id
stringlengths 2
8
| url
stringlengths 31
389
| title
stringlengths 1
250
| text
stringlengths 2
355k
|
|---|---|---|---|
4024722 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry%20Maulnier | Thierry Maulnier | Thierry Maulnier (born Jacques Talagrand; 1 October 1909, Alès – 9 January 1988, Marnes-la-Coquette) was a French journalist, essayist, dramatist, and literary critic. He was married to theatre director Marcelle Tassencourt.
Early years
A graduate of the École Normale Supérieure in the same class as Roger Vailland, Robert Brasillach, and Maurice Bardèche. While still a student, Maulnier became active in the integralist Action Française, and published in Charles Maurras' newspaper (L'Action française). He made a career in journalism and took part in the movement of the Non-conformists of the 1930s, inspired by the personalist generation of young intellectuals who shared some of the ideals of the Action Française, holding right-wing beliefs as an answer to a "crisis of civilization" and materialism. He also campaigned against democracy and capitalism, advocating a union of the right and left to overthrow the two. Thierry Maulnier associated with youth periodicals such as Réaction, La Revue du Siècle, and La Revue française; he also wrote his first volume, La crise est dans l'homme ("Crisis Is in Man").
In 1934, he authored, with Jean-Pierre Maxence, the manifesto Demain la France ("Tomorrow, France"). Maxence and Maulnier also founded the weekly L'Insurgé in 1936 lasting only a few months, the magazine circulated nationalist tenets, reviewed in Maulnier's 1938 essay Au-delà du nationalisme ("Beyond Nationalism"). At the same time, he joined Jean de Fabrègues in the creation of a more analytical paper, Combat, one which would be published until France's defeat in World War II.
World War II and after
A regular contributor to L'Action française since 1938, Maulnier continued to publish after Nazi Germany's occupation of France (from 1940); he also started writing for Le Figaro. He ceased writing for the paper after the start of Operation Torch in 1942, and remained a journalist for Le Figaro from 1945 until his death.
With the beginning of the Fourth Republic, Maulnier no longer engaged in politics. He wrote plays (La Course des rois - 1947; Le Profanateur - 1950, La Ville au fond de la mer - 1953, Le Soir du conquérant - 1970) and essays (Violence et conscience - 1945, La Face de méduse du communisme - 1952, L'Europe a fait le monde - 1966, Le Sens des mots - 1976, Les Vaches sacrées - 1977), but also commented on social themes (with Maulnier as a staunch Pro-European).
In 1964, he was elected to the Académie française in place of the deceased Henry Bordeaux. In 1986 he was awarded the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca.
Works
La crise est dans l'homme (1932)
Nietzsche (1933)
Racine (1934)
Miracle de la Monarchie (1935)
Mythes socialistes (1938)
Au-delà du nationalisme (1938)
Introduction à la poésie française (1939)
La France, la guerre et la paix (1942, Lyon)
Violence et conscience (1945)
Langages (1946)
Jeanne et ses juges (1952)
Le Sexe et le néant, directed by Marcelle Tassencourt, Théâtre de l'Athénée (1960)
Cette Grèce où nous sommes nés (1964)
La Défaite d'hannibal, followed by La ville au fond de la mer, Gallimard (1968)
Dialogue inattendu, with Jean Elleinstein, Flammarion (1979)
Theatre
1944: Antigone by Robert Garnier, Théâtre Charles de Rochefort, Théâtre du Vieux-Colombier
References
1909 births
1988 deaths
People from Alès
20th-century French dramatists and playwrights
French literary critics
French monarchists
French political writers
Writers from Occitania (administrative region)
People affiliated with Action Française
French anti-communists
École Normale Supérieure alumni
Members of the Académie Française
20th-century French essayists
20th-century French journalists
Le Figaro people
Non-conformists of the 1930s |
4024725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaushik%20Amalean | Kaushik Amalean | Kaushik Naginda Amalean (born 7 April 1965 Colombo) is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in 2 Tests and 8 ODIs from 1986 to 1988.
External links
Kaushik Amalean at Cricinfo
Kaushik Amalean at CricketArchive
1965 births
Living people
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Alumni of S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia |
4024726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Stevens | Dan Stevens | Daniel Jonathan Stevens (born 10 October 1982) is a British actor. He first drew international attention for his role as Matthew Crawley in the ITV acclaimed period drama series Downton Abbey (2010–2012). He also starred as David in the thriller film The Guest (2014), Sir Lancelot in the adventure film Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb (2014), The Beast/Prince in Disney's live action adaptation of Beauty and the Beast (2017), Lorin Willis in the biographical legal drama Marshall (2017), Charles Dickens in the biographical drama The Man Who Invented Christmas (2017) and Russian Eurovision singer Alexander Lemtov in Eurovision Song Contest: The Story of Fire Saga (2020). From 2017 to 2019, he starred as David Haller in the FX series Legion. In 2018, he starred in the Netflix horror-thriller Apostle.
Early life
Stevens was adopted at birth by parents who were both teachers, and grew up in Wales and southeast England. He has a biological younger brother, Jason Andrew Stevens (b. 1984), who was adopted by different parents. Stevens boarded on a scholarship at Tonbridge School, an independent school in Kent. There he became interested in drama after auditioning for the title role in Macbeth with his teacher, novelist Jonathan Smith. From the age of 15, he spent his summers training and performing with the National Youth Theatre in London.
Stevens studied English Literature at Emmanuel College, Cambridge. While at Cambridge, he was a member of the Footlights with Stefan Golaszewski, Tim Key and Mark Watson, and was also active in the Marlowe Society. He was first spotted by director Peter Hall at a Marlowe Society production of Macbeth, in which he played the title character alongside Hall's daughter, Rebecca Hall.
Career
In 2004, Stevens began his professional acting career when Peter Hall cast him as Orlando in his touring production of Shakespeare's As You Like It. The tour took the production to the Rose Theatre in Kingston upon Thames, the Brooklyn Academy of Music in New York City, the Curran Theatre in San Francisco, and the Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles. His debut performance earned him glowing reviews from prominent critics in Britain and the United States, as well as a commendation at the 2004 Ian Charleson Awards.
In 2006, Stevens starred as Nick Guest in the BBC adaptation of Alan Hollinghurst's Booker Prize-winning novel The Line of Beauty. Later that year, he played Simon Bliss in Hay Fever by Noël Coward at London's Haymarket Theatre, alongside Peter Bowles and Dame Judi Dench; the director was Peter Hall. He also performed as Lord Holmwood in an adaptation of Dracula for the BBC, and as Basil Brookes in the BBC Emmy Award-winning film, Maxwell. That same year, he was named one of Screen International's 2006 Stars Of Tomorrow.
In 2008, Stevens appeared in the BBC adaptation of Jane Austen's novel, Sense & Sensibility, playing Edward Ferrars, and the West End revival of Noël Coward's The Vortex. In January 2009, he appeared on New Year's Day in Agatha Christie's Marple: Nemesis on ITV1 in Britain. He also appeared in an adaptation of The Turn of the Screw featuring future Downton Abbey costar Michelle Dockery. In June 2009, he returned to the West End, playing Septimus Hodge in an acclaimed revival of Tom Stoppard's Arcadia at the Duke of York's Theatre.
In 2010, Stevens got his biggest break when he was cast as Matthew Crawley in the ITV series Downton Abbey, created and written by Oscar-winning screenwriter Julian Fellowes. The series went on to be a global sensation and has been nominated for several Emmy, BAFTA, Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Awards since its debut. The central love story of Matthew Crawley and his distant cousin, Lady Mary Crawley, played by Michelle Dockery, was enormously popular. Determined to move on with his career, Stevens chose to leave the series after finishing the third season and the Christmas Special in 2012. His exit caused a huge uproar with fans, who notably took to Twitter and other social media sites to express their anger at the character's death.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv-movies/downton-hit-storm-matthew-death-article-1.1267226 |title=Downton Abbey' team tries to reassure fans after criticism over death of Dan Stevens' Matthew Crawley | work=NY Daily News | date=19 February 2013}}</ref> Fellowes later explained that Stevens did not give sufficient notice for a less drastic departure.
In November 2011, Stevens guest-hosted an episode of Have I Got News for You. In March 2012, he completed shooting Vamps, the latest film from Amy Heckerling, and Summer in February, an Edwardian romance film set in an artist colony. Also in 2012, Stevens moved with his family to New York City, when he made his Broadway debut that year opposite Jessica Chastain and David Strathairn in The Heiress.
In 2014, Stevens starred in the independent film The Guest, winning critical acclaim for his portrayal of a recently discharged army veteran who goes on a killing spree to protect his true identity. He earned a Saturn Award for Best Actor nomination for his performance. Also in 2014, he appeared in the magic realism comedy-drama film The Cobbler, and in the dark action film A Walk Among the Tombstones. He played a simulacrum of Sir Lancelot in the 2014 comedy film Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb.
In February 2016, Stevens was cast in the lead role of David Charles Haller in the FX series Legion, an X-Men-related drama created by Noah Hawley. The first season began airing in February 2017 and received critical acclaim; a second season aired the next year, and was renewed for a third season in June 2018.
In 2017, Stevens lent his voice as the Beast, opposite Emma Watson as Belle, in Disney's live-action adaptation of Beauty and the Beast, directed by Bill Condon. The film was released in March 2017 to positive reviews, and earned over $1.2 billion in worldwide box office revenue, making it the highest-grossing live-action musical film, the second highest-grossing film of 2017, and the 17th highest-grossing film of all time. At the same year, he appeared in Marshall with Chadwick Boseman, Josh Gad and Kate Hudson, and The Man Who Invented Christmas, directed by Bharat Nalluri, and co-starring Christopher Plummer and Jonathan Pryce.
In 2018, Stevens starred in the Netflix thriller film Apostle, directed by Gareth Huw Evans. In 2019, Stevens co-starred in the drama Lucy in the Sky, released in September 2019. It co-stars Natalie Portman and Jon Hamm, and is directed by Legion creator, Noah Hawley.
In 2020, Stevens co-starred alongside Harrison Ford in The Call of the Wild, released on 21 February 2020. The film is based on the American classic novel by Jack London. He also returned to Broadway to star in Martin McDonagh's dark comedy Hangmen. The Atlantic Theater Company production co-starred Mark Addy and Ewen Bremner. Stevens played the pivotal role of Mooney. The production was to have a 20-week limited engagement at the Golden Theatre in Manhattan. Previews began on 29 February, however the production's run was suspended on 11 March, before it had officially opened, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 20 March the producers announced with regret that the production was closed permanently. All Broadway theatres were shut down soon afterwards. The same year, he appears as an "absurdly lascivious" Russian crooner in the Netflix musical comedy film Eurovision Song Contest: The Story of Fire Saga, co-starring with Will Ferrell and Rachel McAdams.
In 2021, Stevens played a robot in the German language sci-fi romance I'm Your Man.
Other work
Stevens has narrated over 30 audiobooks, including Casino Royale, Wolf Hall and War Horse. In 2014, he was nominated for two Audie Awards, in the Classic category and Solo Narration (Male) category for Frankenstein.
Outside acting, Stevens maintains an interest in writing and literature and is editor-at-large for The Junket, an online quarterly that he co-founded in 2011 with some friends. He was a member of the judging panel for the 2012 Man Booker Prize for Fiction, and was a regular columnist for the Sunday Telegraph.
A cricket enthusiast, he played for the Authors XI team, which is composed of a number of prominent British writers, in 2012. He also contributed a chapter to the team's book The Authors XI: A Season of English Cricket from Hackney to Hambledon'', which was shortlisted for the 2014 Cricket Society and M.C.C. Book of the Year Award.
Personal life
In 2009, Stevens married South African jazz singer and singing teacher Susie Stevens. They have three children. He is fluent in French and German.
Filmography
Film
Television
Other works
Stage
Audiobook narrator
Radio and audio drama
Podcasts
References
External links
1982 births
Living people
21st-century English male actors
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
English adoptees
English male film actors
English male Shakespearean actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
English male voice actors
Male actors from Kent
Male actors from London
National Youth Theatre members
People educated at Tonbridge School
People from Croydon
Audiobook narrators |
4024727 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme%20Labrooy | Graeme Labrooy | Graeme Fredrick Labrooy (; born June 7, 1964, in Colombo) is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in nine Tests and 44 ODIs from 1986 to 1992. He was the chairman of selectors for the national team and currently serves as an international match referee. His younger brother Wendell Labrooy is also a first-class cricketer and match referee. Labrooy holds the unique distinction of never playing any of his nine test matches at home. He had modelled his text book bowling action on Richard Hadlee and he was regarded as a huge fan of Hadlee.
Playing career
He pursued his education at Maris Stella College in Negombo. He played school cricket for Maris Stella College and captained the Maris Stella College cricket team. In 1981, he was part of the Sri Lankan school cricket team which toured England. In 1983, he was voted as the Best Outstation Schoolboy Cricketer of the Year and was also voted as best school all-rounder and best school bowler in the same year. He initially pursued his career as a spinner when he was in his mid 13s to 15s but later decided to become a seamer in his school cricket days.
A right-hand bat and right-arm fast medium bowler, Labrooy took 124 first class wickets at 33.56, but struggled in the international arena with averages in the mid-40s. He made his ODI debut on 27 November 1986 along with Hashan Tillakaratne against India during the 1986–87 Champions Trophy. A month later, he made his test debut against India on 17 December 1986 and batted as a tailender on debut while also recorded expensive bowling figures of 1/164. Together with his moderate batting ability, he enjoyed occasional all round success. During an ODI against Australia at the 1989 Benson & Hedges World Series, he became the first player ever to be dismissed on the very second ball faced by a batsman in an ODI innings after hitting a six off the first ball. In the same match against Australia, Max Walker who was the commentator for Channel Nine made a stir regarding his name by comparing his name with fellow Sri Lankan cricketers names which were relatively longer than Labrooy. He also became the first player to be dismissed with a batting strike rate of 300 in an ODI match. He took his maiden test five-wicket haul against Australia at The Gabba in Brisbane in 1989.
In a test match against New Zealand in 1991 at Auckland, he took seven wickets and batting at number 9 position he smacked 70 from just 80 deliveries taking only 89 minutes out of which 60 off those runs came in boundaries (hammering 12 fours and 2 sixes). It also turned out to be his last test match appearance for Sri Lanka. Due to political tension in Sri Lanka, his nine Test matches were sporadic and all played abroad. During his short test career, he established new ball partnership with Rumesh Ratnayake. He was part of the Sri Lankan squad at the 1992 Cricket World Cup, his maiden and only World Cup tournament and also the tournament incidentally marked his last international appearance for Sri Lanka.
He played one domestic season for Negombo Cricket Club and then represented Basnahira North and Colombo Cricket Club in domestic cricket from 1983 to 1991. He retired from professional cricket in 1992 after featuring in one domestic season for Galle Cricket Club.
Referee
After retirement, Labrooy became a board member of the Federation of International Cricketers' Associations, and served as an international referee. In 2010, he was appointed in the Asian regional match referee panel by the International Cricket Council. He had previously officiated as a match referee in Sri Lankan domestic cricket matches until 2009.
His first appearance at an ICC event as match referee came during the 2000 ICC Under-19 World Cup. He then went onto officiate as an international match referee at the 2012 ICC T20 World Cup, 2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier, 2017 Women's Cricket World Cup, 2018 ICC Women's T20 World Cup, 2018 Under-19 Cricket World Cup and 2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier. His first official T20I as match referee came during a match between Canada and Afghanistan at the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier. His first ODI as match referee came during a match between Scotland and Afghanistan at the ICC World Cricket League Championship in 2013.
He had also served as match referee in the Indian Premier League in 2013, 2014 and 2015 seasons and also in the inaugural edition of the Abu Dhabi T10 League. He also served as a match referee in the inaugural edition of the Lanka Premier League in 2020.
In January 2020, he was named as one of the three match referees for the 2020 Under-19 Cricket World Cup tournament in South Africa.
Selection committee
In 2005, he was appointed as the secretary of Sri Lanka Cricketers' Association (SLCA) and resigned from the position in 2011.
On 15 September 2017, Labrooy was appointed as the chief selector of the national team replacing Sanath Jayasuriya. He along with former selector, Asanka Gurusinha and three new persons included former national team manager Jeryl Woutersz, former Sri Lanka wicketkeeper Gamini Wickremasinghe, and former domestic Sri Lankan cricketer, Sajith Fernando were appointed in the selection committee. In 2018, he was appointed in a temporary seven member cricket advisory committee by the Sports ministry (with the intervention of the then sports minister Faizer Mustapha) which functioned until the Sri Lanka Cricket Elections. In June 2018, he was reappointed as the chief selector of national cricket team replacing Asanka Gurusinha. However, when he was reappointed as the chief selector of the team, concerns were raised over the conflict-of-interest whereas Labrooy was also serving as one of the match referees in the ICC elite panel. In November 2018, he was replaced by Ashantha de Mel as the chief selector.
Business
Labrooy had also worked for Brandix apparel industry and also for Finlays Insurance brokers.
References
External links
1964 births
Alumni of Trinity College, Kandy
Basnahira North cricketers
Burgher sportspeople
Cricketers from Colombo
Living people
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Cricketers at the 1992 Cricket World Cup
Alumni of Maris Stella College
Colombo Cricket Club cricketers
Negombo Cricket Club cricketers
Galle Cricket Club cricketers
Cricket match referees
People from Western Province, Sri Lanka |
4024728 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%20in%20New%20Zealand%20television | 1989 in New Zealand television | This is a list of New Zealand television-related events in 1989.
Events
3 April – Network News at Six was reduced in duration from an hour to 30 minutes; Holmes premiered on TV One and screened at 6.30pm (right after Network News at Six); and the regional news programmes – Top Half (Auckland), Today Tonight (Wellington), The Mainland Touch (Christchurch) and The South Tonight (Dunedin) – were transferred to Network Two at 5.45pm.
3 April – New Zealand quiz show Sale of the Century premiered and screened weeknights at 7pm on Network Two (right after the Australian soap Neighbours). By the end of July, the show was transferred to TV One and Neighbours was moved to a 'double episode' format from 6.30-7.30pm.
August – Network Two was renamed as Channel 2. Despite the name being used as "Channel 2", it was seen on screen as just "Network Two" until October.
October – A new look for Channel 2 was unveiled.
6 November – Breakfast television – weekdays from 6.30am and weekends from 7am – was introduced to Channel 2 with an early morning news service called Breakfast News with Tom Bradley as anchor and Penelope Barr as weather presenter. Breakfast News initially aired as a half hour bulletin on Channel 2 at 7am, with a five-minute news and weather update at 8am, before switching to five-minute news and weather bulletins at 7am, 7.30am, 8am and 8.30am by January 1990. Cartoons, Sesame Street and British sitcom reruns were shown throughout the morning, although Sesame Street was still shown on Tuesday and Thursday afternoons until December 1989, and Aerobics Oz Style and the US soaps Santa Barbara and Days of Our Lives were transferred from TV One to Channel 2.
11 November – Saturday morning television was introduced to Channel 2 with a brand new wrapper programme called The Breakfast Club with Jason Gunn as host. What Now and other children's programmes on weekend mornings were transferred from TV One to Channel 2.
26 November – TV3 commenced broadcasting with a two-hour Grand Preview from 8pm.
27 November – TV3's regular programming began at 7am with The Early Bird Show and news updates on the half hour.
5 December – Australian soap Home and Away premiered in New Zealand with the series initially transmitting on TV3 in a double episode format on Tuesdays and Wednesdays at 7.30-8.30pm.
8 December – The final editions of Top Half (Auckland) and Today Tonight (Wellington) were broadcast on Channel 2 at 5.45pm.
Debuts
Domestic
13 February – After 2 (Network Two) (1989-1991)
13 February – 3:45 Live (Network Two) (1989-1990)
2 April – CV (Network Two) (1989)
3 April – Holmes (TV One) (1989-2004)
3 April – Sale of the Century (Network Two) (1989-1993)
5 April – Shark in the Park (TV One) (1989-1991)
13 April – Missing (TV One) (1989)
7 May – LIFE (Life in the Fridge Exists) (Network Two) (1989-1991)
12 June – The Mostly Useful Job Guide (Network Two) (1989)
18 June – Don't Tell Me (Network Two) (1989)
18 June – Strangers (Network Two) (1989)
9 July – The Shadow Trader (Network Two) (1989)
15 July – Space Knights (Network Two) (1989)
30 July – Hotshotz (Network Two) (1989)
10 September – Night of the Red Hunter (Network Two) (1989)
14 September – Ten Out of Ten (Network Two) (1989-1990)
30 September – Saturday Live (Network Two) (1989-1990)
8 October – The Champion (Channel 2) (1989)
30 October – Blind Date (Channel 2) (1989-1991)
11 November – The Breakfast Club (Channel 2) (1989-1991)
27 November – The Early Bird Show (TV3) (1989-1992)
27 November – LaughINZ (TV3) (1989-1990)
27 November – Perfect Match (TV3) (1989-1990)
1 December – Letter to Blanchy (TV3) (1989)
3 December – Country Kiwi and the Cool City Cat (Channel 2) (1989)
International
8 January – Probe (Network Two)
13 January – The Survival Factor (Network Two)
12 February – The Adventures of Snelgrove Snail (TV One)
12 February – TUGS (TV One)
1 April – TV 101 (Network Two)
1 April – AlfTales (TV One)
3 April – A Little Princess (1986) (Network Two)
3 April – The Duck Factory (Network Two)
3 April – Storybook Classics (Network Two)
3 April – / Jim Henson's Mother Goose Stories (Network Two)
5 April – Dear John (USA) (Network Two)
5 April – No Frills (TV One)
6 April – Stoppit and Tidyup (TV One)
7 April – Mission: Impossible (1988) (Network Two)
25 April – Jem (Network Two)
27 April – Count Duckula (Network Two)
29 April – Saturday Night Clive (TV One)
7 May – Tube Mice (TV One)
7 May – Tumbledown Farm (TV One)
14 May – Return Journey (TV One)
14 May – Duet (Network Two)
14 May – Live at City Hall (TV One)
16 May – Charlie Chalk (TV One)
30 May – Gruey (Network Two)
3 June – J.J. Starbuck (Network Two)
3 June – A Bit of a Do (TV One)
4 June – For the Love of Richard (TV One)
4 June – Heirs and Grace (TV One)
5 June – // The Blood of Others (Network Two)
7 June – Streets Apart (TV One)
11 June – Six Women Writers (TV One)
11 June – Colin's Sandwich (TV One)
15 June – Paradise (Network Two)
26 June – China Beach (Network Two)
28 June – Hannay (TV One)
29 June – Poor Little Rich Girl: The Barbara Hutton Story (Network Two)
30 June – Chish 'n' Fips (Network Two)
2 July – Gran (TV One)
4 July – Surgical Spirit (TV One)
5 July – / Max Headroom (Network Two)
5 July – The Tin Soldier (Network Two)
19 July – Joint Account (TV One)
21 July – Dusty (Network Two)
26 July – Annie McGuire (Network Two)
26 July – Four Hours in My Lai (TV One)
5 August – The Prodigious Hickey (Channel 2)
9 August – Day by Day (Channel 2)
9 August – The Consultant (TV One)
10 August – Hothouse (Channel 2)
14 August – Rockliffe's Folly (TV One)
16 August – The Boy in the Bush (Channel 2)
19 August – Poker Alice (Channel 2)
19 August – The Impossible Spy (TV One)
22 August – Starring the Actors (Channel 2)
31 August – Bottle Boys (TV One)
1 September – / Hello Kitty's Furry Tale Theater (TV One)
2 September – Aaron's Way (Channel 2)
3 September – A Pup Named Scooby-Doo (TV One)
7 September – The Comedy Company (Channel 2)
7 September – / Denver, the Last Dinosaur (Channel 2)
13 September – Round the Bend (Channel 2)
25 September – Piece of Cake (TV One)
4 October – The New Yogi Bear Show (Channel 2)
4 October – Imaginary Friends (TV One)
4 October – Two by Two (TV One)
9 October – Nightingales (Channel 2)
27 October – Doris (Channel 2)
30 October – / City Lights (TV One)
30 October – The Man Who Lived at the Ritz (Channel 2)
2 November – Mr Majeika (Channel 2)
3 November – Terror at London Bridge (Channel 2)
5 November – The Show Boat Story (Channel 2)
6 November – Strike It Rich (TV One)
6 November – / Babar (Channel 2)
6 November – Glass Babies (Channel 2)
9 November – Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics (Channel 2)
9 November – // Fantastic Max (Channel 2)
10 November – Fraggle Rock: The Animated Series (Channel 2)
12 November – Jim Henson's The Storyteller (Channel 2)
21 November – / My Pet Monster (Channel 2)
27 November – Garfield and Friends (TV3)
27 November – / Dennis the Menace (1986) (TV3)
27 November – / Dinosaucers (TV3)
27 November – The Mickey Mouse Club (1989) (TV3)
27 November – The Real Ghostbusters (TV3)
27 November – Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987) (TV3)
27 November – The Shiralee (TV3)
28 November – The Nutt House (TV3)
1 December – In the Heat of the Night (TV3)
2 December – Mighty Mouse and Friends (TV3)
2 December – Family Matters (TV3)
2 December – Midnight Caller (TV3)
2 December – High Mountain Rangers (TV3)
3 December – Murphy Brown (TV3)
4 December – The Shoe People (TV3)
5 December – Home and Away (TV3)
7 December – Houston Knights (TV3)
8 December – Empty Nest (TV3)
8 December – Baby Boom (Channel 2)
8 December – Hey Dad..! (TV3)
8 December – Rafferty's Rules (TV3)
10 December – Barney (Channel 2)
10 December – It's Punky Brewster (TV3)
10 December – My Secret Identity (TV3)
10 December – Voltron (TV3)
10 December – Chocky (TV3)
20 December – Have Faith (TV One)
30 December – / East of the Moon (Channel 2)
30 December – Morris Goes to School (Channel 2)
Dadah is Death (Channel 2)
New channels
26 November – TV3
Changes to network affiliation
This is a list of programs which made their premiere on a New Zealand television network that had previously premiered on another New Zealand television network. The networks involved in the switch of allegiances are predominantly both free-to-air networks or both subscription television networks. Programs that have their free-to-air/subscription television premiere, after previously premiering on the opposite platform (free-to air to subscription/subscription to free-to air) are not included. In some cases, programs may still air on the original television network. This occurs predominantly with programs shared between subscription television networks.
Domestic
International
Television shows
Play School (1972–1990)
University Challenge (1976–1989, 2014–present)
What Now (1981–present)
Gloss (1987–1990)
Betty's Bunch (1989)
Blind Date (1989–1991)
The Early Bird Show (1989–1992)
Shark in the Park (1989–1992)
After 2 (1989–1991)
3:45 Live (1989–1990)
Ending this year
16 April – Worzel Gummidge Down Under (also United Kingdom) (1987–1989)
5 November – University Challenge (1976–1989, 2014–present)
Betty's Bunch (1989)
1980s in New Zealand television |
4024729 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Rodes%20Buchanan | Joseph Rodes Buchanan | Joseph Rodes Buchanan (December 11, 1814 – December 26, 1899) was an American physician and professor of physiology at the Eclectic Medical Institute in Cincinnati, Ohio. Buchanan proposed the terms Psychometry and Sarcognomy.
Early life
Joseph Rodes Buchanan was born on December 11, 1814, in Frankfort, Kentucky to Dr. Joseph Buchanan. He attended Transylvania University and while studying medicine, he became interested in the structure and function of the brain.
Career
Buchanan came to prominence in the 1840s when mesmerism and spiritualism were popularized. He is given credit for coining the term "Psychometry" (soul-measuring) as the name of his own "science" whereby knowledge is acquired directly by the "psychometer" (the instrument of the soul). Having promoted his science from the 1840s onward in 1893 he released a comprehensive treatise entitled Manual of Psychometry: the Dawn of a New Civilization in which he predicted that Psychometry would eventually supersede and revolutionize every other field of science. Though himself a physician in lectures he denounced contemporary schools of medicine as "educated ignorance" while promoting Psychometry and appealing to Spiritualists. His work inspired other Spiritualism-based scientists such as Stephen Pearl Andrews.
Psychologist Joseph Jastrow criticized Buchanan's work on psychometry as based on delusion and wishful thinking.
Buchanan became the chair of "Physiology and the Institutes of Medicine" at the Eclectic Medical Institute in Cincinnati, Ohio. He maintained this position from 1851 to 1856 and became dean of the faculty. Buchanan published for five years "Buchanan's Journal of Man", a publication based on his anthropology. He also wrote the book "Primitive Christianity".
In 1857, Buchanan returned to Louisville and became engaged with politics. From 1863 to 1866, Buchanan was chairman of the Democratic State Central Committee.
Personal life
Buchanan married Anne Rowan, daughter of John Rowan, in December 1841.
Buchanan died on December 26, 1899, in San Jose, California. He was interred in Cincinnati.
Publications
Manual of Psychometry: The Dawn of a New Civilization (1893)
Periodicity: The Absolute Law of the Entire Universe (1897)
References
External links
1814 births
1899 deaths
People from Frankfort, Kentucky
American physiologists
American spiritualists
Parapsychologists
Transylvania University alumni |
4024733 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20Saviano | Nick Saviano | Nick Saviano (born June 5, 1956) is an American former tennis player and subsequent tennis coach.
Career
Saviano won one singles title during his career as a pro (1983 Lorraine Open). The left-hander reached his highest individual ranking on the professional ATP Tour on July 12, 1978, when he became the number 48 ranked player in the world. On October 7, 1979, he won a doubles title with John Lloyd in Hawaii. He was an All-American playing tennis for the Stanford Cardinal and has resided in Sunrise, FL.
Saviano was the coach of Canadian tennis pro Eugenie Bouchard during her greatest successes on the WTA Tour. He also has been the coach of former world No. 3, Sloane Stephens.
References
External links
1956 births
Living people
American male tennis players
American people of Italian descent
People from Sunrise, Florida
People from Teaneck, New Jersey
Sportspeople from Bergen County, New Jersey
Stanford Cardinal men's tennis players
Tennis people from Florida
Tennis people from New Jersey
American tennis coaches |
4024738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumboat | Bumboat | A bumboat is a small boat used to ferry supplies to ships moored away from the shore. The name comes from the combination of the Dutch word for a canoe—"boomschuit" ("boom" meaning "tree"), and "boat".
In Tobias Smollett's 1748 novel, The Adventures of Roderick Random, a "bumboat woman" conducts business with sailors imprisoned on board a pressing tender moored near the Tower Wharf on the Thames River, London, England.
In HMS Pinafore, W. S. Gilbert describes Little Buttercup as a Bumboat Woman.
In Singapore, the term "bumboat" is applied to small water taxis and boats that take tourists on short tours.
See also
References
External links
"The Bumboat Woman's Story"—one of W. S. Gilbert's Bab Ballads (from the Gilbert & Sullivan Archive)
Singaporean bumboat —photo by Rajit Vijayan
Boat types |
4024740 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity%20%28album%29 | Electricity (album) | Electricity is a 1994 album by New Zealand pianist Peter Jefferies. It was released on the Ajax Records label. The album includes reworkings of previous Jefferies tracks "Wined Up" and "Crossover" (from a 1993 7" recorded with Stephen Kilroy).
It was reissued via Superior Viaduct in 2015.
Critical reception
Trouser Press wrote that "Jefferies concentrates on the more melodious (if somber) end of things for most of the record, an approach that crystallizes beautifully on an album-ending cover of Barbara Manning’s 'Scissors.'”
Track listing
Personnel
Paul Cahill – guitar on "Crossover"
Shayne Carter – guitar on "Wined Up" and "Electricity", bass guitar on "Electricity"
John Harvey – sampler
Brendan Hoffman – production, engineering
Peter Jefferies – vocals, piano, keyboards, drums, guitar, bass guitar, cello, production, engineering
Robbie Muir – guitar on "Snare"
Bruce Russell – guitar on "Just Nothing"
References
External links
1994 albums
Peter Jefferies albums |
4024741 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic%20people | Nordic people | Nordic people may refer to:
Peoples inhabiting the Nordic countries
North Germanic peoples or Scandinavians, a group of related ethnic groups originating in the Nordic countries
Nordic race, a historical race concept largely covering populations of Northern Europe |
4024760 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easthampstead%20Park | Easthampstead Park | Easthampstead Park is a Victorian mansion in the civil parish of Bracknell in the English county of Berkshire. It is now a conference centre.
Location
Since the demise of Easthampstead parish, the house has been located in the western extremes of Bracknell parish, between the Southern Industrial Estate and Wokingham. It is surrounded by a estate, which, in 1786, had extended to 5,000 acres (20 km2). Some of this land is now taken up by the Downshire Golf Course.
Architecture
Easthampstead Park is listed by the Department for the Environment as "a building of historic and architectural interest, in Jacobean style with curved gables, pierced stone parapet and stone frontispiece of naive classicism". It was erected in 1864. The pitched roof and the cupolas above the towers were lost sometime between 1936 and present, perhaps following the 1949 fire.
History
Royal lodge
In the Middle Ages, Easthampstead was a part of Windsor Forest, and was reserved for royal hunting. King Edward III had a hunting lodge at Easthampstead, an easy ride from Windsor, which he had built in 1350.
Henry VII and his son Arthur, Prince of Wales arranged the latter's marriage to Catherine of Aragon at the lodge, and later rode out from here for their first meeting with the princess on Finchampstead Ridges. After the death of his brother in 1502, Henry VIII married Catherine as his first wife, and years later, she spent a miserable few years at Easthampstead Park, awaiting news of her husband's attempt to divorce her when his attentions turned to Anne Boleyn.
Sir John Mason (1503-1566) became Keeper of Easthampstead Park in 1548 and King James I enlarged and improved the estate, which was well stocked with deer.
Trumbull home
Charles I gave the Park to William Trumbull on 28 March 1629, in recognition of his service as ambassador to the Archduke Albert of Austria, Regent of the Netherlands, and later as Clerk of the Privy Council, on the condition that he maintain a herd of 200 deer for the King's recreation in the deer park. The royal hunting lodge was incorporated into a newly built mansion. William Trumbull died in September 1635 and is buried in Easthampstead parish church.
William Trumbull (2nd) lived from 1594 to 1668. In 1636, Charles I issued a charter to give Easthampstead Park to the Trumbulls permanently, confirming the gift of 1628. The charter had long been lost, but was recently discovered in London. It was subsequently purchased by Berkshire Record Office with support from the MLA/Victoria and Albert Museum Purchase Grant Fund.
Sir William Trumbull (3rd) (1639–1716) was the most distinguished of the family, active in the Royal service overseas. He was a fellow of All Souls College, Oxford and a barrister. Sir William Trumbull befriended Alexander Pope the poet, who lived in Binfield and was a frequent visitor to Easthampstead Park.
Another poet, Elijah Fenton, was tutor to William Trumbull (4th) (1708–1760). His only child, Mary Trumbull, married Martin Sandys in 1760. Their only child, Mary Sandys (1764–1836), married Arthur Hill, 2nd Marquess of Downshire (1753–1801) in 1786 and was later created Baroness Sandys.
Trumbull manuscripts
The Trumbull inheritance included 380 volumes of manuscripts collected by Sir William Trumbull (3rd). The archive, which features letters by Stuart kings, Philip II of Spain, Marie de Medici, Bacon, Donne, Dryden, Fenton, Pope and Weckherlin, had been on loan to Berkshire county record office. In the summer of 1989, the collection was sent to Sotheby's in London, with an estimate of £2.5m. But on the eve of the November sale, a deal was done with the Inland Revenue, the auction was cancelled and the British Library took the papers.
Marquess' estate
Arthur Hill succeeded as 2nd Marquess of Downshire on the death of his father Wills Hill in 1793, who started the building of Hillsborough Castle in Northern Ireland, completed in 1797.
They had five sons:
Arthur Blundell Sandys Trumbull Hill, 3rd Marquess of Downshire (1788–1845)
Arthur Moyses William Hill, 2nd Baron Sandys (1793–1860)
Arthur Marcus Cecil Sandys, 3rd Baron Sandys (1798–1863)
Arthur Augustus Edwin Sandys (1800–1831)
Major Lord George Augusta Sandys (1801–1879)
In a letter in May 1857, to a Mrs Russell of Thornhill, Jane Carlyle (wife of Thomas Carlyle), whose friend Lady Ashburton had recently died and who was suffering from influenza, wrote:
"In the meantime I am going for a week to Easthampstead Park (the Marquis of Downshire's), almost immediately. But these great grand Country Houses are not the places Nature prompts me to take my sick nerves and bad spirits to! Especially when I am not going as a sort of animated, still wholly irresponsible carpet-bag, with Mr. Carlyle's name on it, but on my own basis! ..."
Easthampstead house was only one of the properties of the Marquess of Downshire, who owned large estates of 115,000 acres (465 km2) in Northern Ireland. In 1860, the fourth Marquess, confusingly called Arthur Wills Blundell Sandys Trumbull Windsor Hill (1812–1868) demolished the old mansion, leaving only a stable block, and built the present house which was completed in 1864. At about the same time as the present mansion was erected, the Marchioness provided for the rebuilding of St Michael's parish church, Easthampstead where there are memorials to the Trumbull and Downshire families and to the poet, Elijah Fenton.
In 1885, King Edward VII visited Easthampstead Park while Prince of Wales. One of his handwritten letters, dated from the Park 18 June 1885, has been offered for sale by Heritage Auction Galleries of Dallas, Texas
.
The Downshires were very active in the affairs of Ireland, but Arthur Hill, 6th Marquess of Downshire (1871–1918) lived principally at Easthampstead Park until his death. These were the golden days of Easthampstead Park, especially during Royal Ascot week each year. The sixth Marquess and his son employed a large staff of gardeners and others, and took great personal interest in the estate, even assisting with the upkeep of the roads with their own steam roller. The Park also contained a miniature steam railway, since removed to a south coast resort. The old engine shed still survives near the original ha-ha at the edge of the current gardens however. The gardens are well stocked with a large number of mature trees of diverse and often exotic species.
During the Second World War, part of the Mansion was used by St Paul's School, which was evacuated from London. Until 1945, masters and boys lived in Crowthorne, lessons took place in Easthampstead Park, while Wellington College lent playing fields and laboratories. The Army made use of the Park and built many Nissen huts. The Army's presence attracted German aircraft in 1941 which dropped a stick of bombs down the main drive, the last one hitting the Lodge at the main gate.
College and school
After the War, Easthampstead Park was sold to Berkshire County Council. After repairs following a fire in 1949, a training college for women teachers was opened, the mansion was altered and extended, and a new gymnasium and study block, now known as the Whitfield building was erected. Tennis courts were built or renovated, but one at the edge of the park is derelict. A Christmas Party in the well of the main staircase was held every year during the life of the college. There was a library situated behind the main hall, and the students developed their own garden near to one of the tennis courts. During the period, the gardens contained a vegetable garden near to the present school. Dances were organised regularly in the main hall.
In 1968, Easthampstead Park College was amalgamated with Bulmershe College to form the Berkshire College of Education. The last students training to teach were withdrawn from Easthampstead Park in 1972, when an Educational Centre was opened, initially comprising an adult residential college and Easthampstead Park School.
In 1984 SEBEV Search and Rescue moved into the basement area of the mansion which was already being used as a government nuclear fallout shelter. SEBEV SAR is still there to this day.
In 1995, Easthampstead Park School relocated to a new location nearby and the mansion is now used as Easthampstead Park Conference Centre and Bracknell Forest Education Centre. Inside the mansion, rooms are named after the Trumbull, Sandys, Hill and Downshire families and their estates, and former staff of the college such as Wylie and Lewis.
Coincidentally, the school's first Headteacher, Derrick Hurd had previously been the first Head of John Mason School in Abingdon, named after the Oxfordshire spy and diplomat who, in the 16th Century had been keeper of the Easthampstead Park estate.
References
External links
SEBEV Search and Rescue
Easthampstead Park Conference Centre
Bracknell
Exhibition and conference centres in England
Country houses in Berkshire
Jacobethan architecture
Hill family |
4024765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilling-Stevens | Tilling-Stevens | Tilling-Stevens was a British manufacturer of buses and other commercial vehicles, based in Maidstone, Kent. Originally established in 1897, it became a specialist in petrol-electric vehicles. It continued as an independent manufacturer until 1950, when it was acquired by the Rootes Group.
W A Stevens of Maidstone
W.A. Stevens was established in Maidstone in 1897 by William Arthur Stevens and had by 1906 built its first petrol-electric vehicle using designs patented by Percival (Percy) Frost-Smith. A petrol engine was connected to an electrical generator and the current produced passed to a traction motor which drove the rear wheels. W.A. Stevens also patented a system for converting conventional petrol buses for either battery-electric or petrol-electric propulsion, patent GB190820210.
Percy Frost-Smith
Percival Harry Frost-Smith was Managing Director of Tilling-Stevens Ltd in 1915/1916 and he obtained several patents for improvements to motor vehicles between 1908 and 1918. These included:
With William Arthur Stevens, Worm drive for vehicles
With Francis Edwin Brown, Improvements in and relating to Worm Drive for Mechanically Propelled Vehicles
With Victor Snow Robinson, Improvements in and connected with the Electric Lighting of Vehicles
With Tilling-Stevens Ltd, Improved Means of Control for Petrol Electric Vehicles
Francis Edwin Brown was a son of David Brown, of David Brown Ltd.
Buses
Hallford-Stevens and Dennis-Stevens
The petrol-electric transmission was fitted to chassis built by J & E Hall, of Dartford who used the trade name "Hallford" so these were known as "Hallford-Stevens".
Transmissions were also supplied to Dennis Bros, of Guildford these vehicles were named "Dennis-Stevens".
Tilling-Stevens
An arrangement was agreed with a large bus operator, Thomas Tilling, who wanted to produce their own vehicles named Tilling-Stevens. The ease of driving and soundness of construction of these vehicles soon led to the company supplying chassis to many bus operators in the UK, and several abroad as well. According to the website of the Transport Museum Wythall the simpler to operate petrol-electric transmission was popular among bus drivers rather than the conventional crash gearbox (in the days before synchromesh) as few bus staff had previously driven motor vehicles. Tilling-Stevens Motors Ltd was obliged to consolidate its position with bus operators during World War I because the Army considered their petrol-electric chassis were not suitable for use in France. The low-mounted electrical items were considered vulnerable.
Many men were trained to drive during the War on vehicles with conventional gearboxes and developments in gearbox design made their vehicles quieter, more reliable and lighter, resulting in better economy. All this combined to lead to a decline in popularity of the Tilling-Stevens' and other Petrol Electric systems. By the 1930s, TS chassis were being produced with conventional petrol/diesel engines, gearboxes and transmission.
Tilling-Stevens split from Thomas Tilling in 1930 and renamed itself T S Motors Ltd (TSM) in 1932, but were again renamed Tilling-Stevens in 1937, before World War II had broken out.
Tilling-Stevens was still manufacturing buses after World War II, with a large order built in 1947/1948 for export to Hong Kong (China Motor Bus (108) & Kowloon Motor Bus (50)).
Trolleybuses
Tilling-Stevens also produced trolleybuses. An existing customer in respect of petrol-electric buses, Wolverhampton Corporation, decided to replace trams with trolleybuses on one route of their Corporation Tramway and asked Tilling to supply them. The result was an adapted version of the hybrid TS6 model with electrical components by BTH of Bath, Somerset, and body by Dodson. The first six entered service in 1923. Further orders followed from Halifax Corporation and in 1924 the general manager of the Teesside Railless Traction Board designed a trolleybus chassis which was built by Tilling-Stevens. This chassis (designated PERC1) could use a petrol engine to drive the dynamo and power the traction motor as well as being able to take overhead power.
The company subsequently purchased the rights to the Teesside design after receiving enquiries from abroad but domestic production ceased after 1927. Following the initial split from Thomas Tilling, the company produced one further new chassis which was exhibited at the 1930 Scottish Motor Show. Only one sale was made, to Turin, Italy.
Goods vehicles
Tilling-Stevens also produced goods chassis available with either petrol-electric or conventional gearbox transmissions and built many trucks during World War I. Their cast aluminium radiators were distinctive, with "Tilling-Stevens" cast into the top and either "Petrol-Electric" or "Maidstone" into the bottom tanks.
After the war, they failed to invest in updating their products and ended up building mainly buses. Tilling-Stevens therefore acquired Vulcan Trucks of Southport, Lancashire in 1938 to extend their range (and use Vulcan petrol engines). Production stayed at Maidstone, and Vulcan's production was also relocated there.
The unusual electric transmission became less of an advantage as other makers developed their simpler mechanical transmissions to be reliable and easier to drive. Tilling-Stevens specialised in some unusual markets where the transmission could offer a particular advantage, by also using it as a generator. Some early turntable ladder fire engines were produced where arc lamps for lighting and the electric motors to raise the ladder could be powered by it.
In the 1930s the lorries also lost the large cast radiators in favour of first a thinner cast aluminium shell and then a cheaper steel pressed bonnet and a small diamond-shaped "TSM" badge.
Leading up to World War II they specialised in the searchlight trucks for which they are probably still best known today.
Rootes Group
In 1950, the company was sold to Rootes Group. Complete vehicle production ceased in 1953, as Rootes' own truck brands had developed heavier trucks themselves. The plant continued to produce light commercial engines (particularly the iconic Commer TS3 two-stroke diesel, which had been intended for introduction by Tilling-Stevens in 1954) and vehicle bodies, before finally closing in the 1970s, some years after the group had been acquired by Chrysler.
Factory
Tilling-Stevens factory was situated in St Peter's St, Maidstone. The factory buildings, built in the 1920s in the Daylight style, survive as of 2012. They were Listed as Grade II in July 2011. It is described as "one few buildings of this style not to have undergone significant alteration from the original".
Petrol Electric engines and their Legacy
The Tilling-Stevens petrol-electric bus is interesting as an early example of a hybrid vehicle, although without any direct engine propulsion or battery storage.
