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4022586 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita%20Recordings | Wichita Recordings | Wichita Recordings is an independent record label located in London, founded in 2000 by Mark Bowen and Dick Green. Its most notable signees include Bloc Party, The Cribs, Clap Your Hands Say Yeah, Bright Eyes, My Morning Jacket, Yeah Yeah Yeahs, Best Coast, Los Campesinos! and Peter Bjorn and John. The label signed Clap Your Hands Say Yeah for a UK distribution deal for the group's debut album. They also signed the UK producers Simian Mobile Disco for the UK.
The label's first release was the Bright Eyes album Fevers and Mirrors, released in 2000.
Wichita Management runs alongside the label, and currently represents Gold Panda, Brolin, Shannon And The Clams, Open Mike Eagle, Cloud Nothings, Dan Tombs, Luke Abbott, Frankie & The Heartstrings, Peggy Sue, Star Slinger, Dam Mantle and Theo Verney.
2015 saw Wichita Recordings celebrate 15 years as a label, and have released new music from FIDLAR, Cheatahs, Meg Baird, Frankie & The Heartstrings, Girlpool, Waxahatchee and Total Babes.
2016 releases included Globelamp's debut LP The Orange Glow, Mothers' debut LP When You Walk A Long Distance You Are Tired, and the debut from Oscar, Cut and Paste.
Current artists
Cheatahs
Cloud Nothings
Espers
Euros Childs
FIDLAR
Frankie & The Heartstrings
Girlpool
Gold Panda
Greg Weeks
Indoor Pets
Los Campesinos!
Lovvers
Meg Baird
Mothers
Oscar
Peggy Sue
Ride
Slow Club
Swearin'
Total Babes
Waxahatchee
Young Legionnaire
Former artists
Best Coast
Bloc Party
The Blood Brothers
Bright Eyes
The Bumblebeez
The Bronx
Canyon
Cate Le Bon
Conor Oberst
Brave Captain
Clap Your Hands Say Yeah
The Cribs
Desaparecidos
The Dodos
The Drips
Elastica
First Aid Kit
Giant Drag
Globelamp
Her Space Holiday
Kele
Kid606
Les Savy Fav
Lissy Trullie
My Morning Jacket
Northern State
The Pattern
Penfold Plum
Peter Bjorn and John
Peter Morén
Ruby
Saul Williams
Simian Mobile Disco
Sky Larkin
Spectrals
Those Dancing Days
Times New Viking
Wauvenfold
Weevil
Wild Flag
Yeah Yeah Yeahs
See also
:Category:Wichita Recordings albums
List of record labels
List of independent UK record labels
References
External links
Interview with founder Mark Bowen, HitQuarters September 2006
Smooth operators. The Guardian.
Wichita Recordings. Remix.
Declarations of independents. Music Week.
British independent record labels
Alternative rock record labels |
4022587 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85fjorden | Åfjorden | The Åfjorden (or sometimes just Åfjord) is a fjord in Trøndelag county, Norway. The long fjord lies inside the municipality of Åfjord. The municipal center of Åfjord, Årnes, lies at the head of the fjord. The Åfjorden flows into the Lauvøyfjorden between the village of Lysøysundet and the island of Lauvøya, and then it flows out into the ocean.
References
Åfjord
Fjords of Trøndelag |
4022590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Chain%20of%20Rocks%20Bridge | New Chain of Rocks Bridge | The New Chain of Rocks Bridge is a pair of bridges across the Mississippi River on the north edge of St. Louis, Missouri. It was constructed in 1966 to bypass the Chain of Rocks Bridge immediately to the south. It originally carried traffic for Bypass US 66 and currently carries traffic for Interstate 270. The bridge opened to traffic on September 2, 1966.
The original Chain of Rocks Bridge was a narrow bridge with a 22 degree bend midway over the river. Reportedly, two tractor-trailers could not pass each other on that bridge. The Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) marks Historic Route 66 over the New Chain of Rocks Bridge (with a "Spur historic route" to the original), but it is only considered a way to make the route continuous.
History
In 1959, proposals first surfaced of a new bridge just to the north of the existing bridge at Chain of Rocks. One of the major opponents to the proposal was Madison mayor Stephen Maeras, as his city owned the existing Chain of Rocks Bridge that was a toll bridge. The proposed 21 feet above the 1844 high-water mark also brought opponents asking the Corps of Engineers to reject the application.
The construction was riddled by various labor and political problems. A death threat to kill a construction supervisor surfaced in July 1965, and by November 1965 the contractor stopped work on the bridge due to the "many troubles". Meanwhile, as the rest of I-270 was open by then, the City of Madison continued to collect toll revenue from the old bridge, averaging $50,000 to $60,000 per month.
The state of Missouri, which was overseeing the construction project, would soon start an investigation as the project was several months behind schedule. The state decided on legal action against the City of Madison in regards to tolls on the old bridge by July 1966, and Madison suspended the tolls on August 2, 1966.
On September 2, 1966 at 1:45 PM (13:45), the bridge was opened to traffic. This moment marked the completion of I-270 in St. Louis (not counting the section that was still marked I-244), and was the first of three interstate highway bridges opened in the St. Louis area.
This opening could not come at a better time for the people in the nearby Alton area, as they were dealing a narrow bridge of their own at the time that had numerous problems and was facing another major closure due to repairs. As a result, any construction work or major accident on either bridge almost always made the Alton Telegraph (with the biggest stories making front page). In 1975, the Clark Bridge closed for major repairs for a six-month period, and traffic was detoured onto this bridge. Many locals refer to it as the I-270 Bridge, to differentiate it from the original Chain of Rocks Bridge, which still stands but is closed to vehicle traffic.
As the truck traffic from the I-70 corridor increased (I-70 thru truckers preferred the I-270 routing through St. Louis due to lower congestion and shorter distances), the Alton area used the 1975 detour as a rallying point in getting the Clark Bridge replaced. Although planning work was being done, there was no funding for that replacement. Meanwhile, the truck traffic was taking a toll on the Chain of Rocks Bridge over both the Mississippi River and Chain of Rocks Canal. Lane restrictions for expansion joint and pavement repairs on both structures was common during the 1980s and 1990s. The river bridge would soon be rated structurally deficient by 1991.
In 1993, the Mississippi River experienced major flooding during the Great Flood of 1993. North of St. Louis, all bridges from the McKinley Bridge up to the Keokuk Bridge were shut down due to flooding at one point or another. The I-270 bridge, despite having lower than normal clearance over the Mississippi River, remained open. The majority of the other bridges that were closed had flooded approaches, however, all of the approaches on I-270 were built on high ground and remained above water. This led to some of the worst traffic delays on the bridge during this time, especially during peak periods at the height of the floods.
On January 4, 1994, the Clark Bridge opened to traffic, giving the Chain of Rocks Bridge much needed relief. During the night of August 10, 1994, two pins supporting an expansion joint failed and caused a section on the Illinois end of the bridge to sink nearly 4 inches, causing 3 of the 4 lanes to close for emergency repairs. For the remainder of that month, various lanes would close due to emergency repairs and inspections and news regarding the emergency repairs frequently made headlines in the Alton Telegraph.
From June 1996 through December 1998, IDOT conducted a major bridge resurfacing project on both the river and canal bridges, with various expansion joints being replaced during this time. IDOT put an 8-6 width and legal weight restriction on the bridge, which forced the majority of trucks to take alternate routes during this time. Traffic would often clog during Friday afternoons while the construction went on. The weight and width restrictions would be lifted after the project concluded.
As traffic demands continue to increase, the lack of shoulders on both the canal and river bridges is starting to prove a safety hazard. The canal bridge would receive a functionally obsolete rating. In addition, with the bridge still being at 4 lanes of traffic, any issue that occurs can cause big problems. On December 8, 2010, a major tractor-trailer accident would close the bridge for 10 hours and paralyze traffic in the Metro-East during the morning peak periods.
Notes
Until 1994, locals heavily used this crossing due to the constant problems of the Old Clark Bridge.
On August 10, 1994, a broken beam caused the closure of 3 of the 4 lanes on the bridge for a few days. The lanes were reopened on August 14, 1994.
In the near future, IDOT wants to replace this span as a part of widening I-270 from 4 lanes to 6 lanes from I-255 to Lilac.
The nearby Canal Bridges were replaced in the middle of 2014 after a nearly three-year-long construction project. The green truss bridges were imploded in phases on January 20, February 3, and February 19, 2015.
The I-70 Corridor of the Future by FHWA is favoring the I-270 corridor in St. Louis, which includes this bridge.
See also
List of crossings of the Upper Mississippi River
References
External links
1965 Construction Picture
John Weeks site
I-270 Chain of Rocks Complex
Bridges over the Mississippi River
Road bridges in Illinois
Bridges completed in 1966
Bridges in Greater St. Louis
Bridges on the Interstate Highway System
Bridges on U.S. Route 66
Metro East
Bridges in St. Louis
Road bridges in Missouri
Interstate 70
Girder bridges in the United States
Bridges in Madison County, Illinois
1966 establishments in Missouri
1966 establishments in Illinois
Interstate vehicle bridges in the United States |
4022593 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion%20Picture%20Funnies%20Weekly | Motion Picture Funnies Weekly | Motion Picture Funnies Weekly is a 36-page American comic book created in 1939, and designed to be a promotional giveaway in movie theaters. While the idea proved unsuccessful, and only a handful of sample copies of issue #1 were printed, the periodical is historically important for introducing the enduring Marvel Comics character Namor the Sub-Mariner, created by writer-artist Bill Everett.
Production history
Motion Picture Funnies Weekly was produced by First Funnies, Inc., one of the 1930s–1940s Golden Age of comic books "packagers" that would create outsourced comics on demand for publishers. The company, founded by Centaur Publications art director Lloyd Jacquet and later named Funnies Inc., planned to be a publisher itself, with Motion Picture Funnies Weekly as its initial product. While the postal indicia gives the publisher as First Funnies, Inc., the back cover, a house ad, directs interested parties to contact Funnies, Inc.
The comic, with black-and-white pages and a color cover and designed to be distributed to children in movie theaters, was never published, although samples were printed to show theater-owners. Either eight or nine samples exist (sources differ). All but one were discovered at the late Jacquet's estate sale in 1974. One sample, dubbed the "Pay Copy", contains written payment information for the various creators who contributed to the comic. Additionally, proof sheets were found there for the covers of issues #2–4.
The discovery of the hitherto forgotten Motion Picture Funnies Weekly rewrote an early part of the history of comics, and caused a sensation at the time. Marvel Comics, in 1978, describing the creation of its superhero the Sub-Mariner, wrote:
The "Comic Books on Microfiche" collection of the University of Tulsa's McFarlin Library lists Centaur Publications' Amazing Man Comics #5 (Sept. 1939), the premiere issue, as continuing the numbering of Motion Picture Funnies Weekly, but this is unconfirmed.
No copy was filed with the Library of Congress.
Contents
The first issue included Bill Everett's original eight-page Sub-Mariner origin story, which was expanded by four pages when it eventually saw print in Marvel Comics #1 (Oct. 1939) – the first publication of Marvel Comics' Golden Age predecessor, Timely Comics, the contents for which were supplied by Funnies, Inc. The final panel on page 8 contained a box reading "Continued Next Week", as well as a notation indicating an April 1939 date for the art. The box remained, sans words and colored in, when reprinted as part of the 12-page story in Marvel Comics #1 (Oct. 1939), and reprinted as the original eight-page story in Marvel's The Invaders #20 (Sept. 1977). As historian Les Daniels writes,
Another Timely character that debuted in Motion Picture Funnies Weekly was writer-artist Paul J. Lauretta's aviator hero the American Ace, whose origin eventually appeared in two six-page stories in Marvel Mystery Comics #2–3 (Dec. 1939 – Jan. 1940), following the renaming of Marvel Comics after issue #1.
Additional features in Motion Picture Funnies Weekly #1 were "Spy Ring", starring a masked, non-costumed crimefighter, the Wasp, drawn and likely written by Arthur Pinajian under the pseudonym Jay Fletcher and reprinted as the feature "The Wasp" and the story titled "The Spy Ring Case" in Silver Streak Comics #1 (Dec. 1939); "Kar Toon and his Copy Cat" by Martin Filchok, and an activity page, "Fun-o-graphs," by Vernon Miller, both reprinted in Pelican Publications' Green Giant Comics #1 (1940); and "Jolly the Newsie" by George Peter.
Cartoonist Fred Schwab drew the cover. Another cartoonist, Martin Filchock, drew the covers of #2 and #4, and Max Neill the cover of #3, with each of these latter covers signed by the artist.
Notes
References
External links
Martin Filchock (Phil Chalk, Martin Chock, Frank Filchock) at the Lambiek Comiclopedia. Archived from the original November 8, 2011
Comics magazines published in the United States
1939 comics debuts
1939 comics endings
Humor comics
Golden Age comics titles |
4022594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme%20Allied%20Commander%20Atlantic | Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic | The Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic (SACLANT) was one of two supreme commanders of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), the other being the Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR). The SACLANT led Allied Command Atlantic was based at Norfolk, Virginia. The entire command was routinely referred to as 'SACLANT'.
In 1981 SACLANT's wartime task was listed as being to provide for the security of the area by guarding sea lanes to deny their use to an enemy and to safeguard them for the reinforcement and resupply of NATO Europe with personnel and materiel.
The command's area of responsibility extended from the North Pole to the Tropic of Cancer as well as extending from the east coast of North America to the west coast of Africa and Europe, including Portugal but not the English Channel, the British Isles, and the Canary Islands.
History
Soon after its formation, ACLANT together with Allied Command Europe carried out the large exercise Exercise Mainbrace. Throughout the Cold War years, SACLANT carried out many other exercises, such as Operation Mariner in 1953 and Operation Strikeback in 1957, as well as the Northern Wedding and Ocean Safari series of naval exercises during the 1970s and 1980s. The command also played a critical role in the annual Exercise REFORGER from the 1970s onwards. Following the end of the Cold War, the Command was reduced in status and size, with many of its subordinate headquarters spread across the Atlantic area losing their NATO status and funding. However, the basic structure remained in place until the Prague Summit in the Czech Republic in 2002.
Carrier-based air strike operations in the Norwegian Sea pioneered by Operation Strikeback foreshadowed planning such as the NATO Concept of Maritime Operations of 1980 (CONMAROPS). The purpose of the Atlantic lifelines campaign was to protect the transportation of allied reinforcement and resupply across the Atlantic, practiced via Exercise Ocean Safari. The shallow-seas campaign was designed to prevent the exit of the Soviet Baltic Fleet into the North Sea and to protect allied convoys in the North Sea and the English Channel; it was exercised in Exercise Northern Wedding series. The Norwegian Sea campaign was meant to prevent the exit of the Soviet Northern Fleet into the Norwegian Sea and the Atlantic Ocean and to provide sea-based support to allied air and ground operations in Norway. Its associated series of exercises was Exercise Teamwork. The U.S. Maritime Strategy promulgated in the mid 1980s dovetailed with the CONMAROPS and went further in some cases, such as in the operation of Carrier Battle Groups far forward, in Norwegian coastal waters sheltered by the mountains surrounding the northern Norwegian fjords.
In January 1968, the Standing Naval Force Atlantic (STANAVFORLANT) was established. This was a permanent peacetime multinational naval squadron composed of various NATO navies' destroyers, cruisers and frigates. Since 1967, STANAVFORLANT operated, trained, and exercised as a group. It also participated in NATO and national naval exercises designed to promote readiness and interoperability.
The Maritime Strategy was published in 1984, championed by Secretary of the Navy John Lehman and Chief of Naval Operations Admiral James D. Watkins, USN, during the Reagan Administration, and practiced in NATO naval exercises such as Ocean Safari '85 and Northern Wedding '86.
In a 2008 article, retired General Bernard E. Trainor, USMC, noted the success of this maritime strategy:
The U.S. Navy's Forward Maritime Strategy provided the strategic rationale for the "600-ship Navy".
Allied Command Atlantic was redesignated as Allied Command Transformation (ACT) on 19 June 2003. ACT was to be headed by the Supreme Allied Commander Transformation (SACT), up to 2009 an American four-star admiral or general who was dual-hatted as commander, United States Joint Forces Command (COMUSJFCOM). SACLANT's former military missions were folded into NATO's Allied Command Operations (ACO).
Structure
The high command of ACLANT comprised the following positions:
Supreme Allied Commander (SACLANT) – SACLANT was responsible for all Alliance military missions within the ACLANT area of responsibility. SACLANT was a United States admiral who also serves as the Commander-in-Chief U.S. Atlantic Command, one of the Department of Defense unified combatant commands. After the end of the Cold War, Army generals began to be assigned to the position.
Deputy Supreme Allied Commander (DSACLANT) – The principal deputy to SACLANT held by a British vice-admiral. DSACLANT was originally the commander of the Royal Navy's North America and West Indies Station.
Chief of Staff (COFS) – Directs the SACLANT headquarters staff
SACLANT headquarters was located in Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia, adjacent to the U.S. Atlantic Fleet headquarters.
Eastern Atlantic Area (EASTLANT)
Commander-in-Chief, Eastern Atlantic Area (CINCEASTLANT) was a British admiral based at the Northwood Headquarters in northwest London, who also served as Commander in Chief, Home Fleet (subsequently CINC Western Fleet, and later Commander-in-Chief Fleet). In 1953 his primary task was described as the 'integrated defence and the control and protection of sea and air lines of communications within' the Eastern Atlantic Area. On 12 December 1952, an EASTLANT integrated submarine headquarters was established. Rear Admiral G.W.G. Simpson, CB, CBE, RN, Flag Officer Submarines, was appointed Commander Submarine Force Eastern Atlantic (COMSUBEASTLANT) and assumed his command with its headquarters at Gosport, Hants, in the United Kingdom.
On 2 February 1953, the planning staff of CINCEASTLANT, which had been temporarily established at Portsmouth, England, moved
into interim facilities adjacent to the established Headquarters of CINCAIREASTLANT at Northwood, England. This, SACLANT wrote, would greatly facilitate the effective exercise of command in the Eastern Atlantic Area.
In 1953, initial NATO documents instructing Admiral George Creasy wrote that the following Sub-Area commanders had been appointed within EASTLANT:
Commander Bay of Biscay Sub-Area: Vice Admiral A. Robert, French Navy
Commander North-East Atlantic Sub-Area: Vice Admiral Sir Maurice Mansergh, KCB, CBE, Royal Navy (UK national appointment of Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth)
Air Commander North Sea: Air Vice Marshal Harold Lydford, CB, CBE, Royal Air Force (AOC No. 18 Group RAF)
Air Commander North-East Atlantic Sub-Area : Air Vice Marshal Thomas Traill, CB, OBE, DFC, Royal Air Force (AOC No. 19 Group RAF)
Commander Northern European Sub-Area : Rear Admiral J.H.F. Crombie, CB, DSO, Royal Navy (Flag Officer Scotland and Northern Ireland, Pitreavie Castle, Scotland)
Circa 1962, Central Sub-Area was led by the Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth, and Northern Sub-Area by Flag Officer Scotland and Northern Ireland.
After 1966, CINCEASTLANT was responsible for the administration and operation of the Standing Naval Force Atlantic, on behalf of SACLANT. In 1982, EASTLANT was organised as follows:
Eastern Atlantic Area (EASTLANT)
Northern Sub-Area (NORLANT)
Central Sub-Area (CENTLANT)
Submarine Force Eastern Atlantic (SUBEASTLANT)
Maritime Air Eastern Atlantic (AIREASTLANT)
Maritime Air Northern Sub-Area (AIRNORLANT)
Maritime Air Central Sub-Area (AIRCENTLANT)
Island Commander Iceland (ISCOMICE)
Island Commander Faeroes (ISCOMFAROES)
Western Atlantic Area
Commander-in-Chief Western Atlantic (CINCWESTLANT) was an American Admiral based at Naval Station Norfolk, Norfolk, Virginia who also served as the Commander-in-Chief U.S. Atlantic Fleet.
In 1953, sub-area commanders were listed as follows:
Commander United States Atlantic Sub-Area, Vice Admiral Oscar Badger, U.S. Navy (seemingly Commander, Eastern Sea Frontier)
Commander Canadian Atlantic Sub-Area, Rear Admiral R.E.S. Bidwell, CBS, CD, Royal Canadian Navy (Commander, Canadian Coastal Defence Atlantic)
Air Commander Canadian Atlantic Sub-Area, Air Commodore A.D. Ross, GC, CBE, CD, Royal Canadian Air Force
In 1981, the Western Atlantic Area included six subordinate headquarters:
Submarine Force Western Atlantic Area
Ocean Sub-Area
Canadian Atlantic Sub-Area
Island Commander Bermuda
Island Commander Azores Lajes Field, in the Portuguese islands of the Azores, was an important transatlantic staging post.
Island Commander Greenland
In the last few years of the post, CINCWESTLANT was responsible for:
The safe transit of critical reinforcement and re-supply from North America to Europe, in support of the full spectrum of NATO forces operating anywhere in or beyond NATO's area of responsibility
The sponsorship of peacetime joint multinational exercises and Partnership for Peace (PfP) activities, as well as maintaining operational control and providing support for NATO forces assigned to the headquarters
From 1994 through 2003, WESTLANT was organized as follows:
SubWestLant
Ocean Sub-Area
Canadian Atlantic Sub-Area
Greenland Island Commander
Iberian Atlantic Area
In 1950, the command structure and organization of Allied Command Atlantic (ACLANT) was approved except that the North Atlantic Ocean Regional Group was requested to reconsider the command arrangements for the Iberian Atlantic Area (IBERLANT). IBERLANT was an integral part of this ACLANT command structure. In MC 58(Revised) (Final), it was stated that the question of subdividing IBERLANT was still under study. However, because arrangement regarding the establishment of IBERLANT, could not be agreed, CINCEASTLANT and CINCAIREASTLANT were assigned, as an interim emergency measure, the temporary responsibility for the IBERLANT area. NATO exercises, however, demonstrated that these interim arrangements proved unsatisfactory.
Commander Iberian Atlantic Area was eventually established in 1967 as a Principal Subordinate Commander (PSC), reporting to CINCWESTLANT. The commander was a U.S. Navy rear admiral who also served as chief of the Military Assistance and Advisory Group in Lisbon. In 1975 IBERLANT was described as 'probably of greater symbolic value to Portugal than of military value to NATO' in internal cables of the U.S. Department of State. In 1981 the command included the Island Command Madeira. In 1982 NATO agreed to the upgrading of IBERLANT into a Major Subordinate Command (MSC), becoming Commander-in-Chief Iberian Atlantic Area (CINCIBERLANT). A Portuguese Navy Vice Admiral, dual-hatted as the fleet commander, took over the position. It was planned that Commander, Portuguese Air (COMPOAIR), a sub-PSC, would eventually take responsibility for the air defence of Portugal, reporting through CINCIBERLANT to SACEUR. Thus the Portuguese mainland would be 'associated' with Allied Command Europe.
In 1999 CINCIBERLANT became Commander-in-Chief Southern Atlantic (CINCSOUTHLANT). He was made responsible for military movements and maritime operations across the southeast boundary between Allied Command Europe and Allied Command Atlantic. The command became Allied Joint Force Command Lisbon before being deactivated in 2012.
Striking Fleet Atlantic
Commander Striking Fleet Atlantic (COMSTRIKFLTLANT) was SACLANT's major subordinate seagoing commander. The primary mission of Striking Fleet Atlantic was to deter aggression by maintaining maritime superiority in the Atlantic AOR and ensuring the integrity of NATO's sea lines of communications. The Striking Fleet's Commander was a U.S. Navy Vice Admiral based at Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia who also served as the Commander U.S. Second Fleet. In 1981 the American Forces Information Service listed its components as the Carrier Striking Force consisting of Carrier Striking Groups One and Two. The Carrier Striking Force appears to have been Task Force 401. The Carrier Striking Force appears to have had an American nucleus, built around Carrier Group Four, and Carrier Striking Group Two appears to have had a British nucleus, later, it seems, becoming Anti-Submarine Group Two. When HMS Ark Royal took part in Exercise Royal Knight circa 1972, she formed the centrepiece of Striking Group Two and led Task Group 401.2.
When Vice Admiral Hank Mustin became COMSTRIKFLTLANT he reorganised the Fleet by adding amphibious and landing force (seemingly UK/NL Amphibious Force) components. In 1998, Commander Striking Fleet Atlantic directed three Principal Subordinate Commanders and three Sub-Principle Subordinate Commanders:
Commander Carrier Striking Force (also U.S. Navy Commander Carrier Strike Group 4)
Commander Anti-Submarine Warfare Striking Force (also Royal Navy Commander UK Task Group; previously held in the 1980s by Flag Officer, Third Flotilla)
Commander Amphibious Striking Force (also U.S. Navy Commander Amphibious Group 2)
The three Sub-PSCs were:
Commander Marine Striking Force (also USMC Commanding General, II Marine Expeditionary Force)
Commander UK/NL Amphibious Force (also Royal Navy Commodore, Amphibious Task Group)
Commander UK/NL Landing Force (also Royal Marine Brigadier, Commander 3 Commando Brigade)
STRIKFLTLANT was deactivated in a ceremony held on on June 24, 2005, being replaced by the Combined Joint Operations from the Sea Center of Excellence located at the Second Fleet headquarters.
Submarine Allied Command Atlantic (SUBACLANT)
The Commander Submarine Allied Command Atlantic (COMSUBACLANT) was the principal adviser to the SACLANT on submarine matters and undersea warfare. COMSUBACLANT was an American three-star admiral based in Norfolk, Virginia, who also served as the Commander Submarine Force Atlantic Fleet (COMSUBLANT). Under SUBACLANT were Commander, Submarines, Western Atlantic Area (COMSUBWESTLANT) and Commander, Submarines, Eastern Atlantic Area (COMSUBEASTLANT). COMSUBEASTLANT's national appointment was the Royal Navy post of Flag Officer Submarines. Flag Officer Submarines moved in 1978 from HMS Dolphin at Gosport to the Northwood Headquarters in northwest London.
Structure in 1989
Allied Command Atlantic (ACLANT), led by Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic (SACLANT), in Norfolk, United States
Commander-in-Chief, Eastern Atlantic Area (EASTLANT), in Northwood, United Kingdom
Northern Sub-Area (NORLANT), in Rosyth, United Kingdom
Central Sub-Area (CENTLANT), in Plymouth, United Kingdom
Submarine Force Eastern Atlantic (SUBEASTLANT), in Northwood, United Kingdom
Maritime Air Eastern Atlantic (MAIREASTLANT), in Northwood, United Kingdom
Maritime Air Northern Sub-Area (MAIRNORLANT), Pitreavie Castle, United Kingdom
Maritime Air Central Sub-Area (MAIRCENTLANT), in Plymouth, United Kingdom
Island Command Iceland (ISCOMICELAND), in Keflavík, Iceland
Island Command Faroes (ISCOMFAROES), in Tórshavn, Faroe Islands
Commander-in-Chief, Western Atlantic Area (WESTLANT), in Norfolk, United States
Ocean Sub-Area (OCEANLANT), in Norfolk, United States
Canadian Atlantic Sub-Area (CANLANT), in Halifax, Canada
Island Command Bermuda (ISCOMBERMUDA), in Hamilton, Bermuda
Island Command Greenland (ISCOMGREENLAND), in Grønnedal, Greenland
Submarine Force Western Atlantic (SUBWESTLANT), in Norfolk, United States
Iberian Atlantic Area (IBERLANT), in Lisbon, Portugal
Island Command Madeira (ISCOMADEIRA), in Funchal, Madeira
Island Command Azores (ISCOMAZORES), in Ponta Delgada, Azores, transferred from WESTLANT to IBERLANT in 1989
Striking Fleet Atlantic (STRIKFLTLANT), afloat
Carrier Striking Force (CARSTRIKFOR), afloat
Carrier Striking Group (CARSTRIKGRU), afloat
Amphibious Force (AMPHIBSTRIKFOR), afloat
Anti-Submarine Warfare Group, afloat
Submarines Allied Command Atlantic (SUBACLANT), in Norfolk, United States
Standing Naval Force Atlantic (STANAVFORLANT), afloat
The organisation of Striking Fleet Atlantic shifted over time. Initially Carrier Striking Groups One (US) and Two (RN) were subordinate to the Striking Fleet, as depicted in NATO Facts and Figures, 1989. When the last Royal Navy fixed-wing carriers were retired in the late 1970s Carrier Striking Group Two became the Anti-Submarine Warfare Striking Force. NATO Facts and Figures 1989 misses the removal of Carrier Striking Group Two which had occurred around ten years earlier.
Commanders
List of Supreme Allied Commanders Atlantic
List of Deputy Supreme Allied Commanders Atlantic
His Second-in-Command was the Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic:
See also
SACLANT ASW Research Centre
Joint Force Command Norfolk
References
Further reading
Maloney, Sean M. Securing Command of the Sea: NATO Naval Planning, 1948–1954. Naval Institute Press, 1995. 276 pp.
Jane's NATO Handbook Edited by Bruce George, 1990, Jane's Information Group
Jane's NATO Handbook Edited by Bruce George, 1991, Jane's Information Group
External links
NATO Handbook
NATO military appointments |
4022596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial%20abbey | Territorial abbey | A territorial abbey (or territorial abbacy) is a particular church of the Catholic Church comprising defined territory which is not part of a diocese but surrounds an abbey or monastery whose abbot or superior functions as ordinary for all Catholics and parishes in the territory. Such an abbot is called a territorial abbot or abbot nullius diœceseos (abbreviated abbot nullius and Latin for "abbot of no diocese"). A territorial abbot thus differs from an ordinary abbot, who exercises authority only within the monastery's walls or to monks or canons who have taken their vows there. A territorial abbot is equivalent to a diocesan bishop in Catholic canon law.
While most belong to the Latin Church, and usually to the Benedictine or Cistercian Orders, there are Eastern Catholic territorial abbeys — most notably the Italo-Greek Abbey of Grottaferrata.
History
Though territorial (like other) abbots are elected by the monks of their abbey, a territorial abbot can only receive the abbatial blessing and be installed under mandate from the pope, just as a bishop cannot be ordained and installed as ordinary of a diocese without such a mandate.
After the Second Vatican Council, more emphasis has been placed on the unique nature of the episcopacy and on the traditional organization of the church into dioceses under bishops. As such, abbeys nullius have been phased out in favor of the erection of new dioceses or the absorption of the territory into an existing diocese. A few ancient abbeys nullius still exist in Europe, and one in Korea.
Present territorial abbeys
There are eleven remaining territorial abbeys, as listed by the Vatican in the Annuario Pontificio:
Hungary
Pannonhalma
Italy
Monte Oliveto Maggiore
Montevergine
Santa Maria di Grottaferrata
Santissima Trinità di Cava de’ Tirreni
Subiaco
Wettingen-Mehrerau
Monte Cassino (lost most territory to the Diocese of Sora-Aquino-Pontecorvo)
Korea
Tŏkwon (덕원), North Korea
Tŏkwon (currently the only territorial abbey outside Europe) has been vacant for many years. The Abbot of Waegwan is its present apostolic administrator. It has not been united with any Korean diocese on account of the effective vacancy of the dioceses of North Korea and the lack of effective jurisdiction applied by the Church in South Korea.
Switzerland
Saint-Maurice d’Agaune
Maria Einsiedeln
Other historical territorial abbeys
Historically there have been more, such as:
Americas
in North America :
Belmont Abbey – Mary, Help of Christians, which was the juriasdiction governing half of North Carolina from 1910 until 1960, when it lost its last piece of territory. The jurisdiction as a territorial abbey was formally suppressed in 1977, and the house is now a normal monastery located within the Diocese of Charlotte.
St. Peter-Muenster, which from 1921 until 1998 served a remote area of Saskatchewan, Canada. The abbey still exists as a normal monastery, but its territorial jurisdiction was absorbed by the Diocese of Saskatoon.
Asia
in Southeast Asia:
Abbacy Nullius of Cebu (1565-1578) - an abbacy vere nullius dioecesis [Eng. "of no diocese"], which is a kind of abbacy where the religious superior has jurisdiction over the clergy and laity of a district or territory which forms no part whatever of any diocese, was established in 1565 by the Augustinian missionaries to the Philippines who came with the Legazpi expedition to evangelize the natives of the islands. The Augustinians were led by their superior, Andrés de Urdaneta, who consequently became the first prelate of Cebu. The territory of the abbacy covered the entirety of the Spanish East Indies which included the Philippine Islands and other Pacific Islands. The abbacy ceased to exist with the establishment of the Diocese of Manila in 1578 which took over the same territory.
References
External links
GCatholic.org - List of Current Territorial Abbacies
Attribution
passim
Catholic ecclesiastical titles
Organisation of Catholic religious orders
Catholic Church legal terminology |
4022621 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushpanjali | Pushpanjali | Pushpanjali (Sanskrit:पुष्पाञ्जलि, literally folded hands full of flowers) is an offering of flowers to Hindu deities.
Pushpanjali is the first dance in a Bharatnatyam performance. It is the salutation to the lord of dance Nataraja, the Guru, the musicians and the audience.
It is made up of 2 words.
Pushpa - flower
Anjali - folded hands to show respect.
The dancer holds flower to offer prayers to the Trinity of Gods, goddesses, ashta dikpalakas, and scholars in dance.
Puja (Hinduism)
Elements of a Bharatanatyam performance |
4022623 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Frelinghuysen%20%28minister%29 | John Frelinghuysen (minister) | John Frelinghuysen (1727 – September 5, 1754) also known as Johannes Frelinghuysen was a minister in colonial New Jersey whose work in education laid the groundwork for the establishment Rutgers University (as Queen's College in 1766) and the New Brunswick Theological Seminary (in 1784).
Biography
John Frelinghuysen was the second son of Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen (1691–1749), a German who had lived for a short time in Holland before emigrating in 1720. John married Dinah Van Bergh (1725–1807), and they had two children: Eva Frelinghuysen (1751 – c. 1826), Frederick Frelinghuysen (1753–1804), who became a major general in the American Revolution.
John preached in the revivalistic style of Calvinism that his father was known for as part of the First Great Awakening. He continued to serve the parishes in New Jersey that his father had served at Raritan, Millstone, and North Branch. John lived in the Old Dutch Parsonage in Somerville where he served the three local congregations until his death. He took in students and a room in the house served as a Dutch Reformed religious seminary. This center of education was a forerunner of the New Brunswick Theological Seminary and Queen's College, which later developed into Rutgers University. John died on September 5, 1754 and was buried at the Old Somerville Cemetery.
Children
John married Dinah VanBerg and had the following children:
Eva Frelinghuysen (1751 – c. 1826), who married Casparus Van Nostrand
Frederick Frelinghuysen (1753–1804), major general who was buried in Weston, New Jersey.
References
External links
1727 births
1754 deaths
18th-century Calvinist and Reformed ministers
John
People from Somerville, New Jersey
American people of Dutch descent
Reformed Church in America ministers
People of colonial New Jersey
American people of German descent
18th-century American clergy |
4022624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1995 French Open – Men's singles | Thomas Muster defeated Michael Chang in the final, 7–5, 6–2, 6–4, to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1995 French Open. He became the first Austrian to win a major title.
Sergi Bruguera was the two-time defending champion, but lost to Chang in the semifinals.
During the tournament, Mats Wilander and Karel Novacek tested positive for cocaine, which eventually resulted in a three-month suspension from the ATP Tour issued in May 1997. In addition, both players had to return prize money and forfeit ranking points.
Seeds
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
References
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 1995 French Open Men's Singles draw
1995 French Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
French Open by year – Men's singles
1995 ATP Tour |
4022627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene%20D.%20O%27Sullivan | Eugene D. O'Sullivan | Eugene Daniel O'Sullivan (May 31, 1883 – February 7, 1968) was an American Democratic Party politician from Nebraska.
He was born in on a cattle ranch near Kent, Kansas to John E. O'Sullivan and Josephine Kluh O'Sullivan on May 31, 1883. He was married to Ellen Katherine Lovely. He graduated from Christian Brothers College, in St. Joseph, Missouri, attended St. Benedict’s College, in Atchison, Kansas in 1904 and 1905 and graduated from Creighton University School of Law in Omaha, Nebraska in 1910. He was admitted to the bar in 1910 and set up practice in Omaha.
He ran for governor of Nebraska in 1934 but was unsuccessful in getting the Democratic nomination and was also unsuccessful as a write-in candidate in 1934 for the United States Senate. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions in 1924, 1928, 1932, 1940, and 1944. He was elected as a Democrat to the Eighty-first United States Congress when he defeated incumbent Republican Rep. Howard Buffett, the father of Warren Buffett. He served from January 3, 1949 to January 3, 1951. He unsuccessfully ran for reelection in 1950 to the Eighty-second United States Congress when Buffet defeated him to reclaim his old seat. He resumed the practice of law and died in Omaha on February 7, 1968. He is buried in Calvary Cemetery, in Omaha.
O'Sullivan was a Catholic, an Elk and a member of the Knights of Columbus and the Fraternal Order of Eagles.
References
1883 births
1968 deaths
People from Reno County, Kansas
Nebraska lawyers
Creighton University School of Law alumni
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Nebraska
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American lawyers |
4022630 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik%20Darnell | Erik Darnell | Erik Darnell (born December 2, 1982) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He is the grandson of former USAC and NASCAR driver Bay Darnell, who also started three NASCAR races (including one for Holman Moody). Darnell formerly drove for Roush Fenway Racing, joining the team in 2005 after being a co-winner on the Discovery Channel program Roush Racing: Driver X, along with David Ragan.
Racing career
Early career
Darnell began racing at the age of 12 in the River Valley Kart Club. He won the championship in the purple plate class in his second year of competition, later racing Allison Legacy Series cars after go karts. His first year of super late models was at Illiana Motor Speedway, with Erik finishing 3rd in the final standings with 1 win. Erik beat the best Wisconsin super late model drivers to win the 2003 Wisconsin Challenge Series championship. At that time his five wins were the most in the series' history. He set the super late model track record at Lake Geneva Raceway in 2004.
2004–2012: NASCAR and ARCA
Darnell drove in his first NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series race at Milwaukee in 2004, finishing 26th. He also raced in numerous NASCAR touring series races.
Darnell drove in several NASCAR touring series and six ARCA races in 2005.
Darnell raced full-time in the Truck Series in 2006. He had twelve top-10 finishes in 25 events, and he was the series' Rookie of the Year. He continued to drive for the team in 2007, as well as testing the team's Busch Series cars. On April 28, 2007, Darnell won the O'Reilly Auto Parts 250 at Kansas Speedway for his first Truck Series win.
Darnell started the 2008 season by capturing the pole position at the Daytona International Speedway. He won his second career CTS race in June 2008 at Michigan International Speedway by .005 of a second over Johnny Benson.
For 2009, Darnell planned to compete in 15 NASCAR Nationwide Series races, sharing the car with Cup Series driver David Ragan, and would also run for Rookie of the Year. The first race on his schedule was at Richmond International Raceway where he finished 12th. Also, Darnell competed in seven of the final 11 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series races. He ran the car at Atlanta, Loudon, Kansas, Talladega, Texas, Phoenix, and Homestead. Darnell competed in the No. 96 Academy Sports + Outdoors Ford for the Atlanta, Talladega, and Texas races. He alternated the ride with Bobby Labonte.
In 2010, Darnell found himself without a ride for most of the season due to the lack of sponsorship. He continued to stay on at Roush Fenway Racing as a practice-qualifying driver for Carl Edwards at the standalone Nationwide Series races. Darnell did a 3 race deal to drive Roush's No. 16 Ford in the Nationwide Series. His best finish was 14th at Dover and Texas.
In 2011, Darnell returned to the Cup Series, driving for Whitney Motorsports in several races. In 2012, he competed for The Motorsports Group (formerly Key Motorsports) in the Nationwide Series.
2013–present: Post-NASCAR career
Darnell didn't race in NASCAR during 2013. He won the Dick Trickle 99 Super Late Model Oktoberfest race at LaCrosse Fairgrounds Speedway in October 2013. He has made occasional starts in various Midwest series since. Darnell led much of the second half of the 2019 Oktoberfest ARCA Midwest Tour race at La Crosse Fairgrounds Speedway before finishing third behind Ty Majeski.
2021: Return to NASCAR
On May 3, 2021, it was revealed through the release of the entry list for the Truck Series race at Darlington that Darnell would drive the No. 45 for Niece Motorsports in that race with sponsorship from his former sponsor at Roush, Northern Tool + Equipment. This would be his first start in NASCAR since 2012 and first in the Truck Series since 2008.
Motorsports career results
NASCAR
(key) (Bold - Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics - Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)
Sprint Cup Series
Nationwide Series
Camping World Truck Series
ARCA Re/Max Series
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)
References
External links
Living people
1982 births
People from Lake County, Illinois
Sportspeople from the Chicago metropolitan area
Racing drivers from Illinois
NASCAR drivers
ARCA Menards Series drivers
American Speed Association drivers
ARCA Midwest Tour drivers
RFK Racing drivers |
4022638 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene%20O%27Sullivan | Eugene O'Sullivan | Eugene O'Sullivan may refer to:
Eugene D. O'Sullivan (1883–1968), American Democratic Party politician from Nebraska
Eugene O'Sullivan (Irish politician) (1879–1942), Irish nationalist politician and farmer
Eugene O'Sullivan (1892–1971), English music hall performer, stage and screen actor, and director, better known as Gene Gerrard. |
4022653 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine%20Central%20Railway | Argentine Central Railway | The Argentine Central Railway was a narrow gauge railroad in the United States built from the Colorado and Southern Railway at Silver Plume, Colorado, to Waldorf, Colorado, (now a ghost town) and onward to the summit of Mount McClellan. Construction began on August 1, 1905, and the line was opened to Waldorf a year later on August 1, 1906, a distance of about 6 miles. It was financed and organised by Edward J. Wilcox, owner of 65 mining properties in the Argentine region that were consolidated into the Waldorf Mining and Milling Company in 1902. His headquarters at Waldorf was accessible only by pack mule for much of the year.
As well as serving the silver mining operations of the region, the railroad was also intended for the tourist trade, ascending Mount McClellan and intending to reach the summit of 14,270 ft (4,350 m) Grays Peak nearby. It was believed at the time that Mount McClellan was high, but this was later disproved. It remains the highest altitude reached by a regular adhesion railway (as opposed to a rack railway) in the United States.
The line was steeply graded and sharply curved, with a standard of 6% grade maximum and 32° minimum curvature ( radius); even so, it required six switchbacks on the ascent. Due to these grades, geared steam locomotives were used exclusively, the railroad rostering a total of seven two-truck Shay locomotives.
