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4018676 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sununu | Sununu | Sununu is the surname of three U.S. politicians who are all from the same New Hampshire political dynasty:
John H. Sununu (born 1939), governor of New Hampshire (1983-1989) and White House Chief of Staff for George H. W. Bush 1989-1991
John E. Sununu (born 1964), son of John H. Sununu and brother of Chris Sununu, U.S. congressman (1997-2003) and U.S. senator 2003-2009
Chris Sununu (born 1974), son of John H. Sununu and brother of John E. Sununu. Current governor of New Hampshire since 2017. |
4018677 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Carberry | John Carberry | John Joseph Cardinal Carberry (July 31, 1904 – June 17, 1998) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as archbishop of the Archdiocese of St. Louis in Missouri from 1968 to 1979, and was created a cardinal in 1969. He previously served as bishop of the Diocese of Lafayette in Indiana from 1957 to 1965 and bishop of the Diocese of Columbus in Ohio from 1965 to 1968.
During his term as archbishop, Carberry was a strong advocate for ecumenicism and racial justice.
Biography
Early life and education
John Joseph Carberry was born in Brooklyn, New York, the youngest of ten children of James Joseph and Mary Elizabeth (née O'Keefe) Carberry. His father worked as a clerk at Kings County Court. He received his early education at the parochial school of St. Boniface Parish in Brooklyn. In 1919, at age 15, he enrolled at Cathedral College of the Immaculate Conception in Queens. He excelled in both baseball and the violinat the college.
From 1924 to 1930, Carberry studied for the priesthood in Rome, where he resided at the Pontifical North American College. He earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree (1929) and a Doctor of Theology degree (1930) from the Pontifical Urbaniana University.
Ordination and ministry
On June 28, 1929, Carberry was ordained a priest for the Diocese of Brooklyn by Cardinal Francesco Selvaggiani in Rome. Following his return to New York, Carberry was assigned as a curate at St. Peter's Parish in Glen Cove, where he remained for one year. He continued his studies at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., where he received a Doctor of Canon Law degree in 1934. Carberry then served as a curate at St. Patrick's Parish in Huntington, New York, for one year.
From 1935 to 1940, Carberry was on loan to the Diocese of Trenton in New Jersey, serving as secretary to Bishop Moses E. Kiley and assistant chancellor of the diocese. He also taught at Trenton Cathedral High School in Trenton, New Jersey, from 1939 to 1940. Returning to New York, Carberry taught at St. Dominic High School in Oyster Bay, New York, before serving as professor of canon law at Seminary of the Immaculate Conception in Huntington, New York, from 1941 to 1945.
Carberry was an officialis of the Diocese of Brooklyn from 1945 to 1956, serving as chief judge of the diocesan court. He also served as diocesan director for radio and television, becoming known as the "radio priest." Carberry was named a papal chamberlain on February 3, 1948, and raised to the rank of domestic prelate on May 7, 1954. From 1955 to 1956, Carberry served as president of the Canon Law Society of America.
Bishop of Lafayette
On May 3, 1956, Carberry was appointed coadjutor bishop of the Diocese of Lafayette and titular bishop of Elis by Pope Pius XII. He received his episcopal consecration on July 25, 1956, from Bishop Raymond Kearney, with Bishops George W. Ahr and John Benjamin Grellinger serving as co-consecrators, at the Our Lady of Perpetual Help Church In Brooklyn Carberry selected as his episcopal motto: Maria, Regina Mater (Latin: "Mary, Queen and Mother"). His installation took place at the Cathedral of St. Mary in Lafayette, Indiana, on August 22, 1956 .
Upon the death of Bishop John Bennett, Carberry automatically succeeded him as the second bishop of Lafayette on November 20, 1957. He convened the first diocesan synod and established the Diocesan Council of Men and the Society for Priestly Vocations during his tenure. Carberry attended all four sessions of the Second Vatican Council between 1962 and 1965. During its third session, he addressed the Council on Dignitatis humanae, the declaration on religious liberty.
Bishop of Columbus
Carberry was appointed the seventh bishop of the Diocese of Columbus by Pope Paul VI on January 16, 1965. He was installed at St. Joseph's Cathedral in Columbus, Ohio, on March 25, 1965. During his tenure in Columbus, he implemented the reforms of the Second Vatican Council and supported the Civil Rights Movement and ecumenical movement. He established the Clergy Advisory Council, and oversaw the renovation of St. Joseph's Cathedral after issuing regulations for liturgical changes. Carberry also bought a new building to centralize the offices of the diocesan chancery. In 1966, he was named by Cardinal Francis Spellman as vicar delegate of the Military Ordinariate for Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama.
As a member of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops, Carberry served as chair of the Committee on Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs from 1965 to 1969. He helped found the Inter-Church Board for Metropolitan Affairs, the first organization in the United States uniting Protestants and Catholics for ecumenism and social action. In January 1968, he became the first Catholic bishop to receive the Ohio Council of Churches' annual "Pastor of Pastors" award. in January 1968, Carberry received a letter from the American Jewish Congress protesting anti-Semitic language and imagery in a passion play staged each year by a parish in Union City, New Jersey. Carberry passed these concerns to Archbishop Thomas Boland, who directed the parish to make the necessary changes.
Archbishop of St. Louis
On February 14, 1968, Carberry was appointed the fifth archbishop of the Archdiocese of St. Louis. His installation took place at the Cathedral of St. Louis in St. Louis, Missouri, on March 25, 1968. Carberry was considered more theologically conservative than his predecessor, Cardinal Joseph Ritter. Time Magazine described him as being "threatened by a world he does not understand." Carberry strongly defended Humanae vitae, and created the Archdiocesan Pro-Life Commission. Paul VI created Carberry acardinal priest of S. Giovanni Battista de Rossi a via Latina in the consistory of April 28, 1969. In 1969, Carberry removed about 60 of his seminarians from a class at the Saint Louis University Divinity School, in objection to their being taught Pauls' epistles by the Presbyterian scholar Keith Nickle.
In 1971, Carberry made a controversial decision to close McBride High school in largely black North St. Louis area, while subsidizing a swimming pool at John F. Kennedy High School in Manchester, Missouri, a wealthy suburb. Carberry moved his own residence from the episcopal residence in St. Louis to suburban Creve Coeur, Missouri. In 1972, Carberry established the Urban Services Apostolate for inner-city parishes in the archdiocese. He was elected vice-president of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops in 1974, and was a delegate to the World Synod of Bishops in 1972, 1974 and 1976. Carberry initially opposed the reception of communion by hand, believing it was irreverent and risked the possibility of recipients stealing hosts to use at black masses. However, he later permitted this practice in St. Louis in 1977. That same year, he ordained the first permanent deacons in the archdiocese.
Carberry was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the conclaves of August and October 1978, which selected Popes John Paul I and John Paul II, respectively. Carberry helped lead an internal campaign against the liberal Archbishop Jean Jadot, the apostolic delegate to the United States, whom he perceived as "destroying the Catholic Church in the United States." Carberry was a vocal critic of the television sitcom Maude, which he said "injected CBS-TV as advocate of a moral and political position that many not only oppose but find positively offensive as immoral. ...The decision to secure an abortion or the decision to have a vasectomy, even for those who choose them, is hardly a joke."
Later life and death
Upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75 for bishops, Carberry resigned as archbishop of St. Louis on July 31, 1979. He was succeeded by Bishop John L. May, then serving as Bishop of Mobile. After suffering a stroke in 1988, Carberry moved into St. Agnes Home in Kirkwood, Missouri, where he died at age 93. He died soon after his only living relative, sister, Loretto Carberry. He is buried in the crypt of the Cathedral of St. Louis.
