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4021681 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiki%20%28disambiguation%29 | Contiki (disambiguation) | Contiki can refer to:
Contiki, an open-source operating system designed for computers with limited memory.
Contiki Tours, a series of bus holidays operated by Contiki Holidays for 18-35s.
Con-Tici or Kon-Tiki, an old name for the Andean deity Viracocha
See also
Kontiki (disambiguation) |
4021684 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDRL | KDRL | KDRL may refer to:
KDRL (FM), a radio station (103.3 FM) licensed to Pampa, Texas, United States
Kansandemokraattinen raittiusliitto, a Finnish temperance movement |
4021687 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara%20Darmousli | Mara Darmousli | Mara Darmousli, in Greek: Μάρα Δαρμουσλή, (born 15 August, in Ptolemaida, Greece) is a Greek former fashion model and current actress.
She has appeared in many international fashion events and magazines, her face appearing on the covers of such magazines as Vogue, Marie Claire and Bazaar. Her international advertisements include Pantene, Parah, Nivea, Simone Perele, Triumph, Clairol, Garnier and Carita.
In 1998 she was discovered by model agent and producer of the Greek Elite Model Look contest Nikos Voglis. She entered the contest and won first place in the Greek Elite Model Look final. She then advanced to the Nice International final, held in September in the French Riviera, where she came in third overall in the Pantene contest. Voglis as the owner of Prestige agency in Athens, managed the first years of her career.
She was a musician/performer with the percussion group "Ichodrasi". While still modeling She studied acting at Theatre Embros, physical and devised theatre at So7 and political sciences and history at Panteion University.
Mara was member of "ANASA" the first non-profit organisation for nutritional disorders in Greece.
In March 2007, she was awarded "Model of the Year" in Greece.
She has a son born 31 of march 2006 named Angel.
Filmography, television roles, and appearances
In 2005, Darmousli started acting appearing in the Greek film I Kardia Tou Ktinous (The Heart of the Beast) based on the novel by Petros Tatsopoulos, "Luton" and "Love, Love, Love".
Her TV experience includes appearances on the series "Mehri tris einai Desmos" (ALTER), "To Kokkino Domatio" (MEGA) and most recently three episodes "Agria Paidia" (MEGA), "3os Nomos" (MEGA), "Heroides" (MEGA), "To soi sou" (ALPHA) and currently "Gynaika Xwris Onoma" (ANT1).
In theater,"Life after Low Flights" directed by D.Agoras(2019-20),"Astra Na Pane" directed by N.Magdalinos (2018–19), "The Game of Love and Chance" directed by E.Manios (2018–19),"The 39 Steps" directed by S.Spantidas (2017–18),"Oedipus Tree" directed by K.Gakis (2017–18), "Dangerous Liaisons" directed by G.Kimoulis (2016–17),"Wonderful War" by T.Dardaganis (2016–17),"Lahana & Hahana" musical by T.Ioannides (2016–17), "Prometheus Bounded" by J.Falkonis (2016),"Agents" by A.Remoundos (2015), "Trio Reich" by T.Dardaganis (2015), "The Woman In Black" by T.Dardaganis (2014–15),"Freedom in Medea" by K.Filippoglou (2013–14). Assistant Director for C.Theodoridis "Parthenon" (2012), J.Moschou "The Debris" (2013),K.Filippoglou "Tirza" (2014).
She co-hosted the TV show "Εχουμε και λεμε" (Let's talk) for ET1 from 2008 to 2009, along with Rika Vagianni, Renia Louizidou, Manina Zoumpoulaki, and Marion Michelidaki.
Agencies
IMG, Paris
The Fashion Model Management, Milan
Next Model Management, London / N.Y
Place Model Management, Hamburg
Wiener Models, Wien
Time Models, Zurich
East West Models
Chic Management
References
External links
Image Management
Place Model Management
Wiener Models
Vogue - Germany
Living people
Greek female models
1981 births
People from Ptolemaida |
4021693 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV%20or%20Not%20TV | TV or Not TV | TV or Not TV is the debut album by the comedy duo Proctor and Bergman. It was originally released in 1973 by Columbia Records.
Unlike most Firesign Theatre albums, it included songs ("Communist Love Song" sung by Proctor at the end of side A and "Nasi Goring" sung by Bergman in the middle of side B) as well as a TV-related plotline comparable to Don't Crush That Dwarf, Hand Me the Pliers.
Track listing
The play is subtitled "A Video Vaudeville in Two Acts". Fred Flamm (Proctor) and Clark Cable (Bergman) host a pay-per-view cable television Channel 85.
Side one — act one
"Insert Here" (1:26) – Two children steal Dad's credit card and turn on Channel 85 for a "charged viewing cycle".
"Channel 85 Sign-On" (1:15) – Clark Cable (Bergman) starts the viewing cycle
"Escaping From The Declining Fall Of The Roaming Umpire" (5:06) – in a parody of the assassination of Julius Caesar, Flattus (Proctor) and Bruto (Bergman) plot to assassinate the "Umperor Calyuga" (Proctor), inspired by Flattus' prophetic dream of a night baseball game
"Police Lineup" (1:04) – Proctor as a cop who introduces a singing cop (Bergman)
"Salute My Boots" (1:58) – pundit Bosco Hearn (Bergman) explains currency devaluation
"The Channel 85 Story" (1:03) - Cable and Fred Flamm (Proctor) fund-raise; the viewer can order merchandise from his console
"Cirque Internationale" (3:31) – ringmaster (Bergman) introduces several zany acts, including clowns Hans and Uni who engage in an ever-escalating war which results in destruction of the Big Top
"Communist Love Song" (4:00) – sung by Proctor, an American in love with a Russian girl
Side two — act two
"Channel 85 Reply" (1:39)
"Tobor Radar Robot" (1:26) – a robot (Bergman) is tormented by teenage hoodlums; he ends up repelling their attack by shorting out and catching fire, despite "not being programmed for defense"
"The Pills Brothers On Drugs" (0:56) – an ironic, supposedly anti-drug public service announcement (PSA)
"The Ms. Information Show" (3:51) – a female holographic "simulette" (Proctor) who hosts a talk show, assuming various identities (Bergman voices the host when Proctor plays the guest); interviews an inarticulate author of an ecologically-themed book (Proctor)
"Bring Us Together" (0:24) – a PSA
"Nasi Goring" (2:50) – a singing gorilla (Bergman), one of Ms. Information's guests; the name parodies an Indonesian fried rice dish.
"Our Lady Of The Torch" (0:28) – (Proctor); another PSA parodies the inscription on the Statue of Liberty
"Emergency Alert" (1:35) – teenagers who have been attempting to hack into Channel 85 are finally wiped by the automatic system
"Emerging Fall Of The Roaming Umpire" (4:19) – the conspirators carry out their plan to "dump the Ump" (Proctor)
"Give Up This Day" (1:30) – the Rear Reverend Sport Trendleberg (Proctor) gives a benediction
"Channel 85 Sign-Off" (1:08) – close of the viewing cycle
"Insert Here" (0:53) – the system automatically solicits another viewing cycle
Critical reception
Critically this album received the best notices out of all of The Firesign Theatre's side projects. The New Rolling Stone Record Guide gives the album 4 out of 5 stars and says that Proctor and Bergman "melds [their] characteristic Joycean wit with some hilarious slapstick routines" (404), while The Goldmine Comedy Record Price Guide says that Proctor and Bergman "seem like Wayne and Shuster on acid" (272). While The Goldmine Guide only gives this particular album 2 stars, this is still a higher notice than any other album by one of The Firesign Theatre's side projects .
Issues and reissues
This album was originally released simultaneously on LP, 8 Track, and Cassette:
LP — KC-32199
Cassette — CT-32199
8 track — CA-32199
It has been re-released on CD at least once:
2001 - Laugh.com LGH1152
References
"FIREZINE: Linques!." Firesign Theatre FAQ. 20 January 2006 <http://firezine.net/faq/>.
"Proctor & Bergman — TV or not TV — AUDIO ONLY." Laugh.com. Laugh.com. 10 February 2006 <http://store.yahoo.com/laughstore/prbetvornott.html>.
Smith, Ronald L. The Goldmine Comedy Record Price Guide. Iola: Krause, 1996. 272.
Swenson, John. "Proctor and Bergman." The New Rolling Stone Record Guide. Ed. Dave Marsh and John Swenson. New York: Random House, 1983. 404.
Smith, Ronald L. The Goldmine Comedy Record Price Guide. Iola: Krause, 1996. 272.
Swenson, John. "Proctor and Bergman." The New Rolling Stone Record Guide. Ed. Dave Marsh and John Swenson. New York: Random House, 1983. 404.
Proctor and Bergman. TV or not TV. Columbia Records, 1973.
External links
Proctor & Bergman - TV or not TV – Laugh.com (10 February 2006)
Firesign Theatre – Official website (19 January 2006)
FIREZINE: Linques! – Firesign Theatre FAQ (20 January 2006)
1973 albums
Columbia Records albums
Proctor and Bergman albums
1970s comedy albums |
4021697 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauncey%20Parker | Chauncey Parker | Chauncey Parker is an executive assistant district attorney in the office of Manhattan DA Cyrus Vance, Jr. He was formerly the Director of Criminal Justice Services in New York. He was appointed to the position in 2002 by Gov. George Pataki and served until the end of the Pataki Administration in 2007. He was a potential candidate for New York State Attorney General in 2006 as a Republican.
A graduate of Rollins College and Duke University School of Law, Director Parker is a lifelong New York resident. He spent six years as an Assistant District Attorney in Manhattan and then 10 years as an Assistant United States Attorney in Manhattan. During his career as a prosecutor, Parker worked on gang and narcotics crimes.
As Director of Criminal Justice Services, he was Pataki's chief criminal justice advisor and oversees the state's criminal justice agencies.
Parker was reported to be Pataki's choice to run for state attorney general in 2006. He spoke at Republican candidates' forums and has granted press interviews about a potential race. He did not run for attorney general as the Republican nomination went to former Westchester District Attorney Jeanine Pirro.
Parker serves as a member of the Board of Directors of the Police Athletic League of New York City, a nonprofit youth development agency that serves inner-city children and teenagers.
Parker was appointed Deputy Commissioner for Community Partnerships of the NYPD on 10 December 2019.
References
State cabinet secretaries of New York (state)
American prosecutors
Duke University School of Law alumni
New York (state) Republicans
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Rollins College alumni |
4021710 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gino%27s%20Hamburgers | Gino's Hamburgers | Gino's Hamburgers was a fast-food restaurant chain founded in Baltimore, Maryland by Baltimore Colts defensive end Gino Marchetti and running back Alan Ameche, along with their close friends Joe Campanella and Louis Fischer, in 1957. A new group of restaurants under the Gino's name, involving some of the principals of the original chain, was started in 2010.
History
The first Gino's was opened in Dundalk, Maryland, just outside Baltimore; it got its official name in 1959 when the owners Joe Campanella, Louis Fisher, and Alan Ameche invited Colts' captain Gino Marchetti to become a partner. In 1967 Gino's merged with Tops Drive Inn, a chain of 18 drive-in restaurants located in the Washington, D.C., area; most Tops locations were rebranded as Gino's. In the early 1970s, the company attempted to expand from its Mid-Atlantic base into the Midwest; however, these locations only operated a short period. For one location, it purchased Orchestra Hall in Detroit and planned to demolish the structure to construct a restaurant. When the plan became public, it led to a grass-roots campaign to save and restore the abandoned structure.
Gino's also expanded in to Massachusetts and Connecticut. There it had difficulties because Gino Marchetti was a relative unknown in the region. Additionally, people confused them with the Papa Gino's pizza chain that was based in Massachusetts. These locations were eventually closed and many now house other chains, especially Burger King. Gino's also converted some to fish restaurants, but these too failed.
Another notable facet of Gino's was fried chicken. In the mid-Atlantic area, it was the franchisee of KFC which was cobranded with Gino's hamburgers. In New England, another company was the KFC franchisee. Gino's still sold chicken but it was made with a different seasoning that the KFC one.
The chain had 359 company-owned locations when the Marriott Corporation acquired it in 1982. Marriott discontinued the brand and converted locations to its Roy Rogers Restaurants chain. The last Gino's, located in Pasadena, Maryland and owned independently from Marriott, closed in 1986.
Gino's also purchased and operated the Rustler Steak House chain started by Joe Campanella, which was sold by Marriott shortly after its purchase of Gino's.
The restaurant was known for hamburgers such as the Sirloiner, which was made from sirloin steak (and was originally a staple of Tops Drive Inn), the Jumbo Gino, which was very similar to the Whopper and the Gino Giant, which predated and later competed with the Big Mac. The company held the franchise for Kentucky Fried Chicken in the Mid-Atlantic states. The company's jingle, played during radio advertisements in the early years was "Everybody goes to Gino's, 'cause Gino's is the place to go!"
The company also became known for its philanthropic efforts.
Gino's Burgers and Chicken (2010)
Marchetti, Romano, and Fischer have opened several new Gino's restaurants. Marchetti and Fischer will be serving as consultants. The new restaurants plan to serve burgers, chicken sandwiches, hand-cut french fries and hand-spun milkshakes. Initially, the chain plans to open locations in Pennsylvania and Maryland.
In charge is Tom Romano, who worked for 20 years with the company, and was C.O.O. in 1982 when the chain was sold. "It's apparent there's a need for better burgers out there", said Romano, citing the success of such chains as Five Guys, and Gino's Burgers and Chicken has placed itself upscale of the earlier Gino's. Gino's plans to make its burgers to order from fresh beef.
Their first location opened in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, the same town as the original chain's headquarters, on October 25, 2010. Plans were announced in Spring 2011 for franchise expansion into Baltimore. On August 17, 2011, a second Gino's location opened in Towson, Maryland. Another Gino's opened in Bensalem, Pennsylvania on October 11, 2011.
A Gino's Burgers and Chicken opened in Oriole Park at Camden Yards at the start of the Orioles season in 2012, but closed by the end of the 2014 season.
On January 22, 2013, Gino's Burgers and Chicken opened in Aberdeen, Maryland, however the Bensalem location closed around the same time. Later, on July 9, 2013, the King of Prussia location closed, effectively leaving the Philadelphia market. The location at Perry Hall, Maryland, which opened on March 5, 2012, closed on December 8, 2013. The Aberdeen location closed on March 27, 2016, leaving only the Towson and Glen Burnie locations.
See also
Ameche's Drive-in – a former fast-food restaurant chain based in Baltimore, Maryland
Chicken George – a former fast food restaurant chain founded in Baltimore, Maryland
List of defunct fast-food restaurant chains
List of hamburger restaurants
References
External links
Fast-food chains of the United States
Fast-food hamburger restaurants
Restaurants in Baltimore
Regional restaurant chains in the United States
Restaurants established in 1957
Defunct fast-food chains in the United States
1957 establishments in Maryland |
4021714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot%20the%20Moon%3A%20The%20Essential%20Collection | Shoot the Moon: The Essential Collection | Shoot the Moon: The Essential Collection is a greatest hits album by the punk band Face to Face. It was released on November 15, 2005, a year after the band had dissolved. It features songs from all of the band's albums except for Ignorance Is Bliss and their cover album Standards & Practices.
Track listing
References
Face to Face (punk band) albums
2005 greatest hits albums |
4021739 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaSalle%27s%20invariance%20principle | LaSalle's invariance principle | LaSalle's invariance principle (also known as the invariance principle, Barbashin-Krasovskii-LaSalle principle, or Krasovskii-LaSalle principle ) is a criterion for the asymptotic stability of an autonomous (possibly nonlinear) dynamical system.
Global version
Suppose a system is represented as
where is the vector of variables, with
If a (see Smoothness) function can be found such that
for all (negative semidefinite),
then the set of accumulation points of any trajectory is contained in where is the union of complete trajectories contained entirely in the set .
If we additionally have that the function is positive definite, i.e.
, for all
and if contains no trajectory of the system except the trivial trajectory for , then the origin is asymptotically stable.
Furthermore, if is radially unbounded, i.e.
, as
then the origin is globally asymptotically stable.
Local version
If
, when
hold only for in some neighborhood of the origin, and the set
does not contain any trajectories of the system besides the trajectory , then the local version of the invariance principle states that the origin is locally asymptotically stable.
Relation to Lyapunov theory
If is negative definite, then the global asymptotic stability of the origin is a consequence of Lyapunov's second theorem. The invariance principle gives a criterion for asymptotic stability in the case when is only negative semidefinite.
Examples
Simple example
Example taken from.
Consider the vector field in the plane. The function satisfies , and is radially unbounded, showing that the origin is globally asymptotically stable.
Pendulum with friction
This section will apply the invariance principle to establish the local asymptotic stability of a simple system, the pendulum with friction. This system can be modeled with the differential equation
where is the angle the pendulum makes with the vertical normal, is the mass of the pendulum, is the length of the pendulum, is the friction coefficient, and g is acceleration due to gravity.
This, in turn, can be written as the system of equations
Using the invariance principle, it can be shown that all trajectories which begin in a ball of certain size around the origin asymptotically converge to the origin. We define as
This is simply the scaled energy of the system Clearly, is positive definite in an open ball of radius around the origin. Computing the derivative,
Observe that . If it were true that , we could conclude that every trajectory approaches the origin by Lyapunov's second theorem. Unfortunately, and is only negative semidefinite since can be non-zero when . However, the set
which is simply the set
does not contain any trajectory of the system, except the trivial trajectory x = 0. Indeed, if at some time , , then because
must be less than away from the origin, and . As a result, the trajectory will not stay in the set .
All the conditions of the local version of the invariance principle are satisfied, and we can conclude that every trajectory that begins in some neighborhood of the origin will converge to the origin as .
History
The general result was independently discovered by J.P. LaSalle (then at RIAS) and N.N. Krasovskii, who published in 1960 and 1959 respectively. While LaSalle was the first author in the West to publish the general theorem in 1960, a special case of the theorem was communicated in 1952 by Barbashin and Krasovskii, followed by a publication of the general result in 1959 by Krasovskii .
See also
Stability theory
Lyapunov stability
Original papers
LaSalle, J.P. Some extensions of Liapunov's second method, IRE Transactions on Circuit Theory, CT-7, pp. 520–527, 1960. (PDF)
Krasovskii, N. N. Problems of the Theory of Stability of Motion, (Russian), 1959. English translation: Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, 1963.
Text books
Lectures
Texas A&M University notes on the invariance principle (PDF)
NC State University notes on LaSalle's invariance principle (PDF).
Caltech notes on LaSalle's invariance principle (PDF).
MIT OpenCourseware notes on Lyapunov stability analysis and the invariance principle (PDF).
Purdue University notes on stability theory and LaSalle's invariance principle (PDF).
References
Lecture notes on nonlinear control, University of Notre Dame, Instructor: Michael Lemmon, lecture 4.
ibid.
Lecture notes on nonlinear analysis, National Taiwan University, Instructor: Feng-Li Lian, lecture 4-2.
Vidyasagar, M. Nonlinear Systems Analysis, SIAM Classics in Applied Mathematics, SIAM Press, 2002.
Stability theory
Dynamical systems
Principles |
4021740 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacana%20language | Tacana language | Tacana is a Western Tacanan language spoken by some 1,800 Tacana people in Bolivia out of an ethnic population of 5,000. They live in the forest along the Beni and Madre de Dios rivers in the north of La Paz Department. Numerous dialects, now extinct, have been attributed to Tacana: Ayaychuna, Babayana, Chiliuvo, Chivamona, Idiama (Ixiama), Pamaino, Pasaramona, Saparuna, Siliama, Tumupasa (Maracani, "Tupamasa"), Uchupiamona, Yabaypura, and Yubamona (Mason 1950).
Phonology
Consonants
Vowels
External links
Tacana dictionary online from IDS (select simple or advanced browsing)
Tacana (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)
Languages of Bolivia
Tacanan languages |
4021746 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescent%20Hill | Crescent Hill | Crescent Hill may refer to the following:
Crescent Hill, Louisville - a neighborhood in Louisville, Kentucky
Crescent Hill (Springfield) - a neighborhood and historic district in Springfield, Massachusetts
Crescent Hill, Missouri, an unincorporated community |
4021751 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniston%20and%20Atlantic%20Railroad | Anniston and Atlantic Railroad | The Anniston and Atlantic Railroad was a 53-mile narrow-gauge railroad built between Anniston and Sylacauga, Alabama via Talladega and Murphy.
It was founded by A.L. Tyler of Anniston, who obtained a charter on August 17, 1883, and opened the 30-mile stretch between Anniston and Talladega on May 15, 1884. An extension to Sycamore, Alabama, was opened on September 15, 1884, and to Sylacauga, Alabama, on December 1, 1886. The line was built to haul timber, charcoal and iron ore to Anniston, where it could be transferred to the standard-gauge Southern Railway.
The Louisville and Nashville Railroad purchased the line in 1890 along with the associated standard-gauge Anniston and Cincinnati Railroad. To this, the L&N added the Shelby Iron Company's railroad to create the Alabama Mineral Railroad. The A&A's narrow-gauge track was converted to standard gauge later that year. Much of the right-of-way still exists as part of the CSX Corporation's trackage in the area.
References
3 ft gauge railways in the United States
Defunct Alabama railroads
Narrow gauge railroads in Alabama
Predecessors of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad
Railway companies established in 1883
Railway companies disestablished in 1890
American companies disestablished in 1890
American companies established in 1883 |
4021753 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight%20to%20be%20Free | Fight to be Free | Fight to be Free may refer to:
"Fight to be Free", song by Nuclear Assault 1988
Fight to be Free, EP by The Hoax (band) 2009
"Fight to Be Free", Shadow Warriors cover on Maximum Overload (DragonForce album) |
4021758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20E.%20Wall | Daniel E. Wall | Daniel E. Wall is the Civil Service Commission President in New York. He was appointed to the position in 2004 by Gov. George Pataki. As commission president, Wall also served as Commissioner of the Department of Civil Service (he no longer holds the title).
For six years prior to being named commission president, Wall served as Executive Deputy Commissioner of Civil Service. From 1995 to 1998, Wall was the Civil Service Department's General Counsel. Prior to joining the Pataki Administration, Wall was an attorney on Long Island.
References
State cabinet secretaries of New York (state)
New York (state) Republicans
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people |
4021767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Edward%20Beevor | Charles Edward Beevor | Charles Edward Beevor (12 June 1854 – 5 December 1908) was an English neurologist and anatomist who described Beevor's sign, the Jaw jerk reflex, and the area of the brain supplied by the anterior choroidal artery. He also coined Beevor's axiom that "the brain does not know muscles, only movements."
Biography
He was born in London to Charles Beevor, FRCS and Elizabeth (née Burrell) and educated at Blackheath Proprietary School and University College London. He trained in medicine at University College Hospital and the University of London, graduating MB in 1879 and MD in 1881. He took the post of Resident Medical Officer at the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic, becoming Assistant Physician and then full Physician. He was also Physician for many years to the Great Northern Central Hospital.
In 1907, he became president of the Neurological Society. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1888 and delivered their Croonian Lecture in 1903 On Muscular Movements and their Representation in the Central Nervous System.
Publication
He published the Handbook on Diseases of the Nervous System in 1898.
References
1854 births
1908 deaths
English biologists
English anatomists
Alumni of University College London
People educated at Blackheath Proprietary School |
4021768 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telluric%20Chaos | Telluric Chaos | Telluric Chaos is a live album by the reunited Iggy Pop & The Stooges. It chronicles the closing date of the band's first ever Japanese tour, which took place on March 22, 2004, at the Shibuya AX in Tokyo. The album documents a typical reunited Stooges set, primarily drawn from the band's first two albums (including all of Fun House) with no material from the James Williamson era (Raw Power, Kill City). This live set also includes some of the first live performances of three of the four Stooges reunion tracks from Iggy Pop's 2003 solo album Skull Ring plus one brand new song, "My Idea of Fun" (a finalized version appears on their 2007 studio album The Weirdness).
Track listing
All songs written by Iggy Pop, Ron Asheton, Dave Alexander and Scott Asheton except as noted.
"Loose" – 3:56
"Down on the Street" – 4:23
"1969" – 3:40
"I Wanna Be Your Dog" – 5:37
"TV Eye" – 5:11
"Dirt" – 3:52
"Real Cool Time" – 3:08
"No Fun" – 4:12
"1970" (Pop, R. Asheton, Alexander, S. Asheton, Steve Mackay) – 6:14
"Fun House / L.A. Blues" (Pop, R. Asheton, Alexander, S. Asheton, Mackay) – 7:19
"Skull Ring" (Pop, R. Asheton, S. Asheton) – 5:07
"Dead Rock Star" (Pop, R. Asheton, S. Asheton) – 4:18
"Little Electric Chair" (Pop, R. Asheton, S. Asheton) – 5:16
"Little Doll" – 5:07
"My Idea of Fun" (Pop, R. Asheton, S. Asheton) – 5:04
"I Wanna Be Your Dog" (version two) – 3:50
"Not Right" – 3:07
Personnel
The Stooges (remaining 1969/1970 line-up):
Iggy Pop - vocals
Ron Asheton - electric guitar
Scott Asheton - drums
with
Mike Watt - bass guitar
Steve Mackay - saxophone
References
The Stooges albums
2005 live albums |
4021769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert%20Vandal | Albert Vandal | Albert Count Vandal (7 July 1853, Paris – 30 August 1910, Paris) was a French historian, born in Paris. He wrote:
En karriole à travers la Suède et la Norvège (1876)
Louis XV et Elizabeth de Russie (1882)
Ambassade française en Orient sous Louis XV (1887)
Napoléon et Alexandre Ier (three volumes, 1894-97), awarded the Vaubert prize
Les voyages du Marquis de Nointel (1900)
L'avènement de Bonaparte'' (1902)
Vandal was elected to the Académie française in 1897, and he succeeded his teacher and friend, Albert Sorel as professor at the school of political science.
External links
Short biography
1853 births
1910 deaths
Writers from Paris
19th-century French historians
19th-century French writers
French educators
Members of the Académie Française
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Members of the Ligue de la patrie française
French male non-fiction writers |
4021779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty%20Harry%20%28film%20series%29 | Dirty Harry (film series) | Dirty Harry is an American neo-noir vigilante action thriller film series featuring San Francisco Police Department Homicide Division Inspector "Dirty" Harry Callahan. There are five films: Dirty Harry (1971), Magnum Force (1973), The Enforcer (1976), Sudden Impact (1983) and The Dead Pool (1988). Clint Eastwood portrayed Callahan in all five films and directed Sudden Impact.
Callahan is notorious for his unorthodox, violent and ruthless methods against the criminals and killers he is assigned to apprehend. At the same time, he is assigned a partner who is usually either killed or seriously injured during the film.
Films
Dirty Harry (1971)
Dirty Harry (1971) was directed by Don Siegel and starred Clint Eastwood as Harry Callahan. Harry tracks serial killer Scorpio (loosely based on the Zodiac killer). Eastwood's iconic portrayal of the blunt-speaking, unorthodox detective set the style for a number of his subsequent roles, and its box-office success led to the production of four sequels. The "alienated cop" motif was subsequently imitated by a number of other films. At the beginning of the film, Callahan corners a bank robber and says, "You've got to ask yourself a question: 'Do I feel lucky?'. Well, do ya, punk?". The line became famous, although often misquoted as "Do you feel lucky, punk?"; the second movie, Magnum Force, opens with Harry asking, "Do you feel lucky?"
It was the fourth-highest-grossing film of 1971 after Fiddler on the Roof, The French Connection, and Diamonds Are Forever.
Magnum Force (1973)
Magnum Force (1973) was directed by Ted Post. The main theme of this film is vigilante justice, and the plot revolves around a group of renegade traffic cops who are executing criminals who have avoided conviction in court. Despite Harry's penchant for strong-arm methods, he does not tolerate coldblooded murder of the accused and resolves to stop the killers. In this film, Harry's catch-phrase is "A good man's got to know his limitations".
The Enforcer (1976)
The Enforcer (1976) was directed by James Fargo. In this film, Harry is teamed with a female partner with no field experience (in 1976, American women had only recently been allowed to fill patrol and investigative assignments in most police bureaus), Inspector Kate Moore (Tyne Daly), as they take on a terrorist ring calling themselves the People's Revolutionary Strike Force. Harry opposes introducing inexperienced officers to the dangers of police work, whether male or female, and sees the homicide division as too dangerous for his new partner, who worked until recently in the personnel department. Though Moore starts out overenthusiastic, she soon proves herself valuable to Harry, and matures quickly, earning Harry's respect in the process.
Sudden Impact (1983)
Sudden Impact (1983) was directed by Clint Eastwood. Aging, but still bitter, Callahan is sent to a small town to follow up a lead in a murder case, which leads him directly to a rape victim who is out to avenge herself and her catatonic sister by killing the people who sexually assaulted them. The film is notable for Callahan's catchphrase, "Go ahead, make my day".
The Dead Pool (1988)
The Dead Pool (1988) was directed by Buddy Van Horn. Harry finds that he is among the subjects of a dead pool, a game betting on deaths of celebrities. Someone tries to rig the game by killing the celebrities on one player's list. Harry's catch phrase in this movie was "You're shit out of luck".
After this film, Eastwood retired from playing the Dirty Harry character, as he felt his age (58 in 1988) would make Harry a parody.
Cast and crew
Cast
Reception
Critical and public response
Influence on other productions
Sin City: That Yellow Bastard
Frank Miller, creator of the Sin City graphic novels, revealed in an interview that he created the Sin City story-arc That Yellow Bastard out of his dislike of The Dead Pool. Miller said: "When I went to see the last Dirty Harry movie, The Dead Pool, I was disgusted. I went out and said, this is not a Dirty Harry movie, this is nothing, this is a pale sequel." and I also said, "that's not the last Dirty Harry story, I will show you the last Dirty Harry story." Another character in That Yellow Bastard story is Nancy Callahan, named after Harry Callahan.
Bruce Willis played Hartigan, the "Dirty Harry of the story", in the Sin City (2005) film.
The Protector
This 1985 film featuring Jackie Chan was Chan's second American feature film. The movie was noted for being similar to the Dirty Harry series, with inspiration taken there from by director James Glickenhaus.
The Rookie
Directed by and co-starring Clint Eastwood; the film features an aging, tough cop who partners with a rookie cop, played by Charlie Sheen. Upon the film's release critics and audiences noted the similarities between Eastwood's two characters.
Gran Torino
Eastwood returned to acting after a four-year self-imposed hiatus in this 2008 film, which he also directed, produced, and partly scored with his son Kyle and Jamie Cullum. Eastwood plays Walt Kowalski, a recently widowed Korean War veteran alienated from his family and angry at the world. Walt's young neighbor, Thao Vang Lor, is pressured into stealing Walt's prized 1972 Ford Gran Torino by his cousin for his initiation into a gang. Walt thwarts the theft and subsequently develops a relationship with the boy and his family.
Biographer Marc Eliot called Eastwood's role "an amalgam of the Man with No Name, Dirty Harry, and William Munny, here, aged and cynical, but willing and able to fight on whenever the need arose". Manohla Dargis compared Eastwood's presence on film to Dirty Harry and the Man with No Name, stating, "Dirty Harry is back, in a way, in Gran Torino, not as a character but as a ghostly presence. He hovers in the film, in its themes and high-caliber imagery, and of course, most obviously in Mr. Eastwood's face. It is a monumental face now, so puckered and pleated that it no longer looks merely weathered, as it has for decades, but seems closer to petrified wood."
Tania Modleski, author of Clint Eastwood and Male Weepies, said, "[f]or many reviewers, Gran Torino represents the final step in Eastwood's repudiation of the Dirty Harry persona. If Unforgiven ends up being equivocal in its attitude toward violence and vigilantism, Gran Torino appears to accept the impotence of the lone, avenging hero" and that the impotence "is perhaps underlined by Walt's repeated gesture of pointing his finger at villains as if it were a gun." Amy Biancolli of the Houston Chronicle said that though Walt, an "old fart", does not have the same name as Dirty Harry, "there's no mistaking the rasp in his voice or the uncompromising crankiness of his Weltanschauung." Tom Charity of CNN said of Walt, "Like other Eastwood heroes before him, Walt sacrifices his independence by accepting that others depend on him." John Serba of The Grand Rapids Press said that Walt, who is "bitter, hopelessly cranky," "shares a sense of moral certainty" with Callahan, but that Walt "is infused with the wisdom and weariness" that Callahan does not have.
Home media
Warner Home Video owns rights to the Dirty Harry series. The five films have been remastered for DVD three times — in 1998, 2001 and 2008. They have been packaged in several DVD box sets. The Dirty Harry films made their high-definition debuts with the 2008 Blu-ray discs. Warner's marketing plan calls for only "The Dead Pool" film to be available as a separate Blu-ray, requiring fans who want the other four movies in high definition to buy the box set. In 2010 all five movies were released as a Blu-ray box set, "Clint Eastwood Dirty Harry Collection".
Other media
Novels
In the early 1980s, Warner Books published twelve books, authored under the pseudonym Dane Hartman, that further the adventures of Dirty Harry. The novels were later translated into French in the 1990s, as the Collection Supercops.
Video games
In 1995 Williams Electronic Games (WMS) created a Dirty Harry pinball machine, inspired by the 1971 film. 4,248 units were manufactured. Notable features include a gun handle shooter, a moving cannon used to shoot playfield targets and custom audio callouts recorded by Clint Eastwood. Game modes, sounds and dot matrix animations reflect events in the film, such as a car chase, barroom brawl, defusing bombs and "Feel Lucky" mode.
Dirty Harry: The War Against Drugs is a 1990 video game based on Dirty Harry film series. It incorporates several references to the film series.
Dirty Harry, originally scheduled for a 2007 release, is a canceled video game by The Collective based on the 1971 film of the same name.
References
External links
Dirty Harry filming locations
San Francisco in Cinema: Dirty Harry
The Best Dirty Harry Movies from American Movie Classics
Film series introduced in 1971
Action film series
American police detective films
Warner Bros. Pictures franchises
American vigilante films
1970s English-language films
1980s English-language films |
4021780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handle%20with%20Care%20%28Nuclear%20Assault%20album%29 | Handle with Care (Nuclear Assault album) | Handle with Care is the third studio album by American thrash metal band Nuclear Assault released in 1989. This is the band's most successful and best-selling album to date, peaking at number 126 on the Billboard 200, making it their highest position so far. "Critical Mass" was released as a single to promote the album.
Reception
Reviews for Handle with Care have been mostly positive. AllMusic's Eduardo Rivadavia awards the album four-and-a-half stars out of five and describes it as "a record which stands the test of time as one of the East Coast's best offerings to the thrash metal genre." Rivadavia also praises Handle with Care a "perfect introduction, and pretty much all one will ever need from Nuclear Assault", while he describes "Critical Mass," "F♮ (Wake Up)," and "When Freedom Dies" as "outstanding thrashers."
Handle with Care entered the Billboard 200 album charts in February 1990, three months after its release. The album peaked at number 126 and remained on the chart for 24 weeks.
Handle with Care was ranked at number seven on Loudwire'''s top ten list of "Thrash Albums NOT Released by the Big 4".
Anecdotes
The sentence "The svastika is calling you", which is heard at the very end of the song "Torture Tactics", is taken from the movie The Blues Brothers. This sentence is yelled on the megaphone by the head of the Illinois Nazi Party (played by Henry Gibson) during the scene of the bridge. "Torture Tactics" being a very caricatured political song towards Nazis, this sentence is suited, since The Blues Brothers is a caricatured movie too.
Track listing
Tracks 13-18 taken from the Live at the Hammersmith Odeon'' album
Personnel
Nuclear Assault
John Connelly – guitar, vocals
Anthony Bramante – lead guitar
Dan Lilker – bass
Glenn Evans – drums
Additional musicians
Barry Stern, Mo Alonso, Ron Holzner – backing vocals
Production
Randy Burns – producer
Casey McMakin – engineer
Larry Malchose, Steve Heinke – assistant engineers
References
1989 albums
Nuclear Assault albums |
4021782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Gantner%20%28DE-60%29 | USS Gantner (DE-60) | USS Gantner (DE-60/APD-42), a of the United States Navy, was named in honor of Boatswain's Mate Samuel Merritt Gantner (1919-1941), who was killed in action during the Japanese attack on the Hawaiian Islands.
Gantner was launched on 17 April 1943 by the Bethlehem Steel Company, Quincy, Massachusetts, sponsored by Mrs. Samuel M. Gantner, widow of Boatswain's Mate Gantner; commissioned at the Boston Navy Yard on 23 July 1943, with Lieutenant Commander Barklie M. Henry in command.
Service history
World War II, 1943–1945
After shakedown out of Bermuda, Gantner escorted SS George Washington from Puerto Rico to New York, arriving there on 1 December 1943. She departed New York on 26 December 1943 as a part of the escort for a convoy which reached Derry, Northern Ireland on 8 January 1944. She returned to New York on 24 January and by 8 October had made seven more trans-Atlantic escort voyages from that port to Derry.
Following repairs in the Boston Naval Shipyard and battle practice in Casco Bay, Gantner departed Boston on 3 November 1944 escorting fleet tug and towing concrete repair dock ARDC-1 to Cristóbal, Canal Zone. She then proceeded to Miami, Florida, to serve as floating school ship in waters extending to the Bahamas and Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. She departed Miami on 19 February 1945 for conversion to a Charles Lawrence-class high speed transport in the New York Naval Shipyard. She was reclassified APD-42 on 23 February 1945.
Gantner departed New York on 14 May 1945 for amphibious warfare landing exercises in the Chesapeake Bay area until 2 June, then proceeded via the Panama Canal and San Diego to Pearl Harbor where she reported for duty with the 5th Amphibious Force, Pacific Fleet, on 28 June. After training Underwater Demolition Teams in Maalea Bay until 3 August, she embarked UDT-3 at San Diego and sailed for the Far East via Hawaii and the Marshall Islands to Japan, entering Tokyo Bay on 4 September. Her frogmen reconnoitered beaches and reported on suitability of landing Army occupation forces at Shiogama Wan and Ominato Ko, Honshū, Japan. From 30 September to 7 October 1945, her swimmers made surveys for the Port Director, Otaru, Hokkaidō with the help of United States Army advance parties ashore.
Gantner departed Tokyo Bay on 12 October 1945 to embark a returning Marine contingent at Apra Harbor, Guam, and sailed thence via the Marshalls and Hawaii to San Diego where she disembarked military passengers on 1 November 1945.
1946–1949
For the next three years she was based at San Diego, largely employed as an amphibious warfare training ship for Marines. From 26 January to 6 March 1946 she made a cruise from San Diego with the 1st Marine Division Reconnaissance Detachment for cold weather maneuvers that took her to Kodiak, Juneau, Tolstoi Bay and Clarence Strait, Alaska. Her amphibious schedule on the California coast was again interrupted on 28 October–18 November 1948 by a cruise northward to act as guard ship on weather and air-sea rescue patrol station for Navy patrol planes scouting north to Seattle, and thence back to San Francisco.
Gantner resumed her amphibious training out of San Diego until 19 January 1949 when she sailed for Shanghai, China. She reached her destination on 14 February and served on station at the Chinese ports of Shanghai, Nanking and Tsingtao. Departing the last named port on 7 April, she accompanied the escort carrier to Yokosuka, Japan, then sailed via Guam and Pearl Harbor for the west coast, arriving at San Diego on 4 May 1949.
Decommissioning and sale to the Republic of China
Gantner was decommissioned on 2 August 1949, and was assigned to the San Diego Group, Pacific Reserve Fleet. She was struck from the Navy List on 15 January 1966. On 22 February 1966, Gantner was sold to Nationalist China under the Military Assistance Program.
The ex-Gantner collided on 17 April 1966 with ex-Walter B. Cobb (former APD-106), while both were under tow to Taiwan, resulting in the loss of ex-Walter B. Cobb. Ex-Gantner was commissioned into the Republic of China Navy in May 1966 as frigate Wen Shan (PF-34). With a different hull number, 834, Wen Shan was scrapped in 1991.
References
External links
Buckley-class destroyer escorts
Ships built in Quincy, Massachusetts
1943 ships
World War II frigates and destroyer escorts of the United States
Charles Lawrence-class high speed transports
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Cold War amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Charles Lawrence-class high speed transports of the Republic of China Navy |
4021783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPTH | KPTH | KPTH (channel 44) is a television station in Sioux City, Iowa, United States, affiliated with Fox and CBS. It is owned by the Sinclair Broadcast Group, which provides certain services to Dabl affiliate KMEG (channel 14) under a shared services agreement (SSA) with Waitt Broadcasting. The two stations share studios along I-29 (postal address says Gold Circle) in Dakota Dunes, South Dakota; KPTH's transmitter is located in unincorporated Plymouth County, Iowa east of James and US 75 along the Woodbury County line.
History
The station signed on May 9, 1999 as the market's fifth television outlet. Airing an analog signal on UHF channel 44, KPTH, originally owned by Pappas Telecasting, immediately joined Fox. Prior to KPTH's launch, future sister station KMEG carried a secondary affiliation with the network; additional coverage was provided via the network's affiliates in Sioux Falls, Omaha, and Des Moines, all of which carried the network's programs in pattern. Initially at its sign-on, channel 44 only covered the Sioux City metro area before increasing to full-power in October 1999. This upgrade extended the station's coverage to include the 23 counties that make up the Sioux City designated market area. KPTH quickly became Siouxland's most-watched station and was a member of the "Fox #1 Club" in 2004 and 2005. The station also began to air the entire Fox lineup nightly.
In May 2005, Waitt Broadcasting (owner of KMEG) entered into a shared services agreement with Pappas Telecasting. Although KPTH was designated the senior partner in the arrangement, it moved into KMEG's facility. In November 2007, Waitt announced it would sell KMEG to Siouxland Television, LLC, with Pappas continuing to operate it as part of the deal. However, Pappas' Sioux City duopoly was among the company's thirteen stations which filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. As a result, the sale of KMEG to Siouxland Television fell through. On January 16, 2009, it was announced several of the Pappas stations involved in the bankruptcy (including KPTH) would be sold to New World TV Group after the transaction received United States bankruptcy court approval. The change in ownership was completed on October 15, 2009, and on that day, New World TV Group took over the SSA with KMEG.
TTBG announced the sale of most of its stations, including KPTH, to the Sinclair Broadcast Group on June 3, 2013. The sale was finalized on September 30.
Programming
Syndicated programming
Syndicated programming on KPTH includes Maury, Divorce Court, Hot Bench, Family Feud, and The Big Bang Theory, while syndicated programming seen on KPTH-DT3 includes Wheel of Fortune, Jeopardy! and Judge Judy.
News operation
On October 9, 2006, KMEG began producing a weeknight prime time newscast on KPTH. Known as Siouxland News at Nine on Fox 44, the broadcast can currently be seen for thirty minutes. Although KPTH is the senior partner in the SSA, KMEG produces the newscasts on both stations. On October 25, 2010, KMEG became the first station in the market to upgrade its news operation to 16:9 enhanced definition widescreen. Although not truly high definition, the broadcasts matched the ratio of HD television screens. The weeknight news at 9 on KPTH was included in the change. On April 15, 2013, KMEG and KPTH completed an upgrade to full high definition news broadcasts, two years after competitors KCAU-TV and KTIV.
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
On January 20, 2021, KPTH announced that CBS programming would move to its third subchannel, effective February 4, ending 54 years of the CBS affiliation on KMEG. To accommodate the switch, Charge! moved to the second subchannel of KMEG, replacing TBD, which joined MyNetworkTV on KPTH's second subchannel. Dabl programming moved to the first subchannel of KMEG, making it the primary affiliate.
Analog-to-digital conversion
KPTH shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 44, at noon on February 17, 2009, to conclude the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 49, using PSIP to display KPTH's virtual channel as 44 on digital television receivers.
Translators
KPTH's signal is repeated over two translators.
References
External links
KPTH/KMEG (can be entered into web-enabled mobile device for wireless access)
Television channels and stations established in 1999
1999 establishments in Iowa
PTH
Fox network affiliates
MyNetworkTV affiliates
This TV affiliates
CBS network affiliates
Sinclair Broadcast Group |
4021796 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takana | Takana | Takana is a forum of prominent personalities with the objective of fighting sexual abuse in the National Religious sector in Israel.
The forum came to the spotlight in February 2010 when it published a statement claiming that Rabbi Mordechai Elon was breaking his commitments to refrain from public activity, which followed complaints of sexual misconduct.
In 2008 the forum was involved in the Makor Rishon exposé of Megirot and its founder, Sylvia Dahari.
Criticism
The forum has been criticized for allowing the religious community to settle matters "in-house" rather than have alleged offenders subject to open public investigation.
References
Jewish organizations
Sexual abuse victims advocacy
2003 establishments in Israel |
4021817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie%20Wilson%20%28American%20actress%29 | Marie Wilson (American actress) | Marie Wilson (born Katherine Elizabeth Wilson; August 19, 1916 – November 23, 1972) was an American radio, film, and television actress. She may be best remembered as the title character in My Friend Irma.
Early life
Wilson was born in Anaheim, California, on August 19, 1916. Her nickname at Anaheim High School was "Maybelle". Wilson graduated from high school in 1933.
Career
Radio
Although Wilson was afraid of the microphone used in radio, she played scatterbrained Irma Peterson in the radio comedy My Friend Irma from April 11, 1947, to August 23, 1954.
Film
Wilson began her career in Hollywood in the 1934 film Down to Their Last Yacht as a ship passenger, and then appeared in Babes in Toyland as Mary Quite Contrary. Wilson appeared in Ladies Crave Excitement (1935), The Girl Friend (1935), Stars Over Broadway (1935), Miss Pacific Fleet (1935), The Big Noise (1936), Melody for Two (1937), Boy Meets Girl (1938), Sweepstakes Winner (1939), Virginia (1941), She's in the Army (1942), You Can't Ration Love (1944), Young Widow (1946), and Never Wave at a WAC (1952).
In 1936, she played Miss Murgatroyd in Satan Met a Lady, a loose adaptation of the 1929 novel The Maltese Falcon by Dashiell Hammett. She was in The Great Garrick as Nicolle in 1937. Wilson was in Fools for Scandal as Myrtle in 1938. She was in Waterfront in 1939 as Ruby Waters.
In 1949, she played Irma Peterson in the film My Friend Irma, reprising her role from the radio series. In 1950, she again played Irma in My Friend Irma Goes West. In 1952, she played Jane Sweet in A Girl in Every Port, based on the short story They Sell Sailors Elephants by Frederick Hazlitt Brennan. In 1957, she played Marie Antoinette in The Story of Mankind, loosely based on the nonfiction book The Story of Mankind (1921) by Hendrik Willem van Loon. Wilson's last film was 1962's Mr. Hobbs Takes a Vacation, based on the novel by Edward Streeter.
Wilson also had roles in short films, including Bum Voyage (1934), Slide, Nellie, Slide (1936), Vitaphone Pictorial Revue (Series 2 No. 6) (1938), and Vitaphone Pictorial Revue (Series 2 No. 12).
Television
Wilson first appeared on television in the series My Friend Irma from 1952 to 1954. She was in two episodes of Burke's Law. Wilson was in the short-lived television series Where's Huddles?. Her last role was in 1972 as Margaret Cooperman in Love, American Style. Wilson was a guest on The Ed Sullivan Show on four occasions.
Stage
In June and July 1950, Wilson portrayed Lady Teazle in a production of School for Scandal at the Circle Theater in Hollywood. She appeared with her husband, Allan Nixon, who played Charles Surface.
Walk of Fame
Wilson's talents have been recognized with three stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame: for radio at 6301 Hollywood Boulevard, for television at 6765 Hollywood Boulevard, and for movies at 6601 Hollywood Boulevard.
Sculpture
Wilson's left leg was the model for a 35-ft (sometimes referred to as 34-ft), two-ton sculpture outside the Theme Hosiery (later Sanderson Hoisery) plant on Olympic and Barrington in West Los Angeles. The DuPont Co. commissioned the plaster leg, which was painted as if to be wearing nylons, to promote its new nylons product. Wilson was hoisted thigh-level at the sculpture's unveiling August 6, 1949.
Personal life
Wilson was married to actor Allan Nixon from 1942 to 1950. Her 1951 marriage to actor Robert Fallon lasted until her death from cancer at age 56. Wilson was interred in the Columbarium of Remembrance at Forest Lawn Cemetery in Hollywood Hills.
Filmography
Film
Film shorts/documentaries
Television
References
Notes
Original publisher Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. in 1929.
Citations
Sources
External links
Photographs and literature
"Everybody’s Friend: Remembering Stan Lee and Dan DeCarlo’s 'My Friend Irma,'" Hogan's Alley #16, 2009
1916 births
1972 deaths
Actresses from Anaheim, California
American film actresses
American radio personalities
American radio actresses
American television actresses
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills)
Deaths from cancer in California
Actresses from California
20th-century American actresses |
4021831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unni%20appam | Unni appam | Unni appam, (Malayalam:ഉണ്ണിയപ്പം) is a small round snack made from rice, jaggery, banana, roasted coconut pieces, roasted sesame seeds, ghee and cardamom powder fried in oil. Variations of this organic and spongy fried batter using jackfruit preserves instead of banana is common from the late 2000s. It is a popular snack in Kerala. In Malayalam, unni means small and appam means rice cake.
See also
Neyyappam
Poffertjes Similar Dutch pancake made out of Buckwheat
Paddu also known as Kuzhipaniyaram.
Takoyaki a Japanese dish similar to it
Serabi an Indonesian pancake, Thai version is known as khanom khrok
References
External links
Melt in the golden hues of Unniyappam, an article in Manorama online
Mathrubhumi article about Karolappam or Unniyappam
Kerala cuisine
Indian desserts
Snack foods
Foods containing coconut |
4021838 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudden%20Impact%20%28disambiguation%29 | Sudden Impact (disambiguation) | Sudden Impact is a 1983 Dirty Harry film starring Clint Eastwood.
Sudden Impact may also refer to:
Sudden Impact (truck), a monster truck
Sudden Impact (TV series), a 2008 Australian documentary series
Sudden Impact! Entertainment Company, an American theatrical attractions company
UFC: Sudden Impact, a 2004 mixed martial arts video game |
4021852 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuar%20language | Shuar language | Shuar, which literally means "people", also known by such (now derogatory) terms as Chiwaro, Jibaro, Jivaro, or Xivaro, is an indigenous language spoken by the Shuar people of Morona Santiago Province and Pastaza Province in the Ecuadorian Amazon basin.
History
Twelve Indigenous languages of Ecuador are spoken today, one of which is Shuar. For the past four decades, the Shuar language has been noted for its link with several political groups.
The name “Shuar” shared among the people and their language was first revealed to the Spaniards in the 17th century. The Shuar language, as it stands today, is considered part of the Jivaroan language tree, and embodies one of the most well-known tribal groups in the Amazonian jungle region.
Radio schools
The geographical remoteness within the Ecuadorian rainforest isolates the Shuar and has widely scattered the people from one another. As a result, in the late 1960s, radio schools were formed to promote communication and education in both Spanish and Shuar. This inadvertently transformed into a language revitalization initiative for the Shuar people. Radio schools were shut down in 2001 and replaced with formal bilingual in-class teaching.
Phonology
Consonants
Vowels/Nasals
Literature
The Constitution of Ecuador has been translated in its entirety into the Shuar language. Its official name in Shuar is .
Sample text
The following text is an official translation of part of Article 2 of the Constitution of Ecuador which stipulates the language policy of the State.
Translation in English: "Article 2.- ... Spanish is Ecuador's official language; Spanish, Kichwa and Shuar are official languages for intercultural ties. The other ancestral languages are in official use by indigenous peoples in the areas where they live and in accordance with the terms set forth by law. The State shall respect and encourage their preservation and use."
References
Turner, Glen D. (1958): "Alternative phonemicizing in Jivaro", in International Journal of American Linguistics 24, 2, pp. 87–94.
External links
Shuar Language Guide
The Bible in Shuar
Chicham languages
Languages of Ecuador |
4021854 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something%20Wicked%20%28album%29 | Something Wicked (album) | Something Wicked is the fifth studio album by American thrash metal band Nuclear Assault, released on February 23, 1993 by I.R.S. Records.
This is the first and only album not to feature founding members Dan Lilker and Anthony Bramante, as they departed in 1992 before the recording process began. Their replacements, Scott Metaxas and Dave DiPietro, were both part of the final Prophet line-up that recorded the Recycled album; DiPietro had also previously played in T.T. Quick with drummer Glenn Evans. Something Wicked would also be Nuclear Assault's final studio album for 12 years, until the release of Third World Genocide in 2005.
The record is considered a slight departure from the band's early hardcore punk/thrash metal roots, by incorporating a slower groove metal sound. The title track was released as a music video. The song is featured in the end credits of the 1993 film Warlock: The Armageddon and in the 2017 film It.
Track listing
All songs written and composed by Nuclear Assault
Credits
Nuclear Assault
John Connelly – vocals, guitar
Dave DiPietro – guitar, backing vocals
Scott Metaxas – bass, backing vocals
Glenn Evans – drums
Guest musicians
Steve Hunter – special performance on "Behind Glass Walls"
Karl Cochran – 12-string guitar on "No Time"
Ray Gillen, Allan Anderson, Michael Sterlacci – gang vocals
Production
Scott Gordon – engineer
George Marino – mastering at Sterling Sound, New York
References
Nuclear Assault albums
1993 albums
I.R.S. Records albums |
4021867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willards | Willards | Willards may refer to:
In organizations
Members of the Lincoln-Lee Legion, an early 20th-century temperance group
In places
Willards, Maryland, a town in the United States
Willards, a former Los Angeles chicken restaurant that Cecil B. DeMille and partners bought in 1940 and converted to the Los Feliz Brown Derby
See also
Willard (disambiguation) |
4021869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYKE-CD | WYKE-CD | WYKE-CD (channel 47) is a low-power, Class A television station licensed to both Inglis and Yankeetown, Florida, United States, two cities in Levy County—part of the Gainesville market—but serving Citrus County, part of the Tampa Bay market. It is a translator of Clearwater-based WCLF (channel 22), the flagship station of the Christian Television Network (CTN).
History
The station was founded in 1982 as W49AI (channel 49). It was owned by the Citrus County Association for Retarded Citizens, a non-profit organization that assists handicapped and disabled people in Citrus County. The station repeated the TV signal of Orlando's WOFL, with some shows replaced with local programming. However, it did not carry WOFL's late-night programming, as it left the air around midnight. W49AI became a Fox affiliate when WOFL did in 1986.
W49AI dropped Fox and WOFL around 1991, when Ocala's WOGX affiliated with the Fox network. At that point, it offered more local programming, plus shows from other satellite networks, like America One (later Youtoo America, now YTA TV) and My Family TV. WYKE has also aired religious programming from Faith TV and Orlando independent station WACX.
In May 1995, W49AI became WYKE-LP, named after the Key Training Center in Inverness, where Citrus County's handicapped learn basic occupational skills for employment.
On February 9, 2005, WYKE relocated to channel 47 and became a Class A station (though they kept the "-LP" suffix). Soon after, on March 21, the station completed a flash-cut to digital, becoming one of the first licensed digital Class A stations in the United States. However, the station would not adopt a "-CD" suffix until 2009.
On December 10, 2021, it was announced that CTN would purchase WYKE-CD for $1 million; the sale was completed on March 15, 2022.
News operation
WYKE aired a half hour morning show called Citrus Today, hosted by Dennis Miller. Originally called Citrus Sunrise, the show aired weekdays at 9:30 a.m. and featured local news and public affairs segments.
In the past, the station has aired simulcasts of Gainesville ABC affiliate WCJB's morning, evening, and late newscasts.
References
External links
The Key Training Center
Low-power television stations in the United States
YKE-CD
Television channels and stations established in 1982
1982 establishments in Florida
Christian Television Network affiliates
Citrus County, Florida |
4021872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20Clotilde | Santa Clotilde | Santa Clotilde (Portuguese for Saint Clotilde) is a village in the eastern part of São Tomé Island in São Tomé and Príncipe. Its population is 112 (2012 census). It lies 6 km west of Santana.
References
Populated places in Cantagalo District |
4021883 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millie%20%28dog%29 | Millie (dog) | Mildred "Millie" Kerr Bush (January 12, 1985 – May 19, 1997) was the pet English Springer Spaniel of Barbara and George H. W. Bush. She was named for Mildred Caldwell Kerr, a long-time friend of the Bushes, which is also the name of Kerr's granddaughter, Millie Kerr.
Millie was referred to as "the most famous dog in White House history." Bush mentioned her in a speech during his 1992 bid for re-election, saying "My dog Millie knows more about foreign affairs than these two bozos" in reference to opposition candidates Bill Clinton and Al Gore.
Millie is credited as the author of Millie's Book, which was released in August 1990 and reached No. 1 on the New York Times bestseller nonfiction list that same year. In 1989, Millie gave birth to a litter of six puppies with the assistance of U.S. Army veterinarian Stephen Caldwell, including Spot Fetcher and Ranger, who became President George H. W. Bush's dog. Ranger was euthanized in April 1993 due to cancer. Spot would later become another presidential pet when George W. Bush moved into the White House.
Millie was portrayed in an episode of Murphy Brown as well as an episode of Wings and Who's The Boss. Millie also made a cameo appearance in The Simpsons 1996 episode "Two Bad Neighbors" in a scene where the former President Bush is jogging with some of his new neighbors.