As well as ascending to Argentine Pass and Grays Peak, Wilcox purchased the Vidler Tunnel, a project begun in 1902 to expand an existing silver mine into a railroad tunnel under the pass. The line would have extended onward to Keystone, Colorado, and a junction with the Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad. Work on the project stopped in 1911, by which time the tunnel was three-quarters completed. The tunnel project was revived as a highway tunnel in 1952, and the 1.4 mile tunnel was completed as a water diversion tunnel in 1969.
The fall of silver prices after the Panic of 1907 ruined Wilcox, causing him to sell the railroad in 1908 for only $44,000, taking an estimated loss of $256,000 on the line. The buyer, David W. Brown of Colorado, planned an expansion in the tourist traffic and revitalised the concept of reaching Grays Peak, but the money was never there. The line went bankrupt and a receiver was appointed on August 3, 1911; it did not operate during 1911 and 1912.
The assets of the bankrupt Argentine Central were offered for auction in a Sheriff's sale on May 29, 1912. The sale netted just $5,000, a price so low that the district court ordered a resale. The second sale, on June 2, raised $20,000, but this too was set aside; the final sale, to William Rogers on Aug. 19, was for $20,002. Arguments about whether the rolling stock of the railroad was properly included in the sale led to a lawsuit that was resolved in the Colorado Supreme Court in 1915.
A consortium of local business interests led by William Rogers reorganized it as the Georgetown and Gray's Peak Railway leased to and operated by the Argentine and Gray's Peak Railway Company. At this point, the line had 3 locomotives and 16 freight cars. While the new owners were mostly interested in freight traffic, the tourist business brought in sufficient money that it was resumed for the 1913 summer season. Rogers transferred the controlling interest in the line for the next season to his associate, egg producer Fred W. Blankenbuhler.
Blankenbuhler replaced the Shay locomotives and most of the freight cars with 40-passenger gasoline-powered railcars for the 1916 season. Some of the last freight hauled over the 9-miles from Silver Plume to Waldorf was 100,000 pounds (50 tons) of telephone poles, wire, insulators and supplies for Mountain States Telephone & Telegraph in the summer of 1917. This was for the Argentine Pass segment of a long-distance telephone line from Denver to Leadville. Because the railroad was exclusively a tourist line at this time, all freight had to be hauled at night or early in the morning. The freight charge for this load of telephone supplies was $500, or $1.11 per ton-mile. In contrast, the average freight rate in the United States in 1915 was under $0.008 per ton-mile.
Despite the costs saved by the switch to self-propelled railcars, the railroad was not profitable without the regular freight traffic it had previously carried. Notice to abandon was posted on October 24, 1918, and approved on November 9; the tracks were removed in the summer of 1919.
References
External links
Denver Public Library Digital Collections
Locomotive (Argentine Central) Shay No. 1 (undated photo)
Argentine Pass and Waldorf Mine, Argentine Central Ry. (undated photo)
Argentine Pass, Waldorf and Vidler mine district (pre-1908 photo)
Waldorf mine and road to Argentine pass and Vidler Tunnel (June 21, 1908, photo)
Waldorf Mine on the Argentine Central Ry. (pre-1908 photo)
Buildings at Waldorf mine from the west (June 21, 1908, photo)
Waldorf, near Argentine (undated photo)
The Vidler and Waldorf Mines, Argentine Central Ry. (pre-1908 photo)
Mts. Evans and Rosalie from of the Argentine Central Ry. (undated photo)
Detroit Public Library Digital Collections
H.W. Ford on mountain road, train in background at Waldorf (June, 1909 photo)
3 ft gauge railways in the United States
Defunct Colorado railroads
Narrow gauge railroads in Colorado
1906 establishments in Colorado
1918 disestablishments in Colorado
Closed railway lines in the United States |
4022657 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon%20Bell | Shannon Bell | Shannon Bell (born 5 July 1955) is a Canadian performance philosopher who lives and writes philosophy-in-action, experimental philosophy. Bell is also professor and graduate programme director in the York University Political Science Department, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. She teaches postmodern theory, fast feminism, sexual politics, cyber politics, identity politics and violent philosophy.
Research
Bell is researching extreme science and art for her book entitled Fast Bodies; this research is funded by Social Science and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC). Bell's most recent on-going research project Shooting Theory (2007–20) brings together digital video technology and print textual philosophy/theory through imaging philosophical/theoretical concepts. Bell's research also includes:
applying continental and post-structural theory to bio, techno and performance artists' artwork and thinkers' body of work; aspects of sexuality; and, General Semantics.
Bibliography
Books
Gad Horowitz and Shannon Bell, eds (2016). The Book of Radical General Semantics (Delhi: Pencraft International) .
Co-authored Book
Brenda Cossman, Shannon Bell, Lise Gotell, Becki Ross (2017) Bad Attitude\s on Trial: Pornography, Feminism and the Butler Decision (Toronto: University of Toronto Press)
[Republished in The Canadian 150 Collection].
Brenda Cossman, Shannon Bell, Lise Gotell, Becki Ross (1997) Bad Attitude\s on Trial: Pornography, Feminism and the Butler Decision (Toronto: University of Toronto Press).
See also
Posthumanism
External links
York University page
1955 births
Canadian feminists
Postmodern feminists
Posthumanists
Canadian socialists
Canadian socialist feminists
York University faculty
Living people
Canadian women philosophers
20th-century Canadian philosophers
21st-century Canadian philosophers |
4022658 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Reyes%20Baeza%20Terrazas | José Reyes Baeza Terrazas | José Reyes Baeza Terrazas (born 20 September 1961) is a Mexican politician and lawyer. In 2004, he was elected Governor of Chihuahua as a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party for the term ending in 2010. Prior to that, he was Chair of Law at the University of Chihuahua in Chihuahua. He then served as mayor (Municipal President) of the city of Chihuahua from 1998 to 2001 and as a congressman in the federal Chamber of Deputies (Congress).
Personal life and education
José Reyes Baeza Terrazas was born in the city of Delicias, Chihuahua on 20 September 1961, and became a lawyer by studying law at the Autonomous University of Chihuahua, graduating with a special mention.
His wife is Claudia Garza.
Career
Reyes Baeza Terrazas was elected mayor of Chihuahua City in 1988. He served as general director of State Civil Pensions, with the task of providing security and social services to state government workers under Governor Patricio Martínez García from 2001 to 2003.
In 2003 he was elected to the LVIII Legislature of the Mexican Congress, but stepped down in 2004 to run for governor, being elected in July of that year. He became Governor of Chihuahua on 4 October 2004.
In 2010, after Mexican drug cartels agents murdered Jesús Manuel Lara Rodríguez, the governor ordered government troops to guard the state capitol while a closed door session was held on safety.
After his term as governor, on 6 December 2012 President Enrique Peña Nieto appointed him as the head of FOVISSSTE, the social service fund responsible for proving housing support for federal employees. On 15 September 2020, the Financial Intelligence Unit (UIF) freezes the accounts of Baeza Terrazas for embezzlement of MXN $129 million (US$6.14 million) related to the Estafa Maestra ("Master Scam") while Reyes Baeza was the director of FOVISSSTE.
See also
Creel-Terrazas Family
References
1961 births
Living people
Governors of Chihuahua (state)
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
20th-century Mexican lawyers
Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
Municipal presidents of Chihuahua
People from Delicias, Chihuahua
Autonomous University of Chihuahua alumni
20th-century Mexican politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians
Politicians from Chihuahua (state)
Deputies of the LVIII Legislature of Mexico
Autonomous University of Chihuahua faculty |
4022664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Chinese%20administrative%20divisions%20by%20life%20expectancy | List of Chinese administrative divisions by life expectancy | This is a list of the first-level administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China (P.R.C.), including all provinces, autonomous regions, special administrative regions and municipalities, in order of their life expectancy in 2019.
See also
List of Chinese cities by life expectancy
References
National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China
The World FactBook
List of Chinese cities by life expectancy
Life expectancy
Life expectancy
Life expectancy
China, life expectancy
Life expectancy |
4022673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20American%20University | Central American University | José Simeón Cañas Central American University (), also known as UCA El Salvador, is a private university with nonprofit purposes in San Salvador, El Salvador, run by the Society of Jesus. It was founded on September 15, 1965, at the request of a group of Roman Catholic families who appealed to the Salvadoran government and the Society of Jesus in order to create another university as an alternative to the University of El Salvador, becoming the first private institution of higher education in the country. The Jesuits also run Central American University in Nicaragua (UCA Managua), opened in 1960.
History
UCA has since evolved to be one of the best institutions of higher learning in Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama). This is the case, despite the university's focus on playing a decisive role in the transformation of the unjust Salvadoran society. Such a focus within the Salvadoran context has driven the university to give priority to undergraduate degrees, research within the social sciences, and popular presentation of research results ("social projectionl") in local peer-reviewed journals.
In the 1970s and 1980s, during the Civil War in El Salvador, UCA was known as the home of several internationally recognized Jesuit scholars and intellectuals, including Jon Sobrino, Ignacio Ellacuría, Ignacio Martín-Baró, and Segundo Montes. They were outspoken against the abuses of the Salvadoran military and government, and carried out research to demonstrate the effects of the war and poverty in the country. The extreme social conditions in El Salvador provided a very rich empirical basis for innovative research within sociology, social anthropology, philosophy, social psychology, and theology. These scholars made important and lasting contributions within these fields. Ellacuría, Martín-Baró and Segundo Montes, along with three other Jesuit professors, their housekeeper, and her daughter, were murdered by the Salvadoran Armed forces on November 16, 1989, in one of the most notorious episodes from the Civil War (see Murder of UCA scholars).
Campus
The university is located at Antiguo Cuscatlán. The university campus has 38 acres (16 ha) with 33 buildings, a professional soccer field, basketball and volleyball courts, as well as three auditoriums and four cafeterias. The campus also includes a minimarket, a museum, three clinics, a book shop, a main library, several smaller thematic libraries, and a documentation center.
Faculties
Faculty of Economics and Business Sciences
Faculty of Human and Social Sciences
Faculty of Engineering and Architecture
Academic departments
Department of Mathematics
Department of Business Administration
Department of Judicial Sciences
Department of Sociology and Political Science
Department of Economics
Department of Accounting and Finance
Department of Psychology
Department of Philosophy
Department of Theology
Department of Educational Sciences
Department of Communications and Culture
Department of Public Health
Department of Operations and Systems
Department of Electronics and Informatics
Department of Energy and Fluid Sciences
Department of Structural Mechanics
Department of Spatial Organization
Department of Engineering Process and Environmental Science
Social projection
UCA Audiovisuals
YSUCA 91.7 FM Radio
Monseñor Romero Center
University's Public Opinion Institute - IUDOP
University's Human Rights Institute - IDHUCA
Academics
Undergraduate programs
Architecture
Civil Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Industrial Engineering
Chemical Engineering
Food Engineering
Energetic Engineering
Computing Engineering
Technician in Marketing
Technician in Accounting
Licenciate in Philosophy
Licenciate in Theology
Licenciate in Psychology
Licenciate in Economics
Licenciate in Marketing
Licenciate in Public Accounting
Licenciate in Business Administration
Licenciate in Agribusiness Administration
Licenciate in Judicial Sciences
Licenciate in Social Communications
Professorate of Theology
Professorate of Special Education
Professorate of Preschool Education
Professorate of Basic Education (1st & 2nd Cycles)
Professorate of English Language (3rd Cycle Basic and Middle Education)
Postgraduate programs
Master in Iberoamerican Philosophy
Master in Social Sciences
Master in Political Sciences
Master in Latin American Theology
Master in Local Development
Master in Criminal Constitutional Law
Master in Applied Statistics to Investigation
Master in Environmental Management
Master in Industrial Maintenance Management
Master in Public Health
Master in Communitarian Psychology
Master in Educational Evaluation and Politics
Master in Communications
Master in Finance
Master in Financial Audit
Master in Business Law
Master in Business Administration
Doctorate in Iberoamerican Philosophy
Doctorate in Social Sciences
See also
Education in El Salvador
List of Jesuit sites
List of universities in El Salvador
José Simeón Cañas
References
Official website
Universities in El Salvador
Jesuit universities and colleges
Educational institutions established in 1965
San Salvador
1965 establishments in El Salvador |
4022674 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Musgrave%20%28bush%20tracker%29 | George Musgrave (bush tracker) | Dr George Musgrave (1921 – 9 February 2006) was an elder of the Kuku Thaypan clan and a famous Australian bush tracker. He was an Agu Alaya speaker.
.
He was born in his own country, near Lakefield National Park. As children, he and Tommy George Senior were hidden in mailbags by the station owner, Fredrick Sheppard, to avoid removal by police and welfare officers.
As a result, they were able to grow up with their own people, and learn traditional law and language, management practices of their country and how to live off the land. Recently, they were able to successfully claim continuous ownership of traditional lands, and retain custody of some land at Gno-Coom (Saxby Waterhole).
George's senses were so sharp he could follow a week-old trail through dense scrub at night. He could identify tracks that were up to two months old. In August 2005 he was asked to track an off duty policeman who had become lost while pig hunting. Despite being 84 years old, he found the man in less than a day.
He also worked as a community policeman and musterer.
Together with Tommy George Senior, he founded the Ang-Gnarra Aboriginal Corporation at Laura, Queensland, the biennial Laura Festival of Traditional Dance and Culture, the Traditional Knowledge Recording Project and the Cape York Land Council.
They campaigned to protect the world-renowned Quinkan rock art near Laura, where they carried out custodial duties for special places, including the rock art galleries.
They shared their knowledge of the bush, their language and their customs with researchers and visitors. It would be difficult to find a piece of scholarly work on traditional language, culture or country in Cape York Peninsula that does not credit their expertise.
In 2005 he and Tommy George were each awarded an honorary Doctorate of Letters by James Cook University for their knowledge of traditional Aboriginal Law.
Publications
George, T., & G. Musgrave (1995). Our country, our art, our Quinkans. Laura, Queensland: Ang-Gnarra Aboriginal Corporation.
External links
Ang-Gnarra Aboriginal Corporation at Laura
Traditional Knowledge Recording Project
Cape York Land Council
Last Trackers of the Outback film on YouTube
References
JCU honours Cape York elders
Australian Aboriginals: Tracking master leaves a trail for others
Interpretation and Personalisation: Enriching Individual Experience by Annotating On-line Materials
1921 births
2006 deaths
Australian Aboriginal elders |
4022675 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai%20Marathon | Chennai Marathon | The Chennai Marathon is an annual marathon held in Chennai, India. The event is organised by the Chennai Runners, and is one of the few events in the state to be endorsed by the Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu (SDAT).
Starting at the Napier Bridge in Marina Beach and terminating at the Annai Velankanni Church on Elliot's Beach, it is considered South India's largest city marathon, in which over 1,000 athletes and more than 20,000 amateurs participate. The event has three categories: full Marathon, half marathon, and the most popular, the 10 km race.
The 5th edition was held on 31 January 2016.
Results
Full Marathon: Men
Full Marathon: Women
Half Marathon: Men
Half Marathon: Women
Victories by nationality
References
External links
Running Races in India
Official website
Snapshots from the Chennai Marathon 2005
Marathons in India
Marathon
Recurring sporting events established in 2012
2012 establishments in Tamil Nadu |
4022676 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt%20Tkaczuk | Walt Tkaczuk | Walter Robert Bogdan Tkaczuk (born September 29, 1947) is a Canadian former ice hockey centre who played fourteen seasons in the National Hockey League for the New York Rangers between 1967 and 1981. Tkaczuk's family, originally from Ukraine, moved to Timmins, Ontario from West Germany when he was two years old. He was the first player born in Germany to appear in an NHL game.
NHL career
Tkaczuk centred the "Bulldog Line" with Bill Fairbairn and Dave Balon, who was later replaced by Steve Vickers. He could score his fair share of goals, however he was much better at producing assists. Tkaczuk's finest contribution to the game was that of the defensive forward, being among the NHL's elite shadows and faceoff men. This complemented the Rangers' high-scoring GAG line of Jean Ratelle, Rod Gilbert, Vic Hadfield. During his first 2 seasons with the Rangers, the club and media pronounced his name, "Taychuk" because Rangers' Director of Player Personnel felt it was easier to say than the correct pronunciation, "Ka-Chook." Prior to the 1969-70 season, the club announced he would henceforth be called by the correct pronunciation.
In the 1972 playoffs, with Ratelle sidelined with a broken ankle and Gilbert hampered by injuries, Tkaczuk played a key role as the Rangers defeated the defending champions Montreal Canadiens, and the previous season's finalists Chicago Black Hawks, to reach the Stanley Cup Finals. While the Rangers lost to the Boston Bruins in six games, Tkaczuk earned much respect for holding the Bruins' Phil Esposito without a goal in the series.
Walt Tkaczuk was asked to play for Team Canada in the 1972 Summit Series but declined the invitation due to his obligation to his summer hockey school. He was replaced by Philadelphia Flyers' centre Bobby Clarke.
In the 1979 playoffs, Tkaczuk was a key contributor as the Rangers upset the first place New York Islanders to reach the Stanley Cup Finals, where they fell to Montreal in five games.
Towards the end of a game on February 2, 1981, Tkaczuk suffered an eye injury when hit by a puck. He never played again.
Over his career, Tkaczuk played in 945 NHL games, scoring 227 goals and 451 assists for 678 points. Despite his physical presence, he only accumulated 556 minutes in penalties.
In the 2009 book 100 Ranger Greats, the authors ranked Tkaczuk at No. 14 all-time of the 901 New York Rangers who had played during the team's first 82 seasons.
Post-hockey career
Tkaczuk is co-owner of River Valley Golf Course and Tube Slide in St. Marys, Ontario.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
References
External links
1947 births
Living people
Buffalo Bisons (AHL) players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Canadian people of Ukrainian descent
German emigrants to Canada
Kitchener Rangers players
New York Rangers players
Omaha Knights (CHL) players
People from Emsdetten |
4022684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Act | First Act | First Act was a manufacturer of musical instruments and musical learning toys, that produced guitars, bass guitars, guitar and bass accessories, drum sets, percussion instruments, and amplifiers. Mark Izen founded the company in 1995; its online presence first appeared early in 2000.
Despite being officially based in Boston, Massachusetts, at its peak First Act maintained offices in Bentonville, Hong Kong, and Shenzhen, and a "custom shop" luthiery in Somerville, Massachusetts.
In 2016, First Act was acquired by toy manufacturer Jazwares.
Founding management team
First Act was largely an unrelated result of the successful sale of Duracraft to the Consumer Products division of Honeywell in 1996. Bernard Chiu, the founder of Duracraft, was offered a leadership role at First Act Inc. after selling his company, he accepted thus establishing the companies leadership hierarchy. As a significant portion of First Act Inc. leadership were previous Duracraft employees there were no dedicated musicians, instead they would rely on their experience with generic commodity-level small appliances.
Bernard Chiu, Chairman of the Board — previously co-founder (with Tim Chen and Ronald Izen) and CEO of Duracraft, as well as President and Chairman
Ronald Izen, Vice Chairman of the Board — previously Executive Vice President of Sales for Duracraft, from its founding in 1989 through 1998
Mark Izen, President and CEO — Prior to starting First Act Inc. in 1995, Mark founded CMI Enterprises, Inc., a manufacturer’s representative firm that sold, high-profile consumer products lines to national and regional retailers.
Mary Hassan, Vice President, Human Resources — former Vice President of Human Resources for Duracraft and then Honeywell Consumer Products, and Director of Staffing and Employee Relations for Reebok International.
Tony Natale, Vice President, Finance and Operations — eleven years at Duracraft then Honeywell in various financial and operational positions, including Director of Materials Management and Assistant Controller.
Kelly Butler, Chief Luthier, Custom Shop Manager and Designer - seven years at Gibson Guitars Custom Shop as a custom builder and designer. Currently produces instruments under the K. Butler Guitars brand name.
Product lines
The company's products were divided into two lines, with very similar entries but sold toward different audiences. They were marketed through large retail chains, particularly Toys "R" Us and Target, as well as Amazon.com.
First Act proper was shaped toward inexpensive "beginner" instruments intended for children and adults. The small range was primarily a basic three-piece drum kit, a soprano ukulele, three dynamic-type microphones, and five guitars, both full-size (acoustic and electric) and short-scale (marketed both as "sized for kids" and as a travel guitar).
Paralleling this line was First Act Discovery (sometimes just Discovery), musical products for children ages 3 to 9. This line included acoustic guitars, ukuleles, drums, electronic percussion pads, tambourines, recorders, keyboards, and electronic button-controlled "guitars." There was also a series of plastic microphone-like products, largely with sounds and graphics licensed from Disney, including Nickelodeon, DreamWorks, and Marvel properties. More recently, to maximize the ukulele fad, a series of Disney-graphic instruments (albeit marketed as "mini guitars") was released, such as the AV285 Avengers uke.
An ambitious series of projects and products was eliminated after First Act's 2012 peak.
First Act Instruments — the original retail line of entry-level instruments for teens and adults, including guitars, drums, hand percussion, and accessories.
Mark II — intended in First Act's early years to become the quality line. The name isn't mentioned after 2003.
Concert Series — a range of inexpensive band instruments marketed to grade-school students.
222 — in 2008, First Act partnered with Adam Levine (lead vocalist and guitarist of Maroon 5) to produce 222 by First Act, a line of 22 music products, including an acoustic guitar and a "signature" model of electric guitar designed by Levine, branded "222" (his lucky number). The line was sold through Target stores.
Fuel — successor to First Act Instruments, intended to distance this chain store presence (largely Walmart and Target) from the company's expanding quality lines.
Studio For Artists (SFA) — designed and built custom guitars and violins for professional musicians. Each instrument was handcrafted, and finished in First Act's Boston studio.
SFA Edition Guitars — standard First Act guitars with added custom appointments, such as premium pickups, upgraded machine heads, and unique pickguards.
Limited Edition Guitars — three Limited Edition models were created in the SFA facility: the "Lola", "Sheena", and "Delia." Guitar Player magazine praised the instruments for their stylistic innovation, unique appearance and excellent workmanship.
Related facilities
First Act Guitar Studio was a real-world storefront at 745 Boylston Street, Boston, offering various First Act Custom, Limited Edition, SFA Edition, and First Act series electric and acoustic guitars, and accessories. Customers could play the guitars, watch a luthier crafting custom guitars, see a live show, or have their guitar serviced.
Endorsers and users
In 2011, the First Act website claimed endorsements from 136 guitar players, including Brad Whitford (Aerosmith), Rusty Anderson (Paul McCartney), Matt Pike (High on Fire), Lyn-Z (Mindless Self Indulgence), Brent Hinds and Bill Kelliher (Mastodon), Nick Zinner (Yeah Yeah Yeahs), Al Berry (Avril Lavigne), Nick McCarthy (Franz Ferdinand), Lee Malia (Bring Me The Horizon), Dave Knudson (Minus the Bear), Anders Björler (At The Gates), Adam Gardner (Guster), Tim McTague and James Smith (Underoath), and Serj Tankian (System of a Down). Most of them played variations on the three top-line First Act models, the "Lola", "Sheena", and "Delia." As well, there were the models designed in collaboration with Paul Westerberg and Adam Levine, respectively the PW580 and the 222.
Partnerships and promotions
First Act distributed branded calendars to Guitar Player subscribers in 2006 and 2007. The 2006 edition highlighted Studio for Artists guitars, including custom and limited-edition models.
First Act collaborated with two Red Sox players as a charity fund-raiser. Guitars were designed for pitchers Curt Schilling and Jonathan Papelbon after the players sketched their rough ideas, and First Act's design and custom shop teams brought the guitars to life. The customized guitars were auctioned off at a "Hot Stove Cool Music" concert fund-raiser at Fenway Park. The two guitars raised a total of $12,000 for Theo Epstein's charity.
In 2007, First Act introduced a Paul Westerberg signature guitar called the PW58, featuring a plaid pickguard and a custom body shape designed in the Studio for Artists facility.
First Act partnered with automaker Volkswagen for a 2006 promotional campaign to distribute "GarageMaster" guitars with selected vehicle models through the end of the year. The campaign ran from October 3 through December 31. GarageMaster guitars were available in white, red, and blue to those who purchased a VW. The stereos in these Volkswagens could be used as an amplifier for the guitar. Accompanying advertisements featured guitarists Slash, John Mayer, and Nigel Tufnel of Spinal Tap playing First Act guitars through the sound systems of Volkswagens. The GarageMaster model featured a battery-powered on-board preamp, knobs decorated with the "VW" logo, pickguards matching the vehicle's color, a metal plate inscribed with the corresponding vehicle's VIN, and could be plugged directly into the vehicles' audio systems using a minijack cable.
Consumer electronics
In 2010, a video game division of First Act, Seven45 Studios, released Power Gig: Rise of the SixString. Peripherals included a functional electric guitar with controller buttons, a microphone, and a motion sensor system to simulate drums. Seven45 subsequently produced a number of music-based iOS apps.
In 2011 First Act released an iOS app for iPad and iPhone for karaoke under the Disney license called "Disney Spotlight Karaoke." It includes sing-a-longs with songs from Disney Channel stars and the ability to record and upload a video. First Act also released a line of Disney-themed microphones designed to work with the app.
In 2012 First Act released an iOS app for iPhone and iPad called "Notes to Grow On" which is a companion educational app for the Discovery line of instruments.
In October 2012, First Act launched a line of consumer electronics including charging, music, and audio interfaces for iPods, iPads, and iPhones, under the name BlueFlame Technologies.
Criticism
The company received criticism from music educators who claimed that First Act band instruments, targeted at beginning students, were of low quality, often irreparable, and that replacement parts were difficult to acquire.
In 2003, First Act sued the music retailer Brook Mays for false advertising after the retailer distributed marketing materials to school band directors that criticized First Act's products as "instrument-shaped objects", which induced returns of First Act products. First Act was awarded $16.7 million to compensate for lost profits, a judgment that effectively bankrupted Brook Mays.
References
External links
Official website
Guitar manufacturing companies of the United States
Privately held companies based in Massachusetts
Musical instrument manufacturing companies based in Boston |
4022686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellicott%20Creek | Ellicott Creek | Ellicott Creek is a stream in Western New York, United States. It is a tributary of Tonawanda Creek, which in turn flows into the Niagara River.
Course
Ellicott Creek originates in southwest corner of Genesee County, just northeast of Darien Lakes State Park, in the Town of Darien. It flows generally west, crossing into Erie County and the Town of Alden. It crosses the northern edge of the Town of Lancaster, flowing through the community of Bowmansville in the northwest part of Lancaster.
Continuing west, Ellicott Creek enters the Town of Cheektowaga. There it passes by the toxic Pfohl Brothers Landfill and the Buffalo Niagara International Airport. The creek turns to the northwest at the airport. It flows under one of the runways via a tunnel. It then turns more directly north and enters the Village of Williamsville and the Town of Amherst.
At Williamsville's Island Park Ellicott Creek splits briefly into two channels, one of which contains floodgates. The other channel was historically used to divert water into flumes for powering mills just downstream. Below the floodgates the creek flows rapidly north, passing under State Route 5 and falling over the Onondaga Escarpment at Glen Falls in Amherst State Park.
After Glen Falls, Ellicott Creek continues flowing generally north and northwest through Amherst. It passes by several golf courses and then through the northern edge of the campus of the University at Buffalo, after which the creek turns to the west and crosses under Interstate 990 (Lockport Expressway).
Just west of I-990 the creek splits into two channels for about . The northern channel is deeper, has been more thoroughly channelized and is bordered by commercial land use, while the southern channel is fairly sinuous and contains more trees in the riparian zone.
After these channels rejoin, Ellicott Creek it enters the Town of Tonawanda and passes through Ellicott Creek Park. Ellicott Creek continues west for approximately before emptying into Tonawanda Creek in the City of Tonawanda. This portion of Tonawanda Creek is also part of the Erie Canal. Tonawanda Creek then empties into the Niagara River. The distance from the mouth of Ellicott Creek to the Niagara River is about .
History
Ellicott Creek is named after Joseph Ellicott, an important agent of the Holland Land Company. Ellicott played a significant role in opening Western New York up for settlement after the Iroquois ceded their claims in the 1780s, more significantly in the Big Tree Treaty with the Seneca nation. Elicott surveyed most of Holland Purchase into townships and saleable land parcels.
Natural history
Niagara River surface fluctuations influence creek water level up to upstream of the mouth of Ellicott Creek.
Recreation
Ellicott Creek Bike Path
A bike path, known as the Ellicott Creek Bike Path, follows the creek in the Town of Amherst, near the University at Buffalo and flows under Interstate 990 before leaving Amherst by crossing U.S. Route 62 (Niagara Falls Boulevard) to enter the Town of Tonawanda at Ellicott Creek Park.
In 1990, the Ellicott Creek Bike Path was the last known location where University at Buffalo (UB) Sophomore Linda Yalem was alive. Yalem studied communications at UB and was training to run in the New York City Marathon when she was raped and killed by Altemio Sanchez while on a run on the Ellicott Creek Bike Path near UB.
See also
List of New York rivers
References
Rivers of New York (state)
Rivers of Erie County, New York
Rivers of Genesee County, New York |
4022689 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas%20Highway%20Patrol | Kansas Highway Patrol | The Kansas Highway Patrol (KHP) is the highway patrol agency for the U.S. state of Kansas. While the patrol's primary focus is maintaining the safety of State, Federal and Interstate highways, it also is charged with providing support for rural and small municipal police departments when tactical, aerial or other specialized services are needed. The Kansas Highway Patrol has statewide jurisdiction, and frequently assists other agencies with emergency calls for service ranging from accidents to fights in progress.
History
In 1933, the Kansas Legislature, Governor Alfred Landon, and Highway Department Attorney Wint Smith acted to halt the rampant bank robberies and crime sprees of the 1920s and 1930s. They created a force of ten Motor Vehicle Inspectors, forerunners of Kansas Troopers, under the control of the State Highway Commission.
The Legislature officially organized the Kansas Highway Patrol in 1937. A superintendent, assistant superintendent, and 45 troopers were hired to reduce crashes by enforcing traffic, vehicle, and license laws. Kansas City Police Department veteran Jack B. Jenkins was the first superintendent.
The Governor appointed a Superintendent, and the Superintendent appointed the remainder of the Patrol. All appointees had to pass a physical exam and be U.S. citizens, at least 24 years old, of good health and moral character, and without a criminal record. The 1941 Kansas Civil Service Law affected appointment procedures, but as late as 1945, half the appointees had to belong to the governor's political party, and the other half had to be members of the political party that garnered the second highest number of votes in the gubernatorial election.
In the 1950s, the patrol was contracted to patrol the Kansas Turnpike Authority, and Protective Services began with one Trooper providing ground transportation for the Governor. The recruit school moved from the State Reformatory in Hutchinson to the University of Kansas (KU) in Lawrence. Increasingly, troopers patrolled alone. Before, they always rode in pairs.
In the 1960s, each trooper was assigned a patrol car to improve roadway coverage, and access to the Law Enforcement Teletype System and National Crime Information Center improved the patrol's communications. The first promotional examinations were given, and the former ready-alert facility of the deactivated Schilling Air Force Base in Salina became the patrol's Training Center. Also, the Motor Vehicle Department began examining license applicants, releasing Trooper-Examiners to law enforcement duties.
In 1976, the KHP gained authority over the Capitol Area Security Patrol, which now commonly referred to as the Kansas Capitol Police, or Troop K. In 1988, the responsibility to enforce motor carrier laws was passed from the Department of Revenue to the patrol. As a result, the Patrol inherited Motor Carrier Inspectors and began operation of Motor Carrier Weigh Stations across the state.
In the 1990s, the KHP had outgrown its training center. The state took over the former Marymount College campus in Salina, to house the training academy, statewide communications center and central region offices.
The first female troopers joined the KHP in 1981. Today, the agency actively recruits women and men to be troopers and to fill other uniformed and civilian positions. Besides Troopers, the agency employs Capitol Police Officers, Capitol Area Guards, Motor Carrier Inspectors, Communications Specialists, Vehicle Identification Number Inspectors, Motorist Assistance Technicians, and civilians in a variety of other support positions.
In 2011, the KHP purchased the last-produced Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor for its fleet.
Morale controversy
In 2014, amidst many allegations of abuse of power and inconsistent work practices resulting in overall low morale, the University of Kansas School of Business proctored a thorough survey of all KHP Employees that were willing to participate. The results of the survey revealed that the majority held great loyalty to the agency, but believed upper-level command staff needlessly doled out disciplinary actions to those they personally disliked, showed favoritism during promotional processes, and were generally incompetent when it came to making important decisions regarding the overall direction of the patrol. Colonel Ernest Garcia and Lieutenant Colonel Alan Stoecklein were both mentioned by name multiple times in an open-ended section at the end of the survey where employees could comment freely. Kansas State Troopers Association President Mitch Mellick said that the survey revealed concerns that had long been held by troopers across the state regarding labor practices and benefits. Lieutenant Colonel Stoecklein soon thereafter announced his retirement, effective September 15, 2014 and Colonel Ernest Garcia announced he was leaving the agency on January 5, 2015.
Organization
The Kansas Highway Patrol is under the direction of the superintendent, who holds the rank of colonel. The superintendent is appointed by the Governor of Kansas. The superintendent appoints an assistant superintendent who holds the rank of lieutenant colonel to assist them. Under the assistant superintendent are five executive commanders who hold the rank of major. These officers comprise the executive command staff of the Patrol.
The Patrol is organized into several divisions, and each are overseen by an executive commander. Each division or region is further divided by its geographical area of responsibility (known as a "troop") or its function. Each troop or functional group is overseen by a commander who holds the rank of captain. Administrative groups are overseen by a civilian director. Each troop is further divided into "zones" of one or several counties. Each zone is overseen by a field supervisor who holds the rank of lieutenant.
Rank structure
Pay and pensions
Officers of the Kansas Highway Patrol begin their career as trooper trainees in the training academy at a base hourly rate. Upon graduation, a pay increase occurs, followed by another the beginning of their fourth year. Upon their fifth year, troopers are eligible for promotion to Master or Technical Trooper with an accompanying increase in pay. Additional years of service and experience qualify troopers for promotion to lieutenant (pay grade 36), captain (pay grade 38), and major (pay grade 38).
Troopers' retirement is administered by the Kansas Public Employees Retirement System (KPERS) which provides a defined benefit plan, the Kansas Police and Firemen's Retirement System (KP&F). Contributions are made on a pre-tax basis each pay period, with 7.15% of gross earnings withdrawn automatically. Tier I retirees (those employees who were enrolled in KP&F before July 1, 1989 and did not choose Tier II coverage) and Tier II retirees (all employees hired on or before July 1, 1989 or those who were hired earlier and chose Tier II coverage) may retire and are vested at different times.
In addition to the provided pension, employees are eligible to enroll in the Kansas Public Employees Retirement System (KPERS) 457(b) deferred compensation plan, known as KPERS 457.
Officers of the agency
State Troopers
State troopers are certified law enforcement officers who enforce Kansas laws. Troopers have law enforcement jurisdiction throughout the state. Daily responsibilities include performing traffic stops, providing emergency medical assistance, assisting motorists, investigating crashes, detecting and deterring criminal activity, and assisting other law enforcement agencies. State troopers assist during civil disturbances and natural disasters, provide law enforcement at the Kansas State Fair, inspect school buses and motor vehicles, testify in court, and educate the public about traffic safety.
Capitol Police Officers
The Kansas Capitol Police, as they are known today, are members of a specialty troop of the Kansas Highway Patrol (Troop K). The Capitol Police originally became part of the Kansas Highway Patrol in 1976, under the designation of Kansas Capitol Area Security Patrol, or C.A.S.P.
In the early days of C.A.S.P., the police officers of this special unit were statutorily only allowed to enforce laws on or about state property; leaving them powerless to act on a violation of the law when traveling from one property to another.
In 1995 The Kansas Legislature gave county wide law enforcement jurisdiction to the Capitol Police, and several years thereafter full statewide jurisdiction. With this added jurisdiction and the expanding role of C.A.S.P. legislation was also passed to officially change the name of the unit from C.A.S.P. to the Kansas Capitol Police.
Capitol Police Officers carry the same types of weapons and are issued the same types of equipment and vehicles as Kansas State Troopers. Although they are members of the Kansas Highway Patrol, they are considered “officers” not troopers, and wear slightly different uniforms. Most attended other police academies, not the trooper academy. In 2018, five Capitol Police officers attended the entire trooper academy but still graduated as Capitol police. In 2019, two more attended the trooper academy. Those who attended the full trooper academy are allowed to transfer out of Troop K and become a trooper have a specified amount of time in the Capitol.
Troop K is one of only two Kansas Highway Patrol Troops that provide 24-hour, 7-day-a-week police coverage. This coverage currently entails answering calls for service/patrolling over 100 state properties in Shawnee County Kansas, assisting other law enforcement agencies, investigation traffic accidents, intervening in crimes in progress, and traffic enforcement. The Capitol Police are also charged with providing uniformed police protection at the governor's mansion, the statehouse, the insurance regulation building, and the judicial center.
Motor Carrier Inspectors (Troop I)
Motor carrier inspectors perform thousands of roadside inspections each year, and enforce state laws and federal regulations that promote the safe operation of commercial motor vehicles. MCIs enforce state statutes governing size and weight of vehicles, assist stranded motorists, promote voluntary compliance with the law through educational programs, testify in court, and assist during civil disturbances, natural disasters, and crash scenes. MCIs also train outside agencies in commercial motor vehicle weight and safety regulations. However, most training is conducted by the technical troopers within Troop I (MCSAP troopers).
Motor carrier inspectors work at established scale houses throughout the state, and MCI Law Enforcement Officers conduct mobile inspections. The MCI Law Enforcement Officers are certified law enforcement officers, (but are not troopers), who in addition to inspecting commercial motor vehicles, detect and deter criminal activity, and apprehend criminal offenders.
Around approximately 2015, it was decided the mobile motor carrier inspector position would be eliminated through attrition. The MCIs were allowed to remain employed but had no opportunity for advancement. When they retire, their positions are replaced by technical troopers who perform the MCI duties of size and weight enforcement as well as typical trooper duties.
Communications Specialists (Troop M)
Communications specialists support field personnel 24 hours a day, seven days a week by rapidly and efficiently broadcasting information from the Highway Patrol's Central Communications Center in Salina, Kansas. Daily responsibilities include operating a data entry terminal and radio communication system to send, relay, and receive information. Communications Specialists maintain continuous contact among Highway Patrol personnel and other emergency response agencies, and they disseminate information for officers to apprehend offenders, develop investigative leads, track criminal activity, identify stolen property, and locate missing persons.
Communications specialists also coordinate emergency medical relays across the state using aircraft and ground units, and monitor alarms and warning systems, such as those issued by the National Weather Service and local emergency managers.
Equipment
Previous firearms
The last revolver issued was the Smith & Wesson Model 586 .357 Magnum revolver. In 1991, the SIG Sauer P220 .45 ACP was the first semi-automatic pistol carried by the agency until it was replaced in 1998 by the Glock 21 .45 ACP pistol. In 2009, the agency was one of the first in the United States to adopt the Glock 21SF (Short Frame) series sidearms (the other state agency to adopt the Glock 21SF shortly after would be the Nebraska State Patrol who still uses them). The Glock 21SF was first issued with a standard Level 1 or Level 2 high gloss leather holster, but the agency would later adopt the Safariland 6360 Level 3 holsters in around 2013–2014. In late 2018, the Patrol transitioned to 9mm with the Glock 17 Gen 5 carried in a Safariland 6360 Level 3 holster. The transition to 9mm was based upon Federal Bureau of Investigation testing which demonstrated a marked ballistic improvement upon earlier technology.
Vehicle issuance and retirement
Each trooper is issued their own patrol vehicle. Patrol vehicles are retired before reaching 50,000 miles and are subsequently resold to other governmental agencies at a reduced price.
Fallen officers
Since the establishment of the Kansas Highway Patrol, 10 officers have died in the line of duty.
See also
List of law enforcement agencies in Kansas
State police
Highway patrol
Kansas Bureau of Investigation
References
External links
Kansas Highway Patrol publications at KGI Online Library
State law enforcement agencies of Kansas
Government agencies established in 1937
1937 establishments in Kansas |
4022691 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1996 French Open – Men's singles | Yevgeny Kafelnikov defeated Michael Stich in the final, 7–6(7–4), 7–5, 7–6(7–4) to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1996 French Open. Kafelnikov remains the most recent man to have won singles and men's doubles titles in the same major.
Thomas Muster was the defending champion, but lost in the fourth round to Stich.
Pete Sampras was attempting to complete the career Grand Slam, but lost in the semifinals to Kafelnikov. It was his career-best result at the French Open.
Future three-time champion and world No. 1 Gustavo Kuerten made his first appearance in the main draw of a major, losing to Wayne Ferreira in the first round. Three-time champion Mats Wilander made his final major appearance, losing to Todd Martin in the second round.
Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Yevgeny Kafelnikov is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.
Pete Sampras (semifinals)
Thomas Muster (fourth round)
Andre Agassi (second round)
Michael Chang (third round)
Goran Ivanišević (fourth round)
Yevgeny Kafelnikov (champion)
Jim Courier (quarterfinals)
Thomas Enqvist (first round)
Marcelo Ríos (fourth round)
Wayne Ferreira (fourth round)
Arnaud Boetsch (second round)
Albert Costa (second round)
Richard Krajicek (quarterfinals)
Marc Rosset (semifinals)
Michael Stich (finalist)
MaliVai Washington (first round)
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
External links
1996 French Open Men's Singles draw Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP)
1996 French Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
1996 |
4022711 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20historical%20equipment%20of%20the%20Canadian%20military | List of historical equipment of the Canadian military | This is a list of Infantry weapons used by the Canadian Military throughout its history and military arms used by militaries in pre-Confederation conflicts in Canada.
Colonial Era to Confederation (1604 - 1867)
Black powder rifles, carbines and pistols
Service rifles and carbines
Confederation to First World War (1867 - 1914)
Service Pistols
Service Rifles
First World War to Second World War (1914 - 1939)
Service pistols
Rifles
Machine Guns
Armoured Fighting Vehicles
Second World War to Cold War (1939 - 1946)
Infantry Weapons
Utility Vehicles
Scout Vehicles
Armoured Carriers and Armoured Tractors
Tanks
Combat Tanks
Training Tanks
Self-Propelled Artillery and Anti-Aircraft
Engineering Vehicles
Artillery
Field artillery
Anti-tank guns
Anti-aircraft guns
Cold War to Modern (Cold War and peace keeping weapons until 2003)
Infantry Weapons
Utility Vehicles
Armoured Fighting Vehicles
Unsorted
Approved private purchase and secondary side-arms
Grenades, mines and other explosives
Infantry mortars
Bayonets and Knives
Ammunition
Swords
1897 Pattern British Infantry Officer's Sword
1908 and 1912 Pattern British Army Cavalry Swords
1857 Artillery Officer Sword
1827 Navy Officer Sword
1926 Air Force Officer Sword
Uniforms, Load Bearing and Protective Equipment
Uniforms
Foreign Service Dress 1900-1903
Service Dress 1903-1939
Canadian Pattern and British Pattern
Khaki Drill
Battle Dress 1939-1967
Denison smock Used by the Airborne
Canadian Para Smock
Bush Dress
Combat Dress -1968-2002
CADPAT camouflage Combat Dress 2002–present
Load bearing equipment
Oliver Pattern Equipment 1898-19??