References
External links
Roman Catholic Diocese of Lafayette, Indiana Official website
1904 births
1998 deaths
20th-century American cardinals
Clergy from St. Louis
American Roman Catholic clergy of Irish descent
People from Brooklyn
People from Columbus, Ohio
People from Lafayette, Indiana
Roman Catholic bishops of Lafayette in Indiana
Roman Catholic bishops of Columbus
Roman Catholic archbishops of St. Louis
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
Burials at the Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis (St. Louis)
Cardinals created by Pope Paul VI
Pontifical Urban University alumni
Catholic University of America alumni
Catholics from New York (state) |
4018679 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benwell | Benwell | Benwell is an area in the West End of Newcastle upon Tyne, England.
History
The place-name 'Benwell' is first attested in the Historia de Sancto Cuthberto circa 1050 AD, where it appears as Bynnewalle, from the Old English bionnan walle, meaning "inside the wall". This refers to Benwell's position relative to Hadrian's Wall (adjoining which was the Roman fort of Condercum, hence the modern Condercum Road nearby). The fort was covered over by subsequent development in the area, but the remains of a Roman temple can still be seen in the vicinity. Benwell is situated between Hadrian's Wall to the north and the River Tyne to the south, and in medieval times it was part of the Barony of Bolbec.
By the 13th century the medieval manor of Benwell had been subdivided, originally into two, but then one of the halves was further subdivided. So, although people usually refer to the three sections of Benwell Manor as ‘thirds’, this gives a misleading impression, because one of the ‘thirds’ was larger and wealthier than the other two. This third belonged to the Scot family, who were wealthy merchants from Newcastle and by 1296 they were the principal taxpayers in Benwell. The Scot family later went on to create a deer park in 1367, which later became Scotswood.
In the 16th century Benwell village was arranged in two rows of houses on either side of a wide street or green. A plain oblong tower, three storeys high with battlements around the roof was also recorded as being built.
In 1540, the Crown, under King Henry VIII, took possession of Benwell Tower from Tynemouth Priory when it dissolved the monasteries.
Early in the 17th century, Benwell was split into smaller estates which were bought by the Shafto and Riddell families who were merchant families interested in exploiting the coal reserves on the banks of the Tyne.
Benwell Colliery was opened in 1766 and operated until 1938.
The original layout of Benwell exists in the form of Benwell Village, Benwell Lane, Ferguson's Lane and Fox and Hounds Lane; however, no buildings still exist other than from the early 19th century. The tower from the 16th century was rebuilt in the 18th century and then all traces were removed when the present hall, Benwell Towers was built in a Tudor style by John Dobson in 1831. Benwell Towers featured in the BBC television show Byker Grove.
By the 1990s, Benwell was widely regarded as one of the most troubled parts of Tyneside, if not the whole of Britain. In April 1994, The Independent reported that unemployment in the area stood at 24% (well over twice the national average) and that drug abuse and arson were both a major problem in the area, with a number of arson attacks known to have been carried out in an attempt to intimidate witnesses to crimes and deter them from giving evidence in court.
Much like similar parts of West Newcastle, since the 2010s, regeneration has been underway with new housing developments and improved community facilities across Benwell, including a 2000-home housing estate, The Rise, and improvements to Benwell's main shopping centres.
Governance
The area is represented on Newcastle City Council as part of the Benwell and Scotswood ward, with three Labour councillors, including Jeremy Beecham, the former chairman of the Labour Party and the Local Government Association. He was first elected for Benwell in 1967.
Famous residents and facts
Joe Laws is a British professional boxer, known for his outspoken personality and his popularity with his hometown fans.
Alan Robson MBE (born 1 October 1955) is a British radio presenter who presented the late night phone-in show, NightOwls on Metro Radio, a local commercial station in the North East
Richard Grainger who built the markets, The Monument, Grainger Street, Theatre Royal and Grey Street is buried in St James' Churchyard in Benwell.
Dorothy Liddell, noted archaeologist, was born in Benwell.
John Aidan Liddell, VC, MC, Captain Princess Louise’s Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders; pilot 7 Squadron Royal Flying Corps; brother to Dorothy; recipient of Victoria Cross, flying reconnaissance near Ostend, 31 July 1915.
William George Armstrong / Lord Armstrong (hence Armstrong Road in Benwell) started up munitions production after 1850, which created the demand for the terraced housing in Benwell
Joseph Swan established the world's first electric light bulb factory in Benwell in 1881. The factory supplied the lights for Mosley Street in Newcastle which was the first street in the UK to be lit by electric light
John Buddle was a local mining engineer, who invented and developed the means of mining coal deeply and thereby began the industrial development of the area in the early 19th century. He is commemorated in "Buddle Road". He is buried in a family crypt in the graveyard of St James' Church; for which he donated 3/4 acres for its building and was principal in having the church built. The crypt is constructed in a seam of coal, the very ore he dedicated his life to.
Richard Scot, the son of John Scot, bounded of land to make a deer park. This has been attributed as the origin of Scotswood
Bill Steel, TV & Radio presenter, actor, broadcast journalist, lived in Benwell as a boy at 170 Atkinson Road with his parents & brother & sister
Alan Hull, a musician, songwriter, and member of Lindisfarne, was born in Benwell.
Robert Thomas Atkinson was a successful mining engineer who owned High Cross House, that once stood around the current area of Elswick Road and the corners of Maria St., Caroline St. and St John's Road. Hence the origin of "Atkinson Road". He was the nephew of John Buddle and took over many of his positions upon the death of Buddle. He too is buried in the family crypt at St James' Church. He died only two years after the death of John Buddle. He had donated further land for the expansion of the church graveyard.
The Reverend William Maughan was the first incumbent vicar of St James' Church, he was the vicar from 1843 - 1877. He is buried in the church graveyard with his wife Mary. Mary was the wife of Robert Thomas Atkinson and upon his death married William.
William Surtees had Benwell Hall built. He was the brother of Bessie Surtees (made famous by her elopement with John Scott, 1st Earl of Eldon). The Hall was demolished in 1982.
William August Fisher was born in Benwell to Russian parents in 1903, and lived at 142 Clara Street. Using the name Rudolf Abel he was arrested in New York in 1957 as a Soviet spy and was the person exchanged for Gary Powers, the pilot in the U2 bomber incident, in 1962.
References
External links
National statistics ward info
Newcastle council ward info
Districts of Newcastle upon Tyne |
4018680 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin%20Kingdom%20Valley | Twin Kingdom Valley | Twin Kingdom Valley is a text adventure game with animated pictures (on most formats) for the BBC Micro, Acorn Electron, Commodore 64, Commodore 16, and ZX Spectrum. It was released in 1983 by Bug-Byte.
Gameplay
Twin Kingdom Valley is a work of interactive fiction where the player enters commands such as "take jug" at a command prompt and is told the outcome of their move ("I have it now"). Each such command takes up one unit of time, during which other non-player characters will also move and take actions.
It was one of the first text adventure games to have active non-player characters. The characters are interactive, and have their own personalities: some are friendly, and will follow and defend the player, while others are hostile. Witches and kings are complex characters, whereas gorillas and trolls are simpler. Battle sequences have additional features including weapons which can be dropped, broken, thrown or taken away by enemies.
Plot
The main character of this game, referred to as "you" by the game engine, is a treasure hunter. The player starts the game at the southern edge of the forest kingdom, with few possessions. An early encounter with the innkeeper of The Sword Inn may persuade the player to rent a small log cabin from him. In the cabin are some very meager supplies, such as a plain jug.
To progress through the game, the player must determine which characters to regard as friends, and which as foes. Some characters, such as a gorilla who attacks the player with a wooden club, are clearly presented as foes, while others are ambiguous.
