is not known a priori. A universal family proposed by
treats the string as the coefficients of a polynomial modulo a large prime. If , let be a prime and define:
, where is uniformly random and is chosen randomly from a universal family mapping integer domain .
Using properties of modular arithmetic, above can be computed without producing large numbers for large strings as follows:
uint hash(String x, int a, int p)
uint h = INITIAL_VALUE
for (uint i=0 ; i < x.length ; ++i)
h = ((h*a) + x[i]) mod p
return h
This Rabin-Karp rolling hash is based on a linear congruential generator.
Above algorithm is also known as Multiplicative hash function. In practice, the mod operator and the parameter p can be avoided altogether by simply allowing integer to overflow because it is equivalent to mod (Max-Int-Value + 1) in many programming languages. Below table shows values chosen to initialize h and a for some of the popular implementations.
Consider two strings and let be length of the longer one; for the analysis, the shorter string is conceptually padded with zeros up to length . A collision before applying implies that is a root of the polynomial with coefficients . This polynomial has at most roots modulo , so the collision probability is at most . The probability of collision through the random brings the total collision probability to . Thus, if the prime is sufficiently large compared to the length of strings hashed, the family is very close to universal (in statistical distance).
Other universal families of hash functions used to hash unknown-length strings to fixed-length hash values include the Rabin fingerprint and the Buzhash.
Avoiding modular arithmetic
To mitigate the computational penalty of modular arithmetic, three tricks are used in practice:
One chooses the prime to be close to a power of two, such as a Mersenne prime. This allows arithmetic modulo to be implemented without division (using faster operations like addition and shifts). For instance, on modern architectures one can work with , while 's are 32-bit values.
One can apply vector hashing to blocks. For instance, one applies vector hashing to each 16-word block of the string, and applies string hashing to the results. Since the slower string hashing is applied on a substantially smaller vector, this will essentially be as fast as vector hashing.
One chooses a power-of-two as the divisor, allowing arithmetic modulo to be implemented without division (using faster operations of bit masking). The NH hash-function family takes this approach.
See also
K-independent hashing
Rolling hashing
Tabulation hashing
Min-wise independence
Universal one-way hash function
Low-discrepancy sequence
Perfect hashing
References
Further reading
External links
Open Data Structures - Section 5.1.1 - Multiplicative Hashing, Pat Morin
Cryptographic hash functions
Hashing
Search algorithms
Computational complexity theory |
4024667 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abir%20Muhaisen | Abir Muhaisen | Abir Muhaisen (; born 1973) was adopted by King Hussein of Jordan and his third wife, Queen Alia, after Muhaisen's biological mother was killed by a plane crash at a Palestinian refugee camp in Amman, Jordan in 1976.
Muhaisen was educated in the United States. She briefly attended Garrison Forest School, a boarding school in Maryland, before graduating from Oldfields School in Glencoe, Maryland in 1991. She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Elementary Education from American University, and a Master of Arts in Sports Management and Physical Education from Virginia Commonwealth University.
References
Queen Noor (2003) Leap of Faith: Memoirs of an Unexpected Life, Miramax Books,
1973 births
Living people
Jordanian adoptees
American University alumni
Virginia Commonwealth University alumni
Daughters of kings |
4024670 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gararish | Gararish | Gararish is a designated tribal area within the Northern wilayat (state) of Sudan, to the south of the state's capital, Dongola and on the right bank of the River Nile. The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica describes the Gararish as a semi-nomadic, semi-agricultural tribe "of Semitic origin" and gives their location as further north, between Wadi Halfa and Merawi.
References
Earthsearch location information
Geography of Sudan |
4024671 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILA%20Berlin%20Air%20Show | ILA Berlin Air Show | The ILA Berlin Air Show (German: Internationale Luft- und Raumfahrtausstellung (ILA)) combines a major trade exhibition for the aerospace and defence industries with a public airshow.
It is held every even year at the new Berlin ExpoCenter Airport next to the Berlin Brandenburg Airport in Schönefeld, Brandenburg 18 km southeast of Berlin, Germany. The most recent ILA Berlin Air Show was held in June 2022.
Established in 1909, it claims to be world's oldest air show, and it is among the largest and most important aerospace trade fairs today. According to the organisers Messe Berlin GmbH, in 2012 the Berlin Air Show attracted 125,000 professional visitors and 105,000 members of the general public, with 3,600 journalists from 65 countries also attending.
The format is similar to the Paris Air Show in France and the Farnborough International Airshow in Britain, the other major events in the European air show calendar. The Berlin event starts with two professional days closed to the general public, and then on Friday, Saturday and Sunday the public are allowed in.
The main display sections in 2022 included commercial air transport, space, military aviation, helicopters and both civil and military unmanned aircraft systems, also known as UAVs.
History
It was first held in Frankfurt am Main in 1909, and as such can lay claim to being the oldest aviation show in the world. After the first ILA, following the idea of the aircraft constructor August Euler, numerous flying clubs combined to form the German Pilots' Association in April 1910. Shortly after, the Association of German Aircraft Makers was founded in Frankfurt/Main, establishing close ties between the ILA and the future Federal Association of the Aerospace Industry (BDLI), an organisation that exists today.
Before the First World War, the ILA was held in Berlin (1912 and later on in 1928). When Germany regained air sovereignty after the Second World War, the foundations were laid in 1955 for an "International Show for Travel by Air", which in 1957 took place at Langenhagen Airport as part of the Hanover Trade Fair, the first in a run of ILA shows in Hanover that was to last over 30 years.