Millie died of pneumonia in 1997 at age 12 at the Bush Compound in Kennebunkport, Maine.
A dog park in Houston, Texas is named after Millie.
See also
Sully (dog), a dog owned by Bush later in life
United States presidential pets
List of individual dogs
References
Individual dogs in politics
George H. W. Bush
1985 animal births
1997 animal deaths
Spaniels
Deaths from pneumonia in Maine
United States presidential dogs |
4021889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alive%20Again%20%28Nuclear%20Assault%20album%29 | Alive Again (Nuclear Assault album) | Alive Again is a live album by Nuclear Assault released in 2003.
Track listing
"Rise from the Ashes"
"Brainwashed"
"F#"
"New Song"
"Critical Mass"
"Sin"
"Betrayal"
"Radiation Sickness"
"Game Over"
"Butt Fuck"
"Trail of Tears"
"Hang the Pope"
Musicians
John Connelly - guitar and lead vocals
Dan Lilker - bass and backing vocals
Anthony Bramante - guitar
Glenn Evans - drums
Eric Paone - lead and rhythm guitars on 'Radiation Sickness'
References
2003 live albums
Nuclear Assault albums
SPV/Steamhammer live albums |
4021896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich%20Klagges | Dietrich Klagges | Dietrich Klagges () (1 February 1891 – 12 November 1971) was a Nazi Party politician and from 1933 to 1945 the appointed premier (Ministerpräsident) of the now abolished Free State of Brunswick. He also went by the pseudonym Rudolf Berg.
He is responsible for giving Adolf Hitler citizenship of Germany in 1932.
Youth and early career
Klagges was the youngest of a forest ranger's seven children. He underwent training as a volksschule teacher at the teaching seminary at Soest. He enrolled for military service in the 15th Infantry Regiment, headquartered in Minden, but was injured and discharged with a partial disability. He then worked as a teacher in Harpen near Bochum. After the First World War broke out, he re-enlisted in the 13th Infantry Regiment on 15 January 1915. He saw action on the western front but was badly wounded with a gunshot wound to the right thigh on 1 April 1915. He saw no further action and, after release from the hospital, was discharged on 31 July 1916. He returned to teaching, this time in Wilster in Holstein.
In 1918 he joined the German National People's Party (DNVP) and stayed with the party until 1924. After leaving the DNVP, Klagge was for a short time a member of the extreme right-wing German Völkisch Freedom Party (Deutschvölkische Freiheitspartei), which had been founded late in 1922. He soon left it, eventually joining the NSDAP on 13 June 1925 (membership number 7,646). From 1926 until 1930 he worked as a deputy headmaster at a middle school in Benneckenstein (now in Saxony-Anhalt), where from 1928 to 1930 he also served as the Ortsgruppenleiter of the Party's local branch. Because of his membership in the Party, he was dismissed from the Prussian school service and stripped of his pension. In the same year, he first rose to prominence in Braunschweig, where he busied himself as a Nazi propaganda speechmaker.
Writings
From 1921 on, Klagges was busy writing völkisch, antidemocratic, and anti-Semitic writings which appeared in right-wing newspapers and the like. He wrote for example for Die völkische Schule or Deutschlands Erneuerung and was himself the publisher of the magazine Nordlicht. His partly theological publications were moulded by radical religious racism.
Nazi political offices in Brunswick
In the Landtag election in the state of Brunswick on 14 September 1930, the Nazi party emerged as the third strongest party, and entered into a coalition government with other conservative parties, including the German National People's Party.
Regierungsrat
On 1 January 1931 Klagges was appointed Regierungsrat (Government Counselor), a lower ranked government official, in the Education Ministry by Anton Franzen, the Nazi Interior and Education Minister of the Brunswick Free State. After long political quarrels and intrigues, however, Franzen had to step down only a few months later, and this triggered an internal political crisis in the Free State, threatening a coalition breakdown.
State Minister of the Interior and Education
Owing to the imminent crisis, Adolf Hitler personally intervened in the matter and gave the German National People's Party an ultimatum that, in the end, led to Klagges being appointed as State Minister for the Interior and Education in the Brunswick State Government on 15 September 1931. Shortly thereafter, in 1932, Klagges also became a member of the Reichstag. He would remain a Reichstag deputy until the end of the Nazi regime, first from electoral constituency 15, East Hanover, and after November 1933 from electoral constituency 16, South Hanover-Brunswick. Already in 1931, two years before the Nazis seized power, Klagges imposed professional bans against Social Democrats and Jews in the civil service, which struck, among others, many teaching staff at the Braunschweig Technical College.
Naturalizing Adolf Hitler
The City of Braunschweig bears the stigma of being responsible for the former Austrian citizen – and since 1925, at his instigation, stateless person – Adolf Hitler's getting his first official job on 25 February 1932. He was made a Regierungsrat (low-rank government official) at the Braunschweig State Culture and Surveying Office, stationed as a staff member of the Braunschweig legation in Berlin. This had the effect of granting Hitler German citizenship. The city itself, however, played no role in his "naturalization"; rather, it was the Free State government, in whose name this deed was done by the State Minister for the Interior and Education, namely NSDAP member Dietrich Klagges.
Unlike in the City of Braunschweig, by 1930, the Nazis were already quite politically influential in the Brunswick Free State. For Hitler, an appointment to a government office in Braunschweig was the only opportunity to obtain German citizenship, since the Free State was the only state in the Weimar Republic with Nazis in government who could influence and control the Führer's naturalization.
For this reason, the Free State's government – or more precisely its State Minister, Klagges – was given the direct request by the NSDAP party leadership for Hitler's naturalization. Joseph Goebbels referred to the matter in his diary on 4 February 1932: "The intention is to appoint the Führer an associate professor."
Professor Hitler
Klagges first tried to procure for Hitler an associate professorship in the made-up discipline of "Politics and Organic Sociology" at the Braunschweig Technical College. This plan soon leaked out to the public and then failed miserably in the face of opposition from, among others, the technical college's own leadership and educators themselves. (The now-renamed University of Braunschweig did not want someone who had never finished school.) The plan had to be dropped.
Without meaning to, Klagges had given the Nazi Party the very thing that they had wanted to avoid at all costs: their intentions had now been made public and Hitler had become a target of ridicule. Moreover, Hitler's reputation had been damaged – and not only in Braunschweig – and Klagges would later get the "bill" for it.
Regierungsrat Hitler
There followed yet another attempt to get Hitler a government job, this time by Dr. Wessels, a German People's Party (DVP) Member of the Reichstag, who suggested that a post be procured for Hitler in the Brunswick Legation at the Reichsrat in Berlin. This second try met with success in the end: On 25 February 1932, Hitler was successfully sworn in, making Hitler a citizen of Brunswick, and thus of Germany. At the same time, he won the right to stand as a candidate in the 1932 Reich presidential election.
In the Braunschweigische Landeszeitung newspaper, Klagges declared a short time later:
"If our participation in the government in Braunschweig had had no further success than procuring citizenship for our Führer' ' Adolf Hitler, then this fact alone is enough to prove the necessity of our participation in the government."
Hitler's job at the legation did not last long. On 16 February 1933 the new Reichskanzler requested in a short telegram discharge from the Brunswick State Service, which was promptly granted "effective immediately".
Break between Hitler and Klagges
Hitler's naturalization was supposed to be dealt with quickly and above all, inconspicuously, without the public getting any knowledge of it. However, with Klagges's clumsy way of doing things, the whole business grew into a farce for the later "Führer", since the first attempt failed miserably, and publicly. Only on the second try was the coup successful.
Hitler never forgave Klagges this public exposure and personal humiliation and settled the score with him on 17 July 1935 on his last visit to Braunschweig, which resulted in Klagges's de facto disempowerment. Henceforth, Klagges was to submit all plans to Reichsstatthalter Wilhelm Loeper in Dessau as well as Reichsminister Hanns Kerrl for approval, thereby being degraded to provincial politician and thrust off the stage of higher NSDAP politics. It is also likely that Klagges had only Hermann Göring's backing to thank for not being dismissed by Hitler on the spot.
Ministerpräsident and SS officer
On 6 May 1933, Klagges was appointed Ministerpräsident of the Free State of Brunswick by Reichsstatthalter Wilhelm Loeper. Klagges's formulated goal was the creation of a National Socialist model state. Only a few days later, the first book burnings took place in Braunschweig at the Schlossplatz. On 2 October 1933, Klagges was named to Hans Frank's Academy for German Law at its inaugural meeting. Klagges joined the Schutzstaffel (SS) on 27 January 1934 with the rank of SS-Gruppenführer and was posted to the staff of the 49th Standarte. On 1 April 1936, he was assigned to the staff of the Reichsführer-SS, and was promoted to SS-Obergruppenführer on 30 January 1942.
Nazi state model
Klagges's plans for a Nazi model state entailed the goal of further keeping Brunswick as independent as possible from Berlin's overlordship so that he could go on running his little "Reich" as he deemed fit, doing whatever he liked to do. For Brunswick was a small state, and part of Gau Southern Hanover-Brunswick, composed largely of the Prussian Province of Hanover and controlled by powerful Gauleiter Bernhard Rust. Klagges would not hear of his state being integrated into Prussia – as this would have put an end to his independence – despite Hitler's assurances that Brunswick would still be a cultural centre, and not merely part of a new proposed "Reichsgau Hannover." To hold onto – and broaden – his own power, Klagges next tried to bring into being a new Gau – one that would be independent of Hanover. It would include not only Brunswick but also the two Regierungsbezirks of Lüneburg and Hildesheim and would be called "Gau Ostfalen." Its capital would be Braunschweig and the Gauleiter would be, of course, himself. Klagges found support for his idea among Braunschweig educators, from the middle class, the chamber of commerce, and even the Protestant Church. Despite his efforts, his plan came to nothing and the administrative status quo remained.
During his tenure, Klagges undertook several steps to strengthen Braunschweig's political and economic position in Germany: as of June 1933, a new suburb of Braunschweig, the "Dietrich Klagges Garden City" (Gartenstadt Dietrich Klagges) was built. Furthermore, he brought many important Nazi institutions to the city, such as the Academy for Youth Leadership (Akademie für Jugendführung), the German Research Centre for Aviation (Deutsche Versuchsanstalt für Luftfahrt), the Führer School for German Trades and Crafts (Führerschule des deutschen Handwerks), the Regional Führer School of the Hitler Youth (Gebietsführerschule der Hitler-Jugend), the Luftwaffe Command 2, the Reich Hunting Lodge (Reichsjägerhof, intended to impress passionate hunter Göring), the SS Ensigns' School (SS-Junkerschule), the SS Upper Division "Middle", and also the Bernhard Rust College for Teacher Training.
Klagges also further developed Braunschweig's infrastructure by connecting it to the newly built Autobahn and the Mittellandkanal. In the end, thanks to Klagges, Braunschweig also became a centre of the National Socialist armament industry, since important industrial hubs were growing right nearby, namely the Reichswerke Hermann Göring in Salzgitter (on whose board of directors Klagges was as of 1937), and the Volkswagen Works in Fallersleben (now part of Wolfsburg).
Persecuting political dissenters
What follows is a few examples of how and by what means Dietrich Klagges persecuted politically undesirable persons (or had them persecuted), sometimes to death (see also "Klagge trials" below).
The Rieseberg Murders
A short time after the Nazis' seizure of power, the first acts of terror were seen in both the City of Braunschweig and throughout the state of Brunswick, in which the so-called "Hilfspolizei" ("Auxiliary Police") were involved. This force was directly answerable to Klagges and consisted of SA, SS and Der Stahlhelm men. Their actions were aimed mainly at members of various labour organizations, the SPD, the KPD, and also against Jews. They were carried out with extraordinary brutality. Klagges was therefore responsible for at least 25 Nazi régime opponents' deaths.
The murder of eleven communists and labour organisers in Rieseberg (about 15 miles east of Braunschweig) by members of the SS on 4 July 1933 was the most important of these events. There was to have been a judicial inquiry into the circumstances of the arrestees' deaths, but Klagges assisted in blocking and suppressing it.
Ernst Böhme
Lawyer and SPD member (1892–1968) was from 1929 until 1933 the democratically elected Mayor of the City of Braunschweig.
After the Nazis had risen to power, however, he found himself the target of growing repressive measures and ever greater persecution by Klagges, who on 13 March 1933 ordered Böhme's ouster and had him taken to the disused AOK Building, which was being used by the Nazis as a "protective custody" prison, as they called it. Böhme had the dedication of former Brunswick Ministerpräsident Heinrich Jasper (who had likewise been persecuted by Klagges) to thank for the return of his freedom a short time later.
Shortly thereafter, however, Böhme was once again arrested and this time is taken to the SPD's own, but now disused, Volksfreundhaus where he was mishandled. He was forced to sign a document declaring that he had given up his mandate. After he was let go, Böhme left Braunschweig and came back only in 1945.
On 1 June 1945, Ernst Böhme was given back his mayoralty by the United States military administration. He stayed on as mayor until 17 December 1948.
Heinrich Jasper
Lawyer and SPD member Heinrich Jasper (1875–1945) was, among other things, a city councillor since 1903, an SPD factional chairman in Brunswick's Landtag, member of the Weimar National Assembly as well as Brunswick State Minister between 1919 and 1930 and several times the Brunswick Free State's premier.
Jasper was, at Klagges's instigation, taken into "protective custody" on pretences on 17 March 1933, and taken to the AOK Building, where he was severely beaten in an attempt to force him to resign his political mandate, which Jasper, however, would not do. He was next taken to the Volksfreundhaus where he faced further mishandling until his temporary release on 19 April.
On 26 June 1933, Jasper was once again arrested and taken to Dachau concentration camp, from which he was released in 1939 under circumstances that have yet to be explained. Jasper then returned to Braunschweig where he was placed under constant surveillance and had to report daily to the Gestapo.
The failed attempt on Hitler's life at the Wolf's Lair in East Prussia on 20 July 1944 furnished another pretense on which to arrest Jasper yet again on 22 August 1944. After spending time in various concentration camps, he ended up at Bergen-Belsen where he is believed to have died on 19 February 1945 of typhus.
August Merges
August Merges (1870–1945) belonged to various leftwing parties, was one of the leaders of the November Revolution in Braunschweig and was President of the Socialist Republic of Brunswick. After 1933 he moved out of active party work and joined the resistance against the Nazi régime.
In April 1935, he was arrested together with other resistance fighters and severely beaten. He was sentenced for high treason but was released early, in 1937, for medical reasons. On Klagges's instructions, he was arrested once more and taken into "protective custody".
After Merges had once more been set free, he was nevertheless repeatedly picked up by the Gestapo and detained for a short time. He died as a result of mishandling suffered at the Gestapo's hands.
Forced labour and concentration camps
Beginning on 21 January 1941, Klagges started having Braunschweig's Jews deported to the concentration camps. In 1944, there were 91,000 forced labourers in the Watenstedt-Salzgitter, Braunschweig and Helmstedt area. This was far and away the highest density at labour camps anywhere in the Reich. Indeed, a great number of the people killed in the massive air raid on 15 October 1944 were forced labourers and camp inmates. When US troops occupied Braunschweig on 12 April 1945, there were still 61,000 prisoners in the camps.
Postwar trials
On 12 April 1945, Klagges was taken prisoner by the American troops thronging into Braunschweig, and in 1946, a military court in Bielefeld sentenced him to six years in labour prison (Zuchthaus) for his crimes.
The new General Prosecutor Fritz Bauer, who had come to Braunschweig in 1950, and who was later active in the 1960s, likewise as a prosecutor, in the Auschwitz Trials, contributed to a great extent to getting Klagges sentenced in a normal criminal trial on 4 April 1950 to a life term in labour prison for crimes committed by him as Brunswick State Minister and Premier, including, among others, the Rieseberg murders.
The Bundesgerichtshof (a federal court), however, overturned this sentence in 1952. In a second trial in which it could be proved that Klagges had taken part in murders, torture, false imprisonment, and so on, and that he had planned (by himself or with others) these deeds, his prison term was reduced to 15 years.
In his defence, Klagges put it to the court that he had known nothing about all that, as he had only worked from a desk and he was deceived by his underlings as to the true extent of the Nazi terror that was being perpetrated.
In 1955, Klagges's wife applied for her husband's early release from prison without further probationary conditions. This first application was rejected, as was another one made the next year. In 1957, however, Klagges was released after having served about 80% of his prison term, and moved with his wife to Bad Harzburg, where he busied himself mainly with editing right-wing writings and maintaining contacts with neo-Nazi groups in Lower Saxony until he died in 1971.
In 1970, the Bundesverwaltungsgericht (another federal court) decided that Klagges had to receive an amount accumulated from his pension as premier (Ministerpräsident), approximately DM 100,000.
Bibliography (selected) Der Glaube (1926)Kampf dem Marxismus (1930)Die Weltwirtschaftskrise (1930)Reichtum und soziale Gerechtigkeit: Grundfragen einer nationalsozialistischen Volkswirtschaftslehre (1933)Geschichtsunterricht als nationalpolitische Erziehung (1936)An alle Völker der Erde: Die Zukunft der Nationen (1972)
Quotations
"He wants to remain king of an enlarged Braunschweig" (entry in Goebbels's diary from 5 February 1941 about Klagges)
"The hundreds of thousands of foreigners, above all Jews, were impartially acknowledged as having equal rights … Behind everything stood the parasitic Jews' will … to rule the world." (from Klagges's book Geschichtsunterricht als nationalpolitische Erziehung)
See also
List SS-Obergruppenführer
Cited references
Literature
Richard Bein: Im deutschen Land marschieren wir. Freistaat Braunschweig 1930–1945. Braunschweig 1984
Braunschweiger Zeitung (publisher): "Wie braun war Braunschweig? Hitler und der Freistaat Braunschweig" Braunschweig 2003
Horst-Rüdiger Jarck, Günter Scheel (publishers): Braunschweigisches Biographisches Lexikon. 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, Hanover 1996
Horst-Rüdiger Jarck, Gerhard Schildt (publishers): Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte. Jahrtausendrückblick einer Region, Braunschweig 2000,
Helmut Kramer (publisher): Braunschweig unterm Hakenkreuz. Braunschweig 1981
Karl-Joachim Krause: Braunschweig zwischen Krieg und Frieden. Die Ereignisse vor und nach der Kapitulation der Stadt am 12. April 1945. Braunschweig 1994
Michael D. Miller and Andreas Schulz: Gauleiter: The Regional Leaders of the Nazi Party and Their Deputies, 1925–1945, Volume 1, (Herbert Albrecht – H. Wilhelm Hüttmann). R. James Bender Publishing, 2012
Hans Johann Reinowski: Terror in Braunschweig. Aus dem ersten Quartal der Hitlerherrschaft. Bericht herausgegeben von der Kommission zur Untersuchung der Lage der politischen Gefangenen. Zurich 1933
Ernst-August Roloff: Braunschweig und der Staat von Weimar. Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft 1918–1933. In: Braunschweiger Werkstücke, Band 31, Braunschweig 1964
Ernst-August Roloff: Bürgertum und Nationalsozialismus 1930–1933. Braunschweigs Weg ins Dritte Reich. Hanover 1961
Gunhild Ruben: Bitte mich als Untermieter bei Ihnen anzumelden – Hitler und Braunschweig 1932–1935.'' Norderstedt 2004
Max Williams: SS Elite: The Senior Leaders of Hitler's Praetorian Guard, Volume 2. Fonthill Media LLC, 2015
External links
Biography of Klagges
1891 births
1971 deaths
German military personnel of World War I
German National People's Party politicians
German Völkisch Freedom Party politicians
Holocaust perpetrators in Germany
Members of the Academy for German Law
Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany
Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic
Nazi Party officials
Nazi Party politicians
Nazi propagandists
Nazis convicted of war crimes
People from the Province of Westphalia
People from Soest (district) |
4021911 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paringa%2C%20South%20Australia | Paringa, South Australia | Paringa is a small town in the Riverland of South Australia. Paringa is famous for its vineyards, almond, citrus and stone fruit orchards, and the steel bridge with a span that can be raised to allow houseboats and paddlesteamers to pass underneath and across the Murray River to Renmark. At the 2006 census, Paringa had a population of 946.
Railway
The railway line from Tailem Bend was extended north to Paringa soon after it had reached the Brown's Well district, with the official opening on 3 October 1913. However it took another 14 years for the railway to cross the river, when the bridge and the railway to Renmark opened in January 1927. The railway eventually extended to Barmera by August 1928.
The historic Paringa Bridge was designed to carry a single railway line in the centre, with a road lane on each side of it. It has a total of six spans, including one lift span to allow river traffic to pass underneath. It was opened on 31 January 1927, enabling the railway to extend to Renmark. It is listed on the South Australian Heritage Register.
The railway closed December 1990 but the bridge continues to carry the Sturt Highway as part of the main road link between Adelaide and Sydney.
The town today
Paringa today is a satellite town to the much larger Renmark, 4 km upstream. It boasts a pub, general store, museum and antiques shop. It is a service centre for the large agricultural enterprises on the Murtho and Lindsay Point roads. There is a beautiful picnic area on the riverfront adjacent to the Bridge. The town had only one serving mayor, Mr Alan Eckermann, before the District Council of Paringa amalgamated with Renmark Council in July 1996 to form the now Renmark Paringa Council. Many new homes have been built in Paringa in recent years.
See also
List of crossings of the Murray River
References
Towns in South Australia
Populated places on the Murray River
Riverland |
4021930 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20TPNS | IBM TPNS | Teleprocessing Network Simulator (TPNS) is an IBM licensed program, first released in 1976 as a test automation tool to simulate the end-user activity of network terminal(s) to a mainframe computer system, for functional testing, regression testing, system testing, capacity management, benchmarking and stress testing.
In 2002, IBM re-packaged TPNS and released
Workload Simulator for z/OS and S/390 (WSim) as a successor product.
History
Teleprocessing Network Simulator (TPNS) Version 1 Release 1 (V1R1) was introduced as Program Product 5740-XT4 in February 1976, followed by four additional releases up to V1R5 (1981).
In August 1981, IBM announced TPNS Version 2 Release 1 (V2R1) as Program Product 5662-262, followed by three additional releases up to V2R4 (1987).
In January 1989, IBM announced TPNS Version 3 Release 1 (V3R1) as Program Product 5688-121, followed by four additional releases up to V3R5 (1996).
In December 1997, IBM announced a TPNS V3R5 Service Level 9711 Functional and Service Enhancements release.
In September 1998, IBM announced the TPNS Test Manager (for TPNS V3R5) as a usability enhancement to automate the test process further in order to improve productivity through a logical flow, and to streamline TPNS-based testing of IBM 3270 applications or CPI-C transaction programs.
In December 2001, IBM announced a TPNS V3R5 Service Level 0110 Functional and Service Enhancements release.
In August 2002, IBM announced Workload Simulator for z/OS and S/390 (WSim) V1.1 as Program Number 5655-I39, a re-packaged successor product to TPNS, alongside the WSim Test Manager V1.1, a re-packaged successor to the TPNS Test Manager.
In November 2012, IBM announced a maintenance update of Workload Simulator for z/OS and S/390 (WSim) V1.1, to simplify the installation of updates to the product.
In December 2015, IBM announced enhancements to Workload Simulator for z/OS and S/390 (WSim) V1.1, providing new utilities for TCP/IP data capture and script generation.
Features
Simulation support
Teleprocessing Network Simulator (TPNS)
TPNS supports the simulation of a wide range of networking protocols and devices: SNA/SDLC, start-stop, BSC, TWX, TTY, X.25 Packet Switching Network, Token Ring Local Area Networking, and TCP/IP servers and clients (Telnet 3270 & 5250, Telnet Line Mode Network Virtual Terminal, FTP and simple UDP clients). TPNS can also simulate devices using the Airline Line Control (ALC) and the HDLC protocols. The full implementation of SNA in TPNS enables it to simulate all LU types (including LU6.2 and CPI-C), PU types (including PU2.1), and SSCP functions. Finally, TPNS also provides extensive user exit access to its internal processes to enable the simulation of user-defined (home-grown) line disciplines, communications protocols, devices (terminals and printers) and programs.
TPNS is therefore the appropriate test tool for installations that need to test:
either the entire system configuration path of hardware and software components, from the teleprocessing line interface (modem, for example) all the way to the subsystem (CICS, IMS, DB2, TSO/ISPF, etc.), the application and finally to the file or database record (disk I/O) and back;
Note: In this configuration, TPNS transmits its generated data traffic from its MVS address space, first across a channel-adapter to its TPNS Control Program (TPNCP) running in a dedicated IBM 37x5 Communications Controller, and then across teleprocessing lines connected back-to-back between the TPNCP and the target IBM 37x5 channel-attached to the host system (server) under test and its subsystems, applications and databases/files.
or only application systems and their hardware and software components, from the networking access method API (either the VTAM API or the TCP/IP High Performance Native Sockets, or Macro, API) to the subsystem (CICS, IMS, DB2, TSO/ISPF, etc.), the application and finally to the file or database record (disk I/O) and back;
Note: In this configuration, TPNS transmits its generated data traffic from its MVS address space to the target application directly across the networking access method's API and does not, therefore, require a dedicated IBM 37x5 Communications Controller to run its TPNCP, or any other networking hardware and software components except the networking access method (VTAM or IBM TCP/IP for MVS) that already runs in—or is already network-connected to—the host system (server) under test.
or both.
Workload Simulator for z/OS and S/390 (WSim)
WSim fully supports a subset of TPNS-simulated devices and programmed resources: CPI-C, TCP/IP servers and clients (Telnet 3270 & 5250, Telnet Line Mode Network Virtual Terminal, FTP and simple UDP clients), and SNA LU simulation. WSim relies solely on software interfaces to communicate with the system under test.
WSim is therefore the appropriate test tool for installations that need to test application systems and their hardware and software components, from the networking access method API (either the VTAM API or the TCP/IP High Performance Native Sockets, or Macro, API) to the subsystem (CICS, IMS, DB2, TSO/ISPF, etc.), the application and finally to the file or database record (disk I/O) and back; that is to say, without the need to install any networking hardware and software components except the networking access method (VTAM or IBM TCP/IP for MVS) that already runs in—or is already network-connected to—the host system (server) under test.
Other uses
In addition to its use as a test tool exchanging message traffic with a system under test, TPNS/Wsim has been deployed:
as a systems management tool — to monitor the availability of an online system, from the end-user's perspective;
as a software development tool — for prototyping software programs during the development process.
Scripting languages
TPNS language
TPNS initially provided its own 'TPNS language', a high-level, macro assembler-like language with programming statements and operands that a test programmer would use to define:
the configuration of the network device(s) to be simulated (NTWRK definitions, simply called the network), typically one or more terminal(s), such as IBM 3270 display screen(s);
one or more message text script(s) (MSGTXT definitions, simply called scripts), corresponding to the keystrokes and data transmission activity of the simulated user(s) at the simulated terminal(s). Separate scripts could be written to perform specific test scenarios, such as: 'login', 'data enquiry', 'data entry' and 'logout', for example;
the sequence in which scripts are to be executed by each (or all) simulated terminal(s):
in the NTWRK, one or more PATH statement(s) define(s) the order in which MSGTXTs are executed,
each NTWRK terminal has a PATH operand that names the PATH statement(s) assigned to the terminal.
Once defined, these test scripts are executed during the simulation run, when the TPNS program ITPENTER (the simulator) processes the submitted statements and creates data streams in the required formats and protocols, prior to sending them to the system under test as if they had originated from real user(s) operating real terminal(s). In turn, the target application(s) running in the system under test respond(s) to the simulated terminal(s) and, if the simulation is successful, these exchanges would continue until the programmed scripts reach the end of the simulation run—i.e., when the simulated users have all completed their scripted activity and logged off, for example—at which time ITPENTER is terminated by the test programmer.
During the simulation, ITPENTER keeps a log (on tape or disk) of all messages exchanged between the simulated device(s) and the real application(s) under test. After the simulation has completed, the test programmer can therefore run any of three TPNS-supplied log analysis utilities to list and review the data exchanges in detail (ITPLL), to calculate and print response times reports (ITPRESP), or to compare the 3270 screen images logged during two simulation runs of the same script(s) and report on differences between them (ITPCOMP).
When TPNS was re-packaged and renamed 'WSim' in 2002, the term 'TPNS language' was changed to 'WSim language' in the product publications; however, the existing nomenclature was maintained and all TPNS components re-packaged into WSim—such as the TPNS program names and message numbers (ITPxxxxx), for example—retained their existing identity.
Structured Translator Language (STL)
With TPNS V3R1 (1989), IBM added the Structured Translator Language—or 'STL', a TPNS high-level scripting language with a syntax based on REXX—to make it easier for test scripts to be written by programmers familiar with REXX or similar structured programming languages. STL therefore made it possible to write test scripts, not only for the usual activity of simulated terminal operators, but also for exchanges between TPNS-simulated programs and real application programs or, for example, to prototype elements of an ATM shared network. Scripts written in STL must be translated into the TPNS language before the simulation run and a translator utility (ITPSTL) is supplied for that purpose.
Another way of defining STL would be as a 'script generation language'; its programming clauses are identical to REXX, but they need to be translated (i.e. 'script-generated') into the TPNS language in order to be executable during the simulation run.
Script coding facilities
Both scripting languages provide a comprehensive set of coding facilities that enable the test programmer to:
specify the input data entered by the simulated user(s), along with related actions: counting down think time delays, pressing keys to send data, then waiting for responses from the application under test;
logic-test the content of incoming and/or outgoing messages and taking one of a wide range of optional actions according to the results of the evaluation;
set up test verification clauses that create log records for 'predicted good'/'predicted bad' conditions;
group message text data in user data tables, to make scripts more generic and data-independent;
invoke an extensive range of data field options, to create test data dynamically into messages;
collect real-time data into save areas, during the simulation run, to re-use as 'on the fly' test data;
generate random numbers;
maintain a wide range of counters and switches;
set up events to synchronise the activity of simulated users;
set up named queues to provide a queuing method for passing data between simulated resources;
perform sequential file I/O (QSAM) operations from a script to a user-defined, external dataset;
select script debugging facilities, including a message generation trace (MSGTRACE) which logs the step-by-step flow of all logic tests, actions (taken and ignored), and data exchanges occurring during the execution of scripts;
log message traffic during the simulation run, for post-processing analysis (including message generation tracing, data transmitted/received, printing screen images, test data verification, response time calculation, and screen image comparison across repeated simulations of the same scripts);
define and alter the rate at which message traffic is generated during the simulation run;
specify the protocols for session initiation and termination between simulated programmed resources and real programs, as well as for data exchanges between them;
and many more.
WSim supports the same scripting language facilities as TPNS, except that its network configuration (NTWRK) definitions require only those statements provided for CPI-C, TCP/IP servers and clients (Telnet 3270 & 5250, Telnet Line Mode Network Virtual Terminal, FTP and simple UDP clients), and SNA LU simulation.
Syntax checking preprocessor
The simulator program ITPENTER can also be run as a preprocessor (when submitted with parameter PARM='PREP'), simply to check the syntax of networks and scripts before they are submitted for a simulation run. This enables test personnel to ensure that a subsequent simulation run will not fail because of coding errors in the scripts themselves.
Repeatability
One of the benefits of using test scripts is that they can be run repeatedly throughout the test cycle, as functional errors in the application under test and/or system-wide defects are gradually resolved over time, in order to improve the reliability, capacity or performance of any, or all, hardware or software components in the system under test. For functional and regression testing, test programmers would typically define a network of just one simulated terminal executing test scripts tailored to evaluate a comprehensive set of transactions (database enquiry or data entry) serially, and at slow or average rates of message traffic. For system testing, performance/capacity testing, stress testing and benchmarking, the same test programmers would define large networks of dozens or even thousands of simulated terminals, each running—for example—a range of these functional test scripts, now grouped together to exercise as many system components as possible at high rates of message traffic.
Script generation
TPNS provides a number of solutions to automate the creation of test scripts.
The script generation facilities described in the next three sections are also available in Workload Simulator for z/OS and S/390 (WSim).
The Interactive Data Capture (IDC) script generator (ITPIDC)
The Interactive Data Capture (IDC) script generator
is a 'pass-through & data intercept' VTAM application (ITPIDC) controlled by the test programmer from one real 3270 display screen in session with a target application for which a script is required. ITPIDC maintains two SNA sessions simultaneously: a primary LU session with the real 3270 terminal operated by the test programmer, and a secondary LU session with the target application.
During the data capture–or 'recording'–session, ITPIDC logs the data traffic exchanged between the test programmer's real 3270 device and the target application, and then uses that log to generate the equivalent script, in either of the two scripting languages (TPNS language or STL).
Since the IDC log dataset is in exactly the same format as the log dataset TPNS creates during a simulation run, it can be used as input to the TPNS post-processing utilities to print its contents, to calculate response times of the IDC session, or to compare the screen images of the data capture session with the TPNS log obtained by running the IDC-generated script.
The 3270 trace reformatter and script generator (ITPLU2RF & ITPLSGEN)
When capturing the activity of a production network consisting of one or many 3270 devices, the 3270 trace reformatter and script generator processes the trace dataset produced by the IBM Network Performance Monitor (NPM V1R4 or later) VTAM PIU log (FNMVLOG), or by the IBM VTAM (V4R1 or later) Full Buffer Trace. When the tracing activity is completed, a utility (ITPLU2RF) reformats the trace dataset into a log dataset in the format required as input to the IDC script generator (see previous section), which can also create scripts in batch mode (ITPLSGEN). This reformatted IDC log can also be analyzed by the three post-processing utilities (list the log's contents, calculate response times or compare screen images).
The script generator (ITPSGEN)
The script generator processes the trace dataset produced by the IBM Network Performance Monitor (NPM), or by the IBM VTAM Buffer Trace in conjunction with the IBM Generalized Trace Facility (GTF), when tracing a production network of one or many 3270 devices, as well as devices of various types and protocols, including LU0, LU1, LU2, LU4, LU 6.2 and CPI-C resources. For CPI-C script generation, it is also possible to use the LU 6.2 trace dataset created by the OS/2 Communications Manager (CM/2) or the IBM Communications Server. Different TPNS-supplied utilities reformat any of these various trace datasets into a single-format dataset used as input to the script generator (ITPSGEN), which produces scripts:
optionally in either language (TPNS language or STL) for all supported device types except CPI-C programmed resources;
only in STL for CPI-C programmed resources.
The TCP/IP script generator (ITPIPGEN)
The TCP/IP script generator is unique to WSim and was introduced in December 2015. It processes a TCP/IP trace dataset produced by the WSim-supplied TCP/IP Trace Utility (ITPIPTRX), which invokes the z/OS Communication Server real-time, application-controlled TCP/IP trace Network Management Interface (NMI) to capture TCP/IP data trace records. These trace records contain HTTP messages (packets and data) exchanged between a server and client. The TCP/IP script generator (ITPIPGEN) then processes this trace dataset and creates a script, in the STL language, which replicates the communication that occurred between the server and client. After translation from STL into the WSim language and when running the simulation (ITPENTER), the generated script sends the client messages—obtained from the trace—to the server port, and waits to receive a message from the server. A separate utility (ITPIPFMT) is also supplied to format and print the contents of the trace dataset created by the TCP/IP Trace Utility (ITPIPTRX).
The TPNS Test Manager
It is established practice that a script obtained from a script generator is subsequently edited by test programmers in order to make such scripts more generally reusable. This editing process consists in adding advanced script-programming clauses that script generators cannot supply, such as re-locating hard-coded data into user data tables that can then be expanded with more test data, for example. This editing can be done directly into the NTWRK and MSGTXT datasets, or through the services of the TPNS Test Manager (or its affiliated WSim Test Manager) which, like TPNS (and WSim), also runs under TSO/ISPF.The Test Manager is a knowledge-based, interactive usability tool designed to boost the productivity of test personnel, and to optimize the test cycle by enabling test projects to be organized methodically during the development and execution of test cases, and in the subsequent analysis of test results.
Run-time interfaces
Operator commands
Once the TPNS program ITPENTER (the simulator) has been submitted for execution and is up and running, test personnel can use a range of TPNS-specific operator commands to initialise, start, alter, and stop the execution of one or more TPNS networks and their associated scripts. It is also possible to query the activity of a simulated device and its current script, and to intervene in real time, by altering the rate of message traffic, for example.
Running as a MVS procedure
In its early releases, ITPENTER ran as a MVS procedure controlled from the MVS operator console. Its generated data traffic was transmitted from its MVS address space, first across a channel-adapter to its TPNS Control Program (TPNCP) running in a dedicated IBM 37x5 Communications Controller, and then across teleprocessing lines connected back-to-back between the TPNCP and the target IBM 37x5 channel-attached to the host system under test and its application subsystems (CICS, IMS, DB2, TSO/ISPF, etc.).
Running under TSO
With TPNS V1R5 (1979), ITPENTER was enhanced to run from a TSO command list (in the TSO user address space) and therefore to operate simulations from a remote display terminal in the VTAM network instead of the MVS system console.
Running as a VTAM application
With TPNS V2R3 (1985), ITPENTER was enhanced to run as a VTAM application, thus sending the data traffic generated by its simulated terminals or programmed resources (now defined as VTAM logical units) via the VTAM API to the application under test. This removed the requirement for a 37x5 and other dedicated teleprocessing hardware when using TPNS to test applications systems running under VTAM, such as CICS, IMS, DB2, ISPF, and other online transaction processing systems.
Display Monitor
With TPNS V2R4 (1987), ITPENTER was enhanced with the Display Monitor, so that the screen images of a simulated 3270 display could be externalized onto a real 3270 terminal, thus enabling test personnel to monitor the ongoing, live execution of a script during the simulation run, in real time. It also became possible to operate TPNS from the NetView console and, in turn, to automate TPNS simulation runs from NetView by means of TPNS-supplied NetView command lists.
Running under ISPF
With TPNS V3R3 (1992), all TPNS programs and utilities (ITPxxxxx) could be operated entirely from ISPF in a panel-driven fashion, instead of through the TSO command line or through discrete JCL job streams.
Running as a TCP/IP for MVS application
With TPNS V3R5 (1997), ITPENTER was enhanced to run as a TCP/IP for MVS application, thus sending the data traffic generated by its simulated terminals and/or programmed resources (clients) to the application(s) (servers) under test via the IBM TCP/IP V3R2 for MVS High Performance Native Sockets (HPNS) API, subsequently renamed 'the Macro API'.
TPNS Test Manager
In 1998, IBM introduced the Test Manager for TPNS V3R5 which added substantial automation features that streamline many repetitive tasks associated with planning, preparing, operating and analyzing a TPNS-based simulation run, while still enabling the test programmer optionally to retain full awareness, in real-time, of the events unfolding at every step and to intervene if necessary.
Post-processing utilities
During the simulation, ITPENTER keeps a log (on tape or disk) of all messages exchanged between the simulated device(s) and the real application(s) under test. After the simulation has completed, the test programmer can therefore run any of three TPNS-supplied log analysis utilities.
Log list (ITPLL)
The log list utility (ITPLL) is used to list and review the logged data in detail, including operator commands, data transmitted and received, screen images, message generation tracing, and test data verification.
Response time calculator (ITPRESP)
The response time calculator (ITPRESP) is used to calculate and print response times reports.
Log compare (ITPCOMP)
The log compare utility (ITPCOMP) is used to compare the 3270 screen images logged during two simulation runs of the same script(s) and report on differences between them.
Additional facilities
The Echo program (ITPECHO)
The Echo program (ITPECHO) is supplied with TPNS (and WSim) as a ready-made VTAM application that runs in the system under test as a target for messages sent by real or simulated 3270 display device(s). Using ITPECHO enables network connectivity and load testing to be carried out without the need to set up a copy of a production-level application and its databases, thereby saving test personnel the effort of writing scripts or allocating disk space for such an application and its datasets. As its name implies, ITPECHO will return exactly the message it has just received (when sent with the 'Enter' key), but it can also return the amount of data that was requested in the previous message (when sent with the 'PF5' key), from real or simulated display device(s). The latter feature is useful for creating test conditions where the 'send' and 'receive' messages need to be of different and variable lengths. To provide the amount of data requested, ITPECHO pads its message with as many occurrences of the alphabet as necessary, or a fraction of it if the amount of data requested in less than 26 characters.
The AVailability MONitor (AVMON) facility
Rather than applying TPNS as a test tool, AVMON (AVailability MONitor) is a TPNS implementation designed to monitor the availability and performance of real network subsystems running in production (NetView and TSO). The TPNS-supplied sample AVMON scripts monitor only NetView and TSO, but a user installation may add support for monitoring more subsystems (CICS, IMS, DB2, etc.) and any of their applications, by modifying or extending the AVMON scripts, perhaps through the use of the Interactive Data Capture script generator mentioned above to create the new script(s). During the TPNS simulation run, AVMON updates the TPNS log dataset, which can therefore be processed by the three TPNS log analysis utilities (log list, response times calculator and log compare).
AVMON monitors availability by simulating a single terminal user in session with a real subsystem, periodically sending a brief probing message, and sensing when the subsystem becomes unavailable. When the simulated user detects unavailability, it sends a message to the operator console alerting the operator to the problem. AVMON also tracks the time it takes for the monitored subsystem to return a response, and reports whenever a user-specified performance threshold is exceeded. By using the TPNS Response Time utility, the performance statistics of the entire monitoring run can be compiled into a single report, thus providing an installation with evidence of the end-to-end response times experienced by the subsystem's end-users. For automated operations, AVMON may also be modified to perform operator functions when it senses that a real resource has become inoperative and therefore requires an operator intervention, such as restarting the resource for example.
Publications library
Teleprocessing Network Simulator (TPNS) library
TPNS Samples SC30-3454
TPNS Operation SC30-3289
TPNS Messages and Codes SC30-3310
TPNS General Utilities SC30-3290
TPNS Script Generating Utilities SC30-3453
TPNS Planning and Installation SH20-2488
TPNS Language Reference SH20-2489
Defining TPNS Networks SC31-6008
Creating TPNS Message Generation Decks SC31-6009
Using TPNS Structured Translator Language (STL) and STL Translator SC31-6013
TPNS STL Reference Card SX75-0065
TPNS User Exits SC31-6071
TPNS Licensed Program Specifications GH20-5323
TPNS General Information GH20-2487
TPNS Primer SC31-6043
TPNS Master Index GC31-6059
TPNS Function and Service Enhancements V3R5 (1997) SC31-8654-00
TPNS Function and Service Enhancements V3R5 (2001) SC31-8654-02
Workload Simulator (WSim) library
Creating Workload Simulator Scripts SC31-8945
Workload Simulator Script Guide and Reference SC31-8946
Workload Simulator Utilities Guide SC31-8947
Workload Simulator User's Guide SC31-8948
Workload Simulator Test Manager User's Guide and Reference SC31-8949
Workload Simulator User Exits SC31-8950
Workload Simulator Messages and Codes SC31-8951
References
Bibliography
External links
Technical Update Series: Using TPNS Version 2 Release 4 to Test On-Line Systems (34567)
Workload Simulator for z/OS and OS/390 Library
Workload Simulator for z/OS and OS/390 Service Information
TPNS
Simulation software
Load testing tools
Software testing tools
Product testing
IBM mainframe software |
4021934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%20B%C3%A1rbara%20d%27Oeste | Santa Bárbara d'Oeste | Santa Bárbara d'Oeste is a municipality in the State of São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. It lies about northwest of the State capital. It occupies an area of , of which is urban. In 2020, the population was estimated at 194,390 by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, making it the 43rd most populous city in São Paulo and the sixth largest in the metropolitan region of Campinas.
Santa Bárbara d'Oeste has an annual average temperature of , and the original vegetation of the area predominates. The city has an urbanization rate of 98.73%. As of 2009, there were 44 medical institutions in the city, and its human development index (HDI) is rated as 0.819 in relation to the rest of the state.
Founded on 4 December 1818, when the Church was built, the city was named in honor of its patron saint, Santa Barbara, it was originally part of Piracicaba. It separated from Piracicaba in 1900. Since Margaret Grace Martins donated the land for the construction of the townsite, she is considered the founder, making the city the first and only Brazilian city founded by a woman. The city is also the birthplace of Brazil’s automobile industry, being where the first car was produced in Brazil. Today, Santa Bárbara d'Oeste is subdivided into slightly more than 130 districts.
Santa Bárbara d'Oeste has an important cultural tradition, ranging from craft and theater, to music and sports. American immigration has brought various influences on both cultural and tourist events and attractions, including the Party of Immigration, and the Fair of Nations. In the midst of the city is a cemetery, best known as the Graveyard of the Americans. It is administered by the Fraternity of American Descendants, who regularly hold meetings and events aimed at preserving the traditions and customs of American immigrants.
History
Origins
Until around 1810, the area where the city of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste now stands was virgin forest. That year, a road was constructed, linking the parish of Santo Antônio de Piracicaba to Villa de San Carlos de Campinas. With these improvements, the area turned into a good agricultural region due to its plentiful water sources, leading to the region being broken into allotments and put up for sale.
Margaret Grace Martins, widow of sergeant major Francisco de Paula Martins, bought one of those allotments, measuring two leagues square, whose boundaries were the Piracicaba river to the north and by Quilombo Creek to the northeast. On the site, she founded a sugar plantation, putting her son, Captain Manoel Francisco Grace Martins, in charge of administering the property. In 1818, she initiated the formation of a settlement and the construction of a chapel, dedicated to Saint Barbara. Martins donated the lands the city would develop on, making the town the first and only Brazilian city founded by a woman. The chapel was dedicated on 4 December 1818, now considered to be the date of the town's founding.
As the area was settled, other farmers settled in and around the city. On 16 April 1839, the municipality rose to the position of Capela Curada de Santa Bárbara of Toledos (the name "Toledos" was added in reference to the stream that crossed the city, named Ribeirao of Toledos), and became the Fourth District of Vila Nova da Constituição (now the city of Piracicaba).
Years later, the district of Santa Barbara was created by Provincial Law Number 9, on 18 February 1842, in addition, the chapel was elevated from a capela curada, an official title given by the Catholic Church, to a freguesia. It was then transferred on 23 January 1844, to become part of the municipality of Campinas, followed by a further transfer, by Provincial Law Number 12 on 2 March 1846, back to the Municipality of Piracicaba. Finally, by Provincial Law No. 2, on 15 June 1869 the municipality of Santa Barbara was officially created, parting from Piracicaba. The Municipality has always been made up of a single district. The town was officially renamed Santa Bárbara d'Oeste on 30 November 1944.
20th and 21st centuries
The sugar industry boomed in the late 19th century due to the increase in the demand for sugar. At the time, large sugar mills were constructed in the city, such as the Plant de Cillo Santa Bárbara (now disabled). In the 1920s several industries emerged, including textiles and agricultural implements. Over the years, other industries moved into the area. Eventually, on 5 September 1956, the first Brazilian car, the Romi-Isetta, was released.
During the 1960s and 1970s, with the rapid development of the nearby settlement of Americana, many people came looking for jobs and housing. Due to the close proximity of the two municipalities, the area between them was settled, creating a conurbation. Initially there was some confusion, since the boundaries of the two towns were not officially set. The problem was solved with the creation of the Avenida da Amizade, which cut through the region, fixing the boundary between the two towns. The population expansion not only brought development, but also problems to the region, since it drained public accounts. This precipitated years of economic stagnation.
Since the 2000s, due to both public and private investment, the city is reaching an economic and social balance, becoming increasingly competitive in the metropolitan region of Campinas. Legal incentives for businesses that invest in the city were created, and the expansion of the Rodovia dos Bandeirantes, whose route passes through the municipality, has brought new opportunities for development.
Today, Santa Bárbara is one of the major economic forces in the metropolitan region of Campinas, with a good quality of life. The city has a strong industrial character, and is home to companies such as Romi, Usina Furlan, Goodyear, Canatiba, Mazak, and Denso. The city boasts good leisure facilities such as the Tivoli, which opened in November 1998, and is one of the main shopping malls and meeting points in the city with almost 700,000 visitors every month. It serves the population of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, Americana, Nova Odessa, Sumaré and Hortolândia, as well as the regions of Piracicaba and Limeira.
American immigration
After the end of the American Civil War, beginning in 1867, the region began to see immigration from the southern United States, these immigrants were known as the Confederados. Along with their customs and cultures, the Americans brought new agricultural methods and techniques, contributing greatly to the advancement of agriculture in the region. This contribution is celebrated at the . The Confederados' emphasis on agriculture pushed out both agricultural and non-agricultural practices which were ongoing at the time of their arrival. The Americans also brought new Christian denominations into Brazil; on 10 September 1871 the first Brazilian Baptist Church was established in Santa Bárbara.
The first Americans to arrive in the city were Colonel William Hutchinson Norris, a Civil War veteran and former Senator from the State of Alabama, and his son, who began to teach courses on cotton cultivation techniques to local farmers. Once they were established, they sent for the rest of their family, as well as other countrymen. American immigration was crucial to one of the main cultural events of the city: the annual meeting of the Fraternity of American Descendants. Many immigrants who came to Santa Bárbara d'Oeste achieved national prominence, such as Pérola Byington, a philanthropist and social activist born in the city.
Descendants of the immigrants
The first generation of Confederados remained an insular community, but by the third generation, most of the families had intermarried with native Brazilians or immigrants of other origins. As time went on, these descendants of the Confederados increasingly spoke the Portuguese language and identified themselves as Brazilians. As the area around Santa Bárbara d'Oeste and Americana turned increasingly to the production of sugar cane and the society became more mobile, the Confederados tended to migrate to cities. Today, only a few families still live on the original land owned by their ancestors. While the descendants of the original Confederados are scattered throughout Brazil, they maintain the headquarters of their descendant organization in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste.
Today's Confederados maintain affection for the Confederate flag even though they consider themselves completely Brazilian. In Brazil, the Confederate flag does not have the historical association with slavery nor the corresponding stigma that exists in the United States. Many modern Confederados are of mixed-race and reflect the varied racial categories that make up Brazilian society in their physical appearance. Recently the Brazilian residents of Americana, now of primarily Italian descent, have removed the Confederate flag from the city's crest citing the fact that Confederados now make up only 10% of the city's population. In 1972, then Governor (and future President) Jimmy Carter of Georgia visited the city of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste and visited the grave of his wife Rosalynn's great-uncle, who was one of the original Confederados.
Culture
The center of Confederado culture is the Campo Cemetery, known as the Cemetery of the Americans, in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, where most of the original Confederados from the region are buried. Most of the Confederados were Protestant, and the only cemetery in town was the Catholic cemetery, where it was forbidden to bury non-Catholics. In 1867, with the death of Beatrice Oliver, wife of Colonel Oliver, he buried her (as he later buried his daughters) on a plot of land on his property. He earmarked an acre of his land so that American families could bury their dead. This became the Cemetery of the Americans. Today about 500 people are buried in the cemetery.
The descendants still foster a connection with their history through the Fraternity of American Descendants, an organization dedicated to preserving the unique mixed culture. In April, the organization holds an annual festival, called the Festa Confederada in order to fund the Campo Cemetery. The festival is based on the culture of the old American south of the antebellum period. During the event there are typical American foods such as chicken fingers, burgers and baked corn; bands play jazz, dixieland, and traditional American folk songs, Confederate flags are everywhere. American folk dances, specifically square dances, are the highlight of the event. Women dress the part, much like the character Scarlett O'Hara in the film Gone with the Wind, and men in Confederate uniforms, boots and hats.
The cemetery has a recreation area where the fraternity holds its quarterly meetings, as well as the Festa Confederada. The festival receives visitors from various parts of Brazil and the world; in 2006 the party attracted 1500 people, and has received such distinguished visitors as Georgia Governor (later US President) Jimmy Carter and his wife Rosalyn, as well as representatives of the US Consulate and press agencies of the United States.
The Confederado community established a Museum of Immigration in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste preserving the history of Brazilian immigration and its benefits to the nation.
Sports
The main football club of the city is the União Barbarense, founded on 22 November 1914. They currently compete in the A1 series of the Campeonato Paulista. Their home stadium is "Stadium Antonio Lins Ribeiro Guimarães" with a capacity of 14,914.
The Esporte Clube Barbarense has a swimming team which has done well in competitions throughout the State of São Paulo in Brazil. The barbarense swimmer, César Cielo Filho, who started his career in this club, received international recognition when he won three gold medals and one silver medal at the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro; he would go on to win the first gold medal by a Brazilian swimmer during the 2008 Summer Olympics. In September 2010 the Esporte Clube Barbarense hosted one of the most important competitions of Brazil's sports calendar: the Jose Finkel Trophy swim. This served as the Brazilian tryouts for the FINA World Swimming Championships of 2010, held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
In 2010, the municipal administration of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste began construction of the Polo César Cielo. Following international standards, the first Olympic-size swimming pool in the region will be 50 x 25 meters with a depth of 2.5 meters. R$3.3 million was invested in the project, with funds provided by the Ministry of Sports and city itself. The total area of the water polo facility will be 3.6 million square feet, including bleachers, locker and training rooms.
References
External links
Municipalities in São Paulo (state)
Populated places established in 1818
1818 establishments in South America
Confederate expatriates |
4021947 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabler%2C%20Washington | Stabler, Washington | Stabler is a small unincorporated community in Skamania County in the southwestern part of the U.S. state of Washington.
Also known as "Hemlock", Stabler is a small unincorporated community in the southernmost region of the Gifford Pinchot National Forest. Stabler is primarily a bedroom community for commuters working in nearby Carson, Stevenson, and other towns in the Columbia River Gorge.
Stabler is also home to the Wind River Experimental Forest, and the Wind River Ranger Station, a base of operations for the USFS.
History
The 26' Hemlock Lake dam was built in 1935 by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) to provide water for hydroelectric power generation, and was modified in 1958 to provide irrigation water to the Wind River Tree Nursery. The hydropower was terminated in the 1950s, and the diversion that used to supply the nursery is not currently in use. The Wind River Tree Nursery was closed in 1997 and the dam is no longer used to divert water. It was the first in the Columbia basin to incorporate the use of a fish ladder. The dam was torn out in the summer of 2009 amid much debate with the idea that the removal of Hemlock Dam and restoration of lower Trout Creek would contribute to this whole watershed approach to habitat restoration, and is the culmination of many years of planning.
Geography
Stabler is located at Latitude: 45.80833 : Longitude: -121.90639 : Elevation: 947 ft
Recreation
As the "Gateway to Mount St. Helens", Stabler is a year-round recreation area. Activities include hunting, fishing, hiking with access to the Pacific Crest Trail, camping and snowmobiling.
A plethora of forest products can be obtained, with permit, such as edible mushrooms, huckleberries and beargrass.
External links
Unincorporated communities in Skamania County, Washington
Unincorporated communities in Washington (state)
Portland metropolitan area
Gifford Pinchot National Forest
de:Carson (Washington) |
4021955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20WB%20100%2B%20Station%20Group | The WB 100+ Station Group | The WB 100+ Station Group (originally called The WeB from its developmental stages until March 1999) was a national programming service of The WB—owned by the Warner Bros. Entertainment division of Time Warner, the Tribune Company, and group founder and longtime WB network president Jamie Kellner—intended primarily for American television markets ranked #100 and above by Nielsen Media Research estimates. Operating from September 21, 1998 to September 18, 2006, The WB 100+ comprised an affiliate group that was initially made exclusively of individually branded cable television channels serving areas that lacked availability for a locally based WB broadcast affiliate and supplied a nationalized subfeed consisting of WB network and syndicated programs; in the network's waning years, the WB 100+ group began maintaining primary affiliations on full-power and low-power stations in certain markets serviced by the feed.
The WB 100+ Station Group was also essentially structured as a de facto national feed of The WB, and maintained a master schedule of syndicated and brokered programs for broadcast on all affiliates of the feed outside of time periods designated for The WB's prime time, daytime and Saturday morning programming. Programming and promotional services for The WB 100+ were housed at The WB's corporate headquarters in Burbank, California; engineering and master control operations were based at the California Video Center in Los Angeles.
History
Pre-launch
The history of The WB 100+ can be traced back to a charter affiliation agreement reached on December 3, 1993, between The WB and Tribune Broadcasting (whose corporate parent, the Tribune Company (later Tribune Media), held minority ownership in the network), which resulted in Tribune's Chicago television flagship WGN-TV carrying The WB's prime time programming (the Kids' WB block – which debuted in September 1995, eight months after The WB's launch – would air instead on independent station WCIU-TV before moving to WGN-TV in September 2004).
Through that deal, WGN's national superstation feed (later separately branded as WGN America and operating as a conventional basic cable channel) would act as a default WB affiliate for select markets where the network would have difficulty securing an affiliation with a broadcast television station at The WB's launch on January 11, 1995 (either due to the lack of available over-the-air stations or the absence of a secondary affiliation with an existing station within the market). This arrangement was conceived to give the network enough time to find affiliates in those "white areas" (a term referring to areas in which a national broadcaster does not have market clearance), allowing the WGN superstation feed to nationally distribute The WB's programming to a broader audience than would be possible without such an agreement in the interim. Some cable providers also carried either KTLA (for areas in the Pacific Time Zone) or WPIX (for areas in the Eastern Time Zone) depending on the location in addition to or in lieu of WGN's national feed.