As the petrol engine ran continuously and its chassis weight with a large, heavy motor/dynamo pair was much higher than a mechanical gearbox, it was less fuel efficient than a competing mechanical transmission chassis type. Once mechanical gearbox transmissions were developed enough to become reliable, quiet and easy enough to use, this inefficiency contributed to its demise. Another reason was the simple and fairly inefficient electrical control system, the best that could be achieved in the absence of "modern" electronics. However hybrid petrol-electric cars, such as the Toyota Prius, are now seen as being a partial solution towards cutting carbon dioxide emissions and reducing the risks of damaging global warming.
Many Tilling Stevens Petrol Electric vehicles ended their days as mobile caravans or lorries with travelling fairs and showground people, where the electrical generation could be useful for other things than merely to move the vehicle. Some chassis survived beyond being direct road transport to become generator trailers for these fairs. This helped maintain a stock of dynamo and motor units and even chassis, making restorations possible.
Driving a Petrol-Electric
With the electrical generator (a large dynamo) for the motor permanently connected to the petrol engine, the early petrol electric controls available were a sprung return throttle pedal (with a hand-operated variable latching throttle to set and adjust the idle speed), a brake pedal, a means of steering (wheel, etc.) and two usually column mounted levers. One centre off lever operated a three position changeover switch to permit running in either direction, and the other lever operated a wiper across a bank of large high current wire wound resistances which affected the motor and dynamo fields, to give the electrical effect of gearing. It was very important to set the minimum possible idle speed, or when engaging the direction switch excess load on the system and possible unwanted movement will occur. The resistance "gear" lever is then set to max torque, and then the direction lever set to (say) forward. On releasing the handbrake and pressing the throttle pedal a little the vehicle will glide away smoothly. Giving more throttle and gradually altering the resistance lever will then produce higher speed, with none of the jerking and pauses in acceleration of a gearbox. To stop, the throttle pedal is released, the resistance lever is brought back to "slow speed", the brake applied and as rest is achieved the forward/reverse lever moved to neutral and handbrake applied. There is however NO engine braking available as from a mechanical drive changed into a lower gear, so the system relies totally on the mechanical wheel brakes, which on early chassis applied to the rear axle only.
Apart from the Throttle, engine management controls were usually only a Choke lever and Ignition Advance/Retard for starting the hand cranked engine. On magneto ignition models there would be a simple switch to short the magneto and so stop the engine running.
See also
Leyland L60
References
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Defunct bus manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Defunct truck manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Rootes Group
Defunct companies based in Kent
British companies established in 1897
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1897
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1950
1897 establishments in England
1950 disestablishments in England
British companies disestablished in 1950 |
4024767 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit%20Parade%201 | Hit Parade 1 | In 1992, The Wedding Present decided to release a limited edition single every month, each featuring an original track on the A side and a cover on the B side. The tracks were compiled as two LPs called Hit Parade 1 and Hit Parade 2 and re-released as a double CD in 2003 called The Hit Parade.
The plan to release 12 singles in a year was an attempt to match Elvis Presley's record of 12 top 40 singles in a year which he had achieved in 1957. The singles, each in an edition of 10,000, were deleted soon after release. They were critically acclaimed and each charted in the top 40.
Revisiting the album in 2013, the band played all the songs on their UK and European tour.
Track listing
"Blue Eyes"
"Go Go Dancer"
"Three"
"Silver Shorts"
"Come Play With Me"
"California"
"Cattle and Cane" (The Go-Betweens)
"Don't Cry No Tears" (Neil Young and Crazy Horse)
"Think That it Might" (Altered Images)
"Falling" (Julee Cruise)
"Pleasant Valley Sunday" (The Monkees)
"Let's Make Some Plans" (Close Lobsters)
References
1992 compilation albums
The Wedding Present albums |
4024769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wettstein%20system | Wettstein system | A system of plant taxonomy, the Wettstein system recognised the following main groups, according to Richard Wettstein's Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik (1901–1924).
3rd edition (1924)
Outline
Synopsis
Flagellatae p. 65
Myxophyta p. 69
Schizophyta
Schizophyceae
Schizomycetes
Zygophyta
Peridinieae
Bacillarieae
Centricae
Pennatae
Conjugatae
Phaeophytae
Rhodophyta
Bangieae
Florideae
Euphallophyta
Chlorophyceae
Fungi
Eumycetes
Phycomycetes
Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes
Lichenes
Ascolichenes
Basidiolichenes
Cormophyta
Archegoniatae
Bryophyta
Musci
Hepaticae
Pteridophyta
Psilophytinae
Lycopodiinae
Psilotinae
Equisetinae
Isoëtinae
Filicinae
Cycadofilicinae
Anthophyta
Gymnospermae
Cycadinae
Bennettitinae
Cordaitinae
Gingkoinae
Coniferae
Gnetinae
Angiospermae p. 467
Dicotyledones p. 539
Choripetalae
Monochlamydeae p. 540
Dialypetalae
Sympetalae
Monocotyledones p. 848
Scheme
Flagellatae p. 65
I. phylum Schizophyta
1. classis Schizophyceae
2. classis Schizomycetes
II. phylum Monadophyta
III. phylum Myxophyta p. 69
IV. phylum Conjugatophyta
V. phylum Bacillariophyta
VI. phylum Conjugatae
VII. phylum Rhodophyta
1. classis Bang|1924|loc=[]ieae
2. classis Florideae
VIII. phylum Euthallophyta
1. classis Chlorophyceae
2. classis Fungi
A. Eumycetes
1. subclassis Phycomycetes
2. subclassis Ascomycetes
3. subclassis Basidiomycetes
B. Lichenes
1. subclassis Ascolichenes
2. subclassis Basidiolichenes
IX. phylum Cormophyta
I. divisio Archegoniatae
Bryophyta
1. subdivisio Bryophyta
1. classis Musci
2. classis Hepaticae
Pteridophyta
2. subdivisio Pteridophyta
1. classis Psilophytinae
2. classis Lycopodiinae
3. classis Psilotinae
4. classis Articulatae
5. classis Filicinae
II. divisio Anthophyta
1. subdivisio Gymnospermae
1. classis Pteridospermae
2. classis Cycadinae
3. classis Benettitinae
4. classis Cordaïtinae
5. classis Ginkgoinae
6. classis Coniferae
7. classis Gnetinae
2. subdivisio Angiospermae
1. classis Dicotyledones
1. subclassis Choripetalae
A. Monochlamideae
B. Dialypetalae
2. subclassis Sympetalae
2. classis Monocotyledones
Gymnospermae
1. subdivisio Gymnospermae
1. classis Pteridospermae (fossil only)
2. classis Cycadinae
1. familia Cycadaceae
2. familia Zamiaceae
3. classis Benettitinae (fossil only)
4. classis Cordaïtinae (fossil only)
5. classis Ginkgoinae
1. familia Ginkgoaceae
6. classis Coniferae
1. familia Taxaceae
2. familia Cupressaceae
3. familia Abietaceae
7. classis Gnetinae
1. familia Ephedraceae
2. familia Gnetaceae
3. familia Welwitschiaceae
Angiospermae
2. subdivisio Angiospermae p. 467
Dicotyledones
1. classis Dicotyledones p. 539
1. subclassis Choripetalae
A. Monochlamydeae p. 540
1. ordo Verticillatae
familia Casuarinaceae
2. ordo Fagales
1. familia Betulaceae
2. familia Fagaceae
3. ordo Myricales
familia Myricaceae
4. ordo Leitneriales
familia Leitneriaceae
5. ordo Juglandales
1. familia Julianiaceae
2. familia Juglandaceae
6. ordo Salicales
familia Salicaceae
7. ordo Batidales
familia Batidaceae [sic, now Bataceae]
8. ordo Balanopsidales
familia Balanopsidaceae [sic, now Balanopaceae]
9. ordo Urticales
1. familia Moraceae
2. familia Cannabaceae
3. familia Ulmaceae
4. familia Eucommiaceae
5. familia Rhoipteleaceae
6. familia Urticaceae
10. ordo Piperales
familia Piperaceae
incertae sedis
familia Saururaceae
familia Chloranthaceae
familia Lacistemonaceae
11. ordo Proteales
familia Proteaceae
12. ordo Santalales
1. familia Santalaceae
2. familia Grubbiaceae
3. familia Opiliaceae
4. familia Octoknemaceae
5. familia Olacaceae
6. familia Myzodendraceae
7. familia Loranthaceae
8. familia Balanophoraceae
9. familia Cynomoriaceae
13. ordo Polygonales
familia Polygonaceae
14. ordo Centrospermae
1. familia Chenopodiaceae
2. familia Amaranthaceae
3. familia Phytolaccaceae
4. familia Thelygonaceae
5. familia Nyctaginaceae
6. familia Aizoaceae
7. familia Cactaceae
[sic]
9. familia Portulacaceae
10. familia Basellaceae
11. familia Caryophyllaceae
15. ordo Tricoccae
1. familia Euphorbiaceae
2. familia Daphniphyllaceae
3. familia Dichapetalaceae
4. familia Buxaceae
5. familia Callitrichaceae
16. ordo Hamamelidales
1. familia Hamamelidaceae
2. familia Cercidiphyllaceae
3. familia Eupteleaceae
4. familia Platanaceae
5. familia Myrothamnaceae
[sic]
B. Dialypetalae
18. ordo Polycarpicae
1. familia Magnoliaceae
2. familia Trochodendraceae
3. familia Lactoridaceae
4. familia Himantandraceae
5. familia Eupomatiaceae
6. familia Anonaceae [sic, now: Annonaceae]
7. familia Myristicaceae
8. familia Canellaceae
9. familia Aristolochiaceae
10. familia Rafflesiaceae
11. familia Hydnoraceae
12. familia Calycanthaceae
13. familia Gomortegaceae
14. familia Monimiaceae
15. familia Lauraceae
16. familia Hernandiaceae
17. familia Menispermaceae
18. familia Lardizabalaceae
19. familia Ranunculaceae
20. familia Berberidaceae
21. familia Nymphaeaceae
22. familia Ceratophyllaceae
incertae sedis
23. familia Nepenthaceae
24. familia Cephalotaceae
25. familia Sarraceniaceae
19. ordo Rhoeadales
1. familia Papaveraceae
2. familia Tovariaceae
3. familia Capparidaceae [sic, now Capparaceae]
4. familia Cruciferae
5. familia Resedaceae
6. familia Moringaceae
20. ordo Parietales
1. familia Cistaceae
2. familia Bixaceae
3. familia Cochlospermaceae
4. familia Tamaricaceae
5. familia Fouquieriaceae
6. familia Frankeniaceae
7. familia Elatinaceae
8. familia Droseraceae
9. familia Violaceae
10. familia Flacourtiaceae
11. familia Stachyuraceae
12. familia Turneraceae
13. familia Malesherbiaceae
14. familia Passifloraceae
15. familia Achariaceae
16. familia Caricaceae
17. familia Loasaceae
18. familia Begoniaceae
19. familia Datiscaceae
20. familia Ancistrocladaceae
21. ordo Guttiferales
1. familia Dilleniaceae
2. familia Actinidiaceae
3. familia Ochnaceae
4. familia Strassburgeriaceae
5. familia Eucryphiaceae
6. familia Caryocaraceae
7. familia Marcgraviaceae
8. familia Quiinaceae
9. familia Theaceae
10. familia Guttiferae
11. familia Dipterocarpaceae
22. ordo Rosales
1. familia Crassulaceae
2. familia Saxifragaceae
3. familia Cunoniaceae
4. familia Brunelliaceae
5. familia Myrothamnaceae
6. familia Pittosporaceae
7. familia Byblidaceae
8. familia Roridulaceae
9. familia Bruniaceae
10. familia Podostemonaceae
11. familia Hydrostachyaceae
12. familia Rosaceae
13. familia Crossosomataceae
14. familia Chrysobalanaceae
15. familia Connaraceae
16. familia Mimosaceae
17. familia Papilionaceae
23. ordo Myrtales
1. familia Penaeaceae
2. familia Geissolomaceae
3. familia Oliniaceae
4. familia Thymelaeaceae
5. familia Elaeagnaceae
6. familia Lythraceae
7. familia Heteropyzidaceae
8. familia Sonneratiaceae
9. familia Rhizophoraceae
10. familia Alangiaceae
11. familia Nyssaceae
12. familia Lecythidaceae
13. familia Combretaceae
14. familia Myrtaceae
15. familia Punicaceae
16. familia Melastomataceae
17. familia Oenotheraceae
18. familia Halorrhagidaceae [sic: now Haloragaceae]
19. familia Gunneraceae
incertae sedis
familia Hippuridaceae
24. ordo Columniferae
1. familia Malvaceae
2. familia Bombacaceae
3. familia Tiliaceae
4. familia Sterculiaceae
5. familia Elaeocarpaceae
incertae sedis
familia Chlaenaceae
familia Gonystylaceae
familia Scytopetalaceae
25. ordo Gruinales
1. familia Linaceae
2. familia Humiriaceae
3. familia Oxalidaceae
4. familia Geraniaceae
5. familia Limnaceae
6. familia Tropaeolaceae
7. familia Erythroxylaceae
8. familia Malpighiaceae
9. familia Zygophyllaceae
incertae sedis
familia Cneoraceae
26. ordo Terebinthales
1. familia Rutaceae
2. familia Simarubaceae [sic: now Simaroubaceae]
3. familia Burseraceae
4. familia Meliaceae
5. familia Tremandraceae
6. familia Polygalaceae
7. familia Xanthophyllaceae
8. familia Trigoniaceae
9. familia Vochysiaceae
10. familia Anacardiaceae
11. familia Sapindaceae
12. familia Akaniaceae
13. familia Aextoxicaceae
14. familia Aceraceae
15. familia Hippocastanaceae
16. familia Coriaceae
17. familia Cyrillaceae
18. familia Pentaphylacaceae
19. familia Sabiaceae
20. familia Melianthaceae
21. familia Corynocarpaceae
22. familia Balsaminaceae
27. ordo Celastrales
1. familia Aquifoliaceae
2. familia Celastraceae
3. familia Salvadoraceae
4. familia Staphyleaceae
5. familia Hippocrateaceae
6. familia Stackhousiaceae
7. familia Icacinaceae
28. ordo Rhamnales
1. familia Rhamnaceae
2. familia Vitaceae
29. ordo Umbelliflorae
1. familia Cornaceae
2. familia Araliaceae
3. familia Umbelliferae
incertae sedis
ordo Garryales
familia Garryaceae
2. subclassis Sympetalae p. 754
1. ordo Plumbaginales
familia Plumbaginaceae
2. ordo Primulales
1. familia Theophrastaceae
2. familia Primulaceae
3. familia Myrsinaceae
3. ordo Bicornes
1. familia Clethraceae
2. familia Pirolaceae
3. familia Ericaceae
4. familia Empetraceae
5. familia Epacridaceae
6. familia Diapensiaceae
4. ordo Diospyrales
1. familia Ebenaceae
2. familia Hoplestigmataceae
3. familia Styracaceae
4. familia Symplocaceae
5. familia Sapotaceae
5. ordo Tubiflorae
1. familia Convolvulaceae
2. familia Cuscutaceae
3. familia Polemoniaceae
4. familia Hydrophyllaceae
5. familia Lennoaceae
6. familia Boraginaceae
7. familia Nolanaceae
8. familia Solanaceae
9. familia Scrophulariaceae
10. familia Lentibulariaceae
11. familia Orobranchaceae
12. familia Gesneriaceae
13. familia Bignoniaceae
14. familia Pedaliaceae
15. familia Martyniaceae
16. familia Acanthaceae
17. familia Verbenaceae
18. familia Labiatae
19. familia Tetrachondraceae
20. familia Globulariaceae
21. familia Phrymaceae
22. familia Myoporaceae
23. familia Plantaginaceae
incertae sedis
familia Columelliaceae
6. ordo Contortae
1. familia Loganiaceae
2. familia Buddleiaceae
3. familia Gentianaceae
4. familia Menyanthaceae
5. familia Apocynaceae
6. familia Asclepiadaceae
7. ordo Ligustrales
familia Oleaceae
8. ordo Rubiales
1. familia Rubiaceae
2. familia Caprifoliaceae
3. familia Adoxaceae
4. familia Valerianaceae
5. familia Dipsacaceae
6. familia Calyceraceae
9. ordo Cucurbitales
familia Cucurbitaceae
10. ordo Synandrae
1. familia Campanulaceae
2. familia Lobeliaceae
3. familia Goodeniaceae
4. familia Stylidaceae
5. familia Brunoniaceae
6. familia Compositae
Monocotyledones
II. classis Monocotyledones p. 848
1. ordo Helobiae p. 848
1. familia Alismataceae
2. familia Butomaceae
3. familia Hydrocharitaceae
4. familia Scheuchzeriaceae
5. familia Aponogetonaceae
6. familia Potamogetonaceae
7. familia Najadaceae
2. ordo Liliiflorae p. 862
1. familia Liliaceae p. 863
subfamilia A. Melanthoideae p. 866
subfamilia B. Herrerioideae
subfamilia C. Asphodeloideae
subfamilia D. Allioideae p. 868
subfamilia E. Lilioideae p. 869
subfamilia F. Dracaenoideae
subfamilia G. Asparagoideae
subfamilia H. Ophiopogonoideae p. 870
subfamilia I. Aletroideae
subfamilia K. Luzuriagoideae
subfamilia L. Smilacoideae
2. familia Stemonaceae p. 870
3. familia Cyanastraceae
4. familia Pontederiaceae
5. familia Haemodoraceae
6. familia Philydraceae
7. familia Amaryllidaceae p. 871
subfamilia A. Amaryllidoideae p. 874
subfamilia B. Agavoideae
subfamilia C. Hypoxidoideae
8. familia Velloziaceae
9. familia Iridaceae
10. familia Juncaceae
11. familia Flagellariaceae
12. familia Rapateaceae
13. familia Thurniaceae
14. familia Bromeliaceae
15. familia Dioscoreaceae p. 880
16. familia Taccaceae
17. familia Burmanniaceae p. 882
3. ordo Enantioblastae p. 883
1. familia Commelinaceae
2. familia Mayacaceae
3. familia Xyridaceae
4. familia Eriocaulaceae
5. familia Centrolepidaceae
6. familia Restionaceae
4. ordo Cyperales p. 888
familia Cyperaceae
5. ordo Glumiflorae p. 891
familia Gramineae
6. ordo Scitamineae p. 902
1. familia Musaceae
2. familia Zingiberaceae p. 904
3. familia Cannaceae
4. familia Marantaceae p. 906
7 ordo Gynandrae p. 907
familia Orchidaceae
8. ordo Spadiciflorae
1. familia Palmae
2. familia Cyclanthaceae
3. familia Araceae
4. familia Lemnaceae
9. ordo Pandanales
1. familia Pandanaceae
2. familia Sparganiaceae
3. familia Typhaceae
References
Bibliography
1st ed. 1901–1908 Vol. I 1901, Vol. II 1908
2nd ed. 1910–1911
3rd ed. 1923–1924
Index
4th ed. 1933–1935
Reviews
First edition
B. M. Davis. Handbook of systemic botany. Botanical Gazette. Vol. 32, No. 1 (July, 1901), pp. 61-62 Part 1
Charles J. Chamberlain. Handbook of systemic botany. Botanical Gazette. Vol. 37, No. 1 (Jan., 1904), pp. 68-69 Part 2
Charles J. Chamberlain. Wettstein's Handbuch. Botanical Gazette. Vol. 45, No. 1 (Jan., 1908), p. 58 Part 3
Second edition
Charles J. Chamberlain. Wettstein's Handbuch. Botanical Gazette. Vol. 52, No. 5 (Nov., 1911), p. 405
system, Wettstein |
4024773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrey%20Meyer | Aubrey Meyer | Aubrey Meyer (born 1947) is an author, violinist, composer and climate campaigner.
A former member of the UK Green Party, he co-founded the Global Commons Institute in 1990.
Life
Aubrey Meyer was born in Yorkshire in 1947. He was raised in Cape Town, South Africa from 1952. In 1968 he gained a Bachelor of Music from the Music College, Cape Town University.
He won Southern African Music Rights Organisation (SAMRO) scholarship for two years study abroad. From 1969 to 1971 he studied at the Royal College of Music in London. There he studied composition with Phillip Cannon and viola with the late Cecil Aronowitz. He won the International Music Company Prize and the Stanton Jeffries Music Prize.
After the Royal College, he earned his living playing viola in orchestras: - principal viola in Scottish Theatre Ballet (1971), Ulster (1972), Gulbenkian Orchestra, CAPAB Orchestra and as a rank-and-file player in the Sadler's Wells Royal Ballet and finally in the London Philharmonic Orchestra.
He has lived in London since 1980.
During this period he continued composing. His one-act ballet 'Exequy' led to the award of a Master of Music degree in composition from the University of Cape Town. In 1980, Meyer returned to London, combining composition with playing and his ballet score Choros for the Sadlers Wells Royal Ballet for the ballet by David Bintley, won an Evening Standard Award (1984); reviews for Exequy & Choros.
In 1988, while looking for a theme for a new composition, he heard about the environmentalist Chico Mendez who had been assassinated for his work in trying to prevent the destruction of the Brazilian rainforest, and he abandoned music for the UK Green Party of England and Wales. He co-founded the Global Commons Institute (GCI) in 1990 to start a programme to counter the threat of climate change based on the founding premise of 'Equity and Survival'.
At the request of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1992, Meyer conceived and presented his analysis of 'The Unequal Use of the Global Commons' to Working Group Three of the IPCC Second Assessment Report. This was dubbed 'Expansion and Divergence' and, led to an international rejection, at the UN climate negotiations in 1995, of the global cost benefit analysis of climate change by some economists from the US and UK.
Contraction and Convergence
This led to the development of GCI's framework of Contraction & Convergence (C&C). Introduced at the UNFCCC in 1996, C&C's approach to stabilizing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at 'safe' level (by shrinking and sharing the limited and finite weight of such gases that future human activity can release into the atmosphere on an equal per capita basis) raises a key issue in the climate change debate.
As a musician and string player, Meyer says the world must collaborate with musical discipline to avert runaway climate change: i.e. play C&C's 'carbon reduction score' in time, in tune and together.
C&C was introduced to the UNFCCC at COP-2 Geneva:
C&C became this iconic image in the months that followed.
C&C was on the agenda at COP-3 Kyoto.
C&C was on the agenda at COP-4 Buenos Aires when host Government published this in their conference newspaper.
C&C was on the Agenda at COP-6 The Hague with Chairman Jan Pronk advocating it.
C&C was on the agenda for COP-15 at Copenhagen, but was not agreed.
C&C now considered by some as "the most preferable equity framework".
C&C considered by others as "the best possible solution to the twin problems of climate change and inequity".
Meyer has now enclosed C&C in the 'Carbon Budget Accounting Tool'
(CBAT online)
(CBAT notes)
(CBAT appreciation)
Comments by third parties
"Some proposals compensate the potential burden on developing nations with generous emissions allocation, whether as a simple strategy to obtain developing countries support for the regime or in a realisation of the global equity principle borrowed from social justice. A famous such proposal is 'Contraction and Convergence' developed by Aubrey Meyer."
Act Locally Trade Globally; Emissions Trading for Climate Policy Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development IEA
"I think Aubrey is a good gentleman. He has really been on this issue for years, for donkey’s years and he’s not giving up and he has the stamina. I think if we were all of us like Aubrey we would have achieved very high levels. Unfortunately not many of us have been that strong".
Joshua Wairoto, Deputy Director Kenya Met Office speaking at the UN Climate Negotiations in 2007.
"I think that Aubrey Meyer has done an amazing job and has shown extraordinary persistence and ingenuity in working out a scheme of this kind and I very much admire him for it. Above all he has laid out a kind of intellectual and legal framework which is what we need if we are going to set global arrangements in place and these global arrangements should I believe be fully reflected in the Bill that is now before the UK Parliament to regulate climate change. This is not the time for half-measures or quarter measures or fiddling with the problem. It is important to lay out the principles and then see how they should best be interpreted to give effect to a common human problem".
Sir Crispin Tickell, former British Ambassador, Director of the Policy Foresight Programme James Martin 21st Century School Oxford University.
"It seems to me that Contraction and Convergence is the basic principle that should guide climate policy, and that this policy is really unchallenged in principle by any of the climate models under discussion. Granted that it is good to have accurate models of how the world works, and to work out the numerical balances of C&C. Nevertheless, I wonder at what point complex and uncertain empirical models become a distraction from simple first principles? C&C is a necessary condition for a just and sustainable world.
With best wishes & admiration for your important work on C&C."
Herman Daly, Emeritus Professor, University of Maryland
On 4 February 2009, Lord Adair Turner (chair, UK Climate Change Committee) confirmed to the House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee that, "it’s very difficult to imagine a long-term path for the world that is not somewhat related to a contract and converge type approach....we have made a very clear statement that we cannot imagine a global deal that is both do-able and fair, which doesn’t end up by mid century with roughly equal rights per capita to emit, and that is clearly said in the report".
On 24 June 2009, Rajendra Pachauri, (Chairman of the IPCC) said the following “ When one looks at the kinds of reductions that would be required globally, the only means for doing so is to ensure that there’s contraction and convergence, and I think there’s growing acceptance of this reality. I don’t see how else we might be able to fit within the overall budget for emissions for the world as a whole by 2050. We need to start putting this principle into practice as early as possible, so that by the time we reach 2050, we’re not caught by surprise, we’re well on a track for every country in the world that would get us there... On the matter of 'historic responsibility', there is no doubt that accelerating the rate of convergence relative to the rate of contraction is a way of answering that we really need to get agreement from Developed and Developing Countries to subscribe to this principle".
C&C is the most widely cited and arguably the most widely supported proposal for UNFCCC-compliance in play and many people believe C&C will yet prove to be the overarching principle that is adopted and that allows all nations to find common ground on how to achieve 'climate truth and reconciliation' and avert climate chaos.
Awards
Meyer's environmental efforts have led to many awards. He is the recipient of the Andrew Lees Memorial Prize, 1998; Schumacher Award, 2000; Findhorn Fellowship, 2004; Eurosolar Award 2006; City of London, Life-time's Achievement Award, 2005; Honorary Fellow of Royal Institute of British Architects, 2007; UNEP FI Global Roundtable Financial Leadership Award, 2007. and in 2008 a cross party group of British MPs nominated Meyer for the 2008 Nobel Peace Prize. He was nominated with wide support, for the Zayed Prize in 2010. He was nominated for the Blue Planet Prize, again with wide support, in 2014.
See also
Global Commons Institute
Contraction and Convergence
Bibliography
GLOBE briefing on Contraction and Convergence
Contraction & Convergence: The Global Solution to Climate Change'
The Kyoto Protocol & the emergence of C&C as a framework for an international political solution to GHG emissions abatement.
Reinforcing Asia-Europe Co-operation on Climate Change
The GCI Archive 1989-2004
Towards a Sustainable EU Policy on Climate Change - GCI Evidence to the House of Lords
Surviving Climate Change - The Case for Contraction and Convergence.
The Economics of Climate Change Chevening Fellows Programme Cambridge
Contraction and Convergence and International Conceptual Framework for Preventing Dangerous Climate Change
Carbon Countdown - the Campaign for Contraction and Convergence.
References
External links
Global Commons Institute
1947 births
Living people
British emigrants to South Africa
South African writers |
4024776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Man%20from%20Snowy%20River%3A%20Arena%20Spectacular | The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular | The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular, based on Banjo Paterson's poem The Man from Snowy River, was a popular musical theatre production which toured Australian capital cities twice during 2002. Kevin Jacobsen and David Atkins were the executive producers for the show. David Atkins and Ignatius Jones were co-directors and co-writers. Extra dialogue was written for the show by Jonathan Biggins and Phillip Scott.
The stage musical has no relationship to the 1982 film The Man from Snowy River, or the 1988 sequel The Man from Snowy River II, or the television series The Man from Snowy River.
All poetry narrated in the musical was written by Banjo Paterson, including the lyrics to the songs "Waltzing Matilda" (with music written by M. Cowan), and "As Long as Your Eyes Are Blue" (the music to which was "Clancy's Theme", which was written by Bruce Rowland for the film The Man from Snowy River).
Awards and nominations
Awards
Winner: Australian Recording Industry Association award. The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular (Original Cast Recording) won the ARIA award for Best Original Show / Cast Album (2002)
Winner: David Atkins and Ignatius Jones for Direction and Staging
Winner: Conrad Helfrich for Musical Direction in a Musical Production
Winner: Morris Lyda for Technical Design
Nominations
Nominee: Peter Milne for Projections/Set/Designs
Nominee: Wyn Milsom for Sound Design
Nominee: Martin Crewes as Jim Ryan (the Man) Green Room Award for Male Actor in a Leading Role (Music Theatre)
Cast members
Georgie Parker as Kate Conroy (John Conroy's daughter)
Steve Bisley as Banjo Paterson
Charles "Bud" Tingwell as John Conroy (the owner of the property)
Lee Kernaghan as the Balladeer
Martin Crewes as Jim Ryan (The Man)
Simon Westaway as Dan Mulligan, the leading hand
John Brady as Saltbush Bill (also whipcracking and rope tricks)
Steve Jefferys as the Breaker
James Rutty as McGinness McGee
Deb Mitchelmore as John Brady's whips and ropes assistant
Daniel Zimmer as a 'villager'
Plot
On John Conroy's property, the 2-year-old colts and fillies are mustered and brought to the homestead for horse breaking. Two of the colts are of very good stock, especially the beautiful and spirited colt sired by the famous racehorse Regret (John Conroy says that the colt is worth a thousand pounds (£1000) and that he wants the colt to eventually be the stud horse for the property).
Jim Ryan arrives at John Conroy's property following the death of his father. When he and Conroy's daughter, Kate, see each other, it is love at first sight for them both.
Jim, however, finds resentment at his presence at the station, both from John Conroy, the owner of the property, and the station's stockmen and station hands, with Dan Mulligan (the leading hand), disdainfully commenting "We don't want any swagmen here". Saltbush and McGinness McGee also make disparaging remarks about Jim Ryan's horse, with Saltbush sarcastically asking Jim if he bought his horse from a Mark Foy's catalogue, and McGinness McGee commenting that it was more likely that the horse had been saved from a glue factory.
John Conroy also comments that they have enough men working on the property already. Kate pleads with her father to give Jim a job at the property, and he finally relents, saying that Jim can help break the horses. John Conroy resents it when Jim Ryan says that he knows of a better way to break horses than the horse-breaking method being used at the property. However, John Conroy says that Jim could prove his expertise in horse-breaking by breaking the colt from Regret.
During the night, the Brumby herd gallops close to the homestead, and the colt from Regret breaks free from his tethers and joins them. John Conroy is furious at the loss of his prized colt, and unfairly blames Jim for what has occurred. Conroy decides to get all the crack riders (expert horse riders) from the stations near and far to muster at the homestead and hunt for the Brumbies, offering a reward of £1000, and angrily orders Jim to leave the property first thing in the morning.
The crack riders gather at the homestead the following morning, including Harrison, who made his fortune when Pardon won the cup (a reference to the President's Cup, a lesser known race held in Manindie, New South Wales). Another crack rider at the homestead was Clancy of the Overflow (who was a friend of Jim). Jim shyly turns up to join in the ride to hunt for the colt and Brumbies, but finds that, apart from his friend, Clancy, he is not wanted by anyone on the ride. Clancy convinces the others that, as both Jim and his horse were mountain-reared, they would be of great help in the ride.
The Brumbies are too quick for the riders and, when it becomes too steep and dangerous with wombat holes (burrows, where a horse could break a leg), all riders stop short of the dangerous descent — apart from Jim, who continues to chase the Brumby herd - finally bringing the herd (including the colt) back to John Conroy's property.
John Conroy is delighted to have his colt back again, and gives his approval to Jim marrying Kate. A concert and country dance, as well as a superb equestrian pageant, are then held in celebration and recognition of Jim's deed, and all ends happily.
The musical — scenes, songs and poetry
Act I
Scene 1 — Prelude
instrumental music: "Waltzing Matilda" (Traditional version)
poem: "Prelude" (narrated by Steve Bisley)
Scene 2 — Mustering the Colts
instrumental music: "Snowy River Suite"
Scene 3 — The Homestead
song: "Spirit of the High Country" (sung by Lee Kernaghan)
poem: "The Melting of the Snow" (narrated by Charles "Bud" Tingwell and Steve Bisley)
Scene 4 — Jim's Entrance — The Man Arrives
song: "Southern Son" (sung by Martin Crewes)
Scene 5 — Breaking the Colts
song: "Snowy Mountains Buckjump" (sung by Lee Kernaghan)
Scene 6 — The Horse Whisperer
instrumental music: "Jessica's Theme"
song: "The Rope That Pulls the Wind" (sung by Martin Crewes)
Scene 7 — The Breakout
poem: "Brumby's Run" (narrated by Steve Bisley)
instrumental music: "The Breakout"
Scene 8 — The Confrontation — Jim's & Kate's First Kiss
song: "Kosciusko Moon" (sung by Martin Crewes and Georgie Parker)
Scene 9 — The Cracks Gather — Musical Ride
instrumental music: "The Man from Snowy River Theme"
song: "Boys from the Bush" (sung by Lee Kernaghan)
Act II
Musical Entrácte
instrumental music: "Waltzing Matilda" (Queensland version) (sung by Lee Kernaghan)
poem" "Daylight Is Dying" (narrated by Steve Bisley and Charles 'Bud' Tingwell)
Scene 1 — Tall Stories
song: "Pull the Other One Mate" (sung by Lee Kernaghan, Simon Westaway, James Rutty and Steve Jefferys)
instrumental "Eureka Creek"
Scene 2 — The Man and Kate — A Kiss for Luck
song: "As Long as Your Eyes Are Blue" (sung by Georgie Parker)
Scenes 3, 4 and 5
poem: "The Man from Snowy River" (narrated by Steve Bisley during scenes 3, 4 and 5)
Scene 3. instrumental music: "The Man from Snowy River Theme"
instrumental music: "The Departure"
Scene 4. instrumental music: "The Ride"
Scene 5. instrumental music: "The Return"
Scene 6 — The Concert
Country songs and country dancing
song: "You Rock My World" (sung by Lee Kernaghan)
song: "Electric Rodeo" (sung by Lee Kernaghan)
song: "Cobar Line" (sung by Lee Kernaghan)
Scene 7 — Musical Ride
song: "Southern Son" (reprise) — (sung by Lee Kernaghan)
Scene 8 — The Finale
instrumental music: "The Man from Snowy River Theme"
song: "Spirit of the High Country" (reprise) — (sung by Lee Kernaghan)
Scene 9 — The Swagman Returns
instrumental music: "Waltzing Matilda" (Traditional version)
Epilogue: "A Singer of the Bush" (narrated by Steve Bisley)
Interval entertainment
Woodchopping
Woodchoppers: Sean Harper, Lindsay Hewill, Mal Windley and Peter Windley
Notes about the musical
Although also based on The Man from Snowy River (poem), the arena spectacular has no connection whatsoever with either the films or the television series of the same name.
Screen images
The screen images, photographed by Ross Dunstan, were provided by Australian Geographic Pty Ltd and are featured in their book The Snowy Mountains.
Poetry
Steve Bisley, in his role of Banjo, recites the poem during Act II in the scene "The Ride — parts 1–4", as well as reciting other poems by Banjo Paterson. Bud Tingwell, in his role of "John Conroy", also recited poems by Banjo Paterson.
Horses, riders and drivers
The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular had real horses performing in the show.
During the opening sequence of The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular, Steve Jefferys and his stock horse Ammo reprised their entrance at the beginning of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games Opening Ceremony. Steve Jeffreys' wife Sandra Langsford also took part in both the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games Opening Ceremony (in which she was one of the 140 riders) and also took part in The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular, in which she was one of the featured crack riders (expert riders). Steve Jefferys and Sandra Langsford also trained Ammo (the rearing horse), and Drummond (the colt from old Regret), as well as training Jana, the Border Collie (Banjo Paterson's dog).
For his horse riding role as Jim Ryan in the production of The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular, Martin Crewes, who could already ride, was given intensive riding lessons by expert riding teacher Steve Jefferys, so that Crewes would not require a body double for the difficult riding feats he had to accomplish in the show. Jefferys also taught Crewes the difficult art of being a horse whisperer for his role as Jim Ryan. Horse whispering usually takes years to learn, but Crewes was able to master this difficult skill in only two weeks.
There was also superb riding, including intricate equestrian drill movements, and all of the animal actors ('Jana' the Border Collie, and the horses in the show) were magnificent. Horse riding stunts in the show were performed by trick riders and stunt riders, including Zelie Thompson and Deborah Brennan. The crack riders in the musical wore Akubra hats and Driza-Bone riding coats.
The Horse Master for the show was Tony Jablonski, who had also been the Horse Master for the horse segment at the beginning of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games Opening Ceremony.
A Cobb and Co stagecoach, pulled by five horses, was featured in the musical.
Also featured were a couple of buckboards, with one of the buckboards being pulled by a mare, while the second buckboard was pulled by a gelding (the buckboard horses, which were very similar in colouring, though different in size, were mother and son).
Whipcracking and ropes
Australia's whipcracking expert John Brady demonstrated his expertise with both stockwhips and rope tricks within the show, as well as appearing in the show in the role of Saltbush.
Cast album
The CD, which was released by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation in 2002, won the 2002 Australian Record Industry Association (ARIA Music Award) for Best Cast/Show Album.
Bruce Rowland, who composed the instrumental music for both the 1982 film The Man from Snowy River film and its sequel 1988 film The Man from Snowy River II (American title: Return to Snowy River), composed special arrangements of some of his music for the musical.
Lee Kernaghan and Garth Porter wrote the music and lyrics for the country songs. Lee Kernaghan also sang some of the country songs (which he had already recorded on some of his albums), during the concert scene.
DVD release
The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular was performed at the Brisbane Entertainment Centre in Boondall, Queensland, Australia, for both of its Brisbane runs (in 2002), with the musical being filmed, for DVD and videotape release, at the entertainment centre during its second run in Brisbane in October, 2002. Extra dancers and acrobats were hired for the finale of this recording. The DVD and VHS recordings of the musical were released on 26 January 2003 (Australia Day).
See also
Snowy River
References
External links
Horse code (about the musical) — Sydney Morning Herald — published August 9, 2002
The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular — review about the musical
The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular — The Electric Canvas
The Man from Snowy River Arena Spectacular — photo
ALIA Productions — includes images and information about the musical
2002 musicals
Touring theatre
The Man from Snowy River
Musicals based on poems
Australian musicals |
4024779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champaka%20Ramanayake | Champaka Ramanayake | Champaka Priyadarshana Hewage Ramanayake (born January 8, 1965 in Galle), or Champaka Ramanayake, is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played in 18 Tests and 62 ODIs from 1986 to 1995.
Champaka is a highly experienced and respected international cricket coach now.
He worked for Sri Lanka cricket board as a national fast bowling coach for 15 years and Bangladesh national fast bowling coach as 2 years.
Champaka’s proudest and highest achievement is discovering Lasith Malinga at the age of 16 and guiding and coaching him to be the best fast bowler Sri Lanka ever produced and one of the best in the world.
He is the current high performance fast bowling coach of the Bangladesh national side.
School times
Champaka who had his education at Richmond College, Galle is widely regarded as one of the steadiest bowlers ever produced by Sri Lanka.
Trivia
Champaka is the only person to bowl in international cricket at Ray Mitchell Oval, in Mackay, Australia. The venue hosted its only international match during the 1992 Cricket World Cup, and the match was washed out after his first two deliveries.
International record
Test 5 Wicket hauls
References
1965 births
Living people
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Basnahira North cricketers
Tamil Union Cricket and Athletic Club cricketers
Alumni of Richmond College, Galle
Ruhuna cricketers
Cricketers from Galle
Sri Lankan cricket coaches
Coaches of the United Arab Emirates national cricket team |
4024782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjith%20Madurasinghe | Ranjith Madurasinghe | Madurasinghe Arachchige Wijayasiri Ranjith Madurasinghe (born 30 January 1961), pr Ranjith Madurasinghe, is a former Sri Lankan cricketer, who played three Test matches and twelve One Day Internationals for Sri Lanka between 1988 and 1992.
. He was a right-arm off break bowler and a left-handed batsman.
Madurasinghe was educated at Maliyadeva College, Kurunegala, and played domestically for Kurunegala Youth Cricket Club.
After retiring, he became a referee.
References
ESPNcricinfo profile of Ranjith Madurasinghe
CricketArchive profile of Ranjith Madurasinghe
1961 births
Living people
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sri Lankan cricketers
Wayamba cricketers
Alumni of Maliyadeva College
Sportspeople from Kurunegala |
4024788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Flaton | Ken Flaton | Ken Flaton (June 28, 1940 – November 7, 2004) was an American professional poker player who was born in New York City, New York and settled in Henderson, Nevada after serving in the US Army.
Flaton won a World Series of Poker (WSOP) bracelet in 1983 in the $1,000 seven-card stud event. He also finished in the money of the $10,000 no limit hold'em main event in 1986 (28th), 1988 (23rd), 1990 (31st), and 1997 (18th).
Flaton won the first United States Poker Championship in 1996 and competed in the World Poker Tour (WPT).
Both Flaton and his peers have suggested that seven-card stud was his best game.
Flaton died in November 2004 at St. Rose Dominican Hospital – Siena Campus, aged 64. He died of a heart attack, although he was suffering from lung cancer at the time, despite being a non-smoker.
His total live tournament winnings were at least $2,575,000. His 39 cashes at the WSOP accounted for $568,525 of his lifetime winnings.
Nickname
Flaton got his nickname, "Skyhawk", when fellow professional Stu Ungar, after seeing Flaton spread his arms and then rake in the pot while in a poker tournament, commented that Flaton "swooped down on piles of chips like a 'skyhawk.'"
References
1940 births
2004 deaths
American poker players
World Series of Poker bracelet winners
Sportspeople from New York City |
4024793 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin%20Dibley | Colin Dibley | Colin Dibley (born 19 September 1944) is a former tennis player from Australia.
Dibley once held the title for the fastest serve in the world at 148 m.p.h. During his professional career, he also won four singles and seventeen doubles titles. The right-hander reached his career-high singles ranking of world No. 26 in June 1973. After retiring in 1981, he took up real estate, still keeping himself in the game through coaching others.
Known for his enormous serve, Dibley has been noted as having one of the most "live arms" of his generation by ESPN commentator Pam Shriver.
Career finals
Singles 7 (4 titles, 3 runner-ups)
Doubles 32 (17 titles, 15 runner-ups)
External links
nj.com article
1944 births
Living people
Australian male tennis players
Tennis players from Sydney
20th-century Australian people
21st-century Australian people |
4024803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue%20Among%20Civilizations | Dialogue Among Civilizations | Former Iranian president Mohammad Khatami introduced the idea of Dialogue Among Civilizations as a response to Samuel P. Huntington's theory of a Clash of Civilizations. The term was initially used by Austrian philosopher Hans Köchler who in 1972, in a letter to UNESCO, had suggested the idea of an international conference on the "dialogue between different civilizations" (dialogue entre les différentes civilisations) and had organized, in 1974, a first international conference on the role of intercultural dialogue ("The Cultural Self-comprehension of Nations") with the support and under the auspices of Senegalese President Léopold Sédar Senghor.
History
One of the first places where Dialogue Among Civilizations took place was in Isfahan, Iran at the Safa Khaneh Community that was established in 1902. Safa Khaneh was a place that Haj Aqa Nourollah and his older brother made. It was a place where Muslims and Christians talked about their religions with each other. It was one of the first interfaith centres in the world. Later a magazine was published based on the dialogues between Muslims and Christians in the Safa Khaneh and it was released in Iran, India and England. The founder of Safa Khaneh, Haj Aqa Nouroollah was one of the leaders of the Constitution Era in Iran. His house has become a museum named Constitution house of Isfahan.
Introduction
The page dedicated to the United Nations Year of Dialog Among Civilizations introduces the idea as follows:
The Vision
Here are some excerpts from the vision of the Foundation for Dialogue among Civilizations:
The Mission
Here are some excerpts from the mission of the Foundation for Dialogue among Civilizations:
Contrasting view: The Clash of Civilizations
In 1993, Huntington provoked great debate among international relations theorists with the interrogatively-titled "The Clash of Civilizations?", a controversial, oft-cited article published in Foreign Affairs magazine. Its description of post–Cold War geopolitics contrasted with the controversial End of History thesis advocated by Francis Fukuyama.
Huntington expanded "The Clash of Civilizations?" to book length and published it as The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order in 1996. The article and the book posit that post–Cold War conflict would most frequently and violently occur because of cultural rather than ideological differences. That, whilst in the Cold War, conflict likely occurred between the Capitalist West and the Communist Bloc East, it now was most likely to occur between the world's major civilizations — identifying seven, and a possible eighth: (i) Western, (ii) Latin American, (iii) Islamic, (iv) Sinic (Chinese), (v) Hindu, (vi) Orthodox, (vii) Japanese, and (viii) the African. This cultural organization contrasts the contemporary world with the classical notion of sovereign states. To understand current and future conflict, cultural rifts must be understood, and culture — rather than the State — mern(?) nations will lose predominance if they fail to recognize the irreconcilable nature of cultural tensions.
Critics (for example, in Le Monde Diplomatique) called The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order the theoretical legitimization of American-led Western aggression against China and the world's Islamic cultures. Nevertheless, this post–Cold War shift in geopolitical organization and structure requires that the West internally strengthens itself culturally, by abandoning the imposition of its ideal of democratic universalism and its incessant military interventionism. Other critics argued that Huntington's taxonomy is simplistic and arbitrary, and does not take account of the internal dynamics and partisan tensions within civilizations. Huntington's influence upon U.S. policy has been likened to that of British historian A.J. Toynbee's controversial religious theories about Asian leaders in the early twentieth century.