1903 Pattern Bandolier Equipment
1937 Pattern Web Equipment
1942 Battle Jerkin
1951 Pattern Web Equipment
1964 Pattern Web Equipment
1982 Pattern Web Equipment
Tactical Vest (or just known as Tac Vest). 2003–Present
Head dress
Canadian military fur wedge cap
Glengarry
Tam o'shanter
Field Service Cap
Beret
Balmoral bonnet
Brodie helmet
Mk II helmet
Mk III helmet
M1 Helmet
CG634
Protective equipment
Fragmentation Protection Vest
Present day
List of equipment of the Canadian Army
References
External links
canadiansoldier.com
weapons
Weapons of Canada
Canada |
4022723 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm%20Island%2C%20Grenadines | Palm Island, Grenadines | Palm Island in the Grenadines is a small island one mile from Union Island, only accessible by boat. It has an area of and has five beaches.
Originally known as Prune Island, Palm Island got its current name when the former owners, the late John Caldwell ("Johnny Coconut") and his wife Mary, planted hundreds of coconut palms (Cocos nucifera), transforming the deserted, swampy, and mosquito infested island into a palm covered one. Its grass airstrip was sacrificed to the planting of more palms following the construction of a concrete airstrip on Union Island. The circular air traffic control building remains although it is now used as a nursery for young palms.
Nature
The island is a haven for wildlife and during 2015, 125 land turtles were introduced to replace the small population that was washed away by Hurricane Ivan in 2004. Although not indigenous, the vegetation is akin to Union Island where the turtles were sourced and they are released from nursery cages as soon as they grow past the size where they would be prey to the native land iguanas.
Other wildlife easily seen are house geckos (Gekkonidae), ground and tree lizards, hermit crabs, land crabs (Coenobitidae). sea turtles are reputed to come ashore to lay eggs but rare tracks are usually the only indication that they have visited. The island also provides habitation for pigeons and doves (Columbidae), common blackbird, tropical mockingbird, sandpipers, bananaquit, blue and crowned herons (Botaurus) and hummingbirds. The skies above are populated by osprey, laughing gull and frigatebird. Sand flies or "noseeums" (no-see-em, no-see-ums) as they are known colloquially combined with the ubiquitous mosquito occasionally annoy the hotel guests but blanket spraying by the hotel ground staff keeps their effect to a minimum.
See also
Martinique Channel
Tourism
Palm Island is the home of Palm Island Resort and Spa, with 40 rooms and suites and several private villas. There are two restaurants (the Royal Palm Restaurant and the Sunset Grill) and two bars, a spa, swimming pool, gym, library, tennis court, table tennis room and TV/Internet Room plus other facilities for guests. Typically the resort caters for 100 guests with 92 staff.
The island golf course has been reclaimed by the natural habitat with just the flagsticks remaining although a driving range parallel to the Casuarina Beach is usable but rarely used.
References
Caribbean Wildlife
Birds of the Caribbean
External links
Official Palm Island Hotel web site
Islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Resorts in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
4022735 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolomeo%20degli%20Organi | Bartolomeo degli Organi | Bartolomeo degli Organi (24 December 1474 – 12 December 1539) was an Italian composer, singer and organist of the Renaissance. Living in Florence, he was closely associated with Lorenzo de' Medici, and was music teacher both to the Florentine composer Francesco de Layolle and Guido Machiavelli, the son of the famous writer.
Life
He was born in Florence, and seems to have spent most of his life there. He was a singer in the cathedral of Santissima Annunziata from 1488, and was appointed as a singer in the baptistry chapel by Lorenzo de' Medici himself. In addition he worked as an organist at several locations in Florence, finally obtaining the position of organist at the cathedral in 1509, a position he retained for the rest of his life.
Bartolomeo was well-connected with the artistic and cultural life in Florence. In addition to being part of the circle of Lorenzo de' Medici, his friends included the poet Lorenzo Strozzi, and he was the music teacher of the son of Niccolò Machiavelli. He also may have been one of the teachers of Francesco Corteccia, the most prominent Florentine musician of the middle of the 16th century.
Some of Bartolomeo's children and grandchildren also became well-known musicians in Florence, including his sons Antonio, Lorenzo, and Piero, and his grandson Baccio degli Organi, a Florentine music teacher in the 16th century.
Music and influence
Relatively little of Bartolomeo's music has survived. Only fifteen pieces are found in sources of the period: ten secular songs, a lauda, and four instrumental compositions. The songs are in the characteristic style of the popular music of the period, with simple rhythms, homophonic texture, clear phrasing, and they are in strophic form. Eight are ballatas. In spite of his close association with Ss Annunziata, only a single sacred composition has survived, the lauda Sguardate il Salvatore, and that is probably an adaptation of a secular song.
Some influence of the Netherlands school is evident in his music: he used the tune of the famous chanson De tous biens plaine by Hayne van Ghizeghem in one of his instrumental pieces, and he also used motivic material by Alexander Agricola (who also worked in Florence in the early 1490s, and was possibly his teacher) in his instrumental music.
References
Frank A. D'Accone. "Bartolomeo degli Organi", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Retrieved 10 February 2006), grovemusic.com (subscription access).
Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.
Renaissance composers
Italian classical composers
Italian male classical composers
Italian classical organists
Male organists
People from the Province of Florence
1474 births
1539 deaths |
4022741 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coactivator%20%28genetics%29 | Coactivator (genetics) | A coactivator is a type of transcriptional coregulator that binds to an activator (a transcription factor) to increase the rate of transcription of a gene or set of genes. The activator contains a DNA binding domain that binds either to a DNA promoter site or a specific DNA regulatory sequence called an enhancer. Binding of the activator-coactivator complex increases the speed of transcription by recruiting general transcription machinery to the promoter, therefore increasing gene expression. The use of activators and coactivators allows for highly specific expression of certain genes depending on cell type and developmental stage.
Some coactivators also have histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity. HATs form large multiprotein complexes that weaken the association of histones to DNA by acetylating the N-terminal histone tail. This provides more space for the transcription machinery to bind to the promoter, therefore increasing gene expression.
Activators are found in all living organisms, but coactivator proteins are typically only found in eukaryotes because they are more complex and require a more intricate mechanism for gene regulation. In eukaryotes, coactivators are usually proteins that are localized in the nucleus.
Mechanism
Some coactivators indirectly regulate gene expression by binding to an activator and inducing a conformational change that then allows the activator to bind to the DNA enhancer or promoter sequence. Once the activator-coactivator complex binds to the enhancer, RNA polymerase II and other general transcription machinery are recruited to the DNA and transcription begins.
Histone acetyltransferase
Nuclear DNA is normally wrapped tightly around histones, making it hard or impossible for the transcription machinery to access the DNA. This association is due primarily to the electrostatic attraction between the DNA and histones as the DNA phosphate backbone is negatively charged and histones are rich in lysine residues, which are positively charged. The tight DNA-histone association prevents the transcription of DNA into RNA.
Many coactivators have histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity meaning that they can acetylate specific lysine residues on the N-terminal tails of histones. In this method, an activator binds to an enhancer site and recruits a HAT complex that then acetylates nucleosomal promoter-bound histones by neutralizing the positively charged lysine residues. This charge neutralization causes the histones to have a weaker bond to the negatively charged DNA, which relaxes the chromatin structure, allowing other transcription factors or transcription machinery to bind to the promoter (transcription initiation). Acetylation by HAT complexes may also help keep chromatin open throughout the process of elongation, increasing the speed of transcription.
Acetylation of the N-terminal histone tail is one of the most common protein modifications found in eukaryotes, with about 85% of all human proteins being acetylated. Acetylation is crucial for synthesis, stability, function, regulation and localization of proteins and RNA transcripts.
HATs function similarly to N-terminal acetyltransferases (NATs) but their acetylation is reversible unlike in NATs. HAT mediated histone acetylation is reversed using histone deactetylase (HDAC), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of lysine residues, removing the acetyl group from the histones. This causes the chromatin to close back up from their relaxed state, making it difficult for the transcription machinery to bind to the promoter, thus repressing gene expression.
Examples of coactivators that display HAT activity include CARM1, CBP and EP300.
Corepression
Many coactivators also function as corepressors under certain circumstances. Cofactors such as TAF1 and BTAF1 can initiate transcription in the presence of an activator (act as a coactivator) and repress basal transcription in the absence of an activator (act as a corepressor).
Significance
Biological significance
Transcriptional regulation is one of the most common ways for an organism to alter gene expression. The use of activation and coactivation allows for greater control over when, where and how much of a protein is produced. This enables each cell to be able to quickly respond to environmental or physiological changes and helps to mitigate any damage that may occur if it were otherwise unregulated.
Associated disorders
Mutations to coactivator genes leading to loss or gain of protein function have been linked to diseases and disorders such as birth defects, cancer (especially hormone dependent cancers), neurodevelopmental disorders and intellectual disability (ID), among many others. Dysregulation leading to the over- or under-expression of coactivators can detrimentally interact with many drugs (especially anti-hormone drugs) and has been implicated in cancer, fertility issues and neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. For a specific example, dysregulation of CREB-binding protein (CBP)—which acts as a coactivator for numerous transcription factors within the central nervous system (CNS), reproductive system, thymus and kidneys—has been linked to Huntington's disease, leukaemia, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, neurodevelopmental disorders and deficits of the immune system, hematopoiesis and skeletal muscle function.
As drug targets
Coactivators are promising targets for drug therapies in the treatment of cancer, metabolic disorder, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, along with many other disorders. For example, the steroid receptor coactivator (SCR) NCOA3 is often overexpressed in breast cancer, so the development of an inhibitor molecule that targets this coactivator and decreases its expression could be used as a potential treatment for breast cancer.
Because transcription factors control many different biological processes, they are ideal targets for drug therapy. The coactivators that regulate them can be easily replaced with a synthetic ligand that allows for control over an increase or decrease in gene expression.
Further technological advances will provide new insights into the function and regulation of coactivators at a whole-organism level and elucidate their role in human disease, which will hopefully provide better targets for future drug therapies.
Known coactivators
To date there are more than 300 known coregulators. Some examples of these coactivators include:
ARA54 targets androgen receptors
ATXN7L3 targets several members of the nuclear receptor superfamily
BCL3 targets 9-cis retinoic acid receptor (RXR)
CBP targets many transcription factors
CDC25B targets steroid receptors
COPS5 targets several nuclear receptors
DDC targets androgen receptors
EP300 targets many transcription factors
KAT5 targets many nuclear receptors
KDM1A targets androgen receptors
Steroid receptor coactivator (SRC) family
NCOA1 targets several members of the nuclear receptor superfamily
NCOA2 targets several members of the nuclear receptor superfamily
NCOA3 targets several nuclear receptors and transcription factors
See also
Repressor
Regulation of gene expression
Transcription coregulator
Translation
TcoF-DB
References
External links
Nuclear Receptor Signalling Atlas (NIH-funded research consortium and database; includes open-access PubMed-indexed journal, Nuclear Receptor Signaling)
TcoF - Dragon database of transcription co-factors and transcription factor interacting proteins
Gene expression
Molecular genetics
Proteins
Transcription coregulators |
4022742 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Chinese%20administrative%20divisions%20by%20natural%20growth%20rate | List of Chinese administrative divisions by natural growth rate | This is a list of the first-level administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China (P.R.C.), including all provinces, autonomous regions, special administrative regions and municipalities, in order of their natural growth rate in 2014. Here, natural growth rate refers to the birth rate minus the death rate, i.e. the effects of migration are not considered. The unit is per thousand.
The figures are from the China Statistical Yearbook 2015 published by the Bureau of Statistics of the PRC.
References
National Bureau of Statistics
Natural growth rate
Natural growth rate
China, natural growth rate |
4022743 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20Weapons%20Complex | Air Weapons Complex | The Air Weapons Complex (AWC) () is a scientific research and development military complex engage in explosive engineering, specifically in airborne system. The AWC is operated and controlled by the Pakistan Air Force as its military unit that is dedicated towards developing and integrating the aerospace warfighting technologies and providing warfighting capabilities to the Pakistan Air Force.
Since its establishment in 1992, the AWC has designed and developed the air-launched cruise missile (ALCM) for the Air Force and participated in technical demonstrations in conjunction with nation's major defense contractors such as NESCOM, DESTO, and the Ministry of Defence (MoD).
Products
Airborne systems
Airborne Video Tape Recorder (AVTR) system
Airborne Digital Data Recorder system
Infra-red search and track (IRST) system
GPS navigation system
Mechanical gyro and iFOG-based inertial navigation system (INS)
MOHAFIZ counter-measures dispensing system
Laser guidance system for Mk.80 series bombs (license-manufactured design from the US)
Air-launched weaponry
Practice bombs (6 kg, 11 kg)
250 kg Pre-fragmented bomb
250 kg Mk.82 general-purpose bomb
500 kg Mk.83 bomb
1000 kg Mk.84 bomb
Mk.80 series general-purpose bomb tail units (low drag or high drag speed-retarding devices)
HAFR-1, HAFR-2 and RPB-1 anti-runway weapons
H-2 SOW
H-4 SOW
Ra'ad ALCM
Ra'ad-II ALCM
Electronics
Air Defence Automation System (C4I system) - given to Bangladesh, installed by AWC engineers circa 2005.
Electronic fuses for air-launched weapons (impact and proximity fuses)
Real-time ACMI system
Voice/Fax/Data encryption system
Other
Multi-Spectral Camouflage Net - camouflages against night-vision, infra-red, radar and millimeter wave sensors as well as visual detection. Stated to reduce an object's radar cross-section (RCS) by 86% on average and reduce average detection range by 43.8%.
Technical Expertise
Software Development for Mission Critical Systems
Nondestructive Testing Software and Mechanical Support
Electronic System Design and Production
Prototyping and Production of Specialized Mechanical Assemblies
Mechanical Components Precision Manufacturing
TQM Practices
Mil-Spec Qualifications
CAD/CAM Support
UAV project
The Air Weapons Complex embarked on a project for the indigenous development of UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) in mid-1998. The Sky Tracker and Sky Navigator software suites were developed for the ground-based tracking of UAVs. The software retrieves the GPS position data from the UAV via a radio data-link17 and uses it to show the position of the UAV as a 2D plot along with other essential data such as, speed, altitude, heading, etc. This plot can be overlaid onto area maps as well. This information is used by the pilot for flying the UAV from the ground-based command station.
References
A
Pakistan federal departments and agencies
Defence companies of Pakistan
Weapon development
Military research installations of Pakistan
1992 establishments in Pakistan
Guided missile manufacturers |
4022747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1998 French Open – Men's singles | Carlos Moyá defeated Àlex Corretja in the final, 6–3, 7–5, 6–3 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1998 French Open.
Gustavo Kuerten was the defending champion, but he lost in the second round to Marat Safin, who was appearing in the main draw of a major for the first time.
Seeds
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
External links
1998 French Open Men's Singles draw – Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP)
1998 French Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
French Open by year – Men's singles
1998 ATP Tour |
4022748 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Bureau | Le Bureau | Le Bureau is a 2006 French television show written and directed by Nicolas & Bruno. It is a French adaptation of the popular British television series The Office. Le Bureau adapted the scripts of the original British series, changing character names and many cultural references.
Cast
François Berléand: Gilles Triquet, Regional Director of the Cogirep Villepinte branch. He is based on David Brent.
Xavier Robic: Félix Pradier, trainee.
Benoît Carré: Joel Liotard, Assistant to the Regional Director.
Jérémie Elkaïm: Paul Delorme, Sales Representative.
Alka-Laure Balbir: Laetitia Kadiri, Receptionist.
Frédéric Merlo: Daniel Gabarda, Chief Accountant.
Jean-Pierre Loustau: Didier Leguélec, Representative.
Astrid Bas: Juliette Lebrac, Manager of Cogirep France.
Solène Bouton: Jennifer Langlois.
Jacques-Yves Dorges as Giraud Bernard, Sales Representative.
Summary
It takes place in Villepinte, a business park in the northeast suburbs of Paris.
The series stars François Berléand as Gilles Triquet, France's version of David Brent. Another notable actor, Jérémie Elkaïm of Presque rien fame, also stars in the series playing the French version of Tim Canterbury.
Filming with the French cast was completed in early February; the series began airing on 25 May 2006.
It is the first foreign-language remake of the show, although the German series Stromberg used The Office as a basis for its show format. A dubbed version of the first UK series that ran on cable in France in 2004 fared poorly.
Season schedule
Home release
The DVD was released on 28 August 2006.
See also
The Office
List of French adaptations of television series from other countries
References
External links
Canal Plus - Le Bureau
Pravda - 'The Office' becomes 'Le Bureau'
Guardian Unlimited - From Slough to Villepinte: it's Le Bureau
Guardian Unlimited - 'Vulgar, bigoted, cynical': France warms to Le Bureau
Cogirep
FT.com Je vous presente... le David Brent francais
Times Online - The Office, version française
The Office
French television sitcoms
Mockumentary television series
Television shows set in France
French television series based on British television series
2000s French comedy television series
2006 French television series debuts
2006 French television series endings
Television shows set in Paris
Canal+ original programming |
4022752 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Higgins%20Park | O'Higgins Park | O'Higgins Park (, formerly known as Parque Cousiño), with an area of around , is Santiago, Chile's second largest public park after Metropolitan Park. It is located in the center of the capital, in the Santiago Commune.
The park, named after Bernardo O'Higgins (one of Chile's founding fathers), is a popular place for families to visit during weekends and holidays, especially during the national holiday on September 18, when a number of fondas and ramadas —traditional places for dancing, eating and drinking— are open to the public for a few days.
Between 2011 to 2019, O’Higgins Park hosted the annual music festival Lollapalooza Chile.
History
The present-day O’Higgins Park is the result of gradual evolution over its history. The site, originally called Pampilla or El Llano, was a flat open space between the modern-day Santa Rosa and San Ignacio streets, where people gathered to celebrate Fiestas Patrias, Chile's national day.
The government bought the land in 1845 and used the southern portion for state buildings, including a jail. In 1870, it gave the northern portion of the terrain to Chilean politician, entrepreneur and philanthropist Luis Cousiño. Inspired by the parks he saw in Europe, he decided to create one in his own city and contracted French landscaper Guillermo Renner to shape it into parkland. The park was inaugurated by his widow Isidora Goyenechea in 1873 and was named Parque Cousiño in his honor.
Movistar Arena
In 1956, work began on an indoor stadium inside O’Higgins Park which would eventually become the largest covered arena in Chile. Construction started but then stalled, leaving only the bare structure of the stadium complete until 1999, when the roof was finally completed. After further delays, the stadium at last opened to the public in 2006 as the Arena Santiago. In 2008, Telefonica’s cellphone division Movistar bought the naming rights and the stadium became the Movistar Arena.
Religious events
On 19 December 1926, the Church in Chile used Cousiño Park for a ceremony to crown an image of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, Chile’s patron saint, led by Benedetto Aloisi Masella, the papal nuncio to the country. The painting used in the ceremony is preserved in Santiago Metropolitan Cathedral and is carried through the streets of Santiago on the last Sunday of September each year.
In 1987, Pope John Paul II visited Chile and led a beatification ceremony in O’Higgins Park for Saint Teresa of Los Andes. The ceremony had to be suspended when violence broke out between the Carabineros de Chile (Chilean police force and gendarmerie) and crowds protesting Augusto Pinochet’s military dictatorship. The situation calmed and the pope, believed to be a supporter of Chile’s return to democracy, concluded his address with the words “love is stronger”.
Davis Cup controversy
In 2000 the Arena Santiago in O’Higgins Park played host to a tie tennis match between Chile and Argentina as part of the Davis Cup. During the second singles match between Nicolás Massú and Mariano Zabaleta, the crowd reacted violently, throwing objects on the court and forcing Argentina to withdraw.
Lollapalooza Chile
In November 2010, musician and Lollapalooza founder Perry Farrell announced that the first overseas version of the rock festival would take place in O’Higgins Park, Santiago. The inaugural Lollapalooza Chile took place on 2–3 April 2011 and drew a crowd of about 100,000, with venues including the park's Movistar Arena, La Elipse, and La Cupula Theater. Lollapalooza Chile has returned annually since then, most recently on 16–18 March 2018.
Infrastructure
The park is located next to Parque O’Higgins metro station and near Santiago's Autopista Central highway.
Key structures and facilities include:
The Movistar Arena, one of the largest multi-use stadia in South America.
Campo de Marte, also known as La Elipse (), where a military parade takes place every September 19 for the Day of the Glories of the Army.
El Pueblito (), where visitors can find shops, craft stalls and museums, including the Museum of the Huaso and the Insect and Snail Museum.
Fantasilandia, the biggest amusement park in Chile, located in the park's northwestern corner.
Olympic pool
There is also a public pool, a roller skating field, a skate park, tennis courts, a soccer field, a theater and an artificial lake, with walking trails crossing the length of the park.
References
External links
360-degree aerial view of O'Higgins Park
Parks in Santiago, Chile
Urban public parks |
4022767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativity%20priority%20dispute | Relativity priority dispute | Albert Einstein presented the theories of special relativity and general relativity in publications that either contained no formal references to previous literature, or referred only to a small number of his predecessors for fundamental results on which he based his theories, most notably to the work of Henri Poincaré and Hendrik Lorentz for special relativity, and to the work of David Hilbert, Carl F. Gauss, Bernhard Riemann, and Ernst Mach for general relativity. Subsequently, claims have been put forward about both theories, asserting that they were formulated, either wholly or in part, by others before Einstein. At issue is the extent to which Einstein and various other individuals should be credited for the formulation of these theories, based on priority considerations.
Various scholars have questioned aspects of the work of Einstein, Henri Poincaré, and Lorentz leading up to the theories’ publication in 1905. Questions raised by these scholars include asking to what degree Einstein was familiar with Poincaré's work, whether Einstein was familiar with Lorentz's 1904 paper or a review of it, and how closely Einstein followed other physicists at the time. It is known that Einstein was familiar with Poincaré's 1902 paper [Poi02], but it is not known to what extent he was familiar with other work of Poincaré in 1905. However, it is known that he knew [Poi00] in 1906, because he quoted it in [Ein06]. Lorentz's 1904 paper [Lor04] contained the transformations bearing his name that appeared in the Annalen der Physik. Some authors claim that Einstein worked in relative isolation and with restricted access to the physics literature in 1905. Others, however, disagree; a personal friend of Einstein, Maurice Solovine, acknowledged that he and Einstein pored over Poincaré's 1902 book, keeping them "breathless for weeks on end" [Rot06]. The question of whether Einstein's wife Mileva Marić contributed to Einstein's work has also been raised, but most scholars on the topic say that there is no substantive evidence that she made significant contributions.
Background
In the history of special relativity, the most important names that are mentioned in discussions about the distribution of credit are Albert Einstein, Hendrik Lorentz, Henri Poincaré, and Hermann Minkowski. Consideration is also given to numerous other scientists for either anticipations of some aspects of the theory, or else for contributions to the development or elaboration of the theory. These include Woldemar Voigt, August Föppl, Joseph Larmor, Emil Cohn, Friedrich Hasenöhrl, Max Planck, Max von Laue, Gilbert Newton Lewis and Richard Chase Tolman, and others. In addition, polemics exist about alleged contributions of others such as Olinto De Pretto who according to some mathematical scholars did not create relativity but was the first to use the equation. Also Einstein's first wife Mileva Marić, although her contribution is not considered to have any foundation according to serious scholars.
In his History of the theories of ether and electricity from 1953, E. T. Whittaker claimed that relativity is the creation of Poincaré and Lorentz and attributed to Einstein's papers only little importance. However, most historians of science, like Gerald Holton, Arthur I. Miller, Abraham Pais, John Stachel, or Olivier Darrigol have other points of view. They admit that Lorentz and Poincaré developed the mathematics of special relativity, and many scientists originally spoke about the "Lorentz–Einstein theory". But they argue that it was Einstein who completely eliminated the classical ether and demonstrated the relativity of space and time. They also argue that Poincaré demonstrated the relativity of space and time only in his philosophical writings, but in his physical papers he maintained the ether as a privileged frame of reference that is perfectly undetectable, and continued (like Lorentz) to distinguish between "real" lengths and times measured by observers at rest within the aether, and "apparent" lengths and times measured by observers in motion within the aether. Darrigol summarizes:
Most of the components of Einstein's paper appeared in others' anterior works on the electrodynamics of moving bodies. Poincaré and Alfred Bucherer had the relativity principle. Lorentz and Larmor had most of the Lorentz transformations, Poincaré had them all. Cohn and Bucherer rejected the ether. Poincaré, Cohn, and Abraham had a physical interpretation of Lorentz's local time. Larmor and Cohn alluded to the dilation of time. Lorentz and Poincaré had the relativistic dynamics of the electron. None of these authors, however, dared to reform the concepts of space and time. None of them imagined a new kinematics based on two postulates. None of them derived the Lorentz transformations on this basis. None of them fully understood the physical implications of these transformations. It all was Einstein's unique feat.
Undisputed facts
The following facts are well established and referable:
In 1889, ([Poi89]), Henri Poincaré argued that the ether might be unobservable, in which case the existence of the ether is a metaphysical question, and he suggested that some day the ether concept would be thrown aside as useless. However, in the same book (Ch. 10) he considered the ether a "convenient hypothesis" and continued to use the concept also in later books in 1908 ([Poi08], Book 3) and 1912 ([Poi13], Ch. 6).
In 1895, Poincaré argued that results like those obtained by Michelson and Morley (Michelson–Morley experiment) show that it seems to be impossible to detect the absolute motion of matter or the relative motion of matter in relation to the ether. In 1900 [Poi00] he called this the Principle of Relative Motion, i.e., that the laws of movement should be the same in all inertial frames. Alternative terms used by Poincaré were "relativity of space" and "principle of relativity". In 1904 he expanded that principle by saying: "The principle of relativity, according to which the laws of physical phenomena must be the same for a stationary observer as for one carried along in a uniform motion of translation, so that we have no means, and can have none, of determining whether or not we are being carried along in such a motion." However, he also stated that we do not know if this principle will turn out to be true, but that it is interesting to determine what the principle implies.
In 1900([Poi00]), Poincaré published a paper in which he said that radiation could be considered as a fictitious fluid with an equivalent mass of . He derived this interpretation from Lorentz's 'theory of electrons' which incorporated Maxwell's radiation pressure.
Poincaré had described a synchronization procedure for clocks at rest relative to each other in [Poi00] and again in [Poi04]. So two events, which are simultaneous in one frame of reference, are not simultaneous in another frame. It is very similar to the one later proposed by Einstein. However, Poincaré distinguished between "local" or "apparent" time of moving clocks, and the "true" time of resting clocks in the ether. In [Poi02] he argued that "some day, no doubt, the ether will be thrown aside as useless".
Lorentz' paper [Lor04] containing the transformations bearing his name appeared in 1904.
Albert Einstein in [Ein05c] derived the Lorentz equations by using the principle of constancy of velocity of light and the relativity principle. He was the first to argue that those principles (along with certain other basic assumptions about the homogeneity and isotropy of space, usually taken for granted by theorists) are sufficient to derive the theory—see Postulates of special relativity. He said: "The introduction of a luminiferous ether will prove to be superfluous inasmuch as the view here to be developed will not require an absolutely stationary space provided with special properties, nor assign a velocity vector to a point of the empty space in which electromagnetic processes take place." * Einstein's Elektrodynamik paper [Ein05c] contains no formal references to other literature. It does mention, in §9, part II, that the results of the paper are in agreement with Lorentz's electrodynamics. Poincaré is not mentioned in this paper, although he is cited formally in a paper on special relativity written by Einstein the following year.
In 1905 Einstein was the first to suggest that when a material body lost energy (either radiation or heat) of amount , its mass decreased by the amount .
Hermann Minkowski showed in 1907 that the theory of special relativity could be elegantly described using a four-dimensional spacetime, which combines the dimension of time with the three dimensions of space.
Einstein in 1920 returned to a concept of aether having no state of motion.
Comments by Lorentz, Poincaré, and Einstein
Lorentz
In a paper that was written in 1914 and published in 1921, Lorentz expressed appreciation for Poincaré's Palermo paper (1906) on relativity. Lorentz stated:
However, a 1916 reprint of his main work "The theory of electrons" contains notes (written in 1909 and 1915) in which Lorentz sketched the differences between his results and that of Einstein as follows:
Regarding the fact, that in this book Lorentz only mentioned Einstein and not Poincaré in connection with a) the synchronisation by light signals, b) the reciprocity of the Lorentz transformation, and c) the relativistic transformation law for charge density, Janssen comments:
And at a conference on the Michelson–Morley experiment in 1927 at which Lorentz and Michelson were present, Michelson suggested that Lorentz was the initiator of the theory of relativity. Lorentz then replied:
Poincaré
Poincaré attributed the development of the new mechanics almost entirely to Lorentz. He only mentioned Einstein in connection with the photoelectric effect, but not in connection with special relativity. For example, in 1912 Poincaré raises the question whether "the mechanics of Lorentz" will still exist after the development of the quantum theory. He wrote:
Einstein
It is now known that Einstein was well aware of the scientific research of his time. The well known historian of science, Jürgen Renn, Director of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, wrote on Einstein's contributions to the Annalen der Physik:
Einstein wrote in 1907 that one needed only to realize that an auxiliary quantity that was introduced by Lorentz and that he called "local time" can simply be defined as "time". In 1909 and 1912
Einstein explained:
But Einstein and his supporters took the position that this "light postulate" together with the principle of relativity renders the ether superfluous and leads directly to Einstein's version of relativity. It is also known that Einstein had been reading and studying Poincaré's 1902 book Science and hypothesis well before 1905, which included:
detailed philosophical assessments on the relativity of space, time, and simultaneity
discussion of the reliance on conventions regarding the use of light signals for the synchronization of clocks
the definition of the principle of relativity and the conjecture that a violation of that principle can never be detected empirically
the possible redundancy of the ether hypothesis
detailed remarks on the physical status of non-Euclidean geometry.
Einstein refers to Poincaré in connection with the inertia of energy in 1906 and the non-Euclidean geometry in 1921, but not in connection with the Lorentz transformation, the relativity principle or the synchronization procedure by light signals. However, in the last years before his death Einstein acknowledged some of Poincaré's contributions (according to Darrigol, maybe because his biographer Pais in 1950 sent Einstein a copy of Poincarè's Palermo paper, which he said that he had not read before). Einstein wrote in 1953:
Timeline
This section cites notable publications where people have expressed a view on the issues outlined above.
Sir Edmund Whittaker (1954)
In 1954, Sir Edmund Taylor Whittaker, an English mathematician and historian of science, credited Henri Poincaré with the equation , and he included a chapter entitled The Relativity Theory of Poincaré and Lorentz in his book A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity. He credited Poincaré and Lorentz, and especially alluded to Lorentz's 1904 paper (dated by Whittaker as 1903), Poincaré's St. Louis speech (The Principles of Mathematical Physics) of September 1904, and Poincaré's June 1905 paper. Whittaker attributed to Einstein's relativity paper only little importance, i.e., the formulation of the Doppler and aberration formulas. Max Born spent three years trying to dissuade Whittaker, but Whittaker insisted that everything of importance had already been said by Poincaré, and that Lorentz quite plainly had the physical interpretation.
Gerald Holton (1960)
Whittaker's claims were criticized by Gerald Holton (1960, 1973). He argued that there are fundamental differences between the theories of Einstein on one hand, and Poincaré and Lorentz on the other hand. Einstein radically reformulated the concepts of space and time, and by that removed "absolute space" and thus the stationary luminiferous aether from physics. On the other hand, Holton argued that Poincaré and Lorentz still adhered to the stationary aether concept, and tried only to modify Newtonian dynamics, not to replace it. Holton argued, that "Poincaré's silence" (i.e., why Poincaré never mentioned Einstein's contributions to relativity) was due to their fundamentally different conceptual viewpoints. Einstein's views on space and time and the abandonment of the aether were, according to Holton, not acceptable to Poincaré, therefore the latter only referred to Lorentz as the creator of the "new mechanics". Holton also pointed out that although Poincaré's 1904 St. Louis speech was "acute and penetrating" and contained a "principle of relativity" that is confirmed by experience and needs new development, it did not "enunciate a new relativity principle". He also alluded to mistakes of Whittaker, like predating Lorentz's 1904 paper (published April 1904) to 1903.
Views similar to Holton's were later (1967, 1970) expressed by his former student, Stanley Goldberg.
G. H. Keswani (1965)
In a 1965 series of articles tracing the history of relativity, Keswani claimed that Poincaré and Lorentz should have the main credit for special relativity – claiming that Poincaré pointedly credited Lorentz multiple times, while Lorentz credited Poincaré and Einstein, refusing to take credit for himself. He also downplayed the theory of general relativity, saying "Einstein's general theory of relativity is only a theory of gravitation and of modifications in the laws of physics in gravitational fields". This would leave the special theory of relativity as the unique theory of relativity. Keswani cited also Vladimir Fock for this same opinion.
This series of articles prompted responses, among others from Herbert Dingle and Karl Popper.
Dingle said, among other things, ".. the 'principle of relativity' had various meanings, and the theories associated with it were quite distinct; they were not different forms of the same theory. Each of the three protagonists.... was very well aware of the others .... but each preferred his own views"
Karl Popper says "Though Einstein appears to have known Poincaré's Science and Hypothesis prior to 1905, there is no theory like Einstein's in this great book."
Keswani did not accept the criticism, and replied in two letters also published in the same journal ( and – in his reply to Dingle, he argues that the three relativity theories were at heart the same: ".. they meant much that was common. And that much mattered the most."
Dingle commented the year after on the history of crediting: "Until the first World War, Lorentz's and Einstein's theories were regarded as different forms of the same idea, but Lorentz, having priority and being a more established figure speaking a more familiar language, was credited with it." (Dingle 1967, Nature 216 p. 119–122).
Arthur I. Miller (1973)
Miller (1973, 1981) agreed with the analysis of Holton and Goldberg, and further argued that although the terminology (like the principle of relativity) used by Poincaré and Einstein were very similar, their content differs sharply. According to Miller, Poincaré used this principle to complete the aether based "electromagnetic world view" of Lorentz and Abraham. He also argued that Poincaré distinguished (in his July 1905 paper) between "ideal" and "real" systems and electrons. That is, Lorentz's and Poincaré's usage of reference frames lacks an unambiguous physical interpretation, because in many cases they are only mathematical tools, while in Einstein's theory the processes in inertial frames are not only mathematically, but also physically equivalent. Miller wrote in 1981:
p. 172: "Although Poincaré's principle of relativity is stated in a manner similar to Einstein's, the difference in content is sharp. The critical difference is that Poincaré's principle admits the existence of the ether, and so considers the velocity of light to be exactly c only when it is measured in coordinate systems at rest in the ether. In inertial reference systems, the velocity of light is c and is independent of the emitter's motion as a result of certain compensatory effects such as the mathematical local time and the hypothesis of an unobservable contraction. Consequently, Poincaré's extension of the relativity principle of relative motion into the dynamics of the electron resided in electromagnetic theory, and not in mechanics...Poincaré came closest to rendering electrodynamics consistent, but not to a relativity theory." p. 217: "Poincaré related the imaginary system Σ' to the ether fixed system S'".
Miller (1996) argues that Poincaré was guided by empiricism, and was willing to admit that experiments might prove relativity wrong, and so Einstein is more deserving of credit, even though he might have been substantially influenced by Poincaré's papers. Miller also argues that "Emphasis on conventionalism ... led Poincaré and Lorentz to continue to believe in the mathematical and observational equivalence of special relativity and Lorentz's electron theory. This is incorrect." [p. 96] Instead, Miller claims that the theories are mathematically equivalent but not physically equivalent. [p. 91–92]
Abraham Pais (1982)
In his 1982 Einstein biography Subtle is the Lord, Abraham Pais argued that Poincaré "comes near" to discovering special relativity (in his St. Louis lecture of September 1904, and the June 1905 paper), but eventually he failed, because in 1904 and also later in 1909, Poincaré treated length contraction as a third independent hypothesis besides the relativity principle and the constancy of the speed of light. According to Pais, Poincaré thus never understood (or at least he never accepted) special relativity, in which the whole theory including length contraction can simply be derived from two postulates. Consequently, he sharply criticized Whittaker's chapter on the "Relativity theory of Poincaré and Lorentz", saying "how well the author's lack of physical insight matches his ignorance of the literature", although Pais admitted that both he and his colleagues hold the original version of Whittaker's History as a masterpiece. Although he was apparently trying to make a point concerning Whittaker's treatment of the origin of special relativity, Pais' phrasing of that statement was rebuked by at least one notable reviewer of his 1982 book as being "scurrilous" and "lamentable". Also in contrast to Pais' overgeneralized claim, notable scientists such as Max Born refer to parts of Whittaker's second volume, especially the history of quantum mechanics, as "the most amazing feats of learning, insight, and discriminations" while Freeman Dyson says of the two volumes of Whittaker's second edition: "it is likely that this is the most scholarly and generally authoritative history of its period that we shall ever get."
Pais goes on to argue that Lorentz never abandoned the stationary aether concept, either before or after 1905:
p. 118: "Throughout the paper of 1895, the Fresnel aether is postulated explicitly"; p. 125: "Like Voigt before him, Lorentz regarded the transformation ... only as a convenient mathematical tool for proving a physical theorem ... he proposed to call t the general time and t' the local time. Although he didn't say it explicitly, it is evident that to him there was, so to speak, only one true time t."; p. 166: "8.3. Lorentz and the Aether... For example, Lorentz still opines that the contraction of the rods has a dynamic origin. There is no doubt that he had read and understood Einstein's papers by then. However, neither then nor later was he prepared to accept their conclusions as the definitive answer to the problems of the aether."
Elie Zahar (1983)
In several papers, Elie Zahar (1983, 2000) argued that both Einstein (in his June paper) and Poincaré (in his July paper) independently discovered special relativity. He said that "though Whittaker was unjust towards Einstein, his positive account of Poincaré's actual achievement contains much more than a simple grain of truth". According to him, it was Poincaré's unsystematic and sometimes erroneous statements regarding his philosophical papers (often connected with conventionalism), which hindered many to give him due credit. In his opinion, Poincaré was rather a "structural realist" and from that he concludes, that Poincaré actually adhered to the relativity of time and space, while his allusions to the aether are of secondary importance. He continues, that due to his treatment of gravitation and four-dimensional space, Poincaré's 1905/6 paper was superior to Einstein's 1905 paper. Yet Zahar gives also credit to Einstein, who introduced Mass–Energy equivalence, and also transcended special relativity by taking a path leading to the development of general relativity.
John Stachel (1995)
John Stachel (1995) argued that there is a debate over the respective contributions of Lorentz, Poincaré and Einstein to relativity. These questions depend on the definition of relativity, and Stachel argued that kinematics and the new view of space and time is the core of special relativity, and dynamical theories must be formulated in accordance with this scheme. Based on this definition, Einstein is the main originator of the modern understanding of special relativity. In his opinion, Lorentz interpreted the Lorentz transformation only as a mathematical device, while Poincaré's thinking was much nearer to the modern understanding of relativity. Yet Poincaré still believed in the dynamical effects of the aether and distinguished between observers being at rest or in motion with respect to it. Stachel wrote: "He never organized his many brilliant insights into a coherent theory that resolutely discarded the aether and the absolute time or transcended its electrodynamic origins to derive a new kinematics of space and time on a formulation of the relativity principle that makes no reference to the ether".
Peter Galison (2002)
In his book Einstein's clocks, Poincaré's maps (2002), Peter Galison compared the approaches of both Poincaré and Einstein to reformulate the concepts of space and time. He wrote: "Did Einstein really discover relativity? Did Poincaré already have it? These old questions have grown as tedious as they are fruitless." This is because it depends on the question, which parts of relativity one considers as essential: the rejection of the aether, the Lorentz transformation, the connection with the nature of space and time, predictions of experimental results, or other parts. For Galison, it is more important to acknowledge that both thinkers were concerned with clock synchronization problems, and thus both developed the new operational meaning of simultaneity. However, while Poincaré followed a constructive approach and still adhered to the concepts of Lorentz's stationary aether and the distinction between "apparent" and "true" times, Einstein abandoned the aether and therefore all times in different inertial frames are equally valid. Galison argued that this does not mean that Poincaré was conservative, since Poincaré often alluded to the revolutionary character of the "new mechanics" of Lorentz.
Olivier Darrigol (2004)
"In his 2004 article, "The Mystery of the Einstein–Poincaré Connection", Darrigol wrote:
Anatoly Alexeevich Logunov on special relativity (2004)
In Anatoly Logunov's book about Poincaré's relativity theory, there is an English translation (on p. 113, using modern notations) of the part of Poincaré's 1900 article containing E=mc2. Logunov states that Poincaré's two 1905 papers are superior to Einstein's 1905 paper. According to Logunov, Poincaré was the first scientist to recognize the importance of invariance under the Poincaré group as a guideline for developing new theories in physics. In chapter 9 of this book, Logunov points out that Poincaré's second paper was the first one to formulate a complete theory of relativistic dynamics, containing the correct relativistic analogue of Newton's F=ma.
On p. 142, Logunov points out that Einstein wrote reviews for the Beiblätter Annalen der Physik, writing 21 reviews in 1905. In his view, this contradicts the claims that Einstein worked in relative isolation and with limited access to the scientific literature. Among the papers reviewed in the Beiblätter in the fourth (of 24) issue of 1905, there is a review of Lorentz' 1904 paper by Richard Gans, which contains the Lorentz transformations. In Logunov's view, this supports the view that Einstein was familiar with the Lorentz' paper containing the correct relativistic transformation in early 1905, while his June 1905 paper does not mention Lorentz in connection with this result.
Harvey R. Brown (2005)
Harvey R. Brown (2005) (who favors a dynamical view of relativistic effects similar to Lorentz, but "without a hidden aether frame") wrote about the road to special relativity from Michelson to Einstein in section 4:
p. 40: "The cradle of special theory of relativity was the combination of Maxwellian electromagnetism and the electron theory of Lorentz (and to a lesser extent of Larmor) based on Fresnel's notion of the stationary aether....It is well known that Einstein's special relativity was partially motivated by this failure [to find the aether wind], but in order to understand the originality of Einstein's 1905 work it is incumbent on us to review the work of the trailblazers, and in particular Michelson, FitzGerald, Lorentz, Larmor, and Poincaré. After all they were jointly responsible for the discovery of relativistic kinematics, in form if not in content, as well as a significant portion of relativistic dynamics as well."