Known initially as the German Aviation Show, the fair was increasingly attracting participants from abroad, and in 1978 the symbolic three letters ILA from 1909 were revived. In 1992, the far-reaching political and economic changes which had taken place in Europe since the fall of the Berlin Wall opened the way for the ILA to return to Berlin. The ILA's main display sections include commercial aviation, aerospace, military aviation and military technology, equipment and engines, and general aviation and helicopters.
Location
The new multi-purpose exhibition area, called Berlin ExpoCenter Airport adjacent to the Berlin Brandenburg Airport (BER) was finished in time for ILA 2012. The main section of the grounds cover approximately 250,000 square metres.
The site is situated southeast of Germany's capital city Berlin.
ILA 2002
ILA 2004
ILA 2006
All previous attendance records had been broken at ILA2006. More than 250,000 visitors (2004: 201,500, +25%) were recorded at the ILA2006 between 16 and 21 May, including 115,000 trade visitors (2004: 105,000). Events on the southern section of Berlin-Schönefeld airport were dominated by the signing of sales contracts and joint venture agreements worth billions, a display featuring some 340 aircraft, many of them making their first public appearance, and the largest number of delegations and conferences ever. 1,014 exhibitors from 42 countries (2004: 987 from 42 countries) presented products, systems and processes from every area of the aerospace industry. Several thousand experts from all over Europe and from overseas attended the more than 90 accompanying conferences in search of information. Some 4,100 media representatives from 70 countries provided comprehensive coverage of the main technical themes and the attractions for the public at the ILA2006.
ILA 2006 emphasised the importance of this sector for Germany in its role as a centre for the aerospace industry. Hans-Joachim Gante, Chief Executive of the BDLI, stated: "We have become one of the few sectors with sustainable growth in Germany, due above all to our innovative strengths." This was clearly demonstrated at the ILA2006, which is acquiring an increasingly international dimension, thereby strengthening its role as one of the world's major meeting places for the industry. This was an ideal opportunity for the German aerospace industry to demonstrate that it is among the world leaders." Exhibitors expressed their satisfaction with the discussions and contacts and with the business deals that were finalised at this event. "In particular the decision to make Russia the partner country proved highly effective. Russia was very strongly represented and was able to establish numerous contacts and business links."
At the close of the event Stefan Grave, Project Director for Messe Berlin GmbH, summed up: "The ILA2006 underlined its major importance as a European marketing platform for this sector as well as again demonstrating its many attractions for the public. Trade visitors and the general public alike were fascinated by the high-tech products on display. Unprecedented numbers of people attended to see the Airbus A380, an outstanding international flying display and the Space Hall.
Many high-ranking delegations attended, especially during the three Trade Visitors’ Days. In addition to the Federal Minister of Economics Michael Glos, the ILA 2006 also received visits from the Defence Minister Franz-Josef Jung, Minister of the Interior Wolfgang Schäuble, Transport Minister Wolfgang Tiefensee, the Minister at the Chancellor's Office Dr. Thomas de Maizière and the heads of the regional governments in Brandenburg and Berlin, Matthias Platzeck and Klaus Wowereit. Germany's armed forces, the Bundeswehr, were very strongly represented: the Chief of the Armed Forces Wolfgang Schneiderhan attended the ILA 2006, as did the Chiefs of Staff of the Air Force and Army, Klaus-Peter Stieglitz and Hans-Otto Budde. A number of ministers from other countries also visited this event, accompanied by high-ranking delegations, thereby underlining the international importance of the ILA 2006. Among them were, from the partner country Russia, the Minister of Emergency Situations Sergei Shoigu, the Minister of Defence of the Netherlands, Henk Kamp, the Greek Defence Minister Vangelis Meimarakis, the French Transport Minister Dominique Perben, the Slovenian Defence Minister Karl Erjavec, the Albanian Defence Minister Fatmir Mediu and the Ukrainian Industry Minister Volodymyr Shandra. In addition 70 parliamentarians from 17 European countries were welcomed at the ILA2006.
The ILA2006 was organised jointly by the association representing the German aerospace industry, Bundesverband der Deutschen Luft- und Raumfahrtindustrie (BDLI) e.V., Berlin, and by Messe Berlin GmbH.
ILA 2008
ILA 2008 was held between 27 May and 1 June 2008 on the southern section of Berlin-Schönefeld Airport, which has been designated as the future Berlin Brandenburg International Airport (BBI). Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel attended the opening ceremony and welcomed international guests, among which a special place was dedicated to Indian operators, as India was chosen as 2008 edition's partner country. Special events were planned as part of 60th Anniversary of the Berlin Airlift celebration. UK and US veterans from the cold war age Berlin airlift were invited as ILA's special guests.
Other guests were the US Air Force with a B-1B Lancer, the Poland Air Force and the Slovak Air Force with MiG-29 Fulcrum, Airbus with the A380 and the Patrouille Suisse.
ILA 2010
At ILA Berlin Air Show 2010 1,153 exhibitors from 47 countries presented their products and services to 235,000 visitors, of whom 125,000 were trade visitors. Around 300 aircraft were on display at the trade show. During the ILA 2010, Airbus alone received orders worth 15,3 billion US-Dollars, among them the then-biggest order in civil aviation history on 32 additional Airbus A380 by Emirates.