Personal Representative of the Secretary-General for the UN Year of Dialogue Among Civilizations has said:
Former UN Assistant Secretary-General Giandomenico Picco was appointed the Personal Representative to the Secretary-General for the United Nations Year of Dialogue Among Civilizations in 1999 in order to facilitate discussions on diversity, through organizing conferences, seminars and disseminating information and scholarly materials. Having served the United Nations for two decades, Mr. Picco is most recognized for participating in UN efforts to negotiate the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan and in bringing an end to the Iran-Iraq war. He believes that people should take responsibility for who they are, what they do, what they value, and what they believe in.
Related comments
"A basic change in political ethics is required for the realization of the proposal, The dialog among civilizations." (UNESCO 1999)
"In order to understand the meaning of the phrase dialogue among civilizations as defined here, one has no choice but to closely pay attention to a number of points one of which is the relationship between a politician and an artist, and the other is the relationship between ethics and politics." (Khatami, UNESCO 1999)
The Daniel Pearl Dialogue for Muslim-Jewish Understanding is a series of personal yet public conversations between Daniel Pearl's father, Professor Judea Pearl, President of the Daniel Pearl Foundation, and Dr. Akbar Ahmed, Chair of Islamic Studies at American University. The program grew out of Professors Ahmed and Pearl's shared concern about the deterioration of relationships between Muslim and Jewish communities around the world, and their strong belief that reconciliation between these two Abrahamic faiths can be achieved through frank and respectful dialogue. The discussions range from theological issues, historical perceptions to current events. In 2006 Professors Ahmed and Pearl were awarded the first annual Purpose Prize "in recognition of [their] simple, yet innovative approach to solving one of society's most pressing problems." Professor Judea Pearl is a well-known computer scientist, and the President of the Daniel Pearl Foundation.
"Dear President Khatami...I welcome your call for a dialogue between Islamic and Judeo-Christian civilizations because I believe that tensions between these two great world civilizations represent the most significant foreign policy challenge for the world community as we enter the twenty-first century." Excerpt from "An American Citizen Replies" (letter by Anthony J. Dennis to Iranian President Khatami dated August 18, 2000) published in the book Letters to Khatami: A Reply To The Iranian President's Call For A Dialogue Among Civilizations. To date, this book, published and released on July 1, 2001, is the only published reply the now-former Iranian President Khatami has ever received from the West in response to Khatami's call for such a dialogue in an exclusive, hour-long interview on CNN with CNN Foreign Correspondent Christiane Amanpour broadcast in North America on January 7, 1998.
See also
Alliance of Civilizations
Centre for Dialogue
Dialogue of Civilizations
Fethullah Gülen
Institute for Interreligious Dialogue
Interfaith dialogue
KAICIID Dialogue Centre
Parliament of the World's Religions
World Against Violence and Extremism
Notes
References
Hans Köchler, Philosophical Foundations of Civilizational Dialogue. International Seminar on Civilizational Dialogue (3rd: 15–17 September 1997: Kuala Lumpur), BP171.5 ISCD. Kertas kerja persidangan / conference papers. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Library, 1997.
Hans Köchler, Unity in Diversity: The Integrative Approach to Intercultural Relations. UN Chronicle, Vol. XLIX, No. 3, September 2012.
External links
Foundation for Dialogue among Civilizations in Geneva, the official website which includes various news and speeches
United Nations: Background of Dialogue Among Civilizations
UNESCO's contribution to Dialogue Among Civilizations
United Nations Year of Dialogue Among Civilizations
UNESCO's actions for the Dialogue among Civilizations
UN Chronicle 2006, Interview with Khatami, five years after the UN 2001 Year of Dialogue Among Civilizations
International Progress Organization
Daniel Pearl Foundation
An Overview of Sino-Tibetan Dialogue
World Public Forum "Dialogue of Civilizations"
International relations theory
Mohammad Khatami
Interfaith dialogue
Modern civilizations
Interculturalism
Political neologisms
Foreign policy strategies in the Islamic Republic of Iran |
4024817 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General%20Belgrano%20Bridge | General Belgrano Bridge | The General Manuel Belgrano Bridge () is a road bridge that joins the Argentine cities of Corrientes (capital of the Corrientes Province in the Mesopotamia) and Resistencia (capital of Chaco in the Chaco Region) over the course of the Paraná River (near the confluence with the Paraguay River). It was opened on May 10, 1973.
The bridge joins Corrientes' Provincial Route 12 with Chaco's Provincial Routes 11 and 16. The main part of the bridge measures in length and stands at over the river, with cable-stayed section with spans + + . It has two A-shaped main towers that are high. The road is wide and has two lanes, plus two lateral pedestrian ways, each wide.
In 1999 the province of Corrientes was in the midst of a popular uprising, with protestors asking for the resignation of the provincial government. On 1999-12-17 the traffic over the bridge was blocked by demonstrators. The Gendarmerie intervened to suppress the protest, and killed two people. As of 2006 the investigations about the responsibility for these killings are still in progress.
References
Monografias.com, Provincia de Corrientes.
Corrientes Noticias, 10 February 2006. A seis años de la represión en el Puente General Manuel Belgrano.
Cable-stayed bridges in Argentina
Bridges completed in 1973
Buildings and structures in Corrientes Province
Buildings and structures in Chaco Province
Bridges over the Paraná River
Buildings and structures in Corrientes |
4024820 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfries%20%28disambiguation%29 | Dumfries (disambiguation) | Dumfries is a Scottish town.
Dumfries may also refer to:
Dumfries Burghs (UK Parliament constituency) (1708–1918)
Dumfriesshire (UK Parliament constituency) (1708–2005), known from 1950 to 2005 as Dumfries
Dumfries Parish, New Brunswick, Canada
Dumfries, New Brunswick, an unincorporated community therein
Dumfries, Virginia
Denzel Dumfries, Dutch footballer |
4024822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit%20Parade%202 | Hit Parade 2 | Hit Parade 2 is a compilation album by The Wedding Present released in January 1993. Having decided to release a limited edition single every month for all of 1992 (each featuring an original track on the A side and a cover version on the B side) the group subsequently compiled the songs as two LPs called Hit Parade 1 and Hit Parade 2. In 2003, a double CD was issued called simply The Hit Parade.
A different recording of "Boing!" than the one found on the original 7" single was used on all subsequent album editions - the single edition was produced by Jimmy Miller (who also produced "Flying Saucer"), the re-recording by Brian Paulson (who also produced the remaining singles). The original video for this track was also omitted from the VHS compilation Dick York's Wardrobe.
Track listing
"Flying Saucer"
"Boing!"
"Love Slave"
"Sticky"
"The Queen of Outer Space"
"No Christmas"
"Rocket" (Mud)
"Theme from Shaft" (Isaac Hayes)
"Chant of the Ever Circling Skeletal Family" (David Bowie)
"Go Wild in the Country" (Bow Wow Wow)
"U.F.O." (Barry Gray)
"Step into Christmas" (Elton John)
Early copies of the LP and CD formats came with an extra disc comprising BBC radio session versions of all 12 A-sides. These tracks have all been subsequently reissued on various CD compilations.
1993 compilation albums
The Wedding Present albums |
4024827 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20Ponsonby | Bernard Ponsonby | Bernard Ponsonby is a Scottish broadcast journalist for regional news and current affairs programming for STV. He joined the station in 1990 and was appointed political editor in 2000, following the retirement of longstanding political editor Fiona Ross. Since 2019, Bernard has been Special Correspondent for STV News.
Political career
Ponsonby stood for the Liberal Democrats – then styled as the "Democrats" – in the 1988 Glasgow Govan by-election, losing his deposit with a 4.1% share of the vote. He became the party's press officer following that.
For seven years, Ponsonby presented Scottish Television's political programme Platform. He currently reports and provides political commentary for all three editions of the station's flagship regional news programme, STV News at Six, in the North, East and West of Scotland. He has also contributed to the weekly political programme Politics Now, for which he became presenter in January 2009, until the programme's end in 2011. He now commentates on the replacement programme Scotland Tonight.
Ponsonby co-presented the political programme Scottish Questions (1992–93), was the lead presenter on Scottish Voices (1994–95), co-presented Trial By Night (1993–96) and more recently, Seven Days (2000–2001).
Ponsonby has produced several documentary programmes in the Scottish Reporters series and produced two political documentaries (The Dewar Years and The Salmond Years) on two of Scotland's most influential politicians of the postwar period.
In 2002, Ponsonby was arrested for drunk driving and convicted of being over three times the legal drink limit.
In May 2009, Ponsonby became the first journalist in the UK to report the resignation of the speaker of the House of Commons and Glasgow North East MP, Michael Martin – the first speaker to be forced from office since 1695. Ponsonby is an avid film fan and frequents the Cineworld chain of cinemas in Parkhead Glasgow.
On 5 August 2014, Ponsonby moderated Salmond & Darling: The Debate, the first head-to-head televised debate between First Minister Alex Salmond and Alistair Darling ahead of the forthcoming Scottish independence referendum.
The Prime Minister's office refused to allow Ponsonby to interview David Cameron on STV about the Scottish independence referendum, according to a report in The Scotsman.
Ponsonby stood down as Political Editor of STV News in 2019, after 19 years in the job. He took up the newly-created role of Special Correspondent, whilst continuing to lead STV's election results coverage.
References
Liberal Democrats (UK) parliamentary candidates
Living people
People educated at Trinity High School, Rutherglen
People from Cambuslang
Scottish journalists
Scottish Liberal Democrat politicians
Scottish television presenters
STV News newsreaders and journalists
Year of birth missing (living people) |
4024830 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amma%20Ariyan | Amma Ariyan | Amma Ariyan () is a 1986 Malayalam-language experimental film directed by avant-garde filmmaker John Abraham. The story revolves around the incidents following the death of a young Naxalite, upon whose death his friends travel to the village where his mother lives to inform her of the death of her only son.
Amma Ariyan is considered to be a complex movie and was one of the biggest experiments in Indian cinema when funds were raised to make a film without giving the slightest heed to its commercial viability. Since its release in 1986, critics have read several layers of meaning in its story. The film was the only South Indian film to feature on British Film Institute's Top 10 Indian Films list.
Plot
Preparing to leave for Delhi, Purushan bids his mother goodbye, promising to write to her regularly. In the thinly populated forest area of Wayanad in northeast Kerala, the jeep in which he is traveling is stopped by the Police, who take possession of it to carry a dead body found hanging on the wayside tree. The dead man's face looks familiar to Purushan. He becomes restless and is seized with a pathological obsession to find out the identity of the deceased. Against the wishes of his girlfriend, he abandons his trip to Delhi and sets out to seek his friends who may have some clue. Purushan meets journalist friends, doctors, and finally a veteran comrade, fondly addressed as Balettan who identifies the dead as the fellow musician who accompanied Satyajit, the guitarist. Satyajit confirms the deceased is his friend Hari, the tabla player. Together they decide to inform Hari's mother who stays in Cochin. They set out on a long eventful journey from the northern highlands of Wayanad to the Southern port city of Cochin.
As they move from Kozhikode to Beypore, Kodungalloor, Thrissur, Kottapuram, Vypin, and finally to Fort Kochi, the group swells as they meet many mothers and their sons and relatives who have known Hari; some had known him as a tabla player, some as Tony, the jazz drummer, and others as a silent political activist, a victim of police brutality, and a loner. And for others, he was a drug addict and one who used to drown his sorrow and pain in his music. Through their recollections, Hari's rather diffused identity unfolds. His classmates remember Hari as an introvert, weak and indecisive. His worker comrades identify him as a staunch revolutionary with strong resistance and willpower. But then what went wrong?
The colonial past of the places, what they took from us and what they left behind as well as the people's protests and uprisings, the region witnesses, and their heroes and victims are integrated into the narrative, by way of information as well as critique.
While reporting to his mother about Hari and his friends and their mothers on his southbound journey, John also reconstructs the history of the land through a series of class struggles, student protests, and workers union clashes that took place in the region where Purushan traversed. Starting with the medical students agitation against commercialization of medical education, to a short dialogue with Karuppuswamy, the unfortunate victim who had lost both his legs in a colliery workers struggle for better wages and human dignity, in Kottapuram, to Vypin island where several mazdoors (labourers) either died or lost their eyesight in the man-made hooch tragedy, to the Citizens group's forcible taking over of rice and sugar hoarded by unscrupulous black marketer traders and distributing to ordinary people at fair prices and giving back the money collected to the traders, to the manipulated fight between workers of two feuding unions in a Mattancherry street in Fort Kochi, where four fishermen had died, and also some targeted working-class leaders in a fake Police encounter, an abortive factory workers strike extending solidarity to the retrenched women workers in Fort Kochi, are some of the long list of peoples protests and struggles reported with deep concern and feeling by Purushan in a long letter to his Mother.
As Purushan and his group wait for Hari's mother to come out of the Baptism ceremony from the church, they analyze their own past, noting the emerging debate focusing on the romantic evasions and tragic failures of the extremist movement. When Hari s mother finally turns up and faces the youth congregation, she asks "Suicide wasn't it?" The film ends with Purushan's mother watching Hari's mother wiping her tear.
Cast
Kunhulakshmi Amma as Purushan's mother
Harinarayan as Hari
Joy Mathew as Purushan
Maji Venkitesh as Paru
Nilambur Balan
Production
The incidents that led to the production of Amma Ariyan are striking. A group of young friends of John Abraham who wanted to make it into a "people's movie", constituted the Odessa Collective, aiming at production and exhibition of good cinema with active participation of the general public, without the intervention of market forces.
They raised money for the film by traveling from village to village and house to house, beating drums, singing and putting up skits and short plays at street corners and asking for contributions for the 'people's cinema'. They collected the fund needed for the production of a movie. It was Odessa's first film and John's last Amma Ariyan re-wrote all the conventions of filmmaking.
The film is made in a documentary style. As a part of the technique of intertwining fact and fiction, the filmmaker shot many actual leftist political strikes that took place in Kerala during that time.
Themes
The Great Mother not one but many
As in all primitive cultures which have the power to overcome contradictions of faith, in Kerala too radicalism has gone hand in hand with the mother cult. The mother goddess is worshipped in its varied forms – as Devi, Bhagavathi, Parvathi, and Kali all alternate forms of Durga, the consort of Lord Shiva and the embodiment of energy and destruction. The traditional matrilineal kinship, sensitively shown in the scene between the mother and the son's betrothed drying the wet cloth in the sun, waypoints to the strong influence Purushan (The Man) has in defining his personal radicalism. The male (Purushan) seeking an umbilical solace in the female (Nature) through the expression of his inner self thereby becomes the crux of John's narrative. "Suicide is something that John tries to come to grips with as the little boy asks: "Father, what's suicide?" And Purushan clumsily tries to explain but fails
Two mothers in the film - one Hindu and the other Muslim - ask themselves and us, "Why these youngsters are committing suicide? ", As we look at their faces, we realize John is not telling the story of one mother and one son but of several mothers and several sons and also the tragedy of a time in Kerala's socio-political and cultural history. As with Ghatak, for John also the mother image is the most vibrant cohesive force in Nature which binds people of different sensitivity together. His protagonist s journey begins and ends with the same belief.
Alone in the crowd
As the journey proceeds and Purushan takes stock of his life and goes into reflections of his umbilical links with his mother and the beloved as they always appear together as a single entity in his mind, he finds himself more and more alienated from the group and their ideology, (if they have one). The alienation becomes complete towards the fag end of the film with an arresting image of him lying alone in a bed of flowers under a tree and the camera captures his face in a way that reminds us of the dead face of Hari in the mortuary His total identification with Hari takes him to come to terms with himself and both the mothers ¦.
The Journey
The whole film is designed in the form of a "journey" – the journey of life Putrushan sets out for the journey with the intention of going North (Delhi), but after his encounter with "death" he reverses the direction and travels South from the forests of Vayanad in North Kerala to Fort Kochi, the port city, traversing practically the whole of Malabar, a land which had a long tradition of political activity and people's movements in Kerala. Even though John came from further down, Kottayam, he seemed to have a thorough grasp of the political and cultural history of this region. The film is an eloquent testimony to this.
History of class struggles
While reporting to his mother about Hari and his friends and their mothers on his southbound journey, John also reconstructs the history of the land through a series of class struggles, student protests, and workers union clashes that took place in the region where Purushan traversed. Starting with the medical students' agitation against the commercialization of medical education (a topical issue to this day), to a short dialogue with Karuppuswamy, the unfortunate victim who had lost both his legs in colliery worker's struggle for better wages and human dignity, in Kottapuram, to Vypin island where several mazdoors (laborers) either died or lost their eyesight in the man-made hooch tragedy, to the citizens group's forcible taking over of rice and sugar hoarded by unscrupulous black marketer traders and distributing to ordinary people at fair prices and giving back the money collected to the traders, to the manipulated fight between workers of two feuding unions in a Mattancherry street in Fort Kochi. Where four fishermen had died, and also some targeted working-class leaders in a fake Police encounter, abortive factory workers' strike extending solidarity to the retrenched women workers in Fort Kochi ¦ are some of the long lists of people's protests and struggles reported with deep concern and feeling by Purushan in a long letter to his Mother ¦
Interpreting metaphors
The metaphors used by John in Amma Ariyan are powerful, but often obscure. The dead body, which Purushan witnessed by chance and later, brings together like-minded people to form a crowd requires to be interpreted. The other and perhaps the most important metaphor that needs interpretation is 'Mother'. Even though throughout the course of the film, each individual member joins the crowd after informing their respective mothers, two mothers stand out in the film. The film unfurls in the form of a letter to Purushan's mother who sees off her son by urging him to write a letter to her, wherever he may be. The other mother, the mother of Hari who commits suicide is the destination of the crowd. While one among them is anxious to know about her son's journey through the torrid times, the other mother foresees her son's suicide, while almost all the mothers are seen worried about the youth of that time, succumbing to suicide. John's film starts with a mother's wish to know about her son and ends where another mother's dreams of her son burn down. The crowd that is formed for the mission of informing Hari's mother about his death too requires interpretation.
References
External links
Amma Ariyan - Cinema Of Malayalam
Amma Ariyan, a study - Manuvilsan, Rajmohan
John Abraham - Profile in cinemaofmalayalam.net
John Abraham - Weblokam profile
A tribute to Ritwik Ghatak by John
1980s avant-garde and experimental films
1980s Malayalam-language films
Indian avant-garde and experimental films
Films directed by John Abraham
Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography National Film Award
Crowdfunded films |
4024832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mos%C3%A9%20Navarra | Mosé Navarra | Mosé Navarra (born 18 July 1974, in Loano) is a retired tennis player from Italy.
Navarra turned professional in 1993. The left-hander reached his highest individual ranking on the ATP Tour on 14 June 1999, when he became the number 119 in the world.
Personal life
Navarra was married to Indian model Sheetal Mallar for three years.
Junior Grand Slam finals
Singles: 1 (1 runner-up)
ATP career finals
Doubles: 1 (1 runner-up)
ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals
Singles: 5 (3–2)
Doubles: 7 (3–4)
Performance timelines
Singles
Doubles
References
External links
1974 births
Living people
Italian male tennis players
Sportspeople from the Province of Savona
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Italy
Mediterranean Games medalists in tennis
Competitors at the 1993 Mediterranean Games |
4024837 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakeb%20Jalali | Shakeb Jalali | Shakeb Jalali or Shakeeb Jalali (), born Syed Hassan Rizvi (1 October 1934 – 12 November 1966), was a Pakistani Urdu poet, considered one of the distinguished Urdu poets of the post-independence era.
Shakeb was born on 1 October 1934 in Jalal, a small village near Aligarh. His ancestors were from a small town, Saddat, near Aligarh. He committed suicide on 12 November 1966 by throwing himself before a passing train near Sargodha, Pakistan. Roushni Aye Roushni, his first poetry collection, was published posthumously in 1972. Sang-e-Meel published his complete poetical works as Kulliyat-e-Shakeb Jalali in 2004.
Further reading
See also
List of Urdu Poets
References
External links
1934 births
1966 suicides
People from Aligarh
Muhajir people
Pakistani poets
Urdu-language poets from Pakistan
Pakistani Shia Muslims
20th-century poets
Suicides in Pakistan
Suicides by train |
4024849 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20noise%20machine | White noise machine | A white noise machine is a device that produces a noise that calms the listener, which in many cases sounds like a rushing waterfall or wind blowing through trees, and other serene or nature-like sounds. Often such devices do not produce actual white noise, which has a harsh sound, but pink noise, whose power rolls off at higher frequencies, or other colors of noise.
Use
White noise devices are available from numerous manufacturers in many forms, for a variety of different uses, including audio testing, sound masking, sleep-aid, and power-napping. Sleep-aid and nap machine products may also produce other soothing sounds, such as music, rain, wind, highway traffic and ocean waves mixed with—or modulated by—white noise. Electric fans are a common alternative, although some Asian communities historically avoided using fans due to the superstition that a fan could suffocate them while sleeping. White noise generators are often used by people with tinnitus to mask their symptoms. The sounds generated by digital machines are not always truly random. Rather, they are short prerecorded audio-tracks which continuously repeat at the end of the track.
Manufacturers of sound-masking devices recommend that the volume of white noise machines be initially set at a comfortable level, even if it does not provide the desired level of privacy. As the ear becomes accustomed to the new sound and learns to tune it out, the volume can be gradually increased to increase privacy. Manufacturers of sleeping aids and power-napping devices recommend that the volume level be set slightly louder than normal music listening level, but always in a comfortable listening range.
Sound and noise have their own measurement and color coding techniques, which allows specialized users to identify noise and sound according to their respective needs and utilization. These specialized needs are dependent on certain professions and needs, e.g. a psychiatrist who needs certain sounds for therapies and treatments on a mental level, and patients who have conditions such as insomnia, anxiety, and, tinnitus (these conditions are managed with special devices which are designed to create certain sounds that treat such conditions at a mental level). A white noise machine has “white” as the color code given to that noise having a particular frequency spectrum.
Audio jammers
White noise machines are used to diminish the potential for recording or overhearing conversations. Republican Glen Casada had a white noise machine installed in his office to prevent against eavesdropping.
Smart speaker blockers have been developed. For example, Bracelet of Silence is a bracelet that outputs white noise to protect privacy against digital recording from smart speakers. Bracelet of Silence is portable and not attached to smart speakers, thus it is possible that this device can be used to prevent eavesdropping of other devices as well, for example smartphones and laptops.
There is not a lot of research on the impact of loud sounds at inaudible frequencies (and their respective audible artifacts and harmonics).
Design
Most modern white noise generators are electronic, usually generating the sound in real-time with audio test equipment, or via electronic playback of a digital audio recording. Simple mechanical machines consist of a very basic setup, involving an enclosed fan and, optionally, a speed switch. This fan drives air through small slots in the machine's casing, producing the desired sound. The first fan-based white noise machine was the Marpac Dohm, which was invented in 1962 and is frequently credited as the original domestic use white noise machine.
See also
Pink noise
White noise
Colors of noise
Sound masking
Tinnitus masker
Sound Princess
References
Noise (electronics)
Privacy
Sleep
Hardware device blockers |
4024858 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata%20Xover | Tata Xover | The Tata Xover (pronounced "crossover") is a 7-seat crossover SUV concept car created by the Indian automaker Tata Motors. It was first introduced at the 2005 Geneva Motor Show. The Xover is long and designed to accept Tata's next generation Euro IV compliant powertrains.
In January 2010, the Xover's real market version was launched with minor changes in the AutoExpo in New Delhi, India. It has been launched as the Tata Aria. Most of the body design remains unchanged except for the grill, headlamps and minor cosmetics.
See also
Other concept cars by Tata Motors
2004 Tata Indigo Advent
2007 Tata Elegante
2009 Tata Prima
Xover |
4024861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpiration%20stream | Transpiration stream | In plants, the transpiration stream is the uninterrupted stream of water and solutes which is taken up by the roots and transported via the xylem to the leaves where it evaporates into the air/apoplast-interface of the substomatal cavity. It is driven by capillary action and in some plants by root pressure. The main driving factor is the difference in water potential between the soil and the substomatal cavity caused by transpiration.
Transpiration
Transpiration can be regulated through stomatal closure or opening. It allows for plants to efficiently transport water up to their highest body organs, regulate the temperature of stem and leaves and it allows for upstream signaling such as the dispersal of an apoplastic alkalinization during local oxidative stress.
Summary of water movement:
Soil
Roots and Root Hair
Xylem
Leaves
Stomata
Air
Osmosis
The water passes from the soil to the root by osmosis. The long and thin shape of root hairs maximizes surface area so that more water can enter. There is greater water potential in the soil than in the cytoplasm of the root hair cells. As the cell's surface membrane of the root hair cell is semi-permeable, osmosis can take place; and water passes from the soil to the root hairs.
The next stage in the transpiration stream is water passing into the xylem vessels. The water either goes through the cortex cells (between the root cells and the xylem vessels) or it bypasses them – going through their cell walls.
After this, the water moves up the xylem vessels to the leaves through diffusion: A pressure change between the top and bottom of the vessel. Diffusion takes place because there is a water potential gradient between water in the xylem vessel and the leaf (as water is transpiring out of the leaf). This means that water diffuses up the leaf. There is also a pressure change between the top and bottom of the xylem vessels, due to water loss from the leaves. This reduces the pressure of water at the top of the vessels. This means water moves up the vessels.
The last stage in the transpiration stream is the water moving into the leaves, and then the actual transpiration. First, the water moves into the mesophyll cells from the top of the xylem vessels. Then the water evaporates out of the cells into the spaces between the cells in the leaf. After this, the water leaves the leaf (and the whole plant) by diffusion through stomata.
See also
Soil plant atmosphere continuum for modelling plant transpiration.
References
Felle HH, Herrmann A, Hückelhoven R, Kogel K-H (2005) Root-to-shoot signalling: apoplastic alkalinization, a general stress response and defence factor in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Protoplasma 227, 17 - 24.
Salibury F, Ross C (1991) Plant Physiology. Brooks Cole, pp 682, .
Plant physiology |
4024867 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSWR%20L11%20class | LSWR L11 class | The London and South Western Railway L11 class was a class of 4-4-0 steam locomotives designed for mixed traffic work. They were introduced in 1903 and were nicknamed "Large Hoppers". As with most other Drummond productions, the locomotive had two inside cylinders and Stephenson link valve gear.
Background
The L11 class was one of a number of designs by Dugald Drummond incorporating a large proportion of standard parts that could be interchanged with other classes of locomotive. The boiler was interchangeable with the T9 class, and likewise was equipped with water tubes fitted across the firebox combustion space, with the aim of increasing heating surface whilst facilitating water circulation; this device however also increased maintenance costs and was soon removed by Drummond's successor, Robert Urie.
Later history
The L11 class was never equipped with a superheater as was applied to other Drummond types. The class was coupled to a six-wheeled tender as standard, although from time to time they had the Drummond eight-wheeled 'watercart' by way of tender interchange.
Eight locomotives were converted to oil firing as part of government trials in 1947 to 1948.
None have survived.
Construction table
Livery and numbering
LSWR and Southern
Under the LSWR, the L11s were outshopped in the LSWR Passenger Sage Green livery with purple-brown edging, creating panels of green. This was further lined in white and black with 'LSWR' in gilt on the tender tank sides.
When transferred to Southern Railway ownership after 1923, the locomotives were outshopped in Richard Maunsell's darker version of the LSWR livery. The LSWR standard gilt lettering was changed to yellow with 'Southern' on the water tank sides. The locomotives also featured black and white lining.
Post-1948 (nationalisation)
Livery after Nationalisation was initially Southern freight livery with 'British Railways' on the tender, and an 'S' prefix on the number. The class was subsequently outshopped in BR Mixed Traffic Black with red and white lining, with the BR crest on the tender.
Locomotive numbering was per BR standard practice, with 40 locomotives passing into British Railways ownership in 1948 and they were numbered randomly (with other LSWR classes) in the ranges 30134-30175, 30405-30414, 30435-30442. Numbering was based upon the batches built. However, thirteen of the locomotives had been withdrawn by the end of 1948, resulting in gaps in the sequence.
Comparison with K10
According to Dendy Marshall, the main differences between the K10 "Small Hoppers" and the L11 "Large Hoppers" were:
K10, 9 foot coupling rods and C8 type boiler
L11, 10 foot coupling rods and T9 type boiler
References
External links
SEMG gallery
L11
4-4-0 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1903
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain |
4024873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Trenaman | Martin Trenaman | Martin Trenaman (born 1962) is an English comedy writer and actor, who has contributed to many modern comedy series. He played Simon's father, Alan Cooper, in the sitcom The Inbetweeners (2008-10). He reprised the role of Mr. Cooper for the subsequent Inbetweeners films released in 2011 and 2014.
Career
Trenaman won So You Think You're Funny? in 1994 and went on to write additional material for shows such as Head on Comedy, Lenny Henry in Pieces and Haywire, and for comedians such as Harry Enfield, Johnny Vaughan and Phil Kay. The Lenny Henry special which he contributed to was winner of the Golden Rose of Montreaux in 2001.
Trenaman has been credited with writing material for Is It Bill Bailey? and Never Mind the Buzzcocks. He appeared in two of Bailey's live shows; with Phil Whelans in Bill Bailey's Cosmic Jam (1996) as part of the band "The Stan Ellis Experiment", and in Part Troll (2004) with Kevin Eldon and John Moloney in Kraftwerk spoof, "Das Hokey Kokey". He also appears on Bailey's Bewilderness DVD in the spoof interview Legacy of Dreams: With Martin Trenaman. Along with Bill Bailey, Phil Whelans, and Kevin Eldon, he is a member of the punk rock cover band Beergut 100. He also appeared in Spaced, playing the nemesis of Bailey's character and owner of a rival comic book shop.
He worked with Sean Lock, both in writing additional material for Is it Bill Bailey? and Never Mind the Buzzcocks, and also by co-writing Sean Lock's sitcom 15 Storeys High. Trenaman has contributed to all 4 series of the show, which includes 2 on radio and 2 on television. He also co-stars in the first series of the radio show, and makes numerous guest appearances during the television series.
In 2004 Trenaman appeared as a locksmith in the first series of The Mighty Boosh. He played the role of Lance, the manager, in E4's Phoneshop. He appeared in CBBC's All at Sea, and in Noel Fielding's Luxury Comedy.
Recently, Trenaman has written for the Channel 4 comedy panel show 8 Out of 10 Cats Does Countdown and for the BBC children's comedy Horrible Histories. He also played Ken in Series 4 of the award-winning British comedy So Awkward.
In 2019, Trenaman appeared in the Acorn TV series Queens of Mystery as Derek Thorne.
In 2020, he appeared as DS Ferguson in ITV Drama Quiz, based on the real life incident in 2001 when Major Charles Ingram attempted to cheat his way to a million pounds on quiz show Who Wants to be a Millionaire?.
References
External links
Living people
British television writers
1962 births
Date of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people) |
4024880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejseholdet | Rejseholdet | Rejseholdet (; international title: Unit One) is a Danish television crime drama series, broadcast on DR1, that ran for four series from 1 October 2000 to 1 January 2004. The series, produced by Danmarks Radio, revolves around an elite mobile police task force that travel around Denmark, assisting each local police force solve serious crimes. The series starred Charlotte Fich as DCI Ingrid Dahl, an ambitious detective who is promoted to the role of unit commander seemingly on the basis of being female. The series co-starred Mads Mikkelsen and Lars Brygmann as Sergeants Allan Fischer and Thomas La Cour.
A total of thirty-two episodes aired across four series. Each episode is titled with a reference to an assistancemelding, which roughly translates into English as "Request for Assistance". Each case portrayed in the show was loosely based upon actual sensational crimes such as murders, kidnappings, cross-border sex trafficking and child pornography.
Production
The series was predominantly filmed at TV-Drama's film studio at TV-byen in Søborg, Denmark, as well as on location. Filming also took place in Sweden, Germany, Iceland and other close regional countries. The format of each episode balances the forensic process and an unfolding backstory that includes the somewhat ambivalent relationships existing between the unit members and their families. The series regularly touches on social issues including the insularity of police work, the social and emotional impact of brutal crime, as well as political and press involvement in the justice process. In 2002, the series received the Emmy Award for Best Drama Series from the International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. The series also won the Best Drama Award at the annual Danish Television Awards in both 2001 and 2002. For his leading role, Mads Mikkelsen received the Best Actor award at the 2002 Danish Television Awards.
Distribution
The series has been televised in Denmark (DR1), Sweden (TV4), Iceland (Rúv), Germany (ZDF), Australia (SBS), Croatia (HRT3), and the United States (MHz). The complete series is also available on DVD. In the United States and Australia, three individual sets comprising all thirty-two episodes were released on DVD in 2014. These contain purely English subtitles. In Europe, the Scandinavian release, which contains all thirty-two episodes in one box set, includes subtitles in Danish, English, Norwegian and Swedish. In the Netherlands the entire series has been released as "Unit One" with Dutch subtitles. In the United Kingdom, each series was released individually as per the original broadcast. The releases form part of Arrow Films' Nordic Noir strand of releases. The first series was released on 21 January 2013. The second series followed on 27 May 2013. The third series was released on 6 January 2014, followed by the fourth and final series on 7 July 2014.
Cast
Charlotte Fich as DCI Ingrid Dahl; commander of the unit. Single mother of Tobias (by former husband) and guardian of Gry, the daughter of her late partner. Promoted to a leadership position, she initially struggles to gain the respect of the team and her superior, Ulf Thomson. During the series Ingrid suspect that Ulf is her father. Her suspicion is eventually revealed to be true.
Mads Mikkelsen as DS Allan Fischer; the "problem child" of the unit. Impulsive and emotional, Fischer has been frustrated by a lack of advancement, as he is seen by Ulf and Ingrid as "difficult to manage". Despite his rough edges his persistence, physicality and willingness to bend the rules often produces results and he is thus highly valued as a member of the team.
Lars Brygmann as DS Thomas La Cour; the most cerebral member of the unit. La Cour is noteworthy for his highly intuitive investigative approach that often plays a key role in solving a mystery. Most episodes include a sequence where La Cour seems to mystically "channel" the victim and/or perpetrator in order to re-create the crime event. The portrayal of these moments sometimes suggest the supernatural, such as an episode when an off-duty La Cour leads local police directly to the murder scene and thus places himself under suspicion for the crime.
Waage Sandø as DI Jens Peter "I.P." Sørensen; the senior member of the unit. I.P. was passed over for promotion when Ingrid was appointed commander. Partner to Kirsten. A world-weary but trusted and quietly supportive second-in-command to Ingrid. Has been with the force for 40 years.
Erik Wedersøe as Commander Ulf Thomsen; a senior police official, under whom the unit operates. Appointed Ingrid as commander of the unit. The promotion seems at least partially the product of political pressure to elevate a female. Ulf frequently challenges Ingrid's decisions but his respect for her is revealed over time. Ulf's affair with Kirsten and promotion of Ingrid has complicated his longstanding relationship with colleague I.P.
Trine Pallesen as DC Gaby Levin; a junior member of the unit. Develops relationship with Johnny Olsen. Gaby is portrayed as the "glue that often holds the unit together", managing unit logistics, and she is heavily relied upon by Ingrid and other unit members.
Lars Bom as Johnny Olsen; a contract truck owner/operator. Responsible for moving the Rejseholdet mobile office between locations. Partner of Gaby. Former Danish national football (soccer) star, frequently "unofficially" involved in the unit's police work.
Michael Falch as Jan Boysen; a forensic pathologist working with the Danish Police who pursues Ingrid romantically.
Sebastian Ottensten as Tobias; Ingrid's teenage son. Tobias's brushes with the law (smoking hashish and joyriding in a stolen car) have been used to illustrate Ingrid's conflicted state as an ambitious career officer and a single mother.
Lisbet Lundquist as Kirsten Jørgensen, a successful stage actress and I.P.'s partner during the first season. Kirsten struggles with issues pertaining to ageing and alcoholism, and later develops an affair with Ulf.
Lykke Sand Michelsen as Gry; daughter of Ingrid's late partner.
Benedikte Hansen as Trine Dalgaard
Episodes
Series 1 (2000)
Series 2 (2001)
Series 3 (2001-2002)
Series 4 (2002-2003)
Notes
External links
Rejseholdet at DR1
Danish crime television series
DR television dramas
Danish drama television series
2000 Danish television series debuts
2004 Danish television series endings
2000s Danish television series
International Emmy Award for Best Drama Series winners
Danish-language television shows |
4024882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20R.%20Pillar | Paul R. Pillar | Paul R. Pillar is an academic and 28-year veteran of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), serving from 1977 to 2005.
He is now a non-resident senior fellow at Georgetown University's Center for Security Studies, as well as a nonresident senior fellow in the Brookings Institution's Center for 21st Century Security and Intelligence. He was a visiting professor at Georgetown University from 2005 to 2012. He is a contributor to The National Interest.
Background
Pillar earned an A.B. degree from Dartmouth College (1969), and received the B.Phil from Oxford University (1971) and an M.A. and Ph.D. from Princeton University (1975 and 1978).
Career
Prior to joining the CIA in 1977, Pillar served as a U.S. Army Reserves officer in Vietnam, on active duty from 1971 to 1973.
At the CIA, Pillar served in a variety of positions, including Executive Assistant to Director of Central Intelligence William H. Webster (1989–1991).
He became chief of analysis at the Agency's Counterterrorist Center (CTC) in 1993. By 1997 he was the Center's deputy director. But in summer 1999 he suffered a clash of styles with the new director, Cofer Black. Soon after, Pillar left the Center.
His 1990 and early 1991 experience were described in a 2006 interview, in which he spoke of the CIA role in assessing Iraq in preparation for the 1991 war. At that time, according to Pillar, the intelligence community (IC) judged that Iraq had active programs for development of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). "One of the revelations after the invasion and after the inspections began in Iraq was that some of those programs had gone farther than had been believed. The intelligence community had undershot, if you will, in its assessment of just how far along, especially on the nuclear program, the Iraqis had been". Pillar notes, "I did not receive any [intelligence] requests from a policy-maker on Iraq until about a year into the war ... policymakers decided "My goodness, this shows us how much we might not know." And as people like the vice president and others repeatedly reminded in the lead-up to the Operation Iraqi Freedom, "We don't know what we don't know." [said by Donald Rumsfeld]"
He was a Federal Executive Fellow at the Brookings Institution from 1999-2000. From 2000 to 2005, Pillar worked at the National Intelligence Council as the national intelligence officer for the Near East and South Asia, "responsible for production and coordination throughout the U.S. Intelligence Community of National Intelligence Estimates and other Community assessments". After December 2004, the National Intelligence Council, to which national intelligence officers report, moved from the CIA to the Office of the Director of National Intelligence.
Observations and recommendations about Congressional oversight of intelligence
Paul Pillar, National Intelligence Officer for the Middle East between 2000 and 2005, wrote, in Foreign Affairs, "Intelligence affects the nation's interests through its effect on policy. No matter how much the process of intelligence gathering itself is fixed, the changes will do no good if the role of intelligence in the policymaking process is not also addressed ... But a few steps, based on the recognition that the intelligence-policy relationship is indeed broken, could reduce the likelihood that such a breakdown will recur."
He emphasized the need for "a clear delineation between intelligence and policy", suggesting that the United Kingdom sets an example "where discussion of this issue has been more forthright, by declaring once and for all that its intelligence services should not be part of public advocacy of policies still under debate. In the UK, Prime Minister Tony Blair accepted a commission of inquiry's conclusions that intelligence and policy had been improperly commingled in such exercises as the publication of the "dodgy dossier", the British counterpart to the United States' Iraqi WMD white paper". The National Intelligence Council, and its National Intelligence Officers, act as an intelligence "think tank", and routinely consult with experts outside government. Pillar has been criticized for leaking the NIC's advice to President George W. Bush in the course of such consultations.
Pillar suggested that an American equivalent of the issues "should take the form of a congressional resolution and be seconded by a statement from the White House. Although it would not have legal force, such a statement would discourage future administrations from attempting to pull the intelligence community into policy advocacy. It would also give some leverage to intelligence officers in resisting any such future attempts."
Inadequacies of current practice
Pillar criticized Congress both for not using the intelligence made available to it, as well as not necessarily asking questions about information not provided to them.
The proper relationship between intelligence gathering and policymaking sharply separates the two functions. ... Congress, not the administration, asked for the now-infamous October 2002 National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) on Iraq's unconventional weapons programs, although few members of Congress actually read it. (According to several congressional aides responsible for safeguarding the classified material, no more than six senators and only a handful of House members got beyond the five-page executive summary.) As the national intelligence officer for the Middle East, I was in charge of coordinating all of the intelligence community's assessments regarding Iraq; the first request I received from any administration policymaker for any such assessment was not until a year into the war.
While there is a CIA "politicization ombudsman", Pillar described the function as informally defined, and primarily listening to internal concern about politicization, and summarizing this for senior CIA officials. While he believes the intelligence oversight committees should have an important role, "the heightened partisanship that has bedeviled so much other work on Capitol Hill has had an especially inhibiting effect in this area".
Recommendation for improved legislative oversight
In the Foreign Affairs article, Pillar said that the legislative branch is the proper place for monitoring
... the intelligence-policy relationship. But the oversight should be conducted by a nonpartisan office modeled on the Government Accountability Office (GAO) and the Congressional Budget Office (CBO). Such an office would have a staff, smaller than that of the GAO or the CBO, of officers experienced in intelligence and with the necessary clearances and access to examine questions about both the politicization of classified intelligence work and the public use of intelligence. As with the GAO, this office could conduct inquiries at the request of members of Congress. It would make its results public as much as possible, consistent with security requirements, and it would avoid duplicating the many other functions of intelligence oversight, which would remain the responsibility of the House and Senate intelligence committees.
Commentary by and about Pillar
There have been a series of press comments, for and against Pillar, starting before the 2004 United States Presidential election. Pillar also made several public speeches and publications. Pillar was still a National Intelligence Officer in 2004.
2004
Before the 2004 Presidential election, The Wall Street Journal editorial page criticized "CIA insurgents", including Pillar, for "engaging in a policy debate" and were "clearly trying to defeat President Bush and elect John Kerry". The piece asserted that Pillar had a "lousy track record" in assessing the terrorist threat and that he rejected the "war" metaphor for counterterrorism, comparing it instead to "the effort by public health authorities to control communicable diseases". The editorial also asserted that Pillar commented in a public lecture at Johns Hopkins University that "secular" Baathists in Iraq would never cooperate with fundamentalists like al-Qaeda. The editorial writer asserted, "Tell that to Abu Musab al Zarqawi and the Baathists now cooperating in Fallujah."
In September 2004, Robert Novak wrote, "I reported on Sept. 27 that Paul R. Pillar, the CIA's national intelligence officer for the Near East and South Asia, told a private dinner on the West Coast of secret, unheeded warnings to Bush about going to war. I learned of this because of leaks from people who attended, but many other senior Agency officials were covertly but effectively campaigning for Sen. John Kerry." Amy Sullivan of the Washington Monthly, wrote that Pillar's remarks had been made at an off-the-record dinner party. Pillar had said, at the party, that the CIA had warned the White House, in January 2003, that war with Iraq "could unleash a violent insurgency in the country". Sullivan wrote "Novak wasn't at the dinner, which was conducted under established background rules—the substance of Pillar's remarks could be reported, but not his identity or his audience. But someone there told Novak about it. So Novak, apparently feeling bound by no rules, outed Pillar by identifying him as the speaker. It's a trick he uses often—others attend off-the-record meetings or briefings, tell him about it, and he reports not just what was said, but fingers those who spoke as well."
In an October 2004 op-ed in the Washington Times, John B. Roberts II described Pillar is "a longstanding intellectual opponent of the policy options chosen by President Bush to fight terrorism". Roberts questioned Pillar's suitability to lead the writing of the NIE on Iraq, accusing him of disclosing, to academics and other nongovernmental personnel with whom the National Intelligence Council speaks, the advice given to President Bush.
Another critic of Pillar's speaking against Administration policy, focused around the dinner speech cited by Novak, suggested that CIA management, as a whole, might have been politicized against the Bush Administration. Observing that Pillar's speech was preapproved by CIA management, Stephen F. Hayes of the Weekly Standard questions why "A senior, unelected CIA official—Paul Pillar—was given agency approval to anonymously attack Bush administration policies less than two months before the November 2, 2004 presidential election ... His was not an isolated case; CIA officials routinely trashed Bush administration policy decisions, often with official approval, in the months leading up to the Iraq War and again before the election".
2005
Pillar was a major participant in a conference "sponsored by the John Bassett Moore Society of International Law, University of Virginia School of Law, and the Strategic Studies Institute (SSI), U.S. Army War College, and was held February 25–26, 2005. Conference participants included representatives from government agencies involved in the U.S. war on terrorism, students and faculty members from other universities".
Pillar coauthored a monograph from SSI, entitled Law vs. War: Competing Approaches to Fighting Terrorism.
2006
In early 2006, he wrote an article for Foreign Affairs criticizing the Bush Administration for cherry picking intelligence to justify the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Pillar wrote that the Administration went to war in Iraq "without requesting—and evidently without being influenced by—any strategic-level intelligence assessments on any aspect of Iraq. It has become clear that official intelligence was not relied on in making even the most significant national security decisions, that intelligence was misused publicly to justify decisions already made, that damaging ill will developed between [Bush] policymakers and intelligence officers, and that the intelligence community's own work was politicized".
Scott Ritter, writing on his blog in February 2006, agreed with Pillar's assessment of politicization, but suggested that Pillar had mixed motives in limiting "his criticism to the Bush administration during the time period leading up to the invasion in March 2003". Ritter criticizes Pillar for not mentioning "the issue of regime change and the role played by the CIA in carrying out covert action at the instruction of the White House (both Democratic and Republican) to remove Saddam Hussein from power. Because he was the former national intelligence officer for Near East/Middle East affairs, I find this absence both disconcerting and disingenuous. By failing to give due credence to the impact and influence of the CIA's mission of regime change in Iraq on its analysis of Iraqi WMDs, Mr. Pillar continues to promulgate the myth that the CIA was honestly engaged in the business of trying to disarm Iraq".