Development and launch
Jamie Kellner – co-founder, and original president of The WB – conceived the concept of a cable-originated programming service that would serve smaller markets, originally titled The WeB, in June 1996; the network formally presented its concept for the service, which would function similarly to the reasoning behind the agreement with the WGN superstation feed, to cable providers on September 24 of that year. Kellner had previous experience in developing such a service; during his tenure as Fox's original network president from 1986 to 1993, Kellner developed a similar (but less localized) service, Foxnet, a cable channel owned by News Corporation (the corporate parent of Fox at the time) that operated from June 1991 to September 2006, and was the first cable channel that designed to distribute a broadcast network's programming directly to cable providers in smaller markets where the network could not maintain an exclusive affiliation due to the limited number of available commercial television stations. After Russell Myerson (who would serve as the group's executive vice president and general manager) joined The WB in 1997, Kellner came to Myerson with his idea for a national cable feed of the network that would distribute WB programming to these "white area" markets with five or fewer commercial stations (including some markets where UPN, which debuted five days after The WB launched, managed to obtain an affiliation).
Time Warner, the network's majority owner, commissioned IBM (for hardware and infrastructure) and Enterprise Systems Group (later known as Encoda and then Harris Corporation; contracted for software systems at the national and local level) to develop a national data server network that would digitally transmit local and national advertisements, promos, station identifications and customized logo bugs for each individual affiliate to headends operating the local WB 100+ affiliate in their home market. The network would be relayed to a "station in a box" (SIB), a wireless PC-based system that was programmed to download (through a data feed distributed via satellite), store and insert advertising appropriate to the individual affiliate's home market in pre-determined time periods set through a playlist over the satellite-delivered national feed as well as to transfer the programming feeds, via a disseminated address header based on the affiliate's designated call letters. The SIB units – which cost $9,000 per unit – were sold to each prospective affiliate operator with costs fully shouldered by The WB; the SIBs held 90 minutes of programming material at a time, in addition to transmitting advertisements and program promotions, and logging previously aired ad spots. Affiliates trafficked local advertising via logfiles sent over the Internet to a Novar management system located at The WB's corporate offices, that handled trafficking, programming feed dissemination and local insertion to individual affiliates. All programming provided by the service was distributed to WB 100+ affiliates via a centralcasting hub based at the California Video Center in southwestern Los Angeles (near Los Angeles International Airport).
Originally slated for a September 8 launch, The WeB was launched at 7:00 p.m. Eastern Time on September 21, 1998 on 80 cable-only affiliates, reaching 2.8 million cable television subscribers in the United States – the largest simultaneous launch of a station group in the history of American television. The service (which was renamed The WB 100+ Station Group in March 1999) was created to serve a similar capacity that Superstation WGN held as a national distributor of The WB – the difference being that stations within The WB 100+ group were structured in the manner of a local broadcast station: local WB 100+ affiliates were managed by either a local cable provider or an affiliate of a larger over-the-air television station (usually those affiliated with networks that were established long before The WB debuted in January 1995), which may have produced some local programming – such as a prime time newscast – or televised local sporting events.
WB 100+ stations also aired local commercial inserts and promotions, although promotions for syndicated programs aired on the service omitted affiliate references (either in the form of verbal identification or use of the affiliate's logo) in favor of network branding and were not customized to reference the program's local airtime (all airtimes listed in syndicated program promos were based on their scheduling in the Eastern and Central Time Zones), with the announcer being used to read the promo's airtime card only identifying that the program airs "[today/tonight/tomorrow/day of week] on The WB". Each affiliate had their own individual branding (usually in the form of a fictional call sign, the combination of "The WB" name with either the parent station's city of license/cable franchise's service area or a regional descriptor of the area, or both).
As part of the initial six-year affiliation agreements signed in late 1997 and throughout 1998, cable providers that operated local WB 100+ affiliates received the service's programming free of charge, instead of being required to pay a carriage fee directly to the network (as providers were required to do when they agreed to carry Foxnet at its launch); in addition, affiliates and their advertising sales partners shared a percentage of the revenue earned through the sale of local ads. The WB 100+ was designed to comply with Nielsen regulations defining what constitutes a local station; this allowed viewership totals from the cable-only affiliates to be counted alongside the network's conventional broadcast affiliates to accurately count toward the national ratings for WB network programming.
As time went on, The WB 100+ expanded, increasing its body of cable-only affiliates, while also adding affiliations with conventional broadcast television stations in a few markets. By September 2001, The WB 100+'s national availability had increased to 7.4 million households. The service's programming reached 109 out of 111 television markets within those eligible to affiliate with The WB 100+, totaling nine million households by January 2005. By the time The WB ceased operations in September 2006, the only eligible market never to have been served by a WB 100+ affiliate was Lafayette, Indiana, which received WB programming via WTTK (a satellite station of WTTV, which later became a CW affiliate and is now a CBS affiliate) in the adjacent Indianapolis market.
In some markets where a local cable provider carried Superstation WGN upon the initial rollout of the service, a WB 100+ affiliate supplanted WGN as the local WB affiliate; though for a year following the launch of The WB 100+, programming duplication between the local WB 100+ affiliate and WGN persisted in some areas where a cable provider did not black out WB programming airing over the WGN superstation feed. As additional WB 100+ affiliates signed on, network management deemed that The WB's affiliate footprint was large enough to request that WGN drop its programming from the station's national feed in October 1999; the local WGN-TV Chicago signal remained a WB affiliate until the network's September 2006 shutdown (the WGN local feed – which later became a CW affiliate, and is now an independent station – would become available to U.S. viewers outside of the Chicago market in the spring of 2015, when it was added as part of the initial offerings of Channel Master's LinearTV service).
Transition to The CW Plus
On January 24, 2006, Time Warner and CBS Corporation announced that The WB and UPN would each be shut down; in turn, the two companies would partner to launch The CW Television Network, a new network that would feature some programs from The WB and UPN initially forming the nuclei of its schedule in September of that year. To coincide with the change, The CW announced on February 24, that it would start a service called The CW Plus, a group of primarily digital subchannels, analog and non-broadcast cable television outlets affiliated with the network, serving areas of the United States ranked below the top 99 television markets; this service is nearly identical in structure to The WB 100+, albeit with a more diversified body of affiliates. There was no guarantee that existing affiliates of The WB 100+ would automatically join The CW Plus, although the vast majority ultimately did, and programming transitioned seamlessly from The WB 100+ to the successor CW Plus service (for example, The Daily Buzz remained on The CW Plus until September 2014).
Since digital television allows multiple "subchannels" to be carried on a single over-the-air signal, most of the CW Plus' affiliates air on the multicast feeds of those stations that manage the affiliates. Thus, they are no longer technically "cable-only" and must now use the parent station's licensed callsigns instead of a fictional one (although some of the service's over-the-air affiliates use altered versions of the parent station's call letters – with an "E" often replacing the leader "W" or "K" – merely for identification purposes, both on-air and in Nielsen diary-tabulated ratings reports). However, some stations (such as WBVC in Northern Michigan; WBWO in Wheeling, West Virginia; CW Glendive in Glendive, Montana; KWMK in Bismarck, North Dakota; WBAE in Alpena, Michigan and KSXF in Joplin, Missouri) remain cable-exclusive outlets.
Programming
The WB 100+ utilized a dual programming model which differed from the traditional network affiliate model used by WB-affiliated stations in large and medium-sized markets, in which the affiliate handled complete responsibility of providing syndicated and local programming to fill non-network timeslots. Instead, dayparts on WB 100+ affiliates without WB programming were programmed by the network, primarily with programs that were being carried at the time in national syndication – along with syndicated film packages that filled select weekend timeslots, and brokered programming (such as infomercials and religious programs) that was time-leased by The WB to fill most overnight and some early afternoon timeslots on the service; this relieved the WB 100+ affiliate's local owner of the duty of acquiring syndicated programming to fill timeslots not occupied by network content from The WB. This was similar to the programming strategy of Foxnet, though unlike The WB 100+, Foxnet was distributed as a conventional cable channel and local operators were not allowed to tailor the service to their local market with their own branding, or carry local news or sports programming.
In addition to the hour of programming provided by the Kids' WB Saturday morning block that featured content complying with the regulations, the remaining two hours of programming that fulfilled educational programming guidelines defined by the Children's Television Act was taken care of by The WB 100+, which carried syndicated E/I programs for broadcast on early Saturday afternoons immediately after the conclusion of the block for much of The WB 100+'s existence.
The parent station or cable franchise operator of the local WB 100+ affiliate maintained responsibility of selling local advertising for the station or cable-only outlet, with the service allocating time to affiliates to incorporate local commercial inserts during WB network and WB 100+-acquired syndicated programming. The WB offered a multi-tiered advertising sales plan to prospective affiliates allowing for the sale and transmission of commercials for local, regional and national businesses on the customized feed; it also handled responsibility for marketing campaigns customized for each affiliate that were developed through an in-house marketing department operated by The WB for the station group. The affiliate operator also held responsibility of acquiring alternative syndicated programming to substitute those provided by The WB 100+, if the rights to that program are held by another station in their market.
Though The WB itself never carried any national news programming of its own throughout its 11-year existence, in September 2002, The WB acquired the syndication rights to The Daily Buzz – a morning news and lifestyle program that, at the time, was produced by ACME Communications (a now-defunct media company founded by The WB's original CEO Jamie Kellner, which had all except one of its television stations affiliated with The WB, and was named after the Acme Corporation running gag seen in Warner Bros.' Looney Tunes animated shorts) – for broadcast on The WB 100+; the program was also syndicated to stations in markets that were not covered by either The WB 100+ or where ACME did not own a station.
The WB 100+ feed was originally designed for the Eastern and Pacific Time Zones, whose master schedules were formatted to align the start time of The WB's prime time programming with the network's broadcast affiliate feed; a Central Time Zone feed was added by the early 2000s, followed by an Alaska Time Zone feed that launched in 2005. As such, the Kids' WB and (from January to September 2006, following the conclusion of the weekday afternoon Kids' WB lineup) Daytime WB blocks, which were designed to be tape-delayed, were aired an hour earlier on affiliates – compared to their preferred scheduling – on affiliates in the Central, Mountain and Alaska time zones.
List of WB 100+ affiliates
This is a list of WB 100+ stations, ranked by designated market area (DMA), as of September 2006, when The WB ceased operations as a broadcast network. Note that most "call letters" below are informal, as these stations did not broadcast over-the-air and as such, were not licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC); the meanings of each affiliate's "call sign" are also included. There were a few exceptions – actual FCC-licensed broadcast stations are indicated in italics. Some of the "fake" calls used by the cable-only WB affiliates (which are identified with quotation marks) may be the same as calls used by actual over-the-air stations, and may create confusion for some; such stations are identified in this list for disambiguation.
After each station's name is the status of the CW affiliation, . If no status is part of the station's listing, The CW does not have a confirmed affiliate in the market that the WB 100+ station served. The rankings for each market are as of the 2005–06 television season.
1 The cable-only "KMWB" is not to be confused with the former callsign used by Minneapolis–St. Paul, Minnesota CW affiliate WUCW as a WB affiliate.
2 The cable-only "KWYP" is not to be confused with Laramie, Wyoming PBS member station KWYP-DT.
3 The cable-only "KIWB" is not to be confused with Boise, Idaho low-power station KIWB-LD.
4 The cable-only "WBWP" is not to be confused with West Palm Beach, Florida Mega TV affiliate WBWP-LD.
5 The cable-only "KCWB" is not to be confused with the former callsign used by Fresno, California Tvida Vision affiliate KVBC-LP, or by Kansas City, Missouri CW affiliate KCWE as a WB affiliate.
6 The cable-only "WBXI" is not to be confused with Indianapolis, Indiana Tr3́s affiliate WBXI-CA.
7 The cable-only "KWBM" is not to be confused with the Springfield, Missouri Daystar affiliate of the same callsign.
8 The cable-only "WBMM" is not to be confused with Montgomery, Alabama CW affiliate of the same callsign.
9 The cable-only "KWBT" is not to be confused with the former callsign used by Tulsa, Oklahoma CW affiliate KQCW-DT as a WB affiliate.
See also
The CW Plus – successor of The WB 100+; most of the remaining cable-only channels and some over-the-air stations that are outlets of The CW Plus formerly served as affiliates of The WB 100+
WGN America – Chicago-based cable channel that is available throughout the United States on cable and satellite television; prior to the launch of The WB 100+, as the national superstation feed of WGN-TV, the channel served as a de facto WB affiliate for U.S. markets without an over-the-air affiliate from 1995 to 1999
CW-W – a standard definition-only feed of either KSWB-TV or XETV-TDT/San Diego for markets without a CW affiliate carried on DirecTV
CW-E – a standard definition-only feed of WDCW/Washington, D.C. for markets without a CW affiliate carried on DirecTV
Foxnet – a similar cable-only network for markets without a Fox affiliate, that operated from 1991 to 2006
Univision – American Spanish-language network that offers a national cable/satellite feed for markets without a local affiliate
UniMás – American Spanish-language network that offers a national cable/satellite feed for markets without a local affiliate
Telemundo – American Spanish-language network that offers a national cable/satellite feed for markets without a local affiliate
Azteca América – American Spanish-language network that offers a national cable/satellite feed for markets without a local affiliate
Estrella TV – American Spanish-language network that offers a national cable/satellite feed for markets without a local affiliate
CTV Two Alberta – a similar cable-only affiliate of CTV Two in the Canadian province of Alberta; formerly Access
CTV Two Atlantic – a similar cable-only affiliate of CTV Two in Atlantic Canada; formerly the Atlantic Satellite Network (ASN) and A Atlantic
City Saskatchewan – a similar cable-only affiliate of City in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan
References
The WB
Nexstar Media Group
Defunct television networks in the United States
Television channels and stations established in 1998
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2006 |
4021962 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African%20American%20Lives | African American Lives | African American Lives is a PBS television miniseries hosted by historian Henry Louis Gates Jr., focusing on African American genealogical research. The family histories of prominent people of African American descent are explored using traditional genealogic techniques as well as genetic analysis.
African American Lives
The first installment of the series aired in February 2006. The series featured research into the ancestral lineages of eight prominent African American guests. By billing the guests were: music producer Quincy Jones, astronaut and physician Mae Jemison, comedian Chris Tucker, bishop T. D. Jakes, sociologist Sara Lawrence-Lightfoot, actress Whoopi Goldberg, physician Ben Carson and talk show host Oprah Winfrey. Writer, host and executive producer of the series, Henry Louis Gates, also features his ancestral heritage on the show. The miniseries featured interviews with the parents and family members of guests including Winfrey's father, Vernon Winfrey. Geneticists Rick Kittles and Mark D. Shriver also make appearances.
The miniseries' four episodes were broadcast over two nights in two parts. On February 1, the first two episodes were broadcast as "Listening to our Past; The Promise of Freedom". The following week, on February 8, the third and fourth episodes aired as, "Searching for Our Names; Beyond the Middle Passage". Re-runs of the series as individual episodes were broadcast following the joint premier both nights. The miniseries was sponsored by Coca-Cola and Procter & Gamble who both produced commercials honoring African American heritage for use in the series.
African American Lives 2
African American Lives 2 premiered in February 2008, again hosted by Gates. This second set of episodes traced the ancestry of performers Morgan Freeman, Tina Turner, Tom Joyner, Chris Rock, Don Cheadle, theologian Peter Gomes, athlete Jackie Joyner-Kersee, poet Maya Angelou, Bliss Broyard (the daughter of writer Anatole Broyard) and publisher Linda Johnson Rice (the daughter of publisher John H. Johnson).
In addition to these more publicly known guests, Kathleen Henderson, an administrator at the University of Dayton, was selected from more than 2,000 applicants to have her family history researched and to have DNA testing. The show continued the genealogical research into Gates's own ancestry. He learned, to his surprise, that it is at least 50% European, including at least one male ancestor who fought in the American Revolution. Gates was invited to give a speech when he was later inducted into the Sons of the American Revolution. The four episodes of this miniseries are "The Road Home", "A Way Out of No Way", "We Come From People" and "The Past Is Another Country".
Episodes
Series overview
African American Lives (2006)
Oprah's Roots: An African American Lives Special (2007)
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{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|EpisodeNumber2 = 1
|Title = Oprah's Roots
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|ShortSummary = A special episode consisting entirely of footage from Oprah Winfrey's original interview for African American Lives''' first series.
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African American Lives 2 (2008)
Criticism
Due in part to a centuries-long history within the United States, historical experiences pre- and post-slavery, and migrations throughout North America, the majority of contemporary African Americans possess varying degrees of admixture with European ancestry.
Many historians and critics believe that a majority of African Americans also have some Native American ancestry but, according to the experts on this show, it may be much less frequent.
With the help of Mark D. Shriver, Henry Louis Gates, Jr. put African-American ancestry in these terms:
58 percent of African Americans have at least 12.5 percent European ancestry (equivalent of one great-grandparent);
19.6 percent of African Americans have at least 25 percent European ancestry (equivalent of one grandparent);
1 percent of African Americans have at least 50 percent European ancestry (equivalent of one parent); and
5 percent of African Americans have at least 12.5 percent Native American ancestry (equivalent to one great-grandparent).
However, critics suggest that the program failed to fully acknowledge to the audience, or inform guests, that not all ancestry may show up in such tests. Full survey DNA testing cannot accurately determine an individual's full ancestry.
In more recent genetic testing research reported in 2015, scholars found that varied ancestries among African Americans related to different by region and sex of ancestors. These studies found that on average, African Americans have 73.2-82.1% West African, 16.7%-29% European, and 0.8–2% Native American genetic ancestry, with large variation among individuals.Henry Louis Gates, Jr., "Exactly How ‘Black’ Is Black America?", The Root, February 11, 2013.
The genetic tests done on direct paternal or maternal line evaluate only a few ancestors among many. Ancestral information markers (AIM) must also be done to form a more complete picture of a person's ancestry. For instance, MtDNA testing is only of direct maternal ancestors. AIM markers are not as clearly defined for all populations as suggested, and depend on data still being accumulated. Historic populations migrated, which also influences results. Particularly, geneticists note that genetic analysis is incomplete related to Native Americans, and new genetic markers for these populations may be identified.
In other media
Gates has written an associated book, In Search of Our Roots: How 19 Extraordinary African Americans Reclaimed Their Past, which was published in early 2009.
See also
Faces of America Finding Your Roots Ancestors in the Attic Who Do You Think You Are?References
External links
Series 1 at PBS.org
Series 2 at PBS.org
Afrocentrifugal Force: Looking Blackward With Henry Louis Gates Jr., Village Voice, Joy Press, January 24, 2006
Lloyd, Robert. "The roots of black America - Maya Angelou and Don Cheadle are among the personages who trace their lineage this time around", Los Angeles Times, February 6, 2008 (second series review)
Hochschild, Adam. "35 Million Ways to Be Black", Mother Jones, March 14, 2007
"African American Lives 2|PBS". YouTube.
Ron Nixon, "DNA Tests Find Branches but Few Roots", The New York Times, November 25, 2007.
Henry Louis Gates, Jr. "Dispatches From the Editor in Chief", Oxford African American Studies Center.
Felicia R. Lee, "Famous Black Lives Through DNA's Prism", The New York Times'', February 5, 2008.
https://web.archive.org/web/20080924184431/http://www.blackamericaweb.com/site.aspx/bawnews/africanamericanlives2206
NPR interview with Henry Louis Gates
African-American genealogy
2000s American documentary television series
2006 American television series debuts
2008 American television series endings
African–Native American relations
PBS original programming
Television series about family history |
4021996 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern%20Virginia%20trolleys | Northern Virginia trolleys | The earliest electric railway, or streetcar line, in Northern Virginia opened in 1892. At their peak, when merged into a single interurban system (the Washington-Virginia Railway), the successors of this and several other lines ran between downtown Washington, D.C., Rosslyn and Arlington Junction – in present-day Crystal City – and out to Mount Vernon, Fairfax City and Nauck (in Arlington County).
Electric trolleys also went west from Georgetown and Rosslyn on the Washington and Old Dominion Railway's (W&OD's) Bluemont Division, traveling through Herndon and Leesburg to reach the town of Bluemont at the base of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Those on the W&OD's Great Falls Division traveled from Georgetown and Rosslyn via Cherrydale and McLean to Great Falls (see: Great Falls and Old Dominion Railroad).
Despite early success, the trolleys were unable to compete with the automobile and with each other. Plagued with management and financial problems, the last ended their operations in the 1930s and early 1940s during the Great Depression.
Northern Virginia's trolleys were originally operated by three different companies that all planned to operate within the District of Columbia and were never integrated into the Washington streetcar network (see: Streetcars in Washington, D.C.). Their tracks were laid when most of Northern Virginia was undeveloped and had few streets and roads.
As a result, the trolleys mostly operated on private right-of-ways that their companies leased or owned. After they began operating, a number of communities developed along their routes.
The major lines of the Washington-Virginia Railway converged at Arlington Junction, which was located in the northwest corner of the present-day Crystal City south of The Pentagon. The Railway's trolleys then crossed the Potomac River near the site of the present 14th Street bridges over the Long Bridge and, beginning in 1906, the Highway Bridge.
The trolleys then traveled to a terminal in downtown Washington located along Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, and D Street, NW, between 12th and 13 1/2 Streets, NW, on a site that is now near the Federal Triangle Metro station and the Old Post Office building within the Federal Triangle. The W&OD Railway terminated in Georgetown at a station on the west side of the Georgetown Car Barn after crossing the Potomac River from Rosslyn over the Aqueduct Bridge.
The Washington-Virginia Railway and the W&OD Railway had adjacent stations in Rosslyn near the present location of the Key Bridge Marriott Hotel, permitting travelers to transfer between the two trolley systems. After the Francis Scott Key Bridge replaced the Aqueduct Bridge in 1923, none of the Virginia lines terminated in Georgetown. Instead, Washington streetcars crossed the river on the new bridge and entered a turnaround loop within Rosslyn. There, passengers could transfer between trolleys whose lines separately served Washington and Northern Virginia.
Washington-Virginia Railway
Washington, Alexandria, and Mount Vernon Electric Railway
Washington-Mount Vernon line
The Washington, Alexandria, and Mount Vernon Electric Railway began operating between Alexandria and Mount Vernon in 1892. On August 23, 1894, it was given permission to enter the District of Columbia using a boat or barge. However, the railroad never actually used any such watercraft.
The railroad completed its tracks in 1896 and began serving a waiting station at 14th Street NW and B Street NW in downtown Washington, D.C. From the waiting station it used the Belt Line Street Railway Company's tracks on 14th Street NW to reach the Long Bridge, a combined road and rail crossing of the Potomac River.
In 1902, the railroad moved its station, as the Belt Line's tracks were circling the block containing the site of a planned new District Building (now the John A. Wilson Building). The new station (address: 1204 N. Pennsylvania Avenue) extended along Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, and D Street, NW, from 12th Street, NW, to 13 1/2 Street, NW, near the site of the present Federal Triangle Metro station and on the opposite side of 12th Street from the Old Post Office building.
In 1906, the Long Bridge's streetcar tracks and road were relocated to a new truss bridge (the Highway Bridge), immediately west of the older bridge. This span was removed in 1967.
After crossing the Potomac River, the trolleys entered Arlington County (named Alexandria County before 1920) to run southward near and along the present route of Interstate 395 (I-395). They then reached Arlington Junction, whose site is now in the northwest corner of Crystal City west of Richmond Highway (U.S Route 1) and south of The Pentagon and I-395. At the Junction, the line's route diverged from that of a line that traveled west to Fairfax City and which connected to others that served Arlington National Cemetery, Rosslyn and Nauck.
After leaving Arlington Junction, trolleys on the Washington-Mount Vernon line continued south along the present route of S. Eads Street while travelling largely on the grade of a towpath on the west side of the defunct Alexandria Canal. Near Arlington's present southern border at Four Mile Run, the railroad and its affiliates constructed an amusement park (Luna Park) and a rail yard containing a car barn and a power plant.
After crossing Four Mile Run into present-day Alexandria, the trolleys continued to travel south along the present route of Commonwealth Avenue. The Mount Vernon line then passed under a bridge at St. Elmo that carried the Bluemont branch of the Southern Railway and later the branch's successor, the Bluemont Division of the W&OD Railway. The lines' St. Elmo stations, located in Alexandria's present Del Ray neighborhood, gave travelers an opportunity to transfer between the railroads.
The Mount Vernon line's trolleys then continued southward along Commonwealth Avenue until reaching King Street near Alexandria's Union Station. The line's trolleys then turned to travel east on King Street until they reached a station at Royal Street, in the center of Old Town Alexandria next to Market Square. They then turned again, traveled south on S. Royal Street and crossed Hunting Creek to enter Fairfax County on a -long bridge containing a concrete and steel center span and trestle.
After traveling through New Alexandria, where the line had originated, the trolleys continued south through Fairfax County at speeds of up to per hour while traveling partially along the present routes of the George Washington Memorial Parkway, East Boulevard Drive and Wittington Boulevard. After crossing Little Hunting Creek, they reached a turnaround loop on which they traveled to a terminal constructed near the entrance to the grounds of George Washington's home in Mount Vernon.
At Mount Vernon, when the electric railway began service, the estate's proprietors insisted that only a modest terminal be constructed next to the trolley turnaround. They were afraid that the dignity of the site would be marred by unrestricted commercial development and persuaded financier Jay Gould to purchase and donate thirty-three acres outside the main gate for protection.
By 1906, the railway had transported 1,743,734 passengers along its routes with 92 daily runs. Passengers and others could read a 122-page Hand-book for the Tourist Over the Washington, Alexandria and Mount Vernon Electric Railway that described in detail the railway's routes and stations as well as the landmarks, history and geography of the area through which the railway traveled.
In 1913, the Washington, Alexandria, and Mount Vernon Electric Railway merged with the Washington, Arlington & Falls Church Railway to form the Washington-Virginia Railway. During World War I, the railroad company extended the Washington-Mount Vernon line to Camp Humphreys (now Fort Belvoir). As the company received only partial compensation for constructing the extension, the action placed a financial burden on the company. The company went into receivership in 1923 when buses became the dominant form of local public transportation (see: History of surface transit in Northern Virginia).
In 1927, the two railways were separated and sold at auction, the Washington-Mount Vernon line becoming the Washington, Alexandria and Mount Vernon Railway. The last trolleys of the line ran on January 18, 1932. Later that year the tracks were removed when some of the right-of-way was used for the George Washington Memorial Parkway. The path of the trolley turnaround at Mount Vernon remains as a traffic circle at the south end of the Parkway, while the former rail yard in southern Arlington now serves as a Metrobus yard.
Stations
The stations on the Washington-Mount Vernon Line of the Washington, Alexandria, and Mount Vernon Electric Railway (Alexandria-Mount Vernon Branch of the Washington-Virginia Railway) were (with locations of sites in 2008):
Remnants of the Washington-Mount Vernon line
Roads
Wittington Boulevard, Fairfax County. Coordinates:
East Boulevard Drive, Fairfax County. Coordinates:
Potomac Avenue, Fairfax County. Coordinates:
Commonwealth Avenue, Alexandria. Coordinates:
South Eads Street, Arlington. Coordinates:
Metrobus yard
Former rail yard at S. Eads Street (east side) and S. Glebe Road (north side), Arlington. Coordinates:
Traffic circle
Former trolley turnaround at Mount Vernon estate, Fairfax County. Coordinates:
Tracks - In May 2020, during repair of a water main on King Street, a work crew of the Alexandria Department of Transportation and Environmental Services discovered old tracks buried under the pavement.
East Arlington branch
The Washington, Alexandria, and Mount Vernon Electric Railway constructed the East Arlington branch, which traveled from Arlington Junction to the Virginia end of the Aqueduct Bridge in Rosslyn. After leaving Arlington Junction, the East Arlington branch traveled northwest along a route that was south of the future site of The Pentagon, crossed Columbia Pike and entered Mt. Vernon Junction. At that Junction, the East Arlington branch met the South Arlington branch, which the Washington, Arlington & Falls Church Railroad constructed.
After leaving Mt. Vernon Junction, the East Arlington branch crossed the southern boundary of the federally-owned "Arlington Reservation". The site of the crossing was at that time near the southeast corner of Arlington National Cemetery, which was within the Reservation. After entering the Reservation, the branch turned to travel north along the eastern side of Arlington Ridge Road (formerly named the Alexandria & Georgetown Turnpike), which was outside of the Cemetery near the Cemetery's eastern wall.
While traveling next to Arlington Ridge Road, the branch passed the Cemetery's McClellan and Sheridan Gates. An expansion of the Cemetery later encompassed this portion of the Road, whose route no longer exists within the Cemetery.
Construction of the branch permitted visitors from Washington, D.C., to reach the Cemetery by rail for the first time. However, after leaving the trolleys outside of the Sheridan Gate at the branch's Arlington station, visitors needed to ascend a steep hill to reach most of the Cemetery's well-known features and burial sites.
After passing its Arlington station, the branch crossed the north boundary of the Reservation and turned to travel northwest until it met Rosslyn's Chadwick Avenue (now named N. Lynn Street), on which it traveled north. The branch ended near the Aqueduct Bridge at the railway's Rosslyn terminal.
East Arlington branch stations
The stations of the East Arlington branch were (with locations of sites in 2008):
Washington, Arlington & Falls Church Railway
During its forty years of life, this interurban trolley company operated under a variety of names, as it repeatedly expanded, reorganized or contracted (voluntarily or involuntarily).
Washington & Arlington — 1892–1896
On February 28, 1891, the United States Congress enacted a statute that incorporated the Washington, Arlington and Falls Church Railway Company in the District of Columbia, with authorization to reach Fort Myer and the northwest entrance of Arlington National Cemetery (the Cemetery's Fort Myer Gate) by crossing the Potomac River on a new bridge that the company would construct at or near the "Three Sisters" islets. The system started in 1892, as a horsecar line with tracks from Rosslyn up the hill to the Cemetery's Fort Myer Gate - this would later become the Nauck Line. In late 1895, the system was electrified. The company never constructed its planned "Three Sisters" bridge (see Early proposals for Three Sisters Bridge).
Washington, Arlington & Falls Church — 1896–1913
In 1896, track was laid from Rosslyn through Clarendon and Ballston to Falls Church, constituting the North Arlington Branch and part of the Fairfax Line, and the name was changed to the Washington, Arlington & Falls Church (WA&FC). The track though Fort Myer was extended past the northwest entrance to Arlington National Cemetery to reach Penrose in 1900 and Nauck, just north of Four Mile Run, in 1901. That same year saw the opening of about a mile of additional track, extending from East Falls Church to West Falls Church. Work on a far more ambitious extension began at West Falls Church in 1903, bringing the line through Dunn Loring and Vienna in 1904 to reach the Fairfax County Courthouse in Fairfax City. Between 1900 and 1904, the W.A. & F.C. built the South Arlington branch from Clarendon to Mount Vernon Junction (south of Arlington National Cemetery), where it met the Washington, Alexandria and Mt. Vernon Railway's East Arlington branch, which traveled between Rosslyn and Arlington Junction.
Washington - Virginia — 1913–1927
In 1913, the WA&FC and Washington, Alexandria & Mt. Vernon were merged to form the Washington - Virginia (W-V) Railway, whereupon the WA&FC became the W-V's Falls Church Division. The company fell upon hard times and in 1924 declared bankruptcy. In 1927, the two companies were split and sold at auction.
Arlington & Fairfax — 1927–1936
The Arlington & Fairfax was organized by local governments to take control of the WA&FC line after the W-V went bankrupt. The South Arlington Branch was shut down, the tracks pulled up in 1931 and the right of way used to build part of Washington Boulevard. In 1932, the company lost the right to travel into D.C., and, on January 17, 1932, the last Arlington & Fairfax streetcar departed from 12th & D Streets, NW, abandoning all service in Washington, D.C.
Arlington & Fairfax Auto Railroad — 1936–1939
In 1936, the company was sold to Detroit's Evans Products Company, an innovative railway and automotive industry supplier that had developed the first version of the present hy-rail system called auto-railers, small buses that can run on rails on flanged wheels or on roads with rubber (see Road–rail vehicle). In 1937, Evans replaced the trolleys with auto-railers. On rail, they went to Rosslyn where they were intended to switch to tires and cross the Key Bridge into Georgetown, eliminating the change in Rosslyn, but Capital Transit prevented that service by objecting that its franchise gave it exclusive service across the bridge. The auto-railers last ran in September 1939.
Nauck line (Fort Myer line)
Originally constructed by the Washington, Arlington and Falls Church Railroad, the Nauck line (Fort Myer line) of the Washington—Virginia Railway ran south from Rosslyn through Fort Myer to an initially lightly developed area in South Arlington near Four Mile Run. After leaving the railroad's Rosslyn terminal near the Aqueduct Bridge, the line travelled south through Fort Myer Junction along the present routes of N. Lynn Street and N. Meade Street.
The line then turned to the southwest and crossed the northern boundary of the Arlington Reservation and Fort Myer near today's Wright Gate. Within the Fort, trolleys on the line climbed a hill along the present route of McNair Road near the western wall of Arlington National Cemetery to reach a station (Arlington Fort Myer) located within the Fort at the present intersection of McNair Road and Lee Avenue, near the Cemetery's Fort Myer Gate (Chapel Gate of Fort Myer).
After disembarking at the Arlington Fort Myer station, visitors could enter the Cemetery near its highest elevation. This permitted visitors to avoid the ascent required when entering the Cemetery through the Sheridan Gate after traveling on the East Arlington branch to that branch's Arlington station. After the East Arlington branch closed in 1921, the Nauck line provided the only rail service that visitors could use to reach the Cemetery.
After leaving the Arlington Fort Myer station, the line traveled south through Fort Myer before turning southwest to cross the South Arlington branch of the railroad's Fairfax line at Hatfield Junction. Passengers could transfer between the two lines at the railroad's adjacent Hatfield station.
Soon after leaving Hatfield Junction and continuing to travel southwest, the Nauck line crossed the west boundary of the Reservation and the Fort, a short distance north of the Fort's Hatfield Gate. The line then crossed the present path of Washington Boulevard (Virginia State Route 27), south of the Boulevard's crossing of Arlington Boulevard (U.S. Route 50)
The Nauck line then traveled southwest and south while partially following the present routes of S. Uhle Street and Walter Reed Drive. After crossing S. Glebe Road (now Virginia State Route 120), the line traveled downhill near the west side of S. Kenmore Street to end at a railway turntable near the intersection of 24th Road S. and S. Kenmore Street. The line terminated a short distance north of the Cowdon (Nauck) station of the Southern Railway, and later, of the W&OD Railway's Bluemont Division.
Nauck line stations
The stations of the Nauck line (Fort Myer-Arlington Branch of the Washington-Virginia Railway) were (with locations of sites in 2008):
Remnants of the Nauck line
Station
2312 2nd Street S., Arlington, the former Penrose Station now a private residence. Coordinates:
Roads
S. Uhle Street between S. Courthouse Road and 2nd Street S., Arlington. Coordinates:
S. Walter Reed Drive between Columbia Pike and 13th Street S., Arlington. Coordinates:
Fairfax line
The Washington, Arlington and Falls Church Railroad constructed the Fairfax line of the Washington—Virginia Railway. When completed, the line traveled from a terminus in front of the Fairfax County Courthouse in Fairfax City through Oakton, Vienna, Dunn Loring, Falls Church and Ballston to downtown Washington, D.C., and Rosslyn by way of Clarendon.
Trolleys of the Fairfax line began their trips at the old Courthouse, located at the southwest corner of Chain Bridge Road (now part of State Route 123) and Main Street (now part of State Route 236). The cars first ran westward along Main Street and then turned north at the site of the Fairfax Electric Depot (the terminus of the line until the depot burned in 1907) onto the present route of Railroad Avenue.
After crossing the present route of Fairfax Boulevard (U.S. Routes 29 and 50), the line crossed a branch of Accotink Creek and Chain Bridge Road (now Virginia State Route 123). The line then traveled northeast through Fairfax County a short distance east of Chain Bridge Road, crossed another branch of Accotink Creek, passed through Oakton, and reached the town of Vienna.
The line continued northeast in Vienna about a block southeast of Maple Avenue W. (Virginia State Route 123's present name in Vienna). After crossing Center Avenue S, the line's trolleys turned to the northwest on one of three legs of a triangular wye and crossed Maple Avenue E. After leaving the wye, the trolleys stopped at the line's Vienna station.
The Fairfax line's Vienna station was located in the center of town on the southeast side of Church Street NE, a short distance southeast of the tracks of the Southern Railway's Bluemont Branch, which became the W&OD Railway's Bluemont Division in 1912. The Southern's Vienna station (which remains intact on the southwest side of the W&OD Trail) was a block northwest of the Fairfax line's station.
As the Fairfax line's tracks ended near Church Street, trolleys left their station by reversing direction. They then recrossed Maple Avenue E and traveled southeast on a second leg of the wye that paralleled the Southern's tracks, with which there was an interchange. Freight and work cars usually bypassed the station and avoided reversing by turning from the northeast direction to the southeast on the third leg of the wye.
After leaving the wye, the line continued east in Vienna on Ninovan Road, paralleling the Southern's route. The line then crossed the Southern's tracks on a bridge built near Franklin in 1904. After the crossing, the line traveled east in Fairfax County along the present routes of Electric Avenue and Railroad Street (now parts of Virginia State Route 697) and within a railroad cut that is now in South Railway Street Park. The line then crossed the present route of the Capital Beltway (Interstate 495), travelled along the present route of Helena Drive, crossed the present route of Interstate 66 and continued to travel within Fairfax County until it reached the City of Falls Church.
The line continued eastward through Falls Church until it crossed W. Broad Street (now Virginia State Route 7). The line then travelled near the north side of the Southern Railway's tracks, following the present route of Lincoln Avenue until it reached Arlington County (named Alexandria County before 1920). After crossing Four Mile Run and Lee Highway (now part of U.S. Route 29), the line continued to travel eastward north of the Run and the Southern Railway while traveling near and along the present route of Fairfax Drive, which Interstate 66 (I-66) and the Washington Metro's Orange and Silver lines have partially replaced.
The Fairfax line then left the Southern's route, which continued southwest to Alexandria. Further along, the line left that of the present route of I-66, which travels northeast to Rosslyn.
The Fairfax line then traveled along the present paths of Fairfax Drive and the underground tracks of the Washington Metro. Between 1912 and its closing, the line traveled under a plate girder bridge at Waycroft that the W&OD Railway had constructed near the west end of Ballston for its Thrifton-Bluemont Junction connecting line, which I-66 later replaced north and northeast of Ballston.
After entering Ballston, the line passed a complex containing a car barn, rail yard, workshops, electrical substation and general office that the Washington, Arlington and Falls Church Railway had built in 1910 at Lacey near the present intersection of North Glebe Road (now Virginia State Route 120) and Fairfax Drive. Continuing eastward through Ballston on the present route of Fairfax Drive (now Virginia State Route 237), the line reached Clarendon, where it branched.
The North Arlington branch continued to follow the route of Fairfax Drive (now partially replaced by Clarendon Boulevard) through and past Clarendon. The branch then traveled downhill on the present route of Fairfax Drive along the north side of Rocky Run, which U.S. Route 50 now covers.
Approaching Rosslyn, the North Arlington branch turned to the north at Fort Myer Junction and joined the Nauck line. The combined lines then continued north along the present route of N. Lynn Street, joined the East Arlington branch, and ended near the Aqueduct Bridge at the railroad's Rosslyn terminal.
Beginning in 1906, travelers on the North and East Arlington branches and the Nauck line could transfer at the Rosslyn terminal to the Great Falls and Old Dominion Railroad (later the Great Falls Division of the W&OD Railway), which crossed the Potomac River into Georgetown on the Aqueduct Bridge. After the East Arlington branch closed in 1921 and the Aqueduct Bridge closed in 1923, travelers on the North Arlington Branch and the Nauck line could transfer in Rosslyn to the electric streetcars of the Capital Traction and (later) Capital Transit Companies, which crossed the Potomac on the Francis Scott Key Bridge.
After leaving Clarendon, trolleys on the South Arlington branch largely followed the future routes of Washington Boulevard and Southgate Drive. The branch crossed the Nauck line at Hatfield Junction and joined the East Arlington branch at Mount Vernon Junction (which received its name because the East Arlington branch was a part of the Washington, Alexandria, and Mount Vernon Railway when the South Arlington branch first reached it). After leaving Mount Vernon Junction, the branch's trolleys traveled on the East Arlington branch's tracks until they reached Arlington Junction, where they joined the Washington-Mount Vernon line.
After entering the tracks of the Washington-Mount Vernon line, the South Arlington branch's trolleys (some of which had originated in Fairfax City) crossed the Potomac River on the Long Bridge and, later, on the Highway Bridge. Their trips ended at the downtown Washington station.
I-66 and the Custis Trail now travel from Lee Highway (U.S. Route 29) in East Falls Church to Ballston on or near the Fairfax line's right of way along the former route of Fairfax Drive. Washington Metro's Orange and Silver Lines now follow the route of the Fairfax line and its North Arlington branch from Lee Highway in East Falls Church to N. Lynn Street in Rosslyn.
Fairfax line stations
The stations of the Fairfax line were (with locations of sites in 2008):
Remnants of the Fairfax line
Station
Oakton Station, 2923 Gray Street (between Pine Street and Oakton Drive), Fairfax County. Now a private residence. Includes rail and a raised trolley roadbed.
Roads
Railroad Avenue, Fairfax City. Coordinates:
Ninovan Road SE, Vienna. Coordinates:
Electric Avenue, Vienna and Fairfax County. Coordinates:
Railroad Street, Fairfax County. Coordinates:
Helena Drive, Fairfax County. Coordinates:
Lincoln Avenue, Falls Church. Coordinates:
I-66 between N. Sycamore Street and N. Kennebec Street, Arlington. Coordinates:
I-66 between N. Harrison Street and N. Edison Street, Arlington. Coordinates:
Fairfax Drive, Arlington. Coordinates:
Bridge remnants
Poured concrete railroad bridge abutment on north side of Washington & Old Dominion Railroad Trail between Electric Avenue and Ninovan Road, Vienna. Built in July 1904, according to engravings on its east side. Coordinates:
Stone railroad bridge abutment on south side of Washington and Old Dominion Railroad Trail between Electric Avenue and Ninovan Road, Vienna. Coordinates:
Abutments and wing walls of demolished railroad bridge over branch of Accotink Creek between Fairfax Village Drive and Ranger Road, Fairfax City. Coordinates:
Poured concrete railroad bridge over branch of Accotink Creek near the intersection of Chain Bridge Road and Fairfax Boulevard, behind the 29 Diner in Fairfax City. Coordinates:
Trails
Unpaved trails and trolley cut between Gallows Road and Morgan Lane in South Railroad Street Park, Dunn Loring, Fairfax County. Coordinates:
North Arlington branch
Constructed by the Washington, Arlington and Falls Church Railroad as part of the Fairfax line, the North Arlington branch of the Washington—Virginia Railway connected Clarendon and Rosslyn. The branch traveled northeast from Clarendon along the present routes of Clarendon Boulevard, Fairfax Drive and N. Lynn Streets, approximating the present underground routes of Washington Metro's Orange and Silver lines. The branch turned to the north when joining the Nauck line at Fort Myer Junction, joined the East Arlington Branch while traveling north along the present route of N. Lynn Street and ended near the Aqueduct Bridge at the railroad's Rosslyn terminal.
North Arlington branch stations
The stations of the North Arlington branch (Clarendon-Fairfax branch of Washington-Virginia Railway) were (with locations of sites in 2008):
Remnants of North Arlington branch
Roads
Clarendon Boulevard, Arlington. Coordinates:
Fairfax Drive, Arlington. Coordinates:
South Arlington branch
Constructed by the Washington, Arlington and Falls Church Railroad, the South Arlington branch of the Washington—Virginia Railway connected the railway's North Arlington and East Arlington branches when traveling between Clarendon and Mt. Vernon Junction. After most of the East Arlington branch closed in 1921, the South Arlington branch continued along the remaining route of that branch until it reached Arlington Junction, where it connected with the railway's Washington-Mount Vernon line.
Eastbound trolleys using the branch while traveling to downtown Washington began their trips on the Fairfax line and entered the branch at Clarendon. The branch traveled from Clarendon southeast along the present route of Washington Boulevard and crossed the western boundary of the Arlington Reservation and Fort Myer.
After entering the Fort, the South Arlington branch crossed the Fort Myer-Nauck line at Hatfield Junction. The branch then traveled south until leaving the Fort and other federal property within the Reservation when crossing the Reservation's southern boundary near the Fort's present South Gate.
The branch then traveled east along the present route of Southgate Road, now immediately south of Henderson Hall, Fort Myer and Arlington National Cemetery. After passing the Cemetery's southeast corner, the branch reached Mt. Vernon Junction, where it joined the East Arlington branch, which was originally a branch of the Washington, Alexandria and Mt. Vernon Electric Railroad.
South Arlington branch stations
The stations of the South Arlington branch of the Washington—Virginia Railway with locations of sites in 2008) were:
Remnant of South Arlington branch
Roads
Washington Boulevard, Arlington. Coordinates:
Historic designations
On October 19, 1994, the Virginia Department of Historic Resources (VDHR) added the Oakton trolley station to the Virginia Landmarks Register (VDHR identification number 029-0477). The National Park Service subsequently added the trolley station to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on February 8, 1995 (NHRP identification number: 95000026).
VDHR staff have determined that several other properties associated with the Washington and Virginia Railway Company/Washington, Arlington and Falls Church Electric Railway (VDHR identification number 029-5470) are not eligible for listing on the NHRP. As of February 6, 2018, the staff had not found any other such properties to be eligible for this listing.
Washington and Old Dominion Railway
Maps
Expandable 1892 map of Washington, D.C., and suburbs, showing the route of the Washington and Arlington Railway (not labeled) between Rosslyn and Arlington National Cemetery's Fort Myer Gate:
1894 topographic map of the city of Alexandria, Alexandria County, Falls Church and eastern Fairfax County, showing the route of the Washington, Alexandria and Mount Vernon Railway (not labeled) between the city of Alexandria and Mount Vernon:
1894 topographic map of the city of Alexandria, Alexandria County, Falls Church and northeastern Fairfax County, showing the route of the Washington, Alexandria and Mount Vernon Railway in the city of Alexandria and Fairfax County:
1898 topographic map of Washington, D.C., the city of Alexandria, Alexandria County (now Arlington County), Falls Church and northeastern Fairfax County, showing the routes of the Washington, Arlington & Falls Church Electric Railroad (W.A. & F.C. E.R.R.) and the Washington, Alexandria & Mt. Vernon Electric Railway (W. A. & MT. V. Electric R.R.):
1900 map of Alexandria County (now Arlington County) and the City of Alexandria, showing the routes of the Washington, Arlington & Falls Church Railway and the Washington, Alexandria & Mt. Vernon Electric Railway:
1900 map of Alexandria County (now Arlington County), showing the routes of the Washington, Arlington & Falls Church Electric Railway and the Washington, Alexandria & Mt. Vernon Electric Railway:
November 1901 topographic map of the District of Columbia and northeastern Alexandria County (now Arlington County), showing the routes of the Washington, Arlington & Falls Church Railroad (not labeled) and the Washington, Alexandria & Mt. Vernon Electric Railroad (Wash. Alex. & Mt. Vernon Electric R.R.):
1904 map of Alexandria County (now Arlington County), the city of Alexandria and northeastern Fairfax County showing the routes of the Washington, Arlington & Falls Church Railroad (W. A & F.C. R.R.) and the Washington, Alexandria & Mt. Vernon Railroad (Wash. Alex. & Mt.V. R.R.):
1907 map of Alexandria County (now Arlington County) showing the routes of the Washington, Arlington & Falls Church Railway (W.A.&FC RY) and the Washington & Mt. Vernon Railway (WA. & MT. V RY):
1907 map of Alexandria County, Virginia (now Arlington County), showing the routes of the Washington, Alexandria and Mt. Vernon Railway (W. A. & Mt V. RY.), the Washington, Arlington & Falls Church Railway (W. A. & F. C. RY.) and the Great Falls and Old Dominion Railway (G. F. & O. D. RY.):
1915 topographic map of northwestern Fairfax County, showing the route of the Fairfax line of the Washington—Virginia Railway (Electric RR) between Vienna and the city of Fairfax and the routes of the Washington and Old Dominion Railway between Vienna and Herndon and between Difficult Run and Great Falls:
1915 topographic map of Washington, D.C., the city of Alexandria, Alexandria County, Falls Church and northeastern Fairfax County, showing the routes of the Washington—Virginia Railway and the Washington and Old Dominion Railway:
1917 topographic map of Washington, D.C., the city of Alexandria, Alexandria County, Falls Church and northeastern Fairfax County, showing the routes of the Washington—Virginia Railway and the Washington and Old Dominion Railway:
1924 topographic map of the city of Alexandria and southeastern Fairfax County showing the Washington-Virginia Railway's route between Alexandria and Mount Vernon:
1925 topographic map of south-central Maryland and southeastern Fairfax County showing the Washington—Virginia Railway's route in Fairfax County to Mt. Vernon:
1929 topographic map of Washington, D.C., the city of Alexandria, Alexandria County, Falls Church and northeastern Fairfax County, showing the routes of the Arlington and Fairfax (A & F) Railway, the Mount Vernon, Alexandria and Washington (Mt V A and W) Railway and the Washington and Old Dominion Railway:
See also
Washington streetcars
Washington Metro
Urban rail transit
Bustitution
Trolley park
Notes
References
In Appendix K of Northern Virginia Regional Park Authority - Pre-filed Direct Testimony of Mr. Hafner, Mr. Mcray and Mr. Simmons, November 30, 2005 (Parts 4 and 5), Case No. PUE-2005-00018, Virginia State Corporation Commission. Obtained in
Further reading
External links
Northern Virginia Conservation Trust
National Capital Trolley Museum
A memorial site for DC Transit
Online exhibit of Washington streetcars from the National Museum of American History
Before the Beltway: Streetcar Lines in Northern Virginia: Photographs from the Ames Williams Collection, an online exhibit from the Alexandria Public Library
Brief history of Washington-Virginia Railroad with photographs of cars and route map in Arlington.
Website describing the history of the Washington & Old Dominion Railroad and the Great Falls & Old Dominion Railroad, with photographs and lists of stations.
(5:56 minutes)
Rosslyn Circle History with photo from 1925
Defunct Virginia railroads
Defunct Washington, D.C., railroads
Streetcars in Virginia
Streetcars in Washington, D.C.
Transportation in Arlington County, Virginia
Transportation in Fairfax County, Virginia
Transportation in Alexandria, Virginia
Electric railways in Virginia
Electric railways in Washington, D.C.
Interurban railways in Virginia
Interurban railways in Washington, D.C.
Trolleys |
4022004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandoren | Vandoren | Vandoren is a manufacturer of mouthpieces, reeds, and accessories for the clarinet and saxophone families.
History
Vandoren was founded in 1905 by Eugène Van Doren (1873-1940), a clarinetist for the Paris Opera. The original location was eventually moved to 56 Rue Lepic, Paris where his son, Robert Van Doren (1904-1996), took over the business around 1935 and designed the 5RV mouthpiece.
In 1967, Bernard Van Doren (b. 1945), grandson of aforementioned Eugène Van Doren, took over the company and designed the B45 clarinet mouthpiece. Bernard also introduced new machinery to the company, and moved the factory to its current location in Paris at Bormes les Mimosas in 1990. With the improvements in technology, Vandoren was able to increase production, becoming a major manufacturer of reeds and mouthpieces for woodwind instruments.
Mouthpieces
Vandoren clarinet and saxophone mouthpieces are made of vulcanised rubber called ebonite. Their V16 tenor saxophone mouthpieces are also available in a metal variant.
Reeds
The company produces clarinet reeds in a variety of styles for French, German and Austrian style clarinets.
French styled clarinet reeds
Traditional reeds (blue packaging) are the most widely played style of reed. They are available in strengths from 1.5 to 5. They are made with a .09 mm thickness at the tip and a thickness of 2.8 mm at the heel.
Vandoren V.12 reeds are produced from the thicker cane that is used to make saxophone reeds. At the tip, V.12 reeds have a thickness of .10 mm and at the heel, they have a thickness of 3.15 mm. This is equal to .124 inches, which is where the name V.12 comes from. The V.12 reeds come in strengths from 2.5 to 5. These strengths do not correspond to those of Vandoren Traditional reeds (a strength 4 V.12 has a similar hardness to a strength 3.5 Traditional reed). The V12 reed produces a darker tone than the traditional reed.
The 56 rue Lepic reeds (black packaging) are named after the address of the Vandoren central offices on 56 rue Lepic, Paris. They differ from the other two types of Vandoren reeds in that they come from the thickest cane. At the tip, 56 rue Lepic reeds have a thickness of .11 mm and at the heel, they have a thickness of 3.25 mm. They are very similar to German style reeds.
V21 reeds were released from 2015. They combine the shape of a 56 rue Lepic reed with a V.12 profile.
German styled clarinet reeds
The White Master is designed for German clarinet players, respectively. Their cut is calculated to suit the characteristics of the German system clarinet mouthpieces. Black Master reeds have a larger and thicker cut than White Master reeds.
Austrian styled clarinet reeds
The Black Master is designed for Austrian clarinet players, respectively. They are available in two different models. The Black Master reed is designed for Austrian mouthpieces. This cut can also suit the Boehm system mouthpieces. The Black Master Traditional reed is designed in the tradition of the Viennese School for very closed Austrian mouthpieces, with a long facing.
Saxophone reeds
Like clarinet reeds, Vandoren saxophone reeds come in a variety of styles. The most basic style is the Traditional reed, which is very similar to the Traditional clarinet reed.
The JAVA reed, available in filed and unfiled varieties, is for playing jazz: the filed JAVA Red cut is more flexible with a slightly stronger tonal body than the original (green, unfiled) JAVA cut. In 1993, Vandoren began producing V16 reeds, also for jazz, which have a thicker tip and a longer pallet than the JAVAs. The ZZ is also intended for jazz.
Vandoren has released from 2009 the V12 for classical music which is modeled after the success of the Vandoren V12 reed for clarinet. Then from 2016 the V21 reeds, a versatile model for various styles of music.
Accessories
Vandoren has a large range of accessories for clarinet and saxophone: these include ligatures, reed cases, cleaning swabs, mouthpiece cushions and cork grease, and even instrument harnesses and neck straps. Some other accessories include mouthpiece pouches, reed trimmers and reed resurfacers.
Saxophone and clarinet ligatures
Vandoren produces a wide range of ligatures for clarinet and saxophone players. They are made from materials such as metal, leather, and woven materials. These ligatures can be found for the B♭ clarinet, Bass clarinet, E♭ clarinet, and the Alto clarinet. The same materials are used for saxophonists and can be found for the soprano saxophone, alto saxophone, tenor saxophone and baritone saxophone. Vandoren's Optimum, M/O, Klassik ligature, and the leather ligature are all available for the clarinet and saxophone families.
References
External links
Bernard Van Doren Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2017)
Musical instrument manufacturing companies based in Paris
Manufacturing companies established in 1905
Clarinet manufacturing companies
French brands
French companies established in 1905 |
4022019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrus%20SR22 | Cirrus SR22 | The Cirrus SR22 is a single-engine four- or five-seat composite aircraft built from 2001 by Cirrus Aircraft of Duluth, Minnesota.
It is a development of the Cirrus SR20, with a larger wing, higher fuel capacity, and a more powerful, 310-horsepower (231 kW) engine.
The SR22 series has been the world's best-selling general aviation (GA) airplane every year since 2003. With 6,149 units delivered from 2001–19, and in combination with the SR20, a total of 7,645, it is the most-produced GA aircraft of the 21st century, and is the single most-produced GA aircraft made from composite material, accounting for over 30% of the entire piston aircraft market.
The Cirrus SR22 is equipped with a whole-plane emergency recovery parachute system: the Cirrus Airframe Parachute System (CAPS). This has contributed to its market success and has given it the nickname "the plane with the parachute".
Design and development
The SR22, certified in November 2000, is a more powerful version of the earlier SR20. Production of the aircraft started in 2001. The SR22 is a low-wing cantilever monoplane of composite construction, featuring fixed (non-retractable) tricycle landing gear with a castering nose wheel and steering via differential braking on the main wheels. It is powered by a nose-mounted 310 hp (231 kW) Continental IO-550-N piston engine. The four-seat cabin is accessed through doors on both sides of the fuselage.
The SR-series remains the only production airplane in its class to include side stick flight controls that combine aspects of a traditional yoke handle (referred to in the industry as a "side yoke").
The Cirrus SR22, like the SR20, is equipped with the Cirrus Airframe Parachute System (CAPS), which can lower the entire aircraft to the ground relatively gently in an emergency.
In 2004, the company introduced the SR22 G2 (Generation 2) and in 2007 the SR22 G3 (Generation 3). Both were defined by airframe modifications, G2 by fuselage and G3 by modified wing and landing gear.
In a 2012 Flying magazine review, then editor-in-chief Robert Goyer wrote that the Cirrus SR22 "is the most sophisticated single-engine civilian airplane ever built and by a long shot."