ILA 2012
The ILA Berlin Air Show in 2012 was held at an exhibition ground next to the newly built Berlin Brandenburg Airport (BER) in Schönefeld, Germany. Poland was chosen as 2012's partner country of the ILA Berlin Air Show.
See also
List of air shows
References
External links
ILA Berlin Air Show
Berlin Brandenburg Airport (BER)
Berlin.de
Air shows
Recurring events established in 1909
Trade fairs in Germany
Tourist attractions in Berlin |
4024672 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Gottfried | Brian Gottfried | Brian Edward Gottfried (born January 27, 1952) is a retired American tennis player who won 25 singles titles and 54 doubles titles during his professional career. He was the runner-up in singles at the 1977 French Open, won the 1975 and 1977 French Open Doubles as well as the 1976 Wimbledon Doubles. He achieved a career-high singles ranking on the ATP tour on June 19, 1977, when he became world No. 3, and a career-high doubles ranking on December 12, 1976, when he became No. 2 .
Tennis career
Junior and college
Gottfried was born in Baltimore, Maryland, and is Jewish. He began playing tennis at the age of 5, after receiving a racquet as a gift. In all, Gottfried won 14 national junior titles. As a teen Gottfried attended Baylor School in Chattanooga, Tennessee, and Piper High School in Sunrise, Florida. In 1970, as a freshman at Trinity University in Texas, he won the USTA boys 18s singles championship, as well as the doubles championship with Alexander Mayer. He was an All-American in 1971 and 1972.
Professional career
Gottfried began his professional tennis career in 1972. He won five tournaments in 1977 and was runner-up at the French Open. Newsweek described him as the "best male tennis player in the world at the moment" in April 1977, while World Tennis and Tennis Magazine ranked him as No. 4 in their 1977's year-end rankings. He won the Italian Open doubles championship in four consecutive years (1974–77). He won the men's doubles at the French Open in 1975 and 1977. In 1976, he won the men's doubles title at Wimbledon. He ended his career tied for 22nd in open era singles titles leaders, and tied for 12th in doubles.
Arthur Ashe liked to recall how Gottfried missed his daily practice session to get married, but atoned by doubling his practice time the next day.
Gottfried retired as the player with the greatest number of tour match victories among players who had never won a grand slam. He held this record for 32 years, eventually being succeeded by David Ferrer. He was also second to Ferrer for most titles by a player who never won a major.
Grand Slam finals
Singles: 1 (1 runner-up)
Doubles: 7 (3 titles, 4 runners-up)
Grand Slam tournament performance timeline
Singles
Grand Prix, WCT, and Grand Slam finals
Singles: 51 (25 titles, 26 runner-ups)
Doubles (54 titles, 41 runner-ups)
Davis Cup
Gottfried was 7–7 in Davis Cup play for the US between 1975 and 1982 and won it twice (in 1978 and 1982).
Halls of Fame & awards
Gottfried won the 1974 and 1975 ATP Doubles Team of the Year Award with partner Raúl Ramírez.
He won the 1976 ATP Most Improved Player Award.
He won the ATP Sportsmanship award in 1984.
Gottfried was inducted into the Intercollegiate Tennis Association's Intercollegiate Tennis Hall of Fame in 1990.
Gottfried, who is Jewish, was inducted into the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 1999.
Life after playing career
Gottfried now lives in Sarasota, Florida. In 2007 Gottfried joined the coaching staff at the Harold Solomon Tennis Institute in Fort Lauderdale.
In 2010, Gottfried coached with the Bollettieri Tennis Program at the IMG Academy in Bradenton, Florida.
He was elected to the ATP Player Council in 2012 as an alumni representative.
In 2015, he joined the coaching staff at the Bolles School
His younger brother, Larry was also a tennis player.
See also
List of select Jewish tennis players
References
External links
American male tennis players
French Open champions
Jewish American sportspeople
Jewish tennis players
Sportspeople from Baltimore
People from Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida
Tennis people from Maryland
Trinity Tigers men's tennis players
Wimbledon champions
American people of German-Jewish descent
1952 births
Living people
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles
Piper High School (Florida) alumni
21st-century American Jews |
4024678 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Last%20Great%20Challenge%20in%20a%20Dull%20World | The Last Great Challenge in a Dull World | The Last Great Challenge in a Dull World is a 1990 album by New Zealand pianist Peter Jefferies. It was originally released on the Xpressway label, and reissued in 1992 and 1995 by Ajax Records. The reissue was remastered by Jefferies, and also contained tracks from the "Fate of the Human Carbine" 7", which he recorded with guitarist Robbie Muir. "The Fate of the Human Carbine" was later covered by American singer-songwriter Cat Power on her 1996 album What Would the Community Think. In 2013, the album was re-issued through De Stijl and included "The Fate of the Human Carbine"/"Catapult" 7-inch single with the vinyl edition.