There are two kingdoms - a forest and a desert - separated by a deep canyon. Each kingdom is ruled by a king, and the kings do not get along with one another. The player is told that the situation has got worse recently, and a royal from the forest kingdom is missing, the crime being attributed to the desert king. With two rich kingdoms at war, it is suggested that the player could take advantage of this and loot treasure from both sides. As the game progresses, the player finds it a challenge to transport spoils back to the log cabin, and is forced at times to choose between carrying a treasure and carrying a weapon, both types of object being at risk of theft if left unguarded.
The plot develops over time. In the original BBC Micro game, there were a limited number of locations and graphics. Some additions appear in the C64 version, though the plot is largely the same. The modern smartphone edition of the game yet more locations and some new plot twists.
Development
Concept
The game was inspired by the original Adventure by Will Crowther. The original game engine was written in 6502 assembly language. The game was then ported to Z80 for the Spectrum. The newer versions (for Commodore 64 and Spectrum) have an extended game. The game set out to add a level of realism through the addition of images, and complex characters.
The beginnings of the game were more of a peer pressure challenge than a commercial venture. At that time, access to the "massive machines" (by the standards of the day) needed to run the original adventure were limited. The thought was: surely this can be done on a home computer, somehow. The slowness of high level language code (Basic) on home systems ruled that out as a path, and there was no access to a FORTRAN compiler at the time. That's why assembly was chosen. Few people had run the original, and (having graduated) those students who had access to university equipment capable of running the game had lost that privileged access. So the elements recalled (teasingly) resembled the original, with a road, a building (containing useful items, such as keys and a lamp) being repeated. The building is in the forest, with a spring nearby. However, beyond this teaser that it is a kind of clone, the similarity ends. The plan changed to "why copy, when you can do better".
Rather than just modelling a cave, the challenge was to model a larger world, with many above ground, underground, inside and outside locations. Twin Kingdom Valley features 175 rooms.
A somewhat medieval era was chosen for the game, allowing elements of mysticism. All combat was designed as basic hand-to-hand style, with the player and other characters taking turns to trade blows, Turns are always initiated by the player's typing, rather than occurring in real time. If the player attempts to flee from combat, the opponent is permitted one attack before the player moves. The player's behavior is modelled in the same manner as the characters. Like similar games, characters have various limits, such as their maximum health and rate of healing, and the carrying capacity.
Graphics
A major section of the software is a custom graphics language, which is an early scalable vector graphics format. Hundreds of images of objects and locations are drawn in the game using this custom tool. Perspective of a limited kind is achieved by permitting images to be drawn scaled down within another image. For example, a castle model would be designed for close up view, but could also be drawn as a subroutine for a distant castle in a desert. The graphics speed was about 10 polygons per second, so the game could not afford to write background polygons and over fill. Images are just created by flood fills, such that each screen pixels is filled only once. A modern PC (using an emulator) can paint these pictures instantly, but the original game owners would need to wait three or four seconds for the screen to paint.
The graphics commands had to be heavily compressed, due to the limited memory space budget.
Consider a line drawing call, which does a "draw to" from current position, with a color and new x,y coordinates.
If you use 6502 to: load register x with the x coordinate, load register y with the y coordinate, load accumulator with a color, and then call "Draw line", you have used up 9 bytes. If there are a total of 1000 such lines in all game images, then that would be 9K gone. The actual memory used for a draw command in the game is 2 bytes.
To draw and fill an outline, 3 basic commands are needed: Move, Draw, Fill. A move (to start of shape) followed by drawing to each point on the outline, until the shape is closed, then filling within the shape. Draw and fill need a color for the line. All of Move Draw and Fill need a coordinate. To decode this efficiently, just 2 bits are needed to resolve "Move, Draw, Fill, "any other instruction" in an assembly language. An extra bit determines if the command has absolute screen coordinates, or a relative position. 3 bits give a choice of 8 colors, and finally 10 bits give two 5 bit x,y coordinates.
The other commands (not needing coordinates) included: Calling a subroutine, ending a subroutine, drawing a circular arc (center at the last moved coordinate) etc. Complex images, such as a cabin made of many logs, use a loop instruction, similar to for loop in C, with a constant loop limit. The assembly language has no concept of variables, and no branching instructions.
Game engine
The game has several micro databases of information, representing the locations, objects which can be used, various creatures, and other data. The game engine runs a simulated world for these items. A small AI module allows the non-player characters to make decisions.
The location engine has some features to save memory. In most locations there are just a few words, but a detailed (bit packed) "exit database" is interpreted to make longer descriptions. These descriptions can vary as bits are set and cleared for locked and unlocked doors. A location with about eight lines of text describing it may be less than 30 bytes of data. Words used in the game location database are stored as a single byte per word, which look up into a 256 word list, and as a result many words are reused several times.
For example, "You are by a babbling brook, North you can see a stream, South you can see a road, North West is a deep river". The words "You are" are added by the game engine. "by a babbling brook" is just 4 bytes of data, a 5th byte encodes the length (4) of the message in words. The location has 3 exits, which are coded as 2 or 3 bytes per exit. Byte 1 has the compass direction plus up or down (6 bits for N,S,E,W,U,D). An additional bit marks special exits such as locked doors. An additional byte then defines various bits for locked/unlocked or "can see through, cannot see through" etc. Finally a byte for the destination. The first word of the destination is then skipped, so: If North led to "By a stream", the word "By" is omitted, and the words "you can see" are added, giving "North you can see a stream" using just 2 bytes.
All of this compression was needed to fit the game within the 32k limit or the original BBC Micro system. 10k is lost as the screen buffer, so the game memory is down to 22k from the start. With some of the memory needed for variable space or stack, the available code are in such as system is nearer to 20k. If the game had 200 locations at 30 bytes per location, this would be 6k. Even this would leave almost no space for game code, especially graphics. The original versions of the game had fewer than 200 unique locations, for this reason. There are roughly 180 locations in early editions (such as that of the BBC Micro), and 190 in later editions (such as the Commodore 64 version). Other game tables (such as those for creatures or objects) are much smaller.
The game has a small data reset block, which re-locks doors and other objects when the player starts a new game. In later versions (such as C64), extra memory allowed for some longer messages in plain text for special game events and puzzles.
Because creatures can hold objects, all creatures are treated as special locations by the game engine. An object has a single byte location which can be a room or a creature, and all locations above 200 are reserved for creatures, or other special location codes (such as "broken").
Continued development
The game was in active development again in 2006, due to the availability of new platforms. The game engine has been ported, from the original 6502, into Java, with some game design tools in C#.
Reception
Reviews were generally positive. The World of Spectrum link has many screen captures of magazine reviews of the game.
Here are the ratings given by Crash Magazine, for the ZX Spectrum version:
Atmosphere: 9
Vocabulary: 7
Logic: 7
Debugging: 7
Overall value: 8
That review comments on the peculiarities which occur when porting games from the BBC micro or C64 to the ZX Spectrum. The original BBC version had been reported by the maker, Bug Byte, as a "No. 1 hit" by one magazine, reportedly based on sales figures. There is little or no information available on how magazines at the time compiled such charts. However, the sales were clearly significant enough for the publisher to request the various ports listed, and to run many full page adverts for the game.
Letters were sent to the game publisher, in a time before "internet review systems" had been created. These are long lost, but did include generally positive comments. Most notable among them was a letter from the father of a blind child, who was able to play the game, thanks to the included speech synthesizer support.
References
External links
Official website
1983 video games
BBC Micro and Acorn Electron games
Commodore 16 and Plus/4 games
Commodore 64 games
Fantasy video games
1980s interactive fiction
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
ZX Spectrum games
Bug-Byte Software games
Single-player video games |
4018683 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%20ownership%20in%20Turkey | Land ownership in Turkey | Land ownership in Turkey had been constrained by the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century. This was to prevent foreigners from competing with natives for desirable property. This policy was continued when Turkey became independent in the early 20th century. The policy was relaxed during the 21st century.