Regarding Lorentz's work before 1905, Brown wrote about the development of Lorentz's "theorem of corresponding states" and then continued:
p. 54: "Lorentz's interpretation of these transformations is not the one Einstein would give them and which is standardly embraced today. Indeed, until Lorentz came to terms with Einstein's 1905 work, and somehow despite Poincaré's warning, he continued to believe that the true coordinate transformations were the Galilean ones, and that the 'Lorentz' transformations ... were merely a useful formal device..." p. 56. "Lorentz consistently failed to understand the operational significance of his notions of 'local' time...He did however have an intimation of time dilation in 1899, but inevitably there are caveats...The hypotheses of Lorentz's system were starting to pile up, and the spectre of ad hocness was increasingly hard to ignore."
Then the contribution of Poincaré's to relativity:
p. 62: "Indeed, the claim that this giant of pure and applied mathematics co-discovered special relativity is not uncommon, and it is not hard to see why. Poincaré was the first to extend the relativity principle to optics and electrodynamics exactly. Whereas Lorentz, in his theorem of corresponding states, had from 1899 effectively assumed this extension of the relativity principle up to second-order effects, Poincaré took it to hold for all orders. Poincaré was the first to show that Maxwell's equations with source terms are strictly Lorentz covariant. … Poincaré was the first to use the generalized relativity principle as a constraint on the form of the coordinate transformations. He recognized that the relativity principle implies that the transformations form a group, and in further appealing to spatial isotropy. … Poincaré was the first to see the connection between Lorentz's ‘local time’, and the issue of clock synchrony. … It is fair to say that Poincaré was the first to understand the relativity of simultaneity, and the conventionality of distant simultaneity. Poincaré anticipated Minkowski's interpretation of the Lorentz transformations as a passive, rigid rotation within a four-dimensional pseudo-Euclidean spacetime. He was also aware that the electromagnetic potentials transform in the manner of what is now called a Minkowski 4-vector. He anticipated the major results of relativistic dynamics (and in particular the relativistic relations between force, momentum and velocity), but not E=mc² in its full generality."
However, Brown continued with the reasons which speak against Poincaré's co-discovery:
p. 63–64: "What are the grounds for denying Poincaré the title of co-discoverer of special relativity? ... Although Poincaré understood independently of Einstein how the Lorentz transformations give rise to non-Galilean transformation rules for velocities (indeed Poincaré derived the correct relativistic rules), it is not clear that he had a full appreciation of the modern operational significance attached to coordinate transformations.... he did not seem to understand the role played by the second-order terms in the transformation. Compared with the cases of Lorentz and Larmor, it is even less clear that Poincaré understood either length contraction or time dilation to be a consequence of the coordinate transformation.... What Poincaré was holding out for was no less than a new theory of ether and matter – something far more ambitions than what appeared in Einstein's 1905 relativity paper...p. 65. Like Einstein half a decade later, Poincaré wanted new physics, not a reinterpretations or reorganization of existing notions."
Brown denies the idea of other authors and historians, that the major difference between Einstein and his predecessors is Einstein's rejection of the aether, because, it is always possible to add for whatever reason the notion of a privileged frame to special relativity, as long as one accepts that it will remain unobservable, and also Poincaré argued that "some day, no doubt, the aether will thrown aside as useless". However, Brown gave some examples, what in his opinion were the new features in Einstein's work:
p. 66: "The full meaning of relativistic kinematics was simply not properly understood before Einstein. Nor was the 'theory of relativity' as Einstein articulated it in 1905 anticipated even in its programmatic form." p. 69. "How did Albert Einstein...arrive at his special theory of relativity?...I want only to stress that it is impossible to understand Einstein's discovery (if that is the right word) of special relativity without taking on board the impacts of the quantum in physics." p. 81. "In this respect [Brown refers to the conventional nature of distant simultaneity] Einstein was doing little more than expanding on a theme that Poincaré had already introduced. Where Einstein goes well beyond the great mathematician is in his treatment of the coordinate transformations... In particular, the extraction of the phenomena of length contraction and time dilation directly from the Lorentz transformations in section 4 of the 1905 paper is completely original."
After that, Brown develops his own dynamical interpretation of special relativity as opposed to the kinematical approach of Einstein's 1905 paper (although he says that this dynamical view is already contained in Einstein's 1905 paper, "masqueraded in the language of kinematics", p. 82), and the modern understanding of spacetime.
Roger Cerf (2006)
Roger Cerf (2006) gave priority to Einstein for developing special relativity, and criticized the assertions of Leveugle and others concerning the priority of Poincaré. While Cerf agreed that Poincaré made important contributions to relativity, he argued (following Pais) that Poincaré "stopped short before the crucial step" because he handled length contraction as a "third hypothesis", therefore Poincaré lacked a complete understanding of the basic principles of relativity. "Einstein's crucial step was that he abandoned the mechanistic ether in favor of a new kinematics." He also denies the idea, that Poincaré invented E=mc² in its modern relativistic sense, because he did not realize the implications of this relationship. Cerf considers Leveugle's Hilbert–Planck–Einstein connection an implausible conspiracy theory.
Shaul Katzir (2005)
Katzir (2005) argued that "Poincaré's work should not be seen as an attempt to formulate special relativity, but as an independent attempt to resolve questions in electrodynamics." Contrary to Miller and others, Katzir thinks that Poincaré's development of electrodynamics led him to the rejection of the pure electromagnetic world view (due to the non-electromagnetic Poincaré stresses introduced in 1905), and Poincaré's theory represents a "relativistic physics" which is guided by the relativity principle. In this physics, however, "Lorentz's theory and Newton's theory remained as the fundamental bases of electrodynamics and gravitation."
Scott Walter (2005, 2007)
Walter (2005) argues that both Poincaré and Einstein put forward the theory of relativity in 1905. And in 2007 he wrote, that although Poincaré formally introduced four-dimensional spacetime in 1905/6, he was still clinging to the idea of "Galilei spacetime". That is, Poincaré preferred Lorentz covariance over Galilei covariance when it is about phenomena accessible to experimental tests; yet in terms of space and time, Poincaré preferred Galilei spacetime over Minkowski spacetime, and length contraction and time dilation "are merely apparent phenomena due to motion with respect to the ether". This is the fundamental difference in the two principal approaches to relativity theory, namely that of "Lorentz and Poincaré" on one side, and "Einstein and Minkowski" on the other side.
See also
History of Lorentz transformations
History of special relativity
Criticism of relativity theory#Accusations of plagiarism and priority discussions
List of scientific priority disputes
General relativity priority dispute
Multiple discovery
Notes
Citations
References
Works of physics (primary sources)
[Ein05c] : Albert Einstein: Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper, Annalen der Physik 17(1905), 891–921. Received June 30, published September 26, 1905. Reprinted with comments in [Sta89], p. 276–306 English translation, with footnotes not present in the 1905 paper, available on the net
[Ein05d] : Albert Einstein: Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energiegehalt abhängig?, Annalen der Physik 18(1905), 639–641, Reprinted with comments in [Sta89], Document 24 English translation available on the net
[Ein06] : Albert Einstein: Das Prinzip von der Erhaltung der Schwerpunktsbewegung und die Trägheit der Energie Annalen der Physik 20(1906):627–633, Reprinted with comments in [Sta89], Document 35
[Ein15a]: Einstein, A. (1915) "Die Feldgleichungun der Gravitation". Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 844–847.
[Ein15b]: Einstein, A. (1915) "Zur allgemeinen Relativatstheorie", Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 778–786
[Ein15c]: Einstein, A. (1915) "Erklarung der Perihelbewegung des Merkur aus der allgemeinen Relatvitatstheorie", Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 799–801
[Ein15d]: Einstein, A. (1915) "Zur allgemeinen Relativatstheorie", Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 831–839
[Ein16]: Einstein, A. (1916) "Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie", Annalen der Physik, 49
[Hil24]: Hilbert, D., Die Grundlagen der Physik – Mathematische Annalen, 92, 1924 – "meiner theorie" quote on page 2 – online at Uni Göttingen – index of journal
[Lan05]:Langevin, P. (1905) "Sur l'origine des radiations et l'inertie électromagnétique", Journal de Physique Théorique et Appliquée, 4, pp. 165–183.
[Lan14]:Langevin, P. (1914) "Le Physicien" in Henri Poincaré Librairie (Felix Alcan 1914) pp. 115–202.
[Lor99]:Lorentz, H. A. (1899) "Simplified Theory of Electrical and Optical Phenomena in Moving Systems", Proc. Acad. Science Amsterdam, I, 427–43.
[Lor04]: Lorentz, H. A. (1904) "Electromagnetic Phenomena in a System Moving with Any Velocity Less Than That of Light", Proc. Acad. Science Amsterdam, IV, 669–78.
[Lor11]:Lorentz, H. A. (1911) Amsterdam Versl. XX, 87
[Lor14]:.
[Pla07]:Planck, M. (1907) Berlin Sitz., 542
[Pla08]:Planck, M. (1908) Verh. d. Deutsch. Phys. Ges. X, p218, and Phys. ZS, IX, 828
[Poi89]:Poincaré, H. (1889) Théorie mathématique de la lumière, Carré & C. Naud, Paris. Partly reprinted in [Poi02], Ch. 12.
[Poi97]:Poincaré, H. (1897) "The Relativity of Space", article in English translation
[Poi00] : . See also the English translation
[Poi02] :
[Poi04] : English translation as The Principles of Mathematical Physics, in "The value of science" (1905a), Ch. 7–9.
[Poi05] :
[Poi06] :
[Poi08] :
[Poi13] :
[Ein20]: Albert Einstein: "Ether and the Theory of Relativity", An Address delivered on May 5, 1920, in the University of Leyden.
[Sta89] : John Stachel (Ed.), The collected papers of Albert Einstein, volume 2, Princeton University Press, 1989
Further reading
Nándor Balázs (1972) "The acceptability of physical theories: Poincaré versus Einstein", pages 21–34 in General Relativity: Papers in Honour of J.L. Synge, L. O'Raifeartaigh editor, Clarendon Press.
External links
Discovery and invention controversies
Albert Einstein
Hendrik Lorentz
Henri Poincaré
Theory of relativity
E. T. Whittaker |
4022769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayalaya%20Chola | Vijayalaya Chola | Vijayalaya Chola (Tamil: விஜயாலய சோழன்) was a king of South India () who founded the imperial Chola Empire. He ruled over the region to the north of the river Kaveri.
Dark age of Cholas
The ancient Chola kingdom once famous in Tamil literature and in the writings of Greek merchants and geographers faded into darkness after c. 300 CE. Cholas during this period almost completely disappeared from their native land. They seem to have held on to their old capital city of Urayur. This "dark" age of Tamil history came to an end with the ascendancy of the Pandyas and the Pallavas. The Cholas had to wait for another three centuries until the accession of Vijayalaya in the second quarter of the ninth century to re-establish their dynasty.
Cholas under Pandyas and Pallavas
We know very little of the fate of the Cholas in this long interval. What is certain however is that when the power of Cholas fell to the lowest ebb and that of the Pandyas and Pallavas rose to the north and south of them, this ancient dynasty was compelled to seek refuge and patronage under their more successful rivals. The Cholas, though not prominent or powerful as they were earlier were not completely in danger of extinction and continued to hold sway over a limited area consisting of what are the districts of Mayiladuturai, Chidambaram, Thanjavur, Tiruchy and Pudukkottai in modern Tamil Nadu.
Rise of Vijayalaya Chola
Making use of the opportunity during a war between Pandyas and Pallavas, Vijayalaya rose out of obscurity and captured Thanjavur. However, there is no substantiate proof to verify the claim regarding his obscure beginnings. For a very long time, historians could not trace the ancestry of Vijayalaya Chola, who is considered to be the founder of Medieval Chola dynasty. However, in recent times, historians and epigraphists in the wake of Eastern Chalukyan king's Copper plate grants, Anbil plates of Parantaka Chola II and Velanjeri plates of Parantaka I believe that Vijayalaya chola might well belong to the Cholas lineage, who themselves trace their ancestry to the ancient Tamil King, Karikala Cholan. At this time there was a great struggle going on between the Pallavas and the Pandyas for the political supremacy of South India. In this disturbed state of affairs, Vijayalaya seems to have found a good opportunity to defeat the Pandyas, and make himself the ruler of Thanjavur and the surrounding Chola country. He also defeated the Pallavas.
Vijayalaya Chola conquered Thanjavur from Elango Mutharaiyar who was the final ruler of Mutharaiyar dynasty. It is said that in the year 852 CE Vijayalaya Chola waged war with Pandya's and defeated the latter. Making use of the opportunity during a war between Pandyas and Pallavas, Vijayalaya rose and established the Chola kingdom at Thanjavur with help of Muttaraiyar king Sattan Paliyilli (826–852 CE). Cholas became so powerful that the Pallavas were also wiped out from the Thanjavur region at a later stage.
Pandyan invasion
After Vijayalaya’s capture of Thanjavur, the Pandyan king Varagunavarman II (c. 862 – 885 CE) became a subordinate ally of the Pallava Nandivarman III (c. 846 – 869 CE). Nandhivarman wished to curtail the growing influence of Chola power under Vijayalaya and called upon the Varagunavarman to help suppress Vijayalaya. Varaguna led an expedition into the Chola country. The Pandyan army reached the north bank of the Kaveri near Thanjavur and for a while the Chola revival looked short lived. Vijayalaya, by this time a veteran of many battles, was aging and was an invalid. The crown prince Aditya I took control of the army in the defence of the Chola kingdom. Vijayalaya was succeeded after his death c. 871 CE by his son Aditya I.
Inscriptions of Vijayalaya
The Tiruvalangadu plates state that Vijayalaya captured the city of Tanjavur and made it his capital and that he also built in it a temple to the goddess Nisumbhasudani (Durga). The Kanyakumari inscription states that he renovated the city of Tanjore.
Vijayalaya took the title of Parakesarivarman. Chola kings succeeding him took the titles of Parakesari and Rajakesari in turns. This is probably to acknowledge their supposed ancestors Parakesari and Rajakesari.
Narttamalai, Pudukkottai has a solesvara temple attributed to Vijayalaya.
Notes
References
Tamil And Sanskrit Inscriptions Chiefly Collected In 1886 - 87, E. Hultzsch, Ph.D., Published by Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi
Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (1935). The CōĻas, University of Madras, Madras (Reprinted 1984).
Nilakanta Sastri, K. A. (1955). A History of South India, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002).
Chola kings
870s deaths
Year of birth unknown
9th-century Indian monarchs |
4022784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chippewa%20River%20%28Minnesota%29 | Chippewa River (Minnesota) | The Chippewa River () is a tributary of the Minnesota River in western and southwestern Minnesota in the United States. Via the Minnesota River, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River.
The river was named after the Chippewa Indians.
Course
The Chippewa River issues from Stowe Lake in Douglas County, northwest of Brandon, at the west end of a series of lakes that extends northward to lakes Aaron and Moses and eastward to Chippewa Lake. The Chippewa River passes through several more lakes in its upper course. It initially flows westwardly into Grant County, where it turns generally southward for the remainder of its course through Pope, Stevens, Swift and Chippewa counties. The river passes the towns of Hoffman, Cyrus and Benson; it joins the Minnesota River in Montevideo. Some sections of the river, especially along its middle course in Pope and Swift Counties, have been straightened and channelized.
In Pope County, the river collects the Little Chippewa River, long, which flows generally southwestwardly through Douglas and Pope counties. At Benson it collects the East Branch Chippewa River, about long, which rises in southeastern Douglas County and flows initially southward through Pope County, passing through several lakes, into Swift County, where it turns westward.
At Watson, Minnesota, the river has an average flow of 236 cubic feet per second.
See also
List of rivers of Minnesota
List of longest streams of Minnesota
References
Columbia Gazetteer of North America entry
DeLorme (1994). Minnesota Atlas & Gazetteer. Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. .
Geographic Names Information System entries for , ,
External links
Rivers of Minnesota
Rivers of Chippewa County, Minnesota
Rivers of Douglas County, Minnesota
Rivers of Pope County, Minnesota
Rivers of Stevens County, Minnesota
Rivers of Swift County, Minnesota
Tributaries of the Minnesota River |
4022785 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy%20George | Tommy George | Tommy George Sr. ( – 29 July 2016) was an elder of the Kuku Thaypan clan on Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia. He was the last fluent Awu Laya (Kuku Thaypan language) speaker.
Biography
He was born in his own country, near Lakefield National Park. As children, he and his elder brother, George Musgrave, were hidden in mailbags by the station owner, Fredrick Sheppard, to avoid removal by police and welfare officers.
As a result, they were able to grow up with their own people, and learn traditional law and language, management practices of their country and how to live off the land. Recently, they were able to successfully claim continuous ownership of traditional lands, and retain custody of some land at Gno-Coom (Saxby Waterhole).
Together they founded the Ang-Gnarra Aboriginal Corporation at Laura, Queensland, the biennial Laura Festival of Traditional Dance and Culture, the Traditional Knowledge Recording Project (Mulong, with Victor Steffensen) and the Cape York Land Council.
They campaigned to protect the world-renowned Quinkan rock art near Laura, where they carried out custodial duties for special places, including the rock art galleries. They shared their knowledge of the bush, their language and their customs with researchers and visitors. An example of the strength of their sharing was the work they did to share ways of recording traditional knowledge with Sámi communities in Northern Finland. It would be difficult to find a piece of scholarly work on traditional language, culture or country in Cape York Peninsula that does not credit their expertise.
He spent many years working as a stockman on cattle properties on Cape York Peninsula which he loved but was only rarely paid for. He married Laura Gordon (née Banjo) in Laura and they had six children together. He later became a ranger and worked for many years caring for the rock art in the Laura region which was on his wife's country battling to protect it and helping to record and interpret the many stories and traditions about it and his own Kuku Thaypan country.
In 2005 he was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Letters by James Cook University for his ecological expertise along with his elder brother Dr. George Musgrave.
George died in the Cooktown, Queensland Hospital on 29 July 2016.
Publications
George, T., & G. Musgrave (1995). Our country, our art, our Quinkans. Laura, Queensland: Ang-Gnarra Aboriginal Corporation.
George, T., & M. Tresize (1995). Quinkan rock art - Images on rock from the Laura area: Ang-Gnarra Aboriginal Corporation.
Films
Tommy George is in the documentary The Last Trackers of the Outback which features his brother, George Musgrave.
He is also in the short film, "The Sugar Bag Project".
External links
Ang-Gnarra Aboriginal Corporation at Laura
Traditional Knowledge Recording Project
Cape York Land Council
Last Trackers of the Outback film on YouTube
JCU honours Cape York elders
Australian Aboriginals: Tracking master leaves a trail for others
Interpretation and Personalisation: Enriching Individual Experience by Annotating On-line Materials
A "legend", Indigenous Australian Leader, Knowledge Holder Tommy George Passes On.
"Tommy George" video
Footnotes
1928 births
2016 deaths
Australian Aboriginal elders
Last known speakers of an Australian Aboriginal language |
4022792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC%20Cowslip%20%28WLB-277%29 | USCGC Cowslip (WLB-277) | USCGC Cowslip (WLB-277) is a sea going buoy tender (WLB). A Cactus-class vessel, she was built by Marine Ironworks and Shipbuilding Corporation in Duluth, Minnesota. Cowslips preliminary design was completed by the United States Lighthouse Service and the final design was produced by Marine Iron and Shipbuilding Corporation in Duluth. On 16 September 1941 the keel was laid. She was launched on 11 April 1942 and commissioned on 17 October 1942. The original cost for the hull and machinery was $918,873.
Cowslip is one of 39 original seagoing buoy tenders built between 1942–1944. All but one of the original tenders, the , were built in Duluth.
After commissioning, Cowslip was assigned to Boston, Massachusetts, where she served until 1944. From 1944 until 1973, it was assigned to Portland, Maine. Cowslip was decommissioned in 1973 and later sold to a civilian firm in 1977. After the loss of in 1980, the Coast Guard reacquired Cowslip and recommissioned her as a replacement.
After recommissioning, Cowslip was assigned to Governor's Island, New York from 1981–1983. From 1983–1984, she was moved to the Coast Guard yard in Curtis Bay, Maryland to take part in the Coast Guard's Service Life Extension Program (SLEP) that eventually provided major upgrades for 14 of the 39 180-class ships. The work done to Cowslip, which cost $8.9 million, was completed in 1984 and required 16 months. The upgrades included new main engines, a Marine Sanitation Device system, upgraded electronics and navigation equipment, a propulsion control computer, and a central fluid power system. In addition, the ships's berthing spaces were renovated, the ship's office and radio room were expanded, additional storeroom space was added and the boom control booth was relocated. After renovation, Cowslip was assigned to Portsmouth, Virginia, where she stayed until 1995. In 1995 Cowslip moved to the west coast and called Astoria, Oregon home port until her retirement.
One notable incident in Cowslip's career is a collision with the container ship Ever Grade that occurred in the Columbia River in 1997. Although sustaining significant damage, Cowslip was repaired and sent back into service.
Cowslip was decommissioned for a second time in November 2002 and sold to the Nigerian Navy for use as a general purpose vessel.
References
External links
Cactus-class seagoing buoy tenders
1942 ships
Ships built in Duluth, Minnesota
Ships of the Nigerian Navy
Ships transferred from the United States Coast Guard to the Nigerian Navy |
4022808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Chinese%20administrative%20divisions%20by%20illiteracy%20rate | List of Chinese administrative divisions by illiteracy rate | According to the sixth population census in 2010 the overall literacy rate in the People's Republic of China was 95.92 per cent. In the different regions the illiteracy rate varies considerably, though. The following is a list of the first-level administrative divisions covered in the population census, including all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, in order of their officially reported illiteracy rate for people aged 15 and above in 2010. The figures are from the 2010 census published by the Bureau of Statistics of the PRC.
Figures from a different source, the CIA World Factbook, are given for the special administrative regions Hong Kong (2002) and Macau (2001); these are not directly comparable as the methodologies used may differ.
Mainland China
Hong Kong and Macau
External links
National Bureau of Statistics
Illiteracy
Illiteracy rate
Illiteracy rate
Literacy
China, illiteracy rate |
4022822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cane%20Toads%3A%20An%20Unnatural%20History | Cane Toads: An Unnatural History | Cane Toads: An Unnatural History is a 1988 documentary film about the introduction of cane toads to Australia. Cane toads were introduced to Australia with the aim of controlling a sugar cane pest, the cane beetle, but they over-multiplied and became a serious problem in the Australian ecosystem. It is often humorous, and is used in high schools and colleges as a complement to curricula in biology, ecology, environmental science, anthropology, geography, and communication. It was filmed in Cairns and Gordonvale in Queensland.
The film was nominated for a BAFTA Film Award for Best Short Film. It is distributed in the United States by Radio Pictures.
Unusual for a film considered a cult classic, Cane Toads performed very well during its theatrical release. Released in March 1988, the film grossed $613,910 Australian dollars (not adjusted for inflation) as of 2012 and has been one of the top grossing Australian documentaries of all time.
Production elements
One of the film's aesthetic and storytelling "innovations" was to try and tell much of the story from the cane toads' point of view. This was achieved by a number of extremely low angle shots. Lewis' goal was to give a voice to the toads who were at the center of so much controversy, and "create some sympathy for this animal that was so widely reviled".
Lewis worked with director of photography Jim Frazier on Cane Toads because Frazier had constructed a set of lenses that were ideal for the project. Eventually, Panavision picked up the lenses and they became known as the Frazier lenses. For his interviews, Lewis used a mirror box to give the impression that the subjects were staring down the lens of the camera.
Lewis avoided harming toads and other wildlife during the production of the film. During a scene in which a man talks about intentionally running over toads with his car, footage appears to show a car swerving to hit toads. To simulate this, Lewis used potatoes which when shot at a distance appeared like toads on the road.
Funding and distribution
The film was funded by Film Australia. It was initially released theatrically in Australia by Ronin Films and premiered at the Sydney Opera House on 29 February 1988, where it ran for two weeks before transferring to the Mandolin Cinema in central Sydney where it ran until 16 November. It ran in many other cinemas around Australia and currently still ranks high in Australian box office records for documentaries. The film was subsequently released on VHS later DVD in Australia, the US, and the UK (IMDb, 2011a). Excerpts of the film are also available online as teaching aids. Based on Internet comments, the film is still shown in middle school, high school, and college classrooms and is well received.
Production Company: Film Australia. Distributors: Ronin Films (theatrical only from 1988) (Australia); First Run Features (1999) (USA) (VHS); First Run Features (2001) (USA) (DVD); Umbrella Entertainment (2003) (Australia) (DVD); Unique Films (UK) (VHS) (IMDb, 2011a).
Sequel
A sequel called Cane Toads: The Conquest premiered at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival. A completely new feature, almost twice as long as the first film, it is said to be the first Australian 3D digital film. In the years since the first film, the cane toad "multiplied alarmingly" to become a "seemingly unstoppable menace." The sequel/remake was released in Sydney in June 2011. Both films were written and directed by Mark Lewis. Their cultural impact and moral complexity were explored in an essay by Elizabeth Farrelly.
References
Bibliography
Lewis, M. (2010). The making—and the meaning—of Cane Toads: The Conquest. Cane toads and other rogue species (pp. 19–32). New York: PublicAffairs.
Mitman, G. (1999). Epilogue. Reel nature: America's romance with wildlife on films (pp. 203–208). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Morris, E. Eye Contact: Interrotron. Errol Morris. Retrieved 20 November 2011
Murray, R. L., & Heumann, J. K. (2009). Ecology and popular film: Cinema on the edge. Albany: State Univ. of New York Press.
Petterson, P. B. (2011). Cameras into the wild: a history of early wildlife and expedition filmmaking, 1895–1928. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland.
Weber, K. (2010). Cane toads and other rogue species. New York: PublicAffairs.
SEWPaC. Invasive species in Australia – Fact sheet. Australian Government Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPaC). Retrieved 30 November 2011.
West, Jackson. (2007). Top Ten Online Filmmaking Techniques. Gigaom.
External links
Cane Toads at Oz Movies
1988 in the environment
Australian documentary films
Toads
Documentary films about nature
1988 documentary films
Films directed by Mark Lewis (filmmaker)
1980s English-language films |
4022831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessouat | Tessouat | Tessouat (Anishinaabe: Tesswehas) (c. ??? – 1636–1654) was an Algonquin chief from the Kitchesipirini nation ("Kitche"=Great, "sipi"=river, "rini"=people: the people from the great river, the Ottawa River). His nation lived in an area extending from Lake of Two Mountains to modern-day Pembroke, Ontario.
Tessouat lived in L'Isle-aux-Allumettes, in a neck of the Ottawa River. He was described by the French settlers as having a strong character. He was also blind in one eye (in French, borgne) and was dubbed "le Borgne de l'isle". His position was highly strategic, as the Ottawa River was the safest way to go from the St. Lawrence River to Hudson Bay and to Huronia, near Georgian Bay. Tessouat took advantage of his position to impose some sort of customs duties on the French fur traders navigating on the Ottawa River, as well as to impose some of his authority. For example, in 1633, he refused to let the Jesuits go to Huronia, fearing he would lose authority in the region. To maintain the economic supremacy of the Kitchisipirini, he made great efforts to keep his French, Wendat (Huron), and Odawa allies from trading with each other directly, preferring that they trade through Algonquin middlemen.
At that time, the Algonquins, Wendats, and several other Great Lakes First Nations were at war with the Iroquois Confederacy. Yet, Tessouat initiated peace talks with the Mohawk nation and, in 1634, they agreed to a peace treaty. The alleged motive behind this political move was to gain access to the Dutch settlers in what is now known the New York State, perhaps in order to be in a better negotiating position with the French traders. Peace with the Mohawks only lasted two years and Tessouat died a few months after bloody fights against the Mohawks.
In 1641, after Tessouat's death, in the fashion of an Algonquian custom, a new Tessouat was reborn. The custom consisted of bringing back to life an important dead chief in a highly spectacular ritual. The new Tessouat was brought to life to save the Kitchesipirini nation, which was by then afflicted by death, caused by the European diseases, and isolated after several losses to the Iroquian confederation. Strangely enough, the new Tessouat was also blind in one eye. This fact probably contributed to muddle the French, who sometimes did not distinguish the new Tessouat from the old one. To save his nation, the new Tessouat decided to move from the Ottawa River area to a place nearby the French. After going to Sillery (nearby Quebec), where the Wendats refused their hospitality, Tessouat decides to bring his nation to Montreal island, where he agrees to receive the Christian baptism. In 1647, fearing an attack from the Iroquois and suspecting that the French would not defend them, Tessouat and his nation moved again. The new Tessouat finally died at Trois-Rivières, in 1654.
References
Remi Savard, L'Algonquin Tessouat et la fondation de Montréal (Gallimard, 1996), .
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20050909032232/http://www.wilkesweb.us/algonquin/cac-nations.htm
http://radio-canada.ca/radio/profondeur/RemarquablesOublies/Tessouat.htm
Indigenous leaders in Ontario
Indigenous leaders in Quebec
Algonquin people
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
17th-century Native Americans |
4022844 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1994 French Open – Men's singles | Defending champion Sergi Bruguera defeated Alberto Berasategui in the final, 6–3, 7–5, 2–6, 6–1 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1994 French Open. It was the first all-Spanish men's singles final at the French Open.
Pete Sampras was attempting to complete a non-calendar-year Grand Slam and to become the first man since Rod Laver in 1969 to hold all four major titles at once, having won the preceding Wimbledon, U.S. Open, and Australian Open titles. However, he lost to Jim Courier in the quarterfinals.
Seeds
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 1994 French Open Men's Singles draw
1994 French Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
French Open by year – Men's singles
1994 ATP Tour |
4022853 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Canadian%20Establishment | The Canadian Establishment | The Canadian Establishment is a series of books published in Canada by economic journalist Peter C. Newman to catalogue the richest families and individuals in the country. The first book was published in 1975 and introduced Canadian and world readers to little-known figures who defined the Canadian economic community of the last quarter of the 20th century.
References
Canadian Establishment, The
Canadian Establishment, The
Canadian Establishment, The
Books by Peter C. Newman
McClelland & Stewart books
Business books |
4022877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Engineering%20%26%20Scientific%20Commission | National Engineering & Scientific Commission | The National Engineering & Scientific Commission (NESCOM) () is a Pakistani missile manufacturer and civilian research organization of Pakistan, under the administrative control of the Strategic Plans Division of Pakistan's National Command Authority and is headquartered in Islamabad, Pakistan.
In 2007, it was reported that NESCOM had exported military equipment worth approximately $40 million annually to various countries in the Middle East, South East Asia, and Africa. According to then-Chairman Samar Mubarakmand, NESCOM had developed various communication systems and electronic counter-measures systems for the Pakistan Air Force and Pakistan Navy.
History
National Engineering & Scientific Commission (NESCOM) was formed in 2000 by amalgamating the National Development Complex, Air Weapons Complex, Maritime Technologies Complex and the Project Management Organization.
In the early 2000s, NESCOM rapidly achieved several firsts. Among them, was the development of the Shaheen family of missiles, the Babur ground-launched cruise missile and the Ra'ad air-launched cruise missile.
Organization
In 2004, it was revealed by then-Director Samar Mubarakmand that NESCOM was organized into divisions, with each division being headed by a top scientist of international repute having around 600-1000 engineers and technicians under his supervision.
The following organizations are grouped together under NESCOM:
National Development Complex - responsible for the development of Pakistan's ground-based, solid-fueled ballistic missiles and cruise missile systems
Air Weapons Complex - responsible for the development of air-launched cruise missiles and other air-to-air and air-to-surface ammunition
Maritime Technologies Complex - responsible for the development of maritime defense systems including ship design, radars, sonar equipment, weapon launch systems.
Research Divisions
Aerospace
Missiles & Rockets
Electronics & Electro-optics
C4ISR & Navigation
Ammunition
Land systems
Naval systems
Materials & Chemical systems
Cyber securities
Notable Products & Projects
Ballistic Missile Systems
Nasr - solid-fueled hypersonic Tactical ballistic missile system with a range of 70-90 kilometres (km).
Abdali - solid-fueled short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) system with a range of 200 km.
Ghaznavi - short-range ballistic missile system with a range of 320 km.
Shaheen-I - solid-fueled ballistic missile system with a reported range of 900 km. The Shaheen was Pakistan's first solid-fueled missile. The missile project began in 1995 and the development and design was carried out by NESCOM's predecessor, the National Development Complex (NDC).
Shaheen-IA - an upgraded version of the Shaheen-I with a range of 1000 km. The upgrade was supposedly carried out by NESCOM in the early 2000s and supposedly included a terminal guidance system, improved radar-avoidance capability and stealth features.
Ababeel - solid-fueled multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle (MIRV)-capable ballistic missile system with a reported range of 2,200 km.
Shaheen-II - solid-fueled medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM) system with a reported range of 2,500 km.
Shaheen-III - solid-fueled ballistic missile system with a reported range of 2,750 km.
Land-Based Guided Missile Systems
Babur-I - ground-launched anti ship and land attack cruise missile with a reported range of 700 km to 900 km
Babur-II - an upgraded ground-launched anti ship and land attack cruise missile of Babur-I with a reported range of 750 km
Ship-Based Guided Missile Systems
Harbah - ship-launched anti ship and land attack cruise missile derived from Babur-II with an estimated range of 750 km
Submarine-Based Guided Missile Systems
Babur-III - submarine-launched anti ship and land attack cruise missile derived from Babur-II with a reported range of 450 km
Air-to-Surface Guided Missile Systems
Barq - air-launched laser-guided missile carried on the Burraq UCAV, reported range of 8 to 12 km
Ra'ad - air-launched cruise missile with an original range of 350 km
Ra'ad-II - an upgraded air-launched cruise missile of Ra'ad reported range of 600 km
Air-to-Air Missiles
Air-to-air missile research – It was reported in November 2001 that the Aerospace Division of NDC was doing "preliminary studies" for developing a new medium range air-to-air missile. According to the report no full scale hardware had yet been built but investigations by NDC engineers into various design approaches were ongoing. The report stated that suggested that the missile may use active radar homing.
Guided Bombs
H-2 SOW – precision-guided munition
H-4 SOW – precision-guided munition
Unguided Bombs
250 kg – Pre-fragmented bomb
250 kg Mk.82 – General-purpose bomb
500 kg Mk.83 – General-purpose bomb
1000 kg Mk.84 – General-purpose bomb
HAFR-1, HAFR-2 and RPB-1 – Anti-runway Bombs (possibly variants of the Matra Durandal)
6 kg, 11 kg Practice bombs
Depleted Uranium Ammunition
105 mm anti-tank round – a DU APFSDS anti-tank round developed to be fired by Type 59 tanks (upgraded with 105 mm guns) in service with the Pakistan Army. Reported to have a muzzle velocity of 1,450 m/s and be capable of penetrating 450 mm of rolled homogeneous armour (RHA) at an unspecified range.
Naiza (125 mm anti-tank round) – a DU APFSDS anti-tank round developed to be fired by T-80UD tanks in service with the Pakistan Army. A model of the round was put on display at the IDEX 2001 exhibition in the United Arab Emirates and it was stated to have a DU long rod penetrator, performance 25% greater than NDC's 105 mm DU round and a saddle-type sabot with re-arranged forward bore-rider for more accurate alignment with the T-80UD's autoloader. Displayed at IDEAS 2002 alongside DU rounds produced by other Pakistani organisations. Reportedly named "Naiza", made compatible with the T-80UD tank and stated to be capable of penetrating 550 mm of RHA.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Anka - unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV) - (Jointly produce with Turkish aerospace company Turkish Aerospace Industries)
Burraq - unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV)
Naval Systems
Starfish Naval Mine – a naval mine that targets submarines and ships, details on the mine were first released in 2001. Can be deployed by aircraft, ships and submarines. Makes use of solid state electronics. The mine's attack modes are controlled by a microprocessor which uses magnetic, acoustic and pressure sensors to analyse a potential target's signature. Sensors are mounted flush to both ends of the mine's cylindrical (barrel) shape. It is unknown if the mine has a self-destruct mechanism. Weight: 767 kg, warhead: 500 kg HE (PBX charge), storage life: 20 years.
MSL Advanced Towed Array Sonar (ATAS) – a towed array sonar developed by Maritime Systems Ltd. (MSL) and MTC to replace old systems in service with the Pakistan Navy and for export. Project started during the 1990s, Commodore Sarfraz appointed as program chief. System was designed to cope with Arabian Sea environment and is stated to be superior to foreign systems being offered for export. Expected to be installed on Agosta 70 and Agosta 90B class submarines currently in service with the Pakistan Navy, also being integrated with the Agosta 90B's SUBTICS combat management system, as well as future vessels to be acquired by the Pakistan Navy such as new submarines and corvettes.
Naval Training Simulator – programmable training system. Simulates maritime sensors and weapon systems of aircraft, warships and submarines under any weather or sea conditions. Installed on the Jalalat II class fast attack craft of the Pakistan Navy.
Shore-based/ship-based electronic warfare system
Ship-borne display consoles
References
Military research installations of Pakistan
Research institutes in Pakistan
Pakistani engineering organisations
Pakistan federal departments and agencies
2000 establishments in Pakistan
Guided missile manufacturers
Unmanned aerial vehicle manufacturers of Pakistan
Defence companies of Pakistan |
4022903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Ridge%20Canyons%20Wilderness | Black Ridge Canyons Wilderness | The Black Ridge Canyons Wilderness (BRCW) is located in western Colorado with a small portion extending into eastern Utah, USA, within the arid Colorado Plateau region approximately west of Grand Junction, Colorado. The wilderness lies on the northwest flank of the Uncompahgre Plateau. It is characterized by the high, east-west trending Black Ridge dissected by seven major canyon systems, draining into the Colorado River in Ruby Canyon. Elevations range from above sea level along the river to . Canyons vary in length from several miles to twelve miles in length and may contain interesting side canyons. Geological features in these canyons include spires, windows, giant alcoves and desert varnish. Canyons may reach a depth of almost , forming spectacular red rock cliffs. Spring runoff and summer thunderstorms create glistening waterfalls and plunge pools. Rattlesnake Canyon contains the second largest concentration of natural arches in the country. Mee Canyon is even more remote, and contains Arch Tower.
Vegetation in the meandering canyon bottoms includes grasses, pinyon, juniper, cottonwood, willow and box elder. The upland mesas contain dense stands of pinyon and juniper with some sagebrush parks. Cryptobiotic soils are well developed in the upland areas. Wildlife viewing may include deer, mountain lion, desert bighorn sheep, along with golden and bald eagles. The wilderness area is of which are in Colorado and are in Utah. It was designated by the U.S. Congress in 2000 and is administered by the Bureau of Land Management. The Black Ridge Canyons Wilderness forms the core of the McInnis Canyons National Conservation Area.
Access
There are three main access points for the Black Ridge Canyons Wilderness: the front country (Fruita urban-interface), the high country (Black Ridge via Glade Park) and via the Colorado River. Visitors have easy access the front country area year round while the high country and Colorado River access remain accessible only to the most dedicated visitors.
Front Country
The front country area of the BRCW is located a few minutes from the town of Fruita, Colorado via State Highway 340. This area, known as the "wilderness-urban interface," is a popular destination for local residents and their dogs looking for daily exercise. The Bureau of Land Management maintains three trailheads in this area - Devils Canyon, Fruita Paleontological Area and Pollock Bench.
High Country
The high country of the BRCW is accessible from the community of Glade Park, Colorado. Visitors to this area are treated to a true wilderness experience in a rough, remote land that provides outstanding opportunities for solitude. The Rattlesnake Canyon area is home to the world's second-largest concentration of natural arches (after Arches National Park).
Mee Canyon contains a deep alcove that is accessible only by way of a difficult hiking trail which requires and scrambling over many exposed ledges. Knowles and Jones Canyons offer visitors a true wilderness experience, with outstanding opportunities for solitude and a primitive and unconfined type of recreation.
Colorado River
The Colorado River bisects the McInnis Canyons National Conservation Area and forms the northern boundary of the Black Ridge Canyons Wilderness as it winds its way through Horsethief and Ruby canyons. The river itself is not a part of the wilderness, however floaters are able to hike up many of the main canyons of the area including Rattlesnake Canyon, Moore Canyon, Mee Canyon, and Knowles Canyon. The most popular put in to float this section of the river is the Loma boat launch in Loma, Colorado. Most river users take out in Westwater, Utah, although some continue on through the Class III and IV rapids of Westwater Canyon (permit required).
See also
Wilderness Act
Rattlesnake Canyon
Ruby Canyon
Wilderness
National Wilderness Preservation System
List of U.S. Wilderness Areas
Mee Canyon
Arch Tower
References
External links
BLM Colorado: Black Ridge Canyons Wilderness website
Wilderness.net: Black Ridge Canyons Wilderness
BLM Colorado: McInnis Canyons National Conservation Area
Google Maps satellite view
Wilderness areas of Colorado
Wilderness areas of Utah
Natural arches of Colorado
Natural arches of Utah
Bureau of Land Management areas in Colorado
Bureau of Land Management areas in Utah
Protected areas of Mesa County, Colorado
Protected areas of Grand County, Utah
Protected areas established in 2000
Landforms of Mesa County, Colorado
Natural arches of Grand County, Utah |
4022904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1993 French Open – Men's singles | Sergi Bruguera defeated the two-time defending champion Jim Courier in the final, 6–4, 2–6, 6–2, 3–6, 6–3 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1993 French Open.
This was the first Grand Slam of future world No. 1, two-time major champion and 2000 Olympic gold medalist Yevgeny Kafelnikov in the tournament as a qualifier, he lost to Sláva Doseděl in the second round.
Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Sergi Bruguera is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.