Accolades
Track listing
Personnel
Musicians
Kathy Bull – bass guitar on "Chain or Reaction"
Peter Jefferies – vocals, piano, drums, percussion, production, mixing, mastering, engineering
David Mitchell – guitar on "Chain or Reaction", "The Last Great Challenge in a Dull World" and "The Other Side of Reason"
Michael Morley – backwards vocals on "The House of Weariness"
Bruce Russell – guitar on "Guided Tour of a Well Known Street", "The House of Weariness" and "Cold View", vocals on "The House of Weariness"
Robbie Yeats – drums on "Guided Tour of a Well Known Street"
Production and additional personnel
Alastair Galbraith – mixing, guitar on "While I've Been Waiting", violin on "Listening In"
Stephen Kilroy – mixing on "The Fate of the Human Carbine" and "Catapult"
Barry McConnachie – mastering
Robbie Muir – guitar and mixing on "The Fate of the Human Carbine" and "Catapult"
Nigel Taylor – mixing, percussion on "Domestica", piano on "The House of Weariness"
References
External links
1990 albums
Peter Jefferies albums |
4024681 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington%20Airport%20%28Delaware%29 | Wilmington Airport (Delaware) | Wilmington Airport (commonly known as New Castle Airport, New Castle County Airport, Wilmington-New Castle Airport, or to a lesser extent Wilmington/Philadelphia Regional Airport and formerly Greater Wilmington Airport) is an airport located in unincorporated New Castle County, Delaware, near Wilmington, Delaware. Owned by New Castle County and operated under contract by the Delaware River and Bay Authority, it is five miles (8 km) south of Wilmington and about 30 miles (50 km) from Philadelphia. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, in which it is categorized as a non-hub primary commercial service facility.
Federal Aviation Administration records say the airport had 642 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2011 and 1,064 passenger boardings in 2012. Thanks to the inauguration of service by Frontier Airlines, 2013 enplanements increased to 52,456, though Frontier ceased its Delaware service in 2015. Frontier resumed service to Wilmington in February 2021 however effective Monday, June 6, 2022, it would be discontinuing service to and from Wilmington-New Castle Airport (ILG).
History
The airport opened before World War II, named the Wilmington Airport and the Greater Wilmington Airport. The facility was taken over by the United States Army Air Forces during the war. Under USAAF control, the airport became New Castle Army Air Base. Its mission was to facilitate the movement of aircraft to the British and other Allies. Members of the historic Women Air Service Pilots (WASP) served as test and ferry pilots and towed targets for student gunners. There is a statue today at the airport that honors the women of the WASP that served their country in the time of need.
After the war ended, control of the airport was returned to civil authorities. A joint-use agreement was made between the United States Air Force and New Castle County authorities for a portion of the airport being retained for an Air National Guard Base. Trans World Airlines (TWA) operated a large overhaul base for its overseas planes at the airport until 1957 when the airline moved it to the Kansas City Overhaul Base which became the basis for today's Kansas City International Airport.
Delaware's first airline flights were operated by TWA and American Airlines at Wilmington in late 1947.
By 1967, Eastern Airlines was operating Douglas DC-9 jet service into the airport with nonstops to New York Newark Airport, Philadelphia Airport, and Washington D.C. National Airport as well as direct flights to Atlanta and Charlotte.
Allegheny Airlines also served Wilmington. In 1968, AL had four daily departures using their F-27s nonstop to Philadelphia, Washington's National Airport, Atlantic City, and Trenton. In 1969, Allegheny no longer flew F-27s and changed the four departures to Convair 580 prop-jets with two to DCA, one to PHL, and one to ACY.
United Airlines, while on a campaign to serve all 50 states, began service to Wilmington in 1984 with one-stop jet flights to Chicago. Service continued through 1987.
Famed aviator, Charles Lindbergh made a trip from Atlantic City, New Jersey to Wilmington, Delaware on October 21st, 1927 as part of his triumphant tour of America after his solo trip across the Atlantic Ocean.
1990s to present
During five periods since 1990, Delaware has been the only U.S. state without any scheduled airline flights: from 1993 through 1998, again from 2000 to 2006, from April 2008 until June 30, 2013, between April 2015 and February 2021, and from June 2022 to present.
USAir Express carrier Crown Airways provided scheduled service to Parkersburg, West Virginia, briefly beginning in 1992 before its sale to Mesa Airlines in 1994..
In the late 1990s, the county leased the debt-stricken airport to the bi-state Delaware River and Bay Authority (DRBA), operators of the Delaware Memorial Bridge, on a thirty-year lease with the provision that the DRBA may seek up to two additional thirty-year leases. Since taking over operations, the DRBA made the airport profitable, upgraded many aging buildings, and built numerous new buildings and facilities on the property.
Shuttle America offered scheduled flights out of Wilmington from the airline's founding in November 1998 until February 2000. They flew to Hartford, Buffalo, and Norfolk with 50-seat de Havilland Canada DHC-8 Dash 8-300 turboprops. Shuttle America would eventually discontinue its independent operations and become a commuter affiliate of United Express and Delta Connection.
On June 29, 2006, a Delta Air Lines regional airline affiliate began flights from Atlanta's Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport to New Castle Airport, the first airline service in six years. Delta Connection carrier Atlantic Southeast Airlines flew 50-seat Canadair CRJ regional jets on two daily roundtrip flights. Delta Air Lines ended the Wilmington flights on September 6, 2007, leaving Delaware without any airline service.
On March 8, 2008, Skybus Airlines began Airbus A319 jet flights from Columbus, Ohio and Greensboro, North Carolina, to Wilmington. Skybus ceased all operations effective April 4, 2008, once again leaving New Castle Airport without any airline service. As of August 4, 2010, Avis Rent a Car System, LLC, Budget Rent A Car System, Inc., and Cafe Bama were the only tenants in the Main Terminal.
On July 1, 2013, Frontier began their Airbus A320 jet service at Wilmington, initially with flights to Denver, Chicago-Midway Houston-Hobby, Orlando, and Tampa. On June 26, 2013, Frontier announced nonstop jet service to Fort Myers would begin November 16. In June 2015, Frontier Airlines announced that it was ending all service from Wilmington because it was not a profitable operation. Service had actually stopped in April 2015, but at that time, Frontier claimed it was just a seasonal suspension of service.