In 2003, property purchases were opened to foreign nationals though restrictions were retained for various provinces. When these restrictions were violated in 2005, the law was annulled by Turkish courts. Despite this, property purchases continue. As of 2008, 63,085 properties had been sold to over 73,103 foreigners. This includes of land valued at US$10.4 billion, mostly by German, British and Greek citizens.
Land ownership in Turkey
The Turkish government controls a high proportion of land, either directly, under the authority of the Undersecretariat of Treasury or indirectly through the inheritance and management of Ottoman foundations under the authority of the General Directorate for Foundations. Investment through land ownership was and still is the most widespread and profitable investment method during the past decades, especially in the middle east countries, because land ownership adds stability, stability, and a better guarantee for the future and its fluctuations for most investors. Against demand, which raises the market value of the land and makes owning it a distinct investment opportunity.
History
During the weakening phase of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century and the global dominance of new imperialism, purchases without constraint and effective surveillance of real estate by the nationals and companies of western powers was one of the issues on which the Ottoman state had been subjected to the direst foreign pressures. As a consequence of these pressures, The Ottoman Land Code of 1858 was passed, it's reformed taxation and land law. An 1858 firman on "Reform" had announced a grant of permission in this respect, but the necessary legal arrangements had been delayed till 1868. With the enactment of the 1868 regulation, according to one estimate, British capitalist-farmers (see Levantine mansions of İzmir) had almost immediately emerged as having acquired one third of all arable lands in the entire vilayet of İzmir (Aydın in name), possibly held in an indirect manner till then, and by 1878, the majority of the arable land in the same province. This trend coincided with the influx of refugees from lands lost for the Ottoman Empire, and the migrants often saw themselves having to buy property from foreigners in their own country. A further law in 1913 also allowed foreign legal entities (companies, foundations etc.) to purchase property in Ottoman lands, with decisive effects for the early foundations of the state of Israel. A partial about-face by the Committee of Union and Progress, simultaneous to the outbreak of the World War I in Europe, was one of the causes for the deterioration of relations between Turkey and the Allied powers Britain, France and Italy. The Treaty of Lausanne which established modern Turkey laid a ground based on a strict understanding of reciprocity in the matter, on a bilateral and contractual bases as concluded with individual countries at first, and full legal reciprocity after 1934.
Legal framework
However, following steps taken by Turkey's main opposition party CHP, the modifications brought by the 2003 by-law were declared as void by the Turkish Constitutional Court on 26 April 2005, in a decision to enter into effect as of 27 July 2005 and the purchase of real estate by foreign nationals was suspended until a modified law dated 7 January 2006 was brought into effect. This law, Law Nr. 5444, now enacted, instead of being a by-law modifying various paragraphs of the 1934 Property Act, is a fully stated legal text (still on the basis of a modification of the 1934 Act).
A foreign national cannot purchase more than 25,000m2 (6 acres) of land (constructed or not) in Turkey without special consent from the Turkish Council of Ministers. The council of Ministers is authorised to increase this limit up to 300,000m2 per person.
Foreign national ownership of real estate cannot exceed 10% of land in any designated town.
The property also has to be within a designated or zoned area in a municipality. Foreigners can not buy in villages.
Foreign ownership market trends to 2005
It was also observed that, during this 2-year period, the districts most favoured by foreign buyers were Alanya, Fethiye, Didim, Bodrum, Kuşadası along the coastline, as well as Ürgüp in Cappadocia. Alanya is a particularly preferred location for Germans and Scandinavians, while the British purchases are at their highest level of concentration in Fethiye and Didim.
Controversy
The foreign purchase of real estate is a widely discussed subject in the Turkish media and among the public. Some of the opinions put forth in this context may not be based on sound facts, while others are results of in-depth studies.
Turkey's real estate agents have organised themselves to demarcate the definition and the boundaries of their profession and to discourage occasional and non-professional intermediaries. These efforts included professional standards established in 2004. Real estate agents are required to be members (and exhibit their membership) of the association set up for their region. These regional associations are organised within the framework of the national federation, Temfed, which provides a full list of the regional associations.
Market data under the new legislation (after 7 January 2006)
Information on overseas buyers provided by the First Economic Counsellor of the Turkish Embassy in London for 2006 was as follows:
The most recent data provided by the Ministry, covering the period from 2002 (when the incumbent government came into office) to 2008 indicates a total of 63,085 land lots sold to 73,103 foreign private persons, extending to a total area of 25,350,361 square meters. As such, a total of seventy four seventy five thousand foreign nationals own an area of of lands in Turkey. As of 2007, on area basis the provinces of Muğla (4,445,259 meter squares), Antalya (3,810,118 meter squares), Aydın (3,001,075 meter squares) came in the lead. On the basis of the number of foreign nationals acquiring property, the situation was as follows: Antalya (26,031 foreign nationals), Muğla (12,865 foreign nationals), İstanbul (8,830 foreign nationals), Aydın (7,415 foreign nationals), Bursa (5,241 foreign nationals), İzmir (4,145 foreign nationals). German nationals came the first in Antalya Province and British citizens in Muğla and Aydın Provinces. Purchases by Greek nationals displayed a striking preeminence in İstanbul and, in a more recent trend, in Bursa.
See also
Economy of Turkey
Tourism in Turkey
Marinas in Turkey
Shopping malls in Turkey
References
Economy of Turkey |
4018685 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine%20Right | Divine Right | Divine Right may refer to:
The Divine right of kings, the doctrine that a monarch derives his or her power directly from God
"The Divine Right of Kings" (poem), an 1845 poem attributed to Edgar Allan Poe
Divine Right (game), a 1979 fantasy wargame
Divine Right: The Adventures of Max Faraday, a comic book series, 1997–1999
Divine Right, a 1989 anthology in the Merovingen Nights series
"Divine Right", a song on the 2004 album Hi-Fi High Lights Down Low by Lodger (Finnish band)
The Divine Right, a 1996 play by Peter Whelan
"Divine Right", a 1954 short story by J. T. McIntosh
See also
Divine Right's Trip, a 1972 novel by Gurney Norman
By Divine Right, a Canadian indie rock band |
4018698 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilakanta%20Sri%20Ram | Nilakanta Sri Ram | Nilakanta Sri Ram or Nilakantha Sri Ram (N. Sri Ram) (* 15 December 1889 in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India; died 8 April 1973 in Adyar, India) was a freemason, theosophist and president of the Theosophical Society Adyar during twenty years.
Biography
In his early years, Sri Ram worked under Annie Besant in various capacities. Sri Ram was a teacher at the Besant Theosophical College in Madanapalle, the National School in Bangalore and the National University of India in Chennai.
The twenty years of Sri Ram’s Presidency represented a very important change in the work of the Theosophical Society and also in the perception its members had of the nature of Theosophy. His achievement was indeed an outstanding one: a shift from an emphasis on the occult side of things and its related phenomena, to the focus on the lofty ethics of Theosophy, or true occultism, and its role in the transformation of the human consciousness. N. Sri Ram was the last President of the TS to have had contact with the President-Founder, Col. Olcott. He represented a link with the very origins of the Society and its work, not only historically but above all spiritually.
Sri Ram's daughter Radha Burnier was the seventh president of the Theosophical Society Adyar, from 1980 until 2013.
He became president of the TS Adyar in 1953 and stayed in that office till his death in 1973. He was also member of Le Droit Humain.