Washington Post reporter Walter Pincus called Pillar's critique "one of the most severe indictments of White House actions by a former Bush official since Richard A. Clarke" and noted that this article was "the first time that such a senior intelligence officer has so directly and publicly condemned the administration's handling of intelligence".
In an interview with the Council on Foreign Relations, he elaborated on the politicization of intelligence on which he wrote in the Foreign Affairs article. Pillar said that the Silberman-Robb commission did not go into as much depth on the "differential treatment that different draft intelligence assessments get as they go through the procedure of being coordinated and approved. And you have to remember, anything that sees light of day as a published—published in the sense of a classified paper—intelligence assessment goes through usually multiple levels of review, various supervisors, branch chiefs and so on, weighing in, approving or disapproving, remanding, forcing changes. That can be a speedy process or it can be a long, very torturous process". He said the Commission found that assessments that tended to justify a casus belli with Iraq went through approval faster than those that did not support war. Pillar agreed, but said the Commission also should have asked why this occurred. According to Pillar, "I think the most important reason, besides the overall mind-set that turned out to be erroneous, was the desire to avoid the unpleasantness of putting unwelcome assessments on the desks of policymakers".
2007
In 2007, Novak decried Pillar's alleged leaking to the media of portions of a National Intelligence Estimate he viewed as supporting his policy path, though he acknowledged that Pillar denied leaking the report. The New York Times editorial page defended Pillar, noting that the Bush administration did not even ask the CIA for an assessment of the consequences of invading Iraq until a year after the invasion.
When the administration did finally ask for an intelligence assessment, Mr. Pillar led the effort, which concluded in August 2004 that Iraq was on the brink of disaster. Officials then leaked his authorship to the columnist Robert Novak and to The Washington Times. The idea was that Mr. Pillar was not to be trusted because he dissented from the party line. Somehow, this sounds like a story we have heard before.
A Wall Street Journal op-ed criticized Pillar's choices in releasing information.
Its author observed that "CIA officers on the cusp of retirement often enroll in a seminar that is supposed to help them adjust to life after the agency—teaching them, for example, how to write a résumé. I've begun to wonder if part of that program now includes a writing seminar on how to beat up on the Bush administration."
The author, Guillermo Christensen, agrees Pillar was central in the CIA's analysis of Iraq. Regarding the Foreign Affairs article, Christensen questions if that was the place to publicize that he thought the war was a bad idea and the President and advisors ignored him. He makes the assumption that But Pillar "actually did change his mind about all that work he'd done, and that he really did think the intelligence didn't support the case for war. If that was truly so, no one was better positioned to make the case against war within the government than Mr. Pillar himself". Christensen suggested that Pillar could have sent personal observations, with all relevant classified data, to senior Executive Branch officials. Further, Christensen suggested "that analysis with every single member of Congress by writing less-classified summaries of the conclusions, as is often done".
Thomas Joscelyn, in the Weekly Standard, wrote, "Pillar demonstrates that he himself is a master of the art of politicizing intelligence. Far from being a dispassionate analyst, Pillar practices the very same 'manipulations and misuse[s]' he claims to expose".
Joscelyn reasserted the conjecture that Saddam Hussein had a cooperative relationship with al-Qaeda. However, the official conclusions of investigations by the CIA, FBI, NSA, State Department, the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, and the independent 9/11 Commission have all confirmed Pillar's view that there was no collaborative relationship between Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda.
2011
Pillar's Intelligence and US Foreign Policy: Iraq, 9/11, and Misguided Reform was reviewed by Steve Coll in The New York Review of Books.
Formal publications by Pillar
Books
Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy
Pillar's interest in foreign policy resulted in a book Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy first published in 1999 and updated in 2004. The back cover of the book reads:
Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy is an essential guide to more effective coordination between conventional foreign policy and efforts to prevent terrorist attacks and activities. This paperback edition includes a new, extensive, and provocative post-9/11 introduction, along with the author's in-depth analyses of current terrorist threats, the status of terrorism in world politics, counterterrorism tools available to the United States, state sponsors of terrorism, and how best to educate the public about terrorist threats and counterterrorism.
A review of the book in Foreign Affairs says: "The book's strength is its nuanced sense of how Washington's counterterrorism policy actually works, day in and day out."
The Washington Times wrote: "[Pillar] offers a unique introspective of the breadth of radical islam and counterterrorism. ... Pillar's documentations involving the improvement of U.S. Homeland Security policy, such as observing the full range of capabilities of terrorist, as opposed to solely focusing on nuclear, biological or chemical warfare, and interrupting radical islamist operations worldwide, should be noted in the counterterrorism effort."
Intelligence and U.S. Foreign Policy
Pillar's interest in the relationship between intelligence and policy resulted in the 2011 book, Intelligence and U.S. Foreign Policy.
According to the publisher, "Pillar confronts the intelligence myths Americans have come to rely on to explain national tragedies, including the belief that intelligence drives major national security decisions and can be fixed to avoid future failures".
Articles and conference papers
Pillar emphasized that jihadist terror will continue to become more decentralized, but not wane, after the core of al-Qaeda is disrupted and pursued. with Al Qaeda waning, the larger terrorist
threat from radical Islamists is not. Al Qaeda-inspired or trained groups will operate locally, and both ad hoc groups (e.g., the organization that had been led by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, as well as established groups such as the Iraq-centered Ansar al-Islam and the Southeast Asian Jemaah Islamiya).
Even while having local focus, they tend to share anti-Americanism. Individuals may operate with limited help from organizations.
In the past, ad hoc had been deprecated as a term for terrorist organizations, but that grows increasingly true. (See motivations of terrorists and a discussion of the nontraditional clandestine cell system used by such groups.)
Participating in a 2006 conference at the Royal Institute of International Relations, he analyzed and assessed the threat of jihadist terrorism on a worldwide basis. He described the threat as being generated by three complementary factors:
In any beliefs or similar movements, the most unfortunate and indiscreet are the ones that garner the most headlines. Until a more suitable ideology emerges, jihadism may stay as a major focus of radical Islamist activists.
It is energized by "energy from friction along the fault line between the Muslim world and the West." Themes causing friction including cultural imperialism, oppression of Muslims, and lack of respect for religion. Controversy accelerates polarization, as seen in the Danish disturbance over cartoons of the Prophet.
Social, economic and political conditions contribute to terrorism, but there is much confusion here. Pillar argues with those that claim poverty must not (typo ... original quote?) a claim because the 9/11 hijackers, and Bin Laden himself, is wealthy. He argues there is a difference between a lack of wealth that does not generate terrorism, and "frustrated ambition for economic and social advancement, which is." We hear, for example, that economic hardship must not be a root cause of jihadist terrorism because terrorists such as the 9/11 hijackers were not conspicuously poor, and the most prominent jihadist of all, bin Laden, is conspicuously wealthy. In like manner, he argues that authoritarianism is not a cause, because terrorist acts often happen in liberal democracies. And we hear that authoritarian politics must not have much to do with it either because jihadist terrorism takes place at least as often as anywhere else within liberal democracies, in places like New York, Madrid, or London. Pillar's explanation is that it is much easier to stage a terrorist attack in an open society than in the police states in the Middle East.
In an article in the March/April 2008 issue of Foreign Affairs, Pillar is critical of two recently published books on purported systemic failures of the intelligence community and the necessity for organizational reform. In an article in the January/February 2012 issue of Foreign Policy, Pillar similarly cites political leadership, not the intelligence community, for most errors of foresight in policy-making.
References
External links
Georgetown University faculty
Living people
People of the Central Intelligence Agency
Year of birth missing (living people) |
4024901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Reeve | Chris Reeve | Christopher Stanley Reeve (born December 4, 1953) is a South African-American knife maker, recognized as one of the most influential people in knife making history. Reeve founded Chris Reeve Knives (CRK) in 1984. In 2014, Reeve retired and was inducted into the Blade Magazine Hall of Fame in 2015.
Background
Christopher Stanley Reeve was born on December 4, 1953, in Durban, South Africa. His original vocation was that of tool and die making. Reeve trained at the Pineware Manufacturing Company, serving a four-year tool- and die-making apprenticeship that finished in 1978. Reeve credits his experience in tool and die for developing his grinding skills and giving him the manufacturing and materials knowledge he needed to jumpstart him in professional knife making.
As a young man, Reeve’s spare time was largely spent engaged in motorcycle racing. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, he was a regular competitor in South Africa’s Grand Prix motorcycle racing circuit. Unlike many of his competitors, Reeve did not have corporate funding. As a result, Reeve used the highly competitive race setting to hone his problem-solving skills, custom tuning his motorcycle with components often designed and fabricated in his own shop.
In 1987, Chris married Anne Cameron in Johannesburg, South Africa. In order to pursue improved business opportunities, Chris and Anne moved to the United States in 1989, and settled in Boise, Idaho. In 2003, Chris and Anne were granted US citizenship.
Early knifemaking
Reeve began his knife-making career by chance. Before being called up for a 3-month compulsory military service period in 1975 on the Mozambique / South African border, he noted that the standard army kit did not include a good all-purpose knife. As a result, Reeve decided to design and make one.
A subsequent three-month military service period in 1978 was spent on the Angola/ Namibia border. Reeve had previously designed and made for himself a hidden tang knife with a wooden handle, inlaid with silver wire. The climate in Durban where the knife was made is hot and humid, while the Angola/ Namibia area is semi-desert. After a few days in the dry air, the wooden handle had dried and large cracks appeared. This set Reeve thinking about a knife that could be used across all climates without such damage. The idea of an all-steel knife, with both handle and blade made from a single solid bar, started to germinate. Reeve’s resulting one piece knife concept was first produced as a custom knife in 1982. The one piece concept hit production as the 7 inch bladed MK IV, with 40 pieces becoming available for sale early in 1983. Chris stopped tool making and became a full-time knifemaker in January 1984.
Custom knifemaking
Early in Reeve’s career, he engaged in making custom knives. Today, Reeve still makes custom knives as time allows. These custom pieces are of his own design, although sometimes there is a cultural influence – often European or Japanese. Reeve’s custom knives include folding knives with uncommon locking mechanisms, daggers and other fixed blade knives of unique styling, and table cutlery. Reeve uses exotic materials, frequently inlaying gold, pearl or unusual types of wood into titanium or wooden handles to create an interesting contrast of color and texture. He learned much of his knowledge of wood from his father who, as a young man, collected stumps and root sections.
Significant inventions/developments
One Piece concept – The concept of a fixed blade, hollow handled knife, with both the handle and blade milled from a single billet of steel.
Lock 45 – A folding knife lock, formed by a lock bar with recesses containing 45 degree angles mating with the rear of the blade. The lock bar / blade interface serves as both the blade stop and the lock mechanism.
Helix Lock – A modification of the Opinel folding knife ferrel lock, which enables one-handed opening and closing.
Integral Lock – A folding knife lock, introduced with and popularized by the Sebenza folding knife, where one of the handle slabs is slotted to form a lock bar, which falls into place behind the blade to stop the blade from closing.
CPM S35VN – A stainless steel using the powder metallurgy process. Reeve worked with the Crucible Steel Company to develop this steel specifically for the cutlery industry.
Kubuli serrations – Serrations placed in a knife blade, alternating from both left and right sides of the blade, forming two rows of serrations that are not collinear. As a result, Kubuli serrations move the material to be cut from side to side as the cut is being made.
Perforated thrust washers – Initially brought to market by the Umnumzaan folding knife in 2008, Reeve's design of perforated washers reduce pivot friction, and serve to retain lubricant. After their successful employment in the Umnumzaan, perforated thrust washers were incorporated into the design of the Sebenza.
Ceramic ball integrated into integral lock bar – Also introduced as a feature in the Umnumzaan, the ceramic ball embedded into the end of the lock bar, creating the interface between the blade locking surface and the integral locking arm surface. The ball doubles to drop into a mating detent on the blade to ensure that the blade does not open accidentally.
Awards
South African National Knife Collectors Association: Best Fixed Blade Collection - 1983
South African National Knife Collectors Association: Best Collection Displayed - 1984
Durban Easter Custom Cutlery Exhibition: Best Fixed Blade - April, 1987
Knifemakers Guild of Southern Africa: Best Folding Knife - November, 1987
Shotgun News Gun and Knife Show, Reno, NV: Best Combat Knife - July, 1988
Arizona Knife Collectors Association: Best Custom Folder - December, 1989
Beretta Award for Outstanding Achievement in Handcrafted Cutlery: October, 1990
Knife-Aholics Unanimous Award: Knife Maker Extraordinaire - July, 1992
Knifemakers Guild: "Most Innovative Folder at the Show"—July 1993
Blade magazine Cutlery Hall of Fame at the 2015 Blade Show in Atlanta, Georgia.
References
People from Durban
People from Boise, Idaho
1953 births
Weapon designers
Knife makers
American businesspeople
American inventors
Living people |
4024902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverberation%20%28album%29 | Reverberation (album) | Reverberation is the sixth studio album by the English rock band Echo & the Bunnymen. The album was released amidst a line-up change for the group, due to the departure of vocalist Ian McCulloch and the death of drummer Pete de Freitas. The remaining members, guitarist Will Sergeant and bassist Les Pattinson, were joined by ex-St. Vitus Dance singer Noel Burke, keyboard player Jake Brockman and drummer Damon Reece. The album was produced by former Beatles engineer Geoff Emerick at Ridge Farm Studio in Surrey, England, and had a more pronounced psychedelic sound than the group's previous releases.
Following the album's December 1990 release, critical reviews were not favourable; critics noted Burke to be a poor replacement for McCulloch, who they believed was an indispensable aspect of the band. After Reverberation failed to chart, the band were dropped by WEA Records and, after two independently released singles, disbanded in 1993.
Background and recording
During August and September 1987, Echo & the Bunnymen co-headlined a tour of the United States with New Order. Despite the tour passing without incident, the performances were deemed to be of poor quality. Although American audiences were apparently satisfied by the shows, when the group returned to the United Kingdom for an autumn tour the British music press and audiences were not as enthusiastic. Shortly thereafter the band announced plans to record a self-produced album of "savage rock" when there was more free time. The group toured the UK and the US again in early 1988. These concerts were more positively received than their tour the previous year, with guitarist Will Sergeant being singled out for praise – BBC Radio 1 disc jockey John Peel said, "Will Sergeant was superb, moving in a trice from squalls of angry sound to playing with such care and subtlety that there were whispered asides from his guitar that I would have sworn only he and I had heard." In March 1988, the band released a cover version of The Doors' song "People Are Strange". However, this failed to impress critics; music paper Melody Maker called it a "rancid effort" and Q said the band had "thrown in the towel".
Following a Japanese tour in April 1988, lead singer Ian McCulloch announced the band would split up. Following the announcement, McCulloch returned to the United Kingdom to visit his father who had just suffered two heart attacks and who died just before McCulloch was able to visit him. After five months of speculation as to whether the split was genuine, McCulloch met with the other members of the band in September 1988 and, despite attempts to change his mind, told them he was leaving. McCulloch later said claimed "The last days of The Bunnymen consisted of a bunch of people who were more interested in changing oil in their cars than rock 'n' roll. That pissed me off. I was doing every sodding interview, writing sodding every song." Having been persuaded by Rob Dickins at WEA that the band could still be a success in the United States, Sergeant told McCulloch that he and the other two band members, bassist Les Pattinson and drummer Pete de Freitas, planned to continue. After a failed attempt to record with The B-52's singers Kate Pierson and Cindy Wilson, the band advertised for a full-time replacement.
While McCulloch was recording his debut solo album, Candleland (1989), Echo & the Bunnymen promoted long-time touring keyboard player Jake Brockman to a full-time band member position. In April 1989, after listening to an album by the defunct band St. Vitus Dance which had been recommended by Geoff Davies of Probe Records in Liverpool, Sergeant felt that the band's singer Noel Burke would work well within the context of the band's sound. After a meeting with the band and being reassured that they did not want a McCulloch clone, Burke agreed to join. However, tragedy struck when on 14 June 1989 de Freitas died in a motorcycle accident on his way to the band's first rehearsal. The band recruited Damon Reece, a friend of Brockman, as drummer in de Freitas's place and began rehearsals. The new line-up played their first string of performances in mid-March 1990 with a mixture of old and new material. McCulloch allegedly described this incarnation of the band as "Echo & the Bogusmen" but later attributed the comment to the former The Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr. Sergeant later said that keeping the name was "down to wanting to take a bitter swipe at [McCulloch]".
The new line-up entered Ridge Farm Studio in Surrey, England in mid-May 1990 to record the new album with producer Geoff Emerick, who had previously been the engineer for several albums by The Beatles. While recording the album Emerick would sit on the stairs outside the studio so that he could "listen to the mix properly". Emerick employed the use of instruments such as sitars and tabla as well as backwards guitar loops. The album contained many of Sergeant's favoured psychedelic influences.
Release, reception and aftermath
"Enlighten Me", released in October 1990, was the only single to be released from Reverberation. The single fared badly on the UK Singles Chart only reaching number ninety-six, although it reached number eight on the Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart in the United States. The album's release followed in December 1990, and Echo & the Bunnymen immediately went on a seventeen-date tour that focused on the United Kingdom and Ireland. The tour received good reviews, with Melody Maker describing the band as "an object lesson in how to survive and prosper". However, the reviews of the album were not as good. Awarding the album two and a half stars out of five, Tim DiGravina, who reviewed the album for AllMusic, said, "Echo & the Bunnymen doesn't exist without the distinctive voice of Ian McCulloch". Although he added that the album would have been a "great debut" had the band decided to record under a different name. Bob Mack, reviewing the album for Entertainment Weekly was more forceful in putting the album down. He described the sound of the album as "hopelessly in thrall to the brand of pale pseudo-psychedelia [the band] helped popularise during the past decade". He went on to describe Burke and most of the songs as "nondescript". He finished his review by saying "this is a turkey best left to be gobbled up by the band's relatives, close friends, and diehard fans".
Failing to make the UK Albums Chart, Reverberation was the poorest performing Echo & the Bunnymen album at that time. Echo & the Bunnymen were dropped by WEA Records in early 1991. After touring East Asia, the band launched their own label, Euphoric Records, in October 1991 with the release of their self-produced single "Prove Me Wrong". The release of another single, "Inside Me, Inside You", followed in March 1992. With neither of the singles released on Euphoric reaching the UK Singles Chart, the band undertook an extensive tour of the United States before finally disbanding in early 1993.
Track listing
All tracks written by Noel Burke, Will Sergeant, Les Pattinson, Jake Brockman & Damon Reece.
"Gone, Gone, Gone" – 4:13
"Enlighten Me" – 5:01
"Cut & Dried" – 3:47
"King of Your Castle" – 4:36
"Devilment" – 4:44
"Thick Skinned World" – 4:18
"Freaks Dwell" – 3:51
"Senseless" – 4:55
"Flaming Red" – 5:33
"False Goodbyes" – 5:40
Personnel
Echo & the Bunnymen
Noel Burke – vocals, guitar, piano
Will Sergeant – guitar, loops, autoharp
Les Pattinson – bass
Jake Brockman – mellotron, farfisa
Damon Reece – drums, percussion
with:
Shanker Ganguly – harmonium
Punita Gupta – sitar
John Leach – dulcimer
John Mayer – tambura
Adam Peters – cello, piano
Esmail Sheikh – dholak
Gurdev Singh – tar shahanai
Technical
Geoff Emerick – producer
Will Gosling – engineer
Adrian Moore – assistant engineer
Paul Apted – assistant engineer
References
Adams, Chris. 2002. Turquoise Days: The Weird World of Echo & the Bunnymen. New York: Soft Skull.
Footnotes
1990 albums
Echo & the Bunnymen albums
Warner Music Group albums
Sire Records albums |
4024903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartmut%20Esslinger | Hartmut Esslinger | Hartmut Esslinger (born 5 June 1944) is a German-American industrial designer and inventor. He is best known for founding the design consultancy frog, and his work for Apple Computers in the early 1980s.
Life and career
Esslinger was born in Beuren (Simmersfeld), in Germany's Black Forest. At age 25, Esslinger finished his studies at the Hochschule für Gestaltung Schwäbisch Gmünd in Schwäbisch Gmünd. After facing vicious criticism of a radio clock he designed while in school and the disapproval of his mother (who burned his sketchbooks), he started his own design agency in 1969, Esslinger Design, later renamed Frogdesign. For his first client, German avant-garde consumer electronics company Wega, he created the first "full plastics" color TV and HiFi series "Wega system 3000". His work for Wega won him instant international fame. In 1974, Esslinger was hired by Sony - Sony also acquired Wega shortly after - and he was instrumental in creating a global design image for Sony, especially with the Sony Trinitron and personal music products. The Sony-Wega Music System Concept 51K was acquired by the Museum of Modern Art, New York. In 1976, Esslinger also worked for Louis Vuitton.
In 1982 he entered into an exclusive $2,000,000 per year contract with Apple Computer to create a design strategy which transformed Apple from a "Silicon Valley Start-Up" into a global brand. Setting up shop in California for the first time, Esslinger and Frogdesign created the "Snow White design language" which was applied to all Apple product lines from 1984 to 1990, commencing with the Apple IIc and including the Macintosh computer. The original Apple IIc was acquired by the Whitney Museum of Art in New York and Time voted it Design of the Year. Soon after Steve Jobs' departure, Esslinger broke his own contract with Apple and followed Jobs to NeXT. Other major client engagements include Lufthansa's global design and brand strategy, SAP's corporate identity and software user interface, Microsoft Windows branding and user interface design, Siemens, NEC, Olympus, HP, Motorola and General Electric. In December 1990 Esslinger was featured on the cover of BusinessWeek, the only living designer thus honored since Raymond Loewy in 1934.
Esslinger is a founding Professor of the Karlsruhe University of Arts and Design, Germany, and since 2006 he is a Professor for convergent industrial design at the University of Applied Arts in Vienna, Austria. In 1996, Esslinger was awarded an honorary doctorate of Fine Arts by the Parsons School of Design, New York City. Since 2012 Esslinger has served as a DeTao Master of Industrial Design with The Beijing DeTao Masters Academy (DTMA) in Shanghai, China.
In 2009 Esslinger published A Fine Line in which he explores business solutions that are environmentally sustainable and contribute to an enduring global economy.
Notable awards and accomplishments
1969 Bundespreis Gute Form (Federal Design Award) - German Design Council
1991 Lucky Strike Design Award - Raymond Loewy Foundation
1993 Design Team of the Year - Red Dot Design Awards
1996 Honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts - Parsons School of Design
2013 Honorary Royal Designer for Industry - Royal Society of Arts
2017 Lifetime Achievement Award - Cooper Hewitt National Design Awards
2017 World Design Medal - World Design Organization
Further reading
Hartmut Esslinger und frogdesign. von Hartmut Esslinger und Uta Brandes, 1992 Steidl Verlag, Göttingen,
Frog: Form Follows Emotion (Cutting Edge S.) von Fay Sweet, 1999 Thames and Hudson Ltd.,
Frogdesign von Hartmut Esslinger und Volker Fischer, 2000 Edition Axel Menges,
A Fine Line: How Design Strategies Are Shaping the Future of Business von Hartmut Esslinger, 2009 Jossey-Bass,
Nye, Sean. "Hartmut Esslinger." In Immigrant Entrepreneurship: German-American Business Biographies, 1720 to the Present, vol. 5, edited by R. Daniel Wadhwani. German Historical Institute. Last modified April 29, 2015. http://www.immigrantentrepreneurship.org/entry.php?rec=236
Keep It Simple: The Early Design Years of Apple. by: Hartmut Esslinger, January 2014, Arnoldsche Verlagsanstalt
References
1. http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2011/10/102743122-05-01-acc.pdf
External links
Apple IIc image
A Fine Line: How Design Strategies Are Shaping the Future of Business by Hartmut Esslinger
Hartmut Esslinger's Amazing Apple Mac Prototypes via Fast Company
Presenter at Cusp Conference 2009
1944 births
German industrial designers
Living people
People from Calw (district)
Apple Inc. employees
Design schools in Germany
University of Applied Arts Vienna faculty |
4024904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ord | Ord | Ord or ORD may refer to:
Places
Ord of Caithness, landform in north-east Scotland
Ord, Nebraska, USA
Ord, Northumberland, England
Muir of Ord, village in Highland, Scotland
Ord, Skye, a place near Tarskavaig
Ord River, Western Australia
Ord Irrigation Area Important Bird Area
Ord River Floodplain, Ramsar Site
Ord Victoria Plain
Ord Township, Nebraska (disambiguation), name of two townships in Nebraska, USA
East Ord, Northumberland, UK
Fort Ord, California, USA
O'Hare International Airport (IATA airport code "ORD"), an airport in Chicago, U.S.
Mathematics
Ord, the category of preordered sets
Ord, the proper class of all ordinal numbers
ord(V), the order type of a well-ordered set V
ordn(a), the multiplicative order of a modulo n
Businesses
Ord Publishing, an imprint of the German group VDM Publishing devoted to the reproduction of Wikipedia content
Fiction
A prefix for several planets in the Star Wars universe, such as Ord Mantell
Ord (comics), a Marvel Comics character
Ord (Dragon Tales), one of the characters in the children's television series Dragon Tales on PBS
Other
Ord (surname)
Object-relational database
Odinic Rite Deutschland, renamed Verein für germanisches Heidentum in 2006, a neopagan organisation
Office of Rare Diseases of the United States National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Optical rotatory dispersion, a form of spectroscopy used to determine the optical isomerism and secondary structure of molecules |
4024906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro%20Pasqualini | Alessandro Pasqualini | Alessandro Pasqualini (5 May 1493 – 1559) was an Italian Renaissance architect and engineer, born in Bologna, who helped bring Renaissance architecture to the Low Countries.
He was hired by Floris van Egmond, the count of Buren and lord of IJsselstein and Grave, and worked in the Netherlands for 18 years. His most important works from this period are the tower of the church of IJsselstein and the castle of Buren. Other works include an octagonal storey of the church tower of Buren, the facade of the south transept of the Sint-Elisabethkerk (St. Elisabeth church) of Grave and fortifications in Leerdam and Kampen.
In 1549, after the death of Maximiliaan van Egmond, Floris' son, Pasqualini was hired by Wilhelm V, duke of Jülich, Kleve and Berg. After the German city of Jülich was destroyed by fire in 1547, Pasqualini designed the reconstruction, based within bastioned fortifications and a square citadel around the castle. He also designed a palace and a town hall in the same town. He died in Bielefeld in 1559.
References
1493 births
1559 deaths
Architects from Bologna
16th-century Italian architects
Engineers from Bologna |
4024916 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arad%20Fort | Arad Fort |
Arad Fort (, Qal'at 'Arad) is a 15th-century fort in Arad, Bahrain. Formerly guarding a separate island of its own, the fort and its surroundings have since been joined to Muharraq Island.
Arad Fort was built in the typical style of Islamic forts during the 15th century before the Portuguese invasion of Bahrain in AD 1622. This fort has a beautiful history. A few feuds between the Islamic divisions of Bahrain have taken place here. This fort is one of the compact defensive forts in Bahrain. In its present location, it overlooks various sea passages of Muharraq's shallow seashores. In the past, there was an inaccessible marine channel which was controlled by the local people to prevent ships from breaking through to the island where the fort is located. The fort is square and on every corner there is a cylindrical tower. It is surrounded by a small trench which used to be filled with water from wells that were drilled especially for this purpose. In every corner of the upper wall of the fort there are nose shaped openings for marksmen.
Close to the Bahrain International Airport, the fort has been extensively restored and is illuminated at night. Traditional materials have been used in the restoration and maintenance of the fort after making extensive analysis of the original materials such as sea stones, lime, sand, and palm trunks. See Walls, Archibald G., Senior Architect, Ministry of Information, State of Bahrain, Arad Fort: Its restoration, its history and defences, February 1987, Pub. Directorate of Tourism and Archaeology, Ministry of Information, State of Bahrain No cement or any other materials which are not in harmony with the historical building or which reduce its historical value have been used.
History
Arad Fort is one of Bahrain's most important fortified castles. The Fort was built in the style of Islamic forts at the end of the 15th and early 16th centuries. It is recorded in the Portuguese map, Demonstracao da Ilha de Baren, circa 1635, the significant details being, that the fort is under siege by the Portuguese, and that it had outer and inner fortified walls. Due to its strategic location overlooking various sea passages of Muharraq Island, Arad Fort was used as a defensive fortress throughout history, from the time Bahrain was occupied by the Portuguese in the 16th century to the reign of Shaikh Salman Bin Ahmed Al-Khalifa in the 19th century. Arad Fort was most recently restored between 1984 and 1987, under the direction of the Historic Buildings and Conservation Architect, Dr Archie Walls. In order to maintain the historical authenticity and value of Arad Fort, exclusively traditional materials were used, such as coral stone, lime and tree trunks.
It is believed that the fort was built and used by the Omanis during their brief occupation of Bahrain in 1800, and it is located adjacent to the strategic waterways between Bahrain Island and Muharraq Island The canon found on top of the Fort's South Bastion pointed directly down the narrow entrance channel, formed by reefs on either side of it, that leads into Muharram Bay.
Little is known of the fort's history, and there is no firm evidence of the precise date of construction, but comprehensive excavations have been undertaken in order to discover its past. The Fort's construction follows the 'layered technique' identified by Dr Walls in the mid 1970s, a technique whose origins are in mud brick constructions, see Walls, Archie G., op. cit. and Walls, A.G., Arabian Mud Brick Technology: Some Thoughts after the Bam Earthquake, Construction and History Society Newsletter, No. 69, July 2004, pp. 11–19
The fort is open for a fee.
Architecture
Arad Fort was built in the typical style of Islamic forts during the 15th century before the Portuguese invasion of Bahrain.
See also
Bahrain Fort
Riffa Fort
Culture of Bahrain
List of tourist attractions in Bahrain
Notes
References
Walls, Dr Archibald G., Arad Fort, Bahrain: Its restoration, its history and defences. pub Directorate of Tourism and Archaeology, Ministry of Information, State of Bahrain, February 1987, 113pps including illustrations
15th-century establishments in Bahrain
Forts in Bahrain |
4024919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melantho | Melantho | In Greek mythology, Melantho (; Ancient Greek: Μελανθώ) may refer to the following women:
Melantho, also called Melanthea, a Phthian princess as the daughter of King Deucalion and Pyrrha, daughter of Epimetheus and Pandora. She was probably the sister of Hellen, Protogenea, Amphictyon, Pandora, Thyia, Orestheus, Marathonios, Pronous, and Candybus. Melantho was seduced by Poseidon the shape of a dolphin and by him, bore a son Delphus. In one account, Melantheia instead married King Hyamus of Hyampolis, son of Lycorus, and by him the mother of two daughters, Celaeno and Melanis, of whom either might have been mother of Delphus by Apollo.
Melantho, also called Melantomice, an Argive queen as the wife of King Criasus. She was the mother of Phorbas, Ereuthalion and Cleoboea.
Melantho, the disloyal maid of Penelope.
Notes
References
Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
Gantz, Timothy, Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: (Vol. 1), (Vol. 2).
Hesiod, Catalogue of Women from Homeric Hymns, Epic Cycle, Homerica translated by Evelyn-White, H G. Loeb Classical Library Volume 57. London: William Heinemann, 1914. Online version at theio.com
Homer, The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
Pausanias, Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio. 3 vols. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Publius Ovidius Naso, Metamorphoses translated by Brookes More (1859-1942). Boston, Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Publius Ovidius Naso, Metamorphoses. Hugo Magnus. Gotha (Germany). Friedr. Andr. Perthes. 1892. Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Stephanus of Byzantium, Stephani Byzantii Ethnicorum quae supersunt, edited by August Meineike (1790-1870), published 1849. A few entries from this important ancient handbook of place names have been translated by Brady Kiesling. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
Women of Poseidon
Mortal parents of demigods in classical mythology
Queens in Greek mythology
Argive characters in Greek mythology
Thessalian characters in Greek mythology
Characters in Greek mythology
Mythology of Argos
Thessalian mythology |
4024921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jardine%27s%20Bazaar | Jardine's Bazaar | Jardine's Bazaar () is a road located in Causeway Bay, Hong Kong. The road was named after William Jardine, when Jardine Matheson acquired the land in the area. The road ends at the junction of Hennessy Road, Yee Wo Street, Jardine's Crescent and Lockhart Road. Many shops are located along the road.
It is one of the oldest shopping areas in Hong Kong dating back at least to 1845.
See also
List of streets and roads in Hong Kong
References
External links
Causeway Bay
Roads in Hong Kong |
4024947 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trees%20in%20mythology | Trees in mythology | Trees are significant in many of the world's mythologies, and have been given deep and sacred meanings throughout the ages. Human beings, observing the growth and death of trees, and the annual death and revival of their foliage, have often seen them as powerful symbols of growth, death and rebirth. Evergreen trees, which largely stay green throughout these cycles, are sometimes considered symbols of the eternal, immortality or fertility. The image of the Tree of life or world tree occurs in many mythologies.
Examples include the banyan and the sacred fig (Ficus religiosa) in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism, the tree of the knowledge of good and evil of Judaism and Christianity. In folk religion and folklore, trees are often said to be the homes of tree spirits. Germanic mythology as well as Celtic polytheism both appear to have involved cultic practice in sacred groves, especially grove of oak. The term druid itself possibly derives from the Celtic word for oak. The Egyptian Book of the Dead mentions sycamores as part of the scenery where the soul of the deceased finds blissful repose.
The presence of trees in myth sometimes occurs in connection to the concept of the sacred tree and the sacred grove. Trees are an attribute of the archetypical locus amoenus.
Wishing trees
In many parts of the world travelers have observed the custom of hanging objects upon trees in order to establish some sort of a relationship between themselves and the tree. Throughout Europe, trees are known as sites of pilgrimages, ritual ambulation, and the recital of (Christian) prayers. Wreaths, ribbons or rags are suspended to win favor for sick humans or livestock, or merely for good luck. Popular belief associates the sites with healing, bewitching, or mere wishing.
In South America, Darwin recorded a tree honored by numerous offerings (rags, meat, cigars, etc.); libations were made to it, and horses were sacrificed.
World tree
The world tree, with its branches reaching up into the sky, and roots deep into the earth, can be seen to dwell in three worlds - a link between heaven, the earth, and the underworld, uniting above and below. This great tree acts as an axis mundi, supporting or holding up the cosmos, and providing a link between the heavens, earth, and underworld. In European mythology, the best-known example is the tree Yggdrasil from Norse mythology.
Religion and folklore
Numerous popular stories throughout the world reflect a firmly-rooted belief in an intimate connection between a human being and a tree, plant or flower. Sometimes a man's life depends upon the tree and suffers when it withers or is injured, and we encounter the idea of the external soul, already found in the Ancient Egyptian Tale of Two Brothers from at least 3000 years ago. Here one of the brothers leaves his heart on the top of the flower of the acacia and falls dead when it is cut down. Sometimes, however, the tree is a mysterious token which shows its sympathy with an absent hero by weakening or dying, as the man becomes ill or loses his life. These two features very easily combine, and they agree in representing to us mysterious sympathy between tree and human life.
Sometimes the new-born child is associated with a newly planted tree with which its life is supposed to be bound up; or, on ceremonial occasions (betrothal, marriage, ascent to the throne), a personal relationship of this kind is instituted by planting trees, upon the fortunes of which the career of the individual depends. Sometimes, boughs or plants are selected and the individual draws omens of life and death. Again, a person will put themselves into relationship with a tree by depositing upon it something which has been in close contact with them, such as hair or clothing.
Often a tree will be associated with oracles. The oak of Dodona was tended by priests who slept on the ground. Forms of the tall oaks of the old Prussians were inhabited by gods who gave responses, and so numerous are the examples that the old Hebrew terebinth of the teacher, and the terebinth of the diviners may reasonably be placed in this category. In Greek myth, oak trees are said to be inhabited by spirits or nymphs called hamadryads, and if they were cut down by mortals, the gods punished them since the beings in the trees were believed to die. Important sacred trees are also the object of pilgrimage, one of the most noteworthy being the branch of the Bo tree at Sri Lanka brought thither before the Christian era. The tree spirits will hold sway over the surrounding forest or district, and the animals in the locality are often sacred and must not be harmed.
The custom of transferring disease or sickness from men to trees is well known. Sometimes the hair, nails, clothing, etc. of a sickly person are fixed to a tree, or they are forcibly inserted in a hole in the trunk, or the tree is split and the patient passes through the aperture. Where the tree has been thus injured, its recovery and that of the patient are often associated. Different explanations may be found of such customs which naturally take rather different forms among peoples in different grades.
In Arab folklore, sacred trees are haunted by jinn; sacrifices are made, and the sick who sleep beneath them receive prescriptions in their dreams. Here, as frequently elsewhere, it is dangerous to pull a bough. This dread of damaging special trees is familiar: Cato instructed the woodman to sacrifice to the male or female deity before thinning a grove, while in the Homeric poem to Aphrodite the tree nymph is wounded when the tree is injured, and dies when the trunk falls.
Early Buddhism held that trees had neither mind nor feeling and might lawfully be cut; but it recognized that certain spirits might reside in them, such as Nang Takian in Thailand. Propitiation is made before the axe is laid to the holy trees; loss of life or of wealth and the failure of rain are feared should they be wantonly cut; there are even trees which it is dangerous to climb. The Talein of Burma prays to the tree before he cuts it down, and the African woodman will place a fresh sprig upon the tree. In Hawaiian tradition, a tree either located at the end of a valley or on a cliff near the sea, is used by the soul as a gateway to the Underworld (AKA Pit of Milu). Some Ancient Indian tree deities, such as Puliyidaivalaiyamman, the Tamil deity of the tamarind tree, or Kadambariyamman, associated with the kadamba tree were seen as manifestations of a goddess who offers her blessings by giving fruits in abundance.
In literature
In literature, a mythology was developed by J. R. R. Tolkien, his Two Trees of Valinor playing a central role in his mythopoeic cosmogony. Tolkien's 1964 Tree and Leaf combines the allegorical tale Leaf by Niggle and his essay On Fairy-Stories. In The Lord of the Rings, the White Tree of Gondor stands as a symbol of Gondor in the Court of the Fountain in Minas Tirith.
W. B. Yeats describes a "holy tree" in his poem "The Two Trees" (1893).
In George R.R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, one of the main religions, that of "the old gods" or "the gods of the North", involves sacred groves of trees ("godswoods") with a white tree with red leaves at the center known as the "heart tree".
In film and TV
In the third (sixth chronologically) Star Wars film, Return of the Jedi, the Ewoks worship trees on the forest moon of Endor.
In the fictional universe of the film Avatar, the Pandoran biosphere habitates trees, which are of fundamental importance for the Na'vi people, like the Hometrees, the Tree of Souls and the Tree of Voices as well as Woodsprites.
In the TV series Teen Wolf, an element of the plot is the Nemeton, a sacred tree from which druids draw power through human sacrifices, and which later acts as a beacon, drawing supernatural entities to the nearby town of Beacon Hills.
See also
Axis mundi
Celtic sacred trees
Ceremonial pole
Christmas tree
Five Trees
Gerichtslinde
Karam (festival)
List of tree deities
Mesoamerican world tree
Nature worship
New Year tree
Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology
Sacred garden
Sacred grove
Sacred herbs
Sefirot
Sidrat al-Muntaha
Talking tree
Trail trees
Tree of life
Tree of life (biblical)
Tree of life (Kabbalah)
Wish tree
World tree
Zapis
References
Bibliography
Becker, Lore (2002). Die Mythologie der Bäume, Papyrus 1-2.
Brosse, Jaques (1989). Mythologie des arbres, .
Forlong, James (1883). Rivers of Life, London & Edinburgh. Vol I chapter 2 Tree Worship.
Forsyth, James (1992). A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990. Cambridge University Press. .
Gollwitzer, Gerda (1984). Botschaft der Bäume, DuMont Buchverlag Köln.
Malla, Bansi Lal (2000). Trees in Indian Art, Mythology, and Folklore, .
Further reading
Ziffer, Irit. "WESTERN ASIATIC TREE-GODDESSES". In: Ägypten Und Levante [Egypt and the Levant] 20 (2010): 411-30. Accessed May 8, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23789949.
External links
Mythological archetypes
Religious practices |
4024958 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LB%26SCR%20B4%20class | LB&SCR B4 class | The B4 class were 4-4-0 steam locomotives for express passenger work on the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway. They were designed by R. J. Billinton and were either built at Brighton works 1899–1902 or else by Messrs Sharp, Stewart and Company in 1901. Twelve members of the class were rebuilt from 1922 to 1924 by L. B. Billinton with a larger boiler, cylinders and a superheater. The rebuilt locomotives were classified B4X.
Construction
The performance of Robert Billinton's B2 class 4-4-0 locomotives of 1895–1897 had proved to be disappointing and they had not been able to replace the earlier Stroudley's B1 class 0-4-2 on the heaviest London to Brighton express trains. Billinton therefore sought authority for the construction of twenty-five larger and more powerful 4-4-0 B4 class locomotives. The first two of these, Nos. 52 and 53, were completed at Brighton works between December 1899 and January 1900, both of which performed well and demonstrated that the new design was sound. However, during the spring of 1900 a backlog of repair work at Brighton meant that the third (No. 54) was not completed until May 1900. The railway therefore approached Sharp, Stewart and Company to supply twenty-five further examples over the next twelve months. These were all delivered between June and October 1901. By 1901 Brighton had overcome the backlog of repair work and five further locomotive boilers were ordered from Sharp, Stewart and Company to be used on additional locomotives to be built at Brighton between June and September 1902.
Use
The B4 class successfully hauled the heaviest express trains on the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway until around 1912 when they were gradually replaced by the larger H1, H2, J1 and J2 classes. Thereafter they were regularly used on slower and lighter services. According to O.S. Nock the B4 class "were among the finest passenger locomotives of their day".
Rebuilds
In 1918, No. 46 was rebuilt by Lawson Billinton with a new boiler including a Robinson superheater. Unfortunately the resulting locomotive was not tested before Billinton decided to rebuild other members of the class, using his K class superheated boiler. The rebuilt locomotives were classified B4X. However, since the original frames could not be used (as the K class firebox was too long to fit between the axles, new frames, new piston valve cylinders), they were virtually new engines. Unfortunately the original motion and motion plate was retained to save costs, which meant that the piston valves were in the constricted space below the cylinders at an angle to the axis of the cylinders. Only 8 inch-diameter valves could be fitted in, and combined with the restricted exhaust arrangement ensured that they were unable to use the steam available from the excellent K class boiler.
Acceleration from stops was very leisurely and they could only be coaxed up to while newly outshopped, with great difficulty in places, where the Atlantics, J class and Baltics could reach . Twelve members of the class were 'rebuilt' between August 1922 and January 1924, but further modifications were deferred by Richard Maunsell of the Southern Railway when it became apparent that their performance was not satisfactory. Harold Holcroft found, when he was tasked by Maunsell to report on the post grouping loco stock, that class B4x were very expensive compared to the SECR rebuilds (D1/E1) and far less competent. It was to be 1929 before their services on express work could be dispensed with. Henceforth the class was deployed on secondary duties.
The B4 and B4x classes continued with secondary duties, but thirteen members of the class were withdrawn between 1934 and 1939. The remainder would have followed soon after if World War II had not brought about a temporary reprieve. Six B4s and twelve B4Xs passed to British Railways in 1948. All had been withdrawn by 1951, and none were preserved.
Locomotive summary
References
External links
Rail UK database, B4
Rail UK database, B4X
LB&SCR online, B4 class
4-4-0 locomotives
B4
Sharp Stewart locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1899
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Scrapped locomotives |
4024963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortal%20Consors | Cortal Consors | Cortal Consors SA was a European broker in personal investing and online trading.
Formed by a merger of French company Cortal and German company Consors, they launched a 2003 rebranding campaign. Cortal Consors was a subsidiary of BNP Paribas.
By 2010, Cortal Consors had more than 1 million customers in three countries (France, Germany and Spain).
In 2013 BNP Paribas launched its new direct bank, Hello bank! in France and a few other European countries to replace Cortal Consors. In December 2014, services in Germany were relaunched under the Consorsbank brand, adopting a very similar logo to Hello Bank!. In 2015 the accounts of French Cortal Consors customers were transferred to Hello bank! France and in 2016 Cortal Consors France ceased its operations.
In Spain, services are now offered under the "BNP Paribas Personal Investors" brand.
References
External links
Cortal Consors inside BNP Paribas Personal Investors
Cortal Consors profile
BNP Paribas |
4024965 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consors | Consors | Consors (Latin consors, "partner") can refer to:
Cortal Consors, a European broker in personal investing and online trading
Catocala consors, a moth of the family Noctuidae
Caseolus consors, a land snail
Laosaurus consors, a species of Othnielosaurus dinosaur
Abrictosaurus consors, a species of Abrictosaurus dinosaur
Crotalophorus consors, a synonym for the venomous pit viper species Sistrurus catenatus
Consors imperii, an ancient Roman partner in an emperorship
Valsaria consors, an alternate name for the plant canker Valsaria insitiva
See also
Consor |
4024967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teggiano | Teggiano | Teggiano (formerly Diano; Teggianese: ) is a town and comune in Campania, Italy, in the province of Salerno. It is situated on an isolated eminence above the upper part of the valley to which it gives the name of Vallo di Diano.
Among the historic centers of the province, Teggiano is certainly one that has best preserved its ancient appearance of the fortress and it is this aspect which is shown to those who reach the old town. The appearance of a Roman oppidum, still now remembered by the well preserved plan of the Cardo and of the Decumanus, was renewed in the Norman period and in the age of Frederick II of Hohenstaufen.