On January 24, 2020, it was announced that Frontier Airlines has decided to restart service out of Wilmington. The start date was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontier Airlines service between Wilmington and Orlando restarted on February 11, 2021, but ended on June 6, 2022.
The airport is used by President Joe Biden when he travels home from Washington, D.C.
Facilities
The airport covers 1,250 acres (506 ha) at an elevation of 80 feet (24 m). It has three asphalt runways: 9/27 is 7,275 by 150 feet (2,217 x 46 m); 1/19 is 7,012 by 150 feet (2,137 x 46 m); 14/32 is 4,602 by 150 feet (1,403 x 46 m).
In the year ending November 30, 2019, the airport had 48,024 aircraft operations, average 131 per day: 82% general aviation, 11% military, 7% air taxi, and <1% airline. 219 aircraft were then based at the airport: 94 single-engine, 74 jet, 26 multi-engine, 20 military, and 5 helicopter.
ARFF is supported via Delaware Air National Guard Fire Department Station 33.
See also
List of airports in Delaware
References
External links
Official sites: FlyWilmILG.com and NewCastleAirportILG.com
at Delaware DOT website
Fixed-base operators (FBOs): Hawker Beechcraft Services, Aero-Taxi, AeroWays, Dassault Aircraft Services, Atlantic Aviation
Aerial image as of March 1992 from USGS The National Map
Airports in Delaware
Delaware River and Bay Authority facilities
Transportation buildings and structures in New Castle County, Delaware
Wilmington, Delaware |
4024683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjeewa%20Weerasinghe | Sanjeewa Weerasinghe | Colombage Don Udesh Sanjeewa Weerasinghe (born March 1, 1968 in Colombo), or Sanjeewa Weerasinghe, is a Sri Lankan Australian former cricketer who played in one Test in 1985.
He was picked up in Sri Lanka test squad as a schoolboy cricketer. He made his test debut against India at the P. Sara Oval in September 1985 which also historically marked Sri Lanka's first ever test win. It also remained as the first and last (only) international appearance for Sanjeewa.
Sanjeewa was educated at Isipathana College. He was the youngest test player to represent Sri Lanka at the age of 17 years and 269 days. He currently resides in Australia.
In February 2020, he was one of the Sri Lankan players to have played in a charity Bush Fire T20 match in Australia.
See also
One-Test wonder
References
1968 births
Living people
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Nondescripts Cricket Club cricketers
Sri Lankan emigrants to Australia
Alumni of Isipathana College |
4024685 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Pigott | Richard Pigott | Richard Pigott (1835—1 March 1889) was an Irish journalist, best known for his forging of evidence that Charles Stewart Parnell of the Irish Land League had been involved in the murders of senior British government representatives. Parnell successfully sued for libel and Pigott shot himself.
Journalist
Pigott was born in Ratoath, County Meath. As a young man he supported Irish nationalism and worked on the Nation and the Tablet before acting as manager of The Irishman, a newspaper founded by Denis Holland. James O'Connor later claimed Pigott embezzled funds from the paper (Holland, who had no business sense, left its affairs to Pigott) and covered his tracks by not keeping written records. Pigott also worked for the Land League, departing in 1883 after accusing its treasurer, Mr Fagan, of being unable to account for £100,000 of its funds (), and for keeping inadequate records. Nothing was done about his accusation, which was publicised in the newspapers, and he turned against the League, which was allied to several Irish nationalist groups including the Irish Parliamentary Party led by Charles Stewart Parnell.
The forgeries
In 1879 Pigott was proprietor of three newspapers, which he soon sold to the Irish Land League, of which Charles Stewart Parnell was president. Hitherto a violent Nationalist, from 1884 Pigott began to vilify his former associates and to sell information to their political opponents. In an effort to destroy Parnell's career, Pigott produced fake letters, which purported that Parnell had supported one of the Phoenix Park murders.
The Times bought Pigott's forgeries for £1,780 () and published the most damning letter on 18 April 1887. Parnell immediately denounced it as "a villainous and barefaced forgery". In February 1889, the Parnell Commission vindicated him by proving that the letters were forgeries. They included misspellings (specifically '') which Pigott had written elsewhere. A libel action instituted by Parnell also vindicated him, and his parliamentary career survived the Pigott accusations.
The Commission eventually produced 37 volumes in evidence, covering not just the forgeries but also the surrounding violence that followed from the Plan of Campaign.
After admitting his forgeries to Henry Labouchère, Pigott fled to Spain, and shot himself in a Madrid hotel room. Parnell then sued The Times for libel, and the newspaper paid him £5,000 () in an out-of-court settlement, as well as considerably more in legal fees. When Parnell next entered the House of Commons, he received a hero's reception from his fellow Members of Parliament.
Publications
References
1838 births
1889 deaths
19th-century journalists
19th-century male writers
Forgers
Irish journalists
Irish newspaper editors
Male journalists
People from County Meath
Suicides by firearm in Spain
1880s suicides
19th-century Irish businesspeople |
4024686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiner%20Zieschang | Heiner Zieschang | Heiner Zieschang (12 November 1936 in Kiel – 5 April 2004 in Bochum) was a German mathematician. He was a professor at Ruhr University in Bochum from 1968 till 2002. He was a topologist. In 1996 he was an honorary doctor of University of Toulouse and in 1997 he was an honorary professor of Moscow State University.