Pete Sampras (quarterfinals)
Jim Courier (finals)
Stefan Edberg (quarterfinals)
Boris Becker (second round)
Goran Ivanišević (third round)
Petr Korda (second round)
Ivan Lendl (first round)
Michael Chang (second round)
Michael Stich (fourth round)
Sergi Bruguera (champion)
Andrei Medvedev (semifinals)
Richard Krajicek (semifinals)
Karel Nováček (quarterfinals)
Wayne Ferreira (second round)
Thomas Muster (fourth round)
MaliVai Washington (fourth round)
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 1993 French Open Men's Singles draw
1993 French Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
French Open by year – Men's singles
1993 ATP Tour |
4022912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldstadion | Waldstadion | Waldstadion () is the name of several stadia or football grounds in Germany and Austria:
Germany
ALNO-Arena at Pfullendorf, previously known as Waldstadion an der Kasernenstraße
Deutsche Bank Park (formerly "Commerzbank Arena") at Frankfurt am Main, home of Eintracht Frankfurt, more known as Waldstadion
Städtisches Waldstadion at Aalen, home of VfR Aalen
Waldstadion Feucht at Feucht, home of 1. SC Feucht
Waldstadion Hasborn at Hasborn, home of Rot-Weiss Hasborn-Dautweiler
Waldstadion Heeslingen at Heeslingen, home of TuS Heeslingen
Waldstadion Homburg at Homburg (Saar), home of FC Homburg
Waldstadion an der Kaiserlinde at Spiesen-Elversberg, home of SV Elversberg
Waldstadion Ludwigsfelde at Ludwigsfelde, home of Ludwigsfelder FC
Waldstadion Osterholz-Scharmbeck at Osterholz-Scharmbeck, home of VSK Osterholz-Scharmbeck
Waldstadion Weismain, home of former Regionalliga club SC Weismain-Obermain
Willi-Schillig-Stadion at Ebersdorf bei Coburg, previously known as Waldstadion and home of VfL Frohnlach
Waldstadion am Erbsenberg at Kaiserslautern, home of VfR Kaiserslautern
Waldstadion (Giessen) at Giessen, home of VfB Gießen
Austria
Waldstadion (Austria) at Pasching, home of FC Juniors OÖ
Waldstadion Schönau near Frankenfels, home of FCU Frankenfels |
4022916 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrens%20Linear%20Park | Torrens Linear Park | The Torrens Linear Park was completed in 1997 as the first of its kind developed in Australia where it is the largest hills-to-coast park. It began as a flood mitigation scheme along the River Torrens running westward from the Adelaide Hills, through the Adelaide metropolitan area, to the sea. Cyclists and walkers can use a trail that runs the length of the park, from Gorge Road, in Athelstone in the north-east, through the Northern Parklands of the City of Adelaide, to the river mouth at Henley Beach in the west. In the Parklands section, the river runs past many notable landmarks including the Adelaide Zoo, the Adelaide Botanic Gardens, the Festival Theatre and Elder Park.
There are shared-use pedestrian and cycling paths along both sides of the river for most of the length of the park, and along one side of the O-Bahn Busway.
History
The valley of the River Torrens, particularly its lower reaches, had become badly polluted following European settlement in 1836. Land clearance lead to increased runoff and erosion, with major flood events occurring in 1917 and 1933. An artificial channel, Breakout Creek, was completed in 1937, diverting floodwaters directly to the sea, and opening up areas of the western suburbs to housing development, particularly after World War II. Rapid expansion of housing in the eastern suburbs also took place at this time. Awareness of the risk of increased runoff leading to further flooding events lead to various proposals for flood mitigation in the 1950s and 1960s, including converting the river to a concrete-lined channel, or an underground storm-water pipe below a major highway.
The Torrens Linear Park concept, using the river valley for combined use as urban open space with flood mitigation, was initially set out in the River Torrens Study (1979) and the River Torrens Flood Mitigation Study (1980). The River Torrens Linear Park and Flood Mitigation Scheme was approved by State Parliament in 1981. A further elaboration, the River Torrens Linear Park Study, included a transport option for a section of the park east of the CBD, which became the O-Bahn guided busway.
The scheme required the cooperation of the state government, responsible for land acquisition and flood mitigation works, and the then 12 (now 8) metropolitan councils bordering the river, responsible for landscaping and construction of cycling/walking trails. Construction works began in January 1982, and were completed in September 1997.
The Linear Park became protected against further development with the passing of the River Torrens Linear Park Act on 21 June 2006.
Between 2007 and 2008 a new aqueduct, an underground water pipe from Gorge Weir to the Hope Valley Reservoir, was constructed along an eastern section of the Linear Park, while the land formerly occupied by the open channel of the old Highbury Aqueduct was added to the Linear Park in 2012.
References
Parks in Adelaide
Cycling in South Australia |
4022923 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazones | Corazones | Corazones is the fourth studio album by the Chilean rock band Los Prisioneros, released in 1990. Produced by the Argentine Gustavo Santaolalla, in conjunction with Aníbal Kerpel on the EMI Odeón Chilena label, it was recorded, mixed and mastered in Los Angeles, California. What's more, the album was distributed overseas by the Capitol label, and it was the first album by Los Prisioneros recorded outside of Chile,
Background
Before the production of the album, Corazones, between July and August 1989, the group Los Prisioneros recorded at the Konstantinopla Studios owned by Carlos Cabezas Rocuant, "Beaucheff 1435". Whose name is due to the musician's home address Jorge González, where the songs on the album that would welcome 1990s were composed the vast majority. A part of these themes were known in 1996 with the album compilation Ni Por La Razon, Ni Por La Fuerza, and the other remain in public knowledge with Internet.
Some of these songs went a different way than the band was used to. Melancholic melodies, more intimate lyrics and a couple of dance tunes, all led by synthesizers and programmed drums, highlighting pieces like "En forma de pez", "Ella espera" and "Las sierras electricas". The sound of the album is a kind of continuation of the sound search for "La cultura de la basura", with elements of house. In addition, González's acute social vision has its space in "Las sierras electricas", with the romantic counterpart of "En forma de pez": an impressive 7-minute suite and a kind of cross between Emmanuel and Martin Gore (Depeche Mode). González left for Los Angeles, California in October 1989 with only the company of the band's manager, Carlos Fonseca, since Tapia was unable to obtain a visa to enter the United States. Narea had distanced herself after seeing his role as guitarist and occasional songwriter increasingly diminished.
The production of the album began without the collaboration of Claudio Narea, who left the group in the middle of the work process, in the midst of love problems that were finally reflected in the lyrics distributed on the album. Narea's departure was marked by the hidden relationship between his wife and Gonzalez, but he also had a musical artist: He did not agree with the sound that the group's leader wanted to give the trio, influenced by synthesizers and electropop that unfolded in the '80. Finally "Corazones" was dominated under the production of the illustrious Argentine Gustavo Santaolalla, who made a name for himself with his band Arco Iris and collaborating on popular records for Wet Picnic and León Gieco. Santaolalla brought an astonishing new level of polish to Los Prisioneros, where all previous albums had been produced by González, infusing jagged electronic melodies with breakneck pop production and regional instruments like the charango to solidify a sonorous identity that was original and unquestionably Latin American.
Release and critical reception
Los Prisioneros fourth album, "Corazones" in his release on May 20, 1990, it was certified with four platinum records for selling about 180,000 copies and in that same year Jorge was chosen as the composer of the year by the Chilean Copyright Society. In 2006 was chosen in the 54 position from the list (The 250 best Latin American rock albums) by American magazine Al Borde, and in 2008 it ranked ninth in the list of (The 50 Best Chilean albums), by the Chilean edition of the American magazine Rolling Stone.
Artwork
The album cover was photographed by Alejandro Barruel and designed by Vicente Vargas, author of La voz de los '80 cover and star of the video clip of "El nuevo baile" by Emociones Clandestinas. "We just knew that Claudio had left. It was very strange to take photos without him", recalled manager Fonseca, the shirt was bought especially for the occasion by Fonseca in the Paris stores on Lyon avenue.
Legacy and influence
Some of the album tracks were covered by some singers like: "Amiga mía", covered by Javiera Mena for the 2012 movie Joven y Alocada, Fakuta, covered the song "Cuentame una historia original". Produced by Vicente Sanfuentes and Lego Mustache, the song "Estrechez de corazón" was covered by Carlos Cabezas, Francisca Valenzuela, and the group Villa Cariño. Being recorded in Triana studios by the famous engineer Gonzalo González, with a music video directed by Felipe Foncea. In the tribute album to Jorge González, "Nada es para Siempre", the musicians Gepe and Javiera Mena, accompanied by Cecilia Aguayo, Uwe Schmidt, Felipe Carbone, and Gonzalo Yáñez performed a version of "Cuentame una historia original". In 2020 David Eidelstein, the bassist of Los Tetas known as "Rulo", covered the song "Estrechez de corazón".
Track listing
Side A
Side B
References
1990 albums
Los Prisioneros albums
Spanish-language albums |
4022930 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil%20Horne | Phil Horne | Philip Andrew Horne (born 21 January 1960) is a former New Zealand cricketer who played in 4 Tests and 4 ODIs from 1987 to 1990. He also represented New Zealand in badminton at the 1986 Commonwealth Games.
Horne was born in Upper Hutt on 21 January 1960, the son of Noelene Rae Horne (née Swinton), who represented New Zealand in the high jump, and Valentine Arthur Horne, who managed the New Zealand badminton team at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games. His younger brother Matt also played international cricket for New Zealand.
References
1960 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Upper Hutt
New Zealand Test cricketers
New Zealand One Day International cricketers
New Zealand cricketers
Auckland cricketers
Cricketers at the 1987 Cricket World Cup
New Zealand male badminton players
Badminton players at the 1986 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games competitors for New Zealand |
4022937 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northfork | Northfork | Northfork is a 2003 film directed by Michael Polish and written by Michael and Mark Polish. It premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 21, 2003 and later received a limited release in the United States on July 11, 2003. The film stars Duel Farnes, James Woods, Nick Nolte, Michele Hicks, Daryl Hannah, Anthony Edwards, Robin Sachs, Ben Foster, Claire Forlani, Clark Gregg, Kyle MacLachlan and Peter Coyote. This is the brothers' third film collaboration, after Twin Falls Idaho (1999) and Jackpot (2001).
Plot
The film's narrative consists of several interwoven subplots taking place in the town of Northfork, Montana circa 1955. A new dam is being built which will flood the valley of Northfork, and the town is in the midst of an evacuation. The narratives focus on several individuals who, for one reason or another, have yet to evacuate. Walter O'Brien (James Woods) and his son (Mark Polish) are on the evacuation team, helping to evacuate the last few inhabitants of Northfork. In return, the government will give them acres of lakeside property if they meet their evacuee quota. Father Harlan (Nick Nolte) is one such individual, who has stayed behind to care for Irwin (Duel Farnes), a dying orphan too weak to leave town. While the O'Briens and their co-workers encounter an array of unusual characters, Irwin discovers that he is the "unknown angel" through a suitcase with his angel wings in it and a bible with an angels feather telling his family 'story', and finds himself a family of angels (Daryl Hannah, Anthony Edwards, Ben Foster, and Robin Sachs) in his dreams, who he makes a deal with to take him 'a thousand miles'.
Cast
Duel Farnes as Irwin
James Woods as Walter O'Brien
Nick Nolte as Father Harlan
Peter Coyote as Eddie
Claire Forlani as Mrs. Hadfield
Clark Gregg as Mr. Hadfield (uncredited)
Mark Polish as Willis O'Brien
Kyle MacLachlan as Mr. Hope
Michele Hicks as Mrs. Hope
Ben Foster as Cod
Daryl Hannah as Flower Hercules
Robin Sachs as Cup of Tea
Anthony Edwards as Happy
Jon Gries as Arnold
Rick Overton as Rudolph
Douglas Sebern as Mayor
Reception
Northfork received mixed to positive reviews from critics and has a rating of 57% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 103 reviews with an average rating of 6 out of 10. The consensus states "Visually poetic, but may be too dramatically inert for some." The film also has a score of 64 on Metacritic based on 31 reviews.
References
External links
Northfork on Rotten Tomatoes.com
Northfork
2003 films
2000s fantasy drama films
Films set in 1955
Films set in Montana
Films shot in Montana
Paramount Vantage films
American fantasy drama films
Films directed by Michael Polish
2003 drama films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films |
4022947 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold%20Fire%20%28Star%20Trek%3A%20Voyager%29 | Cold Fire (Star Trek: Voyager) | "Cold Fire" is the 26th episode of Star Trek: Voyager, the tenth episode in the second season. The episode aired on UPN on November 13, 1995. It is a direct sequel to the series premiere "Caretaker" and explores the existence of another entity belonging to the Caretaker alien's species. This is also the first episode since "Caretaker" to depict the species known as the Ocampa.
Plot
Kes and the Doctor notice a peculiar change in the remains of the Caretaker, the alien who trapped Voyager in the Delta Quadrant. They seem to be resonating in response to an unusual energy source. Remembering that the dying Caretaker had mentioned a female of his kind, Janeway wonders if she could be nearby. If so, a meeting with her could be their ticket home. As a precaution, Tuvok develops a toxin that could debilitate the female lifeform if she poses a threat. Following the energy trail, the crew comes upon a space-station inhabited by Ocampa, who fire on the ship.
Kes agrees to act as the crew's liaison to her people, and when the Ocampa leader, Tanis, boards Voyager, she assures him that the crew comes in peace. In a private meeting, Tanis tells Kes that the female Nacene, Suspiria, is nearby. She has taken care of this group of Ocampa for 300 years, and has taught them to develop their psychokinetic skills. He shows Kes a sample of the powerful abilities she has yet to tap. Later, Tanis communicates with Suspiria, who demands that he deliver Voyager to her.
As Tanis leads the crew to Suspiria, he tutors Kes on her telepathic skills. The lessons nearly end in disaster when Kes tries to boil water with her mind and, to her horror, inadvertently boils Tuvok's blood instead. He collapses, writhing in agony.
Tuvok recovers from the near-fatal incident. Kes realizes the full potential of her mental powers when her mind causes the plants in the aeroponics bay to burn up. Tanis urges Kes to leave Voyager and live on the Ocampa space-station, where he says she will be embraced by Suspiria and surrounded by her own people.
Suspiria, who believes the lies spread by the Kazon and others about Voyager, comes aboard. She tells Janeway that she will destroy them in retaliation for the crew's having killed the Caretaker. By the time Kes becomes aware of her monstrous plot, Suspiria has already attacked several officers. Kes, in turn, attacks Tanis with her expanded psychic abilities, and Tanis's pain temporarily incapacitates Suspiria. Janeway is then able to fire the toxin, subduing her. Janeway allows Suspiria and Tanis to leave the ship, while Kes remains with her friends on Voyager.
Production
"Cold Fire" was developed under the working title "Untitled Kes Firebug". While writing the episode, Anthony Williams worked as the assistant manager of advertising at Paramount Pictures. The script's final draft was completed and submitted on August 30, 1995. The teleplay was handled by Brannon Braga. "Cold Fire" was set in stardate 49164.8; it was not stated during the episode, but it was included in the shooting script. According to executive producer Rick Berman, Suspiria had been developed in response to the studio's concerns that the show's focus on a crew separated from their home would be too depressing. Berman referred to the character as a "cover your ass" measure, as it allowed for a "fundamental shift" in the show's premise in case of a negative response from viewers.
Director Cliff Bole reunited with guest star Gary Graham during the filming of the episode; the pair had worked together on the show M.A.N.T.I.S. Graham did not enjoy his time on Star Trek: Voyager, comparing it to "taking a midterm when you really, really have to make a good grade". While requesting "two words" be changed, he said it had "t[aken] thirty minutes to get script approval on that back from the Ivory Tower". He negatively compared Voyager to his time on the show Alien Nation, which he described as having a "very relaxed and joyously creative set", and his performance as Soval on Star Trek: Enterprise, which he felt had a more relaxed filming process.
Reception
"Cold Fire" is rated 7.4 out of 10 on TV.com as of 2018. It had 6.1 Nielsen points rating in 1995, and it first aired on November 13, 1995 on UPN.
References
Citations
Book sources
External links
Star Trek: Voyager (season 2) episodes
1995 American television episodes
Television episodes directed by Cliff Bole
Television episodes written by Brannon Braga |
4022950 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil%20Brooks | Phil Brooks | Phil Brooks may refer to:
Sports
Phil Brooks (American football) (born 1937), American football coach
Phil Brooks (footballer) (1901–1963), Australian rules footballer
Phil Brooks or CM Punk (born 1978), American professional wrestler and mixed martial artist
Others
Philip C. Brooks (1906–1977), American archivist
Philip John Brooks, British folk and rock musician
See also
Phillips Brooks (1835–1893), Bishop of Massachusetts in the Episcopal Church during the early 1890s |
4022952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1992 French Open – Men's singles | Defending champion Jim Courier successfully defended his title, defeating Petr Korda in the final, 7–5, 6–2, 6–1 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1992 French Open.
Stefan Edberg was attempting to complete the career Grand Slam, but lost to Andrei Cherkasov in the third round.
Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Jim Courier is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.
Jim Courier (champion)
Stefan Edberg (third round)
Pete Sampras (quarterfinals)
Michael Stich (third round)
Michael Chang (third round)
Guy Forget (second round)
Petr Korda (finalist)
Goran Ivanišević (quarterfinals)
Carlos Costa (fourth round)
Ivan Lendl (second round)
Andre Agassi (semifinals)
Richard Krajicek (third round)
Aaron Krickstein (third round)
Alexander Volkov (third round)
Brad Gilbert (first round)
Jakob Hlasek (first round)
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 1992 French Open Men's Singles draw
1992 French Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
French Open by year – Men's singles
1992 ATP Tour |
4022955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish%20crescent | Turkish crescent | A Turkish crescent, (a smaller version is called a çevgen or çağana (Tr.), Turkish jingle, Jingling Johnny, (Ger.), or pavillon chinois (Fr.)), is a percussion instrument traditionally used by military bands internationally. In some contexts it also serves as a battle trophy or object of veneration.
Description
The instrument, usually long, consists of an upright wooden pole topped with a conical brass ornament and having crescent shaped crosspieces, also of brass. Numerous bells are attached to the crosspieces and elsewhere on the instrument. Often two horsetail plumes of different colors are suspended from one of the crescents; occasionally they are red-tipped, symbolic of the battlefield. There is no standard configuration for the instrument, and of the many preserved in museums, hardly two are alike.
The instrument is held vertically and when played is either shaken up and down or twisted. Sometimes there is a geared crank mechanism for rotating it.
Today the instrument is prominent in the marching bands of the German Bundeswehr, the French Foreign Legion, the Russian Armed Forces, the Armed Forces of Chile, the Armed Forces of Bolivia and in Ottoman military bands. Some folk music features similar instruments based on a wooden staff with jingling attachments. A notable folk example is the Australian "lagerphone", made by nailing crown-seal bottle-caps, from beer bottles, onto a wooden broomstick handle, and used to provide a percussive beat for a folk song or bush dance.
During its existence, the Soviet Union produced variant forms of the instrument for military bands, with red artificial plumes and the red star finial.
Non-musical aspects
Turkish crescents had symbolic value for the military units that used them. The 88th Regiment of Foot (Connaught Rangers) famously captured one at the Battle of Salamanca in 1812. It became an object of pride and veneration at the regiment's ceremonial parades.
In the early 20th century, Turkish crescents were used in processions honoring important dignitaries. They were skillfully twirled by dignified performers, much as batons are handled today by drum majors. This aspect survives today in the use of Turkish crescents as mostly symbolic objects in military marching bands. This can be clearly seen in the videos in the External links section at the end of this article.
History
The instrument possibly has antecedents in Central Asian tengrist staffs. Similar instruments occur in ancient Chinese music, perhaps diffused from the same Central Asian (Turkic) sources.
Europeans knew of it in the 16th century. In the 18th century, it was part of the Turkish Janissary bands that were the source of much interest in Europe, and in the 19th century, it was widely used in European military bands. It was abandoned by the British in the mid-19th century but survives today, in an altered form, in Germany and in the Netherlands, plus in two military bands in France (the French Foreign Legion and the 1st Spahi Regiment). It is also found in the military bands of the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Belarus, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Chile, Peru, Bolivia and Brazil (examples are in the Brazilian Marine Pipes, Drum and Bugle Corps and the Band of the 1st Guards Cavalry Regiment "Independence Dragoons"). Its presence in the bands of Chile, Brazil and Bolivia is due to the Prussian military influences which arrived in these countries during the late 19th to early 20th centuries.
Its heyday in Europe was from the mid-18th to mid-19th century, when it was commonly played by elaborately dressed black Africans, who made all manner of contortions while playing. Some of these gestures survive today, in the stick twirling by bass and tenor drummers. An aspect of the elaborate costumes survives in the leopard skin apron worn by bass drummers in British military bands; however the use of the "Jingling Johnny" was discontinued in the British Army in 1837.
In 1881, the German Emperor William I presented a Turkish crescent to King David Kalākaua on the occasion of the King's visit to Berlin during his trip around the world bearing the inscription "no ka hoomanao ana ia Berlin" (to commemorate Berlin), which was then used by the Royal Hawaiian Band.
In the mid-19th century this instrument was replaced in most bands by the glockenspiel, which was carried similarly but could be played musically.
Argentina
Known as the "Chinesco", the instrument was used by Afro-Argentinians in the 19th century. Descriptions of the instrument describe the masacalla, an ethnic instrument. A painting by Martin Boneo and a news clipping from 1899 show an instrument held on a long pole, with horsetails, and either a pointed top like a Chinese hat, or a crescent.
Java and Bali
The instrument has also been known in Java under the names genta (Hindu-Javanese), klinting, byong or Kembang delima (pomegranate blossom), and in Bali as gentorag. The Javanese instruments lack the crescent or hat, but have "a central wooden spindle" with the bells suspended at different levels on crosses of wood or metal. Bells can also be suspended on wheels stacked above each other, largest on the bottom to tallest on the top. The wheel is mounted to that its rim is not up and down like a car rim, but horizontal to the ground.
Use in specific musical works
The Turkish crescent figures prominently in the Marche pour la Cérémonie des Turcs, part of Jean-Baptiste Lully's music for Molière's comédie-ballet Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (1670).
It was used by the composer Joseph Haydn in his Symphony No. 100 (1794).
Beethoven is said to have made use of the Jingling Johnny or Turkish crescent in the finale to his Ninth Symphony, though it is not specified in the score.
Hector Berlioz used it in his massive piece for military wind band with optional choir and organ Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale (1840). His "dream ensemble" of 467 instrumentalists included four among its 53 percussion instruments. He said about the instrument: "The , with its numerous little bells, serves to give brilliancy to lively pieces, and pompous marches in military music. It can only shake its sonorous locks, at somewhat lengthened intervals; that is to say, about twice in a bar, in a movement of moderate time".
John Philip Sousa's Nobles of the Mystic Shrine (1923) also called for the use of the Turkish crescent.
Gareth Gilkeson of the Rend Collective folk rock band can be seen playing a Turkish crescent in the video for the band's song "Build Your Kingdom Here" (2013).
See also
Aquila (Roman)
Khakkhara
Monkey stick
Masacalla
Pogo cello
Signifer
Sistrum
Tug/Tugh (Bunchuk)
Sources
Chappell, Mike. Wellington's Peninsula Regiments. Osprey Publishing, 2003.
External links
Short video clip (0:25) of French Foreign Legion music with a clear shot of chapeau chinois at 0:12
WWII (1940) video (5:13) of Legion troops departing for combat. See chapeau chinois at 0:55, 1:45, and 3:45.
Long video (12:00) of French Foreign Legion music. Chapeau chinois is featured as an honored object from 1:06-1:30 and especially from 7:30-10:25.
Video (2:18) of a German marching band, showing Schellenbaum as an honored object and glockenspiel as a musical instrument from 0:10-1:35.
Video (2:31) of another German band, showing a ceremonial Schellenbaum and musical glockenspiel at 0:40 and a smaller whirling musical Schellenbaum from 0:55-1:05.
Video (14:34) of a Chilean military parade, showing a glimpse of a ceremonial Schellenbaum from 0:50-1:00.
History of Turkish Crescent from ancient times until the 18th century; in German: Janissary instruments and Europe
Alla turca: Ottoman Band Influences on European Music.
Video (3:16) of the Bundeswehr Staff Music Corps, showing Schellenbaum being assembled, used in a parade, and disassembled thereafter.
Bells (percussion)
Idiophones
Military music
Turkish inventions
Janissaries |
4022980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore%20Stock%20Exchange | Bangalore Stock Exchange | Bangalore Stock Exchange (BgSE), was a public stock exchange based in Bangalore, India fully owned by Government of India. It was founded in 1963 and had 595 regional and non-regional companies listed. In September 2005, the BgSE announced plans to go public by divesting at least 51% of its ownership. The stock exchange was managed by a Council of Management, consisting of members appointed by the Securities and Exchange Board of India. It was the first stock exchange in South India to start electronic trading of securities in 1996.
To keep pace with the fast changing technology and financial system, the Exchange went online in 1996. The Exchange had came a long way since the launch of BEST (Bangalore Electronic Securities Trading), its online trading system on 29 July 1996.
The Exchange had 241 members serving the diverse needs of investors. The corporate members constitute more than 25% of the total membership of the Exchange. Members operate within the overall framework of policies and practices developed over a period of time by the Exchange. As on 7 Jan 2014, 330 companies were listed on the Exchange.
In December 2008, SEBI had issued guidelines and laid down the framework for exit by stock exchanges. As per SEBI norms, a stock exchange, whose annual trading turnover on its platform was less than Rs 1,000 crore, can apply for voluntary surrender of recognition and exit, while a bourse which fails to achieve a turnover of Rs 1,000 crore, would be subject to compulsory exit process.
The shareholders of BgSE in its annual general body meeting held on 21 September 2013 passed the resolution to apply to SEBI for exiting as a stock exchange through voluntary surrender of recognition. Following this, BgSE had made a request to SEBI for its exit as stock exchange on 8 October 2013.
SEBI on 26 December 2014 permitted BgSE to exit from the bourse business.
See also
List of stock exchanges in the Commonwealth of Nations
References
External links
Economy of Bangalore
Former stock exchanges in India
1963 establishments in Mysore State
Financial services companies established in 1963 |
4022987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basics%20%28Star%20Trek%3A%20Voyager%29 | Basics (Star Trek: Voyager) | "Basics" comprises the 42nd and 43rd episodes of the American science fiction television Star Trek: Voyager, the cliffhanger between the second season and the third season.
In this episode, the Federation starship Voyager, alone in the Delta Quadrant, is lured into a trap which leads to the ship being commandeered by the hostile Kazon, who forcibly remove the ship's crew to an inhospitable planet.
This was a two-part episode, but in two different seasons; Part I aired on May 20, 1996 as the finale of Season 2 and Part II aired on September 4, 1996 as the opener of Season 3. The show was originally broadcast on the UPN network.
Parts I & II were written by Michael Pillar and directed by Winrich Kolbe.
The episodes were also later released on VHS, LaserDisc, and DVD.
Plot
Part I
Ensign Lon Suder, having been confined to his quarters for life as punishment for his murder of Crewman Darwin, has attempted to make amends by making several agricultural advancements. His homicidal tendencies seem to be well under control through the use of Vulcan mental disciplines learned from Tuvok. Seska calls Voyager stating that Commander Chakotay must rescue her and her newborn baby, since Culluh saw that the child was not his. Captain Janeway and Chakotay argue on whether or not to save his son, whether it is a trap or a real plea for help. In the ready-room, everyone thinks up ideas to fight the Kazon in the event of a trap.
An apparent defector of the Kazon is soon found on a stranded ship and taken on board to Sickbay, and explains his predicament, although Chakotay remains suspicious — especially when he mentions Seska's death. As Voyager travels further into Kazon space, facing heavier attacks that seem focused at the same general area of the ship, the man commits suicide in a violent explosion, which severely damages Suder's quarters and disables several of Voyager's systems. As Voyager is overwhelmed by the Kazon, Lt. Paris takes a shuttle to find a Talaxian colony for aid. Voyager is boarded and taken over by Kazon forces. Captain Janeway attempts to activate the ship's self-destruct sequence to prevent the Kazon from taking the ship, but the system that controls this ability was damaged in earlier Kazon skirmishes, revealing the true strategy of the Kazon.
Part II
The crew is marooned on a barren planet inhabited by primitive, hostile natives. Only two crew members are left on board Voyager, the Doctor and Suder, who was presumed dead in the explosion. It is revealed by the Doctor that Culluh, not Chakotay, is the father of Seska's baby. Suder hides in the vents and Jefferies tubes of the ship, having a crisis of conscience after he is forced to kill a Kazon soldier.
Meanwhile, on the planet, crewman Hogan is devoured by a gigantic worm creature. The natives of the planet kidnap Kes and Neelix. Chakotay attempts to negotiate for their return, but this fails and he, Kes and Neelix are forced to hide in one of the caverns that the giant worm lives in. The natives attempt to smoke them out with a fire.
Back at camp, Ensign Wildman's baby Naomi falls ill and Chakotay's team is still missing. Janeway gathers her own crew to search for Chakotay. Inside the caverns, a mis-step leads to a crew member being eaten by the worm. Janeway has Lt. Torres and two others distract the natives. The diversion works, allowing them to extinguish the fire and save the rest of the crew. The worm ends up buried under tons of rock dislodged by Tuvok and others as they escape.
Suder and the Doctor risk their lives to repel the Kazon. Suder, under orders from Paris, attacks the engineering section of Voyager. He succeeds in sabotaging the ship's phasers, but is shot in the back by a dying Kazon and dies moments after. The Kazon then attempt to destroy Paris' shuttle but the sabotaged phasers overload, killing most of the Kazon and forcing them to abandon Voyager. Seska herself is mortally wounded; she stumbles into Janeway's ready room and dies next to her child, who survived. Maje Culluh takes the baby and leaves.
Volcanic eruptions on the planet have forced the Voyager crew and the natives to migrate together. Chakotay gains the respect of the natives when he rescues one of their children from a lava flow. The leader of the tribe gathers together plants that heal Naomi. The crew and the natives both watch in bewilderment as Voyager descends to the planet to pick them up. Tom Paris greets Janeway and the crew on the bridge and tells of Suder's bravery. In Sickbay, Tuvok wishes that Suder may find the peace he could not in life. The natives wave farewell as Voyager departs.
Notes
Martha Hackett, whose character Seska is killed off this episode, received two copies of the script; the first where Seska survived, but her baby died and the second as was aired. She was only told that Seska was to die less than a day before filming. She would return to play the character twice more in the series.
The first part of this episode contains a muffed line from Mulgrew (Janeway) that seemingly went unnoticed during production. When the character was supposed to say "work with The Doctor on it, B'Elanna" during a staff meeting, she instead said "work on The Doctor with it, B'Elanna".
Reception
In 2017, ScreenRant rated "Basics" as the 6th most hopeful episode of Star Trek. They point out how the crew works together to survive despite the bleak situation they are placed in.
This episode was noted for Captain Janeway wearing her hair in a pony-tail style.
This marked the exit of Seska, a character that SyFy rated as among the top 21 most interesting supporting characters of Star Trek, and CBR ranked Seska the 18th best recurring character of Star Trek shows. CBR elaborate, "Martha Hackett was fantastic in the part, showcasing Seska’s transformation from supposedly loyal fighter to a scheming vixen."
In 2020, Gizmodo listed "Basics" as one of the "must watch" episodes from the show.
In 2021, The Digital Fix praised the episode overall but was critical of the elimination of Suder and Seska. For example, they were pleased with the on-stage dynamic between actors Robert Picardo (The Doctor) and Dourif (Suder), and Suder's "redemptive" character arc, but lamented the exit of Suder. Likewise, they were happy with Seska, who they called the "most interesting reoccurring" character on the show and said her death was unnecessary.
Releases
This episode was released on the United Kingdom on LaserDisc in April 1995. The 12 inch optical disc used both sides for 88 minutes of runtime in PAL format, and it retailed for £19.99.
Both parts of Basics were released in the U.K. paired with "Future's End" as "feature length adventures" on VHS (VHR 5071).
"Basics, Part I" was also released on VHS in the U.K. paired with "Resolutions". "Basics, Part II" was released with "Flashback" on VHS in the United Kingdom, on one cassette, Star Trek: Voyager 3.1 - Basics, Part II/Flashback.
"Basics, Part II" was released on DVD on July 6, 2004 as part of Star Trek Voyager: Complete Third Season, with a Dolby 5.1 surround.
In 2017, the complete Star Trek: Voyager television series was released in a DVD box set, this included "Basics, Part I" on Disc 7 with special features of that season at the end of season 2, and "Basics, Part II" as part of season 3.
References
External links
Star Trek: Voyager (season 2) episodes
Star Trek: Voyager (season 3) episodes
1996 American television episodes
Star Trek: Voyager episodes in multiple parts |
4022994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen%20Marie%20Moning | Karen Marie Moning | Karen Marie Moning is an American author. Many of her novels have appeared on the New York Times Bestseller List with Shadowfever reaching the number one position on multiple national best sellers lists. She is a winner of the prestigious Romance Writers of America RITA award for Best Paranormal Romance and is a multiple RITA nominee.
Biography
Karen Marie Moning was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, the daughter of Anthony R. Moning and Janet L. Moning. Moning graduated from Purdue University with a Bachelor's degree in Society and Law. Before becoming a full-time writer, she worked as a bartender, a computer consultant, and an insurance specialist.
Moning began her career writing paranormal romance set in Scotland. Beyond the Highland Mist was published in 1999 and nominated for two RITA awards. She then published six more novels in her award-winning HIGHLANDER series, and received the RITA Award in 2001 for The Highlander’s Touch.
But as she became increasingly fascinated with Celtic mythology, she switched genres to Urban Fantasy and location to Dublin, Ireland, so she could focus on the Tuatha Dé Danann, or Fae—an ancient race of immortal beings who have lived secretly among humans for millennia.
Bibliography
Highlander Series
Beyond the Highland Mist (1999/Mar)
To Tame a Highland Warrior (1999/Dec)
The Highlander's Touch (2000/Nov)
Kiss of the Highlander (2001/Sep)
The Dark Highlander (2002/Oct)
The Immortal Highlander (2004/Aug)
Spell of the Highlander (2005/Aug)
Into The Dreaming (2006/Aug)
Fever Series
Darkfever (2006/Oct)
Bloodfever (2007/Oct)
Faefever (2008/Sep)
Dreamfever (2009/Aug)
Shadowfever (2011/Jan)
Iced (2012/Oct)
Burned (2015/Jan)
Feverborn (2016/Jan)
Feversong (2017/Jan)
High Voltage (2018/Mar)
Kingdom of Shadow and Light (2021/Feb)
Fever Moon
Fever Moon is an original story from Karen Marie Moning, which has been adapted into a graphic novel by David Lawrence and illustrated by Al Rio. In this installment of the series, Mac and Barrons work together to defeat the Fear Dorcha. When it becomes clear that this epic evil is hunting Mac, slowly killing those closest to her, Mac’s only weapons are her lover, Barrons and the Spear of Destiny.
References or sources
External links
Facebook Page
Official blog
Living people
American women novelists
Writers from Cincinnati
Novelists from Georgia (U.S. state)
Novelists from Florida
American romantic fiction writers
Purdue University alumni
RITA Award winners
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
1964 births
Women romantic fiction writers
Novelists from Ohio
Dark fantasy writers
Urban fantasy writers |
4022996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Jackson | Philip Jackson | Phil, Phillip, or Philip Jackson may refer to:
Sportsmen
Phil Jackson (rugby league, born 1932), British rugby league back during 1950s
Phil Jackson (born 1945), American basketball player and coach in NBA
Phil Jackson (rugby league 1970s), British rugby league forward during 1970s
Phil Jackson (boxer) (born 1964), American heavyweight boxer
Others
Philip Jackson (surveyor) (1802–1879), British Royal Navy lieutenant and mapmaker during 1820s
Philip L. Jackson (1893–1953), publisher of Portland newspaper The Oregon Journal
Philip Jackson (sculptor) (born 1944), Scottish sculptor
Philip Jackson (actor) (born 1948), English actor
See also
Phil Jackson Ibargüen (born 1985), Colombian footballer
Jackson (surname) |
4023005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1991 French Open – Men's singles | Jim Courier defeated Andre Agassi in the final, 3–6, 6–4, 2–6, 6–1, 6–4 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1991 French Open.
Andres Gomez was the defending champion, but did not compete this year.
Boris Becker was attempting to complete the career Grand Slam, but lost to Agassi in the semifinals.
Seeds
The seeded players are listed below. Jim Courier is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.
Stefan Edberg (quarterfinals)
Boris Becker (semifinals)
Ivan Lendl (withdrew due to wrist injury)
Andre Agassi (finals)
Sergi Bruguera (second round)
Pete Sampras (second round)
Guy Forget (fourth round)
Goran Ivanišević (second round)
Jim Courier (champion)
Michael Chang (quarterfinals)
Emilio Sánchez (second round)
Michael Stich (semifinals)
Jonas Svensson (withdrew due to injury)
Karel Nováček (first round)
John McEnroe (first round)
Brad Gilbert (first round)
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 1991 French Open Men's Singles draw
1991 French Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
French Open by year – Men's singles
1991 ATP Tour |
4023008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataegus%20pubescens | Crataegus pubescens | Crataegus pubescens may refer to:
Crataegus pubescens C.Presl. a Sicilian hawthorn, sometimes considered to be a synonym of Crataegus orientalis
Crataegus pubescens Steud. an illegitimate name for Crataegus mexicana |
4023013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeo%20Cheow%20Tong | Yeo Cheow Tong | Yeo Cheow Tong (; born 22 June 1947) is a former Singaporean politician. A member of the governing People's Action Party (PAP), he served in the Cabinet from 1990 to 2006, and was a Member of Parliament (MP) of Hong Kah SMC from 12 December 1984 to 17 August 1988 and MP of Hong Kah GRC from 24 August 1988 to 19 April 2011 for almost 27 years.
Early life
Yeo was educated at Anglo-Chinese School, before receiving a Colombo Plan Scholarship in 1967 to study at the University of Western Australia, where he received a Bachelor of Engineering (Mechanical) degree.
Career
He worked for Singapore's Economic Development Board (EDB) from 1972 to 1975, before entering the private sector. He entered politics in 1984. At the 1984 general election, Yeo was elected a Member of Parliament for Hong Kah constituency. In 1985, he was appointed a Minister of State at the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
In 1988, Yeo became the Acting Minister for Health, before becoming a full member of the Cabinet in 1990. He went on to hold a number of different Cabinet positions including Minister of Health (1990–94, 1997–99), Minister for Community Development (1991–94), Minister for Trade and Industry (1994–97), Minister for the Environment (1997–99), Minister for Communications and Information Technology (1999–2001), and Minister for Transport (2001–06).
In June 2006, Yeo resigned from the Cabinet to return to the private sector. He continued to serve as a Member of Parliament for the Hong Kah Group Representation Constituency until 2011, when he retired from politics. He was succeeded by Alex Yam in the 2011 Singaporean general election.
Personal life
Yeo is married to lawyer Helen Yeo-Tan Cheng Hoong. The couple have three children and 6 grandchildren.
References
External links
Appointments of the Cabinet of Singapore
CV of Yeo Cheow Tong
Members of the Parliament of Singapore
People's Action Party politicians
Members of the Cabinet of Singapore
Anglo-Chinese School alumni
Singaporean people of Teochew descent
1947 births
Living people
Ministers for Transport of Singapore
Ministers for Health of Singapore
Communications ministers of Singapore
Ministers for Trade and Industry of Singapore
University of Western Australia alumni |
4023029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan%20Place%2C%20Dallas | Bryan Place, Dallas | Bryan Place is a neighborhood in Old East Dallas, Texas (USA). It is east of the Arts District of downtown and the State Thomas neighborhood, north of Deep Ellum, south of Cityplace and west of Munger Place. Its boundaries are generally considered to be US-75 North Central Expressway on the west, Ross Avenue on the (north)west, N. Washington Street on the (north)east, and Live Oak Avenue on the (south)east.
History
The neighborhood is named for John Neely Bryan, the founder of Dallas. The current structures in the neighborhood were built in the 1980s by developer Fox and Jacobs.
Parks
The major outdoor community space is Exall Park, located on the south edge of the neighborhood next to Live Oak Street.
Community facilities
The Exall Park Recreation Center is located in Exall Park. The Bryan Place Swimming Pool Association operates a members-only outdoor swimming pool and a meeting room which is available to the community. Adjacent to Bryan Place is the Latino Cultural Center which has an auditorium for larger presentations and meetings.
Architecture
Bryan place contains an eclectic blend of architecture, old and new, large and small, residential and commercial. Older buildings include commercial buildings and houses from the first half of the 20th century, including the Macedonia Baptist Church and 1935 Dallas ISD Headquarters. Lots sizes are small, with many houses built to "zero lot line" setback on at least one side. Later developments have tended to be multi-family townhouses, low-rise condominiums and apartment buildings since the 1980s, and many single-family homes from the 1980s onwards.
Nearby and visible from much of the neighborhood are Baylor University Medical Center to the south and the former Southwestern Bell tower to the east.
Transportation
Highways
North Central Expressway (US 75)
Trains
DART
Deep Ellum Station (in adjacent neighborhood: Deep Ellum)
DART and
Cityplace Station (in adjacent neighborhood: Cityplace)
Education
Bryan Place is served by the Dallas Independent School District. Residents of Bryan Place are zoned to J.W. Ray Elementary School, Alex W. Spence Middle School and North Dallas High School.
Holy Trinity Catholic School, a private school, located approximately 2 miles northwest of Bryan Place in the Oak Lawn neighborhood, provides education for three-year-olds through eighth grade.
References
External links
Bryan Place Homeowner's Association
Neighborhoods in Old East Dallas |
4023041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar%20Smith%20%28disambiguation%29 | Lamar Smith (disambiguation) | Lamar Smith may refer to:
Anthony Lamar Smith, an American man who was killed by a police officer in 2011
Lamar Smith, American politician from Texas
Lamar Smith (activist), American civil rights activist murdered in Brookhaven, Mississippi for attempting to bring African-American ballots to the courthouse
Lamar Smith (American football), American football running back |
4023043 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopher%20rockfish | Gopher rockfish | The gopher rockfish (Sebastes carnatus), also known as the gopher sea perch, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the subfamily Sebastinae, the rockfishes, part of the family Scorpaenidae. It is found in the eastern Pacific, primarily off California.
Taxonomy
The gopher rockfish was originally described in 1880 as Sebastichthys carnatus by the American ichthyologists David Starr Jordan and Charles Henry Gilbert with the type locality given as the Monterey Bay, California. Some authorities place this species in the subgenus Pteropodus. The specific name carnatus means "fleshy" or "flesh-colored", alluding to the background color of this fish.
Description
The gopher rockfish is a deep, stout bodied fish with a steep dorsal profile. The body is as deep as 34% to 38% of its standard length. They have many spines on the head and body. The overall color is dark brown, black, and greenish fading to reddish brown on the belly. There is a row of flesh-colored or whitish spotting and blotches on their back reaching up to and onto the dorsal fin and irregular pale patches on their flanks. There is a dark stripe running rearwards from the eye and another on the upper jaw. The head is of average length for this genus and has a short snout with a small terminal mouth and large eyes which bulge over the dorsal profile of the head. The caudal fin is truncate. The dorsal fin has 13 spines and 12 to 14 rays while the anal fin has 3 spines and 5 to 7 soft rays. This species grows to a maximum total length of .
Distribution and habitat
Gopher rockfish are found in the northeastern Pacific Ocean off the Western coast of North America. They are known from as far north as Cape Blanco in Oregon, down to Punta San Roque in southern Baja California. They are commonest between northern Baja California and Northern California. It is a demersal species that is encountered as solitary and highly territorial individuals with nearby shelters on rock structures or within kelp forests at depths from .