History
Tegianum was built by Lucanians early in the 4th century BC, and later was a municipal town of Lucania. There was Gracchan colonization in the 2nd century BCE, and a larger colonization program under Nero.
During the Middle Ages Diano had a predominant role in the history of the Vallo di Diano. In Norman times, the Sanseverino family, counts of Marsico and later princes of Salerno, took over the fief of Diano, which was composed of the hamlets of Sassano, Monte San Giacomo, San Rufo, San Pietro al Tanagro and Sant'Arsenio. Teggiano was ruled by the Sanseverino for over three centuries (1239–1556). They chose the castle as a stronghold in which they could take shelter during emergencies. At that time Diano was surrounded by high walls with 25 guard towers and four gates. In 1497, under Antonello Sanseverino of Salerno, the city resisted the siege undertaken by Frederick IV of Naples for 8 months. Following a new rebellion, led this time by Ferrante, last Prince of Salerno, in 1552 the Sanseverino family was expelled from the kingdom. Teggiano became a fief of other noble families including the Gomez da Silva, the Grimaldi, the Caracciolo, the Villani, the Colonna, the Calà and Schipani.
In 1564, after the Council of Trent, Bishop Paolo Varallo instituted in Diano one of the first seminaries in Italy, completed in 1601. On July 17, 1586 Pope Sixtus V gave the right to establish the residence in Diano, in the actual see, to Bishop Lelio Morello, giving to Diano Episcopalian prerogatives and raised in the meanwhile the church of S. Maria Maggiore to the honor of Cathedral. The action of the Counter-Reformation and the presence of high offices brought in the later centuries a radical remaking of the Romano-Gothic churches in Baroque style.
Two major earthquakes concerned Teggiano's territory: the Neapolitan earthquake that occurred on December 16, 1857 (estimated of magnitude 6.9 on the Richter Scale), and the Irpininan earthquake on November 23, 1980 (measuring 6.89 on the Richter Scale).
Main sights
Ruins of the ancient city can be traced at the foot of the hill; a Roman bridge is also present. Other landmarks are:
The Sanseverino Castle, built in Norman times. In the early years of the 15th century the country of Diano was forfeited by the Neapolitan Crown due to the expulsion of its feudal lords, the Sanseverino; then the King Ladislaus of Durazzo had the castle restored, ordering that every village in the Vallo di Diano contributed to the expenses. Another restoration was performed in 1417, commissioned this time by the Sanseverino family.
Church and Convent of Saint Francis of Assisi. Its construction dates back to the earliest years of the 14th century, as attested by the inscription placed on the portal, dated 1307. The Convent is considered, around 1340, belonging to the custodia di Principatus of the Order of Friars Minor. The Convent was suppressed in 1808 by the Napoleonic laws. The plan has a "barn"-like layout, very widespread in the constructions of the Order in the Italian southern area: a rectangular room, covered with a roof hut with a square apse once crowned by a cross vault. In 1745 a false ceiling, painted by De Martino, hid the trusses and the single-lancet windows located to the upper side walls. Frescoes in the convent include Scenes from the life of St. Francis, executed by an unknown master in the first half of the 14th century, and a Franciscan Saints and St. Michael Archangel from the second half of the 15th century. Other features include the 16th century's choir, as well as the cloister with a central well.
St. Antuono church, probably built before the 11th century, and located on the north side of the old town not far from the walls of the Castle. The exterior, with modest structural lines, shows the steeple built in the thick of the facade: on the right side is placed on the portal the architrave decorated with a delicate interweaving arboreal. The interior has a basilica layout: a small main aisle once flanked by two aisles divided by a shrunk colonnade. Part of the right nave was demolished in 1958 to make room for the road. In recent restoration works have emerged on the walls inside an important cycle of medieval frescoes.
Twin towns
San Mauro Pascoli, Italy, since 1971
Toledo, Spain
See also
Vallo di Diano
San Cono da Teggiano
References
Sources
External links
Official website
Pro Loco Teggiano
Tourist portal of Teggiano
Teggiano Latino Festival
Teggiano Jazz
Cities and towns in Campania
Localities of Cilento |
4024968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emagram | Emagram | An emagram is one of four thermodynamic diagrams used to display temperature lapse rate and moisture content profiles in the atmosphere. The emagram has axes of temperature (T) and pressure (p). In the emagram, the dry adiabats make an angle of about 45 degrees with the isobars, isotherms are vertical and isopleths of saturation mixing ratio are almost straight and vertical.
Usually, temperature and dew point data from radiosondes are plotted on these diagrams to allow calculations of convective stability or Convective Available Potential Energy. Wind barbs are often plotted at the side of a tephigram to indicate the winds at different heights.
First devised in 1884 by Heinrich Hertz, the emagram is used primarily in European countries. Other countries use similar thermodynamic diagrams for the same purpose. However, the details of their construction vary. Emagram is the first atmospheric thermodynamic diagram.
See also
Thermodynamic diagrams
Skew-T log-P diagram
Tephigram
Stüve diagram
References
Thermodynamic diagrams
Bibliography
Atmospheric thermodynamics |
4024975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20Saints%27%20Church%2C%20Brixworth | All Saints' Church, Brixworth | All Saints' Church, Brixworth, now the parish church of Brixworth, Northamptonshire, England, is a leading example of early Anglo-Saxon architecture. In 1930 the British architectural historian Sir Alfred Clapham called it "perhaps the most imposing architectural memorial of the 7th century yet surviving north of the Alps". It is the largest English church that remains substantially as it was in the Anglo-Saxon era. It was designated as a Grade I listed building in 1954.
Building
The Peterborough Chronicle records Brixworth as having a monastery, Brixworth Abbey, founded when Seaxwulf became bishop of Mercia, before the death of King Wulfhere in AD 675. Many elements from the original building remain visible, along with later additions from further phases of building in the 10th, 14th and 19th centuries. The older building contains features typically found in architecture of a later period, including an ambulatory. Now it is a parish church and a Grade I listed building.
Roman architecture can be considered the precedent for early Christian church building; hence the term 'Romanesque'. The church was built in the form of an Early Christian basilica, but with piers instead of columns.
What remains of the original building is a clerestoried nave, north and south arcades blocked and infilled with windows, a presbytery separated from the nave by a great arch, and the foundations of a semicircular apse. The west tower was begun as a two-storey porch, heightened in the 10th century to form a tower.
In the 13th century a south aisle was added to the nave, a south chapel was added beside the presbytery and the apsidal chancel was replaced with a rectangular one. In the 14th century the west tower was heightened again and the present broach spire was added.
Archaeological excavations have shown that the original church had side chambers, called porticus, that would have extended either side of the present nave. At the position of the present tower was a narthex, and original pillars now covered by flooring show that there was a three-arched opening between the nave and the presbytery. The original entrance was at the west end. In the Norman era the present south door was inserted in the westernmost arch of the south arcade.
Reclaimed Roman stone and brick tiles were used in the construction of the building. Petrological analysis suggests the sources were the Roman towns of Lactodurum (Towcester) and Ratae Corieltauvorum (Leicester). Roman-sized brick tiles are used in the arcading and other arches.
An ambulatory ran around the outside of the original apse below ground level. Originally steps led down to the ambulatory, which was covered by a barrel vault. The purpose of this ambulatory was probably to house or provide access to preserved relics.
It has been suggested that Brixworth may have been the site of synods that took place at Clofesho in the 8th and 9th centuries. This might account for the unusually large size of the building by the standards of the time. However, there are other possible candidates for their location and Clofesho's true identity has not been proved.
In the 10th century the tower and stair turret replaced the narthex. This is one of four remaining Anglo-Saxon stair turrets in England, and is similar to the one at St Andrew's parish church, Brigstock, about northeast of Brixworth. The other two are at Broughton, Lincolnshire and Hough-on-the-Hill. At Brixworth, a triple arch was inserted into the existing masonry of the west nave wall at high level, replacing an existing arch. The arches are supported by baluster shafts, which are typical of Anglo-Saxon architecture, and can also be seen at the tower of All Saints' Church, Earls Barton, about southeast of Brixworth. In the 14th century the upper stages of the tower and the spire were added.
The churchyard contains the war graves of three British Army soldiers of World War I and a Royal Pioneer Corps officer of World War II.
Victorian restoration
In 1865–66 major works were carried out to the church to the requirements of Charles Frederic Watkins, who was vicar at that time. These involved the removal of a large part of the medieval chancel and exposure of the ambulatory below ground level that surrounded the apse at the east end of the building. The south-east chapel was shortened by one bay and the south porch demolished, in each case to expose earlier stonework. The work included the provision of 247 additional free seats.
Bells
The west tower has a ring of six bells. Hugh Watts of Leicester cast the second, third, fourth and fifth bells in 1622. Henry Bagley of Chacombe cast the tenor bell in 1683. The Whitechapel Bell Foundry cast the treble bell in 1993.
Registers
The parish registers start in 1546 and, apart from those currently in use, are kept at Northamptonshire Record Office (NRO). Details of its location and opening times can be found on NRO's website. Rev James Jackson, who was vicar of Brixworth from 1735 to 1770, compiled an analytical index to Brixworth families since the 16th century which incorporated information from his personal knowledge as well as entries from the parish register. It therefore includes considerable information about the origins and destinations of people who arrived in or migrated from the village during the 18th century. This manuscript is also kept at NRO, where its reference is "ML 380".
Benefice
Brixworth is part of a united Benefice along with Holcot. Each parish retains its own church building.
References
Sources and further reading
External links
Website of All Saints Church Brixworth Northamptonshire
Friends of All Saints Church Brixworth Northamptonshire
7th-century church buildings in England
7th-century establishments in England
Christianity in Anglo-Saxon England
Church of England church buildings in Northamptonshire
Grade I listed churches in Northamptonshire
Standing Anglo-Saxon churches |
4024977 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Shaxon | Alan Shaxon | Alan Shaxon (28 December 1933 – 27 October 2012) was a professional magician and a former president of The Magic Circle. He specialised in cabaret performances and was billed as one of England's foremost magicians.
The Magic Circle gave Shaxon "The Maskelyne" award for services to British Magic. He appeared on television, cruised the world in cabaret on luxury liners, and entertained on four occasions at Buckingham Palace. He was a friend and confidant of magician and inventor Robert Harbin, and inherited many of Harbin's props after his death in 1978. Shaxon continued to perform a number of Harbin's illusions, including the "Blades of Opah II". Shaxon's signature effects included The Hydrostatic Glass, Confabulation, Thumb Tie, Aerial Fishing and the Human Gasometer.
Shaxon appeared as a guest performer in Series 9 of The Paul Daniels Magic Show, airing in 1988. He appeared as the character "Eddie Spangle" in the 1991 Mr. Bean episode "Mr. Bean Goes to Town", starring Rowan Atkinson. In 1996 he taught Tom Cruise sleight of hand tricks for Mission: Impossible.
He wrote two books during his lifetime, My Kind of Magic (1970) and Practical Sorcery (1976). After he died, a draft manuscript for a third book was discovered, which was completed by Scott Penrose, the current President of The Magic Circle, and Steve Short. It had no working title, but when it was published in 2014 it was entitled The Sophisticated Sorcerer.
Shaxon died on 27 October 2012 following a short illness.
References
External links
Alan Shaxon - Sophisticated Sorcerer Website
English magicians
2012 deaths
1933 births |
4024981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen%20%28Echo%20%26%20the%20Bunnymen%20album%29 | Evergreen (Echo & the Bunnymen album) | Evergreen is the seventh studio album by the English rock band Echo & the Bunnymen. It is their first album since reforming after they disbanded in 1993. Vocalist Ian McCulloch and guitarist Will Sergeant had previously worked together as Electrafixion before they were rejoined by bassist Les Pattinson under the name Echo & the Bunnymen in early 1997. The album was recorded at Doghouse Studios in Henley-on-Thames and was produced by McCulloch and the band's manager Paul Toogood but was credited to the whole band.
Following a successful return to live performances and the release of the single "Nothing Lasts Forever", the album was released in July 1997. Two further singles – "I Want to Be There" and "Don't Let It Get You Down" – followed the album's release. The album received good reviews from the music press and was received well by the public, reaching number eight on the UK Albums Chart.
Background
After leaving Echo & the Bunnymen in 1988 to pursue a solo career, vocalist Ian McCulloch released two albums that were not commercial successes. Despite McCulloch's departure and drummer Pete de Freitas's death, guitarist Will Sergeant and bassist Les Pattinson decided to recruit three new members – Noel Burke (vocals), Jake Brockman (keyboards) and Damon Reece (drums) – and continue with the same band name, which angered McCulloch. The Bunnymen released one further album, Reverberation (1990), which critics and fans alike received poorly. WEA Records subsequently dropped the group, who went on to break-up in early 1993.
McCulloch met former Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr in 1993 and they wrote and recorded an album, tentatively titled Touch Down. The album was to be released in early 1994; however, despite McCulloch and Marr being happy with the album, Rob Dickins at WEA felt it was missing some element. Dickins suggested to McCulloch that Sergeant be brought in to do some work. McCulloch was initially sceptical because he had not spoken with Sergeant since de Freitas's funeral; however, he did give the idea some thought. Before McCulloch had chance to contact Sergeant, a mutual friend persuaded the pair to meet socially. While McCulloch and Sergeant were being reacquainted, the tapes from the McCulloch and Marr sessions disappeared. McCulloch was not upset about this as he and Sergeant had started working together as Electrafixion.
With McCulloch influenced by American alternative rock bands such as Nirvana and The Smashing Pumpkins, the group employed a heavier sound than Echo & the Bunnymen's previous work. After successfully touring the United Kingdom and refusing to play any Echo & the Bunnymen material, Electrafixion released their only album, Burned, in September 1995. Despite critics giving the album good reviews, sales of it and the follow-up singles were disappointing. After embarking on a tour of the United States in 1996, Electrafixion eventually gave in to fan pressure and began to introduce Echo & the Bunnymen material to their live set. Sergeant felt that as the band were playing Echo & the Bunnymen songs, they might as well reform Echo & the Bunnymen; however, McCulloch was initially opposed to the idea. McCulloch changed his mind and, having persuaded Pattinson to come out of retirement, Echo & the Bunnymen was reformed in mid-1996. McCulloch felt Echo & the Bunnymen could not reform without Pattinson and described the bassist's involvement as "integral". McCulloch went on to say it was important to "feel like the original group". He has also said, "Right from the first demo [of Evergreen] we realised that we'd still got that chemistry."
Recording and packaging
The recording of Evergreen started at the beginning of 1997 when Echo & the Bunnymen entered Doghouse Studios in Henley-on-Thames. The production of the album was undertaken by McCulloch and Paul Toogood, the band's new manager, although it was credited to the band in the liner notes to the album. With Oasis in the next studio, Liam Gallagher contributed backing vocals to the track "Nothing Lasts Forever". McCulloch said, "We just hit it off right away, and after a few beers he ended up singing on the record." McCulloch also said that Gallagher "insisted we put tambourine on ['Nothing Lasts Forever']" which "took [it] to another level". Adam Peters, who had previously worked on the band's 1984 album Ocean Rain, was brought in to provide string arrangements for the album. Using musicians from the London Metropolitan Orchestra, Peters recorded string passages for seven tracks from the album at Abbey Road Studios in London. With Clif Norrell, who had previously worked with R.E.M., finishing the mixing of the album, the recording was completed by the end of March 1997.
The photograph used on the front cover of the album was shot by Norman Watson, who also directed the videos for two of the singles from the album – "Nothing Lasts Forever", which was to become the lead single from the album, and "I Want to Be There". The cover was shot in Marrakech in early May 1997 and echoes the cover of the band's 1980 debut album Crocodiles. The cover picture shows the band against a backdrop of trees at night. However, in place of the band's former drummer de Freitas, who died in a motorcycle accident, the photograph shows the remaining band members with a Citroen DS.
Releases and reception
The live debut of "Nothing Lasts Forever" was at the Cream nightclub in Liverpool in early May 1997 at Echo & the Bunnymen's first concert since reforming. This was followed by two sold-out concerts at the Mercury Lounge in New York and a number of festival appearances in the US, UK and Europe before Evergreen was released on 14 July 1997 by London Records. A limited edition version containing a bonus disc titled History of the Peel Sessions 1979–1997 was released at the same time. The bonus disc contains tracks that were recorded live for John Peel's show on BBC Radio 1 between 1979 and 1997. Following the album, two more singles were released – "I Want to Be There (When You Come)" in September 1997 and "Don't Let It Get You Down" in November 1997. The album was reissued in 1999 with the addition of four live tracks.
Reviewing Evergreen for Allmusic, Ned Raggett described it as "an attractive piece of work" when it "shines at its best". Although he noted, "Replacement drummer Michael Lee fills in [for de Freitas] adequately but not completely, rendering what was a special group something less so." The reviewer for British music magazine Melody Maker, called the album a "triumph" for fans as well as acknowledging that the album was unlikely to impress people who were not familiar with their work. The album was described in Rolling Stone magazine as "a stunning comeback". Jeremy Helligar for Entertainment Weekly was not as keen and described the reunion as having "the feel of a non-event".
Evergreen became Echo & the Bunnymen's fifth album to make the Top 10 of the UK Albums Chart when it reached number eight during its first week of release and stayed on the chart for seven weeks. "Nothing Lasts Forever" reached number eight on the UK Singles Chart, although the follow-up singles "I Want to Be There (When You Come)" and "Don't Let It Get You Down" fared less well reaching numbers thirty and fifty respectively.
Track listing
All tracks written by Echo & the Bunnymen.
"Don't Let It Get You Down" – 3:52
"In My Time" – 3:26
"I Want to Be There (When You Come)" – 3:39
"Evergreen" – 4:11
"I'll Fly Tonight" – 4:24
"Nothing Lasts Forever" – 3:57
"Baseball Bill" – 4:04
"Altamont" – 3:53
"Just a Touch Away" – 5:09
"Empire State Halo" – 4:00
"Too Young to Kneel" – 3:40
"Forgiven" – 5:49
1999 reissue bonus tracks
"I Want to Be There (When You Come)" (live) – 3:25
"Bedbugs and Ballyhoo" (live) – 3:42
"Rescue" (live) – 3:49
"Lips Like Sugar" (live) – 4:40
History of the Peel Sessions 1979–1997 limited edition bonus disc
"Villiers Terrace" (live) – 4:13
"Read It in Books" (live) – 2:31
"All That Jazz" (live) – 2:56
"Over the Wall" (live) – 4:49
"All My Colours" (live) – 4:28
"The Back of Love" (live) – 4:15
"Seven Seas" (live) – 3:57
"Ocean Rain" (live) – 3:50
"Nocturnal Me" (live) – 4:13
"Rescue" (live) – 3:48
Personnel
Echo & the Bunnymen
Ian McCulloch – vocals, guitar, piano
Will Sergeant – guitar
Les Pattinson – bass
with:
Adam Peters – keyboards, arrangement (strings), conductor (strings)
Michael Lee – drums
Ed Shearmur – piano on "Nothing Lasts Forever"
London Metropolitan Orchestra – strings
Liam Gallagher - backing vocals on "Nothing Lasts Forever"
Technical
Echo & the Bunnymen – producer
Mark Phythian – engineer
Cenzo Townshend – engineer
Markus Butler – assistant engineer
Clif Norrell – mixing
Richard Woodcraft – mixing assistant
Don C. Tyler – digital editing
Stephen Marcussen – mastering
Guy Massey – recording (strings)
Alex Scannell – recording assistant (strings)
Norman Watson – photography
References
Adams, Chris. 2002. Turquoise Days: The Weird World of Echo & the Bunnymen. New York: Soft Skull.
Footnotes
1997 albums
Echo & the Bunnymen albums
London Records albums |
4024984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Vredeman%20de%20Vries | Hans Vredeman de Vries | Hans Vredeman de Vries (1527 – c. 1607) was a Dutch Renaissance architect, painter, and engineer. Vredeman de Vries is known for his publication in 1583 on garden design and his books with many examples on ornaments (1565) and perspective (1604).
The Vredeman de Vries family included a number of artists and musicians.
Biography
Born in Leeuwarden and raised in Friesland, in 1546 Vredeman de Vries went to Amsterdam and Kampen. In 1549 he moved to Mechelen where the Superior Court was seating. Sebastian, his brother, was the organist in the local church. Vredeman de Vries designed ornaments for merry parades of Charles V and Philip II. Studying Vitruvius and Sebastiano Serlio, (translated by his teacher Pieter Coecke van Aelst), he became an internationally known specialist in perspective.
He continued his career in Antwerp, where he was appointed city architect and fortification engineer. After 1585 he fled the city because of the Spanish occupation by Alessandro Farnese. As a Protestant, he had to leave the city within two years. Vredeman de Vries moved to Frankfurt and worked in Wolfenbüttel, designing a fortification and a new lay-out of the city for Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. After his death the project was cancelled and Hans worked in Hamburg, Danzig (1592), Prague (1596) and Amsterdam (1600). On his trips Vredeman was accompanied by his son Paul and Hendrick Aerts, both painters. Vredeman de Vries tried to get an appointment at the University of Leiden in 1604.
Vredeman de Vries designed the Great Bed of Ware which is now housed in the Victoria and Albert Museum. The bed is famously large, at around twice the size of a modern double-bed.
His son Salomon was also a painter; Jacob Vredeman de Vries a kapellmeister and composer. It is not known when and where Hans Vredeman de Vries died; however, it is recorded that his son Paul was living in Hamburg when he inherited.
References
Bibliography
Hans Jantzen, Das Niederländische Architekturbild, Braunschweig, Klinkhardt & Biermann, 1910
Bernard G. Maillet, La Peinture Architecturale des Ecoles du Nord: les Intérieurs d'Eglises 1580-1720, Pandora Publishers Wijnegem, 2012,
Christopher P. Heue, The City Rehearsed Object, architecture, and print in the worlds of Hans Vredeman de Vries ,
External links
Architectura website of the Centre d'études supérieures de la Renaissance at Tours (France)
The Delft University on Vredeman de Vries
University of Heidelberg 28 Prints from "Pictores, statuarii, architecti, latomi, et quicunque principum magnificorumque virorum memoriae aeternae inservitis, adeste" (1620)
Ornaments by Vredeman de Vries in a museum in Schleswig-Holstein
Hans Vredeman de Vries on Artcyclopedia
Vermeer and The Delft School, a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which contains material on Hans Vredeman de Vries
1527 births
1600s deaths
16th-century Dutch architects
People from Leeuwarden
Renaissance architects
Dutch Mannerist painters
Frisian painters
Mannerist architects |
4024998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansgrohe | Hansgrohe | Hansgrohe SE is a German sanitary fittings manufacturer. It was founded by Hans Grohe in 1901, in Schiltach, Baden Wuerttemberg, Germany. Hansgrohe is one of the world's largest shower head, hand shower and tap suppliers, next to competitors such as Grohe and Kohler. Principal shareholder is the Masco Corporation, Taylor, Michigan, United States.
Hansgrohe is not to be confused with the Grohe AG, another German sanitary fittings manufacturer, which was founded by Hans Grohe's son Friedrich.
Background
Hansgrohe has two major shareholders: The family of Klaus Grohe, the founders’ youngest son, holds 32%, Masco Corporation 68%. Hans Jürgen Kalmbach became chairman of Hansgrohe in 2018. The company sells its products under two brand names: Axor and hansgrohe.
In 2017, Hansgrohe reported sales of 1.077 billion Euro (2016: 1.029 billion Euro). The company employs about 4,962 people, 40% outside of Germany. Hansgrohe manufactures its products in factories in the United States, Germany, France and China. With 34 subsidiaries and 21 sales offices the company is present all over the world. Hansgrohe exports its products into more than 140 countries.
Foundation and history
In 1901, Hans Grohe, born in Luckenwalde near Berlin on May 14, 1871, founded the company in Schiltach, in the German Black Forest region. As a three-man operation, the company began producing metal pressing products, e.g. parts of watches, brass pans and sheet metal showers, but soon concentrated on sanitary metal ware. Export started with the first delivery to Amsterdam, Netherlands in January 1907. By 1919, 3 office clerks and 48 production employees worked for the company.
Hans Grohe started to use a new brass pressing procedure in 1929 and began to chromium-plate his products in 1930. Four years later, his son Friedrich Grohe left the company and took over a company in Hemer, North Rhine-Westphalia, in 1936. While his father Hans concentrated on showers and draining technology, Friedrich Grohe focused on fittings. The company today is known as Grohe AG.
In 1968, Klaus Grohe, the youngest son of Hans Grohe, joined the father's company and took over its management in 1975. In 1977, he introduced the word and figurative mark Hansgrohe. Under his company leadership, Hansgrohe started to work with external designers in the late 1960s, including Hartmut Esslinger (frog design) and later on Phoenix Design and Philippe Starck. Klaus Grohe also reached out to explore new market segments: In 1981 Hansgrohe began producing faucets and introduced a greywater recycling system in 2001.
In 1984, the Friedrich Grohe family, one of the three shareholders at the time, together with the Hans Grohe Junior family, and the Klaus Grohe family, sold their third of shares to the US investment company Masco Corporation from Taylor, Michigan. In 1999, the Hans Grohe Junior family equally sold their shares to the Masco Corporation, making them majority shareholder, and leaving the Klaus Grohe family as the only family shareholder of the company with today 32% of the shares. In 2012, Hansgrohe became a European stock corporation (Societas Europaea SE), which is not listed on the stock exchange.
After having been member of the management board for 33 years, Klaus Grohe took over the position as director of the supervisory board in 2008. Since 2015, he has been honorary chairman of the board. In August 2018, Hans Jürgen Kalmbach became chairman of Hansgrohe, following Thorsten Klapproth. Two grandsons of company founder Hans Grohe, Richard and Philippe Grohe, were active in the operative business until October 2016. Since then, the founding family supports the company exclusively from a shareholder position, through their representation in the supervisory board of Hansgrohe SE.
Hansgrohe in the United States
Products
The product range of Hansgrohe includes:
Fittings
Showers and Shower heads
Kitchen and Bathroom Faucets
Bathroom accessories
Hansgrohe products have been awarded several design awards, including the prestigious iF Design Award 2016, the red dot design award: product design 2016 and the Design Award of the Federal Republic of Germany 2012.
Hansgrohe has registered about 2500 patents until the end of 2015. Among the most important inventions are: automatical drainage systems (1934), the wallbar (1953), the hand shower with an adjustable water jet (1968), the kitchen faucet with pull-out handspray (1984) as well as technologies to reduce the waterflow through air addition (2004) and activating / deactivating the water flow with a push-button (2011). In 2015, Hansgrohe held 24 patents, 180 designs and 93 brands.
Designer
Antonio Citterio
Jean-Marie Massaud
Philippe Starck
Patricia Urquiola
Phoenix Design
Ronan and Erwan Bouroullec
Nendo Design
Front Design
Barber & Osgerby
Museum and Aquademie
Hansgrohe established a museum for water, bathrooms and design in 1997, at its German headquarters in Schiltach. It displays the evolution of private bathrooms over the past 100 years and shows the company's development in the course of historical events.
At its US headquarters in Alpharetta, Georgia, Hansgrohe runs a training and interactive product center, the Aquademie.
Sponsoring
Together with extractor manufacturer Bora, Hansgrohe supports the cycling worldtour team Bora-Hansgrohe as one of the main sponsors beginning in 2017.
See also
Grohe, another German plumbing manufacturer, founded by Hans Grohe's son Friedrich
References
External links
Hansgrohe USA
Hansgrohe Group
Hansgrohe SE, Hansgrohe Annual Report, Reaching New Heights, facts & figures 2015, Schiltach 2015
Hansgrohe SE, The True Fairytale Of Clever Hans, Illustrated company history, Schiltach 2011
Manufacturing companies of Germany
German brands
Companies based in Baden-Württemberg
Bathroom fixture companies
Companies established in 1901 |
4025000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matachines | Matachines | Matachines (Spanish singular matachín; sword dancers dressed in ritual attire called bouffon) are a carnivalesque dance troupe that emerged in Spain in the early 17th century inspired by similar European traditions such as the moresca. The term danza de matachines is also used to refer to their characteristic dance and music. The dance was documented in the 1642 treatise Discursos sobre el arte del dançado by Juan de Esquivel Navarro. The tradition was imported into Latin American countries such as Mexico and Peru.
In America
Currently, the matachines are societies of North and South American Native dancers who perform ritual dances. They are found from Peru up to northern New Mexico where the Spanish first influenced the New World and introduced Christianity. In Bernalillo, New Mexico, the Matachines de San Lorenzo have been performing for more than 300 years.
The Danza de Matachines is explained by oral tradition among most Indian Tribes as the Dance of the Moors and Christians and is the first masked dance introduced by the Spaniards, though its practice outside of the Iberian peninsula changed its cultural and spiritual significance. The dance was adopted by the people, and today many forms of this dance still exist — though the dance steps vary among peoples, the dance formations are all similar. Masks continue to be used, but the style changes from village to village, or people to people. Its meaning is as a celebration of native peoples in the Americas and Philippines, and their salvation through the unity of their faith and culture.
The Matachines dance for a deeper religious purpose, since most of them join to venerate either Mother Mary (Our Lady of Guadalupe, Our Lady of Lourdes, Immaculate conception, etc.), a saint (the group usually chooses the saint that pertains to the church they belong to), or simply to worship Christ or God the Holy Trinity, demonstrated by the three forked item symbolized as a "Sword of the Holy Trinity".
Dressed in traditional ceremonial dress and clothing, the chief characters are El Monarca (typically Moctezuma or other tribal leader), the captains (usually consist of 2-4 and are Moctezuma's main generals), La Malinche or Malintzín, the Native or Mestizo woman; and El Toro, the malevolent comic man of the play (also symbolizes Satan, or the Devil, according to Roman Catholic religious interpretations), dressed with the skins of the buffalo and wearing the horns of this sacred ancestor; Abuelo, the grandfather, and Abuela, grandmother. With the help of a chorus of dancers they portray the desertion of his people by Moctezuma, the luring of him back by the wiles and smiles of La Malinche, the final reunion of king and people and the killing of El Toro, who is supposed to have made all the mischief. Much symbolism is seen in these groups. The basic symbolism of the dance is good vs. evil, with good prevailing.
All of the cultural artifacts associated with the dance are blessed by a priest.
Hampton Court, 1604
A sword dance was performed at Hampton Court on 6 January 1604 by Scottish courtiers for Anne of Denmark in her presence chamber, before James VI and I, and the French ambassador, the Comte de Beaumont. Dudley Carleton wrote that the Scottish masquerade resembled a matachin and was "cleanly" performed.
See also
Moresca
References
External links
Los Matachines
Video of New Mexico Matachines Dancing
Video of Yaqui Matachines Dancing
Spanish dances
Dance in Mexico
Dance in Peru |
4025004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matross | Matross | A matross was a soldier of artillery, who ranked next below a gunner.
The duty of a matross was to assist the gunners in loading, firing and sponging the guns. They were provided with firelocks, and marched with the store-wagons, acting as guards. In the United States Army, a matross ranked as a private of artillery.
The word is probably derived from French matelot, a sailor. The OED states that the word is borrowed from the Dutch Matroos ('a sailor of the lowest rank'), and is cognate with similar terms in German, Danish and Swedish.
References
Military ranks
Artillery speciality |
4025014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve%20Queler | Eve Queler | Eve Queler (born January 11, 1931) is an American conductor and the emerita Artistic Director of the Opera Orchestra of New York (OONY). She founded the OONY in 1971, after having worked on the staff of the Metropolitan Opera and the New York City Opera. She is notable for her advocacy for, and conducting of, lesser known and less-frequently performed operas, such as Rienzi and Jenůfa.
Born Eve Rabin in New York City, Queler attended The High School of Music & Art, graduating in 1948. She then matriculated in the Mannes School of Music, where she studied piano and conducting. A Martha Baird Rockefeller Fund grant enabled her to pursue further studies in conducting with Joseph Rosenstock and accompaniment with Paul Ulanowsky and Paul Berl. She also participated in master classes with Walter Susskind and Leonard Slatkin in St. Louis and Igor Markevich and Herbert Blomstedt in Europe.
Although primarily dedicated to the OONY, she has appeared as a guest conductor with numerous opera companies and orchestras internationally, including the Mariinsky Theatre, Opera Australia, the Hamburg State Opera, the National Theatre in Prague, the Frankfurt Opera, the Philadelphia Orchestra, the Montreal Symphony Orchestra, the Cleveland Orchestra, the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra, and the Honolulu Symphony Orchestra among others.
Eve Queler is the recipient of a 2010 National Endowment for the Arts Opera Honors Award. In 2017, New Amsterdam Opera presented Mo. Queler with its first-ever Pathfinder Award.
Personal life
Her husband was Stanley Queler, a lawyer, who died on January 30, 2013, at age 83.
References
Eve Rabin Queler, Women's History
External links
Biography of Eve Queler, Opera Orchestra of New York
Eve Queler's official web site
"An Interview with Eve Queler" in Kalliope: A Journal of Women's Literature and Art
1931 births
The High School of Music & Art alumni
The New School alumni
Living people
Women conductors (music)
Musicians from New York City
Classical musicians from New York (state)
21st-century American conductors (music) |
4025015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0akotis | Šakotis | Lithuanian šakotis or raguolis ("tree cake"; literally "branchy"), Polish sękacz, Belarusian bankucha () is a Polish, Lithuanian and Belarusian traditional spit cake. It is a cake made of butter, egg whites and yolks, flour, sugar, and cream, cooked on a rotating spit in an oven or over an open fire.
History
The cake became popular during the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1791). Its origins are attributed to either the Polish Queen Bona Sforza or the Baltic tribe of Yotvingians. The Yotvingians, first mentioned in 5th century B.C. as neuri, well known as great warriors and hunters, while Bona Sforza is known to have implemented many agriculture, infrastructure and manufacture reforms.
Its name means "branched tree" or "tree with many branches" due to its distinctive shape (it is often conical, like a pine tree, and with the drips as branches). It is baked in a time- and labor-intensive process, by painting layers of batter onto a rotating spit in a special open oven or over an open fire.
It can be decorated with chocolate and flower ornaments, but it is often served plain. Šakotis is one of the most important desserts in Lithuanian celebrations, especially at weddings or other special occasions such as Christmas. It was the sweet chosen to represent Lithuania in the Café Europe initiative of the Austrian presidency of the European Union, on Europe Day 2006.
In May 2015, in Druskininkai, Lithuania the record of the biggest šakotis was broken with height and weight.
In 2006, Masurian sękacz was included in the list of traditional products of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship in Poland.
In 2019, the bankucha recipe from Porazava was included in the official list of historical and cultural heritage of Belarus. In north-western Belarus, bankucha is known as a wedding cake made of 60 egg yolks
Other regional varieties
Austria – Prügelkrapfen
Belarus – bankucha (derived from the German word Baumkuchen meaning "Tree cake")
Czech Republic – Trdelnik
France – Gâteau à la broche
Luxembourg – Baamkuch has become a traditional dish served mostly on special occasions, such as weddings, christenings, etc. Yet, the cake is available all year around in certain supermarkets.
Poland – Sękacz
Lithuania – Šakotis or Raguolis (known as Bankuchenas in Western Lithuania, the word is borrowed from German Baumkuchen) is a similar cake also cooked on a spit, normally over an open fire
Sweden – Spettekaka with the protected geographical indication (PGI) registered by the EU
Hungary – Kürtőskalács is a similar cake also cooked on a spit
Slovakia – Skalický trdelník with the protected geographical indication (PGI) registered by the EU
Turkey – Makara tatlısı is a similar cake also cooked on a spit.
Indonesia – Spekkoek (kue lapis legit or spekuk） was developed during colonial times in the Dutch East Indies. The firm-textured cake is an Indo (Dutch-Indonesian) version of the European multi-layered spit cake.
Gallery
See also
Lithuanian cuisine
Podlaskie cuisine
List of desserts
List of Polish desserts
List of spit-roasted foods
References
Lithuanian desserts
Polish desserts
Belarusian desserts
Spit cakes |
4025018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry%20for%20the%20Aegean | Ministry for the Aegean | The Ministry for the Aegean () was a government department of Greece. It was founded in 1985 (Law 1558/1985), with Mytilene as its seat, and tasked with supervising the development of the long-neglected Aegean Islands.
In 2007 it was merged with the Ministry for Mercantile Marine to form the Ministry for Mercantile Marine, the Aegean and Island Policy. The new ministry retained a Deputy Minister with seat at Mytilene. In 2009 the ministry was split up, with the Mercantile Marine sector being absorbed by the Ministry for the Economy, Competitiveness and Shipping and the former Ministry for the Aegean department merged into the Ministry of Infrastructure, Transport and Networks as the General Secretariat for the Aegean and Island Policy. In September 2010, the General Secretariat was absorbed by the Ministry for Maritime Affairs, Islands and Fisheries.
List of Ministers for the Aegean (1985–2007)
List of Ministers for Mercantile Marine, the Aegean and Island Policy (2007–2009)
See also
Cabinet of Greece
References
Defunct government ministries of Greece
Lists of government ministers of Greece
1985 establishments in Greece
Aegean Sea
Greece, Aegean
Andreas Papandreou |
4025023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prathapa%20Mudaliar%20Charithram | Prathapa Mudaliar Charithram | Prathapa Mudaliar Charithram (), written in 1857 and published in 1879, was the first novel in the Tamil language. Penned by Samuel Vedanayagam Pillai (1826-1889), it was a landmark in Tamil literature, which had hitherto seen writings only in poetry. The book gave birth to a new literary genre and Tamil prose began to be recognized as an increasingly important part of the language.
The author was the munsif (a 'Village President' with some judicial powers) of Mayuram (present day Mayiladuthurai near Thanjavur). Influenced by Western ideas of women's liberation and secularism, he set out to publish works that projected his ideals. His first publication was Pen Kalvi ("Female Education"), which he addressed to his daughters. After witnessing the explosion of novels in Western literature, he set out to publish his groundbreaking novel that would showcase the heroine of the novel as an equal of the hero, if not more savvy and righteous. The story revolves around the protagonist, Prathapa Mudaliar and his travails.
Plot introduction
The story is a loose collection of events and narratives centered on a naive but good-natured hero and his life and adventures. It begins in a typical forward caste family setting, with the young Prathapa Mudhaliar, from Tuluva Vellala Mudaliar family of Arcot indulging in hunting and enjoying himself. The plot also introduces the heroine as a rather intelligent and morally upright girl who marries the hero through a myriad of events.
Plot summary
The novel is narrated in first person.
Soon they are separated and the wife is found wandering in the forest. In order to safeguard herself, she dresses up as a man and roams through the jungle. Meanwhile, a nearby kingdom loses its heir to the throne and as per custom, requires that a new king be chosen at random by the royal elephant. The elephant wanders into the forest and decides to put the flower garland on the unsuspecting young lady. Soon, she is proclaimed the chief of the region and carried to the royal palace.
The hero, meanwhile, is despondent after losing his wife and goes in search of her. En route to a city, the hero's sandals get torn, and he decides to repair them using the services of a cobbler. He promises the cobbler that if he stitches the footwear properly and the hero is satisfied, he will reward him with happiness. In a few minutes Prathapa's sandals are mended to his satisfaction and he in turn gives the cobbler one rupee (a princely amount in the era in which the novel is set). The cobbler, however, says he is not satisfied with the rupee and demands his "happiness", since that was the promise of Prathap. Perplexed at this sudden turn of events, a crowd soon gathers and no one is able to resolve the issue. Soon, the matter reaches the court of the new "King," who recognizes her husband despite his dishevelled and bewildered face. Prathap, however is unable to recognize the disguise of his wife and addresses her as the King.
She decides to settle this dispute by asking the cobbler if he was happy to see the kingdom's new king. He responds positively, to which she replies that since this quarrel with the young man resulted in his visit to the new king, which ultimately made the cobbler happy, he should go back to his duties, since "happiness" was provided. The cobbler, finding that he has no other way of needlessly harassing the young hero, returns. The "King" soon reveals herself to her husband in private quarters and, after entrusting the kingdom to a young apprentice in the court, leaves the kingdom. Both return to their house and live happily ever after.
Characters
Prathapa Mudhaliar - protagonist of the novel
Gnanambal - Prathap's wife
Literary significance and criticism
The idea of a novel in Tamil language was an instant hit. Though the level of literacy was still abysmal in late 19th century Tamil Nadu, sales of the book were still higher than expected. The novelty and success of this novel prompted many other writers to produce more such works. The novel was followed by Kamalambal Charitram by B. R. Rajam Iyer in 1893 and Padmavathi Charitram by A. Madhaviah in 1898, and set the trend for Tamil books.
Translations
The book was translated in various other languages including Dravidian languages and in English. The English translation was done by Meenakshi Tyagarajan in 2005. This also convinced many other writers in other Indian languages to write more prose-oriented books. Prathapa Mudaliar Charithram is still translated and published, with Amar Chitra Katha even creating a comic book adaptation of this novel.
References
External links
1879 novels
Tamil novels
Novels set in Tamil Nadu
19th-century Indian novels
Indian historical novels in Tamil
Novels adapted into comics |
4025036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary%20Berland | Gary Berland | Gary "Bones" Berland (May 9, 1950 – February 6, 1988) was an American professional poker player who won five World Series of Poker bracelets.
Early life
Berland was born and raised in Gardena, California. He moved to Las Vegas, Nevada with his family in 1968 and attended UNLV. He dropped out of college after two years to become a full-time professional poker player. He also worked as a poker dealer during his early years as a poker player to supplement his income and help build his bankroll.
Poker career
Berland finished runner-up to Doyle Brunson in the 1977 World Series of Poker (WSOP) $10,000 no limit Texas hold'em main event, but did not cash because the tournament had a winner-take-all format until 1978. In 1978, Berland won the $500 Seven Card Stud and the $1,000 Seven Card Razz events. His total winnings for these were more than $36,000. Berland also finished third in the 1986 Main Event. His total lifetime tournament winnings exceeded $300,000. Berland's 11 cashes at the World Series of Poker totaled $220,390.
According to Brunson, he died of a rare blood disorder.
World Series Of Poker Bracelets
References
External links
Legends of Poker: Gary "Bones" Berland
1950 births
1988 deaths
American poker players
World Series of Poker bracelet winners
People from Gardena, California
People from the Las Vegas Valley |
4025041 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasqualini | Pasqualini | Pasqualini is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Alessandro Pasqualini (1493–1559), Italian Renaissance architect
Jean Pasqualini, French, Corsican and Chinese journalist
Marc'Antonio Pasqualini (1614–1691), Italian castrato opera singer
Lorenzo Pasqualini (born 1989), Italian footballer
See also
Pascal (disambiguation)
Pasqual (disambiguation)
Pascual (disambiguation)
Pasquale (disambiguation) |
4025053 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%20Are%20You%20Going%20to%20Do%20with%20Your%20Life%3F | What Are You Going to Do with Your Life? | What Are You Going to Do with Your Life? is the eighth studio album by the English rock band Echo & the Bunnymen. The album saw the departure of bassist Les Pattinson from the group, partly due to disagreements with vocalist Ian McCulloch; McCulloch and the remaining band member, guitarist Will Sergeant, subsequently recorded the record with session musicians. The London Metropolitan Orchestra provided backing music and the American alternative hip hop band Fun Lovin' Criminals appeared as guest musicians on two tracks. The album was produced by Alan Douglas and Echo & the Bunnymen and it was recorded at various locations throughout England. Feeling sidelined during the recording of the album, Sergeant described it as "probably the worst time in my whole life".
What Are You Going to Do with Your Life? was released on 16 April 1999 through London Records following the release of the first single from the album, "Rust", the previous month. One further single, "Get in the Car", followed the album's release. The album received mixed reviews from the music press, being described as both flawless and having no appeal. The album was not as popular with the public as earlier releases from Echo & the Bunnymen; the album peaked at number twenty-one on the UK Albums Chart.
Background and recording
After the release of Echo & the Bunnymen's previous album, Evergreen (1997), and its three singles, the only new material by the band in 1998 was the song "Fools Like Us". It was released only on the soundtrack for the romantic comedy film Martha, Meet Frank, Daniel and Laurence. Vocalist Ian McCulloch wrote the official song for England's 1998 football World Cup campaign, which he recorded with the Spice Girls and Ocean Colour Scene as England United. Although McCulloch was proud of the song, it was not popular with the fans, peaking number nine on the UK Singles Chart. It was beaten to the number one position by the unofficial song, "Three Lions '98", released by David Baddiel, Frank Skinner and The Lightning Seeds.
When Echo & the Bunnymen entered the studio to record What Are You Going to Do with Your Life?, bassist Les Pattinson received news that his mother was unwell. That, coupled with Pattinson's perception that McCulloch wanted everything his way, led to Pattinson announcing his retirement from the band. McCulloch and guitarist Will Sergeant were determined to continue as Echo & the Bunnymen and recruited session musicians so they could record the album. The album was produced by Alan Douglas and Echo & the Bunnymen and was recorded at Doghouse Studios in Henley-on-Thames, Parr Street Studios in Liverpool, and Olympic Studios, Maida Vale Studios and CTS in London.
As with previous Echo & the Bunnymen albums, What Are You Going to Do with Your Life? used the London Metropolitan Orchestra to provide backing music. American alternative hip hop band Fun Lovin' Criminals appeared on the album as guest musicians on two tracks. Sergeant's guitar-work on the album was understated and he later said, "It was probably the worst time in my whole life, doing that LP—I hated it [...] I'm on all the tracks here and there, but generally I just stayed in the tent! It was a horrible experience." The album is a collection of ballads and has been described as a follow-up to McCulloch's 1989 solo album, Candleland. In a 2005 interview for Record Collector magazine, McCulloch said, "Will [Sergeant] hated the album, and I can understand why. He'd ask me where his guitar was supposed to go on certain songs and I'd say, 'Well, nowhere, it doesn't really have a place'."