Literature
Heiner Zieschang: Flächen und ebene diskontinuierliche Gruppen. Berlin 1970,
Heiner Zieschang: On decompositions of discontinuous groups of the plane. Math. Zeit. 151 (1976), 165-188
Heiner Zieschang; Elmar Vogt; Hans-Dieter Coldewey: Surfaces and planar discontinuous groups, Berlin 1980
Heiner Zieschang: Finite groups of mapping classes of surfaces. Berlin 1981,
Gerhard Burde; Heiner Zieschang: Knots, Berlin [u.a.] 1985 ;
Ralph Stöcker; Heiner Zischang: Algebraische Topologie. Teubner, Stuttgart 1988,
Heiner Zieschang: Lineare Algebra und Geometrie. Stuttgart 1997,
Boto v. Querenburg: Mengentheoretische Topologie. 3. Auflage. Springer, Berlin 2001,
References
External links
Ruhr-Universität trauert um Prof. Heiner Zieschang
Heiner Zieschang – his life and work
Zieschang Gedenkschrift, G&T Monograph dedicated to Heiner Zieschang
1936 births
2004 deaths
20th-century German mathematicians
21st-century German mathematicians
Scientists from Kiel
Topologists |
4024694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance%20for%20Telecommunications%20Industry%20Solutions | Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions | The Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS) is a standards organization that develops technical and operational standards and solutions for the ICT industry, headquartered in Washington, D.C. The organization is accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). It is the North American Organizational Partner for the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), a founding Partner of the oneM2M global initiative, a member of and major U.S. contributor to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), as well as a member of the Inter-American Telecommunication Commission (CITEL).
ATIS has 150 member companies, including various telecommunications service providers, equipment manufacturers, and vendors. The organization encompasses numerous industry committees and fora, which discuss, evaluate, and author guidelines concerning such topics as 5G, cybersecurity, network reliability, technological interoperability, emergency services, billing, M2M, the all IP transition, and network function virtualization.
References
Standards organizations in the United States
Telecommunications organizations
Telecommunication industry |
4024695 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20use%2C%20land-use%20change%2C%20and%20forestry | Land use, land-use change, and forestry | Land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF), also referred to as Forestry and other land use (FOLU), is defined by the United Nations Climate Change Secretariat as a "greenhouse gas inventory sector that covers emissions and removals of greenhouse gases resulting from direct human-induced land use such as settlements and commercial uses, land-use change, and forestry activities."
LULUCF has impacts on the global carbon cycle and as such, these activities can add or remove carbon dioxide (or, more generally, carbon) from the atmosphere, influencing climate. LULUCF has been the subject of two major reports by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), but is difficult to measure. Additionally, land use is of critical importance for biodiversity.
Climate impacts
Land-use change can be a factor in CO2 (carbon dioxide) atmospheric concentration, and is thus a contributor to global climate change. IPCC estimates that land-use change (e.g. conversion of forest into agricultural land) contributes a net 1.6 ± 0.8 Gt carbon per year to the atmosphere. For comparison, the major source of CO2, namely emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production, amount to 6.3 ± 0.6 Gt carbon per year.
In 2021 the Global Carbon Project estimated annual land-use change emissions were 4.1 ± 2.6 Gt CO2 (CO2 not carbon: 1 Gt carbon = 3.67 Gt CO2 ) for 2011-2020.
This decision sets out the rules that govern how Kyoto Parties with emission reduction commitments (so-called Annex 1 Parties) account for changes in carbon stocks in land use, land-use change and forestry. It is mandatory for Annex 1 Parties to account for changes in carbons stocks resulting from deforestation, reforestation and afforestation (B Article 3.3) and voluntary to account for emissions from forest management, cropland management, grazing land management and revegetation (B. Article 3.4).
The land-use sector is critical to achieving the aim of the Paris Agreement to limit global warming to .
The impact of land-use change on the climate is also more and more recognized by the climate modeling community. On regional or local scales, the impact of LUC can be assessed by Regional climate models (RCMs). This is however difficult, particularly for variables, which are inherently noisy, such as precipitation. For this reason, it is suggested to conduct RCM ensemble simulations.
Extents and mapping
A 2021 study estimated, with higher resolution data, that land-use change has affected 17 % of land in 1960-2019, or when considering multiple change events 32 %, "around four times" previous estimates. They also investigate its drivers, identifying global trade affecting agriculture as a main driver.
Forest modeling
Traditionally, earth system modeling has been used to analyze forests for climate projections. However, in recent years there has been a shift away from this modeling towards more of mitigation and adaptation projections. These projections can give researchers a better understanding of what future forest management practices should be employed. Furthermore, this new approach to modeling also allows for land management practices to be analyzed in the model. Such land management practices can be: forest harvest, tree species selection, grazing, and crop harvest. These land management practices are implemented to understand their biophysical and biogeochemical effects on the forest. However, there is a major lack of available data for these practices currently, so there needs to be further monitoring and data collecting to help improve the accuracy of the models.
See also
Agricultural expansion
Deforestation and climate change
Land use
Satoyama
Special Report on Climate Change and Land
References
External links
Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) at UNFCCC
IPCC Special Report on Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry
Biodiversity
Climate change and the environment
Environmental issues with forests
Land use |
4024697 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roshan%20Jurangpathy | Roshan Jurangpathy | Baba Roshan Jurangpathy (born 25 June 1967) is a Sri Lankan former Test cricketer. He played his debut Test against India in 1985 at Asgiriya Stadium. India's Mohinder Amarnath was his only Test wicket. He played in only two Test matches, and finished his career with a batting average of 0.25.