In 2013, the manufacturer introduced the SR22 G5 (Generation 5) (there was no G4). Key changes were an increase in gross weight to and a standard five-seat cabin arrangement. The G5 received only minor changes for 2014, including integrated LED lighting and Beringer brakes.
In 2014, the SR22 and SR22T had been the best-selling four-to-five-seat fixed-wing aircraft in the world for 12 years in a row.
In 2016, Cirrus introduced improvements to the SR Series, including Bluetooth wireless connectivity, a remote keyless entry, convenience lighting system, and an easy-access door latch.
In 2017, the company introduced the SR22 G6 (Generation 6), with several major upgrades to the avionics and new navigation lighting.
In September 2019, Cirrus unveiled the TRAC, a training-oriented version of the SR-series with a simplified interior, more durable seat material, backseat radio transmit switch to allow an observer to communicate with air traffic control, integrated engine indication and crew alerting/warning systems, and simulated retractable landing gear controls and position lights to allow cadets and instructors to feign landing gear operation and failures during instructional flights (the actual landing gear remains permanently fixed).
In January 2020, the company introduced a new mobile app for the SR Series, called "Cirrus IQ", which enables remote aircraft communication including access to pre-flight status information like fuel and oxygen levels, battery voltage, oil temperature, aircraft location and flight hours.
In October 2020, it was revealed that a 2003 SR22 would be displayed in the new general aviation exhibition "We All Fly" in the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum, set to open in 2022.
In January 2022, Cirrus announced speed and aesthetic improvements to the G6 SR-series, with a increased cruise speed, upgrades to the mobile IQ app, USB-A and USB-C charging ports and more.
Turbocharged models
Cirrus introduced the SR22 Turbo in 2006, with a Tornado Alley turbonormalizing upgrade kit that is factory installed under a Supplemental Type Certificate. It included twin turbonormalizers and twin intercoolers. The conversion includes built-in oxygen and a Hartzell three-blade (later four-blade as optional) lightweight composite propeller. The weight of the conversion reduces the SR22's useful load. Air conditioning is available with the SR22 Turbo, but this further reduces the useful load. The turbo version has a certified ceiling of , a maximum cruise speed of 211 knots (391 km/h), and a top speed of .
In 2010, Cirrus introduced the SR22T. This used a new engine, the Continental TSIO-550K, which produces with a 7.5:1 compression ratio and can run on 94 octane fuel.
Glass cockpit
SR22s and SR20s built before 2003 were equipped with traditional analog instruments and a 10" (later 12") Multi-function display (MFD). In February 2003, Cirrus began offering SR22s with the Avidyne Entegra primary flight display (PFD), making the plane the first of its kind to come with a glass cockpit. Later that year, this instrumentation became standard equipment on all SR-series aircraft and sparked a major transition in general aviation, whereby over 90% of all new light aircraft by the year 2006 were equipped with glass cockpits. Retrofits are available for the older SR aircraft that replace the analog instrument panels with one that includes a PFD, a new MFD and the installation of back-up mechanical instruments.
On 22 May 2008, Cirrus revealed the "Cirrus Perspective" glass cockpit (by Garmin). Both cockpits were available for a while (the Avidyne cockpit was initially standard equipment) and after 2008 the SR22 was sold with only the Perspective panel.
In 2009, the third-generation Cirrus SR22 GTS came equipped with a new enhanced vision system (EVS), a sophisticated dual-wavelength instrument that offers both infrared and synthetic vision.
At the 2010 EAA AirVenture, Cirrus announced its plans to certify Garmin's ESP system (Electronic Stability and Protection) on the Cirrus SR22. It included advanced flight envelope protection that could stabilize the aircraft with the push of a button, to avoid spiral from developing.
The Cirrus Perspective-Plus avionics flight deck was introduced in 2017, with a faster processing speed, animated datalink weather, payload management, visual approach capabilities, wireless database uploads, glass back-up instruments, and more.
In 2020, the Perspective-Plus flight deck included a new stabilized approach advisory system which provides alerts to the pilot of unstable conditions during approach.
Flight into known icing
Cirrus completed testing for flight into known icing conditions (FIKI) on 12 January 2009. The equipment change involved installing a larger fluid tank for the TKS Ice Protection System and protecting more areas of the aircraft. The FAA approved the new installation in April 2009.
Operational history
For several years, the largest fleet of Cirrus SR22s was operated by ImagineAir, which was in operation from 2007–2018. Previously to this, the largest fleet had been operated by SATSair with 26 aircraft. It began operations in 2004 and went out of business in 2009. The largest European operator is Fly Aeolus, a Belgian fractional ownership company established in 2009 that operates 13 SR22s. In May 2022, California-based air taxi company Joby Aviation received Part 135 air service certification from the FAA to operate a fleet of SR22s, pending certification of its eVTOL aircraft.
Australian pilot Ryan Campbell used an SR22 to become the youngest pilot to fly solo around the world (a title which he held for nearly a year), at age nineteen. He completed his trip on 7 September 2013 in Wollongong. His SR22, Spirit of the Sapphire Coast, was modified by removing three seats and adding a fuselage tank for a total of usable.
The French Air and Space Force uses six SR22s as training aircraft, and the Royal Saudi Air Force acquired 25 SR22s in 2013, replacing Cessna 172s as primary trainers at the King Faisal Air Academy. In 2015 Emirates purchased 22 aircraft for training purposes. The Minnesota State Patrol uses a special missions "Cirrus Perception" SR22 for law enforcement operations, surveillance, search and rescue missions and more.
As of September 2018, the SR-series has deployed the parachute system 79 times carrying 163 survivors.
Safety record
Between 2001 and May 2014, 147 US-registered Cirrus SR22 aircraft crashed, resulting in 122 fatalities.
In 2011, the accident record of the SR20/SR22 was examined by Aviation Consumer magazine. It found that the series' overall accident record is better than average for light aircraft, exceeded only by the Diamond DA40 and DA42. However its fatal accident rate is worse, at 1.6 per 100,000 flight hours—which places it higher than the United States general aviation rate of 1.2, and higher than the Diamond DA40 (0.35), Cessna 172 (0.45), Diamond DA42 (0.54), Cessna 182 (0.69), and the Cessna 400 (1.0), despite the SR22's full aircraft parachute system.
By the end of 2013, the accident rate had been reduced to a fatality rate of 1.01 per 100,000 flight hours. This was attributed to better training, particularly in use of the ballistic parachute system.
The accident rate continued to decrease in 2014, with a fatal rate of .42 per 100,000 flight hours, one of the industry's lowest. This marked the fewest fatalities in a single year for Cirrus since 2001, and the first year where the number of CAPS deployments (12) exceeded the number of fatal accidents (3).
Variants
SR22
Original version
SR22 G2
Improved variant
SR22 Turbo G2
In July 2006, Cirrus announced a turbo normalized SR22. Some initial limited models were identified as Signature Edition SE22 G2s—equipped with additional features including an unequally painted exterior, black leather seats, and the signatures of Cirrus founders Dale and Alan Klapmeier on the cowling.
SR22TN
Version with a Tornado Alley turbo-normalizing kit added to the Continental IO-550-N engine producing .
SR22 G3
Launched in April 2007, the SR22 G3 variant has an increased range and fuel capacity, from , a lighter carbon fiber wing spar and longer landing gear for increased prop clearance. Upgraded models, such as the GTS, come with airbag seatbelts.
SR22T
Introduced in June 2010, with a turbocharged Continental TSIO-550-K producing . The engine has low-compression pistons, producing a 7.5 to 1 compression ratio to allow the engine to run on lower octane fuel, 94UL. The SR22T has a maximum cruise speed of , empty weight of , and a maximum operating altitude of . This model also has a decreased useful load of and reduced range of , as well as a Hartzell three-blade lightweight composite prop.
SR22/22T G5
On 17 January 2013, Cirrus Aircraft announced the fourth generation of the SR22 and SR22T (skipping G4 as a designation for the new version of the aircraft). Features included a increase in the maximum takeoff weight, and some previous options—60/40 split back seat, ADS-B transponder, and Garmin GFC700 autopilot—became standard equipment. The wheel pants were redesigned and included an access door for the inflator valve. Cirrus improved the aircraft's ballistic parachute using a larger canopy to account for the higher takeoff weight, and a more powerful rocket. The rocket firing changed to a fail-safe electronic ignition, with a maximum operating speed of 140 knots (up from 133 knots). Earlier versions used a pyrotechnic rocket ignition system. Maximum flap speeds were increased to 150 knots (first notch); 110 knots (second notch); and added another 3.5 degrees of extension. Fuel burn slightly increased at cruise speeds, rate of climb was reduced, liftoff speed increased to 80 knots (from 72 knots), and stall speed increased to 60 knots (from 58 knots).
SR22/22T G6
Introduced in January 2017, the G6 model adds new LED wingtip lights and an updated Garmin avionics flight deck (known as "Cirrus Perspective-Plus") with a 10-times faster instrument processing speed and several other upgrades.
TRAC
Introduced in September 2019, the TRAC is a flight-training version SR22/22T with a simplified, more durable interior, Perspective+ flight deck, rear seat push-to-talk functionality, and simulated landing gear controls.
Operators
Civil
The aircraft is used by flying schools, several air charter and small air taxi carriers, as well as private individuals and companies.
Military and government
Chilean Air Force – 8
French Air and Space Force – 6
Royal Saudi Air Force – 25
Emirates Flight Training Academy – 22
Minnesota State Patrol – 1
Accidents and incidents
There have been numerous accidents and incidents involving the SR22. Listed below are a select few of the most notable ones.
On November 3, 2015, former Walmart CEO William S. Simon deployed CAPS in his SR22 over Fayetteville near the University of Arkansas when the plane experienced engine trouble. A vehicle struck the aircraft on a busy road after it had touched down. All parties involved suffered only minor injuries.
On May 12, 2021, a Swearingen Metroliner SA226-TC and an SR22 collided on approach to Centennial Airport near Denver, Colorado. The Cirrus pilot deployed CAPS and made a safe off-airport parachute-assisted landing; the Metroliner pilot landed safely at Centennial with significant damage to the cabin and empennage, and a failed engine. No injuries were reported.
Specifications (SR22-G5)
See also
References
Notes
External links
SR22
2000s United States civil utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft |
4022022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nin | Nin | Nin or NIN may refer to:
National identification number, a system used by governments around the world to keep track of their citizens
National Information Network
National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, an institution in Hyderabad, India
Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, a neuroscience research institute in Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Nine Inch Nails, an American industrial rock band founded by Trent Reznor
NIN (magazine), a Serbian political magazine
NIN (cuneiform), the Sumerian sign for lady
NIN (gene), a human gene
Nin (surname), a surname
Nion or Nin, a letter in the Ogham alphabet
Akira Nishitani (a.k.a. Nin or Nin-Nin), co-creator of the game Street Fighter II
Anaïs Nin, French-Cuban author
Nin, Croatia, a town in the Zadar County in Croatia
Bishop Gregory of Nin, an important figure in the 10th century ecclesiastical politics of Dalmatia.
See also
Nin (surname)
National Insurance number |
4022025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipple%20shield%20%28breastfeeding%29 | Nipple shield (breastfeeding) | A nipple shield is a nipple-shaped sheath worn over the areola and nipple during breastfeeding. Modern nipple shields are made of soft, thin, flexible silicone and have holes at the end of the nipple section to allow the breast milk to pass through.
Usage
Nipple shields are used in various situations:
Some mothers have small or inverted nipples which make it difficult for the baby to latch on. Using a shield allows for feeding to progress until the baby's suction draws out the nipple.
Small, weak or sick babies often have difficulty latching on to the breast. A nipple shield makes latching easier and prevents the baby becoming discouraged.
Babies who had to be bottle-fed since birth can become used to the bottle teat. Nipple shields feel more like teats, and aid with the transition to breast feeding.
A mother's nipples can become sore or cracked from breastfeeding. A shield allows the mother to continue breastfeeding until her cracked nipples heal and she improves her latching technique.
They make it easier to measure the quantity of milk consumed.
Most doctors and lactation consultants stress that nipple shields use should be temporary; the aim is always to return to regular breastfeeding, unless otherwise indicated.
Breast shells may be confused with nipple shields, but shields are intended for use during the act of breastfeeding, whereas breast shells are worn in preparation for breastfeeding.
History
Older nipple shields were made of latex and harder, thicker plastics, and often caused more problems than they solved. Before the invention of plastics, nipple shields were made of metal, glass, or ivory. A 17th-century nipple shield held in Shakespeare's birthplace is made of pewter.
See also
Pasties, a nipple cover used (often for legal reasons) when the breast is otherwise exposed
Breast petal, a nipple cover used under clothing for a smoother line
Further reading
Breastfeeding
Shield (breastfeeding) |
4022053 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Schur | Michael Schur | Michael Herbert Schur (born 1975) is an American television producer, writer, director and actor. He was a producer and writer for the comedy series The Office, and co-created Parks and Recreation with Office producer Greg Daniels. He created The Good Place, co-created the comedy series Brooklyn Nine-Nine and was a producer on the series Master of None. He also played Mose Schrute in The Office. In 2021, he co-created the comedy series Rutherford Falls.
Schur's comedies typically include large, diverse casts and have created break-out stars. His shows feature optimistic characters who often find strong friendships and lasting love, through plots that showcase "good-hearted humanistic warmth." As of September 2021, Schur has been nominated for 19 Primetime Emmy Awards, winning two for his work on Saturday Night Live (1997–2004) and The Office.
Early life
Schur was born in 1975 in Ann Arbor, Michigan, to a Jewish family. His parents are Warren M. Schur and Anne Herbert, and he was raised in West Hartford, Connecticut. He first became interested in comedy when he was 11 years old, when he read Without Feathers, a 1975 collection of humorous essays by Woody Allen. Schur said he found the book on his father's bookshelf and stayed up reading it until 4 a.m.
Schur attended William H. Hall High School in West Hartford, Connecticut. Schur graduated Phi Beta Kappa with a B.A. major in English from Harvard University in 1997, where he was a president of the Harvard Lampoon.
Career
Starting in 1998, Schur was a writer on NBC's Saturday Night Live. Schur became the producer of Weekend Update in 2001; his first show in the new role was Saturday Night Lives first episode after the September 11 attacks. In 2002, he won his first Primetime Emmy Award as part of SNLs writing team. Schur left Saturday Night Live in 2004.
Soon afterward, he became producer and writer for The Office on NBC, for which he wrote ten episodes and won the 2006 Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series. Schur appeared on The Office as Dwight's cousin Mose in several episodes, including "Initiation", in which Dwight takes Ryan to his beet farm, "Money", in which Jim and Pam spend a night at the farm, "The Deposition", "Koi Pond", "Counseling" and "Finale". He also co-wrote The Office: The Accountants webisodes with Paul Lieberstein.
In 2005, Schur served as a co-producer of HBO's The Comeback and wrote two of its 13 episodes.
Schur also wrote for Fire Joe Morgan, a sports journalism blog, under the pseudonym "Ken Tremendous". Schur resurrected the pen name on March 31, 2011, when he began writing for SB Nation's Baseball Nation site. @KenTremendous is also Schur's Twitter handle.
In April 2008, Schur and Greg Daniels started working on a pilot for Parks and Recreation as a proposed spin-off of The Office. Over time, Schur realized Parks and Recreation would work better if they made it separate from The Office. While Parks and Recreation received negative reviews in its first season, it received critical acclaim in the second, much like The Office.
Schur collaborated with The Decemberists on their music video for "Calamity Song" from the album The King Is Dead. This video is based upon Eschaton, a mock-nuclear war game played on tennis courts that David Foster Wallace created in his 1996 novel Infinite Jest. Schur wrote his undergraduate senior thesis on the novel, and once held the film rights to it.
With Daniel J. Goor, Schur created the cop comedy Brooklyn Nine-Nine, which premiered in fall 2013 on Fox. The show was moved to NBC in its sixth season. The show boasts six awards.
In 2013, Joe Posnanski and Schur created The PosCast which is now hosted by Meadowlark Media. The podcast primarily discusses baseball but meanders into other sports, subjects, drafts of random items, and prides itself in being meaningless. The podcast has featured notable guests and co-hosts such as Linda Holmes, Ken Rosenthal, Nick Offerman, Ellen Adair, Stefan Fatsis, Brandon McCarthy, Joey Votto, and Sean Doolittle.
On September 19, 2016, the Schur-created sitcom The Good Place began airing on NBC. The supernatural series concerning philosophy and being a good person, starring Kristen Bell and Ted Danson, became a surprise critical and commercial success, concluding its four-season run on January 30, 2020.
In 2016, Schur and Rashida Jones co-wrote the teleplay of "Nosedive", an episode of the television anthology series Black Mirror, from a story by Charlie Brooker.
In 2019, Schur joined other WGA writers in firing their agents as part of the Writers Guild of America's stand against the ATA and the unfair practice of packaging.
In 2019, Schur began development of a scripted comedy called Rutherford Falls starring Ed Helms. The series premiered on the streaming service Peacock on April 22, 2021. He worked on several projects on IMDb TV. He also reupped his overall deal at Universal Television.
Personal life
Schur is married to J. J. Philbin, who was formerly a writer on The O.C. and is the daughter of Regis Philbin. Their son was born in February 2008 and daughter in July 2010.
He is a vegetarian.
Filmography
Awards and nominations
Bibliography
References
External links
Interview with Michael Schur
Where are they now? Interview About His Public Schooling
1970s births
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American screenwriters
American bloggers
American male bloggers
American male television actors
American television directors
American male television writers
American television writers
Hall High School (Connecticut) alumni
Harvard University alumni
Hugo Award-winning writers
Jewish American male actors
Jewish American screenwriters
Living people
NBCUniversal people
Nebula Award winners
People from West Hartford, Connecticut
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Showrunners
Screenwriters from Connecticut
Screenwriters from Michigan
Television producers from Connecticut
Television producers from Michigan
The Harvard Lampoon alumni
Writers from Ann Arbor, Michigan
Writers Guild of America Award winners |
4022055 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre%20for%20Appropriate%20Technology | Centre for Appropriate Technology | Centre for Appropriate Technology may refer to:
Centre for Appropriate Technology (Australia)
El Centro Integrado de Technologia Appropriada (CITA) (Cuba)
See also
Centre for Alternative Technology |
4022058 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade%20Edmistone | Jade Edmistone | Jade Edmistone (born 6 February 1982) is an Australian breaststroke swimmer, who is the former world-record holder in the 50 m breaststroke at both short and long course formats of the event.
Edmistone was born in Brisbane, Queensland. She was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder.
In 2004, Edmistone emerged as an international calibre swimmer, at the Telstra Australian Short Course Championships. Her three swims in the heats, semifinals and final produced a Commonwealth record, an equalling of the world record and a new world record for the 50 m breaststroke (29.90s).
She followed that with a personal best time to finish second to Olympic silver medallist Brooke Hanson in the 100 m breaststroke final to qualify for her second event at the FINA Short Course World Championships in Indianapolis, Indiana. At the World Championships, Edmistone won the silver medal in the 50 m breaststroke, just 0.01 s behind Hanson. She also took home silver in the 100m breaststroke, also behind Hanson.
Edmistone qualified for her first long course international team in March 2005, when she won the 50 m breaststroke at the 2005 Australian Swimming Championships in Sydney. She had set national records twice on her way to the final. She won her first world title by breaking the world record in the 50 m breaststroke at the 2005 World Aquatics Championships in Montreal, Quebec, Canada in July 2005, setting a time of 30.45 s.
At the 2006 Commonwealth Games Trials in February 2006 in Melbourne, Edmistone set a new personal best in the 100 m breaststroke to become the 2nd fastest Australian of all-time, and further lowered her own world record in the 50 metres breaststroke to 30.31s. It was the first world record to be set at the new pool built for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
She claimed silver in both the 50 m and 100 m breaststroke at the 2006 Commonwealth Games, trailing Leisel Jones in both cases. Then followed up at the 2006 FINA Short Course World Championships in Shanghai with Gold in the 50 m breaststroke, bronze in the 100 m breaststroke and joined Tayliah Zimmer, Jessicah Schipper and Libby Lenton in the 4x100 m medley relay to take gold and set a new world record, beating the previous record by 3 seconds.
Edmistone married fellow Australian swim team member Andrew Richards on 22 April 2006 in a ceremony held at Lyrebird Ridge Organic Winery, a property owned and managed by her aunt and uncle in the beautiful Shoalhaven.
Since retiring from competitive swimming, Edmistone founded 'The ONCORE Academy' which assists with the development of individuals both in and out of the water. It provides products, programs and education specialising in building and strengthening fundamental swimming techniques and developing a strong mental wellbeing outside of sports.
In 2016, Edmistone published her first book, Fish Out Of Water, which delves into her personal experiences as she transitioned from a life as an elite athlete into that of a 'normal' person. The book also has contributions from twelve other former elite female swimmers.
Edmistone is also a passionate motivational speaker, who speaks about her experiences as a professional athlete, the highs and lows during her career and how she navigated through the transition from being a world champion to living a ‘normal’ life. Jade actively speaks about her experiences with mental health and managing the stresses of a high-performance sport.
Personal bests
Long course
50 m Breaststroke: 30.31 s - (Former world record, set in Melbourne, Australia, January 2006)
100 m Breaststroke: 1:07.03 s - 2nd fastest Australian all-time.
200 m Breaststroke - 2:32.60 s
Short course
50 m Breaststroke - 29.90 s - (Former world record, set in Brisbane, Australia, September 2004)
100 m Breaststroke - 1:05.18 s- 2nd Fastest Australian of all-time
200 m Breaststroke - 2:25.80 s
See also
List of Australian records in swimming
List of Commonwealth Games records in swimming
World record progression 50 metres breaststroke
World record progression 4 × 100 metres medley relay
References
External links
Official website
1982 births
Living people
Sportswomen from Queensland
Australian female breaststroke swimmers
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Australia
Swimmers at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
World record setters in swimming
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Australian Institute of Sport swimmers
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
Swimmers from Brisbane
Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming
Universiade medalists in swimming
Universiade silver medalists for Australia
Medalists at the 2003 Summer Universiade |
4022079 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Alpay | David Alpay | David Alpay (born 6 October 1980) is a Canadian actor, musician and producer, known for playing Mark Smeaton in the Showtime series The Tudors and Jade in the Epix series From.
Early life
Alpay was born in Toronto, Ontario, and prior to his first film role, he was studying at the University of Toronto.
Career
Alpay played the character "Danny" in the political comedy Man of the Year, starring Robin Williams.
Filmography
Film
Television
External links
1980 births
21st-century Canadian male actors
Canadian male television actors
Canadian male film actors
Living people
Male actors from Toronto
University of Toronto alumni |
4022084 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie%20to%20Me%20%28album%29 | Lie to Me (album) | Lie to Me is the second studio album by the American blues guitarist Jonny Lang, released on January 28, 1997. It is Lang's big-label debut, released a day before he turned 16.
Track listing
"Lie to Me" (Bruce McCabe/David Z) - 4:11
"Darker Side" (McCabe) - 5:07
"Good Morning Little Schoolgirl" (Sonny Boy Williamson) - 4:15
"Still Wonder" (Kevin Bowe) - 3:45
"Matchbox" (Ike Turner) - 3:29
"Back for a Taste of Your Love" (Syl Johnson/Darryl Carter/Brenda Johnson) - 3:32
"A Quitter Never Wins" (Tinsley Ellis/Margaret Simpson) - 5:56
"Hit the Ground Running" (Michael Lunn/Jeff Silbar) - 3:31
"Rack 'Em Up" (McCabe) - 4:07
"When I Come to You" (Jonny Lang/Dennis Morgan) - 4:58
"There's Gotta Be a Change" (Gwendolyn Collins) - 4:11
"Missing Your Love" (Lang/Morgan) - 3:53
Personnel
Jonny Lang - vocals, lead guitar
Bruce McCabe - piano, clavinet, backing vocals
Bekka Bramlett - backing vocals
Billy Franze - rhythm guitar
Dennis Morgan - acoustic guitar
Doug Bartenfeld - rhythm guitar
Rob Stupka - drums
David Smith - bass guitar
Tom Tucker - engineer
Mark Pagliaro - Guitar Tech
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
Jonny Lang albums
1997 albums
A&M Records albums |
4022089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81i%20Tai%20ki%20T%C4%81maki | Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki | Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki is a Māori tribe that is based in the area around Clevedon, part of the Auckland region (Tāmaki in the Māori language). It is one of the twelve members of the Hauraki Collective of tribes.
The founding ancestors of Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki came to New Zealand in the Tainui migration canoe and left it when it was dragged across Te Tō Waka, the portage from the Tāmaki River to the Manukau Harbour. Their descendants occupied parts of the Hauraki Gulf, including east Auckland as far inland as Otara and Maungarei, as well as Clevedon, Maraetai and Howick. Te Irirangi Drive, a major highway in Manukau City, is named after one of their rangatira (chiefs), Tara Te Irirangi.
Ngāi Tai has a marae at Umupuia Beach, between Maraetai and Clevedon. They also use the Ngāti Tamaoho marae at Karaka.
In 2015 the Crown settled with Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki over historic grievances, including both financial and cultural compensation.
See also
List of iwi
References
External links
Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki website
Iwi and hapū |
4022090 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Kendrick | John Kendrick | John Kendrick may refer to:
John Kendrick (cloth merchant) (1573–1624), English cloth merchant
John Kendrick (lord mayor) (died 1661), Lord Mayor of London in 1652
John Kendrick (American sea captain) (1740–1794), American sea captain
John Kendrick Jr., his son, maritime fur trader, merchant and Spanish Navy officer
John Kendrick (Connecticut politician) (1825–1877), Connecticut state legislator and mayor
John Allen Kendrick (1897–1960), American criminal and bank robber
John B. Kendrick (1857–1933), United States Senator from Wyoming
John Whitefield Kendrick (1917–2009), American economist
John William Kendrick (1853–1924), American railway executive
John Kendrick (cashier), first Chief Cashier of the Bank of England |
4022113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach%C4%99ta | Zachęta | The Zachęta National Gallery of Art (Polish: Zachęta Narodowa Galeria Sztuki) is a contemporary art museum in the center of Warsaw, Poland. The Gallery's chief purpose is to present and support Polish contemporary art and artists. With numerous temporary exhibitions of well-known foreign artists, the gallery has also established itself internationally.
The word "zachęta" means encouragement. The Zachęta Gallery takes its name from Towarzystwo Zachęty do Sztuk Pięknych (the Society for Encouragement of the Fine Arts), founded in Warsaw in 1860.
History
Society for the Encouragement of Fine Arts
Before 1860 there were neither public museums nor libraries nor other generally accessible institutions that allowed for exchange between artists. The repression that resulted from the November Uprising, made higher artistic education virtually impossible. The last major exhibition took place in 1845. After protests by artists during the 1850s, the Wystawa Krajowa Sztuk Pięknych (National Exhibition of Fine Arts) was approved in 1858, and lead to negotiations with Russian rulers who in the end permitted the foundation of the Society for the Encouragement of Fine Arts in 1860. The Society's statutes were set by artists and art experts. The first official meeting and the election of a board of directors took place on 13 December 1860. The board had twelve members, six artists and six art experts, and was elected annually. The members remained in office for at least one month but no longer than one year.
The primary aim of the Society was the dissemination of fine arts as well as support and encouragement of artists. Furthermore, its intention was to create general awareness of art among the Polish society. In 1860 the Society had 234 official registered members. Only one year later the number had increased to 1464.
Initially, all artworks were on display until they were sold. Soon enough that lead to crowded walls and a monotonous permanent exhibition. After fundamental changes made between 1900 and 1939, the permanent exhibition was shown only in addition to temporarily changing exhibitions.
The Society hosted annual salons, funded scholarships and offered other aid to young artists, both members and candidates.
The Building
First tenders for the design of a new building were put out in 1862. However, due to a lack of financial resources the plans were not realized. After the Society was given land by the municipality, another competition was announced in 1894, won by the Warsaw architect, Stefan Szyller. He presented an architectural design in neo-Renaissance style with classical elements. The portal is ornamented with allegorical figures and sculptural works by Zygmunt Otto. The architrave of the building is engraved with the Latin word Artibus.
Construction work began in 1898. In December 1900, the front building was officially opened followed by the opening of the south wing in 1903. Both the opening and extension of the building were exceptionally well reviewed. Szyller's plans originally included the construction of two more wings which could not be implemented at that time.
In 1958, the Ministry of Art and Culture decided to reconstruct the building. Surrounding houses had been destroyed during the war and thus, involuntarily, gave way to the extension of the building. The Warsaw architects, Oskar Hansen, Lech Tomaszewski and Stanisław Zamecznikow, were entrusted with the reconstruction, but the planned reconstruction was postponed.
In 1982, the reconstruction plans were taken up again and executed by the Shop for Preservation of Monuments. From 1991 to 1993, the reconstruction was supervised and executed by the company, Dom i Miasto (Home and City). The company was also responsible for the extension of the staircases inside the building, which allowed for direct access to the exhibition halls within the new part of the building. The resulting monumental perspective is emphasized by the Gladiator, a work by the Polish sculptor, Pius Weloński, which remained from the Society's former collection.
The extension of the building created a larger exhibition space, a storage facility for the artwork, an unloading platform and an office wing with a separate entrance. The largest exhibition hall was named after the Polish painter, Jan Matejko. Another room is named after Gabriel Narutowicz, the first president of the Second Polish Republic, who was assassinated at Zachęta on 16 December 1922 by Eligiusz Niewiadomski, a Polish painter and critic. To commemorate the president and Wojciech Gerson, one of the founders of the Society for the Encouragement of Fine Arts, two plaques were revealed during the gallery's anniversary celebrations in 2000.
Since its official opening in 1900, the Zachęta building has housed several institutions:
1900–1939: Society for the Encouragement of Fine Arts
1939–1945: House of German Culture
1945–1989: Central Bureau for Art Exhibitions
1989–2003: Zachęta State Gallery of Art
since 2003: Zachęta National Gallery of Art
The Zachęta building was registered as a historical monument in 1965.
1939 to 1945
During the Invasion of Poland at the beginning of the Second World War almost all of the buildings surrounding the museum were destroyed while the Zachęta building remained comparatively undamaged. Following the Polish capitulation, German units occupied the building and converted it into the Haus der Deutschen Kultur (House of German Culture) which was mainly used for propaganda purposes. The Society for the Encouragement of Fine Arts was dissolved. The artwork, as well as other documents belonging to the Society, were largely brought to the Muzeum Narodowe, or confiscated and sent to Germany. The transport took place on open trucks without any proper documentation. During the Warsaw Uprising the Zachęta building was heavily damaged by artillery and bombs and thus needed to be fully renovated at the end of the war. Traces of a flammable substance were found, suggesting that German units planned to set the building on fire before their withdrawal.
1945 to 1989
After the war, the Society for the Encouragement of Fine Arts was not reactivated. It was replaced by the Centralne Biuro Wystaw Artystycznych (Central Bureau for Art Exhibitions) which was founded in 1949 by the Ministry for Art and Culture at the request of the Association for Fine Arts, Poland. In 1951, the bureau began to host exhibitions. The first director (1949–1954) was Armand Vetulani.
The central bureau was responsible for the organisation of art exhibitions, and all other artistic activity, throughout the entire country. Branch offices were opened in Kraków, Katowice, Poznań, Łódź, Zakopane, Gdańsk, Szczecin, Wrocław, Olsztyn and Opole. Eventually, the Central Bureau for Art Exhibitions became the most important institution in the area of cultural policy.
The 1980s were characterized by radical political changes related to the declaration of martial law, leading to a boycott of all official galleries. In fact, the central bureau never really recovered from these drastic failures.
After 1989
The fall of the Berlin Wall and the fall of the Iron Curtain changed political circumstances fundamentally, and also affected the structure of the central bureau. Barbara Majewska, the director of the bureau, moved the bureau away from its former old and centralistic structures, andon May 30, 1994, the Central Bureau for Art Exhibitions was closed and turned into the Zachęta State Gallery.
In 2003, the Polish minister of culture, Waldemar Dąbrowski, renamed the gallery Narodowa Galeria Sztuki (National Gallery of Art).
Exhibitions
In 2000, the gallery marked its 100th anniversary with the exhibition, Polonia - Polonia. The exhibition included over 100 objects from different times and representing different types of media. All of the artwork presented national subjects.
In the same year, the gallery opened the exhibition Słońce i inne Gwiazdy (The Sun and other Stars) based on a survey taken in 1999. The survey was directed primarily to Polish art historians, critics and curators, and asked for the most important artists of the 20th century. The result was two lists: one presenting the most important Polish artists and the other presenting the most important foreign artists. Słońce i inne Gwiazdy exhibited ten of the elected Polish artists: Magdalena Abakanowicz, Tadeusz Kantor, Katarzyna Kobro, Roman Opałka, Henryk Stażewski, Władysław Strzemiński, Alina Szapocznikow, Witkacy, Witold Wojtkiewicz and Andrzej Wróblewski.
Also in 2000, the ten most important foreign artists were presented in another exhibit and consisted of Pablo Picasso, Francis Bacon, Joseph Beuys, Marcel Duchamp, Wassily Kandinsky, Andy Warhol, Kazimir Malevich, Salvador Dalí, Piet Mondrian and Constantin Brâncuși.
In 2000, the Swiss art historian, Harald Szeemann, curated an exhibition featuring Maurizio Cattelans, La Nona Ora (The ninth Hour). The artwork shows Pope John Paul II hit and buried by a meteor. As the influence of the Catholic Church in Poland still is very strong, the presentation of Cattelan's work led to a public scandal.
Permanent Collection
The collection began with a picture of Józef Simmler's Death of Barbara Radziwiłł. Objects have come mainly from donations and wills. At the end of the 19th century, the collection already comprised over one thousand items.
The permanent collection of Zachęta National Gallery of Art today comprises 3600 objects of which about 700 are paintings, almost 80 are video works and around 100 are sculptures and installations. In addition, the gallery owns an extensive collection of over 2600 works on paper such as graphic works, drawings and photographs. Polish artists from the 20th century, like Tadeusz Kantor, Henryk Stażewski and Alina Szapocznikow, are represented within the collection as well as Polish contemporary artists such as Mirosław Bałka, Katarzyna Kozyra, Zbigniew Libera, Wilhelm Sasnal and Krzysztof Wodiczko.
The works of the collection not only reflect the often complicated past of the institution, but also show the focus of the gallery. Today, it concentrates on works of contemporary Polish artists, both works that have been shown in the gallery and works which were produced in cooperation with the gallery. Some of these projects are exhibited in other locations, such as the Polish Pavilion at the Biennale in Venice. There is no permanent exhibition of the collection. The works either become integrated in temporary shows or are on loan for exhibitions in other Polish institutions or abroad.
Decisions about changes to the collection are made by the Commission for Purchases, Donations and Deposits, formed in 1990. Since 2008, the Department of Collections and Inventories is responsible for taking care of Zachęta's collection.
Gallery
Library
The Zachęta library includes:
Catalogues about Polish artists who are working in Poland and abroad, about foreign artists who are working in Poland, as well as catalogues about certain cycles of exhibitions. The catalogue collection is one of the most extensive in Poland.
Books about contemporary art and related subjects.
Magazines: Polish as well as foreign magazines about art in general.
The Department for Documentation archives the lives and works of Polish artists since 1945. In addition to biographical notes, there is a list of exhibitions the respective artists took part in as well as newspaper clippings and exhibition catalogues. The archive is accessible but can only be used on-site.
The gallery's bookshop is located on the ground floor of the building, offering catalogues, books and magazines of Polish and foreign artists as well as catalogues of exhibitions which took place at both the Zachęta and Kordegarda.
The gallery also runs a separate Pedagogy Department which is responsible for the organisation of lectures, meetings and talks with artists and art historians, concerts, guided tours as well as educational programmes.
Project Kordegarda
The Kordegarda Gallery (literally: guardroom) was founded in 1956 as a branch of the Zachęta and situated on Krakowskie Przedmieście in Warsaw. It was an additional exhibition space, directed and organised by Zachęta, yet to a certain extent independent with regard to its exhibition programme.
In 2010, the Kordegarda Gallery moved to Gałczynskiego street, just off the historic Ulica Nowy Świat (New World Street). While still directed by the Zachęta, the Kordegarda Gallery became more independent, devoting its attention to young artists, both Polish and foreign. The main idea is to present the artists within the context of urban structures and emphasize the cooperation of artist and gallery. In fact, the exhibition room is just as important as the art within, which is why every artist is asked to work individually with the exhibition room and design the artwork, especially for the given space.
Currently, the Zachęta is updating both the concept and programme of the Kordegarda Gallery.
Controversies
In the past, the influence of the catholic church in Poland was demonstrated by the censoring of various exhibitions due to blasphemy.
In December 2000, the Polish right-wing politician Witold Tomczak damaged Maurizio Cattelan's sculpture, La Nona Ora, and prompted the dismissal of director, Anda Rottenberg. In a letter addressed to the prime minister, Tomczak denounced Rottenberg, suggested that she should curate "rather in Israel than in Poland", and then demanded the dismissal of the "civil servant of Jewish origin". He also proposed prosecution due to violation of religious sentiments.
Notes
References
Świtek, Gabriela (2020). "From Historic Inventory to Contemporary Display: The Collections of the Zachęta — National Gallery of Art in Warsaw", in Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art: Collection of articles. Vol. 10. Moscow, St. Petersburg, pp. 682–691. ISSN 2312-2129.
External links
Home page
Art museums and galleries in Poland
Tourist attractions in Warsaw
Museums in Warsaw
Art museums established in 1860
1860 establishments in Poland |
4022115 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian%20War%20of%20Independence | Croatian War of Independence | The Croatian War of Independence was fought from 1991 to 1995 between Croat forces loyal to the Government of Croatia—which had declared independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY)—and the Serb-controlled Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and local Serb forces, with the JNA ending its combat operations in Croatia by 1992. In Croatia, the war is primarily referred to as the "Homeland War" () and also as the "Greater-Serbian Aggression" (). In Serbian sources, "War in Croatia" () and (rarely) "War in Krajina" () are used.
A majority of Croats wanted Croatia to leave Yugoslavia and become a sovereign country, while many ethnic Serbs living in Croatia, supported by Serbia, opposed the secession and wanted Serb-claimed lands to be in a common state with Serbia. Most Serbs sought a new Serb state within a Yugoslav federation, including areas of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina with ethnic Serb majorities or significant minorities, and attempted to conquer as much of Croatia as possible. Croatia declared independence on 25 June 1991, but agreed to postpone it with the Brioni Agreement and cut all remaining ties with Yugoslavia on 8 October 1991.
The JNA initially tried to keep Croatia within Yugoslavia by occupying all of Croatia. After this failed, Serb forces established the self-proclaimed proto-state Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) within Croatia which began with the Log Revolution. After the ceasefire of January 1992 and international recognition of the Republic of Croatia as a sovereign state, the front lines were entrenched, the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) was deployed, and combat became largely intermittent in the following three years. During that time, the RSK encompassed , more than a quarter of Croatia. In 1995, Croatia launched two major offensives known as Operation Flash and Operation Storm; these offensives effectively ended the war in its favor. The remaining United Nations Transitional Authority for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium (UNTAES) zone was peacefully reintegrated into Croatia by 1998.
The war ended with Croatian victory, as it achieved the goals it had declared at the beginning of the war: independence and preservation of its borders. Approximately 21–25% of Croatia's economy was ruined, with an estimated US$37 billion in damaged infrastructure, lost output, and refugee-related costs. Over 20,000 people were killed in the war, and refugees were displaced on both sides. The Serbian and Croatian governments began to progressively cooperate with each other, but tensions remain, in part due to verdicts by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and lawsuits filed by each country against the other.
In 2007, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) returned a guilty verdict against Milan Martić, one of the Serb leaders in Croatia, for having colluded with Slobodan Milošević and others to create a "unified Serbian state". Between 2008 and 2012, the ICTY had prosecuted Croatian generals Ante Gotovina, Mladen Markač and Ivan Čermak for alleged involvement in the crimes related to Operation Storm. Čermak was acquitted outright, and the convictions of Gotovina and Markač were later overturned by an ICTY Appeals Panel. The International Court of Justice dismissed mutual claims of genocide by Croatia and Serbia in 2015. The Court reaffirmed that, to an extent, crimes against civilians had taken place, but it ruled that specific genocidal intent was not present.
Background
Political changes in Yugoslavia
In the 1970s, Yugoslavia's socialist regime became severely splintered into a liberal-decentralist nationalist faction led by Croatia and Slovenia that supported a decentralized federation to give greater autonomy to Croatia and Slovenia, versus a conservative-centralist nationalist faction led by Serbia that supported a centralized federation to secure Serbia's and the Serbs' interests across Yugoslavia—as they were the largest ethnic group in the country as a whole. From 1967 to 1972 in Croatia and 1968 and 1981 protests in Kosovo, nationalist doctrines and actions caused ethnic tensions that destabilized Yugoslavia. The suppression by the state of nationalists is believed to have had the effect of identifying Croat nationalism as the primary alternative to communism itself and made it a strong underground movement.
A crisis emerged in Yugoslavia with the weakening of the communist states in Eastern Europe towards the end of the Cold War, as symbolized by the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. In Croatia, the regional branch of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, the League of Communists of Croatia, had lost its ideological potency. Slovenia and Croatia wanted to move towards decentralization. SR Serbia, headed by Slobodan Milošević, adhered to centralism and single-party rule, and in turn effectively ended the autonomy of the autonomous provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina by March 1989, taking command of their votes in the Yugoslav federal presidency. Nationalist ideas started to gain influence within the ranks of the still-ruling League of Communists, while Milošević's speeches, notably the 1989 Gazimestan speech in which he talked of "battles and quarrels", favored continuation of a unified Yugoslav state — one in which all power would continue to be centralized in Belgrade.
In the autumn of 1989, the Serbian government pressured the Croatian government to allow a series of Serb nationalist rallies in the country, and the Serbian media and various Serbian intellectuals had already begun to refer to the Croatian leadership as "Ustaše", and began to make reference to genocide and other crimes committed by the Ustaše between 1941 and 1945. The Serbian political leadership approved of the rhetoric and accused the Croatian leadership of being "blindly nationalistic" when it objected.
Having completed the anti-bureaucratic revolution in Vojvodina, Kosovo, and Montenegro, Serbia secured four out of eight federal presidency votes in 1991, which rendered the governing body ineffective as other republics objected and called for reform of the Federation. In 1989, political parties were allowed and a number of them had been founded, including the Croatian Democratic Union () (HDZ), led by Franjo Tuđman, who later became the first president of Croatia. Tuđman ran on a nationalist platform with a program of "national reconciliation" between Croatian communists and former Ustašes (fascists) being a key component of his party's political program. Accordingly, he also integrated former Ustaše members into the party and state's apparatus.
In January 1990, the League of Communists broke up on ethnic lines, with the Croatian and Slovene factions demanding a looser federation at the 14th Extraordinary Congress. At the congress, Serbian delegates accused the Croatian and Slovene delegates of "supporting separatism, terrorism and genocide in Kosovo". The Croatian and Slovene delegations, including most of their ethnic Serb members, eventually left in protest, after Serbian delegates rejected every proposed amendment.
January 1990 also marked the beginning of court cases being brought to Yugoslavia's Constitutional Court on the matter of secession. The first was the Slovenian Constitutional Amendments case after Slovenia claimed the right to unilateral secession pursuant to the right of self-determination. The Constitutional Court ruled that secession from the federation was only permitted if there was the unanimous agreement of Yugoslavia's republics and autonomous provinces. The Constitutional Court noted that 1974 Constitution's Section I of the Basic Principles of the Constitution identified that self-determination including secession "belonged to the peoples of Yugoslavia and their socialist republics". The matter of Kosovo secession was addressed in May 1991 with the court claiming that "only the peoples of Yugoslavia" had the right to secession, Albanians were considered a minority and not a people of Yugoslavia.
The 1990 survey conducted among Yugoslav citizens showed that ethnic animosity existed on a small scale. Compared to the results from 25 years before, Croatia was the republic with the highest increase in ethnic distance. Furthermore, there was significant increase of ethnic distance among Serbs and Montenegrins toward Croats and Slovenes and vice versa. Of all respondents, 48% of Croats said that their affiliation with Yugoslavia is very important to them.
In February 1990, Jovan Rašković founded the Serb Democratic Party (SDS) in Knin, whose program aimed to change the regional division of Croatia to be aligned with ethnic Serb interests. Prominent members of the RSK government, including Milan Babić and Milan Martić, later testified that Belgrade directed a propaganda campaign portraying the Serbs in Croatia as being threatened with genocide by the Croat majority. On 4 March 1990, 50,000 Serbs rallied at Petrova Gora and shouted negative remarks aimed at Tuđman, chanted "This is Serbia", and expressed support for Milošević.
The first free elections in Croatia and Slovenia were scheduled for a few months later. The first round of elections in Croatia was held on 22 April, and the second round on 6 May. The HDZ based its campaign on greater sovereignty (eventually outright independence) for Croatia, fueling a sentiment among Croats that "only the HDZ could protect Croatia from the aspirations of Milošević towards a Greater Serbia". It topped the poll in the elections (followed by Ivica Račan's reformed communists, Social Democratic Party of Croatia) and was set to form a new Croatian Government.
A tense atmosphere prevailed on May 13, 1990, when a football game was held at Zagreb in Maksimir Stadium between Zagreb's Dinamo team and Belgrade's Red Star. The game erupted into violence between the Croatian and Serbian fans and with the police.
On 30 May 1990, the new Croatian Parliament held its first session. President Tuđman announced his manifesto for a new Constitution (ratified at the end of the year) and a multitude of political, economic, and social changes, notably to what extent minority rights (mainly for Serbs) would be guaranteed. Local Serb politicians opposed the new constitution. In 1991, Croats represented 78.1% and Serbs 12.2% of the total population of Croatia, but the latter held a disproportionate number of official posts: 17.7% of appointed officials in Croatia, including police, were Serbs. An even greater proportion of those posts had been held by Serbs in Croatia earlier, which created a perception that the Serbs were guardians of the communist regime. This caused discontent among the Croats despite the fact it never actually undermined their own dominance in SR Croatia. After the HDZ came to power, many Serbs employed in the public sector, especially the police, were fired and replaced by Croats. This, combined with Tuđman's remarks, i.e. "Thank God my wife is not a Jew or a Serb", were distorted by Milošević's media to spark fear that any form of an independent Croatia would be a new "Ustashe state". In one instance, TV Belgrade showed Tuđman shaking hands with German Chancellor Helmut Kohl (who would be the first government leader in the world to recognise independent Croatia and Slovenia) accusing the two of plotting "a Fourth Reich". Aside from the firing of many Serbs from public sector positions, another concern among Serbs living in Croatia was the HDZ's public display of the šahovnica (Croatian checkerboard) in the Croatian Coat of arms, which was associated with the fascist Ustaše regime. This was a misconception as the checkerboard had a history going back to the fifteenth century and was not identical to the one that was used in the WW2-era Independent State of Croatia. However, Tuđman's xenophobic rhetoric and attitude towards Croatian Serbs as well as his support for former Ustaše leaders did little to ease Serb fears.
Civil unrest and demands for autonomy
Immediately after the Slovenian parliamentary election and the Croatian parliamentary election in April and May 1990, the JNA announced that the Tito-era doctrine of "general people's defense", in which each republic maintained a Territorial defense force () (TO), would henceforth be replaced by a centrally directed system of defense. The republics would lose their role in defense matters, and their TOs would be disarmed and subordinated to JNA headquarters in Belgrade, but the new Slovenian government acted quickly to retain control over their TO. On 14 May 1990, the weapons of the TO of Croatia, in Croat-majority regions, were taken away by the JNA, preventing the possibility of Croatia having its own weapons as was done in Slovenia. Borisav Jović, Serbia's representative in the Federal Presidency and a close ally of Slobodan Milošević, claimed that this action came at the behest of Serbia.
According to Jović, on 27 June 1990 he and Veljko Kadijević, the Yugoslav Defence Minister, met and agreed that they should, regarding Croatia and Slovenia, "expel them forcibly from Yugoslavia, by simply drawing borders and declaring that they have brought this upon themselves through their decisions". According to Jović, the next day he obtained the agreement of Milošević. However, Kadijević, of mixed Serb-Croat heritage and a Yugoslav Partisan in World War II, was loyal to Yugoslavia and not a Greater Serbia; Kadijević believed that if Slovenia left Yugoslavia the state would collapse and thus he discussed with Jović about possibly using the JNA to impose martial law in Slovenia to prevent this potential collapse and was willing to wage war with the secessionist republics to prevent their secession. Kadijević considered the political crisis and ethnic conflict to have been caused by the actions of foreign governments, particularly Germany, which he accused of seeking to break up Yugoslavia to allow Germany to exercise a sphere of influence in the Balkans. Kadijević regarded the Croatian government of Tuđman to be a fascist-inspired and that Serbs had the right to be protected from Croatian "armed formations".
After the election of Tuđman and the HDZ, a Serb Assembly was established in Srb, north of Knin, on 25 July 1990 as the political representation of the Serb people in Croatia. The Serb Assembly declared "sovereignty and autonomy of the Serb people in Croatia".
In August 1990, an unrecognized mono-ethnic referendum was held in regions with a substantial Serb population which would later become known as the Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) (bordering western Bosnia and Herzegovina) on the question of Serb "sovereignty and autonomy" in Croatia. This was an attempt to counter changes made to the constitution. The Croatian government sent police forces to police stations in Serb-populated areas to seize their weapons. Among other incidents, local Serbs from the southern hinterlands of Croatia, mostly around the city of Knin, blocked roads to tourist destinations in Dalmatia. This incident is known as the "Log Revolution". Years later, during Martić's trial, Babić claimed he was tricked by Martić into agreeing to the Log Revolution, and that it and the entire war in Croatia was Martić's responsibility, and had been orchestrated by Belgrade. The statement was corroborated by Martić in an interview published in 1991. Babić confirmed that by July 1991 Milošević had taken over control of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA). The Croatian government responded to the blockade of roads by sending special police teams in helicopters to the scene, but were intercepted by SFR Yugoslav Air Force fighter jets and forced to turn back to Zagreb. The Serbs felled pine trees or used bulldozers to block roads to seal off towns like Knin and Benkovac near the Adriatic coast. On 18 August 1990, the Serbian newspaper Večernje novosti claimed "almost two million Serbs were ready to go to Croatia to fight".
On 21 December 1990, the SAO Krajina was proclaimed by the municipalities of the regions of Northern Dalmatia and Lika, in south-western Croatia. Article 1 of the Statute of the SAO Krajina defined the SAO Krajina as "a form of territorial autonomy within the Republic of Croatia" in which the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia, state laws, and the Statute of the SAO Krajina were applied.
On 22 December 1990, the Parliament of Croatia ratified the new constitution, which was seen by Serbs as taking away rights that had been granted by the Socialist constitution. The constitution did define Croatia as "the national state of the Croatian nation and a state of members of other nations and minorities who are its citizens: Serbs ... who are guaranteed equality with citizens of Croatian nationality ..."
Following Tuđman's election and the perceived threat from the new constitution, Serb nationalists in the Kninska Krajina region began taking armed action against Croatian government officials. Croatian government property throughout the region was increasingly controlled by local Serb municipalities or the newly established "Serbian National Council". This would later become the government of the breakaway Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK).
After it was discovered that Martin Špegelj had pursued a campaign to acquire arms through the black market in January 1991 an ultimatum was issued requesting disarming and disbanding of Croatian military forces considered illegal by the Yugoslav authorities. Croatian authorities refused to comply, and the Yugoslav army withdrew the ultimatum six days after it was issued.
On 12 March 1991, the leadership of the Army met with the Presidency of the SFRY in an attempt to convince them to declare a state of emergency which would allow for the army to take control of the country. Yugoslav army chief Veljko Kadijević declared that there was a conspiracy to destroy the country, saying:
Jović claims that Kadijević and the Army in March 1991 supported a coup d'état as a way out of the crisis but then changed their minds four days later. Kadijević's response to this was that "Jović is lying". Kadijević claims he was invited to a meeting in March 1991 in Jović's office, two days after huge protests organized by Vuk Drašković on the streets of Belgrade, where Milošević, according to Kadijević, requested that the army take control of the country through a military coup. Kadijević's apparent response was to inform Milošević that he could not make such a decision by himself, and that he'd discuss the request with army leaders and later inform Jović's office about their decision. Kadijević then said that their decision was against the putsch and that he informed Jović's office in written form about it. Jović claims that such document doesn't exist.
Ante Marković has described that after the Presidency meeting failed to achieve the results the Army wanted that Kadijević met with him with the proposed coup d'état against the secessionist republics. During the meeting Marković responded to Kadijević by saying that the plan failed to arrest Milošević. Kadijević replied "He is only one fighting for Yugoslavia. Without him, we could not be proposing this." Marković rejected the plan and afterwards communication between Kadijević and Marković broke down.
Military forces
Serb and Yugoslav People's Army forces
The JNA was initially formed during World War II to carry out guerrilla warfare against occupying Axis forces. The success of the Partisan movement led to the JNA basing much of its operational strategy on guerrilla warfare, as its plans normally entailed defending against NATO or Warsaw Pact attacks, where other types of warfare would put the JNA in a comparatively poor position. That approach led to maintenance of a Territorial Defense system.
On paper, the JNA seemed a powerful force, with 2,000 tanks and 300 jet aircraft (mainly Soviet or locally produced). However, by 1991, the majority of this equipment was 30 years old, as the force consisted primarily of T-54/55 tanks and MiG-21 aircraft. Still, the JNA operated around 300 M-84 tanks (a Yugoslav version of the Soviet T-72) and a sizable fleet of ground-attack aircraft, such as the Soko G-4 Super Galeb and the Soko J-22 Orao, whose armament included AGM-65 Maverick guided missiles. By contrast, more modern cheap anti-tank missiles (like the AT-5) and anti-aircraft missiles (like the SA-14) were abundant and were designed to destroy much more advanced weaponry. Before the war the JNA had 169,000 regular troops, including 70,000 professional officers. The fighting in Slovenia brought about a great number of desertions, and the army responded by mobilizing Serbian reserve troops. Approximately 100,000 evaded the draft, and the new conscripts proved an ineffective fighting force. The JNA resorted to reliance on irregular militias. Paramilitary units like the White Eagles, Serbian Guard, Dušan Silni, and Serb Volunteer Guard, which committed a number of massacres against Croat and other non-Serbs civilians, were increasingly used by the Yugoslav and Serb forces. There were also foreign fighters supporting the RSK, mostly from Russia. With the retreat of the JNA forces in 1992, JNA units were reorganized as the Army of Serb Krajina, which was a direct heir to the JNA organization, with little improvement.
By 1991, the JNA officer corps was dominated by Serbs and Montenegrins; they were overrepresented in Yugoslav federal institutions, especially the army. 57.1% of JNA officers were Serbs, while Serbs formed 36.3% of the population of Yugoslavia. A similar structure was observed as early as 1981. Even though the two peoples combined comprised 38.8% of the population of Yugoslavia, 70% of all JNA officers and non-commissioned officers were either Serbs or Montenegrins. In July 1991, the JNA was instructed to "completely eliminate Croats and Slovenes from the army", most of whom had already begun to desert en masse.
Croatian forces
The Croatian military was in a much worse state than that of the Serbs. In the early stages of the war, lack of military units meant that the Croatian Police force would take the brunt of the fighting. The Croatian National Guard (), the new Croatian military, was formed on 11 April 1991, and gradually developed into the Croatian Army () by 1993. Weaponry was in short supply, and many units were either unarmed or were equipped with obsolete World War II-era rifles. The Croatian Army had only a handful of tanks, including World War II-surplus vehicles such as the T-34, and its Air Force was in an even worse state, consisting of only a few Antonov An-2 biplane crop-dusters that had been converted to drop makeshift bombs.
In August 1991, the Croatian Army had fewer than 20 brigades. After general mobilization was instituted in October, the size of the army grew to 60 brigades and 37 independent battalions by the end of the year. In 1991 and 1992, Croatia was also supported by 456 foreign fighters, including British (139), French (69), and German (55). The seizure of the JNA's barracks between September and December helped to alleviate the Croatians' equipment shortage. By 1995, the balance of power had shifted significantly. Serb forces in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina were capable of fielding an estimated 130,000 troops; the Croatian Army, Croatian Defence Council () (HVO), and the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina could field a combined force of 250,000 soldiers and 570 tanks.
Course of the war
1991: Open hostilities begin
First armed incidents
Ethnic hatred grew as various incidents fueled the propaganda machines on both sides. During his testimony before the ICTY, one of the top-Krajina leaders, Milan Martić, stated that the Serb side started using force first.
The conflict escalated into armed incidents in the majority-Serb populated areas. The Serbs attacked Croatian police units in Pakrac in early March, while one Josip Jović is widely reported as the first police officer killed by Serb forces as part of the war, during the Plitvice Lakes incident in late March 1991.
In March and April 1991, Serbs in Croatia began to make moves to secede from that territory. It is a matter of debate to what extent this move was locally motivated and to what degree the Milošević-led Serbian government was involved. In any event, the SAO Krajina was declared, which consisted of any Croatian territory with a substantial Serb population. The Croatian government viewed this move as a rebellion.