Biology
The gopher rockfish is a territorial species which defends a home territory on the seabed excluding other rockfish. It is a nocturnal fish, spending the day sheltering in cavities and crevices. They leave their shelter ar dusk to forage. The juveniles feed on planktonic crustaceans while the adults prey on cephalopods, gastropods, brittle stars, crabs, shrimp and polychaetes. They also eat smaller fish such as juvenile rockfish, particularly blue rockfish (Sebastes mystinus), sculpins, juvenile surfperch, kelpfishes, and plainfin midshipman (Porichthys notatus). This is an oviparous species in which a female can lay 175,000 to 425,000 pelagic eggs. They are known to live for up to 30 years.
Genetics
A PCR-RFLP genetic sex marker has been identified for gopher rockfish, which can successfully distinguish males and females. The marker potentially also works in the closely related black-and-yellow rockfish, but it does not seem to successfully distinguish males and females in various other rockfish species.
References
Milton S. Love, Mary Yoklavich, Lyman K. Thorsteinson, (2002), The Rockfishes of the Northeast Pacific, University of California Press, pp. 140–143
Shawn Narum, Vincent Buonaccorsi, Carol Kimbrell, and Russell Vetter. (2004). Genetic Divergence between Gopher Rockfish (Sebastes carnatus) and Black and Yellow Rockfish (Sebastes chrysomelas). Copeia, 4, pp. 926–931.
gopher rockfish
Taxa named by David Starr Jordan
Taxa named by Charles Henry Gilbert
Fauna of California
Western North American coastal fauna
gopher rockfish |
4023044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign%20accent | Foreign accent | Foreign accent may refer to:
accent (sociolinguistics)
diacritic, an accent mark in writing
non-native pronunciations of English
Anglophone pronunciation of foreign languages
foreign accent syndrome |
4023048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Bentley | Little Bentley | Little Bentley is a village and civil parish in the Tendring district of Essex, England. It sits on rising ground just to the west of the Holland Brook.
In the Second World War troops and Commandoes sometimes encamped locally, and there was a control post for the anti-aircraft guns around the nearby Gt Bromley radar station. A number of Allied aircraft force-landed in the large field south of the Church, including an American B17 bomber. Several V1 flying bombs also hit the parish.
The Hall, south west of the Church, was once a larger building. It has a large game wood, made up mainly of coppiced chestnut trees. The Hall is nowadays noted for its annual garden show, making use of water features fed by streams from the wood.
In the hamlet of Ravens' Green, 2 miles from the village centre, is a large house formerly known as "the Gamekeepers", for many decades a pub.
Little Bentley is also the home of the Little Bentley Park Polo Club.
St Mary the Virgin church
The church is dedicated to Saint Mary. The living is in the gift of Balliol College. The Church is mainly 13th century on the north side, and 17th on the south. It has a 60-foot medieval tower with ancient bells.
The nave roof is original medieval timber, and features rows of beams carved into angels, but with heads cut off during the Civil War by Puritan iconoclasts led by William Dowsing. The east end has three stained glass lancet windows, and between chancel and nave a small door and features in the walls indicate the position of a pre-Reformation rood screen. A large royal arms, painted on a diamond-shape timber board, and a 16th-century helmet, are among contents which were stolen – or removed because of the risk of theft – in the 1970s.
References
External links
Village History, Little Bentley Hall
Church of St Mary, Church Road, Little Bentley, Images of England
Great and Little Bentley entry, Post Office Directory of Essex, Herts, Kent, Middlesex, Surrey and Sussex, London: Kelly, 1855
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Tendring |
4023051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1990 French Open – Men's singles | Andrés Gómez defeated Andre Agassi in the final, 6–3, 2–6, 6–4, 6–4 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1990 French Open. He became the first Ecuadorian, male or female, to win a major, and this was his only major title in singles. Agassi later alleged in his 2009 autobiography that his defeat in the final was partly due to issues with his wig.
Michael Chang was the defending champion, but he was defeated by Agassi in the quarterfinals. For the first time since the 1977 Australian Open, none of the semifinalists had previously won a major title.
Until the 2002 Australian Open, this would be the last time that the top two seeds would lose in the first round of a major, with Stefan Edberg and Boris Becker losing to Sergi Bruguera and Goran Ivanišević respectively.
Seeds
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
References
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 1990 French Open Men's Singles draw
1990 French Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
French Open by year – Men's singles |
4023052 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishq%20%281997%20film%29 | Ishq (1997 film) | Ishq ( Love) is an Indian 1997 Hindi-language romantic action comedy film directed by Indra Kumar. It stars Aamir Khan, Ajay Devgn, Juhi Chawla and Kajol along with Dalip Tahil, Sadashiv Amrapurkar, Johnny Lever and Mohan Joshi in supporting roles.
The film theatrically opened on 28 November 1997, to mixed reviews, but became the third-highest grossing film of 1997, grossing more than worldwide.
Plot
Ranjit Rai and Harbans Lal Saxena are two wealthy businessmen who despise the poor. However, Ranjit's son Ajay meets with his childhood friend Raja, a poor mechanic; while Harbans's daughter, Madhu is good friends with Kajal, who is also poor. They fix up Ajay's marriage with Madhu by getting their signatures on a marriage certificate by deceit; and send Ajay to meet Madhu at Harbans's place in Ooty. As fate would have it, Kajal and Raja follow them, resulting in Ajay falling in love with Kajal instead and Raja falling in love with Madhu. This angers the two fathers, who try to bribe Raja and Kajal into leaving Madhu and Ajay. When this doesn't work, they try to get Raja and Kajal killed. When the children realize what their fathers really did, they refuse to back down.
Eventually, the parents play a nasty trick, by making the four lovers believe that they have changed their ways and are ready for their children to marry the person they wish to. On the way to Raja and Madhu's engagement ceremony, Kajal gets kidnapped. Raja saves her from being raped and comforts her. Meanwhile, without their knowledge, photos are taken of them. The fathers then show the photos of Raja comforting Kajal at the party. Taken out of context, the photos make it look like Raja and Kajal are being intimate with each other. Kajal's uncle is also bribed to falsely testify to the fabricated illicit affair between the two. Raja and Kajal try to prove their innocence, but Ajay and Madhu, refusing to listen to them, break up with Kajal and Raja, and the fathers' plan succeed.
The situation worsens further when Ajay and Madhu think that Kajal is pregnant with Raja's child. They tell Raja and Kajal that they are getting married, which is what their fathers wanted all along. After hearing this, Kajal attempts to kill herself, but Raja stops her. Intending to teach Ajay and Madhu a lesson, Raja attacks them while they are in a car. Raja pretends to show that he is about to rape Madhu, but Ajay saves and comforts her. Raja is beaten brutally while in police custody, and Kajal pleads with the fathers to release him. The fathers agree, but on the condition that Kajal and Raja leave the country for good and that they would be killed if they ever did return. Kajal agrees and Raja is set free.
Ajay and Madhu's wedding is about to start when Ajay's uncle, Lambodar, shows them pictures of Ajay comforting Madhu after she almost got raped. This proves that Raja had attacked them to recreate the situation he and Kajal had been in, which in turn proved that Raja and Kajal are innocent and that the fathers were behind the initial attack on Kajal. Furthermore, Kajal's uncle also confesses that he lied out of bribery. Angry and heartbroken, Ajay almost chokes his father to death, but his conscience stops him. He then tries to kill himself, but Madhu stops him. Ajay and Madhu rush to the shipyard and succeed to stop Raja and Kajal from leaving the country on the ship. They ask for forgiveness and the lovers get back together. They then get to know that Ranjit delayed the ship's departure by half an hour, allowing Ajay and Madhu to meet their partners. The fathers arrive, having realized their grave mistake, and also ask for forgiveness, declaring their discovery of how poor they are in spite of wealth and that their real wealth is their children. The lovers forgive them and everyone is reunited.
Cast
Aamir Khan as Raja Ahlawat
Ajay Devgan as Ajay Rai
Juhi Chawla as Madhu Saxena
Kajol as Kajal Jindal
Johnny Lever as Lambodar Upadhyay
Sadashiv Amrapurkar as Ranjit Rai
Dalip Tahil as Harbans Lal Saxena
Mohan Joshi as Madan Jindal
Tiku Talsania as Pankaj Gaitonde
Anant Mahadevan as Brijesh Lal Saxena
Razzak Khan as Nawaab naadin Dhinna Change
Deepak Shirke as Damliya Kutta
Deven Verma as Behram
Ghanashyam Nayak as ACP Balram Gulati IPS
Shwetha Menon as Jia in song "Humko Tumse Pyar Hai"
Achyut Potdar as Barrister Chandra Shekhar Gokhale
Production
Development
Director Indra Kumar had initially planned to make Ishq in 1991 with Aamir Khan and Pooja Bhatt as two of the four leads, but due to their personal problems at the time, they opted out of the film. Later, Boney Kapoor asked Kumar to make the film with Sanjay Kapoor and Vivek Mushran playing the roles of Ajay and Raja, respectively. However, Kumar had no happiness to cast the two, and he then made the film Raja (1995) with Sanjay Kapoor, which released in 1995. He again came with the idea of making Ishq in 1996 and selected Aamir Khan, Ajay Devgn, Juhi Chawla and Kajol to play the leads.
Casting
Karisma Kapoor and Madhuri Dixit were offered the roles of Kajol and Juhi Chawla, respectively, but the former declined to work opposite Devgan and the latter had date issues. Along with this, Amitabh Bachchan was signed to play the role of a man who after completing an intermission tries to unite the four lovers, but due to some problems with Kumar, he left the film, and Kumar later removed that character from the film. Ishq was Kumar's first film to not star Madhuri Dixit as a female lead and the second movie with Aamir Khan after 1990's Dil. The film also marked the first collaboration between Kumar and Devgn.
Filming
During the shooting of the film, Aamir Khan threw a prank on Juhi Chawla, after which she got irritated.
Box office
The movie was a blockbuster at the box office. It earned , against a budget of . Its gross is equivalent to adjusted for inflation in 2019. It became the third-highest grossing film of 1997, behind Dil To Pagal Hai and Border.
Music
The music was composed by Anu Malik. The Ishq soundtrack album sold 3million units, making it the year's sixth best-selling Bollywood soundtrack album. The tune of the hit track '"Neend Churai Meri" was copied from the Linear song "Sending All My Love". It was subsequently remade as Maine Tujhko Dekha by Malik's nephew Amaal Malik for the 2017 film Golmaal Again.
Awards
References
External links
1997 films
1990s Hindi-language films
1990s buddy comedy films
Films shot in Ooty
Indian buddy comedy films
Films directed by Indra Kumar
Films scored by Anu Malik
Hindi films remade in other languages
Indian romantic comedy-drama films
Films shot in Mumbai
Films set in Mumbai
1990s romantic comedy-drama films
Films shot in Switzerland
Films scored by Surinder Sodhi
1997 comedy films
1997 drama films |
4023053 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS%20Tiberton | SS Tiberton | SS Tiberton was a British steam cargo ship that was sunk during World War II by the German submarine U-23.
Service
Registered to owners R. Chapman & Son, Newcastle upon Tyne, Great Britain, the SS Tiberton was launched in 1920 and served in Great Britain's Merchant Navy through the 1920s and 1930s. Operating from her homeport of Newcastle, she sailed to numerous countries including Chile, Australia and Norway.
On 14 June 1928, Tiberton ran aground at Bahía Blanca, Argentina. She was refloated on 17 June 1928.
Sinking
At 04.05 hours on 19 February 1940, whilst transporting iron ore to Middlesbrough (or Immingham, Lincolnshire) Great Britain from Narvik, Norway, the unescorted Tiberton was hit by one G7e torpedo from U-23 (on her eighth sailing and active patrol in the North Sea) under the command of Otto Kretschmer. The Tiberton broke in two and sank in 30 seconds about 33 miles east of Kirkwall, Orkney. All 34 of her crew were killed.
On 10 April 1940 the SS Tiberton was officially registered with Lloyd's as Missing / Untraced and a Joint Arbitration Committee considered her a "war loss".
Memorials
The 33 British crew members are commemorated on the Tower Hill Memorial in London (Panel 108). The 34th crew member, Canadian Edward Oliver May (Third Engineer), is commemorated on the Halifax Memorial in Point Pleasant Park on the southern tip of the Halifax Peninsula, Canada. Her Majesty's Canadian Ships and visiting warships when entering or leaving Halifax Harbour and passing the Halifax Memorial between Colours (0800 hours and sunset) pipe the Still to render honours.
.
Location of Sinking
There are several estimations of the location of her sinking in the North Sea.
1.
2.
3.
4. German Naval Grid Reference AN 1634
References
External links
SS Tiberton Details (and many other ship details)
SS Tiberton Photographs (and many other ship photographs)
SS Tiberton details from German perspective
SS Tiberton photos and details
Notice announcing SS Tibertons presumed sinking
UK Shipbuilding Yards
U Boat Histories
U23 Details
1920 ships
Ships built on the River Tees
Standard World War I ships
Steamships of the United Kingdom
Merchant ships of the United Kingdom
Maritime incidents in 1928
World War II merchant ships of the United Kingdom
Ships sunk by German submarines in World War II
World War II shipwrecks in the North Sea
Maritime incidents in February 1940 |
4023054 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Gerhard%20K%C3%B6nig | Johann Gerhard König | Johann Gerhard König (29 November 1728 – 26 June 1785) was a Baltic German botanist and physician who served in the Tranquebar Mission, India before joining service under the Nawab of Arcot, and then the English East India Company. He collected natural history specimens including plants, particularly those of medical interest, from the region and several species are named after him including the curry tree (Murraya koenigii).
Biography
König was born near Kreutzburg in Polish Livonia, which is now Krustpils in Latvia. He was a private pupil of Carl Linnaeus in 1757, and lived in Denmark from 1759 to 1767 during which time he examined the plants of Iceland. In 1767 he joined as a medical officer to the Tranquebar Mission and on his voyage to India, he passed through Cape Town where he met Governor Rijk Tulbagh with an introduction from Linnaeus, collecting plants in the Table Mountain region from 1 to 28 April 1768. König replaced the position made available following the death of Halle-educated physician Samuel Benjamin Cnoll (1705–67). In 1774 he took up a better paying position as naturalist for the Nawab of Arcot, serving in that position until 1778. In 1773, he received the Doctor's degree in absentia from the University of Copenhagen possibly for his studies on indigenous remedies published as De remediorum indigenorum ad morbes cuivis regioni endemicos expuguandos efficacia. He became naturalist to the Nawab of Arcot in 1774 and embarked on a trip to the mountains north of Madras and to Ceylon, a description of which was later published in a Danish scientific journal. On 17 July 1778, König was appointed Naturalist at Madras with the British East India Company where he remained until his death, undertaking several scientific journeys and working with notable scientists like William Roxburgh, Johan Christian Fabricius and Sir Joseph Banks.
König followed the example of the Moravian South-Asian Mission in Tranquebar in collecting and trading natural history objects on a large scale. His engagement in natural history encouraged missionaries like Christoph Samuel John, Johan Peter Rottler and the mission doctor Johann Gottfried Klein of the Tranquebar Mission to follow this path. The mission doctor of the Moravian South-Asian Mission, Benjamin Heyne, also followed the example of König and was appointed Naturalist of the British East India Company in 1793. Most plants of König and his successors were sent back to Europe and described by A.J. Retzius, Roth, Schrader, Willdenow, Martin Vahl and James Edward Smith. Only Rottler published his own descriptions.
König made several visits around the region and perhaps the most notable of his journeys was to Siam and the Malacca Straits in 1778–80, in this period he spent several months studying the flora and fauna in Phuket. He met Patrick Russell who arrived in India in 1782 at Tranquebar and the two remained in constant communication. He made trips to the hills near Vellore and Ambur and in 1776 a trip to the Nagori hills with George Campbell. In 1784, he visited Russell at Vizagapatnam on his way to Calcutta. On the way he suffered from dysentery and Roxburgh who was at Samalkota oversaw his treatment. He however did not recover and died at Jagannadhapuram, Kakinada in 1785. He bequeathed his papers to Sir Joseph Banks.
He described many plants used in Indian Medicine and kept notes on other aspects of natural history including the termites of southern India and the collection and use of their alates as food. Koenig's collections of insects from southern India may have been used in descriptions by Fabricius.
The plant genus Koenigia was named for him by Linnaeus, as was a species of curry-leaf tree Murraya koenigii.
References
Further reading
External links
Linnean herbarium
Tranquebar and its History
Biographies at Kew, the Dutch Herbarium and Biographical Database of Southern African Science
Botanists with author abbreviations
1728 births
1785 deaths
Botanists active in India
Baltic-German people |
4023059 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-dimensional%20nuclear%20magnetic%20resonance%20spectroscopy | Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy | Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2D NMR) is a set of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) methods which give data plotted in a space defined by two frequency axes rather than one. Types of 2D NMR include correlation spectroscopy (COSY), J-spectroscopy, exchange spectroscopy (EXSY), and nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY). Two-dimensional NMR spectra provide more information about a molecule than one-dimensional NMR spectra and are especially useful in determining the structure of a molecule, particularly for molecules that are too complicated to work with using one-dimensional NMR.
The first two-dimensional experiment, COSY, was proposed by Jean Jeener, a professor at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, in 1971. This experiment was later implemented by Walter P. Aue, Enrico Bartholdi and Richard R. Ernst, who published their work in 1976.
Fundamental concepts
Each experiment consists of a sequence of radio frequency (RF) pulses with delay periods in between them. The timing, frequencies, and intensities of these pulses distinguish different NMR experiments from one another. Almost all two-dimensional experiments have four stages: the preparation period, where a magnetization coherence is created through a set of RF pulses; the evolution period, a determined length of time during which no pulses are delivered and the nuclear spins are allowed to freely precess (rotate); the mixing period, where the coherence is manipulated by another series of pulses into a state which will give an observable signal; and the detection period, in which the free induction decay signal from the sample is observed as a function of time, in a manner identical to one-dimensional FT-NMR.
The two dimensions of a two-dimensional NMR experiment are two frequency axes representing a chemical shift. Each frequency axis is associated with one of the two time variables, which are the length of the evolution period (the evolution time) and the time elapsed during the detection period (the detection time). They are each converted from a time series to a frequency series through a two-dimensional Fourier transform. A single two-dimensional experiment is generated as a series of one-dimensional experiments, with a different specific evolution time in successive experiments, with the entire duration of the detection period recorded in each experiment.
The end result is a plot showing an intensity value for each pair of frequency variables. The intensities of the peaks in the spectrum can be represented using a third dimension. More commonly, intensity is indicated using contour lines or different colors.
Homonuclear through-bond correlation methods
In these methods, magnetization transfer occurs between nuclei of the same type, through J-coupling of nuclei connected by up to a few bonds.
Correlation spectroscopy (COSY)
The first and most popular two-dimension NMR experiment is the homonuclear correlation spectroscopy (COSY) sequence, which is used to identify spins which are coupled to each other. It consists of a single RF pulse (p1) followed by the specific evolution time (t1) followed by a second pulse (p2) followed by a measurement period (t2).
The two-dimensional spectrum that results from the COSY experiment shows the frequencies for a single isotope, most commonly hydrogen (1H) along both axes. (Techniques have also been devised for generating heteronuclear correlation spectra, in which the two axes correspond to different isotopes, such as 13C and 1H.) Diagonal peaks correspond to the peaks in a 1D-NMR experiment, while the cross peaks indicate couplings between pairs of nuclei (much as multiplet splitting indicates couplings in 1D-NMR).
Cross peaks result from a phenomenon called magnetization transfer, and their presence indicates that two nuclei are coupled which have the two different chemical shifts that make up the cross peak's coordinates. Each coupling gives two symmetrical cross peaks above and below the diagonal. That is, a cross-peak occurs when there is a correlation between the signals of the spectrum along each of the two axes at these values.
An easy visual way to determine which couplings a cross peak represents is to find the diagonal peak which is directly above or below the cross peak, and the other diagonal peak which is directly to the left or right of the cross peak. The nuclei represented by those two diagonal peaks are coupled.
COSY-90 is the most common COSY experiment. In COSY-90, the p1 pulse tilts the nuclear spin by 90°. Another member of the COSY family is COSY-45. In COSY-45 a 45° pulse is used instead of a 90° pulse for the second pulse, p2. The advantage of a COSY-45 is that the diagonal-peaks are less pronounced, making it simpler to match cross-peaks near the diagonal in a large molecule. Additionally, the relative signs of the coupling constants (see J-coupling#Magnitude of J-coupling) can be elucidated from a COSY-45 spectrum. This is not possible using COSY-90. Overall, the COSY-45 offers a cleaner spectrum while the COSY-90 is more sensitive.
Another related COSY technique is double quantum filtered (DQF) COSY. DQF COSY uses a coherence selection method such as phase cycling or pulsed field gradients, which cause only signals from double-quantum coherences to give an observable signal. This has the effect of decreasing the intensity of the diagonal peaks and changing their lineshape from a broad "dispersion" lineshape to a sharper "absorption" lineshape. It also eliminates diagonal peaks from uncoupled nuclei. These all have the advantage that they give a cleaner spectrum in which the diagonal peaks are prevented from obscuring the cross peaks, which are weaker in a regular COSY spectrum.
Exclusive correlation spectroscopy (ECOSY)
Total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY)
The TOCSY experiment is similar to the COSY experiment, in that cross peaks of coupled protons are observed. However, cross peaks are observed not only for nuclei which are directly coupled, but also between nuclei which are connected by a chain of couplings. This makes it useful for identifying the larger interconnected networks of spin couplings. This ability is achieved by inserting a repetitive series of pulses which cause isotropic mixing during the mixing period. Longer isotropic mixing times cause the polarization to spread out through an increasing number of bonds.
In the case of oligosaccharides, each sugar residue is an isolated spin system, so it is possible to differentiate all the protons of a specific sugar residue. A 1D version of TOCSY is also available, and by irradiating a single proton the rest of the spin system can be revealed. Recent advances in this technique include the 1D-CSSF (chemical shift selective filter) TOCSY experiment, which produces higher quality spectra and allows coupling constants to be reliably extracted and used to help determine stereochemistry.
TOCSY is sometimes called "homonuclear Hartmann–Hahn spectroscopy" (HOHAHA).
Incredible natural-abundance double-quantum transfer experiment (INADEQUATE)
INADEQUATE is a method often used to find 13C couplings between adjacent carbon atoms. Because the natural abundance of 13C is only about 1%, only about 0.01% of molecules being studied will have the two nearby 13C atoms needed for a signal in this experiment. However, correlation selection methods are used (similarly to DQF COSY) to prevent signals from single 13C atoms, so that the double 13C signals can be easily resolved. Each coupled pair of nuclei gives a pair of peaks on the INADEQUATE spectrum which both have the same vertical coordinate, which is the sum of the chemical shifts of the nuclei; the horizontal coordinate of each peak is the chemical shift for each of the nuclei separately.
Heteronuclear through-bond correlation methods
Heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy gives signal based upon coupling between nuclei of two different types. Often the two nuclei are protons and another nucleus (called a "heteronucleus"). For historical reasons, experiments which record the proton rather than the heteronucleus spectrum during the detection period are called "inverse" experiments. This is because the low natural abundance of most heteronuclei would result in the proton spectrum being overwhelmed with signals from molecules with no active heteronuclei, making it useless for observing the desired, coupled signals. With the advent of techniques for suppressing these undesired signals, inverse correlation experiments such as HSQC, HMQC, and HMBC are actually much more common today. "Normal" heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy, in which the hetronucleus spectrum is recorded, is known as HETCOR.
Heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HSQC)
HSQC detects correlations between nuclei of two different types which are separated by one bond. This method gives one peak per pair of coupled nuclei, whose two coordinates are the chemical shifts of the two coupled atoms.
HSQC works by transferring magnetization from the I nucleus (usually the proton) to the S nucleus (usually the heteroatom) using the INEPT pulse sequence; this first step is done because the proton has a greater equilibrium magnetization and thus this step creates a stronger signal. The magnetization then evolves and then is transferred back to the I nucleus for observation. An extra spin echo step can then optionally be used to decouple the signal, simplifying the spectrum by collapsing multiplets to a single peak. The undesired uncoupled signals are removed by running the experiment twice with the phase of one specific pulse reversed; this reverses the signs of the desired but not the undesired peaks, so subtracting the two spectra will give only the desired peaks.
Heteronuclear multiple-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HMQC) gives an identical spectrum as HSQC, but using a different method. The two methods give similar quality results for small to medium-sized molecules, but HSQC is considered to be superior for larger molecules.
Heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation spectroscopy (HMBC)
HMBC detects heteronuclear correlations over longer ranges of about 2–4 bonds. The difficulty of detecting multiple-bond correlations is that the HSQC and HMQC sequences contain a specific delay time between pulses which allows detection only of a range around a specific coupling constant. This is not a problem for the single-bond methods since the coupling constants tend to lie in a narrow range, but multiple-bond coupling constants cover a much wider range and cannot all be captured in a single HSQC or HMQC experiment.
In HMBC, this difficulty is overcome by omitting one of these delays from an HMQC sequence. This increases the range of coupling constants that can be detected, and also reduces signal loss from relaxation. The cost is that this eliminates the possibility of decoupling the spectrum, and introduces phase distortions into the signal. There is a modification of the HMBC method which suppresses one-bond signals, leaving only the multiple-bond signals.
Through-space correlation methods
These methods establish correlations between nuclei which are physically close to each other regardless of whether there is a bond between them. They use the nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) by which nearby atoms (within about 5 Å) undergo cross relaxation by a mechanism related to spin–lattice relaxation.
Nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY)
In NOESY, the nuclear Overhauser cross relaxation between nuclear spins during the mixing period is used to establish the correlations. The spectrum obtained is similar to COSY, with diagonal peaks and cross peaks, however the cross peaks connect resonances from nuclei that are spatially close rather than those that are through-bond coupled to each other. NOESY spectra also contain extra axial peaks which do not provide extra information and can be eliminated through a different experiment by reversing the phase of the first pulse.
One application of NOESY is in the study of large biomolecules, such as in protein NMR, in which relationships can often be assigned using sequential walking.
The NOESY experiment can also be performed in a one-dimensional fashion by pre-selecting individual resonances. The spectra are read with the pre-selected nuclei giving a large, negative signal while neighboring nuclei are identified by weaker, positive signals. This only reveals which peaks have measurable NOEs to the resonance of interest but takes much less time than the full 2D experiment. In addition, if a pre-selected nucleus changes environment within the time scale of the experiment, multiple negative signals may be observed. This offers exchange information similar to the EXSY (exchange spectroscopy) NMR method.
NOESY experiments are important tool to identify stereochemistry of a molecule in solvent whereas single crystal XRD used to identify stereochemistry of a molecule in solid form.
Rotating-frame nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (ROESY)
ROESY is similar to NOESY, except that the initial state is different. Instead of observing cross relaxation from an initial state of z-magnetization, the equilibrium magnetization is rotated onto the x axis and then spin-locked by an external magnetic field so that it cannot precess. This method is useful for certain molecules whose rotational correlation time falls in a range where the nuclear Overhauser effect is too weak to be detectable, usually molecules with a molecular weight around 1000 daltons, because ROESY has a different dependence between the correlation time and the cross-relaxation rate constant. In NOESY the cross-relaxation rate constant goes from positive to negative as the correlation time increases, giving a range where it is near zero, whereas in ROESY the cross-relaxation rate constant is always positive.
ROESY is sometimes called "cross relaxation appropriate for minimolecules emulated by locked spins" (CAMELSPIN).
Resolved-spectrum methods
Unlike correlated spectra, resolved spectra spread the peaks in a 1D-NMR experiment into two dimensions without adding any extra peaks. These methods are usually called J-resolved spectroscopy, but are sometimes also known as chemical shift resolved spectroscopy or δ-resolved spectroscopy. They are useful for analysing molecules for which the 1D-NMR spectra contain overlapping multiplets as the J-resolved spectrum vertically displaces the multiplet from each nucleus by a different amount. Each peak in the 2D spectrum will have the same horizontal coordinate that it has in a non-decoupled 1D spectrum, but its vertical coordinate will be the chemical shift of the single peak that the nucleus has in a decoupled 1D spectrum.
For the heteronuclear version, the simplest pulse sequence used is called a Müller–Kumar–Ernst (MKE) experiment, which has a single 90° pulse for the heteronucleus for the preparation period, no mixing period, and applies a decoupling signal to the proton during the detection period. There are several variants on this pulse sequence which are more sensitive and more accurate, which fall under the categories of gated decoupler methods and spin-flip methods. Homonuclear J-resolved spectroscopy uses the spin echo pulse sequence.
Higher-dimensional methods
3D and 4D experiments can also be done, sometimes by running the pulse sequences from two or three 2D experiments in series. Many of the commonly used 3D experiments, however, are triple resonance experiments; examples include the HNCA and HNCOCA experiments, which are often used in protein NMR.
See also
Two-dimensional correlation analysis
References
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy |
4023061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opeongo%20High%20School | Opeongo High School | Opeongo High School is a secondary school in Renfrew County, Ontario, Canada, that serves the townships of Whitewater Region, Laurentian Valley, Admaston Bromley, Sebastapol, Bonnechere Valley, and North Algona-Wilberforce. It was built in 1968, at a cost of $3.6 million, to accommodate a growing population of students and a change in educational trends. It has a student population of between 400 and 500 students. Its colours are green and gold, and its mascot is the Wildcat.
Notable alumni
Kevin Gillis (creator of cartoon series The Raccoons)
Jesse Hutch (actor with roles in Freddy vs. Jason and in television series including American Dreams and About a Girl).
Melissa Bishop (Olympic athlete 800m track)
See also
List of high schools in Ontario
Sources
Cobden Then and Now By: George A. Wallace
External links
Opeongo High School
High schools in Renfrew County
1968 establishments in Ontario
Educational institutions established in 1968 |
4023073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Priest | Mark Priest | Mark Wellings Priest (born 12 August 1961) is a former New Zealand international cricketer who played in three Test matches and 18 One Day Internationals (ODIs) between 1990 and 1998. He was the leading wicket-taker for Canterbury, with 290 dismissals, until Todd Astle went past his total in February 2019.
Priest was born at Greymouth, West Coast.
References
External links
1961 births
Living people
New Zealand Test cricketers
New Zealand One Day International cricketers
New Zealand cricketers
Canterbury cricketers
Cricketers from Greymouth
South Island cricketers |
4023084 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20White%20%28New%20Zealand%20cricketer%29 | David White (New Zealand cricketer) | David John White (born 26 June 1961) is a former New Zealand cricketer who played in two Test matches and three One Day Internationals in 1990.
Domestically, White played 99 first-class matches for Northern Districts. White also played for Poverty Bay and the Bay of Plenty in the Hawke Cup.
A former leading rugby administrator, David White has also served as chief executive of New Zealand Cricket.
References
1961 births
Living people
New Zealand Test cricketers
New Zealand One Day International cricketers
New Zealand cricketers
Northern Districts cricketers
Cricketers from Gisborne, New Zealand |
4023085 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrut%20Province | Hadrut Province | Hadrut Province () was a province of the Republic of Artsakh. The provincial capital was Hadrut city. The last governor was Valery Gevorkian. The province was captured by the armed forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war.
It consisted of most of the Jabrayil District, the western part of the Fuzuli District as well as the southwestern part of the Khojavend District.
History
More than 340 people of Hadrut Region fell victim during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.
During the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, heavy fighting took place in and around the city of Hadrut. Independent sources confirmed that the Azerbaijani army took control of the city of Hadrut on either 14 or 15 October 2020. Following the Aras Valley campaign and the Battle of Shusha, all of Hadrut Province was captured by the Azerbaijan Army by 9 November 2020. A peacekeeping contingent of the Russian Federation was placed along the frontline.
Geography
Hadrut Province formed the breakaway Republic of Artsakh's southern border and is one of its most mountainous parts. Villages were primarily found along two river valleys and scattered in lower elevations on the very southern fringe. Excavations of the Azokh Cave showed that humans have inhabited this area for tens of thousands of years, and the region has a rich history.
Hadrut province had 30 communities of which one was considered urban and 29 were rural. The most important problems were drinking and irrigation water, and internal communication roads. Some villages were lacking a telephone network and some had difficulties with watching Armenian TV channels. Nearly 30% of its area has been ruined and burnt several times.
Settlements
Aknaghbyur
Arajamugh
Arakel
Arpagetik
Arevshat
Aygestan
Azykh
Banadzor
Jrakus
Drakhtik
Dzoragyugh
Hadrut (capital)
Hakaku
Hartashen
Hin Tagher
Hogher
Ijevanatun
Jraberd
Jrakan
Karaglukh
Karmrakuch
Khalynbulakh
Khandzadzor
Khtsaberd
Kovshat
Kyuratagh
Mariamadzor
Melikashen
Mets Tagher
Mokhrenes
Norashen
Petrosashen
Pletants
Saralanj
Sarinshen
Spitakashen
Taghaser
Taghut
Togh
Tumi
Tsaghkavank
Tsakuri
Tsamdzor
Tsor
Tyak
Ukhtadzor
Vank
Varanda
Vardashat
Sites of interest
Monastery of Spitak Khatch (Սպիտակ Խաչ; White Cross), 14th century
Gtichavank monastery (Գտիչի վանք), 1241–1248
Anapat Church (Անապատ եկեղեցի), 13th century, near the village of Togh (Տող)
Khodaafarin Bridges
See also
Dizak
Arajamugh
References
External links
Armeniapedia – Rediscovering Armenia – Hadrut Region
Regions of the Republic of Artsakh
Hadrut (province)
States and territories disestablished in 2020 |
4023089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAEC | PAEC | PAEC may refer to:
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
Philippine Atomic Energy Commission
Pão de Açúcar Esporte Clube, Brazilian football club
Potential Alpha Energy Concentration |
4023092 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan%20Atomic%20Energy%20Commission | Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission | Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) (Urdu: ) is a federally funded independent governmental agency, concerned with research and development of nuclear power, promotion of nuclear science, energy conservation and the peaceful usage of nuclear technology.
Since its establishment in 1956, the PAEC has overseen the extensive development of nuclear infrastructure to support the economical uplift of Pakistan by founding institutions that focus on development on food irradiation and on nuclear medicine radiation therapy for cancer treatment. The PAEC organizes conferences and directs research at the country's leading universities.
Since the 1960s, the PAEC is also a scientific research partner and sponsor of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), where Pakistani scientists have contributed to developing particle accelerators and research on high-energy physics. PAEC scientists regularly pay visits to CERN while taking part in projects led by CERN.
Until 2001, the PAEC was the civilian federal oversight agency that manifested the control of atomic radiation, development of nuclear weapons, and their testing. These functions were eventually taken over by the Nuclear Regulatory Authority (NRA), and the National Command Authority under the Prime Minister of Pakistan.
Overview
Early history
Following the partition of the British Indian Empire by the United Kingdom in 1947, Pakistan emerged as a Muslim-dominated state. The turbulent nature of its emergence critically influenced the scientific development of Pakistan.
The establishment of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) in 1951 began Pakistan's research on physical sciences. In 1953, U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower announced the Atoms for Peace program, of which Pakistan became its earliest partner. Research at PAEC initially followed a strict non-weapon policy issued by then-Foreign Minister Sir Zafarullah Khan. In 1955, the Government of Pakistan established a committee of scientists to prepare nuclear energy plans and build an industrial nuclear infrastructure throughout the country. As the Energy Council Act went into full effect, Prime Minister Huseyn Suhrawardy established the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) in March 1956. Its first chair was Nazir Ahmad – an experimental physicist. Other members of the PAEC included Technical member Salimuzzaman Siddiqui, an organic chemist at the University of Karachi, and Raziuddin Siddiqui, a mathematical physicist at the same university. Together, they both took charge of the research and development directorates of the commission. In 1958, Abdus Salam of the University of the Punjab also joined the commission, along with Munir Ahmad Khan who initially lobbied for acquiring an open pool reactor from the United States.
In 1958, PAEC Chairman Nazir Ahmad proposed to the Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation the building of a heavy water production facility with the capacity to produce 50 kg of heavy water per day at Multan, but this proposal was not acted on. In 1960, I. H. Usmani was elevated as PAEC's second chair with the transfer of Nazir Ahmad at the Federal Bureau of Statistics. The Multan Heavy Water Production Facility reactor was built in 1962, financed by local fertilizer companies. In 1964, PAEC established its first research institute, the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), at Nilore, and began negotiation for Pakistan's first commercial nuclear power plant to be built in Karachi. In 1965, the PAEC reached an agreement with Canadian General Electric to build a CANDU reactor in Karachi. Financial investment for the Karachi Nuclear Power Plant was provided by the Economic Coordination Committee, and Edward Durell Stone was commissioned to oversee the architectural design of PINSTECH. From 1965–71, the PAEC sent 600 scientists abroad for training in nuclear sciences. in 1969, the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, agreed to supply a small scale nuclear reprocessing plant, with the capacity to extract 360 grams of plutonium per year. In 1973, the PAEC announced the discovery of large uranium deposits in Punjab.
After India's decisive victory in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, Pakistan retracted its non-weapon policy and the research and development of nuclear weapons began in 1972. PAEC's senior nuclear engineer Munir Ahmad Khan, was named as PAEC's third chair by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Work began on development of the nuclear fuel cycle infrastructure, and nuclear weapons research in the 1970s. Key research took place at PINSTECH, where scientists worked on weapon designs and eventual nuclear weapons testing. The PAEC expanded the crash program with various laboratories, facilities, and directorates researching on developing and testing materials and components for bomb designs, whilst it engineered plants and funded facilities for production of highly enriched uranium (HEU) and plutonium. In 1976, possible test sites were decided by the PAEC and construction on the sites was completed in 1979. In 1983, PAEC's efforts reached a milestone when it conducted its first subcritical test on a weapon design; such testing continued until the early 1990s under codename: Kirana-I.
Following nuclear tests by India earlier in the month, on 28 May 1998, PAEC led the final preparations and conducted Pakistan's first nuclear tests (Codename: Chagai-I), which was followed by Chagai-II in Kharan Desert on 30 May 1998. In 2001, the PAEC's research was focused back onto civilian and peaceful research with the establishment of the National Command Authority and the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority.
Research and education
Since its establishment in 1956, the PAEC has provided a conspicuous example of the benefits of atomic age technologies for the advancement of agriculture, engineering, biology, and medicine. In 1960, the PAEC established its first nuclear medicine centre for cancer treatment at the Jinnah Medical College of the University of Karachi; the second Medical Isotope Institute was established at the Mayo Hospital of the King Edward Medical University, Lahore. Physicians and medical researchers were provided with facilities for cancer diagnosis and treatment by the PAEC's funding.
In 1960, the PAEC established its regional atomic research centre in Lahore, and a metallurgy centre in Karachi in 1963. Another energy centre was located in Dhaka where many scientists were educated. In 1967, the PAEC founded the Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences which became one of the primary technical universities of the country. Many of the PAEC's scientists and engineers served in its faculty. The PAEC supports its university-level physics program at the Government College University, Lahore where it awards fellowships to the students. The PAEC continues to promotes its program as "peaceful uses of atomic energy commenced for the benefit the scientific community as well as public."
About its promotion of education, senior scientist, Ishfaq Ahmad quoted: "the PAEC was responsible to send more than 600 scientists to the abroad. As of present, PAEC maintains its prestigious image, and is now noted as one of the largest science and technology institution of the country. The PAEC supports research activities and learning programs at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), of which PAEC is also its organizer. Since 1974, the PAEC has been a key organizer and sponsor of the International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics and Contemporary Needs conference each year where scientists from all over the world are delegated to the country. The Summer College disseminates the knowledge of advancements in physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, mathematics, computer science, logic, and philosophy.
As the emphasis shifted towards concerns for national security interests, the PAEC's important projects were also initiated in this area. Many notable scientists with international prestige have worked and affiliated with the PAEC.
Studies on expansion of nuclear power
PAEC is held responsible for design preparation and proper operational function of Pakistan's commercial nuclear power plants. The PAEC provides lobbying at the governmental level for the safe usage of nuclear power sources; though the nuclear safety regulations, Protection of the nuclear power facilities is managed by the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA). Providing policy guidance to the government, PAEC's studies envision setting up power plants with a capacity of approximately 8800 Megawatts by 2030.
Under this policy, the KANUPP power plants and CHASHNUPP power plants are expanding and under construction as of 2013.
Constituent institutions
Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture
Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology
National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
National Agricultural Research Centre
Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy
National Centre for Physics
National Institute of Lasers and Optronics (NILOP)
Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS)
Center for Nuclear Medicine and Radiotherapy (CENAR)
Nuclear Medicine, Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute (NORI)
PAEC partnership with CERN
Pakistan has a long history of participating in experiments and research undertakings with CERN, and has a long tradition of physicists who are working around the world. Since the 1960s, Pakistan has been contributing and regularly participating in CERN's projects, theoretical and nuclear experiments. A prime example would be Abdus Salam; Salam was the first man to be accredited with all the collaboration with CERN which when he convinced them to give Pakistan stacks of nuclear emulsions exposed for further study of pions, kaons and antiprotons in the 1960s. Some theoretical physicists from Pakistan had the opportunity to work at CERN through short visits. During the 1980s, some of the experimental physicists from Pakistan, specialising in the technique of Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTD), also benefited from CERN by exposing the stacks in the beam at the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS).
In 2005, CERN awarded PAEC with the ATLAS Supplier Award in 2005, in connection with manufacturing and fabrication of various equipment for CERN.
On 27 June 2011, PAEC and CERN reached an agreement for extending the technical cooperation with CERN's upcoming programmes. CERN's Director-General Rolf-Dieter Heuer personally paid a visit to Pakistan where he spoke of the importance of science in Pakistan, and the importance of Germany's strategic alliance with Pakistan. The agreement was signed in order to extend an earlier agreement, which came into operation in 2003 between CERN and Pakistan for the supply of manufactured equipment for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, along with placement of scientists and engineers from Pakistan to assist in the scientific programme at CERN.
With the efforts led by the PAEC, CERN made Pakistan an associate member, on 22 June 2014— the first Asian country and the second Muslim country after Turkey.
PAEC contribution to Compact Muon Solenoid
In 1997 PAEC chairman Ishfaq Ahmad reached out to CERN to sign a contract between them after elaborate discussions an in-kind contribution worth one million Swiss francs for the construction of eight magnet supports for the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector.
For the CMS, the PAEC built magnetic feet and installed 320 Resistive Plate Chambers (RPC), as well as contributing to CMS computing. Several other mechanical components for ATLAS and for the LHC were also built by the PAEC. It was PAEC's efforts that led the Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH) with CERN's direct cooperation in the area of radioprotection.