Works (selection)
An approach to reality. Theosophical Publishing House, Madras 1968
On the watch tower, selected editorial notes from The Theosophist, 1953-1966. Theosophical Publishing House, Madras 1966
The human interest and other addresses and short essays. Theosophical Publishing House, Wheaton 1968
A Theosophist Looks at the World Adyar, Chennai, India: Theosophical Publishing House, 1950.
An Approach to Reality and Man. Adyar, Chennai, India: Theosophical Publishing House, 1951.
Man, His Origins and Evolution, Adyar, Chennai, India: Theosophical Publishing House, 1952.
Thoughts for Aspirants, Adyar, Chennai, India: Theosophical Publishing House, 1957.
On the Watch Tower, Selected Editorial Notes from "The Theosophist, 1953-1966". Adyar, Chennai, India: Theosophical Publishing House, 1966. A compilation of his articles.
The Human Interest and Other Addresses and Short Essays. Adyar, Chennai, India: Theosophical Publishing House, 1968, and previous edition published around 1951.
Life's Deeper Aspect, Adyar, Chennai, India: Theosophical Publishing House, 1968.
Seeking Wisdom Adyar, Chennai, India: Theosophical Pub. House, 1969.
The Nature of Our Seeking, 1973.
The Way of Wisdom, Adyar, Chennai, India: Theosophical Publishing House, 1989.
External links
Biography by the Theosophical Society
Articles and books extracts by Nilakanta Sri Ram
Articles by N. Sri Ram on The Campbell Theosophical Research Library
Audio conferences by N. Sri Ram
Indian Theosophists
Indian Freemasons
1889 births
1973 deaths
People from Thanjavur |
4018703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annitsford | Annitsford | Annitsford is a village located in North Tyneside, on the border between Tyne and Wear and Northumberland.
The main conurbation of the village falls under the jurisdiction of the Borough of North Tyneside in Tyne and Wear.
History
The name of the village is the modern-day version of Annet's Ford, which was a crossing place over the Seaton Burn which flows eastward through the village. Annitsford borders the villages of Dudley and Fordley, the former taking its name from the son of the mine owner, the latter taking its name from the last part of the village names for Annitsford and Dudley.
There is one public house in the village, The Bridge (formerly The Bridge Inn) and it is over 140 years old. It is shown on maps of the village dated 1864, together with the Annitsford Brewery (Annetsford Brewery). This was resited further along the village in later years, and which in later life was a soft drink factory (Dickmans), turning into a transport café circa early 1970s. The premises is now shared by an Indian takeaway (Annitsford Tandoori) and a Fish & Chip shop (K&L Fisheries). The Bridge Inn was for many years in the custodianship of the Swinhoe family, culminating in its massive popularity as a Steak House with a reputation regionwide, throughout the seventies and eighties until the retirement of Gladys & Bill Swinhoe. The fortunes of the pub have not hit those heights since. There are two (CIU) Working Men's Social Clubs in the village, The Pioneer & the United Irish League (The Ranch).
Religion
The village school, Annitsford First School was closed and demolished, eventually making way for a housing development. The same fate fell a number of years earlier to the village's Catholic school and shapel (Annitsford RC Primary), which was built in 1871. The village has a history of strong Irish Catholic links formed by the immigrant workers who came over in the late 19th century to find work in the nearby mines of Dudley and Weetslade.
The Annitsford Roman Catholic Church, St John The Baptist RC Church still stands on the northern edge of the village, but with boundary and road changes, the modern-day person would regard this as being part of the southern edge of Cramlington. In the grounds of the church is buried one of Annitsford's most famous sons, the world-renowned opera singer Owen Brannigan. Descendants of Brannigan's family still live in the village and a street is named after him, in nearby Fordley, Owen Brannigan Drive. Not to be outdone, the Methodists also had their own smaller chapel which stood at the entrance to the Annitsford Welfare, home for many years to Annitsford Football Club. There is now a local football team called "New Fordley Juniors".
Expansion
Annitsford was a small village until it grew considerably circa 1969 when the old terraced streets of Jubilee Terrace, Jackson Street and Lee Street were demolished, and the residents moved into new local authority built houses comprising Wardle Drive, Annitsford Drive and Hudson Avenue. In doing so the natural green field boundary keeping Annitsford and Fordley apart disappeared. More housing was built on the land formerly occupied by the terraces and was called Harrison Court, together with the sheltered accommodation development of Jubilee Court. Further housing developments have been built on the west edge of the village (The Wyndings) and the east edge (The Spinney), increasing the overall size of the village considerably.
The village is known locally as "The Ford".
External links
Map Of Annitsford in 1864
Villages in Tyne and Wear
Villages in Northumberland |
4018723 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zetsuai%201989 | Zetsuai 1989 | is a Japanese yaoi manga known for its melodramatic, almost operatic plot, its "semi-insane characters", and for the controversial style of its artwork. The word "Zetsu-ai" is a compound created by Minami Ozaki which has been translated as "desperate love". Ozaki's preferred English translation is "Everlasting Love". Many western yaoi fans got their introduction to the genre through this series, which defined the genre for them.
Synopsis
-from Minami Ozaki's "Legend of the Holy Beast
Kōji Nanjō is one of the most successful rock stars in Japan, with his hauntingly beautiful voice and very attractive features. But beneath all the fame and glamour, he is a damaged and hurt young man who has absolutely no happiness or interest in life.
One night after a string of bar-hopping, Kōji passes out in a heap of trash in the rain. He is found, taken in, and cared for by Takuto Izumi, a soccer prodigy. Despite the fact that Izumi is a complete stranger, he moves Kōji deeply, and Kōji soon develops an intense obsession with Izumi. It is later revealed that the reason Kōji sings is to find the person he fell in love with at first sight six years earlier, whom he remembers for showing extreme ferocity on the soccer field and for a particularly penetrating gaze. Kōji knows the person's name is 'Izumi,' but he thinks the person he saw was a girl, so initially he believes it was Serika Izumi, Takuto's sister. It is only when Takuto looks at him angrily that he realizes Takuto is the 'Izumi' he was looking for. His body goes into shock, and from then on his obsession with Izumi knows no bounds.
As Kōji forces himself more and more into Izumi's life, he exposes Izumi and his loved ones to his dangerous lifestyle and extremely dysfunctional family. When Takuto's little brother asks Kōji if he is gay, Kōji replies, 'No, I am not gay. I am only in love with Takuto. Even if you were twins, I could only love Takuto.' At times, the hurdles the relationship faces become too difficult to bear. In the midst of it, Kōji temporarily loses his voice and is forced to go back to his brother and family.
Due to the manga artist's illness, the manga ended at volume 19 without a proper ending. When she recovered, she drew the dojinshi , to give readers a proper 'final meeting' scene.
Characters
Young Takuto Izumi
Adult Takuto Izumi
Publications
While the series has been published in several languages, it has not been published in English.
It first originated as a spin-off of the author's Captain Tsubasa doujinshi Dokusen Yoku. The pairing of Kōjirō Hyūga and Ken Wakashimazu, featured in Dokusen Yoku, is immensely popular and has been compared to the classic slash fiction pairing of Kirk/Spock. The usual dynamic in Kōjirō/Ken doujinshi is that their relationship is based on trust. Kōjirō is the man of the family due to his father's death. Ken on the other hand, is heir to a martial arts school, and is constantly under pressure to quit soccer, and suffers an injury from trying to be the best in both fields. The boys support each other and eventually their deep friendship becomes love. The original Zetsuai was abandoned after 5 volumes. Minami Ozaki later picked the story back up in 1992 with Bronze. Since then, Bronze has outpaced the original Zetsuai with 14 volumes, with the current story arc called "Restart".