From the beginning of the Log Revolution and the end of April 1991, nearly 200 incidents involving the use of explosive devices and 89 attacks on the Croatian police were recorded. The Croatian Ministry of the Interior started arming an increasing number of special police forces, and this led to the building of a real army. On 9 April 1991, Croatian President Tuđman ordered the special police forces to be renamed Zbor Narodne Garde ("National Guard"); this marks the creation of a separate military of Croatia.
Significant clashes from this period included the siege of Kijevo, where over a thousand people were besieged in the inner Dalmatian village of Kijevo, and the Borovo Selo killings, where Croatian policemen engaged Serb paramilitaries in the eastern Slavonian village of Borovo and suffered twelve casualties. Violence gripped eastern Slavonian villages: in Tovarnik, a Croat policeman was killed by Serb paramilitaries on 2 May, while in Sotin, a Serb civilian was killed on 5 May when he was caught in a crossfire between Serb and Croat paramilitaries. On 6 May, the 1991 protest in Split against the siege of Kijevo at the Navy Command in Split resulted in the death of a Yugoslav People's Army soldier.
On 15 May, Stjepan Mesić, a Croat, was scheduled to be the chairman of the rotating presidency of Yugoslavia. Serbia, aided by Kosovo, Montenegro, and Vojvodina, whose presidency votes were at that time under Serbian control, blocked the appointment, which was otherwise seen as largely ceremonial. This maneuver technically left Yugoslavia without a head of state and without a commander-in-chief. Two days later, a repeated attempt to vote on the issue failed. Ante Marković, prime minister of Yugoslavia at the time, proposed appointing a panel which would wield presidential powers. It was not immediately clear who the panel members would be, apart from defense minister Veljko Kadijević, nor who would fill position of JNA commander-in-chief. The move was quickly rejected by Croatia as unconstitutional. The crisis was resolved after a six-week stalemate, and Mesić was elected president — the first non-communist to become Yugoslav head of state in decades.
Throughout this period, the federal army, the JNA, and the local Territorial Defense Forces continued to be led by Federal authorities controlled by Milošević. Helsinki Watch reported that Serb Krajina authorities executed Serbs who were willing to reach an accommodation with Croat officials.
Declaration of independence
On 19 May 1991, the Croatian authorities held a referendum on independence with the option of remaining in Yugoslavia as a looser union. Serb local authorities issued calls for a boycott, which were largely followed by Croatian Serbs. The referendum passed with 94% in favor.
The newly constituted Croatian military units held a military parade and review at Stadion Kranjčevićeva in Zagreb on 28 May 1991.
The parliament of Croatia declared Croatia's independence and dissolved its association with Yugoslavia on 25 June 1991. The Croatian parliament's decision was partially boycotted by left-wing parliament deputies. The European Community and the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe urged Croatian authorities to place a three-month moratorium on the decision.
The government of Yugoslavia responded to the declarations of independence of Croatia and Slovenia with Yugoslav Prime Minister Ante Marković declaring the secessions to be illegal and contrary to the Constitution of Yugoslavia, and supported the JNA taking action to secure the integral unity of Yugoslavia.
In June and July 1991, the short armed conflict in Slovenia came to a speedy end, partly because of the ethnic homogeneity of the population of Slovenia. It was later revealed that a military strike against Slovenia, followed by a planned withdrawal, was conceived by Slobodan Milošević and Borisav Jović, then president of the SFR Yugoslavia presidency. Jović published his diary containing the information and repeated it in his testimony at the Milošević trial at the ICTY.
Croatia agreed to the Brioni Agreement that involved freezing its independence declaration for three months, which eased tensions a little.
Escalation of the conflict
In July, in an attempt to salvage what remained of Yugoslavia, JNA forces were involved in operations against predominantly Croat areas. In July the Serb-led Territorial Defence Forces started their advance on Dalmatian coastal areas in Operation Coast-91. By early August, large areas of Banovina were overrun by Serb forces.
With the start of military operations in Croatia, Croats and a number of Serbian conscripts started to desert the JNA en masse, similar to what had happened in Slovenia. Albanians and Macedonians started to search for a way to legally leave the JNA or serve their conscription term in Macedonia; these moves further homogenized the ethnic composition of JNA troops in or near Croatia.
One month after Croatia declared its independence, the Yugoslav army and other Serb forces held something less than one-third of the Croatian territory, mostly in areas with a predominantly ethnic Serb population. The JNA military strategy partly consisted of extensive shelling, at times irrespective of the presence of civilians. As the war progressed, the cities of Dubrovnik, Gospić, Šibenik, Zadar, Karlovac, Sisak, Slavonski Brod, Osijek, Vinkovci, and Vukovar all came under attack by Yugoslav forces. The United Nations (UN) imposed a weapons embargo; this did not affect JNA-backed Serb forces significantly, as they had the JNA arsenal at their disposal, but it caused serious trouble for the newly formed Croatian army. The Croatian government started smuggling weapons over its borders.
In August 1991, the Battle of Vukovar began. Eastern Slavonia was gravely impacted throughout this period, starting with the Dalj massacre, and fronts developed around Osijek and Vinkovci in parallel to the encirclement of Vukovar. In September, Serbian troops completely surrounded the city of Vukovar. Croatian troops, including the 204th Vukovar Brigade, entrenched themselves within the city and held their ground against elite armored and mechanized brigades of the JNA, as well as Serb paramilitary units. Vukovar was almost completely devastated; 15,000 houses were destroyed. Some ethnic Croatian civilians had taken shelter inside the city. Other members of the civilian population fled the area en masse. Death toll estimates for Vukovar as a result of the siege range from 1,798 to 5,000. A further 22,000 were exiled from Vukovar immediately after the town was captured.
Some estimates include 220,000 Croats and 300,000 Serbs internally displaced for the duration of the war in Croatia. In many areas, large numbers of civilians were forced out by the military. It was at this time that the term ethnic cleansing—the meaning of which ranged from eviction to murder—first entered the English lexicon.
On October 3, the Yugoslav Navy renewed its blockade of the main ports of Croatia. This move followed months of standoff for JNA positions in Dalmatia and elsewhere now known as the Battle of the Barracks. It also coincided with the end of Operation Coast-91, in which the JNA failed to occupy the coastline in an attempt to cut off Dalmatia's access to the rest of Croatia.
On October 5, President Tuđman made a speech in which he called upon the whole population to mobilize and defend against "Greater Serbian imperialism" pursued by the Serb-led JNA, Serbian paramilitary formations, and rebel Serb forces. On 7 October, the Yugoslav air force attacked the main government building in Zagreb, an incident referred to as the bombing of the Banski Dvori. The next day, as a previously agreed three-month moratorium on implementation of the declaration of independence expired, the Croatian Parliament severed all remaining ties with Yugoslavia. 8 October is now celebrated as Independence Day in Croatia. The bombing of the government offices and the Siege of Dubrovnik that started in October were contributing factors that led to European Union (EU) sanctions against Serbia. On 15 October after the capture of Cavtat by the JNA, local Serbs led by Aco Apolonio proclaimed the Dubrovnik Republic. The international media focused on the damage to Dubrovnik's cultural heritage; concerns about civilian casualties and pivotal battles such as the one in Vukovar were pushed out of public view. Nonetheless, artillery attacks on Dubrovnik damaged 56% of its buildings to some degree, as the historic walled city, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, sustained 650 hits by artillery rounds.
Peak of the war
In response to the 5th JNA Corps advance across the Sava River towards Pakrac and further north into western Slavonia, the Croatian army began a successful counterattack in early November 1991, its first major offensive operation of the war. Operation Otkos 10 (31 October to 4 November) resulted in Croatia recapturing an area between the Bilogora and Papuk mountains. The Croatian Army recaptured approximately of territory in this operation.
The Vukovar massacre took place in November; the survivors were transported to prison camps such as Ovčara and Velepromet, with the majority ending up in Sremska Mitrovica prison camp. The sustained siege of Vukovar attracted heavy international media attention. Many international journalists were in or near Vukovar, as was UN peace mediator Cyrus Vance, who had been Secretary of State to former US President Carter.
Also in eastern Slavonia, the Lovas massacre occurred in October and the Erdut massacre in November 1991, before and after the fall of Vukovar. At the same time, the Škabrnja massacre and Gospić massacre occurred in the Dalmatian hinterland.
On 14 November, the Navy blockade of Dalmatian ports was challenged by civilian ships. The confrontation culminated in the Battle of the Dalmatian channels, when Croatian coastal and island based artillery damaged, sank, or captured a number of Yugoslav navy vessels, including Mukos PČ 176, later rechristened PB 62 Šolta. After the battle, the Yugoslav naval operations were effectively limited to the southern Adriatic.
Croatian forces made further advances in the second half of December, including Operation Orkan 91. In the course of Orkan '91, the Croatian army recaptured approximately of territory. The end of the operation marked the end of a six-month-long phase of intense fighting: 10,000 people had died; hundreds of thousands had fled and tens of thousands of homes had been destroyed.
On December 19, as the intensity of the fighting increased, Croatia won its first diplomatic recognition by a western nation—Iceland—while the Serbian Autonomous Oblasts in Krajina and western Slavonia officially declared themselves the Republic of Serbian Krajina. Four days later, Germany recognized Croatian independence. On December 26, 1991, the Serb-dominated federal presidency announced plans for a smaller Yugoslavia that could include the territory captured from Croatia during the war.
However, on December 21, 1991 for the first time in the war Istria was under attack. The Serbian Forces attacked the airport near the city of Vrsar, situated in the south-western of the peninsula between the city of Poreč and Rovinj, with two MiG-21 and two Galeb G-2. Afterwards, Yugoslav airplanes carpet bombed Vrsar's "Crljenka" airport, resulting in two deaths. Mediated by foreign diplomats, ceasefires were frequently signed and frequently broken. Croatia lost much territory, but expanded the Croatian Army from the seven brigades it had at the time of the first ceasefire to 60 brigades and 37 independent battalions by December 31, 1991.
The Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia, also referred to as Badinter Arbitration Committee, was set up by the Council of Ministers of the European Economic Community (EEC) on August 27, 1991, to provide the Conference on Yugoslavia with legal advice. The five-member Commission consisted of presidents of Constitutional Courts in the EEC. Starting in late November 1991, the committee rendered ten opinions. The Commission stated, among other things, that SFR Yugoslavia was in the process of dissolution and that the internal boundaries of Yugoslav republics may not be altered unless freely agreed upon.
Factors in favour of Croatia's preservation of its pre-war borders were the Yugoslav Federal Constitution Amendments of 1971, and the Yugoslav Federal Constitution of 1974. The 1971 amendments introduced a concept that sovereign rights were exercised by the federal units, and that the federation had only the authority specifically transferred to it by the constitution. The 1974 Constitution confirmed and strengthened the principles introduced in 1971. The borders had been defined by demarcation commissions in 1947, pursuant to decisions of AVNOJ in 1943 and 1945 regarding the federal organization of Yugoslavia.
1992: Ceasefire
A new UN-sponsored ceasefire, the fifteenth in just six months, was agreed on January 2, 1992, and came into force the next day. This so-called Sarajevo Agreement became a lasting ceasefire. Croatia was officially recognized by the European Community on January 15, 1992. Even though the JNA began to withdraw from Croatia, including Krajina, the RSK clearly retained the upper hand in the occupied territories due to support from Serbia. By that time, the RSK encompassed of territory. The area size did not encompass another of occupied territory near Dubrovnik, as that area was not considered part of the RSK.
Ending the series of unsuccessful ceasefires, the UN deployed a protection force in Serbian-held Croatia—the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR)—to supervise and maintain the agreement. The UNPROFOR was officially created by UN Security Council Resolution 743 on February 21, 1992. The warring parties mostly moved to entrenched positions, and the JNA soon retreated from Croatia into Bosnia and Herzegovina, where a new conflict was anticipated. Croatia became a member of the UN on May 22, 1992, which was conditional upon Croatia amending its constitution to protect the human rights of minority groups and dissidents.
Expulsions of the non-Serb civilian population remaining in the occupied territories continued despite the presence of the UNPROFOR peacekeeping troops, and in some cases, with UN troops being virtually enlisted as accomplices.
The Yugoslav People's Army took thousands of prisoners during the war in Croatia, and interned them in camps in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro. The Croatian forces also captured some Serbian prisoners, and the two sides agreed to several prisoner exchanges; most prisoners were freed by the end of 1992. Some infamous prisons included the Sremska Mitrovica camp, the Stajićevo camp, and the Begejci camp in Serbia, and the Morinj camp in Montenegro. The Croatian Army also established detention camps, such as the Lora prison camp in Split.
Armed conflict in Croatia continued intermittently on a smaller scale. There were several smaller operations undertaken by Croatian forces to relieve the siege of Dubrovnik, and other Croatian cities (Šibenik, Zadar and Gospić) from Krajina forces. Battles included the Miljevci plateau incident (between Krka and Drniš), on June 21–22, 1992, Operation Jaguar at Križ Hill near Bibinje and Zadar, on May 22, 1992, and a series of military actions in the Dubrovnik hinterland: Operation Tigar, on 1–13 July 1992, in Konavle, on 20–24 September 1992, and at Vlaštica on September 22–25, 1992. Combat near Dubrovnik was followed by the withdrawal of JNA from Konavle, between September 30 and October 20, 1992. The Prevlaka peninsula guarding entrance to the Bay of Kotor was demilitarized and turned over to the UNPROFOR, while the remainder of Konavle was restored to the Croatian authorities.
1993: Croatian military advances
Fighting was renewed at the beginning of 1993, as the Croatian army launched Operation Maslenica, an offensive operation in the Zadar area on January 22. The objective of the attack was to improve the strategic situation in that area, as it targeted the city airport and the Maslenica Bridge, the last entirely overland link between Zagreb and the city of Zadar until the bridge area was captured in September 1991. The attack proved successful as it met its declared objectives, but at a high cost, as 114 Croat and 490 Serb soldiers were killed in a relatively limited theater of operations.
While Operation Maslenica was in progress, Croatian forces attacked Serb positions to the east. They advanced towards the Peruća Hydroelectric Dam and captured it by January 28, 1993, shortly after Serb militiamen chased away the UN peacekeepers protecting the dam. UN forces had been present at the site since the summer of 1992. They discovered that the Serbs had planted 35 to 37 tons of explosives spread over seven different sites on the dam in a way that prevented the explosives' removal; the charges were left in place. Retreating Serb forces detonated three of explosive charges totaling 5 tons within the high dam in an attempt to cause it to fail and flood the area downstream. The disaster was prevented by Mark Nicholas Gray, a colonel in the British Royal Marines, a lieutenant at the time, who was a UN military observer at the site. He risked being disciplined for acting beyond his authority by lowering the reservoir level, which held of water, before the dam was blown up. His action saved the lives of 20,000 people who would otherwise have drowned or become homeless.
Operation Medak Pocket took place in a salient south of Gospić, from September 9–17. The offensive was undertaken by the Croatian army to stop Serbian artillery in the area from shelling nearby Gospić. The operation met its stated objective of removing the artillery threat, as Croatian troops overran the salient, but it was marred by war crimes. The ICTY later indicted Croatian officers for war crimes. The operation was halted amid international pressure, and an agreement was reached that the Croatian troops were to withdraw to positions held prior to September 9, while UN troops were to occupy the salient alone. The events that followed remain controversial, as Canadian authorities reported that the Croatian army intermittently fought against the advancing Canadian Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry before finally retreating after sustaining 27 fatalities. The Croatian ministry of defense and UN officer's testimonies given during the Ademi-Norac trial deny that the battle occurred.
On February 18, 1993, Croatian authorities signed the Daruvar Agreement with local Serb leaders in Western Slavonia. The aim of the secret agreement was normalizing life for local populations near the frontline. However, authorities in Knin learned of this and arrested the Serb leaders responsible. In June 1993, Serbs began voting in a referendum on merging Krajina territory with Republika Srpska. Milan Martić, acting as the RSK interior minister, advocated a merger of the "two Serbian states as the first stage in the establishment of a state of all Serbs" in his April 3 letter to the Assembly of the Republika Srpska. On January 21, 1994, Martić stated that he would "speed up the process of unification and pass on the baton to all Serbian leader Slobodan Milošević" if elected president of the RSK". These intentions were countered by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 871 in October 1993, when the UNSC affirmed for the first time that the United Nations Protected Areas, i.e. the RSK held areas, were an integral part of the Republic of Croatia.
During 1992 and 1993, an estimated 225,000 Croats, as well as refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia, settled in Croatia. Croatian volunteers and some conscripted soldiers participated in the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In September 1992, Croatia had accepted 335,985 refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina, most of whom were Bosniak civilians (excluding men of drafting age). The large number of refugees significantly strained the Croatian economy and infrastructure. The American Ambassador to Croatia, Peter Galbraith, tried to put the number of Muslim refugees in Croatia into a proper perspective in an interview on 8 November 1993. He said the situation would be the equivalent of the United States taking in 30,000,000 refugees.
1994: Erosion of support for Krajina
In 1992, the Croat-Bosniak conflict erupted in Bosnia and Herzegovina, just as each was fighting with the Bosnian Serbs. The war was originally fought between the Croatian Defence Council and Croatian volunteer troops on one side and the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) on the other, but by 1994, the Croatian Army had an estimated 3,000 to 5,000 troops involved in the fighting. Under pressure from the United States, the belligerents agreed on a truce in late February, followed by a meeting of Croatian, Bosnian, and Bosnian Croat representatives with US Secretary of State Warren Christopher in Washington, D.C. on February 26, 1994. On March 4, Franjo Tuđman endorsed the agreement providing for the creation of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and an alliance between Bosnian and Croatian armies against the Serb forces.
This led to the dismantling of Herzeg-Bosnia and reduced the number of warring factions in Bosnia and Herzegovina from three to two.
In late 1994, the Croatian Army intervened in Bosnia from November 1–3, in Operation Cincar near Kupres, and from November 29 – December 24 in the Winter '94 operation near Dinara and Livno. These operations were undertaken to detract from the siege of the Bihać region and to approach the RSK capital of Knin from the north, isolating it on three sides.
During this time, unsuccessful negotiations mediated by the UN were under way between the Croatian and RSK governments. The matters under discussion included opening the Serb-occupied part of the Zagreb–Slavonski Brod motorway near Okučani to transit traffic, as well as the putative status of Serbian-majority areas within Croatia. The motorway initially reopened at the end of 1994, but it was soon closed again due to security issues. Repeated failures to resolve the two disputes would serve as triggers for major Croatian offensives in 1995.
At the same time, the Krajina army continued the Siege of Bihać, together with the Army of Republika Srpska from Bosnia. Michael Williams, an official of the UN peacekeeping force, said that when the village of Vedro Polje west of Bihać had fallen to a RSK unit in late November 1994, the siege entered the final stage. He added that heavy tank and artillery fire against the town of Velika Kladuša in the north of the Bihać enclave was coming from the RSK. Western military analysts said that among the array of Serbian surface-to-air missile systems that surround the Bihać pocket on Croatian territory, there was a modern SAM-2 system probably brought there from Belgrade. In response to the situation, the Security Council passed Resolution 958, which allowed NATO aircraft deployed as a part of the Operation Deny Flight to operate in Croatia. On November 21, NATO attacked the Udbina airfield controlled by the RSK, temporarily disabling runways. Following the Udbina strike, NATO continued to launch strikes in the area, and on November 23, after a NATO reconnaissance plane was illuminated by the radar of a surface-to-air missile (SAM) system, NATO planes attacked a SAM site near Dvor with AGM-88 HARM anti-radiation missiles.
In later campaigns, the Croatian army would pursue a variant of blitzkrieg tactics, with the Guard brigades punching through the enemy lines while the other units simply held the lines at other points and completed an encirclement of the enemy units. In a further attempt to bolster its armed forces, Croatia hired Military Professional Resources Inc. (MPRI) in September 1994 to train some of its officers and NCOs. Begun in January 1995, MPRI's assignment involved fifteen advisors who taught basic officer leadership skills and training management. MPRI activities were reviewed in advance by the US State Department to ensure they did not involve tactical training or violate the UN arms embargo still in place.
1995: End of the war
Tensions were renewed at the beginning of 1995 as Croatia sought to put increasing pressure on the RSK. In a five-page letter on 12 January Franjo Tuđman formally told the UN Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali that Croatia was ending the agreement permitting the stationing of UNPROFOR in Croatia, effective 31 March. The move was purportedly motivated by actions by Serbia and the Serb-dominated Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to provide assistance to the Serb occupation of Croatia and allegedly integrate the occupied areas into Yugoslav territory. The situation was noted and addressed by the UN General Assembly:
International peacemaking efforts continued, and a new peace plan called the Z-4 plan was presented to Croatian and Krajina authorities. There was no initial Croatian response, and the Serbs flatly refused the proposal. As the deadline for UNPROFOR to pull out neared, a new UN peacekeeping mission was proposed with an increased mandate to patrol Croatia's internationally recognized borders. Initially the Serbs opposed the move, and tanks were moved from Serbia into eastern Croatia. A settlement was finally reached, and the new UN peacekeeping mission was approved by United Nations Security Council Resolution 981 on March 31. The name of the mission was the subject of a last-minute dispute, as Croatian Foreign Minister Mate Granić insisted that the word Croatia be added to the force's name. The name United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation in Croatia (UNCRO) was approved.
Violence erupted again in early May 1995. The RSK lost support from the Serbian government in Belgrade, partly as a result of international pressure. At the same time, the Croatian Operation Flash reclaimed all of the previously occupied territory in Western Slavonia. In retaliation, Serb forces attacked Zagreb with rockets, killing 7 and wounding over 200 civilians. The Yugoslav army responded to the offensive with a show of force, moving tanks towards the Croatian border, in an apparent effort to stave off a possible attack on the occupied area in Eastern Slavonia.
During the following months, international efforts mainly concerned the largely unsuccessful United Nations Safe Areas set up in Bosnia and Herzegovina and trying to set up a more lasting ceasefire in Croatia. The two issues virtually merged by July 1995 when a number of the safe areas in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina were overrun and one in Bihać was threatened. In 1994, Croatia had already signaled that it would not allow Bihać to be captured, and a new confidence in the Croatian military's ability to recapture occupied areas brought about a demand from Croatian authorities that no further ceasefires were to be negotiated; the occupied territories would be re-integrated into Croatia. These developments and the Washington Agreement, a ceasefire signed in the Bosnian theater, led to another meeting of presidents of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina on 22 July, when the Split Agreement was adopted. In it, Bosnia and Herzegovina invited Croatia to provide military and other assistance, particularly in the Bihać area. Croatia accepted, committing itself to an armed intervention.
From 25 to 30 July, the Croatian Army and Croatian Defence Council (HVO) troops attacked Serb-held territory north of Mount Dinara, capturing Bosansko Grahovo and Glamoč during Operation Summer '95. That offensive paved the way for the military recapture of occupied territory around Knin, as it severed the last efficient resupply route between Banja Luka and Knin. On 4 August, Croatia started Operation Storm, with the aim of recapturing almost all of the occupied territory in Croatia, except for a comparatively small strip of land, located along the Danube, at a considerable distance from the bulk of the contested land. The offensive, involving 100,000 Croatian soldiers, was the largest single land battle fought in Europe since World War II. Operation Storm achieved its goals and was declared completed on 8 August.
Many of the civilian population of the occupied areas fled during the offensive or immediately after its completion, in what was later described in various terms ranging from expulsion to planned evacuation. Krajina Serb sources (Documents of HQ of Civilian Protection of RSK, Supreme Council of Defense published by Kovačević, Sekulić, and Vrcelj) confirm that the evacuation of Serbs was organized and planned beforehand. According to Amnesty International, "some 200,000 Croatian Serbs, including the entire Croatian Serb Army, fled to the neighbouring Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina under Bosnian Serb control. In the aftermath of the operations members of the Croatian Army and police murdered, tortured, and forcibly expelled Croatian Serb civilians who had remained in the area as well as members of the withdrawing Croatian Serb armed forces". The ICTY, on the other hand, concluded that only about 20,000 people were deported. The BBC noted 200,000 Serb refugees at one point. Croatian refugees exiled in 1991 were finally allowed to return to their homes. In 1996 alone, about 85,000 displaced Croats returned to the former Krajina and western Slavonia, according to the estimates of the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants.
In the months that followed, there were still some intermittent, mainly artillery, attacks from Serb-held areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina on the Dubrovnik area and elsewhere. The remaining Serb-held area in Croatia, in Eastern Slavonia, was faced with the possibility of military confrontation with Croatia. Such a possibility was repeatedly stated by Tuđman after Storm. The threat was underlined by the movement of troops to the region in mid-October, as well as a repeat of an earlier threat to intervene militarily—specifically saying that the Croatian Army could intervene if no peace agreement was reached by the end of the month.
Reintegration of Eastern Slavonia
Further combat was averted on 12 November when the Erdut Agreement was signed by the RSK acting defense minister Milan Milanović, on instructions received from Slobodan Milošević and Federal Republic of Yugoslavia officials. The agreement stated that the remaining occupied area was to be returned to Croatia, with a two-year transitional period. The new UN transitional administration was established as the United Nations Transitional Authority for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium (UNTAES) by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1037 of 15 January 1996. The agreement guarantees also right of establishment of Joint Council of Municipalities for local Serbian community.
The transitional period was subsequently extended by a year. On 15 January 1998, the UNTAES mandate ended and Croatia regained full control of the area. As the UNTAES replaced the UNCRO mission, Prevlaka peninsula, previously under UNCRO control, was put under control of United Nations Mission of Observers in Prevlaka (UNMOP). The UNMOP was established by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1038 of 15 January 1996, and terminated on 15 December 2002.
Notable defections
On 25 October 1991, Yugoslav Air Force pilot Rudolf Perešin flew his MiG-21R to Austria and defected. He later fought on behalf of Croatian forces in the war, ultimately dying after being shot down in 1995.
On 4 February 1992, air force pilot flew his MiG-21bis to Croatia and defected. He later fought on behalf of Croatian forces in the war. The MiG-21bis itself was later shot down on 24 June 1992, killing pilot .
On 15 May 1992, air force pilots and flew their MiG-21bis to Croatia and defected. Both later fought on behalf of Croatian forces in the war and survived. Ivandić's MiG-21bis was shot down on 14 September 1993, killing pilot .
Impact and aftermath
Assessment of type and name of the war
The standard term applied to the war as directly translated from Croatian is Homeland war (), while the term Croatian War of Independence is also used. Early English sources also called it the War in Croatia, the Serbo-Croatian War, and the Conflict in Yugoslavia.
Different translations of the Croatian name for the war are also sometimes used, such as Patriotic War, although such use by native speakers of English is rare. The official term used in Croatian is the most widespread name used in Croatia but other terms are also used. Another is Greater-Serbian Aggression (). The term was widely used by the media during the war, and is still sometimes used by the Croatian media, politicians and others.
Two views exist as to whether the war was a civil or an international war. The government of Serbia often states that it was entirely a "civil war". The prevailing view in Croatia and of most international law experts, including the ICTY, is that the war was an international conflict, between the rump Yugoslavia and Serbia against Croatia, supported by Serbs in Croatia. The Croatian international legal scholar and Yale University professor, Mirjan Damaška, said that the question of aggression was not one for the ICJ to decide as at the time of the verdict, the international crime of aggression had not yet been defined. Neither Croatia nor Yugoslavia ever formally declared war on each other. Unlike the Serbian position that the conflict need not be declared as it was a civil war, the Croatian motivation for not declaring war was that Tuđman believed that Croatia could not confront the JNA directly and did everything to avoid an all-out war.
Casualties and refugees
Most sources place the total number of deaths from the war at around 20,000. According to the head of the Croatian Commission for Missing Persons, Colonel Ivan Grujić, Croatia suffered 12,000 killed or missing, including 6,788 soldiers and 4,508 civilians. Another source gives a figure of 14,000 killed on the Croatian side, of whom 43.4% were civilians. Official figures from 1996 also list 35,000 wounded. Ivo Goldstein mentions 13,583 killed or missing, while Anglo-Croatian historian Marko Attila Hoare reports the number to be 15,970 (citing figures from January 2003 presented by scientific researcher Dražen Živić). Close to 2,400 persons were reported missing during the war. In 2018, the Croatian Memorial-Documentation Center of Homeland War published new figures, indicating 22,211 killed or missing in the war: 15,007 killed or missing on the Croatian side and 7,204 killed or missing on the Serb side. 1,077 of those killed on the territories of the Republic of Serbian Krajina were non-Serbs. However, on Croatian government-controlled territory, the Center did not break-out the ethnic structure of the total number of 5,657 civilians killed, due to missing data.
As of 2016, the Croatian government listed 1,993 missing persons from the war, of whom 1093 were Croats (428 soldiers and 665 civilians), while the remaining 900 were Serbs (5 soldiers and 895 civilians). As of 2009, there were more than 52,000 persons in Croatia registered as disabled due to their participation in the war. This figure includes not only those disabled physically due to wounds or injuries sustained, but also persons whose health deteriorated due to their involvement in the war, including diagnoses of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, as well as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In 2010, the number of war-related PTSD-diagnosed persons was 32,000.
In total, the war caused 500,000 refugees and displaced persons. Around 196,000 to 247,000 (in 1993) Croats and other non-Serbs were displaced during the war from or around the RSK. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) said that 221,000 were displaced in 2006, of which 218,000 had returned. Up to 300,000 Croats were displaced, according to other sources. The majority were displaced during the initial fighting and during the JNA offensives of 1991 and 1992. Some 150,000 Croats from Republika Srpska and Serbia have obtained Croatian citizenship since 1991, many due to incidents like the expulsions in Hrtkovci.
The Belgrade-based non-government organization Veritas lists 7,134 killed and missing from the Republic of Serbian Krajina, including 4,484 combatants and 2,650 civilians, and 307 JNA members who were not born or lived in Croatia. Most of them were killed or went missing in 1991 (2,729) and 1995 (2,348). The most deaths occurred in Northern Dalmatia (1,605). The JNA has officially acknowledged 1,279 killed in action. The actual number was probably considerably greater, since casualties were consistently underreported. In one example, official reports spoke of two slightly wounded soldiers after an engagement, however, according to the unit's intelligence officer, the actual number was 50 killed and 150 wounded.
According to Serbian sources, some 120,000 Serbs were displaced from 1991 to 1993, and 250,000 were displaced after Operation Storm. The number of displaced Serbs was 254,000 in 1993, dropping to 97,000 in the early 1995 and then increasing again to 200,000 by the end of the year. Most international sources place the total number of Serbs displaced at around 300,000. According to Amnesty International 300,000 were displaced from 1991 to 1995, of which 117,000 were officially registered as having returned as of 2005. According to the OSCE, 300,000 were displaced during the war, of which 120,000 were officially registered as having returned as of 2006. However, it is believed the number does not accurately reflect the number of returnees, because many returned to Serbia, Montenegro, or Bosnia and Herzegovina after officially registering in Croatia. According to the UNHCR in 2008, 125,000 were registered as having returned to Croatia, of whom 55,000 remained permanently.
The Croatian Association of Prisoners in Serbian Concentration Camps and Croatian Disabled Homeland War Veterans Association were founded to help victims of prison abuse.
A 2013 report by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Croatia entitled 'Assessment of the Number of Sexual Violence Victims during the Homeland War on the Territory of the Republic of Croatia and Optimal Forms of Compensation and Support of Victims', determined the estimated victims (male and female) of rape and other forms of sexual assault on both sides to number between approximately 1,470 and 2,205 or 1,501 and 2,437 victims. Most victims were non-Serbs assaulted by Serbs. By region, the largest number of rapes and acts of sexual violence occurred in Eastern Slavonia, with an estimated 380-570 victims. According to the UNDP report, between 300 and 600 men (4.4%-6.6% of those imprisoned) and between 279 and 466 women (or 30%-50% of those imprisoned) suffered from various forms of sexual abuse while being held in Serbian detention camps and prisons (including those in Serbia proper). Between 412 and 611 Croat women were raped in the Serb-occupied territories, outside of detention camps, from 1991 to 1995. Croat forces were also known to have committed rapes and acts of sexual violence against Serb women during Operations Flash and Storm, with an estimated 94-140 victims. Sexual abuse of Serb prisoners also occurred in the Croat-run Lora and Kerestinec camps.
On May 29, 2015, the Croatian parliament passed the first law in the country that recognises rape as a war crime – the Law on the Rights of Victims of Sexual Violence during the Military Aggression against the Republic of Croatia in the Homeland War. The legislation, which is overseen by the Croatian War Veterans’ Ministry, provides victims with medical and legal aid as well as financial compensation from the state – up to 20,000 euros. These benefits do not depend on a court verdict.
As of May 2019, Željka Žokalj from the War Veterans’ Ministry, said that around 25 million kunas (3.37 million euros) have already been awarded to victims. Since 2015, 249 compensation requests have been filed and 156 of them approved.
Wartime damage and minefields
Official figures on wartime damage published in Croatia in 1996 specify 180,000 destroyed housing units, 25% of the Croatian economy destroyed, and US$27 billion of material damage. Europe Review 2003/04 estimated the war damage at US$37 billion in damaged infrastructure, lost economic output, and refugee-related costs, while GDP dropped 21% in the period. 15 percent of housing units and 2,423 cultural heritage structures, including 495 sacral structures, were destroyed or damaged. The war imposed an additional economic burden of very high military expenditures. By 1994, as Croatia rapidly developed into a de facto war economy, the military consumed as much as 60 percent of total government spending.
Yugoslav and Serbian expenditures during the war were even more disproportionate. The federal budget proposal for 1992 earmarked 81 percent of funds to be diverted into the Serbian war effort. Since a substantial part of the federal budgets prior to 1992 was provided by Slovenia and Croatia, the most developed republics of Yugoslavia, a lack of federal income quickly led to desperate printing of money to finance government operations. That in turn produced the worst episode of hyperinflation in history: Between October 1993 and January 1995, Yugoslavia, which then consisted of Serbia and Montenegro, suffered through a hyperinflation of five quadrillion percent.
Many Croatian cities were attacked by artillery, missiles, and aircraft bombs by RSK or JNA forces from RSK or Serb-controlled areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as Montenegro and Serbia. The most shelled cities were Vukovar, Slavonski Brod (from the mountain of Vučjak), and Županja (for more than 1,000 days), Vinkovci, Osijek, Nova Gradiška, Novska, Daruvar, Pakrac, Šibenik, Sisak, Dubrovnik, Zadar, Gospić, Karlovac, Biograd na moru, Slavonski Šamac, Ogulin, Duga Resa, Otočac, Ilok, Beli Manastir, Lučko, Zagreb, and others Slavonski Brod was never directly attacked by tanks or infantry, but the city and its surrounding villages were hit by more than 11,600 artillery shells and 130 aircraft bombs in 1991 and 1992.
Approximately 2 million mines were laid in various areas of Croatia during the war. Most of the minefields were laid with no pattern or any type of record being made of the position of the mines. A decade after the war, in 2005, there were still about 250,000 mines buried along the former front lines, along some segments of the international borders, especially near Bihać, and around some former JNA facilities. As of 2007, the area still containing or suspected of containing mines encompassed approximately . More than 1,900 people were killed or injured by land mines in Croatia since the beginning of the war, including more than 500 killed or injured by mines after the end of the war. Between 1998 and 2005, Croatia spent €214 million on various mine action programs. As of 2009, all remaining minefields are clearly marked. During the 2015 European migrant crisis, there existed concerns over areas where mines could affect the flow of refugees coming from Serbia to Croatia.
War crimes and the ICTY
The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was established by UN Security Council Resolution 827, which was passed on 25 May 1993. The court has power to prosecute persons responsible for serious violations of international humanitarian law, breaches of the Geneva Conventions, violating the laws or customs of war, committing genocide, and crimes against humanity committed in the territory of the former SFR Yugoslavia since 1 January 1991.
The indictees by ICTY ranged from common soldiers to Prime Ministers and Presidents. Some high-level indictees included Slobodan Milošević (President of Serbia), Milan Babić (president of the RSK), and Ante Gotovina (general of the Croatian Army). Franjo Tuđman (President of Croatia) died in 1999 of cancer while the ICTY's prosecutors were still investigating him. According to Marko Attila Hoare, a former employee at the ICTY, an investigative team worked on indictments of senior members of the "joint criminal enterprise", including not only Milošević, but Veljko Kadijević, Blagoje Adžić, Borisav Jović, Branko Kostić, Momir Bulatović and others. These drafts were rejected, reportedly upon the intervention of Carla del Ponte and the indictment limited to Milošević.
As of 2018, the ICTY has convicted seven officials from the Serb/Montenegrin side and nobody from the Croatian side. Milan Martić received the largest sentence: 35 years in prison. Milan Babić received 13 years. He expressed remorse for his role in the war, asking his "Croat brothers to forgive him". In 2007, two former Yugoslav army officers were sentenced for the Vukovar massacre at the ICTY in The Hague. Veselin Šljivančanin was sentenced to 10 years and Mile Mrkšić to 20 years in prison. Prosecutors stated that following the capture of Vukovar, the JNA handed over several hundred Croats to Serbian forces. Of these, at least 264 (mostly injured soldiers, but also two women and a 16-year-old child) were murdered and buried in mass graves in the neighborhood of Ovčara, on the outskirts of Vukovar. The city's mayor, Slavko Dokmanović, was brought to trial at the ICTY, but committed suicide in 1998 in captivity before proceedings began. In 2017, Dragan Vasiljković commander of a Croatian Serb paramilitary unit, he was convicted of war crimes sentenced by a Croatian court to 15 years in prison.
Generals Pavle Strugar and Miodrag Jokić were sentenced by the ICTY to eight and seven years, respectively, for shelling Dubrovnik. A third indictee, Vladimir Kovačević, was declared mentally unfit to stand trial. The Yugoslav Army's Chief of the General Staff, Momčilo Perišić, was charged with aiding and abetting war crimes but eventually acquitted on all charges. Ex-RSK President Goran Hadžić died during the trial. In 2018, Vojislav Šešelj was sentenced to 10 years for crimes against humanity perpetrated through persecution and deportation of Croats from Vojvodina in 1992, while he was also given an additional cumulative sentence of 4 years and 9 months for contempt of court.
A number of Croat civilians in hospitals and shelters marked with a red cross were targeted by Serb forces. There were numerous well-documented war crimes against civilians and prisoners of war perpetrated by Serb and Yugoslav forces in Croatia: the Dalj killings, the Lovas massacre, the Široka Kula massacre, the Baćin massacre, the Saborsko massacre, the Škabrnja massacre, the Voćin massacre, and the Zagreb rocket attacks.
There were a number of prison camps where Croatian POWs and civilians were detained, including the Sremska Mitrovica camp, the Stajićevo camp, and the Begejci camp in Serbia, and the Morinj camp in Montenegro. The Croatian Association of Prisoners in Serbian Concentration Camps was later founded in order to help the victims of prison abuse. The Croatian Army established detention camps, like Lora prison camp in Split.
Croatian war crimes included the Gospić massacre, the Sisak killings in 1991 and 1992, and others, which were likewise prosecuted by Croatian courts or the ICTY. Another infamous instance of war crimes, in what would later become known as the "Pakračka Poljana" case, committed by a reserve police unit commanded by Tomislav Merčep, involved the killing of prisoners, mostly ethnic Serbs, near Pakrac in late 1991 and early 1992. The events were initially investigated by the ICTY, but the case was eventually transferred to the Croatian judiciary. More than a decade later, five members of this unit, although not its commander, were indicted on criminal charges related to these events, and convicted. Merčep was arrested for these crimes in December 2010. In 2009, Branimir Glavaš, a Croatian incumbent MP at the time, was convicted of war crimes committed in Osijek in 1991 and sentenced to jail by a Croatian court.
The ICTY indicted Croatian officers Janko Bobetko, Rahim Ademi, and Mirko Norac, for crimes committed during Operation Medak Pocket, but that case was also transferred to Croatian courts. Norac was found guilty and jailed for 7 years; Ademi was acquitted. Bobetko was declared unfit to stand trial due to poor health. The ICTY's indictment against General Ante Gotovina cited at least 150 Serb civilians killed in the aftermath of Operation Storm. The Croatian Helsinki Committee registered 677 Serb civilians killed in the operation. Louise Arbour, a prosecutor of the ICTY, stated that the legality and legitimacy of the Operation itself was not the issue, but that the ICTY was required to investigate whether crimes were committed during the campaign. The Trial Chamber reiterated that the legality of Operation Storm is "irrelevant" for the case at hand, since the ICTY's remit is processing war crimes. In 2011, Gotovina was sentenced to 24 and Markač to 18 years in prison. In 2012, their convictions were overturned and both were immediately released. Čermak was acquitted of all charges. Recorded war crimes that were committed against ethnic Serbs, particularly the elderly, during or in the aftermath of Operation Storm include the Golubić killings, Grubori massacre, and Varivode massacre.
In the first-degree verdict, the trial chamber found that "certain members of the Croatian political and military leadership shared the common objective of the permanent removal of the Serb civilian population from the Krajina by force or threat of force", implicating Franjo Tuđman, Gojko Šušak, who was the Minister of Defence and a close associate of Tuđman's, and Zvonimir Červenko, the Chief of the Croatian army Main Staff. Nevertheless, in the second-degree verdict, the appeals chamber dismissed the notion of such a joint criminal enterprise. The verdict meant the ICTY convicted no Croats for their role in the Croatian War of Independence.
In 2013 the former chief of Serbian State Security Jovica Stanišić, and deputy Franko Simatović, were acquitted of crimes against humanity and war crimes, but after protests and an appeal by prosecutors in 2015 a new trial was ordered due to legal errors. The new trial began in 2017.
In a first-degree verdict, on 30 June 2021 the UN Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals (MICT) found the pair guilty for crimes committed in Bosnia in Bosanski Šamac and sentenced them to 12 years in prison, but acquitted them of planning, ordering or aiding and abetting any crimes committed by Serb units in Croatia. They were tried as part of a joint criminal enterprise involving Milošević and other Serbian political, military and police officials. The court found that "from at least August 1991, a joint criminal enterprise existed" whose aim was to "forcibly and permanently remove.. Croats, Bosnian Muslim and Bosnian Croats, from large areas of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina." Those implicated in the enterprise included senior political, military, and police leadership in Serbia, the SAO Krajina, the SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia, and Republika Srpska, though the court found that the prosecution failed to prove the participation of Stanišić and Simatović in the enterprise.
Serbia's role
During the war
While Serbia and Croatia never declared war on each other, Serbia was directly and indirectly involved in the war through a number of activities. Its foremost involvement entailed material support of the JNA. Following the independence of various republics from SFR Yugoslavia, Serbia provided the bulk of manpower and funding that was channeled to the war effort through Serbian control of the Yugoslav presidency and the federal defense ministry. Serbia actively supported various paramilitary volunteer units from Serbia that were fighting in Croatia. Even though no actual fighting occurred on Serbian or Montenegrin soil, involvement of the two was evident through the maintenance of prison camps in Serbia and Montenegro, which became places where a number of war crimes were committed.
Milošević's trial at the ICTY revealed numerous declassified documents of Belgrade's involvement in the wars in Croatia and Bosnia. Evidence introduced at trial showed exactly how Serbia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia financed the war, that they provided weapons and material support to Bosnian and Croatian Serbs, and demonstrated the administrative and personnel structures set up to support the Bosnian Serb and Croatian Serb armies. It was established that Belgrade, through the federal government, financed more than 90 percent of the Krajina budget in 1993; that the Supreme Defense Council decided to hide aid to Republika Srpska and Krajina from the public; that the National Bank of Krajina operated as a branch office of the National Bank of Yugoslavia; and that by March 1994 FR Yugoslavia, Krajina, and Republika Srpska used a single currency. Numerous documents demonstrated that branches of the Krajina Public Accountancy Service were incorporated into Serbia's accountancy system in May 1991, and that the financing of Krajina and Republika Srpska caused hyperinflation in FR Yugoslavia. The trial revealed that the JNA, the Serbian Ministry of Interior, and other entities (including Serb civilian groups and police) armed Serb civilians and local territorial defense groups in the RSK before the conflict escalated.
In 1993, the US State Department reported that right after the Maslenica and Medak pocket operations, authorities in Serbia dispatched substantial numbers of "volunteers" to Serb-held territories in Croatia to fight. A former secretary of the Serbian paramilitary leader Željko Ražnatović testified at the Hague, confirming that Ražnatović took his orders, and his money, directly from the secret police run by Milošević.
This degree of control was reflected in negotiations held at various times between Croatian authorities and the RSK, as the Serbian leadership under Milošević was regularly consulted and frequently made decisions on behalf of the RSK. The Erdut Agreement that ended the war was signed by a RSK minister on instructions from Milošević. The degree of control Serbia held over SFR Yugoslavia and later the RSK was evidenced through testimonies during the Milošević trial at the ICTY.
Serbia's state-run media were reportedly used to incite the conflict and further inflame the situation, and also to broadcast false information about the war and the state of the Serbian economy.
Following the rise of nationalism and political tensions after Slobodan Milošević came to power, as well as the outbreaks of the Yugoslav Wars, numerous anti-war movements developed in Serbia. The anti-war protests in Belgrade were held mostly because of opposition the Battle of Vukovar and Siege of Dubrovnik, while protesters demanded the referendum on a declaration of war and disruption of military conscription. It is estimated that between 50,000 and 200,000 people deserted from the Milošević-controlled Yugoslav People's Army during wars, while between 100,000 and 150,000 people emigrated from Serbia refusing to participate in the war. According to professor Renaud De la Brosse, senior lecturer at the University of Reims and a witness called by the ICTY, it is surprising how great the resistance to Milošević's propaganda was among Serbs, given that and the lack of access to alternative news. By late December 1991, just over a month after victory had been proclaimed in Vukovar, opinion polls found that 64% of Serbian people wanted to end the war immediately and only 27% were willing for it to continue.
After the war
After the successful implementation of the Erdut Agreement which ended armed conflict in 1995, the relations between Croatia and Serbia gradually improved and the two countries established diplomatic relations following an agreement in early August 1996.
In a case before the International Court of Justice, Croatia filed a suit against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on 2 July 1999, citing Article IX of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. With the transformation of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia into Serbia and Montenegro and the dissolution of that country in 2006, Serbia is considered its legal successor. The application was filed for Croatia by a U.S. lawyer, David B. Rivkin. Serbia reciprocated with the genocide lawsuit against the Republic of Croatia on 4 January 2010. The Serbian application covers missing people, killed people, refugees, expelled people, and all military actions and concentration camps with a historical account of World War II genocide committed by the Independent State of Croatia during World War II.
In 2003, Stjepan Mesić became the first Croatian head of state to visit Belgrade since 1991. Both Mesić and the President of Serbia and Montenegro, Svetozar Marović, issued mutual apologies to Croat and Serb victims of the war.
By 2010, Croatia and Serbia further improved their relations through an agreement to resolve remaining refugee issues, and visits of Croatian President Ivo Josipović to Belgrade, and of the Serbian President Boris Tadić to Zagreb and Vukovar. During their meeting in Vukovar, President Tadić gave a statement expressing his "apology and regret", while President Josipović said "that no crimes committed at the time would go unpunished." The statements were made during a joint visit to the Ovčara memorial center, site of the Vukovar massacre.
Role of the international community
The war developed at a time when the attention of the United States and the world was on Iraq, and the Gulf War in 1991, along with a sharp rise in oil prices and a slowdown in the growth of the world economy.
Between 19 and 23 December 1991, several other European countries, beginning with Germany and the Vatican City, followed by Sweden and Italy, announced their recognition of Croatia's (and Slovenia's) independence. The European Union as a whole recognized the independence of the two republics on 15 January 1992.
Each of the major foreign governments acted somewhat differently:
Germany – up until 1991, Germany supported a 'status quo'. According to diplomat Gerhard Almer, the Yugoslav disintegration was feared as "a bad example for the dissolution of the Soviet Union", sparking fears that violence could also be used against the nations that were about to declare independence from the Soviet Union. During the war, this policy changed, when Helmut Kohl announced that Germany recognized Slovenia and Croatia as independent countries.
United Kingdom – John Major's government favored neutrality.
United States – The United States, under George H. W. Bush, tended to favour non-intervention at first, just like the United Kingdom. In contrast, from 1993, the administration led by Bill Clinton tended to engage itself in order to end the conflicts in the former Yugoslavia. Cyrus Vance supported the 'integrity of Yugoslavia'.
Russia – The Russian government under Boris Yeltsin tended to oppose recognition of Croatia although Russia recognized Croatia on 17 February 1992, while the United States did the same on 7 April 1992.
See also
Croatian War of Independence in film
Timeline of the Croatian War of Independence
Virovitica–Karlovac–Karlobag line
Annotations
Notes
References
Books
Other sources
External links
Sense Tribunal coverage of ICTY and ICJ proceedings
War Photo Limited – Images of the war
More images of the war
Croatian Memorial-Documentation Center of the Homeland War
1990s conflicts
1990s in Croatia
Croatia–Serbia relations
Political history of Serbia
Decommunization
Separatism in Croatia
Wars involving Croatia
Wars involving Bosnia and Herzegovina
Wars involving Serbia
Wars involving the Balkans
Wars of independence
Wars involving NATO
Yugoslav Wars |
4022123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%20Aup%C5%8Duri | Te Aupōuri | Te Aupōuri is the second northernmost Māori iwi (tribal group), located north of Kaitaia, Northland, New Zealand, a region known as the Te Hiku o te Ika. The iwi is one of the six Muriwhenua iwi of the far north of the North Island.
Te Reo Irirangi o Te Hiku o Te Ika, an iwi radio station, serves Te Aupōuri and other Muriwhenua tribes of the Far North. It broadcasts a main station on , an urban contemporary station Sunshine FM on and a youth-oriented station Tai FM.
History
The ancestral legend
In Māori, Te Aupouri means "The Dark Smoke" (au = smoke, pōuri = dark). According to legend, the Te Aupōuri came into conflict with Te Rarawa. The battle between the two eventually caused two other chieftains, Te Ikanui and Wheru, to become besieged in their pā in Pawarenga on Whangape Harbour. To mask their escape, they burnt their possessions and escaped under the cover of the smoke.
This is the iwi's chant:
Muriwhenua links
Te Aupōuri are one of the five iwi of Muriwhenua, also known as Te Hiku o te Ika a Māui, the Far North of Aotearoa.
The people of Te Aupōuri share a number of well-known ancestors with wider Muriwhenua including:
Kupe of the Mata-whao-rua canoe and Te Ngaki of the Tāwhiri-rangi canoe;
Nukutawhiti of the Ngā-toki-mata-whao-rua canoe;
Ruanui-a-Tāne of the Māmari canoe and his wife Manawa-a-rangi;
Whakatau of the Mahuhu-ki-te-rangi canoe;
Pō-hurihanga of the Kurahaupō canoe and his wife Maieke;
Tū-moana of the Tinana canoe and his wives Pare-waha-ariki and Kahukura-ariki;
Te Parata of the Māmaru canoe and his wife Kahu-tia-nui;
Tōhē and Te Kura-a-rangi;
Tū-mata-hina and Tangi-rere;
Rāhiri, Āhua-iti and Whakaruru;
Ue-oneone and Rei-tū;
Kai-rewa and Wai-miri-rangi;
Toa-kai, Tū-kotia and Tara-whati;
Hāiti-tai-marangai and Puna;
Tū-whakatere , Tū-te-rangi-a-tohia and Tū-poia; and
Moko-hōrea and Uru-te-kawa.
From these ancestors descend two families from which Te Aupōuri as an independent iwi trace their descent:
Firstly, the family of Mōre Te Korohunga and Te Awa. The name ‘Te Aupōuri’ came about from an event in the time of Mōre Te Korohunga and Te Awa’s children – Kupe, Whēru, Te Ikanui, Te Kakati and Te Uruhāpainga, and Secondly, the family of Te Ihupango and Te Amongaariki II, who had two daughters – Tihe and Kohine. Te Amongaariki II is especially important to Te Aupōuri being the principal ancestress of the Te Kao lands and the southern Pārengarenga Harbour.
The iwi of Te Aupōuri have their primary turangawaewae at Te Kao at the southern end of the Pārengarenga Harbour, with Te Oneroa-a-Tōhē (Ninety Mile Beach) to the west and Tokerau (Great Exhibition Bay) to the east. Te Aupōuri describe the core area in which they have customary rights and associations, of varying types and nature, as running from Ngāpae in the south-west, east to Ngātū and Waipapakauri Stream, north to the mouth of the Rangaunu Harbour, to Motu-puruhi and Te Rākau-tū-hakahaka (Simmonds Islands) and north to Muri-motu (North Cape), west to Te Rerenga Wairua (Cape Reinga), encompassing Oromaki, Manawa-tāwhi, Moe-kawa and Ohau (Three Kings Islands), south to Motu-o-Pao (Cape Maria van Diemen), to Kahokawa (Scotts Point), Matapia, Waka-te-hāua (The Bluff), Hukatere and back to Ngāpae. Te Aupōuri also maintain historical associations to Rangitāhua (Raoul Island in the Kermadec Islands) and south to Waimimiha.
Other iwi of Te Hiku o Te Ika also claim customary interests in this area.
The people of Te Aupōuri share a number of well known ancestors with the iwi of wider Muriwhenua including: Ruanui-a-Tāne & Manawa-a-rangi; Pō-hurihanga & Maieke; Tū-moana, Pare-waha-ariki & Kahukura-ariki; Te Parata & Kahu-tia-nui; Tōhē & Te Kura-a-rangi; Tū-mata-hina & Tangi-rere; Kai-rewa & Wai-miri-rangi; Toa-kai, Tū-kotia & Tara-whati; Hāiti-tai-marangai & Puna; Tū-whakatere, Tū-te-rangi-a-tohia & Tū-poia and Moko-hōrea & Uru-te-kawa.
From these ancestors descend two families from which Te Aupōuri as an independent iwi trace their descent: firstly the family of Mōre Te Korohunga of Ngāti Ruanui and his wife Te Awa of Muriwhenua, who became known as Ngāti Te Awa (the descendants of Te Awa).
The name ‘Te Aupōuri’ came about from an event in Pawarenga at the time of Mōre Te Korohunga and Te Awa’s children – Kupe, Whēru, Te Ikanui, Te Kakati and Te Uruhāpainga. One day, following the murder of Kupe, and her brother’s revenge, Ngāti Te Awa were besieged in Makora Pā. Finally, Ngāti Te Awa lit a huge fire covering the Whangapē Harbour with thick dark smoke. They managed to escape north across the harbour in the midst of the dense smoke to their mother’s lands further north. Hence the name Te Aupōuri (au = smoke, pōuri = dark).
The second family that Te Aupōuri descend from is that of Te Ihupango and Te Amongaariki II, who had two daughters – Tihe and Kohine. Te Amongaariki II is especially important to Te Aupōuri being the principal ancestress of the Te Kao lands and the southern Pārengarenga Harbour.
Mōre Te Korohunga & Te Awa’s son, Te Ikanui, married Te Ihupango & Te Amongaariki II’s daughters, Tihe & Kohine. These are the ancestors of the Te Aupōuri people of Te Kao – “Ngā Uri O Te Ikanui”.
Ruanui and the Polynesian rats
According to the traditions of the Aotea, Horouta and Māmari ancestral canoes, kiore (Polynesian rats) were passengers on their voyages from Hawaiki to New Zealand. Carvings on a window frame of Te Ōhākī marae at Ahipara depict the story of Ruanui's rat, Ruanui being the captain of the Māmari canoe. On arriving in Hokianga Harbour, he released his rats onto an island now called Motukiore "rat island".
Notable people
Makarena Dudley, psychologist, lecturer at the University of Auckland and dementia researcher
Sir Kingi Ihaka, Māori bureaucrat
Hone Harawira, Mana Party leader
Raniera Harrison, Māori broadcaster
Ralph Hotere, artist
Shane Jones, politician
Stacey Jones, rugby league player
Anika Moa, singer
Tina Cross, singer
Mitch Evans, racing car driver
Hinemoa Elder, youth forensic psychiatrist
References
External links
Te Aupōuri's website |
4022125 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manny%20Acta | Manny Acta | Manuel Elias Acta (born January 11, 1969) is a Dominican former professional baseball manager who is currently the bench coach for the Seattle Mariners, and formerly a broadcast analyst for ESPN and ESPN Deportes. He has served as manager for the Washington Nationals and the Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball.
In the Dominican Winter League, he is currently the general manager of the Estrellas Orientales. He managed the Tigres del Licey from 2003–2005, including leading them to victory at the 2004 Caribbean Series. Acta managed the Dominican Republic team at the 2006 World Baseball Classic where they placed 4th.
Playing career
Houston Astros
Acta was signed by the Houston Astros at age 17 as an undrafted free agent infielder. Acta played baseball professionally for six seasons, all in the Astros' system, but never reached the major leagues as a player. The Astros organization would eventually send him to scouting school in Florida to utilize his analytical skills rather than his athletic talent.
Coaching career
Minor leagues
In 1991, Acta became a player-coach at the A level, and soon after that quit his playing career and focused solely on coaching. He became the manager of the A-level Auburn Astros team at Auburn, New York in 1993, and he managed in the minors through 2000. He led the Kissimmee Cobras to a Florida State League championship in 1999.
Montreal Expos
Acta was hired as the third base coach for the Montreal Expos under Frank Robinson in 2002, and held that position through 2005.