PAEC support to Large Hadron Collider
In 2000, CERN signed another agreement which doubled the Pakistani contribution from one to two million Swiss francs. And with this new agreement Pakistan started construction of the resistive plate chambers required for the CMS muon system. While more recently, a protocol has been signed enhancing Pakistan's total contribution to the LHC programme to $10 million. Pakistan with all these efforts is already hoping to become an observer state at CERN. In 2006 PAEC and CERN agreed on expanded cooperation, including contributions by PAEC valued at 5 million Swiss francs.
World's largest particle accelerator at CERN
The PAEC, partnered with Pakistan's leading universities, sent a large team of scientists and engineers to CERN to participate in the Large Hadron Collider on 10 September 2008. According to the news sources, the team of Pakistani scientists were keenly involved in the development of the Large Hadron Collider— the world's largest and highest-energy particle accelerator.
The data of the experiment was available for the Pakistani scientists who would examine the data and results would be accumulated afterwards by them.
PAEC chairs
Awards
On June 26, 2021, 4 scientists of the PAEC were awarded the Team Achievement Award and another scientist was awarded the Young Scientist Award for work in plant mutation breeding and related technologies. These awards were bestowed in recognition of Pakistan's advancements in the application of nuclear technology for achieving the U.N. Sustainable Development Goals. The awards were jointly awarded by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the U.N.'s Food and Agriculture Organization.
Corporate management
The PAEC is chaired by the person appointed by the Government of Pakistan as the governmental notification is released. The PAEC's corporate management is organized by the Government of Pakistan who awarded contracts to the potential candidates. Its full-time members consist of the appointed Chair; a finance member; and two technical members. Its part-time members are composed of the senior scientists and a chief scientific adviser to the government.
Full Time Ex-officios
Chairman— Chair (or CEO) of the PAEC.
Finance Member— A civil servant from the Ministry of Finance (MoF).
Technical members— one from Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) and one from Pakistan Administrative Service.
Disaster Recovery members— one from PMS and one from Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences.
Part-Time Ex-officios
Senior scientist— A scientist in the services of the Ministry of Science (MoST).
Senior Engineer—An engineer in the services of the Government of Pakistan.
Science Adviser to the Government of Pakistan.
The PAEC's corporate team are constitutionally bound to meet not less than four times every year for the execution of development projects involving nuclear power stations and the generation of electric power. Muhammad Naeem is the current chairman of the PAEC, appointed to the office since 2015. The PAEC retains its autonomous corporate management and comes under the structure of the National Command Authority. The amendments carried out in 2010, the National Command Authority is now placed again under the Prime Minister of Pakistan. The Chairman directly reports to the Prime Minister's Secretariat for its policy making and confirmation issues.
See also
Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction
Science and technology in Pakistan
Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH)
Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO)
References
External links
Official website
Pakistan's contribution to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
Nuclear power in Pakistan
Nuclear technology in Pakistan
Pakistan federal departments and agencies
Science and technology in Pakistan
Project-706
Nuclear weapons programme of Pakistan
Nuclear organizations
Governmental nuclear organizations
1956 establishments in Pakistan
Government agencies established in 1956
Institutes associated with CERN |
4023099 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Dutch%20Parsonage | Old Dutch Parsonage | The Old Dutch Parsonage is a historical house built in 1751, moved about 1913 and now located at 65 Washington Place, Somerville, Somerset County, New Jersey, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 25, 1971, and noted as "an excellent example of mid-18th-century Flemish Bond brick structure".
History
The -story brick house was the home of the first ministers of the first Dutch Reformed Churches in the area, built by the combined efforts of the congregations in Somerville, New Jersey, and Raritan, New Jersey, in 1751.
The first occupant was Reverend John Frelinghuysen who taught seminarians in the house. His son Frederick Frelinghuysen was a Captain in the Continental Army.
Jacob Rutsen Hardenbergh, one of the seminarians who occupied the house after Frelinghuysen's death along with the former reverend's widow and her children, succeeded Frelinghuysen as minister, occupant of the house, and, in 1756, as husband to the former Mrs. Frelinghuysen.
Hardenbergh helped establish Queen's College, now known as Rutgers University in 1766 and in 1785 became its first President. He moved from the house in 1781 but it continued in use as a parsonage until 1810.
Dr. Peter Stryker bought the house in 1810 and sold it to the Doughty family in 1836. They owned it until 1907 when they sold it to the Central Railroad of New Jersey.
In 1913, the house was set to be knocked down by the railroad, but instead it was moved adjacent to the Wallace House, which was built in 1775.
Notable burials
The Old Dutch Parsonage Burial Ground located behind the house contains early-18th-century graves.
Harmanus Barkeloo II (1745–1788) and John Waldron (1737–1790) are buried in the cemetery.
See also
List of museums in New Jersey
References
External links
Virtual tour
Dutch Reformed Church
Houses completed in 1751
Reformed Church in America
Cemeteries in Somerset County, New Jersey
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
Historic house museums in New Jersey
Museums in Somerset County, New Jersey
Clergy houses in the United States
Houses in Somerset County, New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Somerset County, New Jersey
New Jersey Register of Historic Places
Somerville, New Jersey
1751 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies |
4023100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reideen | Reideen | Reideen (stylized as REIDEEN) is a Japanese animated television series remake of the 1975 Super Robot anime Brave Raideen. It was produced by Production I.G and directed by Mitsuru Hongo. Which was originally broadcast on the satellite network Wowow in 2007. Sentai Filmworks has licensed the anime for North American release.
The anime series has a two-volume manga counterpart, running in Kadokawa Shoten's Monthly Shōnen Ace from November 25, 2006 to July 26, 2007.
The show is the only entry of the Reideen series to not be animated by Sunrise who previously animated the original 1975 Brave Reideen and the 1996 re-imagining Reideen the Superior''.
Overview
Junki Saiga is a normal high school student with a gift in mathematics. His daily routine is disrupted when his family gets news that his father's remains have been discovered- a noted archaeologist and researcher who had gone missing while exploring a site many years before. Among his remains were notes and artifacts that needed to be identified by the family near a notable triangular mountain in Japan known as "Japan's pyramid", a place suspected by some to be man-made.
A meteor containing a strange robotic life-form falls from the sky and begins to cause destruction, putting Junki in danger and causing a mysterious bracelet from his father's research to activate and merge him with an ancient robot buried within the pyramid- a robot the runes describe as Reideen. It is now up to Junki and guardian Reideen to fight against this unknown alien threat from the sky.
As the story progresses attacks come from multiple directions: the main aliens, who only want Reideen's power, and will then raze the Earth and move on; a faction within the Vigilance Corps (similar to Japan's Self Defense Force) that wishes to discredit and remove Reideen in favor of Human-built remote-controlled mecha; and Roxell, an alien with horns on his head who used a similar giant named Gadion on his homeworld, only to be defeated by the overseer aliens, and his planet destroyed. Some of these enemies want Reideen with or without Junki as its pilot/power source, while others just want Junki/Reideen out of the way.
Junki grows continually torn between doing what only he can do, in piloting Reideen against the giant beast machines sent to destroy cities and the landscape, and his enemies' attacks toward him while he does not receive any help from the Vigilance Corps nor his friends.
Characters
Voiced by: Masataka Azuma
The protagonist of the story. Junki is tall for his age, and more mature than his classmates, but still has a hard time adjusting to the responsibility of being Reideen's pilot in his dual identity.
Voiced by: Shinichiro Miki
A Lieutenant in the Vigilance Corps (aka JSDF), he is fascinated by Out of Place Artifacts, which leads him to Reideen and Junki. Maedasaki monitors and tracks Junki on behalf of the VC, but is genuinely concerned about the boy, and treats him as a person, not a tool. Maedasaki is also an audiophile, and employs Junki part-time after school in their undercover vacuum tube business, the better to keep Junki nearby.
Voiced by: Yuka Okada
Junki's childhood friend at school who wants to become more, only to be upstaged by Midorino.
Voiced by: Saeko Chiba
A mysterious girl with green eyes. Her home was destroyed in Reideen's first battle, so she moved to Tokyo and just happened to join Junki's and Shiori's class.
Voiced by: Keiji Fujiwara
A no-nonsense soldier of the Vigilance Corps, with high marks in both hand-to-hand and marksmanship. Terasaki and Hoshikawa are both assigned with Maedasaki to watch over Junki as Reideen's pilot.
Voiced by: Takako Honda
Extremely tall for her gender, Hoshikawa is an esper, but not able to completely control her powers of telekinesis, teleportation (of small objects), object reading, and advanced intuition. She relies more on her combat expertise than her powers.
Reideen's Weapons/Equipment
The giant Reideen appears as a warrior with a hooded head and feather motif. In reality the giant can transform large pieces of itself into other objects to suit his purpose. The following is a list of weapons/equipment wielded by Reideen:
God Arrow - Reideen can materialize a bow and arrow to shoot enemies.
God Wand - A magical staff used to find camouflaged colossal beast machines, or split the God Arrow into multiple blasts at target(s).
God Sword - Used with Junki's boku sword training to destroy the colossal beast machines.
God Bird - Allows Reideen the ability to fly. A bird head unfolds from Reideen's back, while the arms and legs change to expose ramjet-like engines and streamline the rest of the body. Its bird form can be hardened with a silver coating to pierce through a colossal beast machine's armour. The bird form can fly underwater, but not maneuver well.
God Marine - A vehicle which allows Reideen to move swiftly underwater, as well as fly.
God Voice - A pulse of rings which go in every direction; capable of destroying and capturing targets. Also capable of creating a defensive barrier whilst underwater.
God Wind - An attack which Reideen's front armor glows fiery red; pierces through targets.
Flash Drive - Allows Reideen to move at a lightning quick speed that gives the illusion of teleportation.
God Blade - The ultimate sword, a gigantic blade around the size of the moon itself.
Anime
Sentai Filmworks licensed the series in 2014 and released a subtitled DVD set with the first thirteen episodes on December 16, 2014.
Music
Opening theme"manacles" by Tomiko Van
Ending theme by Ataru Nakamura
Trivia
In episode 7 at time 16:30, a scene from the opening sequence of the anime Cromartie High School is recreated with a waist-high view of Junki and the Analysis Section gang strutting in formation down a hallway.
References
External links
Official Reideen website/ Official trailer
Production I.G Official website
Reideen Review (Spanish)
Action anime and manga
Kadokawa Shoten manga
Sentai Filmworks
Production I.G
Super robot anime and manga
Wowow original programming |
4023110 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kip%20Carpenter | Kip Carpenter | "Kip Carpenter" was also a nickname of Richard Carpenter (screenwriter)
Kip Carpenter (born April 30, 1979) is an American speedskater who competed in the 2002 Winter Olympics, as well as the 2006 Winter Olympics, winning a bronze medal in the 500 meter race at the 2002 games, while also skating the fastest lap in Olympic history in the 500 meter race with a time of 24.87 for a 400 meter. He was a member of the USA National Sprint Team, as well as the DSB Corporate Sprint Team, being coached by Ryan Shimabukuro and Jeroen Otter. At the end of the 2007-2008 season Kip retired from professional speed skating to coach an elite speed skating team Swift Speedskating in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Currently, he is the assistant coach for the Dutch National Team.
Background
Kip was born in Kalamazoo, Michigan. He later moved to Brookfield, Wisconsin to train at the U.S Olympic Training Facility, the Pettit National Ice Center, in Milwaukee.
A former short-track speed skater, Carpenter made the transition to long track in 1998. Three years later, he placed among the top dozen in the 500m at the 2001 World Single Distance Championships. He is best known for his flawless form on the turns from his years skating short track which gives him a distinct advantage over most skaters. Since Salt Lake Kip continues to be one of the best American sprinters, finishing second in the overall U.S. Sprint Championships standings in 2004. He's also been a force on the international scene, finishing in the top 10 in the 500m, 1000m and overall standings at both the 2003 and 2004 World Sprints Championships. Carpenter also tallied two top 10 finishes in the 500m (eight and seventh) at the 2003 and 2004 World Single Distance Championships, and was sixth in the 1000m in 2004. Carpenter finished eighth in the 500m at the 2005 World Single Distance Championships and ranked 11th in the 500m and 12th in the 1000m in the 2006/2007 World Cup standings, as well as finishing 15th in the 500m and 12th in the 1000m in the 2007/2008 World Cup standings.
Started skating in 1983...father skated for fun and passed the sport on to Kip and his brother Cory...first ice rink was in his backyard and during the winter his father would line the backyard with plastic and flood it with a hose...Kip and Cory would push chairs around the ice to learn how to balance...considers his greatest accomplishment as being an Olympic bronze medalist from the Salt Lake Games because "it's something an athlete dreams and works towards for their entire career. It was a dream come true"...cites his strongest influences to be his mother's struggle through surviving breast cancer, and Coach Mike Crowe teaching him "incredible skating technique and the ability to think outside the box"...also cites a "fire inside that burns to represent my country well and do 'right' for America and American athletics"...owns an Italian greyhound named "Swift"...plans to get a degree in business...enjoys listening to techno, electronic, dance and industrial music...favorite foods are pizza and olives...favorite movies are "Fight Club", "Interview With The Vampire", Minority Report" and "The Matrix".
References
External links
PB's Kip and a link to results International Championships
Photos of Kip Carpenter
Kip's U.S. Olympic Team bio
1979 births
Living people
American male speed skaters
Speed skaters at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in speed skating
People from Brookfield, Wisconsin
Sportspeople from the Milwaukee metropolitan area
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Kalamazoo, Michigan
Speed skating coaches |
4023113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential%20walking | Sequential walking | Sequential walking is a technique that can be used to solve various 2D NMR spectra. In a 2D experiment, cross peaks must be correlated to the correct nuclei. Using sequential walking, the correct nuclei can be assigned to their crosspeaks. The assigned crosspeaks can give valuable information such as spatial interactions between nuclei.
In a NOESY of DNA, for example, each nucleotide has a different chemical shift associated with it. In general, A's are more downstream, T's are more upstream, and C's and G's are intermediate. Each nucleotide has protons on the deoxyribose sugar, which can be assigned using sequential walking. To do this, the first nucleotide in the sequence must be detected. Knowing the DNA sequence helps, but in general the first nucleotide can be determined using the following rules.
1. 2' and 2" protons of a nucleotide will show up in its column, as well as in the column of the next nucleotide in the sequence. For example, in the sequence CATG, in the column for C, its own 2' and 2" protons will be seen, but none of the other nucleotides. For A, its own 2' and 2" protons will be seen, as well as those from C.
2. Methyl groups on the nucleotide are seen in the column for the nucleotide containing a methyl group, as well as for the nucleotide preceding it. For example, in CATG, the A and T will contain the methyl peak corresponding to the methyl group on T, but G will not.
Once the first nucleotide has been found, you determine which nucleotide is next to it because it should contain the 2' and 2" protons from the previous nucleotide. This is done by "walking" across the spectrum. This process is then repeated sequentially until all nucleotides have been assigned.
Nuclear magnetic resonance |
4023114 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger%20Force%20%28air%29 | Tiger Force (air) | Tiger Force, also known as the Very Long Range Bomber Force, was the name given to a World War II British Commonwealth long-range heavy bomber force, formed in 1945, from squadrons serving with RAF Bomber Command in Europe, for proposed use against targets in Japan. The unit was scheduled to be deployed to Okinawa in the Pacific theatre in the lead-up to the Allies' proposed invasion of Japan. The unit was disbanded after the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria ended the war.
History
At the Quebec Conference of September 1944, the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill proposed to transfer a large part of Bomber Command to the Pacific, once Nazi Germany was defeated, comprising from 500 to 1,000 heavy bombers. US President Franklin D. Roosevelt accepted the offer, stating that a "long and costly struggle" still lay ahead of the Allies.
The offer made at the Second Quebec Conference (Octagon) in September 1944 was for forty squadrons of long-range bombers, of which 20 would act as tankers in flight; to operate against the inner zone and Japan. The Air Ministry prepared a provisional plan for three Groups, each of 12 squadrons of heavy bombers and 6 squadrons of long-range fighters (including one Canadian fighter and two Canadian bomber squadrons). Air Marshal Sir Hugh Lloyd was designated commander in November 1944. It was expected that American bases would be used, but they said their resources were stretched and asked that the British provide their own bases. In March 1945 the only area for bases was (undeveloped) northern Luzon in the Philippines. Estimates were that a base in the Calgayan Valley for 20 squadrons of heavy bombers and three squadrons of support aircraft would require 56,000 men to build and develop it, with 19,000 retained thereafter (being in American territory fighter squadrons would not be needed for its defence). But the Americans had more facilities on Okinawa than expected, and on 30 May offered bases there for ten British squadrons immediately. This was accepted by the British Chiefs of Staff on 4 June, and on the 11th their advisors said that the new base would require 37,400 men, 15,000 for operations and the rest for construction and administration (the Army could supply 12,400, and the air force 7,500 engineers) On 14 June the Chiefs of Staff decided to send ships without waiting for the Americans to supply the Pacific routing. A cargo ship left Liverpool on the 20th with vehicles and stores, and a faster ship left on 7 July with 3000 men.
The proposed force was soon scaled back to 22 squadrons in three groups: one British Royal Air Force (RAF), one Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) and one from various air forces. By late 1945 this had been scaled back to 10 squadrons in two composite groups, made up of RAF, RCAF, Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) and Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) squadrons. Tiger Force was to have been based on Okinawa and would have used Avro Lancasters, Avro Lincolns (the latest development of the Lancaster) and Consolidated Liberators.
RCAF Lancasters planned for inclusion in Tiger Force departed RAF Middleton St George on 31 May 1945 for modification in Canada prior to deployment in the Pacific Theatre. Before VJ Day, 141 RCAF Lancasters made the trip to RCAF Station Moncton for modification to Tiger Force requirements.
Two RAF fighter squadrons had begun converting to the new Hawker Tempest II at RAF Chilbolton, in order to perform escort duties, when the war ended. Escorts would also have been available from the fighter units of the U.S. Far East Air Force, the Australian First Tactical Air Force and/or other Commonwealth units.
The colour scheme for Tiger Force aircraft was white upper-surfaces with black undersides; this scheme, developed to reflect sunlight and thus lower the internal temperatures in the tropical heat, despite the cancellation of operations against Japan, was apparent on many post-war Lancasters and Lincolns. To enable the aircraft to operate at the long distances involved, flight refuelling using Liberator tankers was to have been employed, using equipment developed by Flight Refuelling Ltd.
Tiger Force was officially disbanded on 31 October 1945, by which stage it included only British units.
Order of battle
Notes
References
Department of National Defence (Canada), 2007, "Tiger Force - NO. 6614 Wing Greenwood"
External links
A photograph of a Lancaster VII (FE) in Tiger Force colour scheme
"Payload and Long Range" a 1945 Flight article on the flight refuelling system that was to have been used by Tiger Force
Military units and formations of the Royal Air Force in World War II
Royal Canadian Air Force
Royal Australian Air Force |
4023115 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTPmail | FTPmail | FTPmail is the term used for the practice of using an FTPmail server to gain access to various files over the Internet. An FTPmail server is a proxy server which (asynchronously) connects to remote FTP servers in response to email requests, returning the downloaded files as an email attachment. This service might be useful to users who cannot themselves initiate an FTP session—for example, because they are constrained by restrictions on their Internet access.
History
During the early years of the Internet, Internet access was limited to a few locations. High speed links were not available for most users, and online connectivity was rare and expensive. Download of large files (then considered to be over a few megabytes) was nearly impossible due to bandwidth limitations, as well as frequent errors and lost connections. The original FTP specification did not allow for a session to be resumed, and the transmission had to restart from the beginning.
FTPmail gateways allowed people to retrieve such files. The file was broken into smaller pieces and encoded using a popular format such as uuencode. The receiver of the email messages would later reassemble the original file and decode it. As the file was broken into smaller pieces, the chances of losing the transmission was much smaller. In case of loss of connectivity, the transmission could be restarted from that part. The process was slower but much more reliable. It also allowed people who accessed the Internet only through email using dial-up lines to download files that were located remotely. Unlike FTP, files could be transferred through FTPmail even if the user did not have an online Internet connection (for example, using BBSes or other specialized e-mail software).
Servers located at universities, such as and , were popular. Some of these servers hosted software archives containing early versions of Linux and other GNU software. Access to these repositories via FTPmail was instrumental in allowing people from foreign countries to access these tools at a time where online connectivity was impossible from their location.
FTPmail services were common in the early 1990s, but dwindled in importance as more users gained direct internet access through SLIP, PPP and other Dial-up access internet protocols. FTP also has lost popularity in favor of other methods for file transfer, notably HTTP which is available to virtually all Internet users.
Procedure
An email is sent to a FTPmail server with the command to be performed, inserted as the body of the message. The server then processes the request by logging on to the remote site, retrieving the file, encoding it, and returning the result via email.
Basic commands used
References
See also
File Transfer Protocol
Servers (computing)
File Transfer Protocol |
4023124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Haslam | Mark Haslam | Mark James Haslam (born 26 September 1972) is a former New Zealand international cricketer who played in four Test matches and a single One Day International between 1992 and 1995.
Mark Haslam was a slow left-arm orthodox spin bowler who played domestic cricket for Auckland from 1992 to 2001. His best first-class figures were 5 for 25 for Northern Conference against the touring Bangladeshis in 1997-98.
He is now the Assistant Middle School Principal of Kristin School, a private school on the North Shore of Auckland, New Zealand.
References
External links
1972 births
Living people
Auckland cricketers
Cricketers from Bury, Greater Manchester
New Zealand cricketers
New Zealand One Day International cricketers
New Zealand Test cricketers
North Island cricketers
New Zealand schoolteachers |
4023125 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace%20House%20%28Somerville%2C%20New%20Jersey%29 | Wallace House (Somerville, New Jersey) | The Wallace House is a Georgian style historic house, which served as the headquarters of General George Washington during the second Middlebrook encampment (1778–79), located at 38 Washington Place, Somerville, Somerset County, New Jersey, United States. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 2, 1970.
History
Jacob Rutsen Hardenbergh, a Dutch Reformed minister who lived in the nearby Old Dutch Parsonage, sold a small farmhouse and of land to John Wallace, who was a merchant and fabric importer in Philadelphia.
In 1775 and 1776, Wallace bought more land, and in 1776 built an eight-room Georgian mansion next to the farmhouse.
Wallace named the estate "Hope Farm," and planned to retire there.
The Continental Army camped in the Watchung Mountains at Middlebrook, from Hope Farm during the winter of 1778–79.
The Wallace House became George Washington's headquarters, though he only stayed there for 11 days before leaving to attend the Continental Congress in Philadelphia for 6 weeks. Washington returned in February 1779 bringing his wife Martha. The Washingtons were given use of half the house. He then used the house to host foreign dignitaries and official dinners, and to plan military strategy.
In particular, he planned the 1779 campaign against the Iroquois League known as the Sullivan Expedition. Guests at the parties included Benedict Arnold, Nathanael Greene, Alexander Hamilton, Henry Knox, and Baron Steuben.
Washington left on June 3, 1779, and paid Wallace $1,000.
The Wallace family and their slaves then returned to their normal lives in the house.
John Wallace, his wife, and his mother-in-law all died in 1783–84, and his youngest son William inherited Hope Farm.
William lived there until he died at age 33 in 1796, leaving three orphan children.
William's brother Joshua took care of the children and sold Hope Farm to Dickinson Miller in 1801.
The Revolutionary Memorial Society bought the house in 1896, and gave it to the State of New Jersey in 1947.
See also
List of museums in New Jersey
List of Washington's Headquarters during the Revolutionary War
Other houses used as headquarters during the second Middlebrook encampment (1778–79):
Van Veghten House – General Nathanael Greene
Van Horne House – General William Alexander, Lord Stirling
Staats House – General Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben
Jacobus Vanderveer House – General Henry Knox
References
External links
The Wallace House and Old Dutch Parsonage Association – official website
Virtual Tour Wallace House and Old Dutch Parsonage, New Jersey Division of Parks and Forestry. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
Houses completed in 1776
Georgian architecture in New Jersey
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
Museums in Somerset County, New Jersey
Historic house museums in New Jersey
Houses in Somerset County, New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Somerset County, New Jersey
New Jersey Register of Historic Places
Somerville, New Jersey
Historic American Buildings Survey in New Jersey
American Revolution on the National Register of Historic Places
New Jersey in the American Revolution |
4023133 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%20French%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles | 1989 French Open – Men's singles | Michael Chang defeated Stefan Edberg in the final, 6–1, 3–6, 4–6, 6–4, 6–2, to win the men's singles tennis title at the 1989 French Open. Chang became (and remains) the youngest-ever major men's singles champion, winning the final at the age of and the first player (male or female) of Asian descent to win the major. En route to the title, he defeated the world No. 1 and three-time champion Ivan Lendl, which is remembered as one of the most significant matches in French Open history.
Mats Wilander was the defending champion, but he lost in the quarterfinals to Andrei Chesnokov.
Seeds
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 1989 French Open Men's Singles draw
1989 French Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles
French Open by year – Men's singles
1989 Grand Prix (tennis) |
4023137 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory%20J.%20Bonann | Gregory J. Bonann | Gregory J. Bonann (born June 28, 1952) is an American lifeguard, television producer, director, writer, and showrunner. He is best known for co-creating the internationally syndicated television series, Baywatch, which ran for eleven seasons (242 episodes), and was listed in the 2001 Guinness Book of World Records as the most widely viewed TV series in the world. His later work includes the syndicated action drama, SAF3, and A Chance For Children, a charitable foundation that benefits homeless and at-risk youth.
Early life
Bonann was born in Santa Monica, California, to Catholic parents Regina (née Caput), a bank teller, and Louis John Bonann, a physician and veteran of World War II. He was raised in West Los Angeles with two sisters, Kathleen and Deborah.
As a child, Bonann suffered from severe asthma and allergies. He was born with club feet and severe visual impairment, and was close to death twice before the age of two.
Bonann attended Palisades High School from 1967 through 1970, and since his allergies ruled out any outdoor sports, he joined the swim team. Contact lenses corrected his vision, but swimming with them proved difficult, so Bonann needed special visual aids to see the walls of the pool. He ultimately specialized in the backstroke so that he could use the overhead flags to better gauge his turns. He was voted most-improved swimmer in his second year, but he didn't win a competitive race until two years later. In his senior year, Bonann was voted most-valuable.
In the fall of 1970, Bonann attended Washington State University as a freshman on a partial athletic scholarship. He was recruited by the U.S. Olympic Committee and trained to compete in the modern pentathlon. Although he didn't qualify for the event, Bonann travelled to Munich for the 1972 Summer Olympics as a non-competitor.
When WSU dropped the men's swimming program, Bonann transferred to California State University in Long Beach, California. He continued to swim with the CSULB team, alongside Olympic athletes Gunnar Larsson, Klaus Barth, and Hans Fassnacht, until 1974 when he graduated with a BA degree in journalism.
Lifeguarding
In 1970, Bonann began his lifeguard career as an LA City Ocean Lifeguard. After the completion of rookie academy, he was given his choice of post, and served in lifeguard tower #18 on Will Rogers State Beach, a short distance from his family home in West Los Angeles.
Bonann became a Los Angeles County Lifeguard in 1975, when the city and county services merged. He served on the beaches of the Central Section, including Topanga, Will Rogers, Santa Monica, Venice, and Del Rey.
In the summer of 1977, while working Will Rogers State Beach, Bonann performed a routine rescue of some children who were caught in a riptide. The children's father was Stu Erwin, Jr., who worked for MTM Enterprises, a television production company run by Grant Tinker, the future chairman and CEO of NBC. Bonann would go on to pitch his idea for a television show about lifeguards to Erwin and Tinker, who eventually helped him sell the show to NBC.
In 1989, while scouting locations in Venice Beach, California with the Baywatch producers and writing staff, Bonann was approached by a teenager who had lost his friend in the water. Bonann swam out and made three surface dives before finding the boy, who had been submerged for several minutes, and revived him using mouth-to-mouth resuscitation while treading water. The boy was taken to UCLA Medical Center where he recovered. Bonann received the Medal of Valor from Los Angeles County for performing that rescue.
In 1994 the L.A. County Lifeguard services merged into the Los Angeles County Fire Department, making Bonann an L.A. County Firefighter within its Lifeguard Division.
In 2001, Bonann became an Ocean Lifeguard for Honolulu City and County, Oahu, Hawaii.
Bonann transferred to the Northern Section of Los Angeles County in 2013, including Malibu and Zuma beaches,. He has been a Junior Lifeguard Instructor at Zuma Beach for eight years. In 2021 he began his 52nd year on active status as a Los Angeles County Lifeguard.
Bonann has been recognized by both the Belgian Life Saving Federation, and the International Life Saving Federation for his dedication to the field, and in 2000 he was awarded the Gold Medallion from the International Swimming Hall of Fame for his achievements and contributions.
In 2021 the Professional Lifeguard Foundation honored Bonann with a Lifetime Achievement Award for his 52 years of service and dedication in fostering the professional and personal growth of the Los Angeles County Lifeguards through teaching and mentoring relationships.
Early film career
Bonann began his career in film and television in 1978 when he was hired by John J. (Jack) Hennessy, of JJH Productions. Hennessy had been producing films for the U.S. Olympic Committee, and Bonann had connections to that world.
Hennessy took Bonann under his wing, teaching him to produce and direct documentary films. His first major project was a film called Fire and Ice, the USOC's official film for the 1980 Winter Games in Lake Placid, New York, which told the story of the U.S. Men's National Ice Hockey Team victory over the U.S.S.R. and Eric Heiden's historic five gold medals in speed skating. The documentary won several awards, including the CINE Golden Eagle and the 37th International Di Cinema Citta Di Torino for best sports film of the year.
When Hennessy died in 1983, Bonann continued to run JJH Productions, producing over twenty films, including two more official films for the USOC. Frozen in Time featured the 1984 Winter Games in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, and Elements of Gold highlighted the 1984 Summer Games in Los Angeles. Both films were recognized with numerous awards including the CINE Golden Eagle.
In 1987, Bonann formed his own production company called Tower 18 Productions, named for his original lifeguard tower on Will Rogers State Beach. The first project under his new banner was another documentary for the USOC called City of Gold about the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
All of Bonann's Olympic films used slow motion photography and music to accentuate the athlete's performances. This would become his signature style. In fact, many of the camera operators, production crew, and the editor that Bonann used for these early productions would form the core of the Baywatch production company.
Baywatch
During the mid 1970s, Bonann imagined a television series that featured the heroic stories of his lifeguard friends. After meeting Stu Erwin Jr. of Grant Tinker's MTM Enterprises in 1977, he pitched the idea, which at that time was called A.C.E.S., for Aquatic Corps for Emergency Service. Erwin declined, but he encouraged Bonann to continue to develop the concept.
In 1981, while working at JJH Productions, Bonann began pitching the idea again. At his mother's suggestion, he renamed the show Baywatch, but he continued his attempts to sell the series with no success for the next six years.
Bonann met the writing team of Douglas Schwartz and Michael Berk through his sister, Deborah, who was engaged to Schwartz. They agreed to help Bonann develop the project. The three of them took Baywatch back to Stu Erwin, Jr., who was still working for Grant Tinker at his new production company, GTG Entertainment. In 1988, Tinker and Erwin added Baywatch to their projects in development.
Due to the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike, GTG was unable to use a written script to pitch the show, so Tinker asked Bonann to produce a video sales presentation. Bonann used his documentary crew to shoot and edit footage of the March 1988 lifeguard tryouts, along with slow motion action shots of several of his lifeguard friends. On the strength of that presentation, Brandon Tartikoff purchased a two-hour movie pilot for NBC, after which Baywatch was picked up for series.
After one season on NBC, Baywatch was canceled. Tinker sold the rights to the program back to Bonann for ten dollars, and along with Schwartz, Berk, and the show's lead actor, David Hasselhoff, Bonann launched the series in first-run syndication, resulting in ten more seasons, including two in Hawaii, and even a short-lived spinoff series called Baywatch Nights.
Bonann's relationship with the L.A. County Lifeguards allowed him to build a functioning interior and exterior set above the actual lifeguard headquarters on Will Rogers State Beach, where Bonann began his lifeguard career nearly twenty years earlier.
Baywatch was seen in 145 countries and was translated into over 42 languages. It was listed in the 2001 Guinness Book of World Records as the most widely viewed TV series in the world with a weekly audience of over 1.1 billion.
By its end, Bonann had executive produced 289 episodes of Baywatch, Baywatch Nights, and Baywatch Hawaii. He directed a total of 75 episodes and 400 of his signature music montages. From the beginning of the pilot movie in 1988 to the wrap of the final episode in 2001, Baywatch had dominated 14 years of Bonann's life.
Bonann shared in his BAYWATCH journey on the podcast Setbacks and Success.
Later career
In addition to his work on Baywatch, Bonann produced several TV pilots, series and TV movies, including Steel Chariots for Fox, Thunder in Paradise starring Hulk Hogan, and a pilot movie for UPN called Avalon: Beyond the Abyss.
In 2002, NBC and MGM Television launched a new series called She Spies starring Natasha Henstridge. After four episodes, the production shut down due to budget overages and creative discord. The network and studio turned to Bonann to solve the problems, and production resumed. The series went on to complete two seasons and forty episodes.
In 2008, Bonann and wife Tai Collins, a writer on Baywatch, began developing an action drama series called Rescue 3. After partnering with Emmet-Furla Films, financing was raised. The series was renamed SAF3, and Dolph Lundgren and J.R. Martinez were cast as leads.
Bonann began filming SAF3 in Cape Town, South Africa in 2013, and twenty episodes were produced independently for first-run syndication. It became the first independently financed one-hour drama to air in the U.S. on prime time. To date the series has been sold in sixty-six countries.
Philanthropy
In 1992, Bonann and his wife, Collins, launched a non-profit organization called The Camp Baywatch Foundation to benefit homeless and at-risk youth.
The foundation began by teaching inner city children about water safety through a week-long summer camp at Pepperdine University in Malibu, California. Bonann called in favors from Baywatch cast members, Olympic athletes, and other celebrities who volunteered at the camp. The children were not only taught to swim in both a pool and the ocean, but each received individual instruction in water safety from LA County Lifeguard, U.S. Coast Guard, and L.A. County Fire personnel. Since then, the charity has grown into a year-round program, partnering with Los Angeles Unified School District, Los Angeles Department of Recreation and Parks, the Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles, and the Los Angeles Police Department. In addition to the Summer Camp the foundation offers a variety of after-school, summer, and sports programs, as well as educational trips, and college scholarships.
When the Baywatch television series ended in 2001, the foundation name was changed to "A Chance For Children Foundation".
NBC's The Today show honored Bonann in 2009 by choosing A Chance For Children as one of their charities of the year.
In 2013, while working on SAF3, Bonann and Collins established a new branch of A Chance for Children in Cape Town, South Africa. This international extension of the foundation focuses on the education of the children of the townships of Langa, Gugulethu, and Khayelitsha.
Awards and recognition
Medal of Valor(1989) Los Angeles County
Knight in the Order of Lifesaving(1996) International Life Saving Federation
Commander in the Order of Lifesaving(1997) The Belgian Life Saving Federation.
Gold Medallion(2000) International Swimming Hall of Fame
Lifetime Achievement Award(2021) Professional Lifeguard Foundation
References
External links
Gregory Bonann – Tower 18 Productions website
A Chance For Children Foundation website
Gregory Bonann Profile – International Swimming Hall of Fame
Greg Bonann's Fairy Tale Life and Work – Open Water Swimming website
1952 births
Television producers from California
People from Santa Monica, California
Living people |
4023171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kynan%20Robinson | Kynan Robinson | Kynan Robinson is an Australian trombonist and composer. He is most commonly associated with jazz but also performs and composes in many other styles.
Career
Robinson was born in Australia but spent his childhood in Bangladesh as a child of Christian missionary parents. They lived there for fifteen years and were the only white people in the village. He returned to Australia to complete high school. His career and accomplishments are remarkable in their own right but take on extra significance when one considers the breadth of fields he has excelled in. He is a composer and musician with a formidable record and reputation. His extensive, diverse and very well regarded and reviewed body of work, place him in a position of status and reputation with the Australian art scene. He received a bachelor's degree in music from the Victorian College of the Arts which he built on completing a Masters In Composition in 2010.
Robinson formed a contemporary improvisation quintet named En Rusk performing his open original compositions. The band toured Australia a number of times. They recorded their debut self-titled CD in 2001 and in 2004 finished their second recording, 1000 Wide. In 2005 he formed The Escalators, which released an album entitled Wrapped in Plastic, compositions and concepts inspired by the films of David Lynch. He also established a reputation in electronic/techno/sample-based music. Continuing his recording and touring career mainly with the iconic and iconoclastic dance/performance act, Des Peres (originally known as Old Des Peres) and second with Hard Hat, a group that brings together electronic and acoustic musicians. Both acts toured Australia and internationally regularly performing at the largest summer festivals around Australia and internationally. Des Peres completed their debut album in 2004. The album was released through Flict/Shock. Their second album Ace Doubt was released in 2006 through Flit/MGM. Des Peres combines a theatrical stage approach with a sample-heavy sound. While playing with the band, Robinson adopts the name Old Des and works very with Luva DJ (Michelle Robinson) and Mr. Ection (visual artist and brother Kiron Robinson) as well as guitarist Tom Bass and Kelsey James. Their third album was entitled The Adventures of Cowboy and Miniman.
His musical output and vast creativity is reflected in his ability to genre hop with seeming ease. In 2010 he formed co-led the groundbreaking Australian Jazz band Collider, a band he co-leads with Melbourne saxophonist Adam Simmons. Combining a traditional jazz ensemble with orchestral and improvising string players the uniqueness of the ensembles sound couple with their outstandingly high-performance ability created the space Robinson needed to write and perform his most courageous and what many in the Australian media consider his most personal works. "Solo in Red" was a large form composition composed by Robinson, performed by Collider and commissioned by the Melbourne Writers Festival. Its thematic material was drawn from the writings of American novelist Cormac McCarthy. In particular his epic novel Blood Meridian. Beyond music the completed work also involved a highly technical and moving video work, a lighting design and narration with excerpts from the book narrated on stage. Solo in Red was released as an Audi recording at the same time then and also rebased a second album titled Words. With the majority of the music inspired by authors Robinson and Simmons had personal affinity to it was appropriately titled "Words".
Over a 30-year career Robinson has toured and recorded with many of Melbourne and Australia's leading, musical innovators including C.W. Stoneking, Brian Brown, and the Melbourne Ska Orchestra, The Adam Simmons Toy Band, BucketRider, and countless more. He has composed music for jazz ensembles, dance productions, musical theatre, contemporary classical ensembles, and electronic dance acts and has had his compositions performed in festivals around the world. In 2001 he was a collaborative composer for Double Venturi, a collaborative piece involving musicians and funded by Arts Victoria. In 2004 he received funding through the Australia Council to compose a concert-length work for prepared piano and small ensemble that was premiered at the Wangaratta Festival of Jazz. He also has scored the music to six short films and has collaborated in numerous cross arts projects with visual artists including Kiron Robinson, Narinda Reevers, and Dave Macleod. Robinson has won three ARIA awards, considered Australis's top musical prize.
Contribution to the Field of Education
Research - Complexity, Creativity, Identity
Beyond music he is considered one of Australia's leading voices in the field of systemic educational change. His doctoral thesis, titled Enabling Collective Creativity in Schools using Minecraft: Serious Play framed learning and education within complexity thinking and is considered an important addition to contemporary Western Education. The unique approach Robinson took to every aspect of the research including the findings have been used as guideposts for how education might consider its move forward. Dr. Dennis Sumara a leading researcher and writer in the fields of complexity thinking and education wrote of Robinson's work "Kynan Robinson has written an exceptional dissertation, one that challenges not only genre and form of the dissertation but also the very methods used by educational researchers. By combining expository, narrative and explicitly fictional text Robinson as author performs the very theories he is exploring. In so doing, both the written forms and the theoretical positions both undermine and exceed one another. It is a wholly unique presentation of both the process and products...I consider this work by Robinson to be an important contribution to the field of education. The work is unique, creative and, in important ways disruptive."
Situated in complexity theory the thesis covered the broad area of creativity re-conceptualise creativity within Australian mainstream education, as being something that continually emerges from collective process. In doing so, many of the key characteristics of the Australian education system, were analysed for the role they played in enabling or hindering creativity within a school. Minecraft was a key pedagogical tool used to filter this aspects through to reimagine them.
The research was situated within a larger Australian Research Council funded linkage project, LP110200309, Serious play: Using digital games in school to promote literacy and learning in the twenty-first century (Beavis et al. 2011-2014).
The data for Robinson's research were generated from the narratives of 136 students, five teachers and a primary school situated in the inner suburbs of Melbourne. Their story revolves around a 10-week unit of work which saw the 136 students experientially leave this earth and inhabit another planet, Aurora 56Z. Aurora 56Z was located within the game Minecraft.
Creativity was central to the work. Robinson re-conceptualised creativity within Australian mainstream education, shifting its definition away from an individual-centred perspective to a complexity-framed definition; something that is socially constructed and evident as emergent phenomenon rising from adaptive complex systems. In doing so, many of the key characteristics of the Australian education system, such as its complexity, its hierarchical systemic structure and also the minutiae that make up a school environment including curriculum, architecture, reflection practice and tools, and teaching and pedagogy, were analysed for the role they played in enabling or hindering creativity within a school.
Complexity theory was fundamental to all aspects of this research project. It framed and shaped the design of both the thesis and the 10 week unit of work being studied. It was the binding lens through which data was extracted and analysed.
Non-conventional methods of data collection included the Minecraft server and the student-produced Wiki. Both of these digital platforms became data repositories, holding and mapping the majority of the learning and teaching that happened before, during and after the 10 weeks allocated to this unit of work.
In Robinson's words - "I immersed myself in the world of the students, teachers and school as I wrote this thesis, leading to the development of my exploratory and practice led approach to the data analysis. In the process of analysing the server data I wrote a novel, set on Aurora 56Z, casting the young people as the characters and the ‘ruins’ of the server as the setting.
This immersion in the world, and reinterpretation of the stagnant server into a lively text based upon what I found on the server and the students’ Wiki pages, helped me to understand more deeply the creative learning process of the curriculum unit."
While the type and scale were unique, this method of data generation and analysis does build upon the limited literature on post-qualitative method. In doing so, it offers a different way to think about methodology.
The findings of this study included:
1. Situating pedagogies framed in complexity have limited scope in the current discourse around mainstream Australian education.
2. There is a role for pedagogies that arise out of new and conflicting discourses (e.g., complexity theory). Its place and role are one of continual ‘deterritorialization and reterritorialization’ (Deleuze & Guattari 1987; Roy 2003). Despite existing only on the edge of the discourse, their mere existence is evidence of the potential for change.
3. Digital games based on complexity, such as the MMO game Minecraft, have a place in education and are enablers of systemic creativity.
4. The students in the study were developing new and previously unnamed multithreaded identities through their complex game design and play. Robinson labelled this new form of identity Vellooming.