Two OVAs were made, one taking place in Zetsuai [Since] 1989, and the second during Bronze: Zetsuai since 1989 (also called Bronze Zetsuai or simply Bronze). Koyasu Takehito plays the part of Izumi Takuto, and Sho Hayami plays Koji Nanjo. Radio dramas and CDs (with some lyrics composed by Minami Ozaki) were produced. The actors themselves often provided vocal parts for music. Five original music videos were made and compiled into a video called Cathexis.
As of 2003, fan translations of the first eleven volumes of Zetsuai / Bronze were available.
Zetsuai 1989 was licensed in French (by Tonkam), German (Carlsen Verlag), Korean, Spanish (Glénat España) and Italian (Panini Comics) languages.
Zetsuai 1989 was the first shōnen-ai manga to be officially translated into German.
Manga volumes
Zetsuai 1989
Bronze: Zetsuai Since 1989
Soundtrack
Several albums were released relating to the Dokusen Yoku doujinshi, Zetsuai 1989 and Bronze since Zetsuai between 1988 and 1996.
Light novels
Several light novels were published by Shueisha. They were written by Akiyama Rin with illustrations by Minami Ozaki. The plot of novels is mostly connected to Nanjo family (Kaen Danshō series in particular), for example Kouji's elder brother Nanjo Hirose.
Reception
At the time of its writing, the genre as a whole was not commonly recognised by those not creating it, but Zetsuai 1989 is considered one of yaoi's "major works" and "one of the greatest icons of shōnen-ai". Koji and Izumi have been described as shōnen-ai'''s Romeo and Juliet. There is little explicit sex in the series. Instead, the series is "angst-ridden", and includes "a lot of blood" via themes of self-harm and accidents. Ozaki's works have been described as "prolonged erotic psychodramas", and Zetsuai 1989 is the "most famous" of these.
The depiction of love in the series has been described as "nearly violent", which is regarded as a "true revelation" for female readers. The character of Izumi's mother has been criticised by Kazuko Suzuki as an example of yaoi showing "extremely negative images of mothers". Anime News Network has criticised the melodramatic tone of the OVA Bronze: Zetsuai Since 1989. described the art style of Zetsuai as being "like a fashion designer's workbook", but Anime News Network says that the character design is "horribly mutated" and "disgusting". Matt Thorn describes the relationship between Koji Nanjo and Takuto Izumi as an "intense and often grim love story", saying that "if you like your shônen-ai (or "slash") intense, look no further."
References
Further reading
Animerica'' April 1993 (vol. 1, no. 4)
External links
Official Site
1992 anime OVAs
1994 anime OVAs
1989 manga
1992 manga
1997 Japanese novels
2011 manga
Drama anime and manga
Light novels
Production I.G
Shōjo manga
Shueisha franchises
Shueisha manga
Yaoi anime and manga |
4018726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pag%C4%97giai | Pagėgiai | Pagėgiai (, ) is a city in south-western Lithuania. It is located in the medieval region of Scalovia in the historic region of Lithuania Minor. It is the capital of Pagėgiai municipality, and as such it is part of Tauragė County.
Name
The name of the town literally means "at Gėgė" (: grove of alders, hay meadows, fields) and it is believed that the Gėgė river (also Gäge, Jäge) once flowed through the town.
History
The settlement dates back to the Middle Ages. In 1454, King Casimir IV Jagiellon incorporated the region to the Kingdom of Poland upon the request of the anti-Teutonic Prussian Confederation. After the subsequent Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) the village was a part of Poland as a fief held by the Teutonic Knights, and thus was located within the Polish–Lithuanian union, later elevated into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. From the 18th century, it was part of the Kingdom of Prussia, and from 1871 it was also part of Germany, within which it was administratively located in the province of East Prussia. In the late 19th century, the village had an almost exclusively Lithuanian population of 662, which was mostly employed in agriculture, cattle and horse breeding, butter production and fishing.
Interwar period
When the Treaty of Versailles came in effect in January 1920, Memelland (Klaipėda Region) and the city, located north of the Niemen River were detached from East Prussia and placed under a League of Nations protectorate. In early 1921 attempts for a Customs Union between Memel and Lithuania were adjourned, mainly due to the de facto position of both State and government of Lithuania at that point in the eyes of the Western Allies.<ref>Butler/Bury/Lambert, editors, Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, First Series, vol.xi, HMSO, London, 1961, p.732, telegram 696 where Lord Curzon points out to Lord Harding (Paris) that both the state and the government of Lithuania were at present de facto only.</ref>
The northern trans-Niemen parts of the East Prussian Kreis Ragnit and both Landkreis and Stadtkreis Tilsit, which had been established in 1818, as well as Gutsbezirk Perwallkischken were combined on 27 January 1920 into a new Kreis Pogegen, with Pogenen as the county town.
Achieving formal State recognition, Lithuania, on January 10, 1923, imitating the Polish seizure of Vilna, made a surprise attack upon the Memel territory and city, still under League protection, forcing, with some street fighting, the League's French High Commissioner and his troops there to surrender and evacuate. The Allies and the League of Nations confronted with another fait accompli were forced to accept another humiliation.
Lithuania renamed the Memelland region Pagėgiai Apskritis.
The majority German population in Memel never ceased agitating for a return to Germany of both city and the Memelland, and after conferences between the German and Lithuanian government representatives in March 1939, an Agreement was reached and signed on March 23 transferring Memel and her territory back to German sovereignty. The former name "Landkreis Pogegen" was resumed. It consisted of 164 Landgemeinden with less than 2,000 inhabitants, and 34 Gutsbezirke. The largest community was Schmalleningken with a pop. of 1,700. Pogegen and the community of Wischwill had 1,400 each.Landkreis Pogegen'' was dissolved on 1 October 1939 in order to re-unite the area with the larger cities south of Niemen river, and structures similar to pre-1920 were established.
During World War II, the Germans operated a subcamp of the Stalag I-D prisoner-of-war camp for Allied POWs in the town until 1943, and the Oflag 53 prisoner-of-war camp for Allied officers from 1943 to 1945.
After World War II
When Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union for the second time in 1944 and the Subdivisions of Lithuania were changed into that of districts, Pagėgiai became one of only a few towns that were interwar apskritis capitals which did not become district capitals. When the municipality reform took place in independent Lithuania in 2000, Pagėgiai municipality was carved out of Šilutė district and thus Pagėgiai became the capital of an administrative unit again.
The coat of arms of the town and the municipality depicts a bird with a key, which symbolises the border nature of the area (now with Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia). A Lithuanian border guard unit is stationed in Pagėgiai.
References
External links
Cities in Tauragė County
Cities in Lithuania
Municipalities administrative centres of Lithuania |
4018733 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia%2C%20Tyne%20and%20Wear | Columbia, Tyne and Wear | Columbia is one of the village subdivisions of the town of Washington, Tyne and Wear, England.
References
Cross-reference
Sources
Populated places in Tyne and Wear
Washington, Tyne and Wear |
4018740 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blakelaw | Blakelaw | Blakelaw is an electoral ward situated in the West End of the city of Newcastle upon Tyne in North East England. The population of the ward is 11,186, which is 4.6% of the city's population. Car ownership in the area is 50.6%: this is lower than the city average of 54.7%, increasing to 11,507 at the 2011 Census. House prices in this area average at £114,000 (Feb 2007).
Blakelaw was developed in the early part of the 20th century in order to meet demand for more housing in the North East. During the Second World War a secret war centre was built in the old quarry and extended many levels below ground. This was the headquarters for No 13 Group, who played a vital part in the Battle of Britain. Five posts have been installed in Blakelaw Park as part of a 'listening trail' which tells the story of the life of the bunkers and people who worked in them.