New York Mets
In 2005 Acta was hired as the third base coach for the New York Mets under manager Willie Randolph. He held this position for two years, leaving to become the manager of the Washington Nationals
Seattle Mariners
On November 9, 2015, Acta was hired as the third base coach for the Seattle Mariners under new manager Scott Servais for the 2016 season. Acta was the first person issued #14 as it had been out of circulation since Lou Piniella left the team after the 2002 season.
Managerial career
Washington Nationals
Acta was hired as manager of the Washington Nationals on November 14, 2006, returning to the franchise that gave him his first major league job (the Nationals were the Expos prior to a relocation following the 2004 season). Acta received the job for his youth and enthusiasm, as well as knowing a few of the Nationals players from his third base coaching job with the Expos. In his first season with Washington, projected to be one of the worst teams in Major League Baseball, Acta and the Nationals finished 73–89. With his team beset by many injuries—on Opening Day, he lost starting shortstop Cristian Guzman and center fielder Nook Logan for five weeks and by June, four of his five starting pitchers were on the disabled list—Acta maintained a positive influence on his young Nationals. In his first year with the Nationals he earned votes for NL Manager of the Year, coming in fifth in that vote. In his second season managing the Nats, the team's record worsened to 59–102. Signs of the team progressing in the win column was not being realized during the beginning of his third season with the club. At 26–61, and the Nats coming off a 100-loss season, including a seven-game road trip in which they would win just one game, Acta's time as manager was drawing to a close.
On July 12, 2009, Acta reported he had been fired as Nationals manager following a loss to the Houston Astros. The Nationals announced on their website on July 13 that an announcement concerning the dismissal was forthcoming, which served as a confirmation of the firing. Nationals bench coach Jim Riggleman, who had previously managed the San Diego Padres, Chicago Cubs, and Seattle Mariners, assumed the position as interim manager.
Cleveland Indians
On October 25, 2009, the Cleveland Indians announced that they had hired Acta as their manager, signing him to a three-year contract with an option for an additional year. The Astros had also offered Acta their managerial position. The Indians struggled in his first year, marginally improving from their 2009 campaign at 69–93. In his second season, the Indians improved by 11 games to 80–82 after starting out the season 30–15. Cleveland would finish in second place, fifteen games behind the Detroit Tigers. On September 29, 2011, the Indians announced they had exercised Acta's option for the 2013 season.
After a 20–51 record in the second half of the 2012 season, the Indians fired Acta on September 27, 2012 with only six games remaining in the regular season. Bench coach Sandy Alomar Jr. was named interim manager and Terry Francona eventually was named to the position full-time.
Seattle Mariners
Acta served as interim manager for 2 games in May 2018 as regular manager Scott Servais was gone to attend his daughter's college graduation.
Managerial record
Personal life
Acta comes from a family of Lebanese descent that settled in San Pedro de Macorís a century ago.
The fatal plane crash on October 11, 2006, that killed New York Yankees pitcher Cory Lidle and his pilot crashed into Acta's apartment building in New York while he was still coaching for the Mets. Acta wasn't there at the time because he had gone to Shea Stadium to prepare for that night's Game 1 of the NLCS between the Mets and St. Louis Cardinals.
His ImpACTA Kids Foundation has raised a significant amount of awareness and donations in providing children with the opportunities to achieve their dreams. As of 2010, the ImpACTA Kids Foundation has awarded $5,000 in college scholarships in the United States and neared completion of an athletic/education youth complex in Consuelo, Dominican Republic.
See also
List of Cleveland Guardians managers
References
External links
Manny Acta profile provided by mwlguide.com
Column by Tim Brown provided by Yahoo! Sports
1969 births
Living people
Burlington Astros players
Dominican Republic baseball coaches
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball people in Canada
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
Dominican Republic national baseball team managers
Dominican Republic people of Lebanese descent
Sportspeople of Lebanese descent
Cleveland Indians managers
Columbus Mudcats players
Gulf Coast Astros players
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Major League Baseball third base coaches
Minor league baseball managers
Montreal Expos coaches
New York Mets coaches
Osceola Astros players
Seattle Mariners coaches
Sportspeople from San Pedro de Macorís
Washington Nationals managers
White Dominicans |
4022126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20University%20of%20Iowa%20alumni | List of University of Iowa alumni | This list of University of Iowa alumni includes notable current and former students of the University of Iowa.
Academia
Michael J. Budds, Musicologist and professor at the University of Missouri School of Music, inducted into the Missouri Music Hall of Fame
Edwin Adams Davis – M.A. from Iowa; historian of Louisiana; father of Louisiana state archives; Louisiana State University professor
Shardé M. Davis – Assistant Professor in the Department of Communication at the University of Connecticut .
James R. Dow – emeritus professor of German at Iowa State University
R. William Field – Associate Professor, College of Public Health, University of Iowa
Elnora M. Gilfoyle – occupational therapist; Dean of the College of Applied Human Sciences and Provost/Academic Vice President at Colorado State University
Michael P. Johnson – emeritus professor of sociology, Pennsylvania State University
James Kennedy – professor of the history of the Netherlands at the University of Amsterdam
Otto Kraushaar – former president of Goucher College, long-time professor in philosophy at Smith College
Minnette Gersh Lenier – teacher who used stage magic to improve students' learning skills
Cindy Lovell – educator and writer; executive director of the Mark Twain Boyhood Home & Museum and Mark Twain House
Robert Moyers – Founder of Center of Growth and Development at University of Michigan
Tina Passman - classical scholar
Jewel Prestage – Dean of the School of Public Policy and Urban Affairs at Southern University. First African-American woman to earn Ph.D. in Political Science.
W. Ann Reynolds – chancellor of the California State University and City University of New York
Noliwe Rooks - associate director of the African-American program at Princeton University, W.E.B. Du Bois Professor of Literature at Cornell University, chair of and professor in the Africana Studies Department at Brown University, founding director of the Segrenomics Lab at Brown University
Jim Rossi – law professor at Vanderbilt University
Clifford V. Smith, Jr. – 4th chancellor of University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
William A. Staples – president of the University of Houston–Clear Lake
John E. Visser – President of Emporia State University, 1967–1984
Pramod P Wangikar-Chemical Engineer and professor at Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Business
Helen Brockman – fashion designer
John Bucksbaum – former chairman and chief executive officer of GGP Inc.
Jim Foster – founder Arena Football League
Paul P. Harris – lawyer and founder of the first Rotary Club
Scott Heiferman – founder and CEO, Meetup.com; founder, Fotolog.com
Howard R. Hughes, Sr. – father of aviation pioneer and film producer Howard Robard Hughes, Jr. and builder of his fortune that started his empire
Kerry Killinger – chairman and CEO of Washington Mutual
Bill Perkins – hedge fund manager, film producer
Richard J. Schnieders — former chairman, president, and CEO of Sysco
C. Maxwell Stanley – engineer, entrepreneur, philanthropist; founder of Stanley Consultants and The Stanley Foundation; co-founder of HON Industries
Ted Waitt – co-founder of Gateway, Inc.
Frank R. Wallace (pen name of Wallace Ward), 1957, entrepreneur, publisher, writer, and developer of the Neo-Tech philosophy
Government and politics
Cindy Axne, United States Congresswoman
Theodore J. Bauer – former head of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Fred H. Blume – Justice of the Wyoming Supreme Court for 42 years
David E. Bonior – formerly represented Michigan in the United States House of Representatives; Former member of President Barack Obama's Economic Advisory Board
Terry E. Branstad – two-time Governor of Iowa, and longest-tenured Governor in the nation
John Burke – tenth Governor of North Dakota
James Cartwright – retired U.S. Marine Corps General and the 8th Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Norm Coleman – former Junior Republican U.S. Senator of Minnesota
James Dooge – Irish senator and academic in the area of Hydrology; served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Irish Government, and instrumental in forming the framework of the modern European Union and beginning the debate on climate change
Martha Angle Dorsett – first woman admitted to the Bar of Minnesota (in 1878)
James B. French – member of the Wisconsin State Assembly
Greg Ganske – politician from Iowa
Paul C. Gartzke – Presiding Judge of the Wisconsin Court of Appeals
Mads Gilbert – Norwegian doctor in Gaza providing humanitarian care at Al-Shifa Hospital during the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict
Lea Giménez, Master's Degree in Economics, Minister of Finance (Paraguay)
Silas B. Hays – Surgeon General of the United States Army
Leo A. Hoegh – former Governor of Iowa and National Security Council member
David W. Hopkins – former member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Missouri
Chuck Horner – United States Air Force general; commanded Coalition Air Forces during the Gulf War
Edward F. Howrey, chair of the Federal Trade Commission
Cheryl L. Johnson, lawyer and 36th Clerk of the United States House of Representatives
Patty Judge, former Lieutenant Governor of Iowa and 2016 candidate for the US Senate
George Koval – Soviet intelligence officer and Hero of the Russian Federation
Robert L. Larson – former member of the Iowa Supreme Court
Donald P. Lay – judge of the Eighth Circuit
Ronald H. Lingren – member of the Wisconsin State Assembly
Marry Mascher – member of the Iowa House of Representatives
Andy McKean – politician in the state of Iowa
John Walter Grant MacEwan – MS 1928; Western Canadian Lieutenant Governor of Alberta; Canadian legislator; Mayor of Calgary
Jayaprakash Narayan – Indian freedom fighter, social reformer, politician
Kay A. Orr – first woman Governor of Nebraska; Republican
John E. Osborn – former Commissioner, U.S. Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy; former executive vice president and general counsel, Cephalon, Inc.
Gregory A. Peterson – Judge of the Wisconsin Court of Appeals
John Pickler – member of the United States House of Representatives
Coleen Rowley – shared 2002 Time "Person of the Year" award; the FBI whistleblower who helped bring in terrorist suspect Zacarias Moussaoui
Lawrence F. Scalise – Attorney General of Iowa (1965–1966)
Juanita Kidd Stout – first woman appointed as a federal judge; Pennsylvania Supreme Court Justice
Jim Summerville – Tennessee Senator
Wang Huning – member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, Chinese political theorist, former Dean of the School of Law and Chair of the Department of International Politics, Fudan University
Perry Warjiyo, (Ph.D, 1991), Central Bank Governors, The Republic of Indonesia
Hugh E. Wild – U.S. Air Force Brigadier General
Ann Williams – member of Illinois House of Representatives
Wu Jin – Minister of Education of Taiwan, 1996–1998
Art and architecture
Mildred Beltre – multi-disciplinary artist; co-founder of Brooklyn Hi-Art! Machine
Ryan Bliss – 3D artist; founder of Digital Blasphemy
Shirley Briggs – artist and writer; studied under Grant Wood; provided artwork for a number of projects within the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, and worked on a number of dioramas for the Smithsonian Institution's Museum of Natural History
David Cantine – Canadian artist
Elizabeth Catlett – painter; studied under Grant Wood; first African American woman to earn an MFA from the University of Iowa
Robert D. Cocke – painter
Eve Drewelowe – painter
Joey Kirkpatrick – (born 1952) glass artist, sculptor, wire artist, and educator.
Baulu Kuan – artist and curator
Barbara Lekberg – metal sculptor
Evan Lindquist – Artist Laureate of the State of Arkansas
Charles Ray – contemporary artist
Joe Sharpnack – editorial cartoonist
Rudi Stern – multimedia artist
Kirsten Ulve – graphic artist
Literature and journalism
Melissa Albert – author of young adult fiction
Goodwin Tutum Anim – Ghanaian journalist
Mildred Benson – writer under pen name Carolyn Keene of Nancy Drew books
T.C. Boyle – PEN/Faulkner award-winning writer (World's End, Drop City)
Tom Brokaw – broadcast journalist, former anchor (NBC Nightly News), author (The Greatest Generation); dropped out after 1 year
Elizabeth C. Bunce – author (A Curse Dark as Gold, Premeditated Myrtle, Cold-Blooded Myrtle)
Chelsea Cain – writer (Heartsick, Mockingbird)
Sandra Cisneros – author (The House on Mango Street)
Max Allan Collins – writer of comic strip Dick Tracy (Chester Gould was the creator and Collins took over in 1977 when Gould retired); also writes mystery novels
Justin Cronin – author (The Passage, The Twelve)
Rita Dove – 1993 Poet Laureate of the United States
David Drake – science-fiction writer (Hammer's Slammers series)
Andre Dubus – short story writer (Killings – adapted into 2001 film In the Bedroom)
Jeannette Eyerly – writer of young adult fiction
Joshua Ferris – novelist
Charles Gaines – author (Pumping Iron) and inventor of paintball
George Gallup – founder of the Gallup Poll
Ezzat Goushegir – playwright
Garth Greenwell – author (What Belongs to You)
Oscar Hahn – author
Joe Haldeman – science-fiction writer (The Forever War)
Kathryn Harrison – author (Thicker than Water)
A.M. Homes – author (The Safety of Objects)
L. D. Hotchkiss – editor-in-chief, Los Angeles Times
John Irving – writer (A Widow for One Year, The World According to Garp)
Amy Jacobson – Chicago broadcast journalist
Leslie Jamison – author (The Empathy Exams)
Denis Johnson – author (Jesus' Son)
W.P. Kinsella – author (Shoeless Joe, the book on which Field of Dreams was based)
William Lashner – author of Past Due
Robie Macauley – novelist and editor of Playboy
Anthony Marra – author (A Constellation of Vital Phenomena)
Bharati Mukherjee – Bengali-American writer
Flannery O'Connor – novelist and author of numerous short stories
Chris Offutt – short story writer and essayist
Ann Patchett – author (Bel Canto, State of Wonder)
Tappy Phillips – consumer affairs reporter for WABC-TV in New York City; correspondent for ABC News
La Ferne Price – philosopher and author
Jim Simmerman – poet; founded creative writing program at Northern Arizona University
Wallace Stegner – author
Stewart Stern – screenwriter (Rebel Without a Cause, Sybil)
Douglas Unger – novelist and founder of UNLV's creative writing MFA program
Bertha M. Wilson – dramatist, critic, actress
Yu Guangzhong – Taiwanese poet and author
Torrey Peters, author (Detransition, Baby )
Pulitzer Prize winners
Stephen Berry – 1993 Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting for story he co-wrote for the Orlando Sentinel; associate professor in School of Journalism and Mass Communication
Robert Olen Butler Jr. – won the 1993 Pulitzer Prize for fiction
Marquis Childs – commentator; 1969 winner for distinguished commentary
Paul Conrad – editorial cartoonist for the Los Angeles Times; won in 1964, 1971, and 1984
Michael Cunningham – writer/novelist (The Hours)
Jorie Graham – poet (1996 winner for The Dream of the Unified Field: Selected Poems 1974–1994) and MacArthur Fellow on faculty of Iowa Writers' Workshop
Paul Harding – author (Tinkers)
Robert Hass – poet (2008 winner for Time and Materials: Poems 1997–2005) and former Poet Laureate of the United States
Benny Johnson – columnist and host The Benny Report on NewsMax TV
Josephine Johnson – novelist (1935 winner for her first novel, Now in November), writing instructor
Donald Justice – poet (1980 winner for Selected Poems)
Tracy Kidder – 1982 winner for The Soul of a New Machine
James Alan McPherson – author (1978 winner for Elbow Room, becoming the first African-American to win the Pulitzer for fiction) and MacArthur Fellow on faculty of Iowa Writers' Workshop
Marilynne Robinson – 2005 winning author for Gilead: A Novel; faculty in Iowa Writers' Workshop
Jane Smiley – novelist; 1992 winner for A Thousand Acres
William De Witt Snodgrass – confessional poet; 1960 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry
Mark Strand – poet; 1999 winner for A Blizzard of One
Tennessee Williams – playwright; won for A Streetcar Named Desire in 1948 and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof in 1955
Performing arts
Tom Arnold – actor (Roseanne, True Lies) and host of Fox Sports Net's talk show Best Damn Sports Show Period
Lemuel Ayers, Tony Award winning designer and producer
Scott Beck – filmmaker (A Quiet Place)
Rita Bell – singer, entertainer
Macdonald Carey – actor (Days of Our Lives)
David Daniels – conductor and author
Don DeFore – actor (The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, Hazel)
Ellen Dolan – soap opera actress (Guiding Light, As the World Turns)
Duck's Breath Mystery Theater (Dan Coffey, Bill Allard, Merle Kessler, Leon Martrell, and Jim Turner) – touring comedy troupe featured on National Public Radio's All Things Considered
David Eigenberg – actor (Steve Brady on Sex and the City)
Simon Estes – bass baritone opera singer, formerly of the New York Metropolitan Opera
Tanna Frederick – stage and independent film actress
Bruce French – actor (Mr. Mom, Legal Eagles, Fletch)
Robin Green – executive producer of the HBO series The Sopranos
Don Hall – director of the Disney animated movie Big Hero 6 which won the Oscar for best animated feature in 2015 and Moana (2016 film)
Jake Johnson – actor (New Girl, Paper Heart, Get Him to the Greek, Safety Not Guaranteed, 21 Jump Street, Drinking Buddies, Jurassic World and Tag).
John Shifflett – jazz double bass player and teacher at San Jose State University
Joy Harjo – poet, songwriter
Candace Hilligoss – actress (1960 film Carnival of Souls)
Mary Beth Hurt – actress (The World According to Garp, Interiors)
Toby Huss – actor, creator of Artie, the Strongest Man in the World from The Adventures of Pete and Pete, which he created at No Shame Theatre at the university
Barry Kemp – producer (Coach, Newhart) (Hayden Fox, the title character of Coach, was named after Iowa football coach Hayden Fry)
Alex Ko – actor (Billy Elliot the Musical), author, film director
Ashton Kutcher – actor (That '70s Show, Two and a Half Men), producer (created Punk'd), entrepreneur
Adam LeFevre – film and television actor, playwright
Nicholas Meyer – director (Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan)
Greg Morris – actor (Barney Collier in original Mission: Impossible TV series)
Terry O'Quinn – actor (Lost)
Lara Parker – actress (Angelique in the serial Dark Shadows)
James Romig – composer
Eugene Rousseau – saxophonist
Brandon Routh – actor (Superman Returns)
Joe Russo – director-writer Captain America: The Winter Soldier, Captain America: Civil War, Avengers: Infinity War, Avengers: Endgame, and TV shows Arrested Development (TV series) and Community (TV Series)
Paul Rust – actor (I Love You, Beth Cooper and Love (TV series))
Jean Seberg – actress (Breathless, Paint Your Wagon, Airport)
William Oscar Smith – jazz double bassist
David Strackany – musician
Susan Werner – singer-songwriter
Brooks Wheelan – comedian (Saturday Night Live)
Gene Wilder – actor (Silver Streak, Young Frankenstein, Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory)
Bryan Woods – filmmaker (A Quiet Place)
David Bryan Woodside – actor (Wayne Palmer on the TV series 24)
Academy Award winners
Diablo Cody – screenwriter, winning an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay
Charles Guggenheim – documentary filmmaker, winning four Academy Awards from twelve nominations
Grammy Award winners
Al Jarreau – seven-time Grammy Award-winning vocalist
David Sanborn – six-time Grammy-winning saxophonist
Science and technology
Hind Al-Abadleh – chemist and environmental scientist
Archie Alexander – first African-American graduate (in engineering); governor of the Virgin Islands
M. M. Ayoub – a pioneer in the field of ergonomics
Alfred Marshall Bailey – ornithologist and long-term director of the Denver Museum of Natural History
Antoine Bechara - professor of psychology and neuroscience
Sidney W. Bijou, (1908–2009) – developmental psychologist
Mark Frederick Boyd - malariologist
Lawrence Einhorn – pioneering oncologist whose research increased testicular cancer survival rates from 10% to 95%
Mildred Adams Fenton – geologist, paleontologist, writer on paleontology
Leon Festinger – social psychologist who was responsible for the theory of cognitive dissonance
James E. Hansen – heads NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies; recognized in Times "100 Most Influential People of 2006" for his efforts to bring understanding and fighting the effects of global climate change
Bruce C. Heezen – led a team from Columbia University that mapped the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Darrell Huff – writer known for best-selling book How to Lie with Statistics
Marshall Kay – geologist and Penrose Medal winner
Tom Krimigis – space scientist, physicist
E.F. Lindquist – co-founder of the ACT examination
Gregor Luthe – chemist, toxicologist, nanotechnologist, inventor and entrepreneur
Charles F. Lynch – Epidemiologist
Mark Mattson – neuroscientist at the National Institutes of Health and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Deane Montgomery – mathematician
Mary Lawson Neff – neurologist
Kent Norman – cognitive psychologist and expert on computer rage
Clair Cameron Patterson – geochemist who developed the uranium–lead dating method into lead–lead dating, worked on the Manhattan Project, and led early campaigns against lead poisoning
James Van Allen – space scientist
Oswald Veblen – mathematician
Shirley Briggs – conducted work in pesticide and synthetic chemical research
Wang Shizhen – Chinese academician, father of Chinese nuclear medicine
George Ojemann – Neurosurgeon and cognitive neuroscientist
Herbert Jasper – Pioneer of surgical epileptology at the Montreal Neurological Institute
Mildred Mott Wedel – Social scientist, archaeologist, ethnohistorian
Sports
Baseball
Tim Costo - MLB first baseman from 1992-1993
Jack Dittmer - MLB second baseman from 1952-1957
Cal Eldred – Major League Baseball pitcher who played for 14 years
Milo Hamilton – sportscaster for the Iowa Hawkeyes and seven different Major League Baseball teams; recipient of the Ford C. Frick Award
Chris Hatcher - MLB outfielder in 1998
Hal Manders – relief pitcher in Major League Baseball who played in 1941, 1942, and 1946
Wes Obermueller – Major League Baseball pitcher
Jim Sundberg – catcher for the Texas Rangers and other teams
Art Reinhart – Major League Baseball pitcher, 1919–1928
Basketball
B. J. Armstrong – NBA point guard for the Chicago Bulls
Jordan Bohannon – Hawkeyes men's player from 2016–2022; most career games played in NCAA Division I men's history
"Downtown" Freddie Brown – guard for the Seattle SuperSonics where he was captain of the 1978–79 World Championship team
Carl Cain - Olympic gold medalist in 1956
Caitlin Clark – Current Hawkeyes women's player
Chuck Darling – member of the 1956 Summer Olympics gold medal basketball team
Keno Davis – men's basketball coach at Providence College
Ricky Davis – Los Angeles Clippers player
Acie Earl – NBA basketball player
Michelle Edwards - WNBA guard from 1997-2001
Bob Hansen – player for the Utah Jazz and Chicago Bulls; basketball analyst for the Hawkeye Radio Network
Pops Harrison - Iowa head coach from 1942-1950
John Johnson – player on 1978–79 Seattle SuperSonics championship team
Noble Jorgensen – player for the Sheboygan Red Skins, Tri-Cities Blackhawks and Syracuse Nationals
Dick Ives - played one season in the BAA
Ronnie Lester - NBA point guard from 1980-1986
Bill Logan - NBA center in 1956
Brad Lohaus – NBA player
Devyn Marble (born 1992) - player for Maccabi Haifa of the Israeli Basketball Premier League
Don Nelson – player for the Boston Celtics and coach for the Golden State Warriors
Erv Prasse - NBL player from 1940-1946
Tangela Smith – center for the WNBA Phoenix Mercury
Murray Wier - BAA guard from 1948-1951
Herb Wilkinson - drafted to the BAA
Andre Woolridge (born 1973) – point guard
Luka Garza National College Player of the Year 2020-2021
Football
Bret Bielema – NFL assistant coach, head coach of the University of Illinois football team
Paul Burmeister – NFL quarterback, NFL Network anchor
Jim Caldwell – offensive coordinator for the Baltimore Ravens
Dallas Clark – tight end for the Colts, Buccaneers, and Ravens
Sean Considine – Former NFL defensive safety and special teams, member of the Ravens' Super Bowl XLVII championship team
Kerry Cooks – NFL defensive back
Dick Crayne - NFL fullback from 1936-1937
John Derby – NFL linebacker
Aubrey Devine - College Football Hall of Fame quarterback
Jeff Drost – NFL defensive tackle
Wayne Duke – Commissioner of the Big Ten Conference 1971–1989
Tim Dwight – NFL player
Harold Ely – NFL player
Dick Evans – NFL player
Wesley Fry – general manager for the Oakland Raiders
Robert Gallery – NFL offensive tackle, second overall pick in 2004 draft
Willis Glassgow - NFL halfback from 1930-1931
Dennis Green – head coach with the Minnesota Vikings and Arizona Cardinals
Merton Hanks – NFL defensive back (four-time Pro Bowl selection)
Homer Harris – player in 1937; first African American captain of a Big Ten Conference team
Jay Hilgenberg – center for Chicago Bears (seven-time Pro Bowl selection)
Jerry Hilgenberg - Iowa assistant coach from 1956-1963
Wally Hilgenberg - NFL linebacker from 1964-1979
Walt Housman – football player
Carlos James – Arena Football League player
Cal Jones – one of two Iowa football players to have his jersey retired; won the Outland Trophy in 1955
Nate Kaeding – NFL placekicker
Harry Kalas – voice of the Philadelphia Phillies (MLB), NFL on Westwood One and NFL Films
Aaron Kampman – NFL defensive end
Alex Karras – professional football player and actor
George Kittle – 2x Pro Bowler and 2x All-Pro tight end for the San Francisco 49ers; part of the 49ers Super Bowl LIV team
Nile Kinnick – Iowa's 1939 Heisman trophy winner with Iowa's Kinnick Stadium named for him in 1972
Dick Klein – professional football player
Paul Krause - NFL safety from 1964-1979
Joe Laws – professional football player for the Green Bay Packers
Gordon Locke - College football hall of fame fullback
Chuck Long – closest-ever Heisman Trophy runner-up in 1985; later a college head coach; analyst for the Big Ten Network
Jim Miller – NFL offensive guard
Tom Moore – longtime NFL coach and offensive coordinator for the Indianapolis Colts
Bruce Nelson – guard and center
Ken Ploen - CFL hall of fame quarterback from 1957-1967
Ed Podolak – player with the Kansas City Chiefs; football analyst for Hawkeye Radio Network
Fred Roberts – player for the Portsmouth Spartans
Eddie Robinson – winningest coach in football history at Grambling State University from 1942 until 1997
Reggie Roby – punter (three-time Pro Bowl Selection) for the Miami Dolphins
Bob Sanders – free agent safety, member of the Indianapolis Colts' Super Bowl XLI championship team
Tyler Sash – safety for the New York Giants' Super Bowl XLVI championship team
Zud Schammel – NFL guard
Duke Slater - NFL linebacker from 1922-1931
Scott Slutzker – NFL player
Larry Station – two-time All-American player
Bob Stoops – player and coach; head coach of the University of Oklahoma
Mark Stoops – player; head coach of the University of Kentucky
Mike Stoops – player, coach; defensive coordinator at Oklahoma
Sherwyn Thorson - CFL player from 1962-1968
Andre Tippett – Hall of Fame linebacker for the New England Patriots
Emlen Tunnell – player; first African American to play for the New York Giants; later played for the Green Bay Packers
Clyde Williams - Coach and athletic director at Iowa State from 1907-1919
Marshal Yanda – Pro-Bowl offensive lineman for the Ravens; member of Super Bowl XLVII championship team
Mixed Martial Arts
Jordan Johnson (fighter) – professional Mixed Martial Artist, currently with the UFC
Julie Kedzie – Two-time Hook n' Shoot Tournament Champion, National Karate Champion & fought in first women's MMA match on cable television
Other
Beth Beglin - Field hockey Olympic bronze medalist in 1984. Head coach at Iowa from 1988-1999
Paul Brechler - Athletic director at Iowa and commissioner of the Western Athletic Conference
John Davey - Swam in 1988 and 1992 Olympics for Great Britain. Ten time Big Ten champion
Kris Fillat - Field hockey player on US National Team
Houry Gebeshian – Armenian Olympic gymnast at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Lincoln Hurring - Swam in 1952 and 1956 Olympics for New Zealand
Marcia Pankratz - Field hockey player on US national team 1985-1996. College field hockey coach.
Wally Ris – 1948 Olympic swimmer, winner of two gold medals
Bowen Stassforth – 1952 Olympic silver medalist swimmer 200 m breaststroke. Former world record holder in 200 and 100 breaststroke
Rafał Szukała - 1992 Olympic silver medalist in 100 butterfly for Poland
Artur Wojdat - 1988 Olympic bronze medalist in 400 free. Former world record holder in 400 freestyle
Track and field
Kineke Alexander - 400m runner competed in 2008, 2012, and 2016 Olympics
George Baird - ran 4x400 at 1928 Olympics
Charles Brookins - 400m hurdles at 1924 Olympics
Chan Coulter - 400m hurdles at 1924 Olympics
Francis X. Cretzmeyer – track and field coach, 1948–78; coached Ted Wheeler and Deacon Jones (1956 and 1960 Olympics)
Frank Cuhel - 1928 Olympic silver medalist in 400 hurdles
Nan Doak - marathoner
Troy Doris - triple jumper in 2016 Olympics
Rich Ferguson - ran 5000m at 1952 Olympics
Ed Gordon - long jumped at the 1928 Olympics
Deacon Jones – 1956 and 1960 Olympics, track and field
Anthuan Maybank – 1996 Olympic Games gold medalist in the men's 4x400 meter relay for the US
Ira Murchison - Former world record holder in 100 yard dash and Olympic gold medalist in 4x100
Diane Nukuri - Competed in 2000, 2012, 2016, and 2020 Olympics in various distance events
Harold Phelps - ran 5000m at 1924 Olympics
Mel Rosen – track coach
George Saling – Olympic hurdler who won the 110-meter hurdles in the 1932 Summer Olympics
Jenny Spangler - ran marathon in 1996 Olympics
Laulauga Tausaga - thrower
Ted Wheeler - 1500 meters at 1956 Olympics
Eric Wilson - 400m runner at 1924 Olympics
Bashir Yamini - long jumper and football player
Wrestling
Royce Alger – 2x NCAA Champion (87' & 88') and retired mixed martial artist
Ed Banach – light heavyweight gold medalist at 1984 Olympic Games, Los Angeles
Lou Banach – heavyweight gold medalist at 1984 Olympic Games, Los Angeles
Stub Barron
Paul Bradley – two-time NCAA All-American; professional mixed martial artist, formerly with the UFC and currently with Bellator
Terry Brands – NCAA Champion in 1990 and 1992, 2000 Olympic bronze medalist, and two-time World freestyle Champion in 1993 & 1995
Tom Brands – Outstanding Wrestler Award at the 1992 NCAA Tournament; World Champion in 1993; Olympic Champion in 1996
Rico Chiapparelli – NCAA Champ in 1987; mixed martial arts trainer
Barry Davis – bantamweight silver medalist 1984 Olympic Games, Los Angeles
Ettore Ewen – professional wrestler for WWE under the name "Big E"
Randall Lewis – featherweight gold medalist at 1984 Olympic Games
Terrence McCann - Olympic gold medalist in 1960 freestyle bantamweight class
Lincoln McIlravy - Olympic bronze medalist in 2000 freestyle welterweight class
Brent Metcalf – 2008 and 2010 NCAA Champion; 2008 Dan Hodge Trophy winner
Steve Mocco – 2003 NCAA Division I Champion at Heavyweight; 2008 Olympic team member; current professional MMA fighter
Tony Ramos – 2014 NCAA Champion
E. G. Schroeder - First wrestling and tennis coach at Iowa. Athletic director.
Joe Williams – three-time NCAA Champion; 2001 and 2005 wrestling world bronze medalist
Bill Zadick – 1996 NCAA Wrestling Champion, 2006 World Champion
Mike Zadick – 2006 wrestling world silver medalist
Jim Zalesky – three-time NCAA Champion; current coach for Oregon State University
References
External links
Notable University of Iowa Alums |
4022130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Matthews%20%28politician%29 | Jim Matthews (politician) | James R. Matthews is an American politician from the state of Pennsylvania, and is a member of the Republican Party. He is a former member of the Montgomery County Board of Commissioners, and was the unsuccessful 2006 Republican nominee for Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania as Lynn Swann's running mate.
Personal life
Matthews graduated from La Salle College High School and attended College of the Holy Cross on a scholarship from the United States Navy. After serving in the Navy, Matthews entered the mortgage business and later earned an appointment as a mortgage lending officer with the Veterans Administration (VA) in Philadelphia. After leaving the VA, he returned to the private sector and later started his own mortgage business in 1990. Matthews is the brother of former MSNBC talk-show host Chris Matthews.
Political career
Early involvement in politics
Matthews was first elected to the Board of Commissioners in 1999 with District Attorney Michael Marino. In the 1999 primary election Matthews defeated Mario Mele, whom Republicans had accused of making a power sharing deal with the third commissioner, Democrat Joe Hoeffel, and supporting higher taxes in exchange for the commission chairmanship.
In 2003, Matthews ran with Tom Ellis for the county commission. Facing incumbent Ruth Damsker and Frank Custer, the pair won, but with a narrower margin, less than 10,000 votes, than Republicans were accustomed to.
Matthews courted some controversy in 2005 when he led an effort to ban cigarette smokers from working for the County. He and the commissioners reasoned that by outlawing smoking by County employees, they would be able to reduce health benefit costs. Later that year, the Commission retreated from that position, citing potential legal concerns. Montgomery County now offers anti-smoking aids to its employees as well as cash bonuses for those who stop smoking.
In 2006, he declared his candidacy for lieutenant governor. Lynn Swann endorsed him for the position and he subsequently won the May primary unopposed. In the fall general election however, Swann and Matthews were defeated by Democratic incumbent Ed Rendell, garnering only 39% of the vote.
In 2007, Matthews made a third, successful bid for the commission. Early in the campaign, Matthews and Ellis were opposed for the Republican nomination by State Representative Kate Harper, former Lower Merion School Board member Jill Govberg, District Attorney Bruce Castor and former State Representative Melissa Murphy Weber. The challengers charged that Matthews and Ellis could not keep the county government in GOP hands in the upcoming election. Matthews countered that he could indeed win given his experience in county government and his name recognition. Running on his own, Matthews narrowly captured the party endorsement finishing behind Castor.
Matthews and Castor faced off with Hoeffel, who sought to return to the commission after a stint in Congress, and incumbent Ruth Damsker in the general election. Matthews was attacked for support from Bob Asher and a lobbying contract awarded to party chairman Ken Davis. Matthews raised a campaign account separate from Castor and counterattacked Hoeffel and Damsker with charges that they would raise property taxes.
On election day, Castor, Hoeffel and Matthews were all nominated, with the latter edging the incumbent Ruth Damsker by just over 6000 votes. Matthews received the lowest vote tally of the three. Matthews was, until his arrest, Chairman of the Board of Commissioners following a power sharing agreement with, ironically, his fellow candidate Hoeffel. Matthews was formally censured by the Montgomery County Republican Committee (MCRC) on November 17, 2008 for his deal with Hoeffel, with the MCRC Chairman Robert Kerns declaring Matthews was "no longer a Republican".
Legal and political issues
Despite announcing he would seek a fourth term without party support, Matthews withdrew from the contest, along with Hoeffel, after rumors of alleged violations of state Sunshine laws and awarding of no-bid contracts surfaced. A subsequent grand jury investigation was critical of both Hoeffel and Matthews over their discussions of county business over private breakfast meetings. Matthews was later arrested and charged with perjury. The day of his arrest, Matthews resigned as Chairman but not as Commissioner. Hoeffel and Castor summarily fired county solicitor Barry Miller, a close friend and ally of Matthews, who also served as Matthews' campaign treasurer and closest advisor. Castor nominated Hoeffel to the position of Chairman ruefully saying he did not want the chair for himself by likening the post to becoming "Captain of the Titanic after it hit the iceberg." Matthews did not attend the public meeting where these actions took place. Hoeffel and Castor further ordered staff to consider how to remove Matthews from any boards or commissions on which he serves at the pleasure of the commission. Matthews subsequently resigned from all these positions after news accounts reported Hoeffel and Castor's intention to remove him.
Matthews subsequently agreed to be placed into an accelerated rehabilitative disposition program for nonviolent offenders. He will serve a year of probation on one charge of perjury, after which time his record can be wiped clean of the perjury charge if he remains out of trouble. Matthews will also be forced to testify in a lawsuit against the county's contractor, XSPAND, for delinquent tax collections. The lawsuit, brought by a competitive firm, MRS, alleges that Matthews and Ellis, while they were Commissioners, improperly steered county business to XSPAND and pressured the borough of Norristown to hire it as well. They are also accused of improperly sharing confidential information with former Governor Mark Schweiker, a lobbyist for the firm. Matthews and Ellis countered that the contract generated significant savings in delinquent tax collection costs.
Electoral history
References
External links
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
College of the Holy Cross alumni
Montgomery County Commissioners (Pennsylvania)
County commissioners in Pennsylvania
People from Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Republicans
United States Navy officers
Military personnel from Pennsylvania |
4022164 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20T.%20Sullivan | Richard T. Sullivan | Richard T. Sullivan (died 1981) was a novelist, short-story writer, and member of the faculty of the University of Notre Dame. His novels and short story collections include The World of Idella May, The Three Kings, Summer After Summer, The Dark Continent, and First Citizen. He wrote numerous book reviews for The New York Times and the Chicago Tribune. He was a popular teacher at Notre Dame.
Sullivan taught English from 1936 to 1974 and published six novels, dozens of short stories, as well as various other efforts. Though published by major houses, he never gained recognition as a mainstream writer, but was well-known as a regional writer and a Catholic spokesman.
Sullivan was also friends with many other Catholic authors, such as Harry Sylvester. The two men corresponded often during the 1950s, 60s, and 70s.
Mr. Sullivan also wrote a book entitled Notre Dame: The Story of a Great American University, published by Holt in 1951. This book is a personal look at community life at Notre Dame.
The University of Notre Dame's Creative Writing Program named an award for short fiction after him. The Richard Sullivan Prize for short fiction has been awarded biennially since 1996.
Bibliography
Summer After Summer, 1942
The Dark Continent, 1943
The World of Idella May, 1946
First Citizen, 1948
The Fresh and Open Sky and Other Stories, 1950
Notre Dame, 1951
The Three Kings, 1959
References
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
University of Notre Dame faculty
1981 deaths
Year of birth missing
American male short story writers
20th-century American short story writers
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from Indiana |
4022175 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFB%20Moose%20Jaw | CFB Moose Jaw | Canadian Forces Base Moose Jaw , also known as 15 Wing Moose Jaw, is a Canadian Forces base located south of Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan. It is operated as an air force base by the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) and is home to RCAF Pilot training and 431 Squadron, the Snowbirds, which is the RCAF's air demonstration squadron.
The base's airfield is named after Air Vice-Marshal Clifford McEwen and is one of only three military aerodromes in Canada to be named after an individual, Valcartier (W/C J.H.L. (Joe) Lecomte) Heliport and Cold Lake/Group Captain R.W. McNair Airport being the others.
The airport is classified as an airport of entry by Nav Canada and is staffed by the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA). The customs service is restricted to 15 Wing – Moose Jaw aircraft only.
History
A civilian flying club aerodrome was established on the site south-southwest of Moose Jaw in 1928 by the Moose Jaw Flying Club. Its location surrounded by flat open prairie proved to be an ideal training site.
RCAF Station Moose Jaw
The declaration of World War II saw the Moose Jaw Flying Club initially contracted to provide pilot training for the Royal Canadian Air Force; however this was soon replaced by the far larger British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP) which saw the Government of Canada acquire the aerodrome and completely reconstruct it into RCAF Station Moose Jaw in 1940 with the new aerodrome opening in 1941.
Initially the Royal Air Force trained exclusively at the base under the RAF's No. 32 Service Flying Training School (SFTS) (ca. 1942) using Harvards, and later, Oxfords. No. 32 SFTS eventually broadened its intake to train 1,200 pilots for the air forces of Canada, the United Kingdom, Norway, New Zealand, Poland, France, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, the United States, and the Netherlands.
Aerodrome information
In approximately 1942 the aerodrome was listed at with a variation of 18 degrees east and elevation of . Six runways were listed as follows:
RCAF Station Moose Jaw had two relief landing fields. One was located at Buttress, Saskatchewan and one at Burdick (Moose Jaw Municipal Airport) .
In 1946 RCAF Station Moose Jaw was decommissioned and the aerodrome was returned to civilian service.
Because of rising Cold War tensions, the aerodrome was reactivated by the RCAF in 1953 as the site of military pilot training. RCAF Station Moose Jaw undertook additional construction to support its expanded personnel complement. The base was used by the RCAF and its NATO allies for pilot training, using both single-prop World War II-era Harvards and Canadair CT-133 Silver Star jet training aircraft. By the mid-1960s these were both replaced by the Canadian built CT-114 Tutor.
The Institute for Stained Glass in Canada has documented the stained glass at RCAF Base Chapel.
CFB Moose Jaw
In 1968 the RCAF merged with the Canadian Army and the Royal Canadian Navy to form the unified Canadian Forces. The base's name was changed to Canadian Forces Base Moose Jaw, usually shortened to CFB Moose Jaw. From 1968 until the formation of Air Command in 1975, CFB Moose Jaw fell under the direction of Training Command and served to house the Tutor Jet Training Program.
By the early 1990s, CFB Moose Jaw was operated by over 1,300 employees and made a significant economical impact on the region, but pending cutbacks in military spending spread rumours of possible closure of the base. In 1994, the Government of Canada awarded Bombardier with a 20-year contract to support the delivery of what is now the NATO Flying Training in Canada (NFTC) program. Many of the base's structures were renovated to accommodate new personnel and new training aircraft. Pilots from Denmark, Singapore, Great Britain, Italy, Hungary, Germany, Finland, and many other allied nations train at CFB Moose Jaw every year, ensuring the base's future with the Canadian Forces. In 2015, Bombardier sold its NFTC contract to CAE who are currently the prime contractor.
From 1970 until its disbandment in 1993 Moose Jaw had a Base Rescue Flight flying three CH-118 Huey helicopters.
During a reorganization at AIRCOM in the late 1990s, CFB Moose Jaw's various AIRCOM units were placed under a new primary lodger unit called "15 Wing"; consequently the base is now referred to as 15 Wing Moose Jaw.
Current operations
15 Wing Moose Jaw is home to the following units:
CFB Moose Jaw
Integral Units
15 Wing/NFTC Headquarters
15 Wing Air Reserve Flight
CFB Moose Jaw
15 Operations Support Squadron
15 Wing Air Traffic Control Flight
Military Terminal Control Unit
Military Aerodrome Control Unit
2 Canadian Forces Flying Training School (2 CFFTS)
431 Air Demonstration Squadron (also known as the "Snowbirds")
Canadian Armed Forces Lodger Units
23 Canadian Forces Health Services Centre, Detachment Moose Jaw
1 Dental Unit, Detachment Moose Jaw
Real Property Operations Unit - West, Detachment Moose Jaw
Canadian Armed Forces Transition Centre, Detachment Moose Jaw
14 Military Police Flight, 1 Military Police Squadron, Air Force Military Police Group
Other Lodger Units
Defence Construction Canada, Moose Jaw Regional Office
Canadian Forces Morale and Welfare Services
Personnel Support Program, Moose Jaw
Canadian Forces Exchange System (CANEX)
Military Family Resource Centre
NATO Flying Training in Canada (NFTC)
CAE Inc - Prime Contractor
Serco - Air Traffic Control, Air Information Services, and Ground Electronic Services
ATCO Frontec - Facilities Management, Vehicle and Logistics Services, Fire/Crash Rescue Services, Airfield Infrastructure, Flight Training Facilities
Southport Aerospace Centre
Integral Units
3 Canadian Forces Flying Training School (3 CFFTS) - Southport, Manitoba
Contracted Flying Training and Support (CFTS)
KF Aerospace - Prime Contractor
Canadian Base Operators - Air Traffic Control, Fire and Crash Support, Airfield Maintenance, Food Services, Administrative Support, IMIT, Housekeeping and Aeronatuical Information Services
Bluedrop Training & Simulation - Coursewear development
Canadian Helicopters - Helicopter maintenance and ground-based and simulation instructors.
Future Aircrew Training Program (FAcT)
The NATO Flying Training in Canada and Contracted Flying Training and Support contracts expire in 2027. Future Aircrew Training Program (FAcT) will replace these two contracts as well as create a new contracted system for Air Combat Systems Officers and Airborne Electronic Sensors Operators. After the REquest for proposals going out on 11 February 2022, the new contract is expected to be awarded in 2023.
Prospective bidders
SkyAlyne Canada Limited Partnership
Primary Partners
CAE Inc
KF Aerospace
Potential Sub-Contractors and Strategic Partners
ATCO Frontec
Bluedrop Training & Simulation
Canadian Base Operators
Canadian Helicopters
Lockheed Martin
PAL Aerospace
Serco
Babcock Leonardo Canadian Aircrew Training
Primary Partners
Babcock Canada
Leonardo Canada
Potential Sub-Contractors and Strategic Partners
Top Aces
Flight Safety International
L3Harris
Athabasca Catering
The Loomex Group
Executive Flight Centre
Bird Construction
Dexterra
See also
Moose Jaw (Dr. F. H. Wigmore Regional Hospital) Heliport
List of airports in Saskatchewan
References
External links
15 Wing – Moose Jaw
NATO Flying Training in Canada
Canadian Air Force Snowbirds Demonstration Team
Moose Jaw Flying Club
Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan
Canadian Forces bases in Saskatchewan
Military history of Saskatchewan
Royal Canadian Air Force stations
Airports of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan
Military airbases in Saskatchewan
Buildings and structures in Moose Jaw
Moose Jaw No. 161, Saskatchewan
Transport in Moose Jaw |
4022176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Kushner%20Hebrew%20Academy | Joseph Kushner Hebrew Academy | The Joseph Kushner Hebrew Academy is a coeducational Modern Orthodox Yeshiva Day School located in Livingston, New Jersey. The Academy is dedicated towards developmental education and religious growth, for both boys and girls from Pre-Kindergarten through Grade 8. The affiliated Rae Kushner Yeshiva High School serves students in grades nine through 12.
Schooling
The Joseph Kushner Hebrew Academy seeks to instill in its students a love and commitment for the Torah of Israel, the People of Israel and the Land of Israel.
The school houses a program of the SINAI Special Needs Institute, an organization dedicated to serving the educational, psychological and emotional needs of Jewish children and young adults. Children of below to above average intelligence with different degrees of learning disability, with a wide variety of behavioral characteristics are served, whose needs could not be addressed by traditional Jewish day school programs and curricula.
History
The school was founded by Charles Kushner, named in honor of his father Joseph Kushner.
In 2020, the Joseph Kushner Hebrew Academy was the recipient of $1–2 million dollars in Paycheck Protection Program loans from the US Small Business Administration.
Administration
Core members of the school's administration are
Rabbi Eliezer Rubin - Head of School
Mr. Howard Plotsker - Associate Principal
Mr. Gary Berger - Assistant Principal, Guidance and Student Services
Jeremy Halpern and Dov Lando - co-presidents
References
External links
Joseph Kushner Hebrew Academy Website
Data for Joseph Kushner Hebrew Academy, National Center for Education Statistics
Jewish day schools in New Jersey
Livingston, New Jersey
Modern Orthodox Jewish day schools in the United States
Modern Orthodox Judaism in New Jersey
Orthodox yeshivas in New Jersey
Private elementary schools in New Jersey
Private middle schools in New Jersey
Schools in Essex County, New Jersey |
4022179 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellenried%20Abbey | Kellenried Abbey | St. Erentraud's Abbey, Kellenried, otherwise Kellenried Abbey, is a Benedictine monastery of women in Kellenried, which is part of the town of Berg in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
The nunnery was founded by the Beuronese Congregation in 1924. The first nuns came from St. Gabriel's Abbey in Schloss Bertholdstein. The abbey was named after St. Erentraud of Salzburg, first abbess of Nonnberg Abbey in Salzburg.
The abbey church was built in 1923–24 in the Baroque Revival style by Adolf J. Lorenz. In 1926 the monastery was raised to the status of an abbey. In 1940 the nuns were expelled from the premises by the National Socialists, but returned in 1945.
The abbey owns a Baroque nativity scene, the oldest figure of which is from the 17th century, that is displayed annually from Christmas until February 2.
Apart from the traditional duties of hospitality, the nuns engage in various handicrafts and also run a shop in Kellenried where they sell nativity figures and hand-made candles.
External links
Abbey Website
20th-century Christian monasteries
Monasteries in Baden-Württemberg
Benedictine nunneries in Germany
Baroque Revival architecture |
4022182 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornton%20Hough | Thornton Hough | Thornton Hough () is a village on the Wirral Peninsula, in Merseyside, England, of pre-Conquest origins. The village grew during the ownership of Joseph Hirst into a small model village and was later acquired by William Lever, founder of Lever Brothers, the predecessor of Unilever. Thornton Hough is roughly from Liverpool and from Chester. Administratively, it is part of the Clatterbridge Ward of the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral and is in the parliamentary constituency of Wirral South.
At the 2001 census, Thornton Hough had 770 inhabitants.
History
The name Thornton means "thorn-tree farm/settlement" and likely derives from the Old English words þorn (hawthorn tree) and tūn (a farmstead or settlement). It is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Torintone, under the ownership of Robert of Rhuddlan. The present name of the village was established when the daughter of local landowner Roger de Thorneton, married Richard de Hoghe during the reign of Edward II.
By the beginning of the 19th century, Thornton Hough formed part of the Neston Estate owned by Baron Mostyn of Mostyn, Flintshire. The population was recorded as 165 in 1801, 164 in 1851, 547 in 1901 and 506 in 1951.
Joseph Hirst, a Yorkshire woollen millowner, bought farmland land in 1866 and began the development of a small model village, building a church, a school and 'Wilshaw Terrace'. The village was bought and expanded by William Lever who developed housing for family, estate workers and company staff in a similar way to Port Sunlight, building another shop, the school, a social club and the Congregational church. Development continued in the early 20th century.
Geography
Thornton Hough is in the central part of the Wirral Peninsula, approximately south-south-east of the Irish Sea at Leasowe Lighthouse, north-east of the Dee Estuary at Parkgate and about west-south-west of the River Mersey at Bromborough. The centre of the village is situated at an elevation of between above sea level.
Landmarks
Thornton Hough and the villages of Brimstage and Raby are in an Area of Special Landscape Value, a protective designation to preserve the character and appearance of the area
There are 22 listed buildings in the village which was made a conservation area in 1979.
Hirst employed Kirk and Sons of Huddersfield to design All Saints Church and its vicarage, a school and school master's house and Wilshaw Terrace before 1870. All Saints, the parish church, is a grade II listed building built in 1867, it has a spire and tower displaying five clock faces. The north transept window, designed by H. Gustave Hiller is a memorial to Joseph Hirt.
Lever's architects used a wide variety of building materials including red and buff sandstone, brick, timber framing, render and pebbledash with roofs made of clay tiles or thick stone slates which creates the impression that the village appears to be older than it is. Lever used several architects, including John Douglas. The firm of Grayson and Ould designed the Village Club and Post Office, Weald House, several houses in The Folds and rebuilt Thornton House in 1895 and designed its lodges and stables. Jonathon Simpson built the Lever School and his son, James Lomax-Simpson, rebuilt the Smithy, designed D’Arcy Cottages and extensions to Thornton House. He also designed Saint George's United Reformed Church, a reproduction Romanesque style church in 1906. William and Segar Owen designed various houses including Thicketford.
Thornton Hall, once the home of wealthy shipping merchants, the Bamford Brothers of Liverpool, is believed to have been built in the mid-1800s. It was transformed into a hotel in 1954 and many of its original features remain intact including oak carvings and the ornate mother of pearl embossed ceiling in the Italian Room.
Thornton Manor, built in an Elizabethan style dates from the 1840s, and was once the home of Lord Leverhulme. From 2005 the house and gardens underwent extensive renovation. The building is now a wedding venue and provides facilities for corporate functions.
Thornton House, a grade II listed building built by Douglas & Fordham in 1893 is a two-storey timber-framed house in a mock-Tudor style on a stone base. Thicketford built in 1892 is preserved in a largely unaltered condition.
Hesketh Grange, a grade II listed building, was built in 1894 for Leverhulme's father.
Governance
Thornton Hough was a township in the parish of Neston, of the Wirral Hundred. It became a civil parish in 1866. Historically within the county of Cheshire, it was part of the Wirral Rural District between 1894 and 1933, subsequently moving within the boundaries of a jurisdiction that would become the Municipal Borough of Bebington. Further changes occurred on 1 April 1974, when local government reorganisation resulted in most of Wirral, including Thornton Hough, being transferred from Cheshire to the newly formed county of Merseyside.
As of , Thornton Hough is within the Clatterbridge Ward of the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral. The village is represented nationally through the parliamentary constituency of Wirral South.
Community
Thornton Hough's central feature is the village green with its cricket pitch and pavilion, tennis courts, and a children's play area.
The local primary school is Thornton Hough Primary School located on St George's Way and is the catchment school for children living in Thornton Hough, Raby Mere, Raby and Brimstage. This school building was originally built to serve as a military building, but was turned over for school usage after the Second World War. The original playground has been reduced in size due to the building extensions of decking and garden areas.
The Parish Hall was the original village school until it closed in 1953, it has a Victorian exterior, although its interior has been updated. The Village Hall is a large extension to the original wooden hall belonging to St George's Church and was built in the 1970s by Collins Construction. It is referred to as the New Village Hall to set it apart from the Parish Hall which is used for the fortnightly youth club. Since it opened, the hall has been used for a variety of local events and as a venue for parties. The hall is used by the badminton club, play-school, Cubs, Scouts, Rainbows, Brownies and Guides.
The village has a number of shops and a post office next to which is the British Legion, known as "the Men's Club" as women were barred except for on two days per year. The Village Stores struggled to compete with the bigger and cheaper supermarkets before its closure in 2007. It is now Jennifer O'Neill Cakes and Dragonfly Couture Stationery, 'The Seven Stars', is a traditional public house established in the 1840s on what was once a turnpike route between Birkenhead and Neston. In 1905 the smithy moved from its original site into a half timbered building and was extant in 2009.
Just outside the village is 'The Red Fox', a public house and restaurant on the border of Thornton Hough and Neston.
Culture
The Thornton Hough Scarecrow Festival was held between 1999 and 2006. Residents participating made scarecrows of varying designs and quality, which were judged at the end of a week-long open season. The festival also included a fête on the village green. By 2006, when the festival attracted over 35,000 visitors, it had raised £75,000 for village projects.
In 2017 the village green was used as a location for the film Tolkien.
Notable people
William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme, industrialist, lived at Thornton Manor
William Lever, 2nd Viscount Leverhulme, co-founder of Unilever, born and raised in Thornton Hough
Gallery
See also
Listed buildings in Thornton Hough
References
Bibliography
External links
All Saints Church, Thornton Hough
Towns and villages in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral |
4022200 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die%20Apokalyptischen%20Reiter | Die Apokalyptischen Reiter | Die Apokalyptischen Reiter (German for "The Apocalyptic Riders") is a Weimar, Germany based heavy metal band signed to Nuclear Blast in Europe and The End Records in North America.
Musical style
The band's original style, featured on their releases up to and including Allegro Barbaro and on a few songs on All You Need Is Love, consists of death/thrash metal blended with melodic compositions. In later albums, the death metal influence declined, resulting in less chaotic composition (often centered around a verse and chorus with a bridge and solo), more constant tempo, longer songs and clean vocals (although not exclusively). This resulted in a more polished and accessible sound. The band uses lyrics in both English and German with a shift from mainly English songs to more German ones on recent albums (Licht is entirely in German).
The release of Have a Nice Trip marked somewhat of a turning point for the band; although they retained the essence of heavy metal, they began experimenting with many other styles of music such as ambient and jazz.
Members
Current line-up
Fuchs (Daniel Täumel) – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1995–present)
Volk-Man (Volkmar Weber) – bass, screamed vocals (1995–present)
Dr. Pest (Mark Szakul) – keyboards (1995–present)
Sir G. (Georg Lenhardt) – drums (2000–present)
Ady (Adrian Vogel) – lead guitar (2009–present)
Former members
Skelleton – drums, screamed vocals (1995–2000)
Pitrone (Peter Pfau) – lead guitar (2002–2008)
Lady Cat-Man (Cathleen Gliemann) – lead guitar (2008–2009)
Timeline
Discography
Albums:
1997 – Soft & Stronger
1999 – Allegro Barbaro
2000 – All You Need Is Love
2003 – Have a Nice Trip (#95 in Germany)
2004 – Samurai
2006 – Riders on the Storm (#31 in Germany, #74 in Austria)
2008 – Licht (#29 in Germany, #49 in Austria, #88 in Switzerland)
2011 – Moral & Wahnsinn (#18 in Germany, # 41 in Austria, #61 in Switzerland)
2014 – Tief.Tiefer (#22 in Germany, #72 in Switzerland)
2017 – Der Rote Reiter (#10 in Germany, # 29 in Austria)
2021 – The Divine Horsemen
2022 – Wilde Kinder
Demos:
1996 – Firestorm (Demo)
EPs:
1998 – Dschinghis Khan (EP)
2006 – Friede sei mit Dir (EP)
2008 – Der Weg (EP)
DVDs:
2006 – Friede sei mit Dir (live-DVD)
2008 – Tobsucht (DVD and two live-CDs)
2009 – Adrenalin
References
External links
Official German homepage
Official German fanclub
Nuclear Blast Artist Profile
German heavy metal musical groups
German melodic death metal musical groups
German power metal musical groups
German folk metal musical groups
German thrash metal musical groups
Reggae metal musical groups
German symphonic metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 1995
Musical quintets
Nuclear Blast artists
Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse in popular culture |
4022218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy%20Gilman | Dorothy Gilman | Dorothy Edith Gilman (June 25, 1923 – February 2, 2012) was an American writer. She is best known for the Mrs. Pollifax series. Begun in a time when women in mystery meant Agatha Christie's Miss Marple and international espionage meant young government men like James Bond and the spies of John le Carré and Graham Greene, Emily Pollifax, her heroine, became a spy in her 60s and is very likely the only spy in literature to belong simultaneously to the CIA and the local garden club.