The conclusions revealed throughout have enriched future theorisation about the use of new pedagogies framed in complexity, the ‘how’ and ‘why’ of education, and the use of Massively Multiplayer Online (MMO) games such as Minecraft.
The research also added to the small but growing knowledge base of research methodologies framed in complexity, providing a viable and visible account of how to work with key concepts of postmodern emergence.
A Velloming Identity
"Robinson described a Vellooming Identity as one that that is in a state of constant shifting, never still, and constantly emerging. Vellooming is a fictional word used to describe the experience many children have when they join the online world. It is a form of transportation, movement, and exploration. It can be free of the bounds of time, space, and gravity, and instead is multidimensional. This research argues for a new form of identity made possible by the digital world. I have named it a Vellooming identity."
"A rudimentary understanding and simplistic description of Vellooming would be to describe it as the ability to...or the act of...travelling across, to, and from multiple Structures—to change Looms."
The frame to understand a Vellooming identity is poststructuralism. A vellooming identity might be seen as conceptually similar to Deleuze's ideas of identities of 'nomadic thought' and his use of the rhizome. There are also commonalities in Foucault's Theory of Discourse in that when describing a Vellooming identity Robinson rejects the idea of the self as an absolute, rather viewing it as a controlling agent of power created by Reductionism. Where Robinson's Vellooming Identity moves forward from Deleuze's and Foucault's positions is where he finds links to the connected web. A Vellooming identity is not linked to time but rather other, and in the idea of continually becoming other.
His doctoral thesis and publications since have also demanded for a new understanding of what learning is and offered a redefining of creativity. Robinson redefines creativity as a continual, collective experience. In this he shifts significantly from the standard reductionist and modernist definitions. In their framing identity is intrinsically tied to the idea of the individual and it is measurable e.g. he or she is creative, he.. less so. In these framings it is also often presented as a trait that one might process. The reductionist definition embraces the identity of the creative genius as the measure of creativity. Comparatively, in Robinson's understanding phrases such as emergence and continual becoming as metaphors for this new definition. By doing so he links it to the Vellooming identity. The Vellooming Identity and Collective Creativity as emergence have strong parallels to similar emerging identities he speaks of often in his work, identities of Continually Becoming Other.
His redefining of creativity linked to the naming of a new form of identity has opened up new possibilities in the space of learning, knowledge and formal education.
Business
In 2020 Robinson founded the Global Consultancy firm EnRusk. It was with this organisation that Robinson began to enact the theoretical ideas alongside the processes and tools he had developed over a lifetime of study and creation. The firm's focus was always complete, systemic, global educational reform. Robinson believed the change went beyond education to what he referred to as a global mindset. He is committed to help shift the global mindset away from the dominant reductionist mindset to a connected one nested in Complexity. Robinson company was formed to enact this change and in that the resultant ways of being and doing. Increased connectivity, collective learning and collective creativity are at the heart of both the theoretical frame and the work that results.
At its heart his work rejects Reductionism and replaces it with a world view that embraces ambiguity continual change and continual creativity. Again, the idea of the self is non existent in this theoretical space replaced with an identity of continual becoming other. His achievements and creations across every field he works is be that music, education, commerce and technology have always displayed this mindset and have been tools of communication for Robinson.
In 2010 he was recognised and awarded with the ICTEV Educational Leader of the Year Award.
He is considered a leader in the field of Complexity Thinking as it relates to Education and the Arts.
Discography
As leader
En Rusk (Newmarket Music) 2001
En Rusk – 1000 Wide (Newmarket Music) 2003
Old Des Peres – Preserved (Flict/Shock) 2004
Des Peres – Ace Doubt (Flict/MGM)2006
Des Peres – The Adventures of Cowboy and Miniman (House of Pow/Amphead)2008
The Escalators – Wrapped in Plastic (Jazz Head)
Collider – Words (House of Pow)
Collider – Solo In Red (House of Pow)
As sideman
Adam Simmons Toy Band – Happy Jacket
Melbourne Acid Techno (Dark Matter Records)
Sample Synthesis 4 and 5 (Clan Analogue Records)
Paul Colman Trio – Turn (Control Records)
Matt Fagan
Malone – This is it (Cavalier Music)
The Mavis's – Throwing Little Stones (FMR)
City City City (Remote Control Records)
Skazz of Melbourne
5+2 Ensemble – Invisible Cities and other Works (Rufus)
C.W. Stoneking – Jungle Blues
Melbourne Ska Orchestra
Remixes
Machine Translations (Spunk)
Film scores
The Only Person in the World – Ben Chessell
3 Weeks in Koh Samui - Alistair Reid
From The Top – Alistair Reid
Is God a DJ – Ben Chessell
Installations
Double Venturi – Collaborative composition with Garth Paine 2001
The Slow Burn – Collaborative composition with Erik Griswold 2004
Grants and awards
Australia Council Promotion and Presentation (En Rusk Recording) 2004
Australia Council New Works 2005
Arts Victoria Music for the Future Recording (Des Peres) 2005
Arts Victoria Music For The Future Touring (Des Peres) 2005
D.C.I.T.A. Touring (Des Peres) 2005
References
7. O'Mara, J. and Robinson, K., 2017. Mining the Cli-Fi world: renegotiating the curriculum using Minecraft. Serious play: literacy, learning and digital games, pp. 114–131.
8. Robinson, K., 2014. Games, Problem Based Learning and Minecraft. The Journal of Digital Learning and Teaching Victoria, 1(1), pp. 32–45.
Robinson, K., 2014. Games, Problem Based Learning and Minecraft. The Journal of Digital Learning and Teaching Victoria, 1(1), pp. 32–45.
External links
Official website
Living people
Australian jazz trombonists
21st-century trombonists
Year of birth missing (living people) |
4023176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated%20tesseract | Truncated tesseract | In geometry, a truncated tesseract is a uniform 4-polytope formed as the truncation of the regular tesseract.
There are three truncations, including a bitruncation, and a tritruncation, which creates the truncated 16-cell.
Truncated tesseract
The truncated tesseract is bounded by 24 cells: 8 truncated cubes, and 16 tetrahedra.
Alternate names
Truncated tesseract (Norman W. Johnson)
Truncated tesseract (Acronym tat) (George Olshevsky, and Jonathan Bowers)
Construction
The truncated tesseract may be constructed by truncating the vertices of the tesseract at of the edge length. A regular tetrahedron is formed at each truncated vertex.
The Cartesian coordinates of the vertices of a truncated tesseract having edge length 2 is given by all permutations of:
Projections
In the truncated cube first parallel projection of the truncated tesseract into 3-dimensional space, the image is laid out as follows:
The projection envelope is a cube.
Two of the truncated cube cells project onto a truncated cube inscribed in the cubical envelope.
The other 6 truncated cubes project onto the square faces of the envelope.
The 8 tetrahedral volumes between the envelope and the triangular faces of the central truncated cube are the images of the 16 tetrahedra, a pair of cells to each image.
Images
Related polytopes
The truncated tesseract, is third in a sequence of truncated hypercubes:
Bitruncated tesseract
The bitruncated tesseract, bitruncated 16-cell, or tesseractihexadecachoron is constructed by a bitruncation operation applied to the tesseract. It can also be called a runcicantic tesseract with half the vertices of a runcicantellated tesseract with a construction.
Alternate names
Bitruncated tesseract/Runcicantic tesseract (Norman W. Johnson)
Tesseractihexadecachoron (Acronym tah) (George Olshevsky, and Jonathan Bowers)
Construction
A tesseract is bitruncated by truncating its cells beyond their midpoints, turning the eight cubes into eight truncated octahedra. These still share their square faces, but the hexagonal faces form truncated tetrahedra which share their triangular faces with each other.
The Cartesian coordinates of the vertices of a bitruncated tesseract having edge length 2 is given by all permutations of:
Structure
The truncated octahedra are connected to each other via their square faces, and to the truncated tetrahedra via their hexagonal faces. The truncated tetrahedra are connected to each other via their triangular faces.
Projections
Stereographic projections
The truncated-octahedron-first projection of the bitruncated tesseract into 3D space has a truncated cubical envelope. Two of the truncated octahedral cells project onto a truncated octahedron inscribed in this envelope, with the square faces touching the centers of the octahedral faces. The 6 octahedral faces are the images of the remaining 6 truncated octahedral cells. The remaining gap between the inscribed truncated octahedron and the envelope are filled by 8 flattened truncated tetrahedra, each of which is the image of a pair of truncated tetrahedral cells.
Related polytopes
The bitruncated tesseract is second in a sequence of bitruncated hypercubes:
Truncated 16-cell
The truncated 16-cell, truncated hexadecachoron, cantic tesseract which is bounded by 24 cells: 8 regular octahedra, and 16 truncated tetrahedra. It has half the vertices of a cantellated tesseract with construction .
It is related to, but not to be confused with, the 24-cell, which is a regular 4-polytope bounded by 24 regular octahedra.
Alternate names
Truncated 16-cell/Cantic tesseract (Norman W. Johnson)
Truncated hexadecachoron (Acronym thex) (George Olshevsky, and Jonathan Bowers)
Construction
The truncated 16-cell may be constructed from the 16-cell by truncating its vertices at 1/3 of the edge length. This results in the 16 truncated tetrahedral cells, and introduces the 8 octahedra (vertex figures).
(Truncating a 16-cell at 1/2 of the edge length results in the 24-cell, which has a greater degree of symmetry because the truncated cells become identical with the vertex figures.)
The Cartesian coordinates of the vertices of a truncated 16-cell having edge length √2 are given by all permutations, and sign combinations of
(0,0,1,2)
An alternate construction begins with a demitesseract with vertex coordinates (±3,±3,±3,±3), having an even number of each sign, and truncates it to obtain the permutations of
(1,1,3,3), with an even number of each sign.
Structure
The truncated tetrahedra are joined to each other via their hexagonal faces. The octahedra are joined to the truncated tetrahedra via their triangular faces.
Projections
Centered on octahedron
The octahedron-first parallel projection of the truncated 16-cell into 3-dimensional space has the following structure:
The projection envelope is a truncated octahedron.
The 6 square faces of the envelope are the images of 6 of the octahedral cells.
An octahedron lies at the center of the envelope, joined to the center of the 6 square faces by 6 edges. This is the image of the other 2 octahedral cells.
The remaining space between the envelope and the central octahedron is filled by 8 truncated tetrahedra (distorted by projection). These are the images of the 16 truncated tetrahedral cells, a pair of cells to each image.
This layout of cells in projection is analogous to the layout of faces in the projection of the truncated octahedron into 2-dimensional space. Hence, the truncated 16-cell may be thought of as the 4-dimensional analogue of the truncated octahedron.
Centered on truncated tetrahedron
The truncated tetrahedron first parallel projection of the truncated 16-cell into 3-dimensional space has the following structure:
The projection envelope is a truncated cube.
The nearest truncated tetrahedron to the 4D viewpoint projects to the center of the envelope, with its triangular faces joined to 4 octahedral volumes that connect it to 4 of the triangular faces of the envelope.
The remaining space in the envelope is filled by 4 other truncated tetrahedra.
These volumes are the images of the cells lying on the near side of the truncated 16-cell; the other cells project onto the same layout except in the dual configuration.
The six octagonal faces of the projection envelope are the images of the remaining 6 truncated tetrahedral cells.
Images
Related polytopes
A truncated 16-cell, as a cantic 4-cube, is related to the dimensional family of cantic n-cubes:
Related uniform polytopes
Related uniform polytopes in demitesseract symmetry
Related uniform polytopes in tesseract symmetry
Notes
References
T. Gosset: On the Regular and Semi-Regular Figures in Space of n Dimensions, Messenger of Mathematics, Macmillan, 1900
H.S.M. Coxeter:
Coxeter, Regular Polytopes, (3rd edition, 1973), Dover edition, , p. 296, Table I (iii): Regular Polytopes, three regular polytopes in n-dimensions (n≥5)
H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular Polytopes, 3rd Edition, Dover New York, 1973, p. 296, Table I (iii): Regular Polytopes, three regular polytopes in n-dimensions (n≥5)
Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter, edited by F. Arthur Sherk, Peter McMullen, Anthony C. Thompson, Asia Ivic Weiss, Wiley-Interscience Publication, 1995,
(Paper 22) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi Regular Polytopes I, [Math. Zeit. 46 (1940) 380-407, MR 2,10]
(Paper 23) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes II, [Math. Zeit. 188 (1985) 559-591]
(Paper 24) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes III, [Math. Zeit. 200 (1988) 3-45]
John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strass, The Symmetries of Things 2008, (Chapter 26. pp. 409: Hemicubes: 1n1)
Norman Johnson Uniform Polytopes, Manuscript (1991)
N.W. Johnson: The Theory of Uniform Polytopes and Honeycombs, Ph.D. (1966)
o3o3o4o - tat, o3x3x4o - tah, x3x3o4o - thex
External links
Paper model of truncated tesseract created using nets generated by Stella4D software
4-polytopes |
4023177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event-related%20optical%20signal | Event-related optical signal | Event-related optical signal (EROS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses infrared light through optical fibers to measure changes in optical properties of active areas of the cerebral cortex. The fast optical signal (EROS) measures changes in infrared light scattering that occur with neural activity. Whereas techniques such as diffuse optical imaging (DOI) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measure optical absorption of hemoglobin, and thus are based on cerebral blood flow, EROS takes advantage of the scattering properties of the neurons themselves, and thus provide a much more direct measure of cellular activity.
Characteristics
EROS can pinpoint activity in the brain within millimeters and milliseconds, providing good spatial and temporal resolution at the same time. Currently, its biggest limitation is the inability to detect activity more than a few centimeters deep, which thus limits this fast optical imaging to the cerebral cortex.
EROS can be measured using photon delay or as an intensity signal. EROS can also be measured concurrently with other neuroimaging techniques, such as fMRI, fNIRS, or EEG.
History
EROS is a relatively new and inexpensive technique that is non-invasive to the test subject. It was developed at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in the Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory of Drs. Gabriele Gratton and Monica Fabiani. EROS was first demonstrated in the visual cortex in 1995, and later in the motor cortex that same year.
See also
Optical imaging
References
External links
Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Neuroimaging
Optical imaging |
4023200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%20Hart | Matthew Hart | Matthew Norman Hart (born 16 May 1972) is a former New Zealand cricketer. Hart, a left-arm orthodox spinner, played in 14 Tests between 1994 and 1996, claiming 29 wickets including one five-wicket haul against South Africa.
He also appeared in 13 ODIs, claiming 13 wickets, including a then-record haul by a New Zealander in One Day Internationals, claiming 5/22 against the West Indies in 1994. His international career lasted from 1994 to 2002, eventually losing his place in the team to Daniel Vettori. Hart retired from cricket in 2005 at the age of 33, citing a loss of enthusiasm for the game.
His brother, Robbie, also played cricket as a wicket-keeper for Northern Districts Knights and New Zealand.
References
Doping cases in cricket
1972 births
Living people
New Zealand Test cricketers
New Zealand One Day International cricketers
Cricketers at the 1999 Cricket World Cup
New Zealand cricketers
Northern Districts cricketers
Cricketers from Hamilton, New Zealand
North Island cricketers |
4023206 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSTN%20%28AM%29 | KSTN (AM) | KSTN (1420 kHz is a commercial AM radio station in Stockton, California, owned by Robert LaRue, and licensed by KSTN, LLC. It airs a country music radio format, known as "105.9 The Bull."
KSTN broadcasts at 5,000 watts by day. But to reduce interference at night to other stations on AM 1420, it reduces power to 3,500 watts. KSTN uses a directional antenna at all times. The transmitter is off Ralph Avenue in Stockton, along with the studios and offices. Programming is also heard on 250 watt FM translator K290AG at 105.9 MHz.
History
On November 27, 1949 at 6 AM, KSTN signed on the air. KSTN's first General Manager was Dave Greene and the original power was 1,000 watts. It was owned by Knox LaRue until his death on December 22, 2004. An FM station, originally 107.3 KSTN-FM (now KLVS) went on the air in 1962.
The LaRue Family planned to sell KSTN-AM-FM to Independence Media Holdings of Dallas, Texas, for $24,250,000 in 2008. Due to the bad economy, the deal fell through.
At its inception, KSTN's programming was Big Band/Swing, with some Country western Music in the afternoons with Dusty Duncan as the host. Other early KSTN on-air personalities included Bud Hobbs, Bill Elliott and Paula Stone.
The station switched to a Top 40 format in 1957. In 1962, station owner Knox LaRue contracted with noted Top 40 radio programmer Bill Drake to program KSTN. Upon leaving San Francisco's KYA in 1962, Bill Drake was hired to split time as program director of both KYNO in Fresno, and KSTN in Stockton, California.
KSTN owner Knox LaRue (December 18, 1922 – December 22, 2004) was a business partner with KYNO owner Gene Chenault in various ventures. They co-hired Drake upon the recommendation of Jane Swain, LaRue's general manager at KSTN, who had worked with Drake at WAKE in Atlanta. While the classic KMAK–KYNO battle of Fresno has been well documented, KSTN and LaRue are certainly owed their debt as well.
A pioneer of the Top 40 genre, LaRue built KSTN in 1949, and began playing the popular music of the day. As the rock era began, KSTN just stayed with it, providing a training ground for numerous talents. Among the audio exhibits on the ReelRadio.com site are the original deejay jingles from Drake's tenure at KSTN. These rare artifacts from his Stockton days are precursors to the Johnny Mann acapellas and Bill Drake-voiced jock intros and station IDs of the "Boss Radio" era. Other elements of the famed Drake format were also initiated and honed during his stint at KSTN in the early 1960s.
KSTN hired John Hampton for weekends on September 24, 1980, the airshift previously held by Jay Richard (aka Tom Richard). John was promoted to full-time in 1981 and was made program director in September 1981. In 1981, KSTN switched from Rhythmic Top 40 to Pop Top 40. In 1984, KSTN switched back to Rhythmic Top 40. In the late 1980s and the 1990s, while many other radio stations on the AM dial changed to news/talk formats, KSTN continued its music broadcasts. In 1995, John Hampton was moved to mornings.
In 1999, KSTN changed its format to a Variety Hits Oldies format it called "Power Oldies 1420." KSTN played may types of music including Doo Wop Oldies of the '50s, Top 40 of the '60s and '70s, '70s Disco, Classic rock of the '70s and '80s, punk, Alternative Music of the '80s and '90s and an occasional touch of Country. In 2005, KSTN fine-tuned its format to Classic Hits, which is a format more common for the FM dial; KSTN no longer branded itself as "Power Oldies 1420." KSTN also added local sports play-by-play to its schedule, including Oakland A's baseball, Stockton Ports baseball, Stockton Thunder ECHL hockey, and University of the Pacific Tigers athletics.
On February 13, 2006, KSTN replaced John Hampton's Morning Show with the syndicated "Mancow's Morning Madhouse" from Chicago via satellite. This marked the first time KSTN had placed a syndicated show in its daily lineup.
On February 19, 2010, after over 60 years on the air, KSTN went silent. The station played "Another One Bites the Dust" by Queen followed by the theme from WKRP in Cincinnati before signing off the air for the final time at 6:15 pm.
As of January 2012, the station is on the air again with a syndicated country format.
On February 13, 2013 KSTN changed their format to classic country.
After a weekend of stunting, on March 17, 2014 KSTN changed their format to country, branded as "105.9 The Bull" (the frequency in the branding is for FM translator K290AG 105.9 FM Stockton).
References
External links
KSTN (1420 AM) in the Central Valley Radio Museum
KSTN Power Oldies 1420 Tribute (Streaming Digital Radio)
KSTN airchecks with slideshows
STN
Radio stations established in 1949
1949 establishments in California |
4023213 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Jewish%20political%20milestones%20in%20the%20United%20States | List of Jewish political milestones in the United States | The following is a list of Jewish political milestones in the United States.
First Jewish member of a colonial legislature (South Carolina): Francis Salvador (1775)
First Jewish soldier killed in the American Revolutionary War: Francis Salvador (1776)
First Jewish member of the U.S. Congress (U.S. House of Representatives): Lewis Charles Levin (1845)
First Jewish member of the United States Senate: David Levy Yulee (1845)
First Jewish mayor of a major American city (Portland, Oregon): Bernard Goldsmith (1869)
Two years later, Philip Wasserman became a mayor of Portland (1871)
First elected Jewish governor of a U.S. state (California): Washington Bartlett (1887)
First Jewish U.S. Cabinet member (Secretary of Commerce and Labor): Oscar Straus (1906)
Not including Judah P. Benjamin, who served in the Confederate Cabinet as Secretary of State and Secretary of War
First Jewish Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court: Louis Brandeis (1916)
President Millard Fillmore offered to appoint Judah P. Benjamin to the Supreme Court in 1853, but Benjamin declined.
First Jewish female member of the U.S. Congress (U.S. House of Representatives): Florence Prag Kahn (1925)
First Jewish Secretary of the Treasury: Henry Morgenthau Jr. (1934)
First person of Jewish ancestry to run for President of the United States on a major party ticket: Barry Goldwater (1964) (Goldwater's father was Jewish; Goldwater was raised Episcopalian)
First person of Sephardic Jewish ancestry to run for President of the United States: Louis Abolafia (1968)
First Jewish candidate to receive an electoral vote for Vice President: Tonie Nathan of the Libertarian Party, from a faithless elector (1972)
First Jewish Secretary of Defense: James R. Schlesinger (1973)
First Jewish Secretary of State: Henry Kissinger (1973)
First Jewish Attorney General: Edward H. Levi (1975)
First Jewish female mayor of a major American city (Dallas): Adlene Harrison (1976)
First elected Jewish female governor of a U.S. state (Vermont): Madeleine M. Kunin (1985)
First Jewish openly gay member of the U.S. Congress (U.S. House of Representatives): Barney Frank (took office 1981, disclosed homosexuality 1989)
Jared Polis was the first Jewish Congressman to be openly gay upon first election: (2009)
First senate election in which both major party candidates were Jewish. (1990 Minnesota U.S. Senate Election, in which Paul Wellstone defeated Rudy Boschwitz) (1990)
First independent Jewish member of the U.S. Congress (U.S. House of Representatives): Bernie Sanders (1991)
First Jewish female members of the United States Senate: Barbara Boxer and Dianne Feinstein (1993)
First Jewish female Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court: Ruth Bader Ginsburg (1993)
First Jewish woman with U.S. Cabinet-rank United States Trade Representative: Charlene Barshefsky (1996)
First Jewish woman U.S. Cabinet member (Secretary of State): Madeleine Albright (1997) (also first woman Secretary of State)
First Jewish nominee for Vice President of the United States on a major party ticket, and first Jewish candidate to receive an electoral vote excluding faithless electors: Joe Lieberman (2000)
First Jewish whip in the U.S. House of Representatives: Eric Cantor (2009) (also first Jewish party whip in either house)
First Jewish floor leader in the U.S. House of Representatives: Eric Cantor (2011) (also first Jewish floor leader and Majority Leader in either house)
First Jewish American to win a presidential primary: Bernie Sanders, New Hampshire primary, (2016) (Barry Goldwater, the 1964 Republican presidential nominee, was the first winner of Jewish heritage, but was a Christian).
First Jewish American to receive an electoral vote for President: Bernie Sanders (2016, from a faithless elector) (Barry Goldwater was the first of Jewish heritage, in 1964, but was not Jewish)
First Jewish floor leader in the U.S. Senate: Chuck Schumer (2017)
First Jewish member of the first family: Ivanka Trump (2017)
First Jewish Second Spouse: Douglas Emhoff (2021)
First Jewish Senate Majority Leader: Chuck Schumer (2021)
First Jewish female (and the first woman) Secretary of the Treasury: Janet Yellen (2021)
See also
List of Jewish American politicians
References
Political milestones
Political history of the United States
United States politics-related lists
United States
United States Jewish
Political milestones in the United States
he:יהדות ארצות הברית#ציוני דרך |
4023218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood%20College%2C%20Victoria | Collingwood College, Victoria | Collingwood College is a government school located in the inner-city suburb of Collingwood, close to the Melbourne CBD.
Established in 1882, it is one of Melbourne's oldest inner city schools.
The school has two modern campuses: its main campus is near Hoddle Street, on the corner of Cromwell Street and McCutcheon Way. As of 2022, it shares a senior campus for VCE students with Fitzroy High School.
History
In 1882, the Vere Street National School No 2462 was established. Cromwell Street State School joined Vere Street National School in 1912. In 1915, Collingwood Domestic Arts School was established. In 1975, the Collingwood Education Centre was established. It was renamed Collingwood College in 1990. A history of Collingwood College entitled The School on the Flat: Collingwood College 1882-2007 was published to mark the 125th anniversary of the school's opening.
Academics
VCE studies offered by the school:Biology, Business Management, Chinese First Language, Chinese Second Language, English, English (EAL), Further Mathematics, General Mathematics, Literature, Mathematical Methods (CAS), Media, Product Design and Technology, Psychology, Specialist Mathematics, Studio Arts, Visual Communication Design.
See also
Education in Australia
References
External links
Collingwood College website
Public high schools in Melbourne
Public primary schools in Melbourne
Educational institutions established in 1882
1882 establishments in Australia |
4023236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Atwater%20%28curator%29 | William Atwater (curator) | William Felix "Jack" Atwater (born November 12, 1945) is an author and former Director of the United States Army Ordnance Museum in Aberdeen, Maryland, United States. Atwater is also a frequent guest contributor to a variety of television programs that draw on his expertise in military weaponry.
Early life
Atwater graduated from Berea College in Berea, Kentucky, in 1968 and received a Bachelor of Arts degree in history and political science. Following a decade of service in the U.S. military, he attended Duke University where he was awarded a Master of Arts in Military History in 1984 and a Ph.D in military history in 1985.
Career
Upon graduation from Berea College, Atwater was commissioned as a Lieutenant in the Marines. He commanded a rifle platoon and later a company in the 1st Battalion, 7th Marine Regiment, 1st Marine Division, during the Vietnam War where he received the Purple Heart, a Navy Commendation Medal, and a Vietnamese Cross of Gallantry. In a 2007 interview with the television documentary Weaponology, he recounted how his company were trapped in a "hot" LZ until rescued by a flight of AH-1 Cobra gunships. Promoted to Captain, he served all over the world in various assignments and attended numerous military schools during a ten-year career in the Marine Corps. In 1985, after earning his Doctorate from Duke, William Atwater assumed the directorship of the 101st Airborne/Air Assault Divisional Museum at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, a position he held until 1989. From 1989 to November, 2007, he served as Director of the United States Army Ordnance Museum, then located at Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland. While Director at the Ordnance Museum he was instrumental in the refurbishment and rebuilding of large artifacts like tanks and artillery to meet EPA standards, and the construction of a climate-controlled warehouse to store the museum's collection of small arms. In addition to his work for the museum, William Atwater was often called upon as a guest lecturer and speaker at West Point Military Academy, the Defense Intelligence College, National Security Agency, and the Central Intelligence Agency.
Atwater has served as a contributor to several books, including the Oxford Companion to American Military History (2000) on the topic of grenades, mortars, and land mines. He also served as a technical advisor for the book Black Hawk Down. Atwater has appeared as a firearms and ordnance expert in many documentaries regarding military history on such television channels as The History Channel, TLC, Discovery Channel, and The Military Channel. One of Atwater's recent projects is preserving some of the last remaining historic military assets in the world. Atwater said of the Ordnance Museum Foundation that "It is our moral and legal responsibility to preserve military assets".
Awards
In addition to his previously noted military honors, Atwater’s civilian awards include:
The Excellence in Federal Service Award
Outstanding Civilian Service Award
Commander's Award for Public Service
The Order of Samuel Sharpe
Member, Hall of Fame, Ordnance Corps Association
References
Holzimmer, Kevin C. Joint Operations in the Southwest Pacific, 1943–1945 (PDF), DTIC.
1945 births
Living people
Military personnel from Dallas
Berea College alumni
Duke University alumni
American curators
Directors of museums in the United States
United States Marine Corps officers
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
American male non-fiction writers |
4023239 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20rockfish | Blue rockfish | The blue rockfish (Sebastes mystinus) or blue seaperch, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the subfamily Sebastinae, the rockfishes, part of the family Scorpaenidae. It is found in the northeastern Pacific Ocean, ranging from northern Baja California to central Oregon.
Taxonomy
Sebastes mystinus was first formally described in 1881 by the American ichthyologists David Starr Jordan and Charles Henry Gilbert with the type locality given as San Francisco, California. Some authorities place this species in the subgenus Sebastosomus. The specific name mystinus means "initiated one" or "priest", the reason for choosing this name was not explained but it is thought that it derives from the Portuguese speaking fishers' local name for this species in the Monterey Bay area, Pesce Pretre, i.e. the "Priest-fish" an allusion to the dark color of this species compared to its congeners.
Description
Blue rockfish have a relatively smooth and oval appearance compared to other members of Sebastes, with very few head spines. Color is a bluish black to gray, with some darker mottling, including a pair of stripes angling down and back from the eye. The terminal mouths are small for rockfish. Length ranges up to 55 to 60 cm, and weights up to 3.8 kg.
Ecology
Blue rockfish seem to be adapted to diurnal hunting on small, transparent plankton. Juveniles consume tiny crustacea such as copepods and barnacle larvae (in some cases having a significant effect on the population), while adults shift to larger types, such as free-swimming tunicates, jellyfish, gastropods, squids, young rockfish, and drifting plant fragments.
Distribution
Blue rockfish occur from northern Baja California to central Oregon. Previous records further north are due to confusion with the deacon rockfish (S. diaconus), which was described as a separate species genetically and scientifically in 2009 and 2015, respectively.
While they have been caught at depths of over 500 m, most live near to the surface, down to 90 m.
Genetics
A potential PCR-RFLP genetic sex marker developed for gopher rockfish does not successfully distinguish male and female blue rockfish.
Fishing and management
Blue rockfish were once an important part of the California fishery; they were the most common rockfish marketed in San Francisco and San Diego during the 19th century, but have since declined in popularity. They continue to be of interest as game fish, and are among the most common types landed by boat anglers; in fact, there is evidence of overfishing in Monterey Bay and southern California.
References
Further reading
Milton S. Love, Mary Yoklavich, Lyman K. Thorsteinson, (2002), The Rockfishes of the Northeast Pacific, University of California Press, pp. 215–218
Sebastes
Taxa named by David Starr Jordan
Taxa named by Charles Henry Gilbert
Western North American coastal fauna
Fish described in 1881 |
4023241 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penelope%20Maddy | Penelope Maddy | Penelope Maddy (born 4 July 1950) is an American philosopher. Maddy is a UCI Distinguished Professor of Logic and Philosophy of Science and of Mathematics at the University of California, Irvine. She is well known for her influential work in the philosophy of mathematics, where she has worked on mathematical realism (especially set-theoretic realism) and mathematical naturalism.
Education
Maddy received her Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1979. Her dissertation, Set Theoretical Realism, was supervised by John P. Burgess.
Philosophical work
Maddy's early work, culminating in Realism in Mathematics, defended Kurt Gödel's position that mathematics is a true description of a mind-independent realm that we can access through our intuition. However, she suggested that some mathematical entities are in fact concrete, unlike, notably, Gödel, who assumed all mathematical objects are abstract. She suggested that sets can be causally efficacious, and in fact share all the causal and spatiotemporal properties of their elements. Thus, when one sees three cups on a table, one also sees the set. She used contemporary work in cognitive science and psychology to support this position, pointing out that just as at a certain age we begin to see objects rather than mere sense perceptions, there is also a certain age at which we begin to see sets rather than just objects.
In the 1990s, she moved away from this position, towards a position described in Naturalism in Mathematics. Her "naturalist" position, like Quine's, suggests that since science is our most successful project so far for knowing about the world, philosophers should adopt the methods of science in their own discipline, and especially when discussing science. As Maddy stated in an interview, "If you're a 'naturalist', you think that science shouldn't be held to extra-scientific standards, that it doesn't require extra-scientific ratification." However, rather than a unified picture of the sciences like Quine's, her picture has mathematics as separate. That is, mathematics is neither supported nor undermined by the needs and goals of science but is allowed to obey its own criteria. This means that traditional metaphysical and epistemological concerns of the philosophy of mathematics are misplaced. Like Wittgenstein, she suggests that many of these puzzles arise merely because of the application of language outside its proper domain of significance.
She has been dedicated to understanding and explaining the methods that set theorists use in agreeing on axioms, especially those that go beyond ZFC.
Awards
Maddy has been a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences since 1998.
The German Mathematical Society awarded her a Gauss Lectureship in 2006.
Selected publications
(a copy with corrections is available at the author's web page)
Realism in Mathematics, Oxford University Press, 1990.
Naturalism in Mathematics, Oxford University Press, 1997.
Second Philosophy, Oxford University Press, 2007.
Defending the Axioms, Oxford University Press, 2011.
What do Philosophers Do? Skepticism and the Practice of Philosophy, Oxford University Press, 2017.
See also
Cabal (set theory)
References
External links
Penelope Maddy's faculty page
Penelope Maddy: a philosopher you can count on – Portrait in Scientific American by Laura Vanderkam, 13 January 2009
Interview at 3AM Magazine
1950 births
Living people
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American philosophers
Philosophers of science
Philosophers of mathematics
American logicians
Princeton University alumni
University of California, Irvine faculty
American women philosophers
Women mathematicians
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Lakatos Award winners
20th-century American women
21st-century American women |
4023243 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alapaha%20River | Alapaha River | The Alapaha River is a river in southern Georgia and northern Florida in the United States. It is a tributary of the Suwannee River, which flows to the Gulf of Mexico.
History
The Hernando de Soto expedition narrative records mention a "Yupaha" village they encountered after they left Apalachee, "the sound of which is suggestive of the Alapaha, a tributary of the Suwanee." Another reference to a village of "Atapaha" "so closely resembles Alapaha that it is reasonable to suppose they are the same, and that the town was on the river of that name." John Reed Swanton's landmark Indian Tribes of North America places the Indian village of Alapaha near where the Alapaha River met the Suwanee, and also noted that an Indian village of "Arapaja" was 70 leagues from St. Augustine, Florida, probably on the Alapaha River. The Spanish mission of Santa María de Los Angeles de Arapaha was located along the lower reaches of the river from before 1630 until 1656.
In the 1840s a German travel writer, Friedrich Gerstäcker wrote a dime novel called Alapaha, or the Renegades of the Border, giving the name to a noble Cherokee "squaw." A translation of this novel was published in the 1870s as #67 in a series of American narratives published by Beadle.
During the American Civil War, the swamps along the Alapaha River in Berrien, Irwin, and Echols counties became a refuge for a number of gangs of Confederate deserters.
Course
The Alapaha River rises in southeastern Dooly County, Georgia, and flows generally southeastwardly through or along the boundaries of Crisp, Wilcox, Turner, Ben Hill, Irwin, Tift, Berrien, Atkinson, Lanier, Lowndes and Echols Counties in Georgia, and Hamilton County in Florida, where it flows into the Suwannee River 10 miles (16 km) southwest of Jasper. Along its course it passes the Georgia towns of Rebecca, Alapaha, Willacoochee, Lakeland, and Statenville.
Near Willacoochee, Georgia, the Alapaha collects the Willacoochee River. In Florida, it collects the Alapahoochee River and the short Little Alapaha River, which rises in Echols County, Georgia, and flows southwestward.
Intermittent river
The Alapaha River is an intermittent river for part of its course. During periods of low volume, the river disappears underground and becomes a subterranean river. At approximately downstream from Jennings, Florida the Dead River enters the Alapaha River. It is a usually dry river bed with a number of sinkholes, including the Dead River Sink. During periods of low water flow, the Alapaha River downstream from the confluence of the Dead River and the Alapaha River flows upstream into the Dead River.
A few more miles downstream is a second sinkhole variously known as the Alapaha River Sink, Suck Hole, or the Devil's Den on the western bank of the river. At the latter point during the periods of low water flow, the Alapaha River disappears underground leaving a dry bank for much of the remainder of its course. The Alapaha River later reappears at the Alapaha River Rise, which is about a half mile upstream from the confluence of the Alapaha River and the Suwanee River (). During a period of low rainfall over of the riverbed can be dry as the river goes underground.
Variant names
The United States Board on Geographic Names settled on "Alapaha River" as the stream's name in 1891. According to the Geographic Names Information System, it has also been known as:
Crossings
References
External links
Columbia Gazetteer of North America entry
DeLorme (2003). Georgia Atlas & Gazetteer. Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. .
Underground: The Alapaha River as an Intermittent River
Rivers of Florida
Rivers of Georgia (U.S. state)
Rivers of Dooly County, Georgia
Rivers of Crisp County, Georgia
Rivers of Wilcox County, Georgia
Rivers of Turner County, Georgia
Rivers of Ben Hill County, Georgia
Rivers of Irwin County, Georgia
Rivers of Tift County, Georgia
Rivers of Berrien County, Georgia
Rivers of Atkinson County, Georgia
Rivers of Lanier County, Georgia
Rivers of Lowndes County, Georgia
Rivers of Echols County, Georgia
Bodies of water of Hamilton County, Florida
Tributaries of the Suwannee River
Subterranean rivers of the United States |
4023246 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes%20Plendl | Johannes Plendl | Johannes "Hans" Plendl (6 December 1900 – 10 May 1991), German radar pioneer, was the scientist whose airplane navigation inventions made possible the early German bombing successes in World War II.
Early life
Plendl was born in 1900 in Munich, German Empire to parents from Northern Bavaria. His surname is most likely a truncated Bavarian dialect form of "Plendlein."
Plendl served briefly in the Imperial German Navy during World War I. Shortly thereafter, Plendl began his career as a radio and beam engineer for Telefunken corporation.
His early research into meter-wave propagation and radar beams necessitated additional names for newly discovered levels of the Earth's atmosphere, and Plendl is generally credited with coining the term ionosphere. In the early 1930s, he worked on developing the radio communications used in flights by civilian aircraft and the Hindenburg Zeppelin. His research and developments with the Lorenz beam landing system gave birth to what is now known as ILS, Instrument Landing System.
X-System
As Nazi Germany rearmed, Plendl and others saw the possibilities of using radio beams to guide bombers to their target, and they began to develop a system under the code name "X-System" (X-Verfahren). Using technology previously used for his Lorenz beam landing system, Plendl developed a system that would guide planes to their target, and which improved the accuracy of bombing at night or in poor weather conditions. This work was conducted for the German Airforce (Luftwaffe) at the Airforce Experimental Station (Erprobungstelle der Luftwaffe) at Rechlin, Germany, and also at Peenemünde. At the same time the system code named "Knickebein" was coined by the Telefunken electronics firm. Although it could use the Lorenz landing system for guidance, it was less accurate and more prone to jamming. Both systems employed transmitter towers on the English channel and the North Sea to transmit radar beams over targets in England. German bombers carried basic radar detectors and complex timing devices, also invented by Dr. Plendl, to lead them on the correct path and to guide the timing of the release of their bombs.
When Germany invaded Poland, the X-System was used effectively against military targets, but on a limited basis, due to the few planes equipped with the X-Device (X-Gerät, the electronic component of the system carried in the plane.) and the short duration of the campaign. During the air war over the England and Scotland known as The Battle of Britain the Knickebein, X-System and Y-System were all used extensively, but their effectiveness was diminished by countermeasures developed by Reginald Victor Jones and other British scientists, who were able use electronic countermeasures to redirect or jam the radio signals of the navigation systems in what has become known as the Battle of the Beams.
Dr. Plendl was given the title of state plenipotentiary and privy councillor (Staatsrat) by Hermann Göring for his work. He was named National Director of High Frequency Research (Bevollmächtigten der Hochfrequenzforschung).
Plendl was dismissed by the German High Command after holding the post for about a year and was replaced by Abraham Esau in December 1943. Sources differ as to why he was dismissed, including that it was after a heavy raid upon Hamburg where the British used a special counterradar technique called Window or chaff, or was due to his saving several people from death in concentration camps, by claiming he needed their (non-existent) "expertise" to help his beam program. Plendl's own account was that it was after he had a heated argument with Generaloberst Weise, the Chief of Flak over areas of responsibility after Plendl developed a new type of Flak shell.
Move to America
At the end of the war, Plendl surrendered to the Americans. Like other German scientists, he was invited to come to the United States to aid in American weapons development, as part of "Operation Paperclip." U.S. government records noted that he had regularly voiced opposition to the Nazi regime.
Particularly noteworthy was the fact that Plendl had saved a number of people, including many Jews, from the Dachau concentration camp, under the guise of needing them to work on his projects Many of these individuals had no scientific background. In this manner, Plendl differed from other German scientists, who voiced no opposition to the regime.
The most notable figure who Plendl saved was Hans Mayer, the author of the Oslo Report. In sending this report to the British Government in November 1939 just after the beginning of the war, Mayer performed perhaps the most serious breach of German security in World War II, although this was not known to his colleagues (or the Gestapo) at that time. Mayer had been the Director of the Siemens Research Laboratory in Berlin, up to his arrest in 1943 for listening to the BBC and criticising the Nazi regime. Plendl appointed Mayer to head a radio laboratory even though Mayer's expertise was in telephony, and not in radio.
Plendl finished his military career in the United States Air Force, at their Cambridge Research Laboratory. He specialized in the field of solid-state physics.
Later life
Plendl helped Karl-Otto Kiepenheuer establish a Europe-wide network of stations observing the solar activity in order to predict disturbances of the Ionosphere that interrupted the military radio connections. Plendl and Kiepenheuer may so be seen as the fathers of the science now called space weather, A considerable part of their network prevailed after the war in one or another organisation.
In 1970, Plendl retired to Europe, taking residence in Italy. R.V. Jones, the British scientist who had worked on the other end of the channel to jam Plendl's beams, became a good friend, and the two corresponded regularly and collaborated on several books.
Further reading
Brown, Louis. A Radar History of World War II.
Jones, R.V. Most Secret War.
Niehaus, Werner. Die Radarschlacht. William Kimber and Co.
Maier, Helmut Forschung als Waffe. Rüstungsforschung in der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft und das Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Metallforschung 1900–1945/48. Bd. 2. Wallstein-Verlag, 2007, p. 776 p. 1012.
Price, Alfred. Instruments of Darkness. William Kimber and Co.
Ray, John The Night Blitz.
Seiler, Michael P. 2006; Kommandosache "Sonnengott". Geschichte der deutschen Sonnenforschung im Dritten Reich und unter alliierter Besatzung. Frankfurt: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Harri Deutsch
Trenkle, Fritz. Zum 90. Geburtstag von Hans Plendl, Funkgeschichte, 78: 3–5, 1991.
Wakefield, Ken. Pfadfinder: Luftwaffe Pathfinder Operations Over Britain, 1940–44.
Notes
1900 births
1991 deaths
German people of World War II
Scientists from Munich
People from the Kingdom of Bavaria
Radio pioneers
Operation Paperclip
German emigrants to the United States |
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