In terms of the Demographics of Blakelaw, it is very similar to many other parts of Newcastle. For age groups, 26.3% were 17 years old and under, 59.2% of its population was between the ages of 18 and 64, and 14.5% were over 65. In terms of Ethnicity it was 87.2% White, 6.8% Asian, 3.4% Black and 1.5% mixed which is a similar ethnic make up to quite a few parts of Newcastle but significantly less diverse as parts of the West End.
Education
The ward has one Nursery, Willow Avenue Community Nursery and three primary schools: Hilton Primary Academy on Hilton Avenue, Thomas Walling Primary Academy, and English Martyrs'.
The now closed Firfield Community School (formerly Blakelaw Comprehensive School) was also located in the ward.
Recreation and leisure
The Blakelaw Centre houses a library, a community centre and a community cafe. The centre is operated by the Blakelaw Ward Community Partnership. Open green spaces in the ward are Blakelaw Park and the Cowgate sports ground.
Boundary
The boundary of Blakelaw ward begins at the A1 junction with the Woolsington Bypass and Ponteland Road. It heads south-west along the A1 to the Stamdfordham Road junction and south to Slatyford Lane bus depot. The boundary joins Silver Lonnen and continues down to Netherby Drive and Fenham Hall Drive. It heads north up Moorside Road North to Ponteland Road where it continues back to the starting point of the A1 junction.
Political
Blakelaw is represented by three councillors: Councillor Marion Williams (Labour), Councillor Oskar Avery (Labour), Councillor Linda Hobson (Labour). It is also part of Newcastle Central Constituency and represented by Labour MP, Chi Onwurah.
There is also a community council for Blakelaw and North Fenham.
Charts and tables
The ward has 4,882 housing spaces of which 3.2% are vacant this is lower than the city average of 5.3%. Owner occupied property stands at 52% slightly lower than the city average of 53.3%. The properties are as follows.
See also
RAF Blakelaw
References
External links
Newcastle Council Ward Info: Blakelaw
Districts of Newcastle upon Tyne
Wards of Newcastle upon Tyne |
4018749 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Arizona%20Diamondbacks%20owners%20and%20executives | List of Arizona Diamondbacks owners and executives | This article is a list of Arizona Diamondbacks owners and executives. The Arizona Diamondbacks have had two owners and five general managers in their 20-year history. As of October 2017, these executives have compiled a 1222–1208 () record, five National League West Division titles (1999, 2000, 2001, 2007, 2011), one National League pennant (2001), and one World Series title (2001). The Diamondbacks' current top executive is owner Ken Kendrick.
Owners
The term "owner" in this section refers to the official title of managing general partner. Actual economic ownership includes the individuals listed, but excludes other owners holding major and minor portions of the team.
General managers
Presidents
Other executives
Dave Duncan
Jim Marshall
Roland Hemond
References
External links
Baseball America: Executive Database
Arizona Diamondbacks
Owners |
4018758 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oda%20Nobuhiro | Oda Nobuhiro | was the eldest son of Oda Nobuhide. After Nobuhiro's father took Anjo Castle in Mikawa Province in 1540, the castle was given to Nobuhiro. During 1551, Nobuhiro was trapped by the Imagawa clan, but was saved when Oda Nobunaga handed over one of their hostages—Matsudaira Takechiyo to make up for not lifting the siege of Anjō.
As an illegitimate son of Oda Nobuhide, Nobuhiro's power would slowly fade and always be looked down upon by his younger brother Nobunaga and even by many of his own retainers. Afterwards, Nobuhiro was forced to step down as the head of the Oda clan to allow Nobunaga to be the new head.
Later on, Nobuhiro plotted against Nobunaga with the assistance of Saitō Yoshitatsu of Mino Province. Their scheme was uncovered before any damage was brought upon anyone, and Nobunaga forgave Nobuhiro. Nobuhiro was killed later on October 13, 1574, while fighting the Nagashima monto.
Family
Father: Oda Nobuhide (1510–1551)
Brothers
Oda Nobunaga (1534–1582)
Oda Nobuyuki (1536–1557)
Oda Nobukane (1548–1614)
Oda Nagamasu (1548–1622)
Oda Nobuharu (1549–1570)
Oda Nobutoki (died 1556)
Oda Nobuoki (died 1569)
Oda Hidetaka (died 1555)
Oda Hidenari
Oda Nobuteru
Oda Nagatoshi
Sisters:
Oichi (1547–1583)
Oinu
References
1574 deaths
Samurai
Japanese warriors killed in battle
Oda clan
Year of birth unknown |
4018773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean%20Reynolds | Sean Reynolds | Sean Reynolds may refer to:
Sean K. Reynolds, game designer
Sean Reynolds (Emmerdale), a fictional character from the British soap opera Emmerdale
Sean Reynolds (soccer) (born 1990), American soccer player
Sean Reynolds (RAF officer), British air marshal |
4018778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copropraxia | Copropraxia | Copropraxia is a tic consisting of involuntarily performing obscene or forbidden gestures, or inappropriate touching. Copropraxia comes from the Greek (kópros), meaning "feces", and (prâxis), meaning "action". Copropraxia is a rare characteristic of Tourette syndrome. Related terms are coprolalia, referring to involuntary usage of profane words, and coprographia, making vulgar writings or drawings.
References
Symptoms and signs: Nervous system
Tourette syndrome |
4018781 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marga%20van%20Praag | Marga van Praag | Marga van Praag (born 14 September 1946) is a Dutch journalist and television presenter.
Van Praag attended the academy of dramatic art in Amsterdam, and worked for VARA television from 1968 onwards. She was the host of the television programs Fanclub and De Jonge Onderzoekers (The Young Researchers), and did editing work for the shows Twee voor Twaalf (Two to Twelve) and Hoe bestaat het? (freely translated: How can it be?).
In 1981, she joined the NOS to work on the children's news programme Jeugdjournaal (Youth Journal) as a reporter and presenter, later becoming a commentator. She switched to the main NOS Journaal in 1996 as an anchor and latterly, a features reporter and commentator.
Van Praag announced her departure from the NOS in October 2008 and signed off from her final NOS Journaal report on 7 November 2008. At a farewell party, she was made a knight (5th grade) of the Order of Orange-Nassau.
Family
Her brother is and her uncle is the former chairman of football club Ajax Amsterdam Jaap van Praag and her cousin is Michael van Praag.
References
1946 births
Living people
Dutch journalists
Dutch people of Jewish descent
Dutch television news presenters
Knights of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Writers from Amsterdam |
4018785 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse%20Borrego | Jesse Borrego | Jesse Borrego (born August 1, 1962) is an American actor.
He is best known for his roles as Cruz Candelaria in Blood In Blood Out, Jesse V. Velasquez in Fame, Gael Ortega in 24, and George King in Dexter.
Early life
Jesse Borrego was born in San Antonio, Texas, to Gloria Flores and Jesse Borrego Sr. an accordion player and singer of conjunto Mexican music. Jesse is the second oldest of five children: Gloria Marina, James, Georgina, and Grace. As a youth Jesse often danced with his sister Marina entering & winning several dance contests. Borrego lived with his grandparents during his high school years. He considered going into the US Air Force to become a pilot but pursued an acting career instead because it came naturally to him. After graduating from Harlandale High School, he attended University of the Incarnate Word, studying theater and dance, and The California Institute of the Arts alongside actor Don Cheadle He earned a degree in Performance in 1984. About the same time, he attended an open audition for the TV Series Fame where he won the role of "Jesse Velasquez" for seasons 4, 5 and 6 from 1984-1987.
Career
He was a regular on the musical television series Fame for the show's final three seasons from 1984-1987. He appeared on Married... with Children as Bruno in the episode "Can't Dance, Don't Ask Me" (1989). He is well-remembered for his performance in the film Blood In Blood Out portraying the role of Cruz Candelaria.