Biography
Dorothy Gilman was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey, to minister James Bruce and Essa (Starkweather) Gilman. She started writing when she was 9. At 11, she competed against 10- to 16-year-olds in a story contest and won first place. Planning to write and illustrate books for children, she attended Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts 1940–1945. She married teacher Edgar A. Butters, Jr. September 15, 1945; they divorced in 1965. The couple had two children, Christopher and Jonathan. Gilman attended the University of Pennsylvania 1963–1964. She was Unitarian.
Gilman worked as an art teacher and telephone operator before becoming an author. She wrote children's stories for more than ten years under the name Dorothy Gilman Butters and then began writing adult novels about Mrs. Pollifax, a retired grandmother who becomes a CIA agent. The Mrs. Pollifax series made Gilman famous.
Gilman's life is strongly reflected in her writing. She traveled extensively, and her travels became the settings for her Mrs. Pollifax books. In the 1970s, she moved to a property in a small town in Nova Scotia where she grew most of her own vegetables and herbs. This period was the focus of her memoir, A New Kind of Country. Her knowledge of medicinal herbs informed several of her stories, including A Nun in the Closet and Thale's Folly. Thale's Folly is one of her few books featuring a male protagonist; most of her books feature strong women having adventures around the world. In addition to Nova Scotia, Gilman spent much of her life in Connecticut, Maine, and New Mexico.
In 2010 Gilman was awarded the annual Grand Master Award by the Mystery Writers of America.
In 2012, she died at age 88 of complications of Alzheimer's disease.
Works
As Dorothy Gilman Butters
Under her married name, Dorothy Gilman Butters, she wrote books for young adults (except as noted) beginning in the late 1940s:
Enchanted Caravan (1949) ()
Carnival Gypsy (1950) ()
Ragamuffin Alley (1951) ()
The Calico Year (1953) ()
Four Party Line (1954) ()
Papa Dolphin's Table (1955; for children) ()
Girl in Buckskin (1956) ()
Heartbreak Street (1958) ()
Witch's Silver (1959) ()
Masquerade (1961) ()
Heart's Design (Masquerade Republished) (1963) ()
Ten Leagues to Boston Town (1963) ()
The Bells of Freedom (1963) ()
She also contributed to Good Housekeeping, Jack and Jill, Redbook, Ladies' Home Journal, Cosmopolitan, The Writer, and other magazines.
She also contributed a chapter to the book, On Creative Writing, edited by Paul Engle (1964).
The Mrs. Pollifax series
Gilman began writing under her maiden name for the first book of the Mrs. Pollifax series, The Unexpected Mrs. Pollifax. The heroine, the eccentric Emily Pollifax, is a 60-ish, bored, garden-clubbing grandmother, and widow. Considering her life without real purpose, and after briefly contemplating suicide, she presents herself to the CIA, offering to serve as an agent. Initially recruited through a misunderstanding, she is excited, and a bit clueless about her role, but she quickly adapts to an unfortunate turn of events, and displays the common sense and grit that will guide her through future intrigues.
The series, which ended in 2000 with Mrs. Pollifax Unveiled, consists of fast-paced escapades filled with danger and intrigue in Mexico, Turkey, Thailand, China, Morocco, Zambia, Sicily, and elsewhere.
The Unexpected Mrs. Pollifax (1966) ()
The Amazing Mrs. Pollifax (1970) ()
The Elusive Mrs. Pollifax (1971) ()
A Palm for Mrs. Pollifax (1973) ()
Mrs. Pollifax on Safari (1977) ()
Mrs. Pollifax on the China Station (1983) ()
Mrs. Pollifax and the Hong Kong Buddha (1985) ()
Mrs. Pollifax and the Golden Triangle (1988) ()
Mrs. Pollifax and the Whirling Dervish (1990) ()
Mrs. Pollifax and the Second Thief (1993) ()
Mrs. Pollifax Pursued (1995) ()
Mrs. Pollifax and the Lion Killer (1996) ()
Mrs. Pollifax, Innocent Tourist (1997) ()
Mrs. Pollifax Unveiled (2000) ()
Other books
Additional books she wrote under the name Dorothy Gilman:
Uncertain Voyage (1967) ()
Clairvoyant Countess (1975) ()
A Nun in the Closet (1975), Winner of the Catholic Book Award ()
A New Kind of Country (1978) (reissued by Fawcett in 1989) (); (memoir), memoir of her life in a Nova Scotia village
The Tightrope Walker (1979) ()
The Maze in the Heart of the Castle (1983; for young adults) ()
Incident at Badamya (1989) ()
Caravan (1992) ()
Thale's Folly (1999) ()
Kaleidoscope: A Countess Karitska Novel (2002) ()
Film/TV adaptations
The Unexpected Mrs. Pollifax was filmed by United Artists in 1970 as Mrs. Pollifax-Spy starring Rosalind Russell. Angela Lansbury starred in the made-for-TV movie The Unexpected Mrs. Pollifax in 1999.
References
Sources
Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2006. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale Fan website
1923 births
2012 deaths
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
American children's writers
American spy fiction writers
American women novelists
American Unitarian Universalists
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni
Writers from New Brunswick, New Jersey
University of Pennsylvania alumni
American women short story writers
Edgar Award winners
People from Rye Brook, New York
American women children's writers
21st-century American women writers
20th-century American short story writers
21st-century American short story writers
Novelists from New Jersey
Deaths from dementia in New York (state) |
4022260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Tavern | Little Tavern | Little Tavern Shops was a chain of hamburger restaurants in Baltimore, Maryland; Arlington, Virginia; Washington, D.C.; and surrounding areas.
The first Little Tavern opened March 24, 1927, in Louisville, Kentucky, by Harry F. Duncan. The first Washington location was opened in October 1928 and the first in Baltimore opened its doors in June 1930. By 1937, there were 33 shops open. At the height of the chain, there were almost 50 locations. Duncan sold the chain in 1981. The chain had troubles in the 1990s and the last restaurant closed on April 29, 2008, although the Laurel location was re-opened that year as Laurel Tavern Donuts after being given the recipe for the burgers, which it still served as of 2022.
The original slogan of the chain was "Buy 'em by the bag", and its signs promised "Cold Drinks * Good Coffee". The stores were quite small and could accommodate only a few seated customers, while most business was take-out.
From 1928 to 1931, Little Taverns had block construction and their castle design closely resembled White Castles and White Towers of the same era. Baltimore No. 3, was the first Little Tavern to employ the "Tudor cottage" design that would become so closely associated with the chain for years to come.
Similar chains
White Tower Hamburgers
White Castle
Krystal
McDonald's in its early years
See also
White Coffee Pot, another Baltimore-based restaurant
List of defunct fast-food restaurant chains
External links
Ghosts of Baltimore website
Historical preservation of Little Tavern in Silver Spring, Maryland
The adaptive reuse of Little Taverns
Notes
Restaurants established in 1927
Restaurants in Baltimore
Restaurants in Washington, D.C.
Regional restaurant chains in the United States
Restaurants in Louisville, Kentucky
Defunct restaurant chains in the United States
1927 establishments in Kentucky
Tudor Revival architecture in the United States |
4022272 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%A1%20Fatra%20National%20Park | Malá Fatra National Park | The Malá Fatra National Park (Slovak: Národný park Malá Fatra) is a national park in the northern part of the Malá Fatra mountains called Krivánska Malá Fatra.
It has an area of 226.3 km2 (87.37 mi2) and a 232.62 km2 (89.81 mi2) buffer zone. The park was declared in 1988. Between 1967 and 1988 it was a protected landscape area.
For a geological and geographical description see Malá Fatra.
Flora
The mountain is covered mainly with mixed beech forests, at higher elevations with fir and spruce. Pine woods and meadows occur at higher altitudes. About 83% of the area is covered in forest.
In the variety and beauty of flora species, the following examples stand out as the most remarkable:
gentian (Gentiana clusii)
auricula (Primula auricula)
Dianthus nitidus
round-leaved sundew (Drosera rotundifolia)
lady's slipper orchid (Cypripedium calceolus)
Fauna
The fauna includes:
golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)
eagle-owl (Bubo bubo)
black stork (Ciconia nigra)
brown bear (Ursus arctos)
lynx (Lynx lynx)
beech marten (Martes foina)
European otter (Lutra lutra)
wildcat (Felis silvestris)
grey wolf (Canis lupus)
Remarkable places
Kryštálová jaskyňa (Crystal Cave) with calcite decoration, located in the Malý Rozsutec Mountain
the 38 metres high Šútovo Waterfall
castles, such as the Strečno Castle and Starhrad
traditional architecture: Štefanová and Podšíp settlements
Slovak folklore centres, such as the village of Terchová
Jánošíkove diery (trans: Janosik holes) - system of gorges and canyons
See also
Protected areas of Slovakia
External links
Malá Fatra National Park at Slovakia.travel
National parks of Slovakia
Protected areas established in 1988
Protected areas of the Western Carpathians
Tourist attractions in Žilina Region
Geography of Žilina Region |
4022273 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Brunswick%20Public%20Schools | East Brunswick Public Schools | East Brunswick Public Schools is a comprehensive community public school district serving students from kindergarten through twelfth grade in East Brunswick, in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States.
As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of 11 schools, had an enrollment of 8,260 students and 687.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.0:1.
The district is classified by the New Jersey Department of Education as being in District Factor Group "I", the second-highest of eight groupings. District Factor Groups organize districts statewide to allow comparison by common socioeconomic characteristics of the local districts. From lowest socioeconomic status to highest, the categories are A, B, CD, DE, FG, GH, I and J.
Awards and recognition
East Brunswick is the only district in the State of New Jersey having eleven schools designated Blue Ribbon School / National School of Excellence by the United States Department of Education. Schools that have been recognized as Blue Ribbon Schools are
Irwin School (1989–90),
East Brunswick High School (1990–91),
Lawrence Brook School (1991–92),
Churchill Junior High School (1994–95),
Hammarskjold Middle School (1994–95),
Bowne-Munro School (1996–97),
Murray A. Chittick Elementary School (1998–99),
Warnsdorfer Elementary School (2000–01),
Frost Elementary School (2010–11),
Central Elementary School (2011–12), and
Memorial Elementary School (2012–13).
The district was selected as one of the top "100 Best Communities for Music Education in America 2005" by the American Music Conference.
Students from all schools, particularly EBHS, have garnered state and national honors in academics, athletics, and the arts.
Schools
East Brunswick Public Schools' facilities consists of 11 school facilities plus two administration buildings; in addition, the East Brunswick Public Library serves as a repository for public examination of all curricula as well as serving as an important education-related resource for the community.
Schools in the district (with 2020-21 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are:
Elementary Schools
Bowne-Munro Elementary School (with 240 students; in grades K-4)
Ronald Lieberman, Principal
Central Elementary School (430; PreK-4)
Thomas Husar, Principal
Murray A. Chittick Elementary School (469; PreK-4)
Christine Sce, Principal
Robert Frost Elementary School (449; PreK-4)
Lauretta Payette, Principal
Irwin Elementary School (378; K-4)
JoAnn Chmielowicz, Principal
Lawrence Brook Elementary School (431; PreK-4)
Elizabeth Dunn, Principal
Memorial Elementary School (527; PreK-4)
Cheryl Jones, Principal
Warnsdorfer Elementary School (447; PreK-4)
Joseph Csatari, Principal
Hammarskjold Upper Elementary School (1,297; 5-6)
Michael Gaskell, Principal
Sara DiMaggio, Assistant Principal
Enoch Nyamekye, Assistant Principal
Junior High School
Churchill Junior High School (1,336; 7-9)
Matthew Hanas, Principal
Katherine Dragonetti, Assistant Principal
Ian Evanovich, Assistant Principal
High School
East Brunswick High School (2,033; 10-12)
Michael W. Vinella, Principal
Russell Petronko, Assistant Principal
Christopher Yannazzo, Assistant Principal
Glen Pazinko, Assistant Principal
Other Facilities
Jon R. Kopko Administration Building
The East Brunswick Public Schools Administration Building, renamed in honor of long-time Superintendent of Schools Jon R. Kopko upon his retirement in 2000, is situated at 760 Route 18 North. Government-access television Board of Education meetings are held in the Administration building and are televised by EBTV to Comcast Cable TV subscribers within the Township.
Support Operations Building
The East Brunswick Public Schools Support Operations Building, located at 18 Edgeboro Road, , houses the district's transportation department office and school bus parking lot as well as the Buildings and Grounds/maintenance department.
Expansion
In 10 years 1994 through 2004, the number of students served by East Brunswick Public Schools grew by 1,850 students, the equivalent of 60 to 75 new classrooms (on the basis of 25 to 30 students each), reflecting the population growth in East Brunswick as a whole. This growth led to overcrowding at elementary schools, necessitated busing to transport students to schools when there was no existing facility near their home and required the use of trailers at the Middle School to accommodate the influx of students. With additional property zoned for residential use, school population was expected to grow in the years ahead.
In the State of New Jersey, schools are funded primarily by property taxes, which increased at a rate of 7% annually from 2000 to 2007. Rapid rises in property taxes tend to cause seniors and empty-nesters to sell their existing homes to families with children, which led to further increases to the school-age population.
In December 2004, following a public campaign in its support, voters approved a $106.1 million referendum for the additions and improvements at Central, Lawrence Brook, and Hammarskjold Middle Schools. Previous bond referenda in 1994 and 1995 had failed to obtain voter approval. For 2004, an additional ca. $54 million believed necessary for renovations at other East Brunswick School facilities (which would have brought the total to $160 million) was deferred.
Of this sum, $24.7 million was to be contributed by the State of New Jersey. The rebuilding of Hammarskjold Middle School was planned to cost $66.5 million, of which $12.3 million was to have come from the State. Central School renovation and expansion were planned to cost ca. $20.7 million, of which $6.4 million was to have come from the State. Lawrence Brook School renovation and expansion were expected to cost ca. $19 million, of which ca. $6 million was to have come from the State.
Decommissioned facilities
Several older prewar school facilities in East Brunswick have been decommissioned. They date from the period before the rapid expansion of East Brunswick in the 1960s and provide a glimpse of how the Township appeared before the burgeoning residential build-outs of the 1950s and, on minimum-1/3 acre plots, of the 1960s. The few prewar school structures that remain are readily identifiable as red-brick, two-story buildings. McGinnis School (at Dunhams Corner Road and Hardenburg Lane), opened in 1926 and last used for instruction in 1978, was demolished in January 2015. It has been replaced by a parochial school building of similar form, built by Torah Links of Middlesex County. Weber School (at Riva Avenue and Hardenburg Lane), a near-twin of McGinnis, was sold in 2006 to St. Mary Coptic Orthodox Church, which continues to use the building as a school.
Special education
Special education is a key component of the education provided by East Brunswick Public Schools to eligible students.
East Brunswick Public Schools provides such services in compliance with the Federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and related State of New Jersey Statutes. Accordingly, each eligible student is educated in a least restrictive environment (LRE) according to an individualized education plan (IEP) drafted by his or her child study team (CST) consisting of school personnel and parents. Eligibility determinations are made every three years. Special services may include speech therapy, occupational therapy, educational aides, and other services as appropriate and called for. A Director of Special Education, currently Sharon Weber-Oleszkiewicz, manages East Brunswick Public Schools' program of providing special services. At the district level, the Director is supported by a Supervisor of Elementary School Special Education, a Supervisor of Secondary School Special Education, and a Supervisor of Autism Spectrum Program.
Special education is supported at the schools by individual professionals including specialists (math, reading, and speech), special education teachers, teacher resource personnel, teacher aides, and child study team personnel (a category which may include psychologists, learning disabled teaching consultants, and social workers). These individuals come into direct contact with those students who require special services.
Students receiving special services may be eligible for participation in an extended school year (ESY) program by which they attend instructional classes during the summer.
Pre-school and kindergarten students eligible for special education services receive instruction from an early age and full-time kindergarten (conventionally, East Brunswick Public Schools offers only half-day kindergarten).
There are multiple resources and support groups available to parents of disabled children. For example, the State of New Jersey operates the Division of Developmental Disabilities. The East Brunswick Special Education PTA (SEPTA) offers a valuable website. Another organization of value for those interested in autism-spectrum disorder is COSAC (Center for Outreach and Services for the Autism Community), and yet another is ASPEN (Asperger's Syndrome Education Network).
Individualized Education Program (IEP) process
East Brunswick Public Schools has a commitment to special education.
The processes mandated by IDEA, while saving the educational lives of many affected students, also pose many challenges to educators and parents. The IEP process can be lengthy. A child requiring special services needs a substantial investment in time on the part of the parents, the child's greatest advocate. Parents need to consider outside evaluations and consult with others. Parents may refer to the published curricula made available by East Brunswick Public Schools at The East Brunswick Public Library. East Brunswick Public Schools uses "leveled reading" terminology to specify reading skills. Leveling schemes are highly technical. One scheme by which, e.g., "Level J" is an end-of-first-grade reading level, is the Fountas and Pinnell "Benchmark Assessment" System. Achieving a properly defined plan, it is important to conduct a full and proper evaluation. The individualized aspect of the IEP is critical.
Educating a special needs child is a project. Project planning is a discipline in industry and government. It can be challenging to provide the ongoing monitoring of progress and support of course-correction activity that is required to provision a high-quality planned educational program to eligible students.
The IDEA guarantees the services needed by special students. It is wise for parents to familiarize themselves with relevant portions of the IDEA text. Alternatively one may team with an advocate who can, potentially, attend the IEP meetings with parents.
Administration
Core members of the district's administration are:
Dr. Victor Valeski, Superintendent
Bernardo Giuliana, Business Administrator / Board Secretary
The Superintendent is Victor Valeski, whose appointment was announced by the East Brunswick Board of Education in March 2014, and became effective July 1, 2014.
Superintendent of Schools Murray A. Chittick served from 1929 through 1957. Superintendent of Schools Joseph Sweeney served from the early 1970s through the mid 1980s. Superintendent of Schools Jon Kopko served from 1989 through 2000. Superintendent of Schools Jamie Savedoff served from July 2000 through March 2003. Superintendent of Schools Jo Ann Magistro served from 2003 through 2013. Interim Superintendent of Schools Patrick Piegari served from 2013 through 2014.
Board of education
The district's board of education, comprised of nine members, sets policy and oversees the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its administration. As a Type II school district, the board's trustees are elected directly by voters to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with three seats up for election each year held (since 2012) as part of the November general election. The board appoints a superintendent to oversee the day-to-day operation of the district.
References
External links
East Brunswick Public Schools
East Brunswick Municipal Access TV
East Brunswick Education Foundation
East Brunswick Education Association
School Data for the East Brunswick Public Schools, National Center for Education Statistics
East Brunswick, New Jersey
New Jersey District Factor Group I
School districts in Middlesex County, New Jersey |
4022296 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuchal%20ligament | Nuchal ligament | The nuchal ligament is a ligament at the back of the neck that is continuous with the supraspinous ligament.
Structure
The nuchal ligament extends from the external occipital protuberance on the skull and median nuchal line to the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra in the lower part of the neck.
From the anterior border of the nuchal ligament, a fibrous lamina is given off. This is attached to the posterior tubercle of the atlas, and to the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae, and forms a septum between the muscles on either side of the neck.
The trapezius and splenius capitis muscle attach to the nuchal ligament.
Function
It is a tendon-like structure that has developed independently in humans and other animals well adapted for running. In some four-legged animals, particularly ungulates, the nuchal ligament serves to sustain the weight of the head.
Clinical significance
In Chiari malformation treatment, decompression and duraplasty with a harvested nuchal ligament showed similar outcomes to pericranial and artificial grafts.
Other animals
In sheep and cattle it is known as the paxwax. It relieves the animal of the weight of its head.
The nuchal ligament is unusual in being a ligament with an elastic component, allowing for stretch. Most ligaments are mostly made of highly aligned collagen fibres which do not permit stretching.
Structurally, the nuchal ligament is formed with the association of both elastin proteins as well as type III collagen (45%). The collagen fibrils share a consistent size as well as helical pattern which gives the ligament its tensile strength. The elastin on the other hand is a protein that allows for flexibility. These two elements of the nuchal ligament maintain a complex balance which allows the constant weight bearing of the head along with multidirectional movement without damaging the durability of the ligament through over-use/stretching.
In most other mammals, including the great apes, the nuchal ligament is absent or present only as a thin fascia. As it is required for running, not all animals have one.
All dogs (and all living Canidae - wolves, foxes, and wild dogs) possess a similar ligament connecting the spinous process of their first thoracic (or chest) vertebrae to the back of the axis bone (second cervical or neck bone), which supports the weight of the head without active muscle exertion, thus saving energy. This ligament is analogous in function (but different in exact structural detail) to the nuchal ligament found in ungulates. This ligament allows dogs to carry their heads while running long distances, such as while following scent trails with their nose to the ground, without expending much energy.
In horses, the parasite Culicoides can spread onchocerca cervicalis by living in the nuchal ligament, causing dermatitis.
Meat industry
In the meat industry the nuchal ligament is referred to as paddywhack (also spelled pandywack; also called back strap or paxwax).
The word is mentioned in a dictionary of South-west Lincolnshire dialect as a synonym of paxwax (originally Old English hair + to grow). Hence, paddywack has been in use with this meaning since at least 1886.
Dried paddywhack is commonly packaged and sold as a dog treat. Paddywack is unpalatable as a human food because it cannot be softened or tenderised, but it makes a good natural dog chew. It is classed as offal by the meat industry.
Additional images
See also
References
External links
Investigation of connective tissue attachments to the cervical spinal dura mater
Bones of the vertebral column
Ligaments
Ligaments of the head and neck |
4022308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Centro%20Integrado%20de%20Technologia%20Appropriada | El Centro Integrado de Technologia Appropriada | El Centro Integrado de Tecnología Apropiada (CITA) is a Cuban appropriate technology organization. It is the equivalent of the UK's Centre for Alternative Technology. It is stationed at Camagüey (Circunvalación Norte).
In 2005 a representative of CITA participated in the "Public Seminar Series" of the International Institute for Resource Industries and Sustainability Studies (IRIS), on the topic Renewable Energy in Cuba: Sustainable Solutions for the Future (April, 2005).
Sources
Centro Integrado de Tecnología Apropiada (CITA)
International Institute for Resource Industries & Sustainability Studies (IRIS)
References
Appropriate technology organizations
Organizations based in Cuba |
4022313 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western%20Mindanao%20State%20University | Western Mindanao State University | The Western Mindanao State University (WMSU; ) is a state university located in Zamboanga City, Philippines. It has two campuses: the main campus of 79,000 square metres and 9,147 square metres in the city proper, and the satellite campus of 200,000 square metres in San Ramon about 20 kilometers from the city. Campuses comprising the external studies units are in the provinces of Zamboanga del Sur and Zamboanga Sibugay. It has a student population of over 32,000, regular faculty members of over 600 and over 200 administrative personnel.
It has 15 colleges, one institute and two autonomous campuses offering undergraduate and postgraduate courses specializing in accounting, education, engineering, nursing, arts and humanities, social work, science and mathematics. Along with these major fields of concentration, WMSU also offers courses in agriculture, architecture, forestry, home economics, nutrition and dietetics, computer science, criminology, Asian and Islamic Studies and special degree courses for foreign students. It also offers external studies and non-formal education courses.
WMSU ranked sixth among 68 universities all over the country, according to a survey on the Top Academic Institutions in the Philippines conducted by the Commission on Higher Education. The university's College of Teacher Education is a Center for Development; the College of Architecture is a Center of Development; and the College of Social Work and Community Development was awarded the Best School for Social Work in the Philippines.
History
With the cessation of the hostilities that marked the end of the Spanish–American War in 1898, Filipino and American educators agreed that the best way to rebuild a devastated nation was through the establishment of a sound education system. Eight Normal schools were then established in the Philippines by the Americans. One of them was the Zamboanga Normal School established in 1904. As a secondary school, the ZNS offered a general academic curriculum under the Department of Mindanao and Sulu primarily designed to cater to the needs of cultural minorities in the provinces of Cotabato, Davao, Lanao, Sulu, and Zamboanga.
In June 1921, the secondary normal curriculum of the Zamboanga Normal School had to be phased out for lack of enrollees. It was re-opened the following year and produced its first batch of graduates in 1926. Until the end of school year 1939–40, the general secondary academic and normal curricula continued to be simultaneously offered. As a result of the opening of the Zamboanga City High School in 1939, the general secondary academic curriculum was discontinued but was offered at the college level. It was briefly disrupted with the outbreak of the Second World War.
After the war, the school resumed operations enabling those who started first year in the two-year collegiate normal curriculum before the war to continue as sophomore students. In April 1946 they were awarded the Elementary Teacher's Certificate (E.T.C.). The secondary normal curriculum was offered only during the summer term until 1952.
Upon its conversion to the Zamboanga Normal College on June 17, 1961 by virtue of Republic Act (RA) No. 3272, the ZNC was placed under the direct supervision of the Bureau of Public Schools (BPS) until its autonomy in 1963. Gradually, it started to offer new degree programs.
Zamboanga del Norte Agricultural College' was the former name of the Tampilisan campus of Western Mindanao State University. The passage of Republic Act No. 3889 on June 18, 1964, caused the conversion of Zamboanga del Norte National Agricultural School in Liloy, Zamboanga del Norte to become a college known as Zamboanga del Norte Agricultural College.
The amendment of RA 3272 on June 26, 1969 by RA 5492 resulted in the conversion of the Zamboanga Normal School into the Zamboanga State College (ZSC). Considering the demands of a growing population in a rapidly changing society and upon the initiative of Western Mindanao Regional Commissioner Rear Admiral Romulo Espaldon, President Ferdinand E. Marcos signed Presidential Decree No. 1427 on June 10, 1978, elevating ZSC into the Western Mindanao State University.
Since its conversion into a state university, the following university presidents have taken its leadership: Dr. Juanito A. Bruno, as Acting President (1978–1986); Dr. Bernabela L. Ko, as first full-fledged president (1986–1991); Dr. Erdulfo B. Fernando (1991–1997); Dr. Eldigario D. Gonzales, DPA, CSEE (1997–2007); Dr. Grace Rebollos, the university's first summa cum laude graduate (2007–2012); Dr. Milabel Enriquez-Ho (2012–2020); Dr. Ma. Carla Ochotorena (2020–Present). Today, WMSU has a total of 1,000 teaching and administrative support staff catering to over 20,000 students.
The university's College of Teacher Education and College of Forestry have been designated as a Centers of Development by the Commission on Higher Education.
Campuses
Main campuses
Main Campus, Normal Road, Baliwasan, Zamboanga City
Campus B, San Jose Road, Baliwasan, Zamboanga City
Satellite campuses
San Ramon Campus, San Ramon, Zamboanga City
Malangas Campus, Malangas, Zamboanga Sibugay
Curuan Campus, Curuan, Zamboanga City
Former campuses
Tampilisan Campus, Tampilisan, Zamboanga del Norte
now Jose Rizal Memorial State University
Dumingag Campus, Dumingag, Zamboanga del Sur
now Josefina H. Cerilles State College
External Studies Unit (ESU)
Alicia, Zamboanga Sibugay
Aurora, Zamboanga del Sur
Diplahan, Zamboanga Sibugay
Imelda, Zamboanga Sibugay
Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay
Mabuhay, Zamboanga Sibugay
Molave, Zamboanga del Sur
Naga, Zamboanga Sibugay
Olutanga, Zamboanga Sibugay
Pagadian City, Zamboanga del Sur
Siay, Zamboanga Sibugay
Tungawan, Zamboanga Sibugay
Autonomous campuses
Curuan Campus, Zamboanga City
Malangas Campus, Zamboanga Sibugay
Notable faculty and alumni
Evangelina Macaraeg Macapagal, the former First Lady of the Republic of the Philippines and mother of the former President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. Macapagal is an alumna of the College of Teacher Education of the University.
Rear Admiral Romulo Espaldon, first Regional Commissioner of Region IX and first Minister of Muslim Affairs. Espaldon was awarded a Doctorate of Humanities honoris causa for his role in elevating Zamboanga State College into Western Mindanao State University.
See also
Zamboanga del Sur Agricultural College
Zamboanga del Norte Agricultural College
References
External links
Official website
Educational institutions established in 1965
State universities and colleges in the Philippines
Universities and colleges in Zamboanga City
Mindanao Association State Colleges and Universities Foundation
Philippine Association of State Universities and Colleges
1965 establishments in the Philippines |
4022319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnitz%20un%20knepp | Schnitz un knepp | Schnitz un knepp, often spelled Schnitz un Gnepp, is a popular main dish item in the cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch and rural families. It is basically a dish of ham or pork shoulder with dried apples and dumplings. Apple schnitz are dried slices of apples, and knepp (from German "Knöpfe" for "buttons") are rivels (dumplings).
Although the Amish arrived in the early 18th century, this food was not common until the early 19th century, when Johnny Appleseed planted many orchards on the frontier of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana. At the time, home canning was not yet practical, so the apple crop was preserved in liquid form (most commonly as hard cider) or sliced and dried, the finished slices being called snitz.
Apples other than named varieties grafted from a parent tree, were usually small, misshapen and rather tart - because of Johnny Appleseed's Swedenborgian faith, he sold only ungrafted trees - but drying the snitz concentrates the fruit sugars, making them a bright spot in an otherwise dreary diet.
Today, commercial producers of apple snitz use named-variety apples that cannot be sold as fresh because of blemishes, and they peel the apples. The peelings do not go to waste; they are pressed for cider. Some home orchards may have a tree that produces tart apples, prized for the flavorful snitz they make. They may also choose to only core and slice their apples, not peeling them.
The dish uses rivels made from flour, milk, baking powder, butter, salt, and eggs, and the dish is flavored with ham, traditionally salt-cured "country ham", although honey ham, pork butt, or other pork may be used. Onions, potatoes, cloves, cinnamon and brown sugar are optional ingredients. An alternative knepp is a yeast dumpling made without sugar.
This recipe calls for long cooking, and is thus a winter dish.
The pronunciation is "snitz-en-nep".
See also
List of ham dishes
References
Pennsylvania Dutch cuisine
Apple dishes
Ham dishes |
4022356 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack%20%28billiards%29 | Rack (billiards) | A rack (sometimes called a triangle) is a piece of equipment that is used to place billiard balls in their starting positions at the beginning of a pocket billiards game. Rack may also be used as a verb to describe the act of setting billiard balls in their starting positions (e.g. "to rack the balls"), or as a noun to describe a set of balls that are in their starting positions (e.g. "a rack of balls", more often called a pack or a pyramid in British English).
Traditional racks are in the form of triangular frames, usually made from wood, plastic or metal. A modern variation, called a template rack, is made from a thin material (usually 0.14 mm or less) that contains precision cut-outs to hold the balls in place. Purported benefits of template racks include a more consistent racking, and their popularity has warranted specific inclusion in profession rules. Unlike traditional racks, template racks are left on the table during the break shot and removed at the players' earliest convenience. For this reason, template racks are almost never used for games where it is common to slow-break (i.e. not create a large spread of balls) since it is significantly more likely that the rack will interfere with slow-rolling balls.
The most common shape of a rack is that of an equilateral triangle. Triangular racks are used for eight-ball, straight pool, one-pocket, bank pool, snooker and many other games. Diamond-shaped frames are sometimes used for the game of nine-ball (although a triangular rack can also be used) and template racks come in a variety of shapes.
Racking in specific billiards games
Eight-ball
In eight-ball, 15 object balls are used. Under the world standardized rules, it is prescribed that:
The 8 ball must be in the center of the rack (the second ball in the three-balls-wide row).
The first ball must be placed at the apex position (front of the rack and so the center of that ball is directly over the table's ).
The two corner balls must be a stripe and a solid.
All balls other than the 8 ball are placed at random, but in conformance with the preceding corner ball rule.
The balls should be pressed tightly together without gaps, as this allows the best break possible.
Nine-ball
In nine-ball, the basic principles are the same as detailed in the eight-ball section above, but only balls 1 through 9 are used; the 1 ball is always placed at the rack's apex (because in nine-ball every legal shot, including the break, must strike the lowest numbered ball first) over the table's foot spot, and the 9 ball is placed in the center of the rack.
Some players (most often amateurs) place the balls in numeric order but for the 9 ball; from the top of the triangle down and from left to right, i.e., the 1 on the foot spot, followed by the 2 then 3 in the second row, and so on. However, all balls other than the 1 and 9 may be randomly placed.
In nine-ball games where a is given by one player being , some tournament venues enforce a rule that the spotted ball must be racked as one of the two balls in the row directly behind the 1 ball.
Straight pool (14.1 continuous)
In the initial rack in straight pool, fifteen balls are racked in a triangular rack, with the center of the apex ball placed over the foot spot Traditionally, the 1 ball is placed on the rack’s right corner, and the 5 ball on left corner from the racker's vantage point to maximize contrast between the corner balls and the background, as the 1 and 5 are the brightest colored balls, however the world standardized rules do not require this. All other balls are placed at random.
Straight pool is played to a specific number of points agreed on prior to the match's start, with each pocketed ball being worth one point to the shooter. Because the game is played to a number of points normally far in excess of the fifteen points total available in the initial rack (in tournament play, one-hundred fifty points), multiple intragame racks are necessary. Intragame racking employs a separate set of rules from those in place at the game's start.
After the initial rack, the balls are played until only the cue ball and one object ball remain on the table's surface. At that time, the fourteen pocketed balls are racked with no apex ball, and the rack is so placed so that if the apex ball were in the rack, its center would rest directly over the table's foot spot. Play then continues with the cue ball shot from where it rested and the fifteenth ball from where it rested prior to racking.
A number of rules have developed which detail what must be done when one or both of the cue ball and fifteenth object ball are either in the rack area at the time an intragame rack is necessary, or are in such close proximity to the intragame racking area, that the physical rack cannot be used without moving the one or the other. The rules also vary depending on whether the cue ball or fifteenth ball are resting on the table's head spot. Such rules are detailed on the following chart (note therein that the refers to the area behind the table's ).
One-pocket and bank pool
In both one-pocket and bank pool all fifteen object balls are racked entirely at random, with the center of the apex ball placed directly over the foot spot.
Snooker
Snooker is played on a large table (full, pro tournament size is 12 × 6 ft). It is played using a cue stick, one white ball (the cue ball), fifteen red balls and six colours: a yellow (worth two points), green (three points), brown (four points), blue (five points), pink (six points) and black ball (seven points). At one end of the table (the "baulk end" ) is the so-called , which is 29 inches from the baulk end cushion. A semicircle of radius 11.5 inches, called , is drawn behind this line, centred on the middle of the line.
On the baulk line, looking up the table from the 'baulk end', the yellow ball is located where the "D" meets the line on the right, the green ball where the "D" meets the line on the left, and the brown ball in the middle of the line. An easy way to remember these positions is with the mnemonic, 'God Bless You', with the first letter of each word being the first letter of the three colours as they are racked from left to right on the baulk line. At the exact middle of the table sits the blue ball. Further up the table is the pink ball, which sits midway between the blue spot and the top cushion, followed by the red balls (one each), placed in a tightly-packed triangle behind the pink. The apex must be as close as possible to the pink ball without touching it. Finally, the black ball is placed on a spot 12.75 inches from the top cushion on a full-size table.
Coloured ball racking positions must be remembered with care, as each time a coloured ball is potted, it is immediately replaced to its starting position, which occurs multiple times per frame, whereas reds are not returned to the table's surface after being potted.
If the starting position spot for a coloured ball is covered by another ball, the ball is placed on the highest available spot. If there is no available spot, it is placed as close to its own spot as possible in a direct line between that spot and the top (black end) cushion, without touching another ball. If there is no room this side of the spot, it will be placed as close to the spot as possible in a straight line towards the bottom cushion, without touching another ball.
References
Rack |
4022358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Sapone | Mike Sapone | Mike Sapone is an American record producer, composer, audio engineer, and mixer, whose credits include producing records for bands such as Brand New, Taking Back Sunday, Boston Manor, The Front Bottoms, Mayday Parade, Grouplove, Sorority Noise, An Horse, Oso Oso, O'Brother, Cymbals Eat Guitars and Public Enemy.
Timeline
May 2020 Kerrang Magazine calls GLUE "Sleek yet somber, visceral yet vulnerable, confident yet cathartic. Boston Manor explore modern life on an exceptional third album." Rating GLUE 5 of 5 K's.
August 2019 Pitchfork awards Oso Oso's "Basking in the Glow" with its prestigious "Best New Music" honor, Produced and Mixed by Mike Sapone.
2018 Boston Manor's genre defying "Welcome to the Neighbourhood" slots #3 on Rock Sound Magazines Top 50 Albums of 2018. The album's lead single "Halo" climbs into the top ten Countdown on SiriusXM's Octane.
2017 brought Sapone his first No. 1 Album and third top 10 on the Billboard 200 chart with Brand New's "Science Fiction" .
Pitchfork awarded the album with its "Best New Music" merit, the site also awarded the song "Same Logic/Teeth" with the "Best New Track" honor.
In August 2016, Brand New's "I Am A Nightmare" tops the UK Official Vinyl Singles Chart at Number 1 while Brand New's "Mene" sits beneath it at the Number 2 slot.
2015 ushered Sapone his first No. 1 on Billboard's Top Rock Albums and Alternative Albums chart simultaneously with Mayday Parade's "Black Lines".
Other Top 10 albums on the Billboard 200 Include Taking Back Sunday's "Happiness Is" and In 2009 Brand New's "Daisy" debuted at number 6 on the Billboard 200 and was featured on the Best Albums Of 2009 lists from SPIN, Kerrang! and Rock Sound magazines.
Sapone also produced Brand New's critically acclaimed "The Devil And God Are Raging Inside Me," which was included in NME's Top 100 Greatest Albums Of The Decade and received a 5 out of 5-star review entitled "America finally gets their own Radiohead" from Alternative Press magazine.
Discography
Sapone's combined discography has logged over 400 million streams on Spotify alone.
This Is This by Grouplove (2021)
In Sickness & In Flames by The Front Bottoms (2020)
GLUE by Boston Manor (2020)
Basking in the Glow by Oso Oso (2019)
Modern Air by An Horse (2019)
Welcome To The Neighbourhood by Boston Manor (2018)
Yarn by McCafferty (2018)
Science Fiction by Brand New (2017)
Ritual by Envy on the Coast (2017)
You're Not As As You Think by Sorority Noise (2017)
Tidal Wave by Taking Back Sunday (2016)
Aerobed by Cymbals Eat Guitars (2015)
Panic Stations by Motion City Soundtrack (2015)
Black Lines by Mayday Parade (2015)
Sad Strange Beautiful Dream by John Nolan (2015)
Happiness Is by Taking Back Sunday (2014)
Headswell by Sainthood Reps (2013)
Disillusion by O'Brother (2013)
Nothing To Be Gained Here by NK (2013)
Heat Thing by Shone (2013)
Twelve Years by Daytrader (2012)
Invicta by Hit the Lights (2012)
Garden Window by O'Brother (2011)
Feel You're Different by Lights Resolve (2011)
Lars Attacks! by MC Lars (2011)
Monoculture by Sainthood Reps (2011)
Scatterbrain by The Xcerts (2010)
The Narrative by The Narrative (2010)
Lowcountry by Envy on the Coast (2010)
Punk Goes Classic Rock by Various artists (2010)
I Was Trying To Describe You To Someone by Crime in Stereo (2010)
Height by John Nolan (2009)
Daisy by Brand New (2009)
Flesh by Robbers (2009)
New Best Friends by Mansions (2009)
This Gigantic Robot Kills by MC Lars (2009)
Selective Wreckage by Crime In Stereo (2008)
Ultra Hot Volcano by Men, Women & Children (2008)
The Digital Gangster LP by MC Lars and YTCracker (2008)
Mansions EP by Mansions (2008)
(Fork and Knife) by Brand New (2007)
This is a Landslide by Intramural (2007)
Crime In Stereo Is Dead by Crime In Stereo (2007)
The Needles The Space by Straylight Run (2007)
The Devil and God Are Raging Inside Me by Brand New (2006)
Men, Women & Children by Men, Women & Children (2006)
The Troubled Stateside by Crime In Stereo (2006)
The Graduate by MC Lars (2006)
Split Cd by I Am the Avalanche (2005)
Prepare to Be Wrong EP by Straylight Run (2005)
Elektra The Album Soundtrack by Various Artists (2005)
Tony Hawk's American Wasteland by Various Artists (2005)
The Early November/I Am the Avalanche Split EP (2005)
Nightmare of You by Nightmare of You (2005)
Spider-Man 2 Soundtrack by Various Artists (2004)
Straylight Run by Straylight Run (2004)
The Laptop EP by MC Lars (2004)
Warped Tour 2004 by Various Artists (2004)
Where You Want to Be by Taking Back Sunday (2004)
Deja Entendu by Brand New (2003)
Warped Tour 2003 by Various Artists (2003)
Taste The X by Ultra X (2003)
Revolverlution by Public Enemy (2002)
MTV Road Rules, Volume I by Various Artists(2002)
Your Favorite Weapon by Brand New (2001)
The "Tell All Your Friends" Demo by Taking Back Sunday (2001)
Lightweight Revolution by The Lightweights (1998)
Jamaican Bonghits EP by The Lightweights (1997)
Little Bit Of Life EP by The Lightweights (1996)
Stuttering John by Stuttering John (1994)
Productions
Other productions include:
TV show soundtracks: Lethal Weapon, The Blacklist, Smallville, Sons Of Anarchy, Stargate Universe, Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip, Friday night lights, Access Hollywood, Wife Swap, Girls Behaving Badly, E! True Hollywood Story, and The ESPN ESPY awards.
Video Games: Guitar Hero 5, Burnout Paradise, Burnout Dominator, Tony Hawk's American Wasteland, 2006 FIFA World Cup and NHL 2004.
Sapone has also worked, produced, engineered and mixed for the following artists, among others:
Bad Books Boston Manor Brand New Crime In Stereo Cubic Zirconia Daryl Palumbo (Glassjaw)
David 'Skully' Sullivan Kaplan (Razorlight)
Denver Dalley (Statistics, Desaparecidos)
Envy On The Coast Every Avenue Good Old War Intramural I Am The Avalanche Jaret Reddick (Bowling For Soup)
Jeff DaRosa (The Exit, Dropkick Murphys)
John Nolan Kevin Devine KRS-One Lights Resolve Mansions Matt Morris MC Lars Men Women & Children Mike Kennedy (Vision Of Disorder)
Moving Mountains Nightmare Of You O'BROTHER Ocean Is Theory Public Enemy Robbers Robyn Sainthood Reps Silent Majority Straylight Run The Dear Hunter The Movielife The Narrative Taking Back Sunday The Xcerts''
References
External links
Brand New on Purevolume
Mike Sapone Homepage
Public Enemy Homepage
Record producers from New York (state)
Mixing engineers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
4022388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%20Henry%20%28disambiguation%29 | Patrick Henry (disambiguation) | Patrick Henry (1736–1799) was a Founding Father of the United States and of American Revolutionary War and governor of Virginia.
Patrick Henry may also refer to:
People
Patrick Henry (U.S. Congressman) (1843-1930), American politician from Mississippi
Patrick Henry (murderer) (1953–2017), French convicted child murderer
Patrick T. Henry, U.S. Assistant Secretary of the Army (1998–2001)
Patrick Henry (Florida politician) (born 1954)
Ships
CSS Patrick Henry, a brigantine-rigged side-wheel steamer converted into a Confederate gunboat during the American Civil War
SS Patrick Henry, the first World War II Liberty ship launched
USS Patrick Henry (SSBN-599), a ballistic missile submarine of the United States Navy
Patrick Henry (packet), a sailing ship between 1839 and 1864
Schools
Patrick Henry College, a private Christian college in Purcellville, Virginia
Patrick Henry High School (disambiguation)
Patrick Henry Middle School (disambiguation)
Other uses
Fort Patrick Henry, Vincennes, Indiana, an 18th-century fort
Patrick Henry, one of the neighborhoods of Tulsa, Oklahoma
Patrick Henry County, Virginia, a former county
Camp Patrick Henry, Warwick County, Virginia, a decommissioned United States Army base
Patrick Henry Building, Richmond, Virginia, on the National Register of Historic Places
Patrick Henry Hotel, Roanoake, Virginia, a former hotel on the National Register of Historic Places
Patrick Henry Mall, Newport News, Virginia, a shopping mall
See also
Patrick Henry Village, a United States Army family housing area in the vicinity of Heidelberg, Germany
Pat Henry (disambiguation)
Patrick McHenry
Henry, Patrick |
4022389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%A1%20Fatra | Malá Fatra | Malá Fatra (; also Little Fatra or Lesser Fatra, , ) is a mountain range in the Western Carpathians in the north-west of Central Slovakia. In the geomorphological system, it is a part of the Fatra-Tatra Area.
It is situated approximately between the cities of Nitrianske Pravno, Strečno, Martin and Zázrivá. Turčianska kotlina (Turiec Basin) and the Oravská vrchovina Mts. are situated to the west of the range, and Žilinská kotlina (Žilina Basin) and the Kysucká vrchovina Mts. is located to the east.
Malá Fatra consists of two subdivisions separated by the Váh river near Strečno: Lúčanská Malá Fatra and Krivánska Malá Fatra.
The highest peak is Veľký Kriváň at 1,709 m AMSL in Krivánska Malá Fatra.
Malá Fatra is basically one large karst feature. It is made up of crystalline rocks and complexes of Mesozoic strongly folded rocks.
The main peaks of Lúčanská Malá Fatra are Veľká Lúka (1,475 m), Kľak (1,351 m) and Minčol (1,364). The main peaks of the Krivánska Malá Fatra are Veľký Rozsutec (1,610 m), Malý Rozsutec (1,343 m), Veľký Kriváň (1,709 m) and Malý Kriváň (1,671 m).
The 12 km long pass between Krivánska Malá Fatra and Lúčanská Malá Fatra separated by the Váh is called Strečnianska tiesňava (Strečno Pass), located below the ruins of Strečno Castle. The Dierový potok stream created a complex of canyons, waterfalls and cascades in that area. Šútovo Waterfall (Šútovský vodopád ) is the highest waterfall in Malá Fatra and has a vertical drop of 38 m.
Popular centres for winter sports are Vrátna dolina and Štefanová. Other tourism centres are the villages of Terchová, where the Slovak national hero Juraj Jánošík was born and Zázrivá, where the traditional Slovak sheep cheese delicacy known as korbáčiky is made. One of the most popular ski areas in Slovakia outside the Tatras is the Martinské hole resort situated between the Veľká lúka Mountain and the town of Martin.
Krivánska Malá Fatra is protected by the Malá Fatra National Park.
In addition, Malá Fatra includes the following small-scale protection areas:
national nature reserves: Chleb, Minčol, Krivé, Šútovská dolina, Sokolec, Suchý, Starý hrad, Prípor, Šíp, Šrámková, Rozsutec, Tiesňavy, Veľká Bránica, Kľačianska Magura
nature reserves: Dubovské lúky, Goľove mláky, Hajasová, Hrabinka, Hrádok, Kraľoviansky meander, Močiar, Paráč, Pod Rígľom, Veľká Lučivná
natural monuments: Bôrická mláka, Domašínsky meander, Krasniansky luh, Šútovská epigenéza
protected site: Hate
Gallery
See also
Mountain Rescue Service (Slovakia)
References
External links
Malá Fatra at SpectacularSlovakia.sk
Typical Flowers of Malá Fatra
Hiking map of Krivánska Malá Fatra and Lúčanská Malá Fatra by Military Cartographic Institute (VKÚ Harmanec)
Another hiking map with hike planner
Mountain ranges of Slovakia
Mountain ranges of the Western Carpathians |
4022392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesto%20Rocchi | Sesto Rocchi | Sesto Rocchi (1909–1991) was a violin maker from Reggio Emilia, Italy.
Biography
Sesto Rocchi was born in Reggio Emilia, Italy. He started his violin making studies at the School of Violin Making at the Conservatory of Music in Parma under Gaetano Scarabotto. After approximately 6 years of study, he moved to Milan to further his learning with Leandro Bisiach. Between 1956 and 1988 Sesto served on every prestigious violin making body including an appointment (1980) as the custodian of the Niccolò Paganini Guaneri del Gesu “Canon”.
He acquired over 17 international competition awards for his violins from 1952 to 1966.
Sesto Rocchi made as many as ten quartets and a few antiqued instruments following in the steps of his masters, Sgarabotto and Bisiach. His experience in the Leandro Bisiach workshop where he made many instruments and where he could observe and copy antique instruments was extremely useful to his own career.
Rocchi honored
To mark the 50th anniversary of the foundation of their club, the members of the Rotary of Reggio Emilia in Italy organized a tribute (in the spring of 1999) to noteworthy personalities of their town, including violin maker Sesto Rocchi. Rocchi’s work contributed to the rebirth of violin making in the region after the difficult times of World War II.
Quotes
"Sesto Rocchi’s inborn capacities, his personal involvement, the passion that inhabited him, but mostly the teachings that he received from Gaetano Sgarabotto in Parma and Leandro Bisiach in Milan helped him become one of the best Italian contemporary makers. His curious mind was always on alert, and his receptive attitude toward young people interested in violin making was remarkable."
—Gualtiero Nicolini, president of ALI (Associazione Liutaria Italiana), a teacher at the Cremona School of Violin Making, and an author of books on lutherie.
"I feel proud to have had him as a colleague and then as a friend. The legacy left by Rocchi demonstrates that even in the 20th century, it is possible to conduct the activities of a violin maker with nobility."
—Gianfranco Boretti, author of a book on Rocchi "Life for Violin Making".
-"In forma d'istrumento", Reggio Emilia 1985
Instruments
"His work is very precise and the varnish varies from a warm orange to brownish red. He was constantly occupied with varnish experiments and research. He used Stradivarian "Amatise" and Guarneri models. The sonority is always excellent". - 'Liuteria Italiana vol. 1' - Eric Blot 1994
"Rocchi is considered one of the finest modern Italian makers and many of his instruments are now being copied by shops and makers" - Life for Violin Making by Gianfranco Boretti
Viewed below, is a very fine example of this master's work. Sesto Rocchi violin 1975 made for his daughter.
References
Sesto Rocchi photo
Liuteria Parmense
Italian & French Makers - Jost Thoene vol. 3
Dictionary of 20th Century Italian Violin Makers - Marlin Brinser 1978
Stings, August/September 1999
Italian luthiers
People from Reggio Emilia
1909 births
1991 deaths
20th-century Italian musicians
Italian musical instrument makers |
4022408 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnsburg%2C%20Minnesota | Johnsburg, Minnesota | Johnsburg is an unincorporated community in Adams Township, Mower County, Minnesota, United States.
Notes
Unincorporated communities in Mower County, Minnesota
Unincorporated communities in Minnesota |
4022411 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV%20Krait | MV Krait | The MV Krait is a wooden-hulled vessel famous for its use during World War II by the Z Special Unit (Z Force) of Australia during the raid against Japanese ships anchored in Singapore Harbour. The raid was known as Operation Jaywick.
The MV Krait is on display at the Australian National Maritime Museum (ANMM) in Sydney.
History
Krait was originally a Japanese fishing vessel based in Singapore named Kofuku Maru. Following the outbreak of war, the ship was taken over by the American destroyer USS Edsall and used to evacuate over 1,100 people from ships sunk along the east coast of Sumatra. The ship eventually reached Australia via Ceylon and India in 1942, and was handed over to the Australian military. In Australian service, she was renamed Krait after the small but deadly snake.
In September 1943, Krait transported members of Z Special Unit to Singapore, where they successfully raided the city's harbour, sinking seven ships, in what became known as Operation Jaywick. She returned to Australia in October. Krait was used by the Australian military throughout the war, and was present at the surrender of the Japanese forces on Ambon in September 1945.
Krait was later used as transport for intelligence-gathering missions to islands in the area, including Buru, Aru, Ceram, Banda, and Saparua. During this period, she carried several Japanese prisoners, army survey teams, and a naval intelligence officer.
At Ambon, the boat acquired a monkey as a mascot. He was named Peter and had lost his tail. Peter remained with the crew until Krait finished her service and was towed to Morotai. She was then sailed to Labuan, where she was sold and handed over to the British Borneo Company and where Able Seaman Robert Harry Easom of Perth kept its ensign as a souvenir. That ensign is now on display at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra.
After its sale, Krait was operated off Borneo until she was purchased for use as an Australian Royal Volunteer Coastal Patrol vessel in 1964. On Anzac Day 1964, Krait was formally dedicated as a war memorial by the governor of NSW. A plaque was affixed to the wheelhouse and is shown below. She was then acquired by the Australian War Memorial in 1985 and was lent to the Australian National Maritime Museum, where she has been displayed to the public since 1988.
From 2015, plans for restoration had been made, and as of 2017, this work has begun.
Since the success of Krait at Singapore, Australian Commando Unit vessels have traditionally used the names of venomous snakes. This tradition continues with Red Viper and Coral Snake as current examples.
Affiliations
TS Krait, Australian Navy Cadets
See also
Australian commandos
References
Australian Department of Veteran's Affairs OP Jaywick website, background and photos
Includes map of route taken and detail of raid
Australian War Memorial
Post war service with Volunteer Coastal Patrol
HNSA Web Page: Commando Boat Krait
External links
Krait – vessel page at the Australian National Maritime Museum
Military history of Australia during World War II
Museum ships in Australia
Special forces of Australia
Ships of Australia
Australian National Maritime Museum
Naval trawlers
Captured ships
World War II raids |
4022415 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renova%2C%20Minnesota | Renova, Minnesota | Renova is an unincorporated community in Dexter Township, Mower County, Minnesota, United States.
Renova was platted in 1900. The Renova post office closed in 1934.
Notes
Unincorporated communities in Mower County, Minnesota
Unincorporated communities in Minnesota |
4022426 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corning%2C%20Minnesota | Corning, Minnesota | Corning is an unincorporated community in Freeborn and Mower Counties, Minnesota, United States.
Notes
Unincorporated communities in Freeborn County, Minnesota
Unincorporated communities in Mower County, Minnesota
Unincorporated communities in Minnesota |
4022431 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andyville%2C%20Minnesota | Andyville, Minnesota | Andyville is an unincorporated community in Mower County, Minnesota, United States.
References
Unincorporated communities in Mower County, Minnesota
Unincorporated communities in Minnesota |
4022433 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20City%20in%20History | The City in History | The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformations, and Its Prospects is a 1961 National Book Award winner by American historian Lewis Mumford.
It was first published by Harcourt, Brace & World (New York).
Synopsis
Mumford argues for a world not in which technology rules, but rather in which it achieves a balance with nature. His ideal vision is what can be described as an "organic city," where culture is not usurped by technological innovation but rather thrives with it. Mumford contrasts these cities with those constructed around wars, tyrants, poverty, etc. However, the book is not an attack on the city, but rather an evaluation of its growth, how it came to be, and where it is heading, as evidenced by the final chapter "Retrospect and Prospect."
Mumford notes apologetically in his preface that his "method demands personal experience and observation," and that therefore he has "confined [him]self as far as possible to cities and regions [he is] acquainted with at first hand."
Style
Mumford's florid writing style is also "organic" compared to the cold, mechanical style of many history texts. Stylistically, his works are full of metaphors and similes, as well as quotations from famous novelists, giving his prose shades of poetry. He refers to such texts as Great Expectations and Hard Times, sometimes using citations to illustrate to the reader what life was like during the industrial era and the city in which Dickens lived.
Articles have been written on Mumford's use of metaphors and how his works can often be read as "fiction," in the sense that they have narrative flow. That is evident in this book, in which, instead of a human protagonist on which the story centers, we have the city and its growth in a quasi-bildungsroman fashion.
Editions
Hardcover, MJF Books (August 1997)
Paperback, Harvest Books (October 1968)
References
1961 non-fiction books
Books about urbanism
Books by Lewis Mumford |
4022435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varco%2C%20Minnesota | Varco, Minnesota | Varco is an unincorporated community in Mower County, Minnesota, United States.
History
Varco was platted in 1875, and named for Thomas Varco, the original owner of the town site. Varco was born in England and immigrated to Canada when he was four. He married Emaline Eddy, and in 1850 the two moved to Wisconsin. In 1856, they moved to Austin Township, Mower County, Minnesota, where Thomas lived on the same farm at Varco Station until his death. A post office was established at Varco in 1875, and remained in operation until 1882.