Release and reception
Released in March 1999, "Rust" was the first single to come from What Are You Going to Do with Your Life?. The single peaked at number twenty-two on the UK Singles Chart, and NME magazine named it their Single of the Week. The album was released the following month on 16 April and, having failed to appeal to the public as much as the band's previous albums, peaked at number twenty-one on the UK Albums Chart. "Get in the Car", one of the tracks recorded with Fun Lovin' Criminals, was later released as a single.
Having awarded the album a score of nine out of ten, the reviewer for NME said, "At no point does [the album] rock. It glides with a beautiful, uninhibited momentum." The reviewer described McCulloch's voice as an "instrument honed by years of life, love and all the shitty bits in between to a ravishing state of molten cashmere" and the album as "flawless" for every "second of its defiantly brief 38-and-a-half minutes". M. Tye Comer for CMJ said, "[Echo & the Bunnymen] revisit the melancholia they've tussled with for nearly 20 years with a mature soul and a romantic urgency, having grown up without growing old." Awarding the album four out of five stars, Stephen Thomas Erlewine writing for Allmusic said the album "feels of a piece with their earlier albums, not only sonically, but in terms of quality." Mark Richard-San for Pitchfork Media said, "The over-the-top, bass-driven rockers of yore have been replaced with an album of introspective, acoustic songs appropriate for these aging geezers." Richard-San also described McCulloch as having a "rich, resonant voice", adding "the quality of his singing is perfect – a weary voice transmitting from some abandoned studio of yesteryear."
Andy Gill for The Independent newspaper took a less favourable view when he said, "[The album] has, as its title suggests, all the appeal of a discussion with a career adviser." When he described the style of the album, Gill said, "It doesn't really help matters that as they get more mature, the band appear to be indulging their interest in Burt Bacharach and Jimmy Webb rather more openly, despite lacking either songwriter's way with a winning melody." In his 2003 book The Rough Guide to Rock, Peter Buckley described the album as "a little gushing and overall disappointing".
Echo & the Bunnymen left London Records in early 2000. McCulloch said, "What they said is, 'We'll keep you on if you don't take as much money as in the contract,' and we had no intention of staying anyway, so it was kind of 'were we pushed or did we fall?'" There was also a change in the band's management with Toogood departing to start his own record label. With the session musicians who recorded What Are You Going to Do with Your Life? moving on, McCulloch and Sergeant recruited a new band, with whom they would go on to record the 2000 EP, Avalanche, which was only available to buy over the internet.
Track listing
All tracks written by Ian McCulloch and Will Sergeant.
"What Are You Going to Do with Your Life?" – 5:11
"Rust" – 5:09
"Get in the Car" – 4:21
"Baby Rain" – 4:17
"History Chimes" – 3:25
"Lost on You" – 4:50
"Morning Sun" – 4:12
"When It All Blows Over" – 2:57
"Fools Like Us" – 4:02
Personnel
Echo & the Bunnymen
Ian McCulloch – vocals, guitar, piano
Will Sergeant – lead guitar
with:
Guy Pratt – bass
Jeremy Stacey – drums
Harry Morgan – percussion
Mark Taylor - keyboards
Paul Williams – backing vocals
Les Pattinson – bass ("Fools Like Us")
Michael Lee – drums ("Baby Rain" and "Morning Sun")
London Metropolitan Orchestra – strings, woodwind, brass
Fun Lovin' Criminals – guest musicians ("Get in the Car" and "When It All Blows Over")
Technical
Echo & the Bunnymen – producer
Alan Douglas – producer, mixer
Mark Stent – mixer ("Rust" and "Baby Rain")
Nick Ingman – string arrangement
Ed Shearmur – string arrangement ("Fools Like Us")
Andrew Douglas — photography (cover)
Kevin Westenberg – photography (liner notes)
References
Adams, Chris (2002). Turquoise Days: The Weird World of Echo & the Bunnymen. New York: Soft Skull.
Roberts, David, editor (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th edition). HiT Entertainment.
Footnotes
1999 albums
Echo & the Bunnymen albums
London Records albums |
4025067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunkett%20%26%20Macleane | Plunkett & Macleane | Plunkett & Macleane is a 1999 British historical action comedy film directed by Jake Scott, and starring Robert Carlyle, Jonny Lee Miller and Liv Tyler. Gary Oldman was executive producer.
The story was co-written by Neal Purvis and Robert Wade. It follows the story of Captain James Macleane (Miller) and Will Plunkett (Carlyle), two men in eighteenth century Britain who are both struggling to survive. The characters are loosely based on two genuine highwaymen of the eighteenth century, James MacLaine and William Plunkett, although the story bears little relation to their actual lives.
Plot
1748 England is infested with highwaymen — men such as Will Plunkett (Robert Carlyle), a London-based criminal working with his partner Rob (Iain Robertson). When Rob is killed by Thief Taker General Chance (Ken Stott) after a botched heist outside debtor's prison, Plunkett must find a way to retrieve a large ruby that his partner had swallowed. What he doesn't know is that the incident was witnessed by James Macleane (Jonny Lee Miller), a socialite from the upper echelons of society, who had found himself in debtor's prison. Macleane sees the same ruby as his ticket out of debtors' prison and decides to steal it.
Plunkett ambushes Macleane and forces him to give up the ruby, but when they are discovered by Chance's men, Plunkett swallows it. While in Newgate Prison, the two form a partnership that utilizes Plunkett's criminal know-how and Macleane's social status to bribe their way out of prison. This tentative partnership leads to an unlikely alliance, deemed "The Gentlemen Highwaymen", where they gladly relieve the gentry of their possessions.
When Macleane falls for the beautiful Lady Rebecca (Liv Tyler), the niece of the powerful Lord Gibson (Michael Gambon), their plans to escape to America go awry. The pair part ways after a disastrous attempt to rescue Lady Rebecca from forced exodus, which leads to the death of Lord Gibson, and the discovery that Macleane has gambled away all of their funds.
Macleane is eventually captured and tried for Lord Gibson's murder, earning him a date with the gallows. Plunkett orchestrates a daring escape, aided by Lady Rebecca and the flamboyant Lord Rochester (Alan Cumming). After a tense chase through the city sewers that sees Plunkett exact revenge upon Chance, the three escape to freedom.
Cast
Jonny Lee Miller as Captain James Macleane
Robert Carlyle as Will Plunkett
Liv Tyler as Lady Rebecca Gibson
Ken Stott as Thief Taker General Chance
Alan Cumming as Lord Rochester
Michael Gambon as Lord Gibson
Tommy Flanagan as Eddie
David Walliams as Viscount Bilston
Matt Lucas as Sir Oswald
Ben Miller as Dixon
Stephen Walters as Dennis
Alexander Armstrong as Winterburn
Noel Fielding as Brothel Gent
Nicholas Farrell as M.P.'s Secretary
Iain Robertson as Rob
Claire Rushbrook as Lady Estelle
Tom Ward as a member of parliament
Release and reception
Plunkett & Macleane underperformed at the US box office. The film opened on 1 October 1999 in 475 U.S. theaters, taking in $244,765 during its first three days; total US earnings stand at $474,900.
The film received mainly negative reviews from critics, Rotten Tomatoes lists a 24% critic rating from 29 critics, while Metacritic's Metascore is 44 from 27 reviews (indicating "mixed or average reviews").
Derek Elley of Variety wrote, "[T]he script and dialogue are nowhere near well-tooled enough, and the film's generally dark, cold look and baroque design play against the lighter touch required. Though he certainly puts the reported $15 million budget up on the screen, helmer Jake Scott (son of Ridley Scott) seems happiest when pushing ahead to his next montage sequence, each of which has the brio that should have informed the whole movie. [¶] Carlyle, with a convincing cockney accent, and Lee Miller, as the rumpled pretender, are strong, with considerable chemistry between them. Though she's clearly spent time on her English vowels, Tyler is only adequate as Rebecca, a well-bred young lady who's intrigued by Macleane's derring-do. Making the biggest impression, in smaller roles, are Stott as the P&M's vicious nemesis and Cumming as the wildly camp Rochester, who manages to give even the so-so dialogue a classy touch."
Despite being panned by the critics, it was acclaimed by worldwide audiences and has gained a cult following.
References
External links
1999 films
1990s action adventure films
1990s crime comedy films
1990s black comedy films
1990s historical comedy films
British action adventure films
British crime comedy films
British historical comedy films
Czech historical films
Czech action films
Czech adventure films
Czech comedy films
Czech crime films
1990s English-language films
Working Title Films films
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
Films set in the 1740s
Films set in the 1750s
Films with screenplays by Charles McKeown
Films shot in the Czech Republic
Films scored by Craig Armstrong (composer)
Films produced by Eric Fellner
Films produced by Tim Bevan
PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films
Films directed by Jake Scott (director)
Films with screenplays by Neal Purvis and Robert Wade
British black comedy films
1999 directorial debut films
USA Films films
Films about highwaymen
1990s British films |
4025098 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outskirts | Outskirts | Outskirts or The Outskirts may refer to:
Rural–urban fringe, a transition zone where urban and rural land uses mix at the edges of a city or town
Films
Outskirts (film), a 1933 Soviet film by Boris Barnet
The Outskirts (1998 film), a Russian satirical film by Pyotr Lutsik, loosely based on the 1933 film
The Outcasts (2017 film) (working title The Outskirts), an American high-school comedy film
Other uses
Outskirts (album), a 1987 album by Blue Rodeo
Outskirts (journal), a feminist journal published by the University of Western Australia |
4025103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nora%20Levin | Nora Levin | Nora Levin (September 20, 1916 – October 26, 1989) was a historian of the Holocaust and a writer. She was most interested in the topics of the Jewish Labor Bund, social Zionists, and Jews during the Holocaust.
Biography
Levin was born on September 20, 1916 in Philadelphia, where she lived most of her life. She received her B.S. in education from Temple University and her M.L.S. from Drexel University. She served as the executive director of the Philadelphia Council of Pioneer Women, the women’s Labor Zionist organization from 1948 to 1953.
She worked as a librarian and teacher and later became professor of history of Gratz College in Philadelphia, where she was the founding director of the Holocaust Oral History Archive.
She also was a member of the Advisory Editorial Board of the Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe journal (OPREE) from its inception to her death.
Apart from various articles, Levin wrote three comprehensive books about her main topics as a historian: the Holocaust; Jewish socialist and labour movements; and Jewish life in Europe in general, with a focus on Eastern Europe.
Levin also served on the executive boards of the Soviet Jewry Council, the Philadelphia Jewish Community Relations Council, the National Conference of Christians and Jews, and the Hebrew Immigration Aid Society. She died on October 26, 1989.
Works
The Holocaust : the destruction of European Jewry, 1933-1945 (1968; reprint in 1990 as The Holocaust years)
Jewish socialist movements, 1871-1917 : while Messiah tarried (1977)
The Jews in the Soviet Union since 1917 : paradox of survival (two volumes) (1988/1989)
Articles by Levin are available on the Berman Jewish Policy Archive, including:
“Tolerating the Nazis among us”, Sh'ma: A Journal of Jewish Responsibility, Vol. 9, no. 163 (1978)
“Jewish social work, a rejoinder”, Sh'ma: A Journal of Jewish Responsibility, Vol. 9, no. 166 (1979)
“Gratz Holocaust archive of Soviet Jews”, Sh'ma: A Journal of Jewish Responsibility, Vol. 20, no. 391 (1990)
Awards
1969: National Jewish Book Awards in the Holocaust category for The holocaust : the destruction of European Jewry, 1933-1945
References
External links
"In Memoriam of Nora Levin" - Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe
The New York Times Obituary
Historians of the Holocaust
1916 births
1989 deaths
Gratz College
American women academics
Jewish American historians
20th-century American historians
Drexel University alumni
Temple University alumni
Writers from Philadelphia |
4025113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Stirton | David Stirton | David Stirton (June 13, 1816 – August 16, 1908) was a Liberal member of the House of Commons of Canada representing Wellington South from 1867 to 1876.
He was born in Angus, Scotland in 1816, the son of James Stirton. His family settled near the current site of Guelph, Ontario in Upper Canada around 1827. Stirton bought his own farm in 1841. He served as reeve for Puslinch Township from 1853 to 1857 and was captain in the local militia. He represented South Wellington in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from 1858 to 1867. He was elected in the same riding following Confederation and served until 1876, when he was appointed postmaster for Guelph. Stirton died in Guelph at the age of 92.
Electoral record
|-
|Liberal
| David STIRTON
|align="right"| acclaimed
|}
References
1816 births
1908 deaths
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada West
People from Guelph |
4025121 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Bazar%20%28Caltex%20Junction%29 | South Bazar (Caltex Junction) | South Bazar or South Bazaar () is a important junction market area in Kannur city of Kerala state in South India. South Bazar is a marketplace that is on the National Highway 66 from Kannur towards Taliparamba.
Caltex Junction is one of the busiest junction area in Kannur city. The National Highway 66, Collectrate road and Stadium road joins at this Junction, and this place is close to government administrative offices and the Taluk Office in Kannur. Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) Bus Stand, Kannur is located at this junction. Apart from numerous grocery stores, South Bazar also has a number of automobile showrooms such as Hero Honda, Bajaj, and Maruti.
One can also find a branch of the Indian Coffee House in South Bazar.
This place is considered as a heart of Kannur city.
Future Development
South Bazar (Caltex Junction) being one of the busiest junction in the Kannur city, so a new flyover has been proposed over the junction to ease the traffic congestion.
Satellite image
Satellite image of South Bazar
See also
Kannur
Kannur District
Taliparamba
Image gallery
References
Suburbs of Kannur |
4025128 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowers%20%28Echo%20%26%20the%20Bunnymen%20album%29 | Flowers (Echo & the Bunnymen album) | Flowers is the ninth studio album released by the English rock band Echo & the Bunnymen in May 2001. It reached number 56 on the UK Albums Chart. The album was recorded at the Elevator Studios in Liverpool and the Bryn Derwyn Studios in Wales and produced by Ian McCulloch and Will Sergeant, with additional production by Pete Coleman. Flowers included the singles "It's Alright" and "Make Me Shine". The cover art is from a book by Michael Lesy called Wisconsin Death Trip (1973). It is about a town in Wisconsin called Black River Falls during the Victorian era.
Track listing
All tracks written by Ian McCulloch and Will Sergeant.
"King of Kings" – 4:24
"SuperMellowMan" – 4:58
"Hide & Seek" – 4:07
"Make Me Shine" – 3:54
"It's Alright" – 3:32
"Buried Alive" – 3:55
"Flowers" – 4:16
"Everybody Knows" – 4:40
"Life Goes On" – 3:59
"An Eternity Turns" – 4:03
"Burn for Me" – 3:41
Personnel
Musicians
Ian McCulloch – vocals, guitar, piano
Will Sergeant – lead guitar, tambourine
Alex Germains – bass, backing vocals
Ceri James – keyboards
Vincent Jamieson – drums, congas, tambourine, shakers
Production
Ian McCulloch – producer
Will Sergeant – producer
Pete Coleman – additional production, engineer, mixing
Mike Hunter – additional engineering
David Blackman – mastered by
Stu Reed – pro-tools
Andrew Swainson – design, photography
References
2001 albums
Echo & the Bunnymen albums
Cooking Vinyl albums
Albums recorded at Elevator Studios |
4025135 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Innes-Ker%2C%205th%20Duke%20of%20Roxburghe | James Innes-Ker, 5th Duke of Roxburghe | James Innes-Ker, 5th Duke of Roxburghe (10 January 173619 July 1823) was a Scottish nobleman.
Early life
He was the eldest surviving son of Sir Henry Innes, 5th Baronet (–1762), and Anne Drummonda Grant (1711–1771). His grandfathers were Sir Harry Innes, 4th Baronet, who represented the Parliament of Scotland constituency of Elginshire from 1704 to 1707, and Sir James Grant, 6th Baronet, a Member of Parliament for Inverness-shire and Elgin Burghs.
Upon his father's death in 1762, he succeeded to the Innes Baronetcy.
Dukedom of Roxburghe
Through the Innes family, he was a descendant of Robert Ker, 1st Earl of Roxburghe, and in 1812 established his claim to the vacant Dukedom of Roxburghe. The fight for the succession of the title encompassed seven years of constant litigation; according to one biography, "seldom have the lawyers met with a richer harvest. The courts of Edinburgh and London have revelled in conflicting claims, and the House of Lords has been disturbed by never-ending appeals." On the demise of the 3rd Duke, who had never married, his principal titles, and large and productive estates, devolved on William Bellenden-Ker, 4th Duke of Roxburghe, who died shortly thereafter, without heirs. The succession was contested by Major-General Walter Ker and the Right Honorable William Drummond; and only at vast cost decided, on 11 May 1812, in favour of Sir James, as descended from Lady Innes, the third daughter of Hary, Lord Ker, son of the first Earl of Roxburghe.
Lord Bellenden was descended from the second Duke; General Ker claimed to be heir male of the first, and Mr. Drummond heir male of the second Earl, so that the issue turned on the construction of an entail, which gave the right to the female line. Other claimants included John Bellenden Ker (c. 1765–1842), famous as a wit and botanist and the author of Archaeology of Popular Phrases and Nursery Rhymes (1837), whose son was the legal reformer Charles Henry Bellenden Ker (c. 1785–1871). It is notable that 25 years later, Walter Ker's daughter Essex Ker was involved in litigation against her father's lawyers in connection with bonds issued to cover the costs of the succession litigation.
Personal life
James took the name Innes-Ker, and became the 5th Duke of Roxburghe. He married twice, first on 19 April 1769 to Mary Wray (1729/30–1807), the eldest daughter of Sir John Wray, 12th Baronet and sister of Sir Cecil Wray, 13th Baronet. His wife died in 1807 and he remarried to Harriet Charlewood on 28 July 1807. Harriet was a daughter of Benjamin Charlewood, of Windlesham, Surrey. Together, they were the parents of:
James Henry Robert Innes-Ker (1816–1879), who married Susanna Stephania Dalbiac, the only child of Sir Charles Dalbiac.
Innes-Ker died on 19 July 1823, and was succeeded in the Dukedom by his only son from his second marriage. Four years after his death, his widow remarried to Lt Col Walter Frederick O'Reilly, CB of the Royal African Corps, on 14 November 1827.
Descendants and legacy
Through his son James, he was a grandfather of James Henry Robert Innes-Ker, 7th Duke of Roxburghe (1839–1892), who married Anne Emily Spencer-Churchill, daughter of the John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough.
Portraits of the Duke and his second Duchess were painted by Henry Raeburn, and hang in the entrance hall of the family seat of Floors Castle in the Scottish Borders.
References
External links
Portrait of James Innes-Ker, 5th Duke of Roxburghe, by Valentine Green.
Ker, James Norcliffe
Innes-Ker, James Norcliffe
5
Scottish representative peers |
4025136 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coqui%20%28NASA%29 | Coqui (NASA) | The Coquí and Coquí 2 (Coquí Dos) campaign involved a sequence of sounding rocket launches in order to study the dynamics of the E- and F-region ionosphere and increase our understanding of layering phenomena, such as sporadic E layers. The studies were supported by the United States' National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and carried out in 1992 and 1998 respectively.
NASA launched sounding rockets from the Puerto Rican coastal town of Vega Baja, about 20 miles west of San Juan. Among the stated goals were to study how the Earth's ionosphere reacts to naturally occurring phenomena by artificially simulating these phenomena using a high-frequency (HF) radar and study the ionospheric response with both the Arecibo Observatory ionospheric radar and with instruments and chemical tracers carried aboard the sounding rockets. The campaign was named for the coqui frog, which is a small frog in the genus Eleutherodactylus native to Puerto Rico.
References
External links
NASA official fact sheet on Coqui Dos
Resource Center of the Americas: NASA Experiments Continue
Activists Protest US Navy Radar Project
Long Spark Running: NASA's Coqui Experiments
NASA programs
Sounding rockets of the United States
1992 in spaceflight
1998 in spaceflight |
4025145 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substomatal%20cavity | Substomatal cavity | In plants, the substomatal cavity is the cavity located immediately proximal to the stoma. It acts as a diffusion chamber connected with intercellular air spaces and allows rapid diffusion of carbon dioxide and other gases (such as plant pheromones) in and out of plant cells.
References
Graham LE, Graham JM, Wilcox LW (2006) Plant Biology (Second Edition). Pearsons Education, USA.
See also
Stoma
Transpiration stream
Plant cells
Plant anatomy |
4025147 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castleknock%20Castle | Castleknock Castle | Castleknock Castle is a ruined Norman castle located on the grounds of present-day all boys independent school Castleknock College, Castleknock, Dublin, Ireland.
Description
"The position of the castle is commanding, and its two deep ditches, and the ruins of its massive walls, bespeak its former strength. The Castle itself is thickly clad with ivy, and the entire hill covered with large and spreading trees. The whole is now reserved ground, enclosed with a strong fence. The solemn gloom of the place, its dark winding walks, and the profound silence that reigns around, make it a delightful solitude."
A mound may have preceded the present medieval Norman structure. The polygonal keep was the notable feature of the castle. Attached to it was a large squat building. A curtain wall, interspersed with towers, surrounded the castle. There is a moat or ditch constructed around the castle. Today, the site is surrounded by trees while the ruins are seldom visible from the road except in winter. The earliest extant drawing of the castle by Francis Place also shows it in ruins, but somewhat less dilapidated than at present.
There is also a small mound to the west of Castleknock College buildings known as Windmill Hill. There is a water tower there now which was built originally as an observatory by a previous owner, Simon Guinn.
History
Cromlech
There is evidence of the site's importance prior to the erection of the castle in the Norman period. An ancient pagan cromlech was discovered.
"In the year 1861, an ancient Cromlech, or Druid's altar, was discovered in the interior of the old Castle when digging the grave of the Rev. Thomas Plunket.
The workmen, coming on a large flat stone, found it too heavy to remove, and immediately commenced to break it.
They succeeded after great difficulty, but on detaching a portion, they found, to their surprise, an empty space beneath, and a human skeleton lying at full length.
The head and larger bones were almost perfect, and with them were small heaps of dry, whitish dust. The men not understanding the nature of their discovery, placed the bones a little aside, and continued their work.
It was not till the grave was filled up, and it was too late to remedy the evil, that the whole matter came to light.
From the description given by different persons who were present, there is no doubt that the discovered grave was one of those ancient Cromlechs, or altar tombs, which were used as burial places for kings or notables during the Pagan times.
The skeleton in this case was so old that the admission of air caused a portion of the bones to fall into dust; this accounts for the small heaps of whitish dust which were found with the larger bones."
Cnucha
"In the year 726", say the Four Masters, " died Congalach of Cnucha." In the old translation of the annals of Clonmacnoisc, he is called " Konolagh of Castleknock." In the Annals of Ulster we read " Congalach Cnucho moritur; and in the Annals of Tigernach "Congalach Cnuchaensis moritur." We know nothing respecting Congalach, but that he died at his fort, Cnucha, towards the beginning of the eighth century."
Castle origins
The castle was founded by the Norman knight, Hugh Tyrrel, who was later created Baron of Castleknock. He chose this location near the end of the esker which stretches from Galway to Dublin. Built on two mounds of the esker, it commanded the route into Dublin from the west.
Castleknock was the final rallying point for the forces of the last High King of Ireland, Rory O'Connor. He failed to drive the Cambro-Normans from the area around Dublin in 1171.
At that time the old fort underwent many changes. Tyrrel strengthened his fortress with all the improvements of modern warfare, and in a short time the Norman castle stood aloft in grim defiance, with its heavy battlements and deep double ditch. The battering ram could not approach it, and the missiles thrown against it fell harmless to the ground 'as hailstones from the rounded shield.'
Foundation of abbey
The Abbey of St. Brigid was founded where the Protestant church now stands, by Richard Tyrrell, second Baron of Castleknock, in 1184, and continued to flourish until the suppression of the monasteries, when it was demolished, and a Protestant church built on the site. In ancient times Castleknock furnished two canons to the Cathedral of St. Patrick, and still today two prebends of St. Patrick's derive their titles from "Castrum Noc ex parte diaconi, et Ca-strum Noc ex parte praecentoris".
Capture by Robert the Bruce
The Bruces advanced on Dublin (1316). A short time before, Edward Bruce had been crowned King of Ireland at Dundalk, and thinking the time had come for the expulsion of the English, he invited his brother Robert to his assistance. The King of Scotland landed in Ireland with a select body of troops, and, being joined by his brother, marched to besiege Dublin with 20,000 men. The first exploit on approaching the city was the taking of Castleknock. It could not be expected that the old fortress, long deemed impregnable, could long hold out against the hero of Bannockburn. Bruce entered, making Hugh Tyrrell prisoner, and fixed there his headquarters.
It was now believed that the liberation of Ireland was at hand. There was feasting and rejoicing in the Castle. The Irish and Scottish chieftains met at the same board, and plaids and bonnets mingled, with garments of saffron hue. But joy quickly gave place to gloom. Bruce soon perceived that Dublin was fully prepared for a siege, and well provided with provisions from the sea. Moreover, the ardour of the citizens caused him to relinquish all hope. After remaining a few days in the Castle, he released Tyrrell on payment of a ransom, and retired from the city. But he had scarcely commenced his march, when he seemed to repent of his
resolution, and halted again at Leixlip. After a short delay he recommenced his march towards the south, and soon after left Ireland, leaving his brother to continue the war.
Legend
"THE LADY OF THE CASTLE ; CTR THE STORY OF EIBHLEEN O'BRINN."
Of all the facts connected with the history of Castleknock,
there is none that has attracted more interest at least,
amongst a certain class than the story of Eibhleen O'Brinn.
Dr. Burton, in his History of the Royal Hospital, Kil-
mainham, has developed it into a tale of considerable length,
and an anonymous writer in the Nation has commemorated
the event in not ungraceful verse. The facts are as follows :
In the early part of the 16th century, Hugh Tyrrell, the
last of the name, ruled in Castleknock. During his absence,
his brother Roger, by his violence and licentiousness, made
the old castle the terror of the neighbourhood, and a
"stronghold of iniquity." One summer's evening, Roger
carried off Eibhleen, the fair daughter of O'Brinn, or O'Byrne,
a Wicklow chieftain, who dwelt on a hill to the west of the
neighbouring town of Chapelizod, and confined her in the
turret of the castle. At dead of night, the maiden heard
steps ascending the stone staircase that led to her apartment,
and fearing the worst, opened a vein in her neck, by means
of her breast-pin, and bled to death. Next morning the fact
was divulged, and great indignation was expressed against
Tyrrell. Turlogh O'Brinn had taken refuge in the pale from
the horrors of war, and hoped to bring up his family in peace,
under the protection of the viceroy. The affliction which
now befel this peaceful chieftain, excited universal sympathy.
At this time, the site of the Royal Hospital, Kilmainham,
was occupied by the Knights of St. John, and one of them,
who, as procurator of the house, had become acquainted with
the family of O'Brinn, resolved that so public a scandal
should not pass unpunished. He consequently assembled his retainers, and marched towards Castleknock. Tyrrell, finding he was to be attacked, declared that he would not
take refuge behind his ramparts, but would meet his enemy
in the open field. A bloody battle ensued, in which Tyrrell
was slain. His tragical end was considered a just punish
ment for his many crimes; but the death of the maiden was
long regretted by the people, and often in the winter's even-
ings, when the rustics gathered round the blazing hearth,
many a tear was shed over the sorrows of O'Brinn, and the
fate of his daughter Eibhleen.
It was long a popular belief, that, at the hour of midnight,
a female figure, robed in white, might be seen moving slowly
round the castle. This, they said, was Eibhleen, and they
called her "The Lady of the Castle."
" When distant chimes sound midnight hour,
The spirit pure is seen;
And moving round the lonely tower,
Looks bright as moonlight beam.
And as the moonbeams tint the walls,
And light the turret's crest,
" 'Twas hence", she says, " my spirit fled,
'Tis here my bones find rest.
And here I wander, year by year,
For such my lot has been,
But soon at end my penance drear,
I'll rest in joy unseen.'"
Her act of suicide, though wholly unjustifiable, was believed to have been palliated by ignorance, and in making the rounds of the castle, she was supposed to be completing her purgatory. The Lady of the Castle has not been seen since the Congregation of St. Vincent got possession of Castleknock; the priests, they say, must have "laid the spirit."
Impact of English Civil War
"COURAGEOUS CONDUCT OF AN IRISH LADY AT THE TAKING OF CASTLEKNOCK"
Castleknock Castle was the scene of many bloody encounters, including this one recounted by an Irish officer in 1642. It was discovered in the Bibliothèque Imperiale, Paris.
A small pamphlet entitled " Courageuse Resolution d'une dame Irlandaise a la prise de Chateau-knock", was lately found by accident in the Bibliothèque Imperiale of Paris.
It occupies only six pages I2mo., and seems to have been a letter written by an Irish officer to some friends in France, very soon after the event took place. It was found at the time so interesting that it was immediately published and circulated through Paris. No name is given, but its date is 1642. It is entered in the Bibliothèque Imperiale, 8vo. No. 955, A. a. It thus commences:
"The Earl of Ormond, a Protestant, went forth from the city of Dublin on the 28th of last month at the head of 4,000-foot and 500 horse towards the county Meath.
"The next day he besieged with his army Castleknock, belonging to the Lady de Lacy, aunt of the Earl of Fingal.
The husband of this lady was engaged in the army of the Catholics of Ireland. He left his wife in the Castle to keep it with fifty men only, being well assured that her courage was above her sex, in which he was not deceived ; for this lady, by the orders which she gave, caused 400 soldiers of the besiegers to be slain during the four days the siege lasted, and the number of dead would have been greater still, had not the ammunition failed, which this lady having perceived, she caused to be put in one heap all her clothes, money, jewels, and precious moveables, in a word, all that was found of any value within the enclosure of the Castle ; she then set fire thereto, so that there should remain no booty for the enemy. She also rendered useless all the arms which were in the place, having caused them to be broken, with the exception of those with which her soldiers were equipped, and in the light of the fire she harangued her soldiers thus:
" My faithful servants, you can well judge by the action I am after performing, what hope there is of favour from our enemies, and how little clemency I expect at their hands. I tell you, moreover, that you should not expect quarter from them, but remember the sentence which says, ' let the vanquished hope for nothing from their enemies.' Take courage, then, and combat to death for the faith of your Redeemer ; you can never find a more glorious end, and the sooner to find it, go valiantly to attack the enemy of the Cross, lest, being made prisoners, any of you should, by bad treatment or the violence of torments, fail in the good resolution you have taken of dying to-day for the Catholic Faith ; in which I desire to set you the example by marching at your head.'
"This done, the besieged set fire to the Castle, and went down, sword in hand, with such resolution that, after a great carnage of their enemies, all that went forth remained dead on the field, with the exception of the lady, who was made prisoner by the Earl of Ormond.
"After this the Earl sent to Dublin for reinforcements, and pursued his march."
Thus terminates this interesting narrative."
General Monk
The castle was partially dismantled after the War of the Three Kingdoms when considerable artillery damage had been done to the castle.
"When the English Parliament proclaimed war upon King Charles, the Irish adhered to the Stuarts, and the lords of Castleknock joining the national movement, planted the royal standard upon their battlements. From that day their doom was fixed.
General Monk marched from Dublin with a strong force and siege train, and sat down before the castle (1642). Things were there in the same state as in the days of the first Tyrrells.
The lofty walls, the deep-set windows, the rooms within low and dimly lighted, and the heavy oak benches around, more like machines. of war than articles of luxury. But the garrison was too weak for the defence. A heavy cannonade commenced, and when the walls were shaken to their foundations, and eighty of the defenders had fallen, the signal was given and the place taken by assault. The garrison had acted bravely, but compassion was far from the hearts of the Republicans. The survivors were tried by court-martial, found guilty of fighting against the state, and hanged from those walls they had so bravely defended.
Monk, on returning to Dublin, left a strong force in the Castle, for, though much shattered, it was still a position of considerable importance. But its days were numbered."
Owen Roe O'Neill
On his march towards Dublin (1647), finding Castleknock in the hands of the English, he determined to dislodge them. An effort was made to avert the blow. Colonel Trevor appeared at the head of a body of cavalry, but these were quickly routed, and O'Neill commenced another siege. This was too much for the veteran fortress, already tottering to its fall; it surrendered, and breathed its last in the hands of the Irish hero.
Present day
The green plot of ground enclosed within the old walls is used as a burial place for the priests of St. Vincent de Paul, and many zealous missioners, cut off in the bloom of life, are there interred. It was a happy thought. That spot, purpled with the blood of many a hero, and containing within its bosom the relics of the " departed brave", is now a consecrated cemetery. Here rest side by side the soldier and the priest of Erin. The one fought for Ireland's temporal interests, the other for her spiritual welfare..
Books
Dónal MacPolin and Peter Sobolewski, Blanchardstown, Castleknock and the Park, 2001, Cottage Publications
James O'Driscoll, Cnucha: A history of Castleknock and district, 1977, privately issued
Jim Lacey, A Candle in the Window, 1999 Marino Publications
Tadhg O'Keeffe, Medieval Irish Buildings, pp 230-231 2015 Four Courts Press
References
External links
History of Castleknock
Excerpt from book on Castleknock by Jim Lacey
Fort of Cnucha and its Successors
Castles in Fingal
Castleknock College
Ruins in the Republic of Ireland
Buildings listed on the Fingal Record of Protected Structures |
4025157 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20State%20News | The State News | The State News is the student newspaper of Michigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan. It is supported by a combination of advertising revenue and a $7.50 refundable tax that students pay at each semester's matriculation. Though The State News is supported by a student tax, the faculty and administration do not interfere in the paper's content. The State News is governed by a Board of Directors, which comprises journalism professionals, faculty and students. In 2010, the Princeton Review ranked The State News as the #8 best college newspaper in the country. And in 2015, the Society of Professional Journalists named TSN as the nation's best daily college newspaper for 2014.
History
The State News traces its roots to March 10, 1909.
It was first dubbed The Holcad, chosen by the president of the then-Michigan Agricultural College. Holcad was the name of a ship that carried news from seaport to seaport in ancient Greece. The newspaper was seen as a way for students to defend themselves against charges of hooliganism by the Lansing press.
In 1925, the newspaper changed its name to the Michigan State News. Eventually, this got clipped to The State News. The paper was overseen by a university-run publications board.
In 1971, the newspaper was spun off from the university into a nonprofit corporation, State News Inc., governed by its own board of directors. The move was designed to protect the student publication from interference by university administrators who might disagree with its content. Its incorporation also protected the university from liability of anything published in The State News. The newspaper's masthead references this, referring to the publication as "Michigan State University's Independent Voice."
In August 2005, The State News moved its offices from the Student Services Building, where it had resided since the building's opening in 1957, to an off-campus location at 435 E. Grand River Ave. Prior to its location at the Student Services Building, the newspaper had its offices in the MSU Union.
In August 2014, the newspaper switched from a broadsheet to a tabloid format, and in April 2015 it ceased publishing a print edition each weekday during the school year, eventually shifting to the current biweekly print format.
Controversy and criticism
On election day, 1948, The State News, going to press at 7 a.m., became the only morning daily to place Harry S. Truman in the lead for president.
In June 1950, the first issue of the summer edition of The State News carried an editorial critical of the Michigan Department of the American Legion's Boy's State program held on the Michigan State College campus. Several days later, June 25, North Korea invaded South Korea initiating the Korean War. The following Monday the state American Legion held its summer encampment and adopted a resolution calling for the suspension of The State News and the expelling of its student editor, Ron M. Linton. Later that week, Michigan State suspended further summer publication of the paper but declined to expel its editor. The school did, however, announce the appointment of a full-time college employee, William McIlrath, as director of the publication with authority over the paper's content. It was later learned that the school had already planned this action but used this incident as a rationale. This culminated a period of six years—since the end of World War II—of increasing irritation of the school's administration by the independent attitude of the student journalists. Returning veterans were a significant portion of the paper's staff and, being several years older than students enrolled directly from high school and matured by war, they tended to exercise a more critical attitude toward campus events. This led to a series of articles and editorials about the difficulty had by African-American male students in getting haircuts, including the refusal of the Union's barber shop to service African-Americans. It also published a series critical of the school's plan to require male cooperative residences to hire "house mothers"; ultimately, the coops were exempted, but fraternities were not. The State News, to the administration's consternation, exposed the administration's efforts to block unionization of dining room and school service employees.
When the local Congressman demanded in 1950 that Michigan State remove left-leaning economist Paul Douglas (later U.S. Senator from Illinois) from its lecture series, the paper fought back in a series of editorials that resulted in the Congressman turning tail. The State News was the first U.S. daily newspaper, commercial or student, to editorially criticize then-U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy (R-WI) for his sweeping charges without proof of communist activities by a number of citizens.
In November 1965, four State News editors resigned over the faculty adviser's and the lead editor's decision to spike a story involving Paul Schiff, who claimed he was denied re-admission to MSU for his political views.
Internal controversies include a group of junior editors dissatisfied with the editor-in-chief starting a weekly newspaper, Campus Observer, in 1968. The following year, the managing editor took over the editorial reins in response to staff grumbling.
In April 1977, a one-day newsroom staff walkout followed the board's appointment of the next top editor when the staff's recommendation was not picked.
In 2000, The State News published Fetus-X which regularly contained psychedelic pictures of Jesus breakdancing with dead babies. After protests from the Catholic League, The State News fired artists Eric Millikin and Casey Sorrow.
In 2003, an advertisement printed in the State News showed Palestinians celebrating in the street while Israelis lit candles and prayed. The advertisement's caption claimed that these were the reactions to the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Pro-Palestinian groups protested outside the MSU Student Services building and demanded that their student fees be refunded.
On Veterans Day, 2005, editorial cartoonist Mike Ramsey drew a piece that showed a World War II soldier who liberated concentration camps conversing with a modern-day soldier who was shown holding a torture device. In response, Young Americans for Freedom and the College Republicans picketed the offices of The State News and called for Ramsey's dismissal. Ramsey was not fired.
In 2008, the Michigan Supreme Court heard arguments regarding The State News''' lawsuit against MSU over Freedom of Information Act issues.
The State News received criticism in 2010 for replacing some of its comics with games/puzzles, including new additions of a giant crossword, Octo, Word Finder and Pathem puzzles. In 2010 the State News published Crosswords, Pathem puzzles, Sudoku, Octo, Wordplay and Word Search puzzles. As of 2012 The State News continues to support publishing puzzles and games.
In 2018, The State News received national attention for an editorial demanding the resignation of MSU President Lou Anna K. Simon amid fallout from the Larry Nassar sex assault scandal. Simon quit shortly thereafter.
Journalistic opportunity
Many of the paper's staffers have gone on to professional internships and jobs at the nation's largest newspapers. Alumni of The State News work for news organizations around the world.
The newspaper has won the Associated Collegiate Press' Pacemaker award 18 times (in 1963, 1966, 1967, 1970, 1986, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1998, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2020, and 2021 for print; 2014 and 2018 for online). The award is considered one of college journalism's top prizes. It won in 2003 for coverage of the U.S. invasion of Iraq and a campus riot later in the spring of that year. The State News was also a print Pacemaker finalist in 1987, 2010, 2011, 2017 and 2018 and an online Pacemaker finalist in 2005, 2009 and 2017.
The Society of Professional Journalists ranked The State News among the nation's best college daily in 2014, and among the top three in 2007 and 2011.
Reporters often travel to cover news, especially to out-of-state sporting events, such as the 2009 presidential inauguration, the 2012 and 2016 Democratic and Republican national conventions, the 2014 Rose Bowl Game and 2019 men's Final Four. Clinics and professional development opportunities are provided. A staff photographer at the paper has been named Michigan's College Photographer of the Year by the Michigan Press Photographers' Association each year for most of the last decade.
Alumni also have won Pulitzer Prizes, including M.L. Elrick who was part of the Detroit Free Press staff that won the journalism award in April 2009 for their coverage of the texting message scandal of Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick. Elrick wrote for the State News in 1987-88. Jim Mitzelfeld won in 1994 for beat reporting at The Detroit News, 11 years after serving as editor-in-chief.
Investigative work by Charles Robinson at Yahoo! Sports led to the revocation of USC football player Reggie Bush's 2005 Heisman Trophy. Robinson later uncovered millions of dollars in illegal compensation to several dozen football players at the University of Miami (Fla.).
Other recent alums of note include Jemele Hill, former co-host of "SportsCenter" on ESPN who now writes for The Atlantic; Steve Eder, a presidential campaign reporter for The New York Times; and John Hudson, who covers national security for the Washington Post.
Publishing and distributionThe State News has a readership of more than 65,000 students, faculty, staff and residents of the cities surrounding the university. Free copies of the paper are available online or at green-colored newsstands around campus and the city. The State News prints 7,000 copies of the paper every other Tuesday during the Fall and Spring semesters. The print edition is not published on weekends, holidays, the summer semester or semester breaks, though news is constantly updated at statenews.com (which has garnered more than 5 million page views annually) and via social media (the State News' Twitter feeds have more than 40,000 followers). In 2012, The State News began marketing its Gryphon content management system to other college newspapers under the moniker of SNworks (www.getsnworks.com). Gryphon's successor CMS, called CEO, is now being used by more than 50 student-run papers at North Carolina, Duke, Maryland, Indiana, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Arizona, South Carolina, New Mexico, Eastern Michigan, Grand Valley State, UM-Flint, Otterbein and other universities, in addition to The State News itself.
Hall of Fame
In 2006, the State News Alumni Association honored the first 15 inductees to its State News Hall of Fame. 31 additional names have been added through 2009. The first class included:
A.A. Applegate, MSU journalism chairman and mentor to students at The State News, 1936–1955;
Len Barnes, news staff and editor, 1938–1942, who along with Sheldon Moyer, is credited with taking The State News from a three-day-a-week paper to a five-day-a-week paper featuring a wire service;
Lou Berman, general manager, 1961–1972, who is credited with saving the newspaper from potential ruin;
Ben Burns, reporter and editor, 1958–1963, who is a former executive editor of The Detroit News and head of the journalism program at Wayne State University;
Phil Frank, cartoonist, 1961–1965, who went on to publish the strip Farley in the San Francisco Chronicle;
Carole Leigh Hutton, reporter and editor, 1975–1978, who helped hold The State News together during a staff walkout in the 1970s and the first female publisher and editor of the Detroit Free Press;
Charles P. “Lash” Larrowe, faculty columnist, 1971–1989, who was an economics professor emeritus famous for his satirical column;
Ron Linton, night editor and editor, 1947–1950, who was a senior consultant for the Carmen Group, served in high-level positions in Congress, worked on John F. Kennedy’s 1960 presidential campaign and was named director of Economic Utilization Policy at the Department of Defense;
Dick Milliman, news staff, 1946–1950; board member, 1978–1985, 1991–1996, 2002–present, who is the founder of Milliman Communications, which has published more than 25 community newspapers in Michigan.
Jim Mitzelfeld, editor in chief, 1982–83, who won the Pulitzer Prize in 1994 as a reporter for The Detroit News and is now an attorney for the U.S. Justice Department
Jim Quello, editor, 1935, who served on the Federal Communications Commission for more than 23 years, including 11 months as interim chairman in 1993;
Dave Rood, news staff, 1946–1950, who in 1977 as editor of The Escanaba Daily Press was asked by his paper’s corporate publisher to run two stories about President Jimmy Carter. When Rood refused, saying the stories were shoddy journalism, he was fired. His stand for journalistic principles earned him national attention and a place in the Michigan Journalism Hall of Fame;
Jim Spaniolo, editor in chief, 1967–68, a former dean of the College of Communication Arts and Sciences who in 2003 was named president of the University of Texas at Arlington;
James P. Sterba, news staffer, 1960s, a foreign correspondent, war correspondent and national correspondent for three decades at The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. He is currently a senior correspondent in the New York bureau of The Wall Street Journal;
Jerry terHorst, reporter and night editor, 1941–43, who served as President Gerald Ford's press secretary but resigned one month later to protest the pardon of Richard Nixon.
Notable journalists
Jack Berry, summer editor during 1955 and sports editor for the 1955–56 semester.
References
External linksThe State News'' website
[The State News Alumni Association https://web.archive.org/web/20061224224900/http://snaa.statenews.com/]
State News Alumni Association Hall of Fame
advertise.statenews.com
SNworks
Michigan State University
East Lansing, Michigan
Student newspapers published in Michigan
Publications established in 1909
1909 establishments in Michigan |
4025160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legnago | Legnago | Legnago () is a town and comune in the Province of Verona, Veneto, northern Italy, with population (2012) of 25,439. It is located on the Adige river, about from Verona. Its fertile land produces crops of rice, other cereals, sugar, and tobacco.
History
Traces of human presence in the area date back to the Bronze Age.
Legnago had an important military role since the early Middle Ages. In the 19th century it was one of the Quadrilatero fortresses, the main strongpoint of the Austrian Lombardy-Venetia puppet state during the Italian Wars of Independence. The present fortifications were planned and made in 1815, the older defences having been destroyed by Napoleon I in 1801.
Geography
Located in the southwestern corner of its province, near the borders with the ones of Rovigo, Padua and Vicenza, Legnago borders with the municipalities of Angiari, Bergantino (RO), Bonavigo, Boschi Sant'Anna, Castelnovo Bariano (RO), Cerea, Minerbe, Terrazzo and Villa Bartolomea. It counts the hamlets (frazioni) of Canove, Casette, Porto, San Pietro, San Vito, Terranegra, Torretta, Vangadizza and Vigo.
Main sights
Church of San Salvaro (12th century).
Cathedral (Duomo), from the 18th century.
The Torrione ("Grand Tower"), dating from the 14th century, the only surviving tower from the old medieval walls.
Culture
In honour of Legnago's most famous native, the composer Antonio Salieri, there is a Salieri Opera Festival every autumn sponsored by the Fondazione Culturale Antonio Salieri and dedicated to rediscovering his work and those of his contemporaries. A theatre in Legnago has also been renamed in his honour.