References
External links
1967 births
Colombo Cricket Club cricketers
Living people
Sri Lankan cricketers
Sri Lankan Malays
Sri Lanka Test cricketers |
4024698 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank%20Pfister | Hank Pfister | Hank Pfister (born October 9, 1953) is a former tennis player from the United States, who won two singles titles (1981, Maui and 1982, Newport) during his professional career. The right-hander reached his highest individual ranking on the ATP Tour on May 2, 1983, when he became World No. 19.
Being tall of stature, sturdy of build and possessing a very fast serve, his style was highlighted by use of the serve and volley game.
Career finals
Doubles (11 wins, 16 losses)
Singles (2 wins)
External links
1953 births
Living people
American people of German descent
American male tennis players
French Open champions
Sportspeople from Bakersfield, California
San Jose State Spartans men's tennis players
Tennis people from California
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles
Pan American Games medalists in tennis
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Tennis players at the 1975 Pan American Games |
4024701 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayananda%20Warnaweera | Jayananda Warnaweera | Kahakatchchi Patabandige Jayananda Warnaweera (born 23 November 1960) is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in 10 Test matches and six One Day Internationals from 1986 to 1994.
Cricket career
Warnaweera made his international debut in Pakistan's 1986 tour of Sri Lanka, playing in the first test at Kandy. His first and only wicket was Ramiz Raja, as he finished with 1/26 in Pakistan's sole innings. The 1990 domestic first class season was a particularly good one for Warnaweera; playing for Galle, he led the wicket-taking tables with 71 - 28 more than any other bowler - in the Lakspray Trophy, at an average of just 13.47 each. He also achieved his career best figures in first class cricket during the course of this season, with 13/147 in the match against Burgher Recreation Club, and 7/16 in the second innings of the match against Air Force.
Following his leading performance in domestic cricket in 1990, his second test appearance came in November 1990, when he was part of the Sri Lankan side which travelled to India. In the only test, he bowled a marathon 46 overs in India's innings, taking 3/90 with no fewer than 17 maidens. Later the same season, he was part of the Sri Lankan side for the first test against New Zealand, but was unsuccessful, finishing with match figures of 0/89, and did not play in the other two tests. He was recalled to the side later that year, playing both test matches in New Zealand's tour of Sri Lanka, and was the series' leading wicket taker, with 9 at an average of 23.22 each. He took 8 wickets in England's sole test in Sri Lanka in March 1993, playing a significant role in Sri Lanka's victory.
He played in all three test matches in the July/ August 1993 Indian tour of Sri Lanka. After the first test was washed out, he took 6/248 in the other two matches, also achieving his test high score of 20 in the second test in Colombo. His final international appearance came in August 1994, against Pakistan, and took 3 wickets in the first innings, and two more in the second innings.
After retirement
Warnaweera served as the chief curator of the Galle International Cricket Stadium, until suspended for three years by the ICC for failing to cooperate with the Anti-Corruption Unit (ACU) in an investigation.
References
1960 births
Living people
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Jayananda Warnaweera
Alumni of Mahinda College
Ruhuna cricketers
Cricketers from Galle |
4024702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinny%20pig | Skinny pig | The Skinny pig or skinny is an almost hairless strain of guinea pig. Skinny pigs typically have hair on their muzzles, feet, and legs, but are hairless over the remainder of their bodies. Some of them have a thin covering of fuzzy hair on their backs as well. The Skinny pig is not one of the 13 recognized cavy breeds by the American Cavy Breeders Association. A healthy skinny has skin that is mostly smooth, with some wrinkling around the legs and neck. The body is full with no appearance of spine or ribs. Skinnies can come in a variety of skin colors and patterns, including "Dutch", "Brindle", and "Himalayan". The term "skinny" is used for hairless guinea pigs either because it colloquially refers to the exposed skin of the animal, or because it describes their thinner appearance due to their lack of hair.
The modern strain of skinny pig originated from a cross between haired guinea pigs and a hairless lab strain. The hairless strain that it is most likely related to was a spontaneous genetic mutation that was first identified at Montreal's Armand Frappier Institute in 1978, in a colony of Hartley lab guinea pigs. In 1982 they were sent to Charles River Laboratories to be bred for laboratory use and are commonly used in dermatology studies today. They are an outbred strain that has an intact thymus and standard immune system.
Unique traits
Hairless guinea pigs are not significantly different physiologically from regular haired guinea pigs, although they need to eat more to maintain body heat. The optimal temperature range for a hairless guinea pig is , which is slightly higher than the optimal temperature range for the haired guinea pig.
Their sensitive skin has very much the same appearance as human skin, but has the same needs as normal guinea pig skin. Exposed skin is vulnerable to sunburn, other injuries and fungal infections unless precautions are taken. Skinny pigs have also been found to have an increased risk of some eye diseases when compared to haired guinea pigs. Skinny pigs should be housed indoors, and they are usually kept with nesting materials such as a blanket or cloth bag for heat conservation. The breeding protocol for Skinny pigs requires outcrossing to haired carriers at least every other generation. This is an important step in the breeding process, which makes them a poor choice for novice breeders. Skinny pigs are born nearly hairless and must maintain the same level of hair through their life.