Notes
Unincorporated communities in Mower County, Minnesota
Unincorporated communities in Minnesota |
4022441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolville%2C%20Minnesota | Nicolville, Minnesota | Nicolville is an unincorporated community in Mower County, Minnesota, United States. The community is on a side road, approximately one quarter mile north of I-90 and approximately three miles east of Austin.
Notes
Unincorporated communities in Mower County, Minnesota
Unincorporated communities in Minnesota |
4022442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shogun%20%282006%20board%20game%29 | Shogun (2006 board game) | Shogun is a strategy board game designed by Dirk Henn and published by Queen Games in 2006. It is based on his earlier game Wallenstein, but it is set in the Sengoku period, which ends with the inception of the Tokugawa Shogunate.
Background
The game is set in Japan during the Sengoku or "Warring States" period. Each player assumes the role of a great Daimyo with troops. Each Daimyo has the same ten possible actions to develop a kingdom and secure points. To do so, the Daimyo must deploy armies with great skill. Each round, the players decide which of the actions are to be played out and in which of their provinces. If battle ensues between opposing armies, the unique Cubetower plays the leading role. The troops from both sides are thrown in together and the cubes that fall out at the bottom show who has won immediately. Owning provinces, temples, theaters and castles means points when scores are tallied. Whichever Daimyo accumulates the greatest number of points after the second tally becomes shogun and wins the game.
Equipment
Main game board
The main game board is printed on both sides, one being printed with a sun symbol and the other with a moon symbol. Each side displays five regions. These five regions each contain nine internal provinces. These configurations differ on either side of the board.
Cards
Shogun contains six different types of cards:
Province Cards: For each province on the main game board there is a corresponding province card. If the province is shown on both sides, there will be two province cards; One with a sun symbol and one with a moon symbol indicating which side of the game board it corresponds to.
War Chest Cards: Displaying war chests with values (0–4).
Special Cards: This card grants the owner a unique ability. Every player receives one and only one.
Action Cards: Determine the order in which game events take place.
Event Cards: Display random events that affect all players.
Daimyo Cards: Used to show player turn order.
Others
Cubes: Shogun uses colored cubes to represent armies. There are 310 cubes in five colors (black, red, yellow, purple and blue), so that each color has 62 cubes. There are also plus 20 green cubes to represent neutral farmer armies.
War Chests: 35 wood-colored chest with a value of 1, and 20 orange-colored chests with a value of 5.
Building Tiles: 28 castles, 26 temples, and 26 theatres. Players may build these buildings in their provinces to earn victory points.
Battle Tower: Used to conduct battles. Both the attacking and defending player resolve the battle by throwing their cubes in Battle Tower.
Honors and awards
Jogo do Ano Nominee (2006)
Golden Geek Best Board Game Artwork/Presentation Nominee (2007)
Golden Geek Best Gamer's Board Game Nominee (2007)
Golden Geek Best Gamer's Board Game Winner (2007)
Golden Geek Best Wargame Nominee (2007)
Golden Geek Board Game of the Year Winner (2007)
Nederlandse Spellenprijs Nominee (2007)
Tric Trac d'Argent (2007)
Tric Trac Nominee (2007)
JoTa Best Wargame Nominee (2008)
Reviews
Pyramid
References
External links
Shogun webpage at Queen Games
Board games about history
Board games introduced in 2006
Board wargames set in Modern history
Board wargames set in the Middle Ages
Dirk Henn games
Queen Games games |
4022448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Johnson%20%28defensive%20end%29 | Joe Johnson (defensive end) | Joseph T. Johnson (born July 11, 1972) is a former American football defensive end in the National Football League for the New Orleans Saints and the Green Bay Packers. In the 1994 NFL draft, he was selected by the Saints in the first round (13th overall). He was elected to the Pro Bowl after the 1998 season, missed the entire 1999 season with a severe knee injury that left his career in doubt, but came back in 2000 to once again be named to the Pro Bowl and also named the NFL Comeback Player of the Year. In 2002 Green Bay picked him up in free agency and ESPN named him the biggest free agency bust in Green Bay's history. The Packers gave the former Saints defender a six-year, $33 million contract that included a $6.5 million signing bonus. What they got in return was two sacks in 11 games over two injury-filled seasons, before they cut him. He was a standout at the University of Louisville.
References
External links
http://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/J/JohnJo04.htm
1972 births
Living people
Players of American football from Cleveland
American football defensive ends
American football defensive tackles
Louisville Cardinals football players
New Orleans Saints players
Green Bay Packers players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
Players of American football from Missouri
Ed Block Courage Award recipients |
4022449 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottle%20sling | Bottle sling | The bottle sling (also called a jug sling, a Hackamore knot, or a Scoutcraft knot) is a knot which can be used to create a handle for a glass or ceramic container with a slippery narrow neck, as long as the neck widens slightly near the top.
While classed with binding knots, such as the reef knot and miller's knot, the bottle sling is able to perform a function for which most other binding knots are unsuited. The bottle sling's specific form allows it to grip a cylinder, assuming it has even a slight flare or collar, and lift it along its axis when the knot is loaded by all four strands. With appropriate size cord, most wine bottles can be reliably suspended with this knot.
History
The bottle sling was described in detail by the Greek physician Heraklas in his first century monograph on surgical knots and slings. It was included under the name diplous karkhesios brokhos ("double jug-sling noose"). Clearly familiar with the knot, Heraklas provided three distinct tying methods. Knot expert Cyrus L. Day believed the bottle sling was not described again in print until Craigin's 1884 A Boy's Workshop, although Clifford Ashley noted it was illustrated in Johann Röding's 1795 Allgemeines Wörterbuch der Marine ("General Dictionary of the Navy"). More recently, the bottle sling has been nationally recognized by the Boy Scouts of America as the symbol of Outdoor Skills by scout camps throughout the country.
Usage
As the name suggests, the primary use for this knot is to suspend bottles, jugs, and other items with similar shapes. The space at the center of the knot is dropped over the top of a bottle or similar object. Firmly pulling on all four ends emerging from the knot tightens it against the neck of the bottle. Looping the running ends through the bight and tying them together will make a sling that grips and can be used to lift the bottle. This provides a convenient method of lowering a beverage bottle from a boat into the water to chill.
As mentioned above, the knot is believed to have been used medically in ancient Greece for applying traction in the reduction of fractures and dislocations. However it is not known to have any current medical application.
The knot is also said to have been used as an improvised emergency horse bridle when rope was the only material at hand. Its use is described with the central parts of the knot acting as a bit, one of the knot's outer bights passing over the top of the animal's muzzle, and the other passing under the jaw to form the noseband. The closed loop end of the knot would be placed over the animal's head and behind the ears, as a crownpiece, and the two free ends coming off under the chin used as reins. It was intended only for temporary use. However, at least one author has disputed this as "nonsense" and suggests its only proper equestrian use is in a doubled form, in this context known as a hackamore knot, to secure the fiador to the bosal in some hackamore designs.
Tying
Perhaps not surprisingly—given three were already known to the ancient Greeks—there are many methods to tie the bottle sling. Swedish physiologist and knot researcher Hjalmar Öhrvall listed eight in his 1916 book Om Knutar ("About Knots").
One method for tying the bottle sling is similar to the loop-and-weave method used to tie the jury mast knot and the trumpet knot. The knot is begun by making a bight in a piece of rope and folding the bight back on itself to make two separated loops that are mirror images of each other. Lay one loop on top of the other so that they overlap slightly and create a cat's-eye-shaped hole above a triangular hole between the two loops. Make a bird's beak with your index and thumb and weave them down through the loop, up through the cat's eye and down through the bottom loop, bunching the coils of rope against your fingers. Pinch the section of rope that was the bottom of the triangle and flip the coils over the pinched section. The flip may take a little practice, but the pinched section should become a short bight hanging off a circular knot.
See also
Bottle cage
List of binding knots
List of knots
References
External links
Brief video of one tying method
Bottle sling discussed in relation to an alternative knot |
4022453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudafjord | Saudafjord | Saudafjord or Saudafjorden is a fjord in Rogaland county, Norway. The fjord stretches from the town of Sauda in the municipality of Sauda in the north to the village of Sand in the municipality of Suldal where the Saudafjorden and Hylsfjorden join together to form the Sandsfjorden.
The Saudafjorden is the northernmost branch of the main Boknafjord which dominates Rogaland county. The long Saudafjorden is an open, wide fjord with a depth approaching .
The fjord was carved by the action of glaciers in the ice ages and was flooded by the sea when the later glaciers retreated. The fjord has no marked threshold as the glacial ice flow joined that from the Hylsfjord and flowed into the Sandsfjord.
See also
List of Norwegian fjords
References
Fjords of Rogaland
Sauda
Suldal |
4022459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsey%2C%20Mower%20County%2C%20Minnesota | Ramsey, Mower County, Minnesota | Ramsey is an unincorporated community in Lansing Township, Mower County, Minnesota, United States.
A post office called Ramsey was established in 1874, and closed in 1875. The community was named for Alexander Ramsey, 1st Governor of Minnesota Territory.
Notes
Unincorporated communities in Mower County, Minnesota
Unincorporated communities in Minnesota |
4022463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayville%2C%20Minnesota | Mayville, Minnesota | Mayville is an unincorporated community in Mower County, Minnesota, United States.
Notes
Unincorporated communities in Mower County, Minnesota
Unincorporated communities in Minnesota |
4022464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Lord%20of%20the%20Rings%3A%20Tactics | The Lord of the Rings: Tactics | The Lord of the Rings: Tactics is a tactical role-playing game for the Sony PlayStation Portable. It features characters from The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien. However, it is a direct adaptation of Peter Jackson's film adaptations, and has characters that resemble the films' depictions of them. Tactics was published by Electronic Arts. The game was released for the PlayStation Store on September 30, 2009.
Gameplay
The gameplay takes place on a grid. The game's characters move at the same time, rather than manipulating each entity individually.
Another feature of the game is called the Zone of Control. The Zone of Control means that if the player's character is next to his opponent's square on the grid, they must stop and fight. By using the Zone of Control, combined with simultaneous movement, the player can trap an enemy unit.
The player eventually gets to control a handful of heroes who progressively get more powerful. These are combined with a number of warriors. The user may play as the Fellowship or the minions of Sauron.
Reception
The Lord of the Rings: Tactics has received scores of 6.5 from GameSpot and 7.7 from IGN.
References
External links
The Lord of the Rings: Tactics official website
Electronic Arts games
PlayStation Portable games
PlayStation Portable-only games
2005 video games
Tactical role-playing video games
Tactics
Video games based on adaptations
Video games developed in the United States |
4022467 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumboot%20chiton | Gumboot chiton | The gumboot chiton (Cryptochiton stelleri), also known as the giant western fiery chiton or giant Pacific chiton, is the largest of the chitons, growing to and capable of reaching a weight of more than . It is found along the shores of the northern Pacific Ocean from Central California to Alaska, across the Aleutian Islands to the Kamchatka Peninsula and south to Japan. It inhabits the lower intertidal and subtidal zones of rocky coastlines. The gumboot chiton's appearance has led some tidepoolers to refer to it, fondly, as the "wandering meatloaf". The name "gumboot chiton" seems to derive from a resemblance to part of a rubber Wellington boot or "gum rubber" boot.
Chitons are molluscs that have eight armored plates (called valves) running in a flexible line down their back. Unlike most chitons, the gumboot's valves are completely hidden by its leathery upper skin or girdle that usually is reddish-brown or brown, but occasionally is orange in color.
Chitons have long arrays of fine teeth that are partially made of magnetite, making its teeth hard enough to scrape algae off rocks. The styli enclosing their teeth contain the mineral santabarbaraite, making the gumboot the first organism known to use this material that was discovered during 2000 in Italy.
Taxonomy
The Latin name Cryptochiton stelleri means Steller's hidden chiton. "Steller" is in honor of the eighteenth-century German zoologist Georg Wilhelm Steller, who first described many species of the northern Pacific seashore. "Hidden" or "concealed" refers to the fact that the eight shelly plates characteristic of chitons are not visible, atypically being totally internal in this genus of chiton. Many taxonomic names for chitons are based on the appearance of their plates or valves, so it is most likely that the "hidden" portion of the name refers to the valves being completely obscured by the gumboot's girdle.
Life
The gumboot chiton's underside is orange or yellow and consists mostly of a large foot similar to that of other molluscs such as snails or slugs, with gills found in grooves running along the outer edge of the foot. The gumboot chiton is found clinging to rocks, moving slowly in search of its primary diet of algae that is scraped off rocks with its rasp-like retractable radula, which are covered with rows of magnetite-tipped teeth. It also eats other marine vegetation such as sea lettuce and giant kelp. A nocturnal creature, the gumboot generally feeds at night and often remains in a hiding place during the day—although on foggy days it may be found exposed in tide pools or on rocks.
The gumboot may live for more than 40 years. Several other animal species have been observed living within the gumboot's gills; the relationship is thought to be commensal: neither harmful nor helpful to the chiton. One researcher found that more than a quarter of gumboots hosted an Arctonoe vittata, a pale yellow scale worm that can grow up to length. Sometimes Opisthopus transversus, a small crab, may be found within the gills of the gumboot.
The gumboot chiton's bony armoring plates, called "butterfly shells" due to their shape, sometimes are found washed up on beaches, as may whole chitons. The gumboot keeps a weaker grip on the rocks that make up its home than most chitons do and therefore, it is not unusual for them to be knocked loose by heavy waves.
Predators
It has few natural predators, the most common being the lurid rocksnail, Paciocinebrina lurida—although the small snail's efforts to consume the chiton generally are limited to the outer mantle only. Sometimes it is reported that the lurid rocksnail is the gumboot chiton's only predator, but others list such animals as the sea star Pisaster ochraceus, some octopus species, and the sea otter as predators upon the gumbooot.
Human use as food
Its flesh is edible and has been used as food by Native Americans, as well as by Russian settlers in Southeast Alaska. However, it generally is not considered palatable, having a texture described as extremely tough and rubbery.
The writers of Between Pacific Tides detailed their culinary assessment of the gumboot: "After one experiment the writers decided to reserve the animals for times of famine; one tough, paper-thin steak was all that could be obtained from a large cryptochiton, and it radiated such a penetrating fishy odor that it was discarded before it reached the frying pan."
References
p. 92
Gumboot chiton, From the Monterey Bay Aquarium Online Field Guide.
Taxonomic data from ITIS, the Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
Notes
References
External links
Acanthochitonidae
Chitons described in 1847
Taxa named by Alexander von Middendorff
Edible molluscs
Seafood in Native American cuisine |
4022490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra%20Borgia | Alexandra Borgia | Alexandra Borgia is a fictional character, played by Annie Parisse, who appeared on the long-running NBC drama series Law & Order from 2005 to 2006. Appearing in a total of 33 episodes, she is the shortest serving Assistant District Attorney (ADA) in the show's history.
Fictional character biography
Borgia first appears in the episode "Fluency", having been appointed by DA Arthur Branch (Fred Thompson) as a replacement for Serena Southerlyn (Elisabeth Röhm). She principally assists Jack McCoy (Sam Waterston), but she also conducts detailed investigations, arraignments and hearings independent of McCoy and Branch. Prior to her last appointment, Borgia was engaged in trying drug cases. She is respected among her colleagues for her intelligence and adroit manner in preparing a case for prosecution. When asked by Detective Joe Fontana (Dennis Farina) if her name is Italian, she replies that it is from Italy, France and Spain and that she has relatives in Venice. She is a Christian and regularly goes to church.
Unlike her predecessor, Borgia often agrees with the decisions of her superiors and follows their directions regardless of her own views. She shares many parallels with Abbie Carmichael (Angie Harmon), including the latter's conservatism and cooperation with the police in developing cases. Borgia also has a penchant for investigative work, a trait shared by Paul Robinette (Richard Brooks), whom she opposes in a case in the Season 16 episode "Birthright".
Borgia has a professional manner, balancing compassion for victims with adherence to legal rules and procedure. This is evident in her dealings with the mother of a victim of faulty influenza vaccine during her first case. The prosecution decides to drop the case among the numerous charges against the defendant, as it is too weak to use. Borgia impulsively promises the mother that the defendant will be severely punished. Although McCoy fulfills that promise by arranging multiple consecutive manslaughter sentences (adding up to 240 years in prison), he orders Borgia to never again make similar promises. Her compassion also helps her to get close to victims' families, as demonstrated when she bonds with a murder victim's son over their shared love of fishing. She is also respectful and polite in her dealings with colleagues. Simultaneously, she is never afraid to engage in heated byplay with defendants and convicts alike to ensure a successful prosecution. Borgia indicates her devout Catholicism as a factor in her belief in the religious transformation of a defendant and in arguing with her superiors, she also highlights her belief in a Christian ideal of forgiveness. Her Catholic background also influences her opposition to torture.
Borgia was the shortest-appearing Assistant District Attorney in the history of the Law & Order franchise, seen only in 33 episodes. In her final episode, while investigating a family's murder, the DA's office focuses on the husband, Frank Andreas (Bruce MacVittie), who is supplying killers with fake DEA badges which they use to commit home invasion robberies. Borgia presses Andreas to give up his accomplices, and is later kidnapped from her own apartment. Her body is subsequently found in the trunk of an abandoned car, bound, brutally beaten and dead of asphyxiation after choking on her own vomit. Outraged, McCoy arranges a sham prosecution to make sure her murderers go to prison for life, skirting legal ethics to the point that he almost faces disbarment and is replaced by a special prosecutor. Borgia's position is filled by Connie Rubirosa (Alana de la Garza) beginning in season 17.
Credits
Parisse is credited in a total of 33 episodes of the Law & Order as Alexandra Borgia.
References
Fictional assistant district attorneys
Fictional lawyers
Law & Order characters
Television characters introduced in 2005
American female characters in television
Fictional murdered people
ja:アレクサンドラ・ボルジア
pt:Alexandra Borgia |
4022495 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranji%20H.%20Nagaswami | Ranji H. Nagaswami | Ranji H. Nagaswami was Chief Executive Officer of Hirtle, Callaghan & Co. She has nearly 30 years of distinguished investment and executive management experience in the industry in both the private and public sector. In recent years she served as Operating Partner and Senior Advisor at Corsair Capital, a leading global private equity firm focused on investing in the financial services industry and prior to that worked at Bridgewater Associates, the $130 billion global macro hedge fund and risk-parity strategy pioneer.
Education
Nagaswami earned a Bachelor of Commerce from Bombay University in India, an MBA from the Yale School of Management and is a Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) Charterholder.
Career
From 2010 through to 2012, Nagaswami served as Chief Investment Advisor to Mayor Michael Bloomberg, City of New York for the City's $150 billion Employee Retirement Systems. Prior to joining the public sector, Nagaswami was previously Chief Investment Officer within the Blend Strategies team of AllianceBernstein L.P. She served from 2004 - 2008 as Chief Investment Officer and a member of the Executive Board of AllianceBernstein Investments, the group's retail division. From 2001 until 2004, Nagaswami was a senior portfolio manager of the Bernstein U.S. Value Equities team and a member of the U.S. Value Equities Investment Policy Group. Nagaswami joined Sanford C. Bernstein in 1999. From 1986 to 1999, she was at UBS Asset Management and its predecessor organizations where her last role was Managing Director and Co-Head of U.S. Fixed Income.
Boards
Nagaswami has worked to promote sound investment policy and pension governance reform through public speaking engagements and advisor consultations with institutional investors. Nagaswami is a Visiting Executive Fellow at the Yale School of Management's International Center for Finance and is working to launch the Finance Fellows program within the Aspen Institute's Global Leadership Network.
Nagaswami is a Member of the CFA Institute's Ethics and Standards Advisory Council, the UAW VEBA Medical Benefits Trust Investment Advisory Council, and a Henry Crown Fellow at the Aspen Institute. She was previously a member of the Yale University Investments Committee, the Yale School of Management Advisory Board, Trustee of Greenwich Academy and on the North American Council of Ashoka, a global fellowship of social entrepreneurs.
References
Yale School of Management alumni
American money managers
American people of Indian descent
American Hindus
University of Mumbai alumni
Living people
CFA charterholders
Henry Crown Fellows
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women |
4022528 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andretti%20Autosport | Andretti Autosport | Andretti Autosport is an auto racing team that competes in the IndyCar Series, Indy Lights, Indy Pro 2000, and Formula E. The team also has a 37.5% ownership stake in the Australian Supercars Championship touring car team, Walkinshaw Andretti United and a stake in the Extreme E team, Andretti United. It is headed and owned up by former CART series champion Michael Andretti.
Andretti Autosport has won the Indianapolis 500 five times (2005, 2007, 2014, 2016, 2017) and the IndyCar Series championship four times (2004, 2005, 2007, 2012). The team has won the Indy Lights championship in 2008, 2009, 2018 and 2019 . Additionally the team has won the Global rallycross Championship with Scott Speed in 2015, 2016 and 2017. Scott Speed also won the 2018 Americas Rallycross Championship. In 2019 Tanner Foust won the Americas Rallycross title making it five rallycross titles in five years for the Volkswagen Andretti rallycross team. During the team's early formative years as Team Green, they won both the Indianapolis 500 and CART Championship in 1995.
Andretti Autosport competes in Formula E in Season 8.
CART
The team was founded in 1993 by Barry Green and Gerald Forsythe as Forsythe Green Racing. Forsythe had previously competed in the CART series during the early 1980s under the Forsythe Racing banner and had achieved moderate success.
The new team fielded two Atlantics entries for Claude Bourbonnais and Jacques Villeneuve during the 1993 season. In 1994, the team moved up to the CART series with Villeneuve as the driver. The team scored second place at the 1994 Indianapolis 500 and Villeneuve won one race as a rookie later in the season at Road America.
In 1995, Green and Forsythe parted ways, and Barry Green renamed the outfit Team Green, with his brother Kim Green joining as team manager. The team won the 1995 Indianapolis 500 and 1995 CART championship with driver Jacques Villeneuve. In 1996, the team became known as the Brahma Sports Team for a season, with driver Raul Boesel. In 1997, Parker Johnstone took over the seat, and KOOL cigarettes came on board as the major sponsor. The team became known as Team KOOL Green, and expanded to a two-car effort in 1998 with Paul Tracy and rising star Dario Franchitti. The two stayed on as teammates for five seasons.
In 2001, Michael Andretti joined the organization as a satellite team headed by Kim Green, known as Team Motorola. In addition to running the CART schedule, Andretti entered the 2001 Indianapolis 500. Andretti and Green competed at Indy for the first time after a five-year absence, due to the ongoing open-wheel "split." Andretti won his last race as a driver at the 2002 Grand Prix of Long Beach. During the 2002 season, the team switched from Reynard to Lola chassis due to the former's financial troubles, producing a striking new livery for Franchitti's car to coincide with the change.
In 2002, both Tracy and Franchitti joined Andretti to race at the Indianapolis 500. Due to the MSA, however, primary sponsor KOOL could not appear on the cars, and associate sponsor 7-Eleven was on the sidepods instead. Tracy placed second in a highly controversial finish. The team protested the results, and a lengthy and contentious appeals process dragged on into the summer. Ultimately, Green lost the appeal, to considerable disappointment and at considerable expense.
IndyCar Series
Andretti Green Racing
After major problems in CART surfaced, Andretti, who had purchased a majority interest in the team, switched the newly renamed Andretti Green Racing in 2003 to the rival IndyCar Series. Tracy left the team to stay in the Champ Car World Series, with Tony Kanaan joining Franchitti and Andretti. Andretti retired after the 2003 Indianapolis 500, and Dan Wheldon took his place.
AGR ran four cars since the beginning of 2004, with Bryan Herta behind the wheel of the additional car. At the 2005 Grand Prix of St. Petersburg, AGR had all 4 drivers finishing 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th; Wheldon led home Kanaan, Franchitti, and Herta to round out the top 4. Kanaan and Wheldon won consecutive IndyCar Series Championships in 2004 and 2005, with Wheldon winning the 2005 Indianapolis 500. Andretti referred to the win as his very own, as good as if he had won it as a driver, because of the nuances of car ownership and building his team.
Wheldon's championship was his only one before free agency, and joining Target Chip Ganassi Racing in 2006. He was replaced by Michael's son, Marco Andretti. Michael Andretti came out of retirement to qualify for the 2006 Indianapolis 500 to race with his son. The Andrettis finished second and third in "the 500" with Marco being passed just before the finish by Sam Hornish Jr. in the second-closest finish in race history. From 2001 to 2010, the team had seen at least one of their drivers finish within the top three at the race.
It was announced on July 25, 2006, that Danica Patrick would join the team for the 2007 IndyCar Series season to replace Herta, who was being transferred to AGR's new American Le Mans Series Acura LMP2 effort.
In October 2007, after winning the 2007 Indianapolis 500 and 2007 Indy Racing League championship, Franchitti announced his departure from the team to pursue a full-time career in the NASCAR Sprint Cup with Chip Ganassi Racing. Later that month, Hideki Mutoh was announced as his replacement in the 27 car. Mutoh was the runner-up in the 2007 Indy Pro Series season.
The 2008 IndyCar driver lineup returned to the team in 2009. However, for the first time since 2003, the team failed to win a race. Danica Patrick was the team's leading driver finishing 5th in points. Kanaan finished 6th with three podium finishes. The team repeated their Indy Lights championship, this time with American driver J. R. Hildebrand.
On September 25, 2009, the Indianapolis Star reported that Danica Patrick had signed a contract to stay with Andretti Green and the IndyCar Series through 2012.
Andretti Autosport
On November 24, 2009, Andretti Green Racing announced that the team restructuring was complete, and the team would be renamed Andretti Autosport with Michael Andretti as the sole owner.
2010
It was announced on January 4, 2010, that Ryan Hunter-Reay would join the team, replacing Hideki Mutoh. Hunter-Reay earned the team its first victory since 2008 by winning the Grand Prix of Long Beach. Kanaan picked up the team's second win of the season at Iowa. Kanaan and Hunter-Reay led the team in the points standings, finishing 6th and 7th.
Following the 2010 season, veteran driver Tony Kanaan was released from the team due to the lack of sponsorship. Kanaan later signed with KV Racing Technology. It was announced that the team's other three drivers – Hunter-Reay, Andretti, and Patrick – would return for the 2011 season. Hunter-Reay was signed to a two-year contract through 2012.
2011
The 2011 season marked a return to the victory circle for Andretti Autosport, with Mike Conway winning at Long Beach, Marco Andretti ending a personal 79 race winless drought with his second career win at Iowa, and Ryan Hunter-Reay winning at New Hampshire. Disaster struck at Indianapolis when Mike Conway failed to qualify and Marco Andretti was forced to bump teammate Ryan Hunter-Reay from the final spot in the field, forcing Michael Andretti to purchase the already qualified spot of A. J. Foyt Enterprises driver Bruno Junqueira to meet Hunter-Reay's sponsorship commitments.
In August 2011, Danica Patrick announced her departure from the IndyCar Series to move to NASCAR for the 2012 season; Patrick ran a full-schedule of Nationwide Series events and a limited schedule in the Sprint Cup Series.
At the completion of the 2011 season, Dan Wheldon was due to sign a contract to return to the team in 2012 in the car vacated by Patrick. He was killed in an accident during the season-ending 2011 IZOD IndyCar World Championship, leaving the future of the #7 GoDaddy team uncertain. In January it was announced that 2011 IndyCar rookie of the year James Hinchcliffe would drive the GoDaddy car renumbered to #27.
2012
In 2012, rumors started that Andretti Autosport would expand to NASCAR's Sprint Cup Series competition in 2013. Jayski's Silly Season Site stated that Andretti Autosport would field a single-car team in the Cup Series in 2013 with Dodge as the manufacturer. Two days later, Dodge reported that there was no deal with Andretti or any team for the 2013 Season. In addition to Patrick being replaced by Hinchcliffe, Mike Conway was not brought back for the 2012 season, leaving the team with three full-time cars. Two additional drivers, Sebastián Saavedra and Ana Beatriz were signed for three and two races respectively, including the Indy 500. With Honda no longer the sole engine supplier for the series, a deal was reached with Chevrolet to provide engines for the team. The team's three drivers qualified second, third, and fourth for the 500, however, the race itself proved a disappointment with only Hinchcliffe completing the full 200 laps, finishing sixth. The eighth race of the season at the Milwaukee Mile would be won by Hunter-Reay, his third podium finish of the year. Hunter-Reay would go on to win three races in a row, adding victories at Iowa and Toronto. A fourth victory in the penultimate race of the season at Baltimore left Hunter-Reay as the only challenger to Will Power for the series championship. Power, whose title had seemed inevitable after dominating the road and street courses early in the season, still had a 17-point lead. On lap 66 of the final race of the season at Fontana, with Power and Hunter-Reay racing side by side, Power spun, narrowly missing Hunter-Reay's car, and went hard into the outer wall. Hunter-Reay would finish in fourth to win the championship.
2013
The three main drivers for the team, Andretti, Hunter-Reay, and Hinchcliffe, all returned for 2013. In addition, E. J. Viso was added as a fourth car for the season, in conjunction with HVM Racing. Rookie driver Carlos Muñoz would also drive an entry for the team in the Indy 500. Muñoz and Zach Veach would be the team's drivers in the lower level Indy Lights series. Andretti would also have entries in the Pro Mazda Championship and the U.S. F2000 National Championship, the feeder series to IndyCar (the "Road to Indy"). The season started strong as Hinchcliffe won the season's first race, the Grand Prix of St. Petersburg, his first IndyCar Series victory. In the second race, the Grand Prix of Alabama, Hinchcliffe suffered a breakdown and would be stuck on the side for most of the race watching teammate Hunter-Reay go on to victory to make the team two for two. The streak broke in week three, with both Hinchcliffe and Hunter-Reay exiting the race early. High and low would go on to be a theme for the team that season. Hinchcliffe would go on to win two more races, but a variety of mechanical problems would see him finish the year eighth. Hunter-Reay would have a similar season, winning two races but finishing the season a disappointing seventh following his 2012 championship. Conversely, Andretti would stay near the top of the standings for most of the season after starting by finishing no worse than 7th in seven of his first eight races, but after two early third-place finishes, he would not see the podium the remainder of the year and finished the season in 5th place. Viso, meanwhile who came into the team with a reputation for being involved in collisions, showed flashes of success, including a fourth-place finish at Milwaukee, but had only two top-ten finishes, a fifth and a ninth, in his final eight races, before dropping out of the season finale stating he had food poisoning. He was replaced for the race by Carlos Muñoz. Muñoz provided a thrill for the team in the Indy 500, taking second place in his first-ever start in the IndyCar series.
2014
Andretti, Hunter-Reay, and Hinchcliffe were once again signed as primary drivers and the team once again began running with full-works Honda power, although GoDaddy dropped their IndyCar sponsorship program and was replaced on the Hinchcliffe car by United Fiber & Data. Viso was not brought back, with Muñoz taking over as the driver of the fourth full-time car. In the 2014 Indianapolis 500, the team fielded a fifth car for NASCAR driver Kurt Busch, who attempted Double Duty. Busch and three of the four full-time Andretti Autosport drivers finished the Indianapolis 500 in the top six, including Hunter-Reay, who won the race. (The only exception was Hinchcliffe, who crashed with 25 laps to go while fighting for 2nd position.). However, Busch, who finished in 6th on the lead-lap, fell short of completing all 1,100 miles for Double Duty when his engine expired on lap 274 of the 2014 Coca-Cola 600.
2015
Andretti fielded a three-car full season effort in 2015 with Marco Andretti, Ryan Hunter-Reay, and Carlos Muñoz. Additionally, Simona de Silvestro, Justin Wilson, and Oriol Servia each joined for races throughout the season. Andretti moved from the 25 team to the 27 team, in light of James Hinchcliffe's departure after 2014. Muñoz's team was renumbered from 34 to 26, while the 25 team fielded de Silvestro, Wilson, and Servia. 2015 saw the debut of the 29 team, where it was the 5th Andretti entry at Indianapolis - de Silvestro was the driver. Andretti claimed two podiums, en route to a 9th place finish in the standings. Hunter-Reay saw a tepid start to 2015, with only 3 top-10 finishes and a best finish of 5th through the first 11 races. However, the 28 team was able to rebound to 6th in the standings after two wins in the final four races. Muñoz claimed his first and only win in IndyCar at Race 1 of the Detroit double-header. However, his worst finish to date at Indianapolis saw him finish 13th in the final standings.
IndyCar champions
Indianapolis 500 victories
Formula One
At the end of 2021, there were suggestions Andretti Autosport might purchase of Sauber or even Haas by Andretti, however, these negotiations were unsuccessful.
On 18 February 2022, Mario Andretti announced that his son, Michael, had filed an application with the FIA, Formula One’s governing body, to enter Andretti Global in 2024. A week later Mario Andretti confirmed that they have a principle agreement with Renault to become an engine supplier of the team.
The FIA stated that it was not seeking to increase the number of teams on the Formula One grid and some team principals, including Toto Wolff and Frédéric Vasseur, were against Andretti's entry, saying that what Formula One needed were teams that would in their eyes add value, like Audi. Christian Horner, stressed that the problem was the distribution of profits, while Lawrence Stroll was in favour of the incorporation of Andretti to Formula One.
American Le Mans Series
In 2006, it was announced that AGR was selected by Honda Performance Development to be one of the official works teams for the new Acura LMP program in the American Le Mans Series. The team worked with Highcroft Racing on the development of the Courage LC75 chassis. The team debuted the newly renamed Acura ARX-01 at the 2007 12 Hours of Sebring. The AGR team finished second overall, and took the maiden LMP2 win for Acura with drivers Dario Franchitti, Marino Franchitti, Bryan Herta, and Tony Kanaan. However, during the remainder of the season, the Porsche RS Spyders of Penske Racing regularly outpaced the Acuras. The team finished the season 5th in the LMP2 Teams' Championship.
For the 2008 season, the car was driven full-time by Herta and Christian Fittipaldi and occasionally driven by Kanaan at select longer distance events. the 2008 season saw fierce battles between the newly updated Acura ARX-01b, Porsche RS Spyders and the LMP1 Audi R10s. AGR claimed an overall victory at the Detroit race and finished the season with a class victory in the final race at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca. The team finished the season 4th in the Teams' Championship.
Acura discontinued its relationship with the team for the 2009 season due to mixed results. The team did not compete in 2009.
U.S. F2000 National Championship
Andretti Autosport announced on March 4, 2010, that they would begin competing in the U.S. F2000 National Championship when they signed Sage Karam. The team was looking for a teammate for Karam and announced on March 26, 2010, that they had signed Zach Veach to join him. The two have been very active on and off the racetrack. Karam won the 2010 points championship, Veach had 10 top-five finishes despite missing two events and the team secured the team championship for the 2010 season. Off the track, Karam has spoken at Operation Smile and Veach is working with Oprah Winfrey's No Phone Zone and FocusDriven as a spokesKID for both.
Supercars Championship
In 2018, Andretti Autosport entered the Australian Supercars Championship after purchasing a 37.5% shareholding in Walkinshaw Andretti United.
Drivers
CART (1994–2002)
Jacques Villeneuve (1994–1995)
Raul Boesel (1996)
Parker Johnstone (1997)
Dario Franchitti (1998–2002)
Paul Tracy (1998–2002)
Michael Andretti (2001–2002)
IndyCar Series (2001–present)
Michael Andretti (2001–2003, 2006–07)
Dario Franchitti (2002–2007)
Paul Tracy (2002)
Tony Kanaan (2003–2010)
Robby Gordon (2003)
Bryan Herta (2003–2006)
Dan Wheldon (2003–2005)
A. J. Foyt IV (2006)
Marco Andretti (2006–present)
Danica Patrick (2007–2011)
Hideki Mutoh (2008–2009)
Franck Montagny (2009)
Ryan Hunter-Reay (2010–2021)
Adam Carroll (2010)
John Andretti (2010-2011)
Mike Conway (2011)
James Hinchcliffe (2012–2014, 2020–2021)
E. J. Viso (2013)
Carlos Muñoz (2013–2016)
Kurt Busch (2014)
Simona de Silvestro (2015)
Justin Wilson (2015)
Alexander Rossi (2016–present)
Takuma Sato (2017)
Fernando Alonso (2017)
Jack Harvey (2017)
Zach Veach (2018–2020)
Colton Herta (2020–present)
Romain Grosjean (2022)
Devlin DeFrancesco (2022)
ALMS (2007–2008)
Dario Franchitti (2007)
Marino Franchitti (2007)
Bryan Herta (2007–2008)
Tony Kanaan (2007–2008)
Christian Fittipaldi (2008)
Marco Andretti (2008)
Franck Montagny (2008)
James Rossiter (2008)
Raphael Matos (2008)
A1GP (2008–2009)
Charlie Kimball (2008)
Marco Andretti (2008–2009)
Adam Carroll (2008–2009)
J. R. Hildebrand (2008–2009)
Indy Lights (2008–present)
Arie Luyendyk Jr. (2008)
Raphael Matos (2008)
J. R. Hildebrand (2009)
Charlie Kimball (2010)
Martin Plowman (2010)
Stefan Wilson (2011)
James Winslow (2011)
Peter Dempsey (2011)
Sebastián Saavedra (2009, 2012)
Carlos Muñoz (2012–2013)
Sage Karam (2013)
Zach Veach (2013–2014)
Matthew Brabham (2014–2015)
Shelby Blackstock (2015–2016)
Dalton Kellett (2016–2018)
Dean Stoneman (2016)
Colton Herta (2017—2018)
Ryan Norman (2017—2019)
Nico Jamin (2017)
Patricio O'Ward (2018)
Jarett Andretti (2019)
Oliver Askew (2019)
Robert Megennis (2019—present)
Devlin DeFrancesco (2021)
Danial Frost (2021—present)
Kyle Kirkwood (2021—present)
Star Mazda Championship / Pro Mazda Championship / Indy Pro 2000 Championship (2011–2015, 2020—present)
Sage Karam (2011–2012)
Zach Veach (2011–2012)
Shelby Blackstock (2013–2014)
Matthew Brabham (2013)
Garett Grist (2014)
Weiron Tan (2015)
Dalton Kellett (2015)
Devlin DeFrancesco (2020)
Enzo Fittipaldi (2021—present)
USF2000 (2010–2013)
Sage Karam (2010)
Zach Veach (2010–2011)
Spencer Pigot (2011)
Thomas McGregor (2012)
Shelby Blackstock (2012)
Austin Cindric (2013)
Luca Forgeois (2013)
Garett Grist (2013)
Red Bull Global Rallycross (2014–2018)
Tanner Foust (2014–2018)
Scott Speed (2014–2018)
Formula E (2014–present)
Franck Montagny (2014)
Charles Pic (2014)
Matthew Brabham (2014)
Jean-Éric Vergne (2014–2015)
Marco Andretti (2015)
Scott Speed (2015)
Justin Wilson (2015)
Simona de Silvestro (2015–2016)
Robin Frijns (2015–2017)
António Félix da Costa (2016–2019)
Alexander Sims (2017–2020)
Kamui Kobayashi (2017)
Tom Blomqvist (2018)
Maximilian Günther (2019–2021)
Jake Dennis (2020–present)
Oliver Askew (2021–present)
Americas Rallycross (2018–2019)
Scott Speed (2018)
Cabot Bigham (2019)
Tanner Foust (2018–2019)
Formula Regional Americas (2020)
Danial Frost (2020)
Extreme E (2021–present)
Catie Munnings
Timmy Hansen
Racing results
Indy Car World Series/CART
(key)
The Firestone Firehawk 600 was canceled after qualifying due to excessive g-forces on the drivers.
Indy Racing League/IndyCar Series
(key)
* Season still in progress
Non-points-paying, exhibition race.
The final race at Las Vegas was canceled due to Dan Wheldon's death.
In conjunction with AFS Racing.
In conjunction with Conquest Racing.
In conjunction with Bryan Herta Autosport and Curb-Agajanian.
In conjunction with McLaren-Honda.
In conjunction with Michael Shank Racing.
In conjunction with Bryan Herta Autosport with Marco Andretti and Curb-Agajanian
IndyCar wins
Infiniti Pro Series/Indy Pro Series/Indy Lights
(key)
In conjunction with Steinbrenner Racing.
Star Mazda/Pro Mazda Championship
(key)
U.S. F2000 National Championship
(key)
Formula E
(key)
Notes
– In the inaugural season, all teams were supplied with a spec powertrain by McLaren.
– The team opted to revert to the previous McLaren motor used in the inaugural season.
– Kobayashi, a Japanese driver, raced under a Monégasque license.
† – Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance.
Global RallyCross Championship
(key)
Complete Extreme E results
(key)
References
External links
Andretti purchases majority interest of Team Green
IndyCar Team Profile
IndyCar Series teams
American auto racing teams
American Le Mans Series teams
Champ Car teams
A1 Grand Prix racing teams
Indy Lights teams
Formula E teams
Global RallyCross Championship teams
Auto racing teams established in 1993
WeatherTech SportsCar Championship teams
Supercars Championship teams
BMW in motorsport
Andretti family |
4022530 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20N.%20Parsley%20Jr. | Henry N. Parsley Jr. | Henry Nutt Parsley, Jr. (born October 29, 1948) is an American prelate of the Episcopal Church and the retired tenth Bishop of Alabama, and the former Provisional Bishop of the Diocese of Easton. Parsley is also a former Chancellor of the University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee. He now resides in Wilmington, North Carolina and attends St. James Parish in Wilmington.
In January 2006, Parsley was nominated for Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church, and came in second in balloting to Katharine Jefferts Schori during voting at the General Convention of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America in Columbus, Ohio.
Early life and education
Henry Nutt Parsley, Jr. was born in Memphis, Tennessee in 1948, son of Henry Nutt Parsley, Sr., an Episcopal priest, and his wife Barbara. He is the grandnephew of Eliza Hall Nutt Parsley. Parsley attended the Porter-Gaud School, an Episcopal college preparatory school in Charleston, South Carolina. He received his undergraduate education in English literature at the University of the South (magna cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa, 1970), and his Master of Divinity from The General Theological Seminary (1973). He has studied at Oxford University in the areas of spirituality and soteriology, and received honorary Doctor of Divinity degrees from both the University of the South (1998) and The General Theological Seminary (1998).
Ministry
Parsley served in a number of parish churches in South Carolina and North Carolina and was for five years headmaster of a parochial school. Parsley served as President of the Standing Committee and on the Board of Porter-Gaud School. His last parochial assignment was as rector of Christ Church, Charlotte, North Carolina (1986-1996). While rector of Christ Church he chaired the AIDS Committee of the Episcopal Diocese of North Carolina, served on the diocesan Council, and on the Program Committee of Kanuga Conferences.
Parsley served as Bishop Coadjutor of the Episcopal Diocese of Alabama for two years (1996-1998), before becoming diocesan bishop in 1999. He served as the tenth Bishop of Alabama from 1999 to 2012, during which time he oversaw a diocese, encompassing the northern two-thirds of the state, comprising 92 parishes, eight campus ministries, and several institutions, that serves over 35,000 Episcopalians. During his episcopate, the Alabama diocese was unusual in that it continued to grow in membership, unlike most of the rest of the Episcopal Church, and maintained a strong cohesiveness, with some exceptions, in the face of mounting controversies roiling the denomination over human sexuality and differing interpretations of the Christian faith. Parsley was a member of the international board of the Colleges and Universities of the Anglican Communion from 2004 to 2014.
In January 2006, he was nominated for Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church, coming in second to Katharine Jefferts-Shori, then Bishop of Nevada, during the General Convention of the Episcopal Church held that summer in Columbus, Ohio. On February 12, 2010, during his address at the 179th annual convention of the Episcopal Diocese of Alabama, Parsley announced his plan to retire as diocesan bishop. John McKee Sloan, eleventh Bishop of Alabama, who was elected as Bishop Suffragan of Alabama in the summer of 2007 and consecrated in 2008, was installed as the current diocesan bishop on January 7, 2012.
Parsley served his undergraduate alma mater as Chancellor of the University of the South (the titular head of the institution), as well as on the board of trustees and on the Board of Regents. He has preached on the Protestant Hour (now Day 1) and was active in many outreach ministries of the Episcopal Church, including serving on the Board of the Presiding Bishops Fund for World Relief (now Episcopal Relief & Development). He served as a clerical deputy to the General Convention in 1982, 1985, 1994, and thereafter in the House of Bishops from 1997 forward. Parsley attended two Lambeth Conferences, in 1998 and 2008, serving on the section that addressed human sexuality in 2008 and preaching at St Paul's Cathedral, London during the conference.
Known as a moderate in the wider Church, Parsley was highly respected among his peers in the House of Bishops, where he served as Chair of the Theology Committee, and was a member of the Planning Committee. He chaired the Standing Commission on Stewardship and Development from 1998 and the Church Pension Fund's Abundance Committee from 2001.
In May 2014, a convention of the Episcopal Diocese of Easton elected Parsley as Provisional Bishop to succeed their retiring bishop, James Shand. A special convention to formally elect him as Bishop Provisional for the Episcopal Diocese of Easton was held on June 16, 2014, and he was formally installed a month later. He served until a new Bishop of Easton was elected in 2016.
Parsley currently serves on the Board of The Ayres Center for Spiritual Development at St. Mary's, Sewanee.
Parsley is the 923rd bishop in the American Succession of the Episcopal Church.
In January 2020 he became a visiting bishop for the Diocese of South Carolina serving until the election of a new bishop for the diocese in 2021.
Personal and Family Life
He has been married to the former Rebecca Knox Allison (Becky) since 1970 and they reside in Wilmington, North Carolina. They are the parents of Henry Nutt Parsley III. The younger Parsley and his wife work in management for the Broadway theatre, currently with the show Hamilton on tour.
References
External links
The Episcopal Diocese of Alabama official website
Henry Parsley at BhamWiki.com
1948 births
Living people
People from Memphis, Tennessee
Religious leaders from Birmingham, Alabama
Episcopal bishops of Alabama
Sewanee: The University of the South alumni
General Theological Seminary alumni
Sewanee: The University of the South faculty
Religious leaders from Tennessee
21st-century Anglican bishops in the United States
Episcopal bishops of Easton
Henry |
4022545 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard%20Kr%C3%BCger | Bernhard Krüger |
Bernhard Krüger (; 26 November 1904 – 3 January 1989) was a member of the NSDAP, SS Sturmbannführer (Major) during World War II, and leader of the Department VI F 4a, part of the SD-foreign branch in the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA).
This office of the Nazi Party Security Service (SD) was responsible for, among other things, falsifying passports and documents. Within the setting of Operation Bernhard, the SD forged pound notes in great numbers, funding Nazi Germany with £600 million in high-quality counterfeit currency (worth approx. $6 billion 2009). This counterfeiting operation was named after Krüger, who led the operation from a segregated factory built at Sachsenhausen concentration camp, manned by 142 Jewish inmates.
The pound counterfeiting operation ended in 1944. However Krüger succeeded in establishing a new operation to forge American dollar notes. In May 1945 his team of prisoners were transferred to Ebensee concentration camp in Austria where they were liberated.
One of the forgers, Adolf Burger survived the war and stated that "Major Krüger was in no way like Oskar Schindler. He was a murderer just like everyone else, six weeks before the war ended he had six people shot just because they were sick. He couldn't send them to hospital in case they said something about the operation, so he killed them."
After the war, Major Krüger was detained by the British for two years, then turned over to the French for a year forging documents for them. He was released in 1948 without any charges being pressed, and returned to Germany. In the 1950s, he went before a denazification court, where inmates under his charge at Sachsenhausen provided statements that resulted in his acquittal. He eventually worked for the company that had produced the special paper for the Operation Bernhard forgeries. He died in 1989.
In popular culture
German actor Devid Striesow portrays the character Sturmbannführer Herzog in the movie Die Fälscher ("The Counterfeiters", 2007). Sturmbannführer Herzog is based on the real Bernhard Krüger.
References
Notes
Further reading
Bloom, Murray Teigh (1983) The Brotherhood of Money. Port Clinton, Ohio: BNR Press.
External links
Bernhard Krüger's photo. Axis History Forum.
1904 births
1989 deaths
SS-Sturmbannführer
German counterfeiters
Reich Security Main Office personnel |
4022565 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras%20Atomic%20Power%20Station | Madras Atomic Power Station | Madras Atomic Power Station (MAPS) located at Kalpakkam about south of Chennai, India, is a comprehensive nuclear power production, fuel reprocessing, and waste treatment facility that includes plutonium fuel fabrication for fast breeder reactors (FBRs). It is also India's first fully indigenously constructed nuclear power station, with two units each generating 220 MW of electricity. The first and second units of the station went critical in 1983 and 1985, respectively. The station has reactors housed in a reactor building with double shell containment improving protection also in the case of a loss-of-coolant accident. An Interim Storage Facility (ISF) is also located in Kalpakkam.
The facility is also home to India's first large scale fast breeder reactor of 500 MWe called the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor operated by BHAVINI and will also be the site of first two FBR-600 commercial fast breeder reactors.
History
During its construction, a total of 3.8 lakh (380,000) railway sleeper (logs) were brought from all over India to lift the 180 ton critical equipment in the first unit, due to lack of proper infrastructure and handling equipment.
the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) was in its final construction stage, and was expected to reach criticality in March 2017 with 500 MW of electricity production.
The following month the loading of the 1750 ton liquid sodium coolant were expected to happen in four to five months, with sources in the Department of Atomic Energy reporting that criticality would likely be reached only around May 2017.
Reactors
The facility houses two indigenously built Pressurised Heavy-Water Reactors (PHWRs), MAPS-1 and MAPS-2 designed to produce 235 MW of electricity each. MAPS-1 was completed in 1981, but start-up was delayed due to a shortage of heavy water. After procuring the necessary heavy water, MAPS-1 went critical in 1983 and began operating at full power on 27 January 1984. MAPS-2 obtained criticality in 1985 and began full power operations on 21 March 1986.
With India not being a signatory to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons the reactors have since 1985 been delivering their spent fuel to the nuclear reprocessing plant at Tarapur, providing the country with unsafeguarded plutonium.
A beachhead at Kalpakkam also hosts India's first indigenous Pressurised (light) water reactor (PWR). The 80 MW reactor was developed by Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) as the land-based prototype of the nuclear power unit for India's nuclear submarines. This unit does not come under MAPS.
Units
Incidents
The reactors' coolant pipes have been plagued by vibrations and cracking with substantial cracking in the reactor coolant system. This cracking has led to the discovery of Zircaloy pieces in a moderator pump, requiring the power generation to be lowered to 170 MW.
On 26 March 1999 large amounts of heavy water spilled at MAPS-2, exposing seven technicians to heavy doses of radiation.
See also
List of power stations in India
Nuclear power in India
References
External links
Nuclear power Corporation of India Ltd
Plants Under Operation: Madras Atomic Power Station
NTI India Profile
Nuclear reprocessing sites
Nuclear power stations in Tamil Nadu
Nuclear power stations with reactors under construction
Buildings and structures in Kanchipuram district
Power plants in Chennai
Civilian nuclear power accidents
1984 establishments in Tamil Nadu |
4022566 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Tower%20Hamburgers | White Tower Hamburgers | White Tower Hamburgers was a fast food restaurant chain that was founded in 1926 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. With its similar white fortress-like buildings and menu it is considered to be an imitator of White Castle chain that was founded in 1921. The chain was successful and expanded to other cities, including Chicago, Indianapolis, Cleveland, Dayton, Detroit, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Baltimore, New York City, Albany, Boston, Richmond, Virginia, and as far south as Sarasota, Florida. During the Great Depression, White Tower sold hamburgers for five cents. The whiteness of the restaurant was meant among other things to evoke the notion of hygienic conditions, and the chain had staff dressed as nurses, dubbed the "Towerettes," to help make this argument.
At its peak in the 1950s there were 230 White Tower locations. The chain began a slow decline. The last location, in Toledo, Ohio, is still open and operational.
History
John E. Saxe and Thomas E. Saxe started White Tower Hamburgers after investigating various White Castle locations, observing operations and hiring a White Castle operator. The first location opened near Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. By the end of 1927, there were six locations in Milwaukee and Racine, Wisconsin. In 1929, White Tower put 30 locations in Detroit alone. Despite the Depression, White Tower expanded to 130 locations. White Tower placed many of its restaurants near train and trolley stops.
Lawsuit
In 1929, White Castle sued White Tower in Minnesota for unfair competition and White Tower counter-sued in Michigan as White Tower had arrived in Michigan first. The Minnesota case ended in 1930 in favor of White Castle, forcing White Tower to end its use of similar building designs, slogans and name along with a $82,000 judgment. The Michigan case dragged on until 1934, revealing the hiring away of a White Castle location operator and photographing of the latest White Castle to keep up on design. The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit later affirmed the lower court's rulings that they had copied White Castle deliberately. White Castle refrained from forcing a name change for White Tower but did require new locations to pay a royalty fee, and to send photos of the locations. Having to change its look, White Tower first used an art deco, then modernistic designs. Territorially, White Tower and White Castle stayed away from each other from then on.
Peak and decline
In 1941, White Tower Management Corporation moved its headquarters to Six Suburban Ave., Stamford, Connecticut. At its peak in the mid-1950s, the chain had 230 stores in several states. It tested the "Tower-O-Matic" automated restaurant in the 1950s and 60s with little success. It also attempted a sit-down restaurant called Marbett's. Many later suburban White Tower restaurants featured curb service with car hops.
Brock Saxe took over as president of White Tower Management Corporation in 1970 from his father, T. E. Saxe, when he retired. Brock changed the name of White Tower Corporation to Tombrock Corporation on the corporation's 50th anniversary as it also owns a chain of steakhouses called Brock's. With the migration of people to the suburbs and most of the White Tower locations in the city, by 1979 only 80 Tombrock Corporation-owned locations remained. Tombrock Corporation branched out into franchising Burger Kings and Golden Skillet Chicken. Today, Tombrock Corporation, having exited the restaurant business as an operator, is a real estate investment and management company based in New Canaan, Connecticut. The company's trademark expired in 2005.
See also
White Castle
Fast food
References
Stamford, Ct-True facts-1977 Stamford
External links
Model of a White Tower restaurant
White Tower and Marbetts
Fast-food chains of the United States
Restaurants established in 1926
Restaurants in Wisconsin
Regional restaurant chains in the United States
Defunct restaurant chains in the United States
1926 establishments in Wisconsin
Defunct companies based in Milwaukee |
4022572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One%20Jerusalem | One Jerusalem | One Jerusalem is an organisation with the stated mission of "maintaining a united Jerusalem as the undivided capital of Israel". It was founded as a response to the Oslo Peace Process, specifically, out of a concern that the settlement might lead to Palestinian sovereignty over Jerusalem's Temple Mount or Noble Sanctuary.
Chaired by former Deputy Prime Minister Natan Sharansky, the organisation is entirely publicly funded. One Jerusalem's website describes its activities as follows: "One Jerusalem organizes, educates and rallies supporters in Israel and all democratic countries, so that we can educate elected government officials".
An inaugural rally organised by One Jerusalem in January 2001 to protest the proposal of Palestinian sovereignty over the Temple Mount attracted a crowd variously described as thousands (CNN Report 2001-01-08), 100,000 (Israeli TV reports via CNN) and 400,000 (One Jerusalem).
One Jerusalem has over 100,000 members from across the globe.
Founding Members
David Bar-Illan, Rabbi Chaskel Besser, The Baroness Cox, Dore Gold, Emil L. Fackenheim, Douglas Feith, David Horowitz, Jean Kahn, Yechiel Leiter, Jackie Mason, Nancy Montgomery, Libby Pataki, Eli Pollack, Tom Rose, Natan Sharansky, Michael Siegal, Ron Silver, David P. Steinmann
References
External links
One Jerusalem Official Homepage
One Jerusalem in Hebrew
Organizations based in Jerusalem
Non-governmental organizations involved in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Jewish political organizations
Political organizations based in Israel |
4022582 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20L.%20Simon | John L. Simon | John L. Simon, better known as Jack Simon, is an American national swimming coach and former president of the American Swimming Coaches Association (ASCA). Now semi-retired, Simon is coaching swimming in Malaysia.
Swimmers coached by Simon
Joe Hudepohl, U.S. Olympian
Paul Hartloff, U.S. Olympian
Bruce Stahl, World Record Holder
Anne Tweedy, American Record Holder, National Champion
Patty Gavin, American Record Holder, National Champion
Libby Kinkead, U.S. Olympian, National Champion
Lauren Costella, National Champion
Blaise Mathews, Junior National Champion
Chris Craft, Junior National Champion
Justin Barber, Junior National Champion
US Teams Coached by Simon
Santa Barbara Swim Club
Cincnnati Marlins
Foxcatcher
Carson Tiger Sharks
Simon led two teams (West Chester and Cincinnati Marlins) to top-three finishes at U.S nationals while accumulating numerous other national championships at West Chester and Foxcatcher and age group levels.
References
Chow, Tan Sin. "Coach wants Penang to regain past glory", Malaysia Sport, February 6, 2006.
"So Who is Jack Simon", 2005 Pacific Swim Coaches Clinic, ASCA, January 6–9, 2005.
Mitchel Stott. "Lessons with Legends, Jack Simon, "Swimming World", June 2018.
External links
"Coach Jack Simon's Spine Surgery is a Success", Swimming World Magazine, January 15, 2006.
American Swimming Coaches Association
American swimming coaches
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
Subsets and Splits
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