People
Antonio Salieri (1750-1825), composer
Giovanni Battista Cavalcaselle (1827-1897), art historian
Apollo Granforte (1886-1975), operatic baritone
Sport
The local football club is the F.C. Legnago Salus S.S.D.
References
Sources
External links
Official website
Cities and towns in Veneto |
4025161 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimineralocorticoid | Antimineralocorticoid | An antimineralocorticoid, also known as a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MCRA) or aldosterone antagonist, is a diuretic drug which antagonizes the action of aldosterone at mineralocorticoid receptors. This group of drugs is often used as adjunctive therapy, in combination with other drugs, for the management of chronic heart failure. Spironolactone, the first member of the class, is also used in the management of hyperaldosteronism (including Conn's syndrome) and female hirsutism (due to additional antiandrogen actions). Most antimineralocorticoids, including spironolactone, are steroidal spirolactones. Finerenone is a nonsteroidal antimineralocorticoid.
Medical uses
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists are diuretic drugs that work primarily on the kidneys. They decrease sodium reabsorption which leads to increased water excretion by the kidneys. By regulating water excretion, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists lower blood pressure and reduce fluid around the heart which can be very beneficial in some cardiovascular conditions. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists have been used for many clinical conditions in the cardiovascular system. It has proven beneficial for diseases like primary aldosteronism, primary and resistant hypertension, heart failure and chronic kidney disease. They are often used with other medications, such as ACE inhibitors or beta blockers.
Adverse effects
Increased urination is a commonly reported side effect, particularly during the initial phase following treatment initiation; this is mostly transient and tends to reduce with sustained treatment. Common side effects for antimineralocorticoid medications include nausea and vomiting, stomach cramps and diarrhoea. Clinically significant hyperkalemia is possible, and warrants serum potassium monitoring on a periodic basis. The pathophysiology of hyperkalemia is that antimineralocorticoid medications reduce potassium (K) excretion.
Mechanism of action
Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid which is synthesized in the adrenal glands. When aldosterone is secreted from the adrenal glands, it binds to the mineralocorticoid receptor in the renal tubule cell and forms a complex.
This complex enhances transcription of specific DNA segments in the nucleus, leading to the formation of two protein transporters, Na+/K+ ATPase pump at the basolateral membrane and Na+ channel called ENaC, located at the apical membrane of the renal tubule cell.
These protein transporters increase sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the distal tubule and the collecting duct of the kidneys. This helps the body to maintain normal volume and electrolyte balance, increasing the blood pressure.
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists decrease the aldosterone effect by binding to the mineralocorticoid receptor inhibiting aldosterone. This leads to higher levels of potassium in serum and increased sodium excretion, resulting in decreased body fluid and lower blood pressure.
List of Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists
Pharmacokinetics
When comparing the pharmacokinetic properties of spironolactone and eplerenone, it is clear that the two drugs differ. Spironolactone has shorter half-life (t1/2 = 1.3-1.4 hours) than eplerenone (t1/2 = 4-6 hours). Eplerenone goes through rapid metabolism by the liver to inactive metabolites (t1/2 = 4-6 hours). However, spironolactone is metabolized to three active metabolites, which give it prolonged activity (13.8 – 16. 5 hours). Spironolactone has a long half-life and is excreted 47-51% through kidneys. Patients with chronic kidney disease therefore require close monitoring when taking the drug. Spironolactone is also eliminated through feces (35-41%). The excretion of eplerenone is 67% through kidneys and 32% through feces. The information about excretion plays a critical role when determining the appropriate doses for patients with renal and/or hepatic dysfunction. It is very important to adjust the doses for patients with renal dysfunction because if they fail to eliminate the drug through their kidneys it could accumulate in the body, causing high concentration of potassium in the blood.
Structure-activity relationship
Spironolactone and Eplerenone competitively block the binding of aldosterone to the mineralocorticoid receptor and hindering the reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions. The activity of mineralocorticoid antagonists is dependent on the presence of a y-lactone ring on the C-17 position. The C-7 position is also important for activity as substituents there sterically hinder the interaction of C-7-unsubstituted agonists such as aldosterone.
Eplerenone is a newer drug that was developed as a spironolactone analog with reduced adverse effects. In addition to the y-lactone ring and the substituent on C-7, eplerenone has a 9α,11α-epoxy group. This group is believed to be the reason why eplerenone has a 20-40-fold lower affinity for the mineralocorticoid receptor than spironolactone.
Despite the nonsteroidal nature of finerenone which yields a different lipophilicity and polarity profile for this compound, finerenone's affinity toward mineralocorticoid receptors is equal to that of spironolactone and 500 times that of eplerenone, hinting that the steroidal core component of most antimineralocorticoids is not essential for mineralocorticoid receptor affinity.
History
The main goal of the identification of the first aldosterone antagonists, which happened during the 1950s, was to identify inhibitors of aldosterone activity. In those times, the main use of aldosterone was recognized as the control of renal sodium and the excretion of potassium.
Hans Selye, a Hungarian-Canadian endocrinologist, studied the effects of aldosterone antagonists on rats and found that the use of one of the first aldosterone antagonists, spironolactone, protected them from aldosterone-induced cardiac necrosis. The same year, 1959, spironolactone was launched as a potassium-sparing diuretic.
It became clear years later that aldosterone antagonists inhibit a specific receptor protein. This protein has high affinity for aldosterone but also for cortisol in humans and corticosterone in mice and rats. For this reason, aldosterone antagonists were called mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.
There have been three major waves in the pharmaceutical industry when it comes to research and development of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: The first wave took place within Searle Laboratories. This company identified, shortly after the purification of aldosterone, steroid-based spironolactone as the first anti-mineralocorticoid.
The second wave was all about discovering much more specific steroidal anti-mineralocorticoids. The main active companies were Searle, Ciba-Geigy, Roussel Uclaf and Schering AG.
Around 50 years after Selye’s work, several pharmaceutical companies began drug discovery programs. Their goal was to discover novel non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists for use as efficacious and safe drugs with the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics well defined. Their goal was to use these candidates for a broad spectrum of diseases. This was essentially the third wave.
The first mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists were all discovered and identified by in vivo experiments whereas the identification of novel non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists were done with high-throughput screening of millions of chemical compounds in various pharmaceutical companies.
Examples
Members of this class in clinical use include:
Widespread use
Spironolactone — the first and most widely used member of this class
Eplerenone — much more selective than spironolactone on target, but somewhat less potent and efficacious
Uncommon use (to date)
Canrenone and potassium canrenoate — very limited use
Finerenone — nonsteroidal and more potent and selective than either eplerenone or spironolactone
Some drugs also have antimineralocorticoid effects secondary to their main mechanism of actions. Examples include progesterone, drospirenone, gestodene, and benidipine.
See also
Potassium-sparing diuretic
Mineralocorticoid
Corticosteroid
Antiglucocorticoid
References
External links
Potassium-sparing diuretics |
4025164 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20in%20Liverpool%20%28Echo%20%26%20the%20Bunnymen%20album%29 | Live in Liverpool (Echo & the Bunnymen album) | Live in Liverpool is a live album by Echo & the Bunnymen. It was released in 2002. Featuring live recordings in the band's native city of Liverpool at the Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts (LIPA) on Friday 17th and Saturday 18th August, 2001. The album cover features Liverpool Cathedral.
Track listing
"Rescue"
"Lips Like Sugar"
"King of Kings"
"Never Stop"
"Seven Seas"
"Buried Alive"
"SuperMellow Man"
"My Kingdom"
"Zimbo (All My Colours)"
"An Eternity Turns"
"The Back of Love"
"The Killing Moon"
"The Cutter"
"Over the Wall"
"Nothing Lasts Forever"
"Ocean Rain"
Personnel
Ian McCulloch – vocals, guitar
Will Sergeant – guitar
Steve Flett – bass
Ceri James – piano, keyboards
Vinny Jameson – drums
Ged Malley – guitar
References
External links
The Ultimate Echo and the Bunnymen Discography, Tab & Lyric Site
Echo & the Bunnymen live albums
2002 live albums
Sire Records live albums |
4025172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vries | Vries | Vries may refer to:
Sherwin Vries (born 1980), South African sprinter
Vries, Netherlands, a village in the Dutch province of Drenthe
See also
De Vries |
4025174 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamara%20Kapugedera | Chamara Kapugedera | Chamara Kantha Kapugedera (, born 24 February 1987), commonly Chamara Kapugedera, is a former international Sri Lankan cricketer who played all formats of the game, and was a former One Day International captain.
He was a permanent member in the national team from the debut match until 2010, and finally poor performances dropped him from the squad, until his comeback in 2015. He is an alumnus of Dharmaraja College, Kandy. He was also a member of the first Twenty20 International match for Sri Lanka, and capped no. 6. Kapugedara re-entered the national side in the mid-2015 and played the role of a middle order batsmen. In December 2019, he retired from all forms of cricket.
Domestic career
Kapugedera made his first-class debut in a match for Sri Lanka A against New Zealand A in 2005. In domestic cricket, he plays for Colombo Cricket Club. His inconsistency during 2009 has proved costly, with more young players coming through to challenge for his place in the team. Chennai Super Kings put him on sale for the 2009 Indian Premier League, but no team came forward to bid for him despite the very low starting price. In 2012, Kapugedera was included to the Uthura Rudras for Sri Lanka Premier League tournament. He scored 69 runs in a match-winning knock against Basnahira Cricket Dundee, which was Rudras' first victory in SLPL.
In Dhaka Premier Division 2014–15 season, he played for Victoria Sporting Club. In a match against Prime Bank Cricket Club, Kapugedera led his team for a big win with an unbeaten 161 and four wickets.
In March 2018, he was named in Kandy's squad for the 2017–18 Super Four Provincial Tournament. The following month, he was also named in Kandy's squad for the 2018 Super Provincial One Day Tournament.
International career
Early years
An aggressive right-handed batsman, Kapugedera got his first taste of international cricket when he made his One Day International debut against Australia in Perth in 2006. He made his Test cricket debut in the first Test against England at Lord's Cricket Ground in London, in May 2006, in which he made a first ball duck in the first innings. A stylish and classical player, he is also known for his big hitting against Brett Lee and his innings of 38 runs from 21 balls, inclusive of 2 fours and 3 sixes, in the first final of the VB Series held in 2006. This innings bolstered Sri Lanka's total and ensured that Australia lost their first home final in 9 years.
In 2009 in the second ODI against Pakistan, Kapugedera scored unbeaten 69 runs to lead Sri Lanka to win and series leads 2–0.
Inconsistency
Although Kapugedera showed huge potential in both one day and Test cricket, with some mature innings, his overall inconsistency lead to him being dropped from both teams. However, after the 2007 Cricket World Cup he began to stabilise his position in the one day team, and in 2008 some good performances cemented his position in the number 4 position. This included a 95 against West Indies when Sri Lanka were in trouble, and in the 2008 Asia Cup.
Prominence
However, the doors were opened him for the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 in West Indies, where his talents emerged again. The most notable knock came during the match with India on 11 May 2010, where Kapugedera sent India home with a last ball winning six on Ashish Nehra bowling. Sri Lanka needed three runs off the last ball, Kapugedera smashed a mighty shot over cover for six allowing the team for the victory. He scored unbeaten 37 runs in the match.
He along with Chamara Silva set the record for the highest 6th wicket stand for Sri Lanka in ODI cricket with 159 runs. Kapugedara along with Angelo Mathews set the record for the highest ever fifth wicket stand for Sri Lanka in T20 World Cup history with 80 runs.
On 2 March 2012, Kapugedera was named as a replacement for injured all-rounders in the ODI squad that qualified for the finals of the 2011–12 Commonwealth Bank Series.
Comeback
Many critics argued that, he probably the best option for the place of legendary Mahela Jayawardene in ODI team, but due to many talented young cricketers, he was unable to enter to the squad, only named to the 15-named squad in Pakistan series 2015. However, after about 3 years of scarcity in international cricket, Kapugedera was called up for the T20I series against Pakistan in July 2015. He made his comeback with a strong note by scoring unbeaten 31 runs in the first match, eventually Sri Lanka lost the match. He scored his highest T20I score of 48* in the second match in this series. The innings was impressed by the commentators, but finally Sri Lanka lost the match and also the series.
After 3 years of ODI rest, Kapugedera was included to the ODI squad for New Zealand in 2015–16 season as a middle order batsman. He was only able to score 8 runs in the first ODI where Sri Lanka were all out for 188 runs and lost the match by 7 wickets. Kapugedera played only one ODI against Pakistan in 2017–18 season in the UAE. In the match he scored only 18 runs from 30 balls. During the fielding, Kapugedra struck the ball under the right eye after a throw from the keeper Dickwella, caused heavy swelling. After the incidence, he was removed from the next match and then from the series as well.
Captaincy
Kapugedara was appointed as the vice captain of the ODI squad for the series against India in late July 2017. In the second ODI, Tharanga has been suspended with two ODIs due to slow over rate. With that, Kapugedera was appointed as the captain of ODI team for rest of the two ODIs. He captained third ODI, which is a must win game for series alive. However, he won the toss and elected to bat first. The decision went wrong very quickly, where Sri Lanka only managed to score 218 at the end. India won the match easily and won eighth consecutive bilateral ODI series win against Sri Lanka. During the last phase of India's innings, crowd started to throw bottles into the ground and play was arrested for 35 minutes as well.
Personal life
Kapugedera is married to his longtime partner, Tamara Derek on 16 December 2010 where the wedding ceremony was taken place at Waters Edge Hotel, Battaramulla. They have three children Akshan, Yenith and Yhavin, all of which are boys.
References
External links
1987 births
Abahani Limited cricketers
Alumni of Dharmaraja College
Chennai Super Kings cricketers
Chittagong Vikings cricketers
Colombo Cricket Club cricketers
Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers from Kandy
Duronto Rajshahi cricketers
Kala Bagan Krira Chakra cricketers
Kandy District cricketers
Kandurata cricketers
Kurunegala Warriors cricketers
Living people
Nondescripts Cricket Club cricketers
Sri Lanka One Day International cricketers
Sri Lanka Twenty20 International cricketers
Sri Lanka Test cricketers
Sinhalese Sports Club cricketers
Uthura Rudras cricketers
Victoria Sporting Club cricketers
Wayamba cricketers |
4025175 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awbury%20Arboretum | Awbury Arboretum | Awbury Arboretum (55 acres) is a nonprofit arboretum and estate located at 1 Awbury Road in Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Its grounds are open daily without charge. Established in 1916, it then became a nonprofit organization in 1984.
History
The arboretum dates back to 1852, when Henry Cope purchased the property. The grounds were laid out in the English landscape tradition, with advice from noted landscape architect William Saunders. A number of houses were constructed on the property; all are now privately owned with the exception of the Francis Cope House (1860) which is now the Arboretum headquarters. The Cope family formally established the arboretum in 1916; it became a nonprofit organization in 1984.
The arboretum lies entirely within the Awbury Historic District, a National Historic District designated in 2001.
Trees
The arboretum is laid out as a series of open spaces, with clusters of trees and shrubs framing long vistas. Among its many mature trees, the arboretum contains a State Champion River Birch (Betula nigra), and notable specimens of American Linden (Tilia americana), American Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), and Paper Birch (Betula papyrifera).
Other trees in the collection include Acer rubrum, Amelanchier canadensis, Carpinus caroliniana, Chionanthus virginicus, Cornus alternifolia, Cornus amomum, Cornus florida, Corylus americana, Fraxinus americana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Liriodendron tulipifera, Nyssa sylvatica, Prunus serotina, Quercus alba, Quercus palustris, Quercus prinus, and Quercus rubra. Shrubs include Aronia arbutifolia, Aronia melanocarpa, Lindera benzoin, Viburnum dentatum, and Viburnum prunifolium.
See also
Awbury Historic District
List of botanical gardens in the United States
List of parks in Philadelphia
Wyck House
External links
Awbury Arboretum
Schuylkill River National and State Heritage Area: Awbury Arboretum
Arboreta in Pennsylvania
Botanical gardens in Pennsylvania
Parks in Philadelphia
Germantown, Philadelphia |
4025176 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Vries | De Vries | De Vries is one of the most common Dutch surnames. It indicates a geographical origin: "Vriesland" is an old spelling of the Dutch province of Friesland (Frisia). Hence, "de Vries" means "the Frisian". The name has been modified to "DeVries", "deVries", or "Devries" in other countries.
People named De Vries:
Academics
Barend de Vries (1925–2010) – Dutch economist at the World Bank
Benjamin de Vries (born 1923) – Dutch-Israeli economic historian
Gerda de Vries, Canadian mathematician
Glen de Vries
Gustav de Vries (1866–1934) – Dutch mathematician
Hans de Vries (born 1927) – Dutch economic historian
Hent de Vries (born 1958) – Dutch philosopher
Hessel de Vries (1916–1959) – Dutch physicist
Hugo de Vries (1848–1935) – Dutch botanist and geneticist
Jan de Vries (linguist) (1890–1964) – Dutch Germanic mythologist
Jan de Vries (historian) (1943) – (Dutch-)American historian
Jouke de Vries (born 1960) – Dutch University Dean
Jurn de Vries (born 1940) – Dutch theologian and journalist
Keith DeVries (1937–2006) – American archaeologist
Kelly DeVries (born 1956) – American medievalist historian
Marc de Vries (born 1958) – Dutch physicist
Margaret Garritsen de Vries (1922–2009) – American economist
Philip James DeVries (born 1952) – American entomologist and evolutionary ecologist
Rheta Devries (1936–2012) – American educator
Susanna de Vries (born 1936) – Australian historian
Arts, acting, music
Abraham de Vries (painter) (c. 1590 – 1649/50) – Dutch portrait painter
Adriaen de Vries (1556–1626) – Dutch sculptor
Andrew DeVries (born 1957) – American painter and sculptor
Bouke de Vries (born 1960) – Dutch ceramist in England
Casper de Vries (born 1964) – South African comedian
David Devriès (1881–1936) – French lyric operatic tenor
David de Vries (born 1961) – Australian film and comic book maker
Dolf de Vries (1937–2020) – Dutch actor
Doug de Vries (born 1960) – Australian guitarist
Erwin de Vries (1929–2018) – Surinamese painter and sculptor
Han de Vries (born 1941) – Dutch oboist
Hendrik de Vries (1896–1989) – Dutch poet and painter
Henri De Vries (1864–1949) – Dutch film actor
Herman de Vries (born 1931) – Dutch artist
Jill De Vries (born 1953) – American model
John DeVries (1915–1992) – American lyricist
John de Vries (born 1946) – Dutch car designer
Klaas de Vries (composer) (born 1944) – Dutch composer
Leondre Devries (born 2000) – British pop singer
Louis de Vries (1905–1935) – Dutch jazz trumpeter
Marius De Vries (born 1961) – English music producer
Matt DeVries (born 1977) – American guitarist
Nathalie de Vries (born 1965) – Dutch architect
Roelof de Vries (1631 – c. 1690) – Dutch landscape painter
Rosa de Vries-van Os (1828–1889) – Dutch operatic singer
Simon de Vries (1570–75 – 1628/29) – Dutch engraver better known as Frisius
Politics and religion
Abraham de Vries (minister) (1773–1862) – Dutch Mennonite minister
Albert de Vries (born 1955) – Dutch politician
Aukje de Vries (born 1964) – Dutch politician
Bert de Vries (born 1938) – Dutch CDA politician
Betsi DeVries (born 1952) – American (New Hampshire) politician
Bibi de Vries (born 1963) – Dutch VVD politician
Christoph de Vries (born 1974), German politician
Cornelis de Vries (1740–1812) – Dutch Mennonite minister
George Devries (1896–1957) – Australian (Queensland) politician
Gerrit de Vries (politician) (1818–1900) – Dutch prime minister
Gijs de Vries (born 1956) – Dutch politician
Henry Lucien de Vries (1909–1987) – Surinamese politician and entrepreneur
Jack de Vries (born 1968) – Dutch CDA politician
Jannewietske de Vries (born 1961) – Dutch (Friesland) politician
John Devries (Yukon politician) (born 1945) – Canadian (Yukon) politician
Kees de Vries (born 1955), German/Dutch politician (CDU)
Klaas de Vries (Christian Democratic Appeal) (1917–1999) – Dutch politician
Klaas de Vries (Labour Party) (born 1943) – Dutch politician
Marion De Vries (1865–1939) – American politician
Monique de Vries (born 1947) – Dutch VVD politician
Walter DeVries (1929–2019) – American political consultant
Sports
Alida de Vries (1914–2007) – Dutch sprinter
Anita Valen de Vries (born 1968), Norwegian racing cyclist
Ann Devries (born 1970) – Belgian tennis player
Berden de Vries (born 1989) – Dutch racing cyclist
Bob de Vries (born 1984) – Dutch speed skater
Carl E. DeVries (1921–2010) – American football coach
Cole De Vries (born 1985) – American baseball pitcher
Darian DeVries (born 1975) – American basketball coach
Dorien de Vries (born 1965) – Dutch competitive sailor
Dorus de Vries (born 1980) – Dutch football goalkeeper
Douwe de Vries (born 1982) – Dutch speed skater
Elma de Vries (born 1983) – Dutch speed skater
Feike de Vries (born 1943) – Dutch water polo player
Floris de Vries (born 1989) – Dutch golfer
Francis de Vries (born 1994) – New Zealand footballer
François De Vries (1913–1972) – Belgian footballer
Gerrit de Vries (cyclist) (born 1967) – Dutch road cyclist
Greg de Vries (born 1973) – Canadian hockey player
Jack de Vries (soccer) (born 2002) – American soccer player
Jan de Vries (athlete) (1896–1939) – Dutch sprinter
Jan de Vries (motorcyclist) (born 1944) – Dutch motorcycle road racer
Jan-Lodewijk de Vries (born 1972) – Dutch water polo player
Jared DeVries (born 1976) – American football player
Jeroen de Vries (born 1971) – Dutch speed skater
John de Vries (born 1966) – Australian racecar driver
Johnny de Vries (born 1990) – Dutch footballer
Kristi de Vries (born 1982) – Dutch softball player
Lianne de Vries (born 1990) – Dutch footballer
Linda de Vries (born 1988) – Dutch speed skater
Marijn de Vries (born 1978) – Dutch racing cyclist and journalist
Mark de Vries (born 1975) – Dutch footballer
Martijn de Vries (born 1992) – Dutch footballer
Martin de Vries (born 1960) – Dutch basketball player
Mered de Vries (born 1977) – Dutch volleyballer
Michelle de Vries (born 1961) – Australian swimmer
Myles de Vries (born 1940) – English cricketer
Nyck de Vries (born 1995) – Dutch racing driver
Paul de Vries (born 1996) – Ghanaian footballer
Raimo de Vries (born 1969) – Dutch footballer
Remon de Vries (born 1979) – Dutch footballer
Rianne de Vries (born 1990) – Dutch speed skater
Rika de Vries (born 1974) – Dutch sitting volleyball player
Ruan de Vries (born 1986)] – South African hurdler
Ryan De Vries (born 1992) – New Zealand footballer
Sjerstin de Vries-Vermeulen (born 1972/73) – Dutch swimmer and equestrian
Steve DeVries (born 1964) – American tennis player
Tjark de Vries (born 1965) – Dutch rower
Troy DeVries (born 1982) – American basketball player
Vikki de Vries (born 1964) – American figure skater
Vincent de Vries (born 1994) – Dutch badminton player
Writing and journalism
Abe de Vries (born 1965) – Dutch West Frisian-language writer and poet
Abraham H. de Vries (born 1937) – Afrikaans author
Anke de Vries (born 1936) – Dutch youth writer
Anne de Vries (1904–1964) – Dutch author
Maggie De Vries (born 1961) – Canadian writer
Peter De Vries (1910–1993) – American editor and comic novelist
Peter R. de Vries (1956–2021) – Dutch journalist
Rachel Guido deVries (born 1947) – American poet and novelist
Stefan de Vries (born 1970) – Dutch writer and journalist
Theun de Vries (1907–2005) – Dutch writer and poet
Other
David Pietersz. de Vries (c. 1593 – 1665) – Dutch navigator and New Netherland patroon
Glen de Vries (1972–2021) – American businessman
Hidde Sjoerds de Vries (1645–1694)— Dutch admiral
Jan de Vries (soldier) (1924–2012) – Canadian veteran's advocate
Lini De Vries (1905–1982) – Dutch-born American public health nurse in Mexico
Maarten Gerritsz Vries (or "de Vries") (1589–1647) – Dutch cartographer and explorer
Mike de Vries (born 1958) – German businessman
Nina de Vries (born 1961) – Dutch sex worker
Roel de Vries (born 1968) – Dutch engineer and businessman in Japan
Roland de Vries – South African Army officer
Tara De Vries (born 1999) – Turkish-Dutch beauty pageant
Tjerk Hiddes de Vries (1622–1666) – Dutch admiral and naval hero
William DeVries (born 1943) – American surgeon who performed first permanent artificial heart transplant
Compound surnames
Manfred F.R. Kets de Vries (born 1943) – Dutch author and researcher
Daniel Rooseboom de Vries (born 1980) – Dutch freestyle footballer
Hans Vredeman de Vries (1527–1607) – Dutch architect
Jacob Vredeman de Vries (1588–1621) – Dutch kapellmeister and composer
Paul Vredeman de Vries (1567–1617) – Flemish painter and draughtsman
Salomon Vredeman de Vries (1556–1604) – Flemish painter and draughtsman
Herman de Vries de Heekelingen (1880–1942) – Dutch archaeologist and historian
Gerard de Vries Lentsch (1883–1973) – Dutch competitive sailor
Willem de Vries Lentsch (1886–1980) – Dutch competitive sailor
Wim de Vries Lentsch (1914–2007) – Dutch competitive sailor
Hans Dirk de Vries Reilingh (1908–2001) – Dutch geographer
Boyd van der Vuurst de Vries (born 1999) – Dutch basketball player
Keye van der Vuurst de Vries (born 2001) – Dutch basketball player
Piet van Wyk de Vries (born 1972) – South African songwriter
Fictional people
Alicia DeVries – drop commando and captain of the alpha synth starship Megaera from the novel Path of the Fury by David Weber
Cassandra de Vries – director of the dataDyne corporation from the Perfect Dark video game series
Hugo De Vries —an adversary of Inspector Morse, featured in the episode Masonic Mysteries
Piter De Vries – a twisted Mentat in the 1965 novel Dune
Tissaia de Vries – a sorceress in The Witcher series
See also
Vries, Drenthe, a village in the province of Drenthe in the Netherlands
Devriès family, a family of American and later French operatic singers, descendants of Rosa de Vries-van Os
Korteweg–de Vries equation, a wave model co-discovered by Gustav de Vries
Tussenvoegsel, the prepositions and/or articles in Dutch surnames
References
Dutch-language surnames
Afrikaans-language surnames
Surnames of Frisian origin
Ethonymic surnames |
4025194 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20State%20Route%2012 | New York State Route 12 | New York State Route 12 (NY 12) is a state highway extending for through central and northern New York in the United States. The southern terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 11 (US 11) in the town of Chenango (just north of Binghamton) in the Southern Tier. The northern terminus is at NY 37 near the village of Morristown in the North Country. In between, the route serves three cities of varying size: Norwich, Utica, and Watertown. NY 12 intersects several primary routes, including US 20 in Sangerfield, New York State Thruway via Interstate 790 (I-790) in Utica, overlaps NY 28 from Barneveld to the town of Remsen, NY 3 in Watertown, and I-81 in Pamelia and Orleans.
It is a two lane, undivided, full access roadway for the majority of its length, except between the village of New Hartford and Alder Creek, where it is a four-lane highway. Within that span, it is a limited access highway in the city of Utica, referred locally as The Arterial and the North–South Arterial. The distance between Utica and Binghamton is a major trucking route, and features many gas stations, truck stops, and fast food restaurants. Between Boonville and Lowville, it follows the Black River Valley. Then further north, between Watertown and Morristown, it follows the St. Lawrence River valley.
NY 12, as originally assigned in 1924, extended from Chenango in the south to Clayton in the north. It was extended east over the former routing of NY 3 to Alexandria Bay in 1930, then along a new roadway to Morristown in the 1960s. Parts of NY 12 have been rerouted onto new roadways in areas, primarily in Oneida County.
Route description
Broome and Chenango counties
NY 12 begins at US 11, which connects it to I-81, north of Binghamton in the Broome County town of Chenango. The route heads north through the Chenango River valley, connecting to I-88 (via NY 12A), and passing west of Chenango Valley State Park before traversing the Tioughnioga River near the community of Chenango Forks. On the northern bank of the river, NY 12 intersects and briefly overlaps NY 79 before continuing northward through the valley and into Chenango County.
Within Chenango County, NY 12 acts as the primary connector between the numerous communities located along the Chenango. In Greene, NY 12 intersects NY 206 and overlaps NY 41 for six blocks through the village before continuing northeast for to Oxford, where it intersects the eastern terminus of NY 220. After another , NY 12 enters the city of Norwich, becomes South Broad Street, and then intersects the western terminus of NY 990L (East Main Street). The South Broad moniker remains with the route northward through the city until the downtown district, where NY 12 turns into North Broad Street at a junction with NY 23. NY 12 loses the street name soon afterward as it leaves the city and intersects the western terminus of NY 320 north of Norwich and south of Norwich Lt. Warren Eaton Airport.
The route and the Chenango River remain in close proximity to one another up through the village of Sherburne, where NY 12 intersects NY 80. North of the village center, the river breaks to the west, following NY 12B to the northwest while NY 12 continues northward into rural Madison County.
Madison and Oneida counties
Across the county line, NY 12 joins the Sangerfield River as it heads north through the narrow southeastern portion of the county. Near the northern border of Madison County, the route shifts slightly east to bypass a marshy area around the Sangerfield River known as the Ninemile Swamp. The conditions persist into Oneida County to just south of the Sangerfield hamlet of the same name, where the swamp ends as the river curves away from NY 12. At the actual community, NY 12 intersects US 20.
The route continues north for an additional to the village of Waterville, home to an intersection between NY 12 and NY 315. Outside of Waterville, NY 12 heads north once more through hilly, sparsely populated areas of New York toward Utica. In the Utica suburb of New Hartford, the route intersects Genesee Street (unsigned NY 921E), then NY 5 a short distance east of where NY 12B terminates at NY 5. NY 12 turns east, joining NY 5 northeast on a limited-access highway known locally as the North–South Arterial. Upon crossing into the Utica city limits, the Arterial intersects NY 8 and NY 840 by way of a cloverleaf interchange. NY 8 joins the freeway here, following NY 5 and NY 12 through southern Utica as the arterial meets French Road (unsigned NY 921W) and then Burrstone Road (unsigned NY 921B) by way of a pair of interchanges. After the Burrstone Road interchange, the arterial becomes a divided highway through downtown before becoming limited-access once more just past Noyes Street. After a short distance the highway intersects Court Street via a single point urban interchange then Oriskany Street (NY 5A and NY 5S).
Between Oriskany Street and the New York State Thruway (I-90), NY 5, 8, and 12 is part of the Interstate Highway System as I-790 overlaps all three routes northward over the Mohawk River and the Erie Canal before leaving the arterial at a large interchange on the north bank of the canal. NY 5 turns off as well, following I-790 eastward. Meanwhile, NY 8 and NY 12 interchange with NY 49 (the Utica–Rome Expressway), partially via the I-790 exit ramps, and passes over the Thruway before continuing northward out of the city limits.
NY 8 and NY 12 remain limited-access as they proceed through the northern suburbs of Utica, connecting to Mulaney Road and Trenton Road via interchanges in Deerfield. Farther north in the town, NY 8 leaves the freeway by way of a trumpet interchange. Although the amount of development around NY 12 declines as it heads northward, it continues as an expressway to a point north of the Putnam Road interchange in Trenton, where the road reverts to a limited-access four-lane highway. This configuration remains through the villages of Barneveld, where NY 28 joins NY 12 south of the village, then intersects Mappa Avenue (unsigned NY 921D) in the village. From here NY 12 and NY 28 continues northward for a short distance and then connects to NY 365 via an interchange. From NY 365, it continues northward and intersects Steuben Street (unsigned NY 920V), the former NY 28B, east of the village of Remsen. From here NY 12 and NY 28 continue northward to the vicinity of Alder Creek in the town of Boonville, where NY 28 leaves NY 12 via a partial trumpet interchange and the road narrows to two lanes shortly afterward.
From Alder Creek to Boonville, NY 12 loosely follows the path of the Black River as it heads northwest. Inside Boonville, NY 12D departs NY 12 and begins to follow a northward routing parallel to that of its parent. Together with NY 12D and the Black River, NY 12 passes into the region of New York known as the North Country.
North Country
The path of NY 12 through New York's North Country consists of three primary subregions: rural Lewis County, urban Watertown, and the numerous communities that line the southern bank of the St. Lawrence River, here the geographical divide between the United States and Canada.
Lewis County
NY 12, NY 12D, and the Black River continue to follow parallel routings north through the village of Port Leyden to Lyons Falls, where NY 12D returns to NY 12 just west of the village. Heading north NY 12 passes under NY 12D. Whereas NY 12D heads northeast from NY 12 on Cherry Street to access Lyons Falls before heading west over NY 12 and out of the village. NY 12 continues north along the vicinity of the Black River to Lowville, where NY 12 briefly overlaps NY 26 and meets NY 812 before leaving both the village and the river to the west.
Roughly outside Lowville, at West Lowville, NY 12 leaves its due west alignment and curves to the northwest, with the westerly alignment continuing onward as NY 177. From here to the area surrounding Copenhagen, NY 12 passes through largely undeveloped terrain, save for a pair of isolated roadside communities. This trend ceases, albeit temporary, in the village of Copenhagen, located on the banks of the Deer River at the crossroads of NY 12 and the former NY 194 (now County Route 194 or CR 194). Outside the limits, the route resumes its trek through the rural North Country.
Watertown area
NY 12 enters Jefferson County on its way to Watertown just north of Copenhagen. NY 12 is known as Van Allen Road, crossing with Jefferson county roads in Rutland. At the intersection with CR 67, NY 12 turns to the north and enters Watertown as Gifford Street. NY 12 intersects with NY 126 just northeast of Thompson Park and Watertown Golf Club and turns to the northwest. As NY 12 continues through southern parts of Watertown, NY 3 intersects and becomes concurrent. NY 3 and NY 12 enter Watertown Public Square and split into divided highways. Here, NY 283 starts to the northeast. The eastern terminus of NY 12F is accessed via NY 12 southbound.
NY 3 and NY 12 split, just northwest of the Public Square. NY 3 splits to the west, NY 12 heads to the northwest, and quickly becomes concurrent with US 11. The two roads cross a river and split in different directions. NY 12 heads to the northeast, intersecting with a suffixed route, NY 12E, and passes North Watertown Cemetery before connecting to I-81 at exit 47. NY 12 leaves Watertown afterwards and heads northeast through rural northwestern Jefferson County, along the way intersecting the western terminus of NY 342. North of Perch Lake in the southeastern corner of the town of Clayton, NY 12 intersects NY 180. From here, NY 12 continues approximately north and reaches the village of Clayton on the St. Lawrence River. On the south side of the village NY 12 intersects NY 12E and James Street (unsigned NY 970L), a loop through the village of Clayton. From here NY 12 turns east, intersects Webb Street (other end of unsigned 970L), then continues following State Street out of Clayton.
St. Lawrence River
NY 12 continues northeast along the south bank of the St. Lawrence, intersecting Mason Point Road (a local road leading to a Thousand Islands-bound ferry) and NY 180, and passing south of Grass Point State Park prior to encountering I-81, at exit 50, southwest of the village of Alexandria Bay. Farther northeast, NY 12 passes by Keewaydin State Park before intersecting the northern terminus of NY 26 and Church Street (unsigned NY 971K) in the southwestern portion of the village. The latter was a former northern extension of NY 26.
Outside of Alexandria Bay, NY 12 temporarily turns east and leaves the riverbank to avoid Goose Bay, a small body of water partially separated from the St. Lawrence by two protruding points of land. The route then curves back toward the water and follows the eastern length of the bay, serving the seaside hamlet of Goose Bay near the bay's midpoint. North of Goose Bay, NY 12 intersects Kring Point Road, an access road leading to Kring Point State Park, and crosses into St. Lawrence County. NY 12 continues along the southern bank of the St. Lawrence River as it proceeds through the rural western portion of the county. In the town of Hammond, past the county line, NY 12 intersects CR 6, a roadway leading east to the village of Hammond and Black Lake. Farther north in Morristown, NY 12 travels through Jacques Cartier State Park before terminating at an interchange with NY 37 just south of the Morristown village limits.
History
Origins
A section of the highway north of Utica was created as the Utica Turnpike. The company that built the turnpike was chartered in 1805 to build a road from the town of Deerfield to the town of Steuben. The road was opened in part in 1811, and was fully open in 1815. The road was sold off in 1848.
Designation
In 1908, the New York State Legislature created Route 8, an unsigned legislative route extending from Binghamton to Kirkland (west of Utica) via Greene, Norwich, Sherburne, Bouckville, and Oriskany Falls. Also assigned at this time was Route 25, which passed through Barneveld, Remsen and Forestport on its way from Whitesboro to Albany, and Route 27, which began at Route 25 in Forestport and went northwest to Alexandria Bay by way of Boonville, Potters Corners, Lowville, Carthage, Watertown, and Clayton. Route 25 originally went directly from Barneveld to Remsen; however, it was realigned by 1920 to serve the village of Prospect to the east.
When the first set of posted routes in New York were assigned in 1924, NY 12 was assigned to an alignment extending from Binghamton to Clayton via Norwich, Utica, and Watertown. It utilized legislative Route 8 from Binghamton to just south of Clinton, where it veered northeast to serve the city of Utica instead of continuing north on Route 6 (modern NY 233) to Kirkland. In the vicinity of Utica, NY 12 initially followed Clinton Road, Genesee Street, and Trenton Road through the city. Past Utica, it continued north on Trenton Road to a point south of Trenton (now Barneveld), where it briefly followed its current routing. NY 12 turned off again in Trenton to follow legislative Route 25's original alignment on Mappa Avenue in Trenton and Main Street in Remsen. NY 12 continued north from Remsen on legislative Route 25.
At Forestport, NY 12 left Route 25 to follow legislative Route 27 to Lowville. In Lowville, NY 12 split from Route 27 and proceeded northwest to Watertown via Copenhagen, bypassing the slightly more circuitous route that Route 27 took via Carthage on modern NY 26, NY 126, and NY 3. NY 12 rejoined legislative Route 27 in Watertown and followed it to Clayton, where NY 12 ended at NY 3, which was also assigned in 1924. At the time, the segment of legislative Route 27 between Clayton and Alexandria Bay was designated as part of NY 3.
Realignments and terminus changes
In the late 1920s, NY 12 was realigned between Sherburne and Utica to follow a more direct alignment between the two locations via Sangerfield. Its former routing to the west became NY 12A (now NY 12B). As a result, NY 12 now entered Utica on Paris Road. In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, NY 3 was rerouted onto its current alignment east of Watertown while the former routing of NY 3 from Clayton to Alexandria Bay became an extension of NY 12. Also created as part of the renumbering was NY 12D, an alternate route of NY 12 between Potters Corners and Lowville via Lyons Falls. By the following year, NY 12D was rerouted south of Lyons Falls to follow a routing similar to modern NY 12 to Boonville. The alignments of NY 12 and NY 12D between the two villages were swapped , placing NY 12D on the direct highway between the two and NY 12 on the slightly more circuitous route via Lyons Falls.
NY 12 originally extended southward into downtown Binghamton by way of an overlap with US 11. The overlap was eliminated at some point between 1947 and 1970. On its north end, NY 12 was extended northeast over a new roadway along the St. Lawrence River to NY 37 in Morristown in the mid-1960s.
In April 2014, work began on a $68.3 million project to replace the viaduct over Columbia Street, Lafayette Streets, and Oriskany Boulevard (NY 5A and NY 5S) in Utica. The nearly one mile stretch had signalized at-grade intersections that were causing safety concerns and some fatalities. In addition to the replacement of the viaduct, the alignment of the arterial was straightened, a new single point urban interchange was built at Court Street, and a pedestrian bridge was built across the roadway. The pedestrian bridge was opened by December 2014, and the remainder of the project was completed by October 2017.
Bypasses
NY 12 has been realigned onto divided highways and limited-access highways over the years, particularly in Oneida County, to bypass communities along its routing. The first bypass that was constructed in Oneida County was around Remsen in the early 1950s. NY 12 was realigned onto the bypass, which passed to the west of the village, by 1954. Construction began by 1956 on a southward extension of the bypass that would take NY 12 around the eastern edge of Barneveld. It opened to traffic by 1958. Farther south, in Utica, a new limited-access highway was built through the downtown portion of the city in the early 1960s. At the time, it began at French Road and ended at Trenton Road. It became a realignment of NY 12 by 1964. An extension of the road southwest to Genesee Street in New Hartford was completed by 1968, at which time NY 12 was realigned to follow New Paris Road into the city. A limited-access highway bypassing Trenton Road and linking the Utica expressway and the Barneveld–Remsen bypass was completed by 1973, resulting in the rerouting of NY 12 onto the roadway. The former routing of NY 12 along Trenton Road from the Utica city line to Powell Road is now CR 91.
The route has also been realigned in areas to bypass smaller communities along the highway. One such location is in the vicinity of the village of Greene, where NY 12 initially followed Chenango Street through the village. The current bypass around the western edge of the village was built in the late 1970s and completed by 1981.
Major intersections
Suffixed routes
NY 12 has had seven suffixed routes bearing six different designations. Two have since been removed and at least partially renumbered. All of the routes were assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York unless otherwise noted.
The NY 12A designation has been used for two distinct highways:
The first NY 12A was an alternate route of NY 12 between Sherburne and Utica. It was assigned in 1928 and renumbered to NY 12B in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York.
The current NY 12A () is an east–west spur connecting NY 12 to I-88 and NY 7 on the banks of the Chenango River in Chenango Bridge, Broome County. The entire route is known as Chenango Bridge Road and is one of only six signed New York state highways less than a mile in length. The route was assigned in 1930.
NY 12B () is an alternate route of NY 12 between Sherburne and Utica.
NY 12C is a former alternate route of NY 12 between Utica and Barneveld. The route was eliminated in 1970, at which time the lone portion of NY 12C that did not overlap another state route was redesignated as NY 291.
NY 12D () is an alternate route of NY 12 between Boonville and Lyons Falls.
NY 12E () is an alternate route of NY 12 between Watertown and Clayton. While NY 12 follows a direct path between the two locations, NY 12E veers to the west to serve communities along Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River.
NY 12F () is a spur connecting NY 12 in downtown Watertown to NY 180 near the Watertown International Airport in Dexter.
See also
List of county routes in Oneida County, New York
References
External links
012
Transportation in Broome County, New York
Transportation in Chenango County, New York
Transportation in Madison County, New York
Transportation in Oneida County, New York
Transportation in Lewis County, New York
Transportation in Jefferson County, New York
Transportation in St. Lawrence County, New York |
4025199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potto%20%28disambiguation%29 | Potto (disambiguation) | Potto (Perodicticus potto) is a strepsirrhine primate of the family Lorisidae.
Potto may also refer to:
Potto, North Yorkshire, a village in England
Potto Brown (1797–1871), an English miller and philanthropist
Vasily Potto, a Russian lieutenant-general and military historian
Animals
Golden potto (Arctocebus sp.), two species of strepsirrhine primates
False potto (Pseudopotto martini), a lorisoid primate of uncertain taxonomic status
Kinkajou (Potos flavus), a mammal of the family Procyonidae related to coatis and raccoons
See also
POTO (disambiguation) |
4025201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goian%C3%A1polis | Goianápolis | Goianápolis is a municipality in central Goiás state, Brazil. It had a population of 11,224 (IBGE 2020 estimate) in a total area of 162.38 km2 (2007). The town is famous for its tomato production and as the birthplace of Leandro and Leonardo, one of the most famous country and western duos in recent Brazilian music.
Location
Goianápolis, the so-called "state tomato capital", is located 33 km. northwest of the state capital of Goiânia and 11 km. south of the important Goiânia-Brasília highway. It belongs to the Goiânia Microregion. Connections with Goiânia are made by BR-457 / GO-415.
It forms boundaries with Anápolis, Terezópolis de Goiás, and Leopoldo de Bulhões.
The climate is tropical humid. The hydrographic basin is formed by the streams of João Leite, Sozinha, Pindobal, Macaco, Arábia and da Gama. The water supply comes from the Ribeirão Sozinha.
The municipality contains part of the Altamiro de Moura Pacheco State Park, created in 1992.
Political Data
Eligible voters: 8,717 (2007)
Mayor: Waldecino Ferreira Neto
Vice-mayor: Gary Rocha de Paula
Councilmembers: 09
Demographic Data
Population density: 68.72 inhabitants/km2 (2007)
Population growth rate 2000/2007: 0.64.%
Population in 1980: 7,569 hab
Population in 1991: 10,716
Urban population in 2007: 10,109
Rural population in 2007: 1,050
The economy
The main economic activity of the city was, until recently, the production of tomatoes (100 hectares in 2006), which were sold all over the country and even exported to Argentina and Paraguay. This activity has dropped off significantly in recent years.
There is also production of rice, corn (400 hectares), beans, bananas, manioc, cabbage, carrots, and sugar beets. There were 15,000 head of cows in 2006.
Data are from IBGE
Economic Data
Industrial units: 19 (06/2007)
Retail units: 61 (08/2007)
Banking institutions: BRADESCO S.A. (08/2007)
Education and Health
Literacy rate: 84.3%
Infant mortality rate: 33.94 in 1,000 live births
Schools: 08 (2006)
Classrooms: 54
Teachers: 127
Students: 3,094
Hospitals: 01 (2007)
Hospital beds: 35
History
The history of Goianápolis began when Pedro Ludovico Teixeira decided to transfer the capital of the state from Goiás to Goiânia in 1933. With the change, there was an increase in population from Anápolis to the region of Campininha where the new capital was being built. Families arrived in the region looking for land to plant and to raise pigs. Soon a new municipality was formed: Goianápolis—a combination of Goiânia and Anápolis.