"Werewolf" is a slang term for skinny pigs with more hair than usual, extending up over the face and onto the neck and shoulders. Extremely hairy werewolf skinny pigs will have hair all the way down to their rump. Werewolves typically gain and lose fur based on hormone levels, especially hormones related to pregnancy.
The gene causing hairlessness in skinny pigs is a recessive gene, and breeding two skinny pigs together will always result in all offspring being skinny pigs. Breeding a skinny pig to a standard haired guinea pig will result in offspring that all carry one copy of the gene, but none will express hairlessness. These offspring are generally called skinny carriers. Breeding two skinny carriers together will result in averages of 25% of offspring being skinny pigs, 50% of offspring being skinny carriers and 25% of offspring being regular haired guinea pigs that do not carry the gene. Since the chance of getting a skinny pig is low, and because it is not possible to visually tell the difference between a haired guinea pig that does carry the gene and one that does not, this method of breeding is not recommended.
Haired skinny carriers remain haired their entire life and look like a normal guinea pig despite carrying the hairless gene.
There is a second type of hairless guinea pig called the Baldwin guinea pig, however its hairlessness is the result of a completely different recessive gene. Breeding a skinny pig with a Baldwin guinea pig will result in offspring that all are haired and carry one copy of the gene for skinny pig hairlessness and one copy of the gene for Baldwin hairlessness.
Even though the skinny is a relatively new breed among pet owners and cavy fanciers, it is gaining popularity in Canada, Europe, Scandinavia, and Russia as well as in the United States where it was introduced into the pet trade in the mid-to-late 1990s.
See also
Nude mouse
Naked mole rat
List of guinea pig breeds
Baldwin guinea pig
References
External links
Information about caring for skinnies, and links to additional sources at Guinea Lynx Records
Guinea pigs |
4024705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riffa%20Fort | Riffa Fort | Riffa Fort () is a fort in Riffa, Bahrain.
History
It was built during the reign of Sheikh Salman bin Ahmed Al Fateh Al Khalifa in 1812. In the 19th century the fort was a residence for Sheikh Salman bin Ahmed Al Fateh and then it was inherited by his grand children. Riffa Fort is now known as Sheikh Salman bin Ahmed Fort and offers a splendid view across the Hunanaiya valley. With Riffa being home to the seat of government until 1869, this fort is of considerable historical significance.
Sheikh Isa bin Ali Al Khalifa, who ruled Bahrain from 1869 to 1932, was born in this fort. His house in Muharraq provides a glimpse of royal life in the 19th century, complete with architecture and wall carvings belonging to that era. It is also one of the best places to feel the effects of the wind tower.
It was officially opened for visitors in 1993.
See also
List of archaeological sites in Bahrain
References
Forts in Bahrain
Archaeological sites in Bahrain
1812 establishments in Asia
Riffa |
4024712 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosala%20Kuruppuarachchi | Kosala Kuruppuarachchi | Ajith Kosala Kuruppuarachchi (born 1 November 1964, Colombo) is a Sri Lankan Australian former cricketer who played in two Tests from 1986 to 1987.
On his debut on 14 March 1986, he took five wickets in the first innings against Pakistan in Colombo, including a wicket with his third delivery. With that, Sri Lanka beat Pakistan in a Test for the first time, where Kuruppuarachchi took a major part in both bat and ball.
International record
Test 5 Wicket hauls
References
Sources
Hook, R. (1987) "Sri Lanka Profiles", Australian Cricket 1987-88 Guide, ed. Mengel, N.
1964 births
Living people
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Nondescripts Cricket Club cricketers
Cricketers who have taken five wickets on Test debut
Sri Lankan emigrants to Australia |
4024713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDM-to-packet%20conversion | TDM-to-packet conversion | TDM-to-packet conversion is the process of converting a digital signal in TDM format (typically a 64 Kbit/second signal encoded with mu-law or A-law compression) into packets (typically RTP packets) for carrying over a packet network such as the Internet.
The conversion process may include recoding with a different codec, silence suppression, comfort noise generation and other tricks that can decrease the bandwidth requirement or improve the perceived voice quality of the result.
Note that this is a conversion of the signal, not a tunnelling, unlike TDM over IP, which aims at transporting a TDM signal unchanged across an IP network.
See also Voice over IP.
References
PCMag encyclopedia of IT terms
TDM to packet conversion on STM-1 level
Multiplexing |
4024714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Anurasiri | Don Anurasiri | Sangarange Don Anurasiri (born 25 February 1966, Panadura) is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in 18 Tests and 45 ODIs from 1986 to 1998. He was a left-arm orthodox spinner who spent his career in and out of the national side. Post-retirement, he spent many years as a member of Sri Lanka's national cricket selection committee.
International career
He made his Test debut aged just 20 in a match against Pakistan at Colombo on 14 March 1986. He only bowled four overs in the Test as Sri Lanka caused an upset with an eight-wicket victory. He never took a five wicket haul in his 18 Tests but was often successful for Sri Lanka in containing batsman especially on unresponsive wickets. His best series came against the touring Australians in 1992-93 when he took 10 wickets.
After some conflict with the Sri Lankan Cricket Board in 1994 it seemed that his international career was over but he made a comeback in 1997-98 against Zimbabwe. He partnered Muttiah Muralitharan and took 3 for 65 and 1 for 41 in a winning cause. Three first class games later he ended his cricket career.
References
External links
Sri Lankan cricketers
1966 births
Living people
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Cricketers at the 1987 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 1992 Cricket World Cup
Basnahira South cricketers
Panadura Sports Club cricketers
People from Panadura |
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