Goianápolis is also famous in Brazil as the birthplace of Leandro and Leonardo, one of the most famous country duos in Brazilian music. See official site at Leandro e Leonardo
Human Development Index: 0.689
State ranking: 217 (out of 242 municipalities in 2000)
National ranking: 3,174 (out of 5,507 municipalities in 2007)
For the complete list see Frigoletto.com
See also
List of municipalities in Goiás
References
Municipalities in Goiás |
4025205 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic%20acquired%20resistance | Systemic acquired resistance | Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a "whole-plant" resistance response that occurs following an earlier localized exposure to a pathogen. SAR is analogous to the innate immune system found in animals, and although there are many shared aspects between the two systems, it is thought to be a result of convergent evolution. The systemic acquired resistance response is dependent on the plant hormone, salicylic acid.
Discovery
While, it has been recognized since at least the 1930s that plants have some kind of induced immunity to pathogens, the modern study of systemic acquired resistance began in the 1980s when the invention of new tools allowed scientists to probe the molecular mechanisms of SAR. A number of 'marker genes' were characterized in the 80s and 90s which are strongly induced as part of the SAR response. These pathogenesis-related proteins (PR) belong to a number of different protein families. While there is substantial overlap, the spectrum of PR proteins expressed in a particular plant species is variable. It was noticed in the early 1990s that levels of salicylic acid (SA) increased dramatically in tobacco and cucumber upon infection. This pattern has been replicated in many other species since then. Further studies showed that SAR can also be induced by exogenous SA application and that transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing a bacterial salicylate hydroxylase gene are unable to accumulate SA or mount an appropriate defensive response to a variety of pathogens.
The first plant receptors of conserved microbial signatures were identified in rice (XA21, 1995) and in Arabidopsis (FLS2, 2000).
Mechanism
Plants have several immunity mechanisms to deal with infections and stress. When they are infected with pathogens the immune system recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) via pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs). This induces a PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). Some pathogens carry effectors that interact with the PTI and induce effector triggered susceptibility (ETS). Some plants own resistance (R) proteins that recognize pathogen effectors and induce effector triggered immunity (ETI). This often results in a form of regulated cell death, the hypersensitive response (HR). New effectors for overcoming ETI can be recognized by the plant and provide a new ETI. When PTI and ETI are activated in the local infected plant tissues signaling induces an immune response in the whole plant which is called systemic acquired resistance (SAR). SAR is characterized by accumulation of plant metabolites and genetic reprogramming in local as well as in systemic (not local infected) leaves.SA and NHP are two metabolites, which are known to be accumulating because of SAR. Furthermore, SA and Pip (which is a precursor of NHP) deficient plants are known not to induce SAR. That’s why it is most likely they part of the SAR signaling.
Use in disease control
Unusually, the synthetic fungicide acibenzolar-S-methyl is not directly toxic to pathogens, but rather acts by inducing SAR in the crop plants to which it is applied. It is a propesticide — converted in-vivo into 1,2,3-benzothiadiazole-7-carboxylic acid by methyl salicylate esterase. Field trials have found that acibenzolar-S-methyl (also known as BSA) is effective at controlling some plant diseases, but may have little effect on others, especially fungal pathogens which may not be very susceptible to SAR.
See also
Plant disease resistance
Hypersensitive response
Phytopathology
Plant-induced systemic resistance
References
Chuanfu et al, A. (2011). Salicylic acid and its function in plant immunity.
Conrath, U. (2006). Systemic Acquired Resistance. Plant Signaling and Behavior.
Deng et al, C. (2003). Rapid Determination of Salicylic Acid in Plant Materials by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia.
Holmes et al, E. C. (2019). An engineered pathway for N-hydroxy-pipecolic acid synthesis enhances systemic acquired resistance in tomato. Sci Signal.
Huang et al, W. (2020). Biosynthesis and Regulation of Salicylic Acid and N-Hydroxypipecolic Acid in Plant Immunity. Molecular Plant.
Further reading
External links
Phytopathology
Plant physiology
Immune system |
4025211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%20LPFK | IBM LPFK | The Lighted Program Function Keyboard (LPFK) is a computer input device manufactured by IBM that presents an array of buttons associated with lights.
Each button is associated to a function in supporting software, and according to the availability of that function in current context of the application, the light is switched on or off, giving the user a graphical feedback on the set of available functions. Usually the button to function mapping is customizable.
External links
http://brutman.com/IBM_LPFK/IBM_LPFK.html
Computer keyboards
LPFK |
4025224 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20of%20Montevergine | William of Montevergine | William of Montevergine, or William of Vercelli, () (1085 – 25 June 1142), also known as William the Abbot, was a Catholic hermit and the founder of the Congregation of Monte Vergine, or "Williamites". He is venerated as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church.
Life
He was born in 1085 into a noble family of Vercelli in northwest Italy and brought up by a relation after the death of his parents. He undertook a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela. On his pilgrimage to Compostela, William asked a blacksmith to make an iron implement that would encircle his body and increase his suffering, and he wore it throughout the pilgrimage.
After he returned to Italy, he intended to go to Jerusalem and for this purpose he reached South Italy, but he was beaten up and robbed by thieves. William considered this misfortune a sign of God's will to stay in South Italy and spread the message of Christ. Because of this, he decided not to travel to Jerusalem anymore and to settle in South Italy, on the summit of Monte Vergine (then known as Monte Vergiliana) between Nola and Benevento, where he lived as a hermit.
Here he attracted a number of followers and founded the Monastery of Montevergine.
While at Montevergine, William of Vercelli is stated as having performed miracles. Roger II of Sicily served as a patron to William, who founded many monasteries for men and women in Sicily. The Catholic Encyclopedia states that Roger built a monastery opposite his palace at Salerno in order to have William always near him.
The inflow of the faithful was for the priests the opportunity to exercise their ministry, and the hermit life that William sought was compromised. Moreover, his confreres did not tolerate that lifestyle too austere and full of privations. Therefore, he left Montevergine in 1128 and settled on the plains in Goleto, in the territory of Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi, between Campania and Basilicata, where he began a new monastic experience, a double monastery built mostly by women.
Subsequently, he founded several other monasteries of the same rule, but mostly remained in Goleto except for some trips to Apulia.
Eventually he died in Goleto on June 25, 1142. His remains were buried in Goleto, where they stayed until they were transferred to Montevergine on September 2, 1807, as ordered by the king of Naples Gioacchino Murat. Some of his relics are also located in other cathedrals (Benevento) and Italian churches. Catholic tradition states that William foresaw his own imminent death "by special revelation".
Sources
The most reliable source concerning William of Vercelli's life is the Legenda de vita et obitu sancti Guilielmi Confessoris et heremitae, written in the first half of the 13th century, thus shortly thereafter. The remaining later sources contain corrupt or even invented accounts on his life, therefore they are unreliable although not necessarily false, as primary sources may have been lost.
The miracle of the wolf
According to all the sources, including the earliest source, Legenda de vita et obitu sancti Guilielmi Confessoris et heremitae, all of which are close to Catholicism, he performed many miracles. The best-known miracle was and still is the "Miracle of the Wolf" (1591). Because of this, he is often depicted in company with a "domesticated" wolf, even in the monastery of Montevergine. One day a wolf hunted and killed a donkey the saint used for towing and other tasks. The saint then turned to the wolf and ordered the beast to offer himself to do all the donkey's previous tasks. The wild beast reportedly became tame, and the people who met the saint were astonished to see such a docile wolf.
At king Roger II's court
Hagiographer Tommaso Costo (1591) wrote that king Roger II of Sicily had heard about William of Montevergine, and thus he wanted to meet him. The king reportedly was living in Salerno at that time. Reportedly, while visiting the king, a prostitute wanted to prove the genuineness of his faith, and, complicit with the king, tried to get into William of Montevergine's bed who, in response, put burning embers on his bed and there he lay down, inviting the prostitute to follow his example. Reportedly the woman repented of her mistake and switched to a more religious life.
Posthumous sources add further details, stating that the prostitute had been called Agnes and that, after conversion, she had built a monastery in Venosa, where she led a monastic life with other women, being called "Blessed Agnes of Venosa". Hagiographer Tommaso Costo, as early as in the 16th century, dismissed the second part of the story, there being no mention of it in the main and most reliable source, the Legenda de vita et obitu sancti Guilielmi Confessoris et heremitae.
See also
Abbey of San Guglielmo al Goleto
References
Bibliography
(first printed edition of the Legenda de vita et obitus)
The Book of Saints, compiled by the Benedictine monks of St Augustine's Abbey, Ramsgate. London: Cassell, 1994. .
Guglielmo di Montevergine (da Vercelli) at the Santi e Beati website.
Further reading
Guglielmo di Montevergine (da Vercelli) at Santi e Beati
External links
Founder Statue in St Peter's Basilica
1085 births
1142 deaths
Italian Roman Catholic saints
12th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
People from Vercelli
12th-century Christian saints
Italian untitled nobility |
4025232 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rianne%20ten%20Haken | Rianne ten Haken | Rianne ten Haken (born 27 November 1986) is a Dutch model. She was born to a Dutch Father and a Belgian mother in Lelystad, Flevoland, and began modeling after she won the 2001 Elite Model Look competition at the age of 15.
In 2003, Rianne walked her first runways. In New York, she debuted at the Marc Jacobs, show and was subsequently picked up by clients.
In December 2003 she landed her first major cover for Italian Vogue, photographed by Steven Meisel. That same month she also appeared on the cover of Numero photographed by Mert & Marcus.
Rianne has worked with several famous fashion photographers as Steven Meisel, Craig McDean, Patrick Demarchelier and Peter Lindbergh. She worked for magazines such as American, Italian and British Vogue, Numero, W and GQ. Recently, she landed back to back covers and fashion editorials in Vogue Italia for the October and November 2009 issues. In the 2010s she appeared on the covers of various magazines such as Vogue Netherlands, Elle Russia, Elle Spain, Elle Serbia and L'Officiel Netherlands.
Ten Haken was seen in advertising campaigns for companies such as Versace, Armani collezioni, Armani exchange and La Perla. She also featured in cosmetic campaigns for Versace, Chanel, Guerlain and Clarins.
As a runway model, Rianne has walked the catwalks for designers such as Calvin Klein, Jean Paul Gaultier, Dior, Chanel, Yves Saint Laurent, Gucci, Prada, Miu Miu, Marc Jacobs, Donna Karan, Diane von Furstenberg, Versace, Roberto Cavalli and many more.
In 2014 she appeared in the music video for Lenny Kravitz's song The Chamber which was the lead single off his album Strut.
Rianne is represented by Women Model Management, Elite Model Management and Traffic.
References
External links
The Internet Fashion Database
1986 births
Living people
Dutch female models
People from Lelystad |
4025238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwelltown | Maxwelltown | Maxwelltown (, IPA:[ˈkʰʲaun̴̪ˈt̪ɾɔxətʲ]) was formerly a burgh of barony and police burgh and the largest town in the county of Kirkcudbrightshire Scotland. In 1929 Maxwelltown was merged with Dumfries.
Maxwelltown lies to the west of the River Nith, which forms the boundary of Kirkcudbrightshire and Dumfriesshire. Maxwelltown was a hamlet known as Bridgend up until 1810, in which year it was made into a burgh of barony under its present name. Maxwelltown comprises several suburbs, including Summerhill, Troqueer, Janefield, Lochside, Lincluden, Sandside, and Summerville.
The oldest remaining building within the Dumfries urban area is on the Maxwelltown side of the Nith, Lincluden Abbey. Queen of the South football ground is also on the Maxwelltown side. Some of the most notable local players for the club hail from the same side of the Nith, including Ian Dickson, Billy Houliston and Ted McMinn. Other buildings of note are the former Dumfries Mill, now the Robert Burns Centre, with visitor centre, museum, film theatre and restaurant. Dumfries Museum and Observatory and the Camera Obscura are further up on the hill as is the Sinclair Memorial. The former Benedictine Convent of the Immaculate Conception stands on a prominent position on Corbelly Hill. HMP Dumfries is at Jessiefield and the former Maxwelltown Burgh Court House is now flats. Maxwelltown railway station in the Summerhill area on the Castle Douglas and Dumfries Railway closed in 1965.
References
External links
Maxwelltown in the Gazetteer for Scotland
The Robert Burns Centre Film Theatre
Maxwelltown entry in South West Scotland future museum
Burghs
Dumfries
Kirkcudbrightshire |
4025258 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eplerenone | Eplerenone | Eplerenone, sold under the brand name Inspra, is an aldosterone antagonist type of potassium-sparing diuretic that is used to treat chronic heart failure and high blood pressure, particularly for patients with resistant hypertension due to elevated aldosterone. It is a steroidal antimineralocorticoid of the spirolactone group and a selective aldosterone receptor antagonist (SARA). Eplerenone is more selective than spironolactone at the mineralocorticoid receptor relative to binding at androgen, progestogen, glucocorticoid, or estrogen receptors.
Medical uses
Heart failure
Eplerenone reduces risk of death in patients with heart failure, particularly in patients with recent myocardial infarction (heart attack).
Hypertension
Eplerenone lowers blood pressure in patients with primary hypertension. Eplerenone also reduces arterial stiffness and vascular endothelial dysfunction.
For persons with resistant hypertension, eplerenone is safe and effective for reducing blood pressure, particularly in persons with resistant hypertension due to hyperaldosteronism.
Adverse effects
Common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with the use of eplerenone include: hyperkalaemia, hypotension, dizziness, and reduced renal clearance. Eplerenone may have a lower incidence than spironolactone of sexual side effects such as feminization, gynecomastia, impotence, low sex drive and reduction of size of male genitalia. This is because other antimineralocorticoids have structural elements of the progesterone molecule, causing progestogenic and antiandrogenic outcomes. When considering taking these medicines, it is important to note the variations in their ability to offset the nongenomic effects of aldosterone.
Currently, there is not enough evidence available from the randomized controlled trials on side effects of eplerenone to do a benefit versus risk assessment in people with primary hypertension.
Interactions
Eplerenone is primarily metabolized by the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A4. Thus the potential exists for adverse drug interactions with other drugs that induce or inhibit CYP3A4. Specifically, the concomitant use of the CYP3A4 potent inhibitors ketoconazole and itraconazole is contraindicated. Other CYP3A4 inhibitors including erythromycin, saquinavir, and verapamil should be used with caution. Other drugs that increase potassium concentrations may increase the risk of hyperkalemia associated with eplerenone therapy, including salt substitutes, potassium supplements and other potassium-sparing diuretics.
Pharmacology
Eplerenone is an antimineralocorticoid, or an antagonist of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). Eplerenone is also known chemically as 9,11α-epoxy-7α-methoxycarbonyl-3-oxo-17α-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone and "was derived from spironolactone by the introduction of a 9α,11α-epoxy bridge and by substitution of the 17α-thoacetyl group of spironolactone with a carbomethoxy group." The drug controls high blood pressure by blocking the binding of aldosterone to the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in epithelial tissues, such as the kidney. Blocking the action of aldosterone decreases blood volume and lowers blood pressure. It has 10- to 20-fold lower affinity for the MR relative to spironolactone, and is less potent in vivo as an antimineralocorticoid. However, in contrast to spironolactone, eplerenone has little affinity for the androgen, progesterone, and glucocorticoid receptors. It also has more consistently observed non-genomic antimineralocorticoid effects relative to spironolactone (see membrane mineralocorticoid receptor). Eplerenone differs from spironolactone in its extensive metabolism, with a short half-life and inactive metabolites.
Eplerenone seems to be about 50 to 75% as potent as spironolactone as an antimineralocorticoid. Hence, 25 mg/day spironolactone may be equivalent to approximately 50 mg/day eplerenone.
Regulatory and Patent History
Eplerenone was patented in 1983 and approved for medical use in the United States in 2002. Eplerenone is currently approved for sale in Canada, the US, EU, Netherlands and Japan. Eplerenone costs an estimated $2.93 per day when treating congestive heart failure and $5.86 per day when treating hypertension.
See also
Finerenone
Mexrenone
References
Antimineralocorticoids
Epoxides
Lactones
Methyl esters
Pfizer brands
Pregnanes
Spirolactones |
4025259 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari%20288%20GTO | Ferrari 288 GTO | The Ferrari GTO (often referred to as Ferrari 288 GTO) (Type F114) is an exotic homologation of the Ferrari 308 GTB produced from 1984 to 1987 in Ferrari's Maranello factory, designated GT for Gran Turismo and O for Omologata (homologated in Italian).
Background
Contrary to what is reported historically in the press, the Ferrari GTO was not immediately born to compete in the new 1982 Group B Circuit Race series; Enzo Ferrari did not have overall control of the Road Car division, which was at the time managed by the General Director Eugenio Alzati and the FIAT MD (CEO) Vittorio Ghidella. In 1983 Mr Ferrari noted from discussions with close friends and clients that the road car sales were falling due to stronger competition from rival car makers and what he described as the "excessive gentrification" of the Ferrari model lineup.
Turbocharging: from F1 to road cars
The success of turbocharging in Formula 1 and the introduction of some new tax laws (above the 1999cc displacement threshold) had prompted Ferrari to first build the 208 Turbo and then discuss turbocharging also in 3 litre form for a road car which could produce 330 bhp. The first 208 turbo did not feature an intercooler so the performance and reliability was somewhat delicate due to high combustion temperatures. Ferrari approached the head of powertrain for the Gestione Sportiva (Racing Division), Nicola Materazzi, to give an opinion on the proposed specification for the new 3L turbo engine. Materazzi had joined from Osella in 1979 (before then at Lancia Reparto Corse) due to his experience with forced induction and had been involved in the 126 F1 car experimentation between Comprex and turbo. When Materazzi showed confidence that 400 bhp could be reliably extracted from 3000cc (133 bhp/litre), Ferrari placed his trust in him on condition that it would deliver as promised. Ferrari also jokingly suggested that Materazzi work on the 268 engine destined for the Lancia LC2 Group C racing car, due to similarities in displacement and mechanical parts.
Development
The Ferrari F114B road-car engine and the Lancia 2.6L V8 race engine developments progressed closely, with some draughtsmen employed from Abarth to complete detail design on components for manufacture at times when the Ferrari draughtsmen were at full capacity. In order to improve overall performance, several key aspects of the original 308 vehicle layout were altered: the engine did not grow in displacement but was turbocharged, it remained mid-mounted but now longitudinally instead of transversely, the wheelbase was elongated by 200mm, the outer bodywork required modifications to maintain pleasing proportions. The car used water-cooled IHI turbochargers from Japan compared to the KKK turbochargers used in Formula 1 due to the better materials and aerodynamic internal designs which allowed faster transient response. IHI had bought patents from Swiss manufacturer Brown Boveri (Baden) that had supplied Ferrari with the Comprex systems.
Some of the GTO's styling features were first displayed on a 308 GTB design exercise by Pininfarina shown at the 1977 Geneva Auto Salon. The 288 GTO had started out as a modified version of the 308/328 to hold down costs and to build the car quickly, but little of the 308/328 was left when the 288 GTO was finished. Fortunately Ferrari could count on customers who were loyal when it came to spending more if they could access performance and style that was unmatched, so the unplanned deviation from the original cost targets did not necessarily prove an issue.
Easily noticeable differences were the GTOs bulging fender flares, larger front/rear spoilers, large "flag-style" outside mirrors and four driving lights at the far sides of the grille. Retained from the original 250 GTO were slanted air vents, put in the GTO's rear fenders to cool the brakes, as well as the rear wing's design, borrowed from the 250 GTO's original wing. The GTO also had wider body panels than the 308's because they had to cover much larger Goodyear tires mounted on racing wheels. The suspension's height could be set higher for road use and lower for racing on tracks. Bodywork material was new and lighter for better acceleration and handling. The GTO's weight was , compared to for the 308/328. Steel was used just for the doors because major body panels were made from molded fiberglass. Kevlar was used for the hood, and the roof was made from Kevlar and carbon fiber.
Materazzi felt that with the latest road speed limits and stricter fines, it was increasingly harder for clients to really prove the potential of cars with high performance. Ferrari asked what was his proposal, to which he suggested returning to racing in the GT class, something which had been interrupted after the 512 BB LM. The overall permission to modify the GTO road car into the Evoluzione for a racing programme however had to be ratified by Eugenio Alzati. He permitted it on conditions that the engineers interested in the project work outside of the Monday to Friday timetable (which was dedicated for development of 328 and other models). The lessons learnt during the development of the engine for the Lancia LC2 could be applied to the racing version of the GTO, such as the carefully engineered conicity of the intake plenums to ensure accurately balanced air flow and pressure to each cylinder and the setup of the turbochargers to produce in excess of 650 bhp.
The GTO Evoluzione included all the necessary modifications (bodywork, chassis, safety systems) to comply with the FIA regulations which permitted 20 cars per year to be specifically built for rally or track racing. Due to multiple deaths and the inherent danger involved with group B rally racing, the Group B Circuit series was suspended at the end of 1986. As a result, the GTO Evo never raced. All GTO road cars came in a stock red color, except one which was black. All GTO Evo cars came in red colour.
Like any Ferrari car, the low production numbers for the GTO were intended to give an exclusive product for the enthusiast buyer. The number of GTO's produced did indeed fit in the minimum requirement of 200 required by the FIA and in fact the factory produced 70 more plus a couple extra to please the Agnelli family, an F1 driver or anybody else who the Commendatore predicted might insist on a last minute purchase option.
Although the production car test team - headed by Dario Benuzzi - did not include any of the Formula 1 drivers, Michele Alboreto occasionally had involvement in giving feedback on cars such as the 288 GTO, and later the 328 Turbo and F40. In particular he agreed with Enzo Ferrari's return to a breed of cars which were much more fiery, describing the GTO as "cattiva" (angry) and praising its low engine centre of gravity compared to the Testarossa.
Engine
The GTO was based on the rear mid-engine, rear wheel drive 308 GTB, which has a V8. The "288" refers to the GTO's 2.8 litre DOHC 4 valves per cylinder V8 engine as it used a de-bored by with IHI twin-turbochargers, Behr air-to-air intercoolers, Weber-Marelli fuel injection and a compression ratio of 7.6:1. The 2.85 litre engine capacity was dictated by the FIA's requirement for a turbocharged engine's capacity to be multiplied by 1.4. This gave the GTO an equivalent engine capacity of , just under the Group B limit of 4.0 litres.
Unlike the 308's engine, the GTO's V8 was mounted longitudinally, using the 308's rear trunk space. This was necessary to make room for the twin turbochargers and intercoolers. The racing transmission was mounted to the rear of the longitudinal engine, moving the rear differential and wheels aft. The arrangement also let the GTO use a more conventional race-car engine/transmission layout for such things as quick gear-ratio changes for various tracks. As a result, the wheelbase was longer at . The track was also widened to accommodate wider wheels and tires (Goodyear NCT 225/55 VR16 tires mounted on 8 x 16 inch Speedline wheels at the front and 255/50 VR16 (265/50 VR16 for U.S. models) mounted on 10 x 16 inch wheels at the rear) to provide increased cornering and braking performance and the ability to apply at 7,000 rpm and of torque at 3,800 rpm. The GTO could accelerate from 0- in around 5 seconds and Ferrari claimed 0- in 15 seconds flat and a top speed of , making it one of the fastest street-legal production cars of its time.
288 GTO in North America
Ferrari did not "federalize" the 288 GTO for sale in America. Americans wanted the car anyway, and obtained it as a Grey import vehicle.
Performance
Test results by Road & Track:
0–: 2.3 s
0–: 4.1 s
0–: 5.0 s
0–: 6.2 s
0–: 7.7 s
0–: 11.0 s
0–: 16.0 s
Standing : 14.1 s at
Top Speed:
Evoluzione
Ferrari built six (five production models and one prototype) 288 GTO Evoluzione models with more aggressive and aerodynamic body styling and increased power. The Evoluzione, introduced in 1986, was built to race in Group B but when that series was cancelled the project was also shelved as it was not fit for any other racing series. Ferrari had planned a production run of 20 cars to comply with Group B homologation requirements for Evolution models. The 288 GTO Evoluzione is powered by an upgraded version of the 2.9 L V8 used in the normal 288 GTO that has twin-turbochargers and produces at 7,800 rpm. It has a weight of around and can reach a top speed of . It features a unique front end designed for aerodynamics with front canards, channels and vents as well as a large carbon fibre rear spoiler and numerous large NACA ducts. Many styling and mechanical elements from the Evoluzione influenced the soon to follow F40.
All six are thought to still be in existence with one owned by the Factory on display in the engine manufacturing facility in Maranello and another suspected to have been used as a prototype during the development of the F40.
Formula 1 GTO owners
Several Formula 1 drivers were offered GTOs by Enzo Ferrari. These include Michele Alboreto (56195), Keke Rosberg (56653) and Niki Lauda (58329), who was gifted the last of the 272 units built, by Enzo Ferrari himself.
Awards
In 2004, Sports Car International named this car number two on the list of Top Sports Cars of the 1980s, behind its German rival the Porsche 959.
References
Bibliography
Ferrari 288 GTO at the Group B Rally Cars.
288 Gto
Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Group B cars
Cars introduced in 1984
Sports cars |
4025271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Satir | Peter Satir | Peter Gerald Satir (born c. 1937 - July 20, 2022) is an American microbiologist who has spent his career studying the basis of motion by studying the cilium. He is a native of New York, graduated from the Bronx High School of Science in 1952, received his Ph.D. from the Rockefeller University in 1961 and worked at the Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine.
Education
His interest in biology came from the first day in high school biology when he looked in a microscope, saw a Paramecium and asked his teacher how its cilia move. He says, "At the age of fourteen, I had asked the question which still dominates my research interests. Of course, I still had a long way to go to be a biologist."
After high school, he went to Columbia University where he was the only zoology major. He met his wife Birgit while studying in Denmark. After their marriage, they moved to Chicago, where they worked in Biology and Zoology at the University of Chicago. While not permitted to work under the same supervisor, they were permitted to work in the same department.
Career
In 1967, Satir was appointed Associate Professor of Anatomy in Berkeley bringing experience in electron microscopy and modern cell biology to the department. They went to the Albert Einstein College of Medicine because it offers individual faculty positions to spouses.
Awards
1972: he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship.
2005: he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Copenhagen.
2014: he shared the E.B. Wilson Medal of the American Society for Cell Biology.
References
External links
Bio
American Society of Cell Biology Newsletter
PubMed 117 hits for Satir AND (Satir P[Auth])
Google Scholar search
Cilia get arms for bending
1930s births
Living people
American anatomists
American microbiologists
University of Chicago faculty
Columbia University alumni
Rockefeller University alumni
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Yeshiva University faculty
Science teachers
Cell biologists |
4025280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Marshak | Robert Marshak | Robert Eugene Marshak (October 11, 1916 – December 23, 1992) was an American physicist, educator, and eighth president of the City College of New York.
Biography
Marshak was born in the Bronx, New York City. His parents, Harry and Rose Marshak, were immigrants from Minsk. He went to the City College of New York for one semester and then "received a Pulitzer Scholarship which provided full tuition and a stipend which allowed him to continue his education at Columbia University."
In 1939, Marshak received his Ph.D. from Cornell University. Along with his thesis advisor, Hans Bethe, he discovered many of the fusion aspects involved in star formation. This helped him on his work for the Manhattan Project, in Los Alamos, during World War II. During this time, he developed an explanation of how shock waves work in extremely high temperatures achieved by a nuclear explosion, and these waves are known as Marshak waves.
Following the war, Marshak joined the University of Rochester Department of Physics, becoming head of the department in 1950.
In 1947, at the Shelter Island Conference, Marshak presented his two-meson hypothesis about the pi-meson, which were discovered shortly thereafter. Three years later, Marshak established the Rochester Conference while chair of the University of Rochester's physics department. This later became known as the International Conference on High Energy Physics.
In 1957, Marshak and George Sudarshan proposed a V-A ("vector" minus "axial vector") Lagrangian for weak interactions, which eventually paved the way for the electroweak theory. This theory was later presented by Richard Feynman and Murray Gell-Mann, which later contributed to each winning a Nobel Prize in Physics. Sudarshan stated that Gell-Mann had learned the theory from him at the Rochester Conference. Similarly, Richard Feynman learned about the theory from a discussion with Marshak in a conference. Feynman acknowledged Marshak and Sudarshan's contribution in 1963 stating that the V-A theory was discovered by Sudarshan and Marshak and publicized by Gell-Mann and himself.
Marshak was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1958, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1961, and the American Philosophical Society in 1983.
In 1970, Marshak left Rochester to become president of the City College of New York. He left to become University Distinguished Professor at Virginia Tech, retiring in 1991.
Marshak shared the 1982 J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Prize with Maurice Goldhaber. The next year he served as the president of the American Physical Society, previously having served on its council (1965-1969), as chairman of its Division of Particles and Fields (1969-1970), and as vice-president.
Marshak died by accidental drowning in Cancún, Mexico. In addition to Sudarshan, his doctoral students include Susumu Okubo, Rabindra Mohapatra and Tullio Regge.
Selected works
Marshak, Robert E. (1952). Meson Physics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Marshak, Robert E.; Radha, T.K.; Raman, K. (1963?) Theory of Weak Interactions of Elementary Particles. Matscience report no. 10. Madras: Institute of Mathematical Sciences.
Marshak, Robert E.; Blaker, J. Warren; Bethe, Hans A.; et al. (1966). Perspectivies in Modern Physics: Essays in Honor of Hans A. Bethe on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday, July 1966. New York: Interscience Publishers.
Marshak, Robert E.; Riazuddin; Ryan, Ciaran P. (1969). Theory of Weak Interactions in Particle Physics. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
Marshak, Robert E.; Wurtemburg, Gladys (1982). Academic Renewal in the 1970s : Memoirs of a City College President. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America.
Marshak, Robert E. (1993). Conceptual Foundations of Modern Particle Physics. Singapore: World Scientific.
Notes
Resources
Henley, Ernest M.; Lustig, Harry (1999). Robert Eugene Marshak, 1916-1992. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
Sudarshan, E.C.G.; et al. (1995). A Gift of Prophecy: Essays in Celebration of the Life of Robert Eugene Marshak. Singapore: World Scientific, 1995.
External links
Robert E. Marshak Papers, Ms1988-060 at Virginia Tech Special Collections and University Archives
Robert Eugene Marshak Collection at the City College of New York
Biographical Memoir at the National Academy of Sciences
Robert Marshak Oral History Interviews from the American Institute of Physics
1916 births
1992 deaths
Cornell University alumni
Deaths by drowning
20th-century American physicists
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Presidents of City College of New York
Particle physicists
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Accidental deaths in Mexico
American people of Belarusian-Jewish descent
Jewish American scientists
Scientists from New York (state)
Scientists from the Bronx
Manhattan Project people
Virginia Tech faculty
20th-century American Jews
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Members of the National Academy of Medicine |
4025282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songs%20to%20Learn%20%26%20Sing | Songs to Learn & Sing | Songs to Learn & Sing is a compilation album by Echo & the Bunnymen which was released on 11 November 1985 and featured all of the singles the band had released up to that point. Released on LP, cassette and CD by Korova, WEA and Sire Records, the album received positive reviews and reached number six on the UK Albums Chart and number 158 on the US Billboard 200.
Releases
Songs to Learn & Sing was first released as an LP, a cassette and a CD by Korova in the United Kingdom, WEA in Germany and Sire Records in the United States on 15 November 1985. The LP and cassette versions of the album have six tracks on side one and five tracks on side two. The album was also available as a limited edition picture disc and a limited edition album with a copy of "The Pictures on My Wall" single. The album was reissued on 17 October 1990 by WEA.
The tracks included on the album are in chronological order and taken from the four studio albums that had been released up to that point as well including two non-album singles: "Rescue" from the Crocodiles album; "The Puppet", a non-album single; "Do It Clean", the B-side to "The Puppet"; "A Promise" from the Heaven Up Here album; "The Back of Love" and "The Cutter" from the Porcupine album; "Never Stop", a non-album single; "The Killing Moon", "Silver" and "Seven Seas" from the Ocean Rain album; and "Bring on the Dancing Horses" a new single.
Release history
Singles
Although the album is a compilation album it included one previously unreleased single — "Bring on the Dancing Horses" which was released on 14 November 1985. The single reached number 21 on the UK Singles Chart and number 15 on the Irish Singles Chart.
Reception
Allmusic rated the release four and a half stars out of five and describes the album as "a solid and comprehensive collection of the band's material". The album was listed in Rock Compact Disc magazine's list of 45 classic "British Indie Guitar Rock" albums. The album was also reasonably successful with the fans which was shown by the album reaching number 6 on the UK Albums Chart.
Chart positions
Track listing
Note: track timings taken from original LP's labels.
Personnel
Musicians
Ian McCulloch – vocals
Will Sergeant – guitar
Les Pattinson – bass
Pete de Freitas – drums
Production
Ian Broudie – producer ("Rescue", "The Back of Love", "The Cutter")
Bill Drummond – producer ("The Puppet", "Do It Clean")
David Balfe – producer ("The Puppet", "Do It Clean")
Hugh Jones – producer ("A Promise", "Never Stop")
The Bunnymen – producer ("A Promise", "The Killing Moon", "Silver", "Seven Seas")
Laurie Latham – producer ("Bring on the Dancing Horses")
Anton Corbijn – photography
References
External links
The official Echo and The Bunnymen website
1985 greatest hits albums
Albums produced by Laurie Latham
Echo & the Bunnymen compilation albums
Sire Records compilation albums |
4025307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20policy%20statement | Government policy statement | A government policy statement is a declaration of a government's political activities, plans and intentions relating to a concrete cause or, at the assumption of office, an entire legislative session. In certain countries they are announced by the head of government or a minister of the parliament. In constitutional monarchies, this function may be fulfilled by the Speech from the Throne.
In Germany and Austria, the Chancellor submits a government policy statement (Regierungserklärung) at the beginning of the session of the Bundestag (in Austria: Nationalrat), in which they announces the intended policies of the government during the next legislative session. The statement is not legally binding, but is a significant constitutional commitment for the parliament and the government. During the legislative period the federal government, through the Chancellor and the ministers, can give statements to the parliament through the chancellor or the ministers concerning current political themes. It cannot however be obliged to give such statements.
In Belgium, the federal government holds its policy statement (Beleidsverklaring) on the second Wednesday in October; its northern region of Flanders states its September Declaration (Septemberverklaring) on the fourth Monday of September. In the Netherlands, every third Tuesday in September is Prinsjesdag: the king holds the Speech from the throne (Troonrede) and the government will state its policy and budget plans in the Budget Memorandum (Miljoenennota) for the next year. When a new government coalition has been formed after elections, the Prime Minister will make a similar statement (Regeringsverklaring) for the four year legislative period it intends to run the country.
In Sweden, the Prime Minister holds the government's statement (Regeringsförklaring) at the start of their government's legislative session and at the start of each parliamentary year.
See also
State of the Nation
State of the State address
External links
German government policy statements since 10 November 1998
Austrian government policy statement 2007–2010
Government policy statement
Policy statement |
4025308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine-Ruhr%20S-Bahn | Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn | The Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn () is a polycentric and electrically driven S-train network covering the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Region in the German federated state of North Rhine-Westphalia. This includes most of the Ruhr (and cities such as Dortmund, Duisburg and Essen), the Berg cities of Wuppertal and Solingen and parts of the Rhineland (with cities such as Cologne and Düsseldorf). The easternmost city within the S-Bahn Rhine-Ruhr network is Unna, the westernmost city served is Mönchengladbach.
The S-Bahn operates in the areas of the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr and Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Sieg tariff associations, touching areas of the Aachener Verkehrsverbund (AVV) at Düren and Westfalentarif at Unna. The network was established in 1967 with a line connecting Ratingen Ost to Düsseldorf-Garath.
The system consists of 16 lines. Most of them are operated by DB Regio NRW, while line S28 is operated by Regiobahn and S7 by Vias. The S19 will run 24/7 between Düren and Hennef for 17 stations and not only between Cologne Hbf and Cologne/Bonn Airport.
Rolling stock history
Age of steam
The predecessor of the S-Bahn was the so-called Bezirksschnellverkehr between the cities of Düsseldorf and Essen, which consisted of steam-powered push-pull trains, mainly hauled by Class 78, since 1951 also Class 65 engines.
Early electric years
The first S-Bahn lines were operated using Silberling cars and Class 141 locomotives. However these were not suited for operations on a rapid transit network and were soon replaced by Class 420 electric multiple units.
Originally designed for the Munich S-Bahn, the Class 420 was judged in the mid-1970s to be unsuitable for the network, mainly due to being uncomfortable and lacking a lavatory and not being walk-through, since one could travel rather long distances on the Rhine-Ruhr network.
The x-Wagen era
Constructing an improved version of the 420 with the tentative designation Class 422 was discussed, but in 1978 the Deutsche Bundesbahn commissioned a batch of coaches from Duewag and MBB. These lightweight and modern coaches were designated as x-Wagen ("x-car") after their classification code Bx. Among the design elements inherited from the recent LHB prototype carriages were the bogies with disc brakes and rubber airbag shock absorbers that also included automated level control, ensuring level boarding from S-Bahn platforms with a standard height of 96 cm regardless of varying passenger loading.
In late 1978, the first prototypes of 2nd class type Bx 794.0 cars and Bxf 796.0 control cars were handed over to DB, followed by split first/second class cars type ABx 791.0 in early 1979. The prototypes were successful, so from 1981 to 1994 several series were commissioned, with some going to the Nuremberg S-Bahn system.
The x-Wagen were mechanically coupled to form fixed sets of typically one ABx car, one or two Bx cars and one Bxf control car. This way a train offered seating for a total of 222 to 302 passengers and standing room for another 429 to 539 passengers. A few five-car sets ran on peak time services. All cars were of a walk-through design with mechanical doors at each end. Initially the ABx car ran on the loco end to keep passengers looking for a seat from disturbing first-class passengers. The orientation of trains was not predictable in practice however, so the ABx car was instead put in the middle of the train. In later years, when insufficient numbers of Bx cars were ready for service, some trains ran with two ABx cars.
Traction was provided by the Class 111 locomotives produced locally by Krupp in Essen. They had been designed for long-haul Intercity and limited-stop commuter train services with a maximum speed of 160 km/h and were not an ideal fit for rapid transit duty. After the German reunification, even before the old Deutsche Bundesbahn was merged with the Deutsche Reichsbahn of East Germany to form the new Deutsche Bahn AG, the Class 143 Reichsbahn engines replaced the Class 111 on the S-Bahn network, limiting the top speed on the network to 120 km/h but with better acceleration and noticeably less jolting.
Rolling stock today
The Cologne S-Bahn section went into full operation in 2002 in conjunction with the opening of the Cologne-Frankfurt high speed line. It runs with Class 423 EMUs on lines S11, S12 and S13/S19. Due to recent service improvements, there are insufficient numbers of Class 423 EMUs available, so Class 420 electric multiple units can be found on line S12.
Starting in 2008, 84 units of Class 422 were introduced in the Ruhr area section and around Düsseldorf, replacing the x-Wagen loco-hauled trains.
These newer classes of EMUs once again increased the maximum speed on the network to 140 km/h where permitted, which together with the better acceleration of the EMUs did reduce delays that had become entrenched in the latter years of x-Wagen operations.
The S28 is not operated by DB Regio NRW, but by Regiobahn, which uses Bombardier TALENT DMUs. The S7 uses Alstom Coradia LINT DMUs and is operated by Abellio Rail NRW.
New electric rolling stock for the S5 and S8 lines was introduced in December 2014 after having been tested on S68 since October 2014. These Alstom Coradia trains are operated by DB Regio NRW and offer on-board toilet facilities.
All trains of Rhine-Ruhr S-Bahn ran with the red DB livery except for the S7 and S28 trainsets which are painted in the colours of their respective operators.
Rolling stock after 2019
Starting in December 2019, there will be major changes in the Ruhr area section of the network: The standard service pattern will be altered from a 20-minute to a 30-minute or 15-minute headway. Services around Düsseldorf and Cologne will not be affected and remain on their 20-minute schedule.
Several services will no longer be operated by DB Regio NRW, but by Abellio Rail NRW. Simultaneously, the livery of all trains will change to green and white to uphold a uniform appearance regardless of operator.
Lines S2, S3 and S9 as well as several Regionalbahn lines that will complement or supplant S-Bahn services will use Stadler FLIRT 3 XL units. Upon eventual electrification, those are also going to run on line S28, sporting Regiobahn's red and white livery.
Lines
The region's lines were mainly built by three major private railway companies of the early industrial era: The Cologne-Minden Railway Company, the Bergisch-Märkische Railway Company and the Rhenish Railway Company. After nationalisation and in the post-WW2-era, more lines were built or altered to accommodate S-Bahn services.
A number of tunnel sections were added to extend the S-Bahn to new high-density housing estates (e. g. Cologne-Chorweiler), to suburbs that had historically been villages (e. g. Dortmund-Lütgendortmund station) or the Dortmund university founded in 1968.
Lines before December 2019
Kursbuchstrecken 450.x (x is equivalent to the number of the line), as of 13 December 2009.
Lines after December 2019
Network map
See also
List of rapid transit systems
References
External links
www.marco-wegener.de – Information and History of Rhine-Ruhr-Sieg S-Bahn (German)
Deutsche Bahn
S-Bahn in Germany |
4025315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augur%20%28disambiguation%29 | Augur (disambiguation) | An augur is a public official in ancient Rome.
Augur may also refer to:
People
Christopher C. Augur (1821–1898), American Civil War officer
Helen Augur (died 1969), American journalist
Hezekiah Augur (1791–1858), American sculptor and inventor
Jean Augur (1934–1993), British teacher and dyslexia activist
Fiction
Augur, the eighth month of the fictional Zork calendar
Augur, a fictional weapon from the Resistance: Fall of Man video game
Other uses
Augur (software), a decentralized prediction market built using Ethereum
Augur buzzard, an African bird of prey
Augur (caste), a sub-group of the Jogi caste in India
Eugene Augur, a countercultural underground newspaper published 1969–1974
See also
Agar (disambiguation)
Auger (disambiguation) |
4025335 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Raven | Andrew Raven | Andrew Owen Earle Raven OBE (22 January 1959 – 4 October 2005) was a British conservationist and an influential contributor to modern land policy in Scotland.
The eldest son of John Raven, a Cambridge University classics don, and grandson of Charles E. Raven, Regius Professor of Divinity at Cambridge, he developed professional expertise in land management. He was a trustee of the John Muir Trust from 1989 to 1995, a time when the charity started to acquire land in the Scottish Highlands. In 1995 he became their Director of Land Management.
In 1992 he became a member of the Council of the Rural Forum, a highly influential group which for the first time brought together rural communities and Scottish policy-makers. Three years later he joined the Scottish Consumer Council, seeing himself there as the voice of rural Scotland in consumer affairs. In 2000, he was appointed a Commissioner of the Forestry Commission, becoming the chairman of its National Committee for Scotland in 2003.
Raven was awarded an OBE in 2005.
He died of non-Hodgkin lymphoma at the age of 46 on 4 October 2005.
References
Obituary: Andrew Raven, The Daily Telegraph, 8 October 2005.
Pepper, Simon. Obituary: Andrew Raven, The Guardian, 10 October 2005.
Minister backs deer cull call, BBC News, 5 November 2001
External links
Carbon and the Climate: Implications for Rural Land Use - The First Andrew Raven Memorial Weekend at Ardtornish, 8-10 June 2007
1959 births
2005 deaths
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People from Cambridge
British conservationists
Deaths from lymphoma |
4025336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry%20of%20Development%20%28Greece%29 | Ministry of Development (Greece) | The Ministry of Development () of Greece was created in January 1996 by then Prime Minister Costas Simitis through the merger of three former ministries: the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Technology, the Ministry of Commerce and the Ministry of Tourism). The Ministry of Development was abolished after the 2009 election and its role taken over by the Ministry of the Economy, Competitiveness and Shipping and later by the newly established Ministry of Development and Investment.
List of Ministers for Development
See also
Cabinet of Greece
External links
Ministry website (archived)
Defunct government ministries of Greece
Lists of government ministers of Greece
Ministries established in 1996 |
4025350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleophora | Coleophora | Coleophora is a very large genus of moths of the family Coleophoridae. It contains some 1,350 described species. The genus is represented on all continents, but the majority are found in the Nearctic and Palaearctic regions. Many authors have tried splitting the genus into numerous smaller ones, but most of these have not become widely accepted.
As with most members of the family, the larvae initially feed on the seeds, flowers or leaves of the host plant, but when larger, they feed externally and construct distinctive protective silken cases, often incorporating plant material. Many species have specific host plants; discarded larval cases are often scattered thickly on affected plants.
Technical description
For terms see External morphology of Lepidoptera
Antennae 4/5, porrected in repose, often thickened with scales towards base, in male simple, basal joint long, usually with rough scales or projecting tuft. Labial palpi rather long, recurved, second joint more or less roughscaled or tufted towards apex beneath, terminal shorter, acute. Posterior tibiae rough - haired. Forewings with costa often long - haired beneath ; lb furcate, 4 sometimes absent, 5 absent, 6 and 7 connate or stalked, 7 to costa, 8 absent. Hindwings 2/3, linear-lanceolate, cilia 3-4 ; transverse veins sometimes partly absent, 4 usually absent, 6 and 7 closely approximated or stalked.
Gallery
Synonyms
References
External links
Fauna Europaea
Nomina Insecta Nearctica
HOSTS - Caterpillar Hostplants Database
Coleophora at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera pages
Moth genera
Taxa named by Jacob Hübner |
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.