Borrego appeared in productions at the Joseph Papp Theatre in New York City and the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles. In addition to performing on stage and in films such as Mi Vida Loca, Follow Me Home, New York Stories, and Con Air, he began Lupita Productions in 1990. He has produced theatrical productions and concerts as well as two 16mm short films: El Suendo de Simon (1993) by James Borrego and Flattime (1995) by Jimmy Santiago Baca. He also played role of an original gangster on DarkRoom Familia's "Veteranos" in 1999. Borrego is a member of the theatre group "Tribal Players". He is well known for his recurring roles on the third season of 24 as Gael Ortega and the third season of Dexter as George King. In 2009, Borrego starred in the movie La Mission where he reunited with former Blood In Blood Out co-star Benjamin Bratt.
Borrego has also had his hand in directing. Borrego directed the no-budget indie film titled Closer to Bottom which premiered at the inaugural Austin Indie Fest in November, 2017. The movie won an award for Best Made in Texas Feature Film.
Filmography
Film
1989 New York Stories as Reuben Toro
1991 Spy Games as Sam
1991 Before the Storm (TV movie)
1993 City of Passion (short)
1993 short
1993 as Juan "El Duran" Temido
1993 Blood In Blood Out as Cruz Candelaria
1994 I Like It Like That as Alexis
1995 Tecumseh: The Last Warrior (TV movie) as Tecumseh
1995 Bienvenido Welcome as Dario / Jijio
1995 Flattime (short)
1996 Dalva (TV movie) as Duane Stonehorse
1996 Pain Flower as Gus
1996 Lone Star as Danny
1996 Follow Me Home (indie film) as Tudee
1997 The Maker (indie film) as Felice A. Beato
1997 Con Air as Francisco Cindino
1997 Retroactive as Jesse
1998 Veteranos as Santo
1998 Black as Jesus
1998 Bubba & Ike as The Matador
1998 Liteweight as Sammy
1999 The Darkest Day (TV movie) as Jonathan
2000 A Lowrider Weekend (video)
2000 Hell Swarm (TV movie) as Darius
2001 Come and Take it Day as Jesse
2003 Scooby-Doo! and the Monster of Mexico (video) as Luis Otero
2003 The Maldonado Miracle (TV movie) as Hector Maldonado
2003 The Shadow Chaser (short)
2005 The New World as Pepaschicher
2008 The Bookie as Jesus
2009 Dream Healing (indie film) as Marco
2009 La Mission as Rene
2011 Colombiana as Fabio Restrepo
2013 Wappo vs the World (short) as Jesse
2013 Mission Park / aka Line of Duty (indie film) as Mr. Ramirez
2013 Go for Sisters (indie film) as Juan Calles
2014 Closer To Bottom (indie film) as Thomas
2014 Duque (indie film) as Martin Duque
2014 Three Hundred Miles For Stephanie (TV movie) as Alberto Rodriguez
2014 HOA Havoc (indie film) costarring Daniel Baldwin
2014 The Untitled GW Project (indie film) as Agent Montoya
Television
1984-1987 Fame (1982 TV series) - seasons 4-6 as Jesse Velasquez
1987 Miami Vice - Jack Of All Trades - sea5 ep12 as Octavio
1987 The Bronx Zoo (TV series) - Small Victories - sea1 ep3 as Julio Gaspare
1988 Miami Vice - A Bullet For Crocket - sea4 ep19 as Enrique Lorca Mendez
1989 Married... with Children - Can't Dance Don't Ask - sea3 ep13 as Bruno
1990 Midnight Caller - Kid Salinas - sea2 ep14 as Carlos Mendez
1991 China Beach - 100 Klicks Out - sea4 ep1 as Hector
1991 Under Cover (TV series) - Sacrifices - sea1 ep3 as Sam Hamadi
1995 500 Nations vol.2 - Mexico The Rise & Fall Of The Aztecs as voice
1997 Chicago Hope - The Sun Also Rises - sea3 ep19 as Michael Waters
1997 ER - Ambush - sea4 ep1 as HIV Patient
1998 The Hunger (TV series) TV Series - Plain Brown Envelope - sea1 ep19 as Jess
1999 Brimstone (TV series) - Lovers - sea1 ep9 as Paco Gomez
1999 Magnificent Seven (TV series) - Love & Honor - sea2 ep3 as Don Paulo
2001 Touched By An Angel - Mi Familia - sea7 ep11 as Tommy
2001 Happily Ever After Fairy Tales for Every Child - The Elves & The Shoemaker - sea2 ep24 as voice
2002 American Family - Journey of Dreams pt.1 - sea1 ep20 as Shady
2002 What's New, Scooby-Doo? - 3-D Struction - sea1 ep2 as Luis Cepeda
2003 24 - Day 3 - sea3 eps 1-11 as Gael Ortega
2002 American Family (2002 TV series) - Journey of Dreams pt.2 -sea1 ep21 as Shady
2004 24 (TV series) - Day 3 - sea3 eps 15-17 as Gael Ortega
2005 Medical Investigation - Mission La Roca pt.2 - sea1 ep20 as Antonio Baracas
2005 Medical Investigation - Mission La Roca pt.1 - sea1 ep19 as Antonio Baracas
2005 Behind The Mask Of Zorro - documentary as Joaquin Murrieta
2006 CSI Miami - Free Fall - sea 4 ep20 as Nicholas Suero
2007 ER - Black Out - sea14 ep7 as Javier
2007 ER - Gravity - sea14 ep4 as Javier
2007 CSI Crime Scene Investigation - Lying Down With Dogs - sea8 ep10 as Felix Rodriguez
2008 Dexter - Do You Take Dexter Morgan - sea3 ep12 as George "The Skinner" King / Captain Jorge "El Fierro" Orozco
2008 Dexter - I Had A Dream - sea3 ep11 - George King
2008 Dexter - Go Your Own Way - sea3 ep10 as George King
2008 Dexter - About Last Night - sea3 ep9 as George King
2008 Dexter - The Damage A Man Can Do - sea3 ep8 - George King
2008 Dexter - The Lion Sleeps Tonight - sea3 ep7 as George King
2008 ER - Believe The Unseen - sea14 ep12 as Javier
2008 Independent Lens - Writwriter - sea9ep 24 as voice
2011 Chaos (TV series) - Proof of Life - sea.1 ep3 as Ernesto Salazar
2013 Burn Notice - Things Unseen - sea.7ep 10 as Nando
2014 From Dusk Till Dawn: The Series - Place of Dead Roads - sea.1 ep6 as T.T. Doorman
2017 Fear the Walking Dead Season 3 as Efraín
2020 Vida - Episode 19 as Victor
References
2.Conjunto Borrego bid farewell to Salute-The Music Beat
posted 7-20-2012
blog mysanantonio.com/TheMusicBeat
3.Jesse Borrego-Fame Forever/Kids From Fame
www.fameforever.com/series/bios-jesse.php
4. Where are they now - Back to School
Fame forever.com
5. Heart and Casa posted Sept 6,2013
Blog /Latino Americans/PBS
www.pbs.org/Latinos Americans
6.Actor Jesse Borrego, Guest co-host !!/ Kens5.com San Antonio
www.kens5.com
Great Day San Antonio Show
7.Latest Titles with Jesse Borrego- IMDb
www.imdb.com/filmosearch
External links
1962 births
Living people
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
University of the Incarnate Word alumni
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male actors of Mexican descent
Hispanic and Latino American male actors
Harlandale High School alumni |
4018787 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissing%20with%20Confidence | Kissing with Confidence | "Kissing with Confidence" is a song by Will Powers (the stage name/persona of photographer-turned-singer Lynn Goldsmith) from her 1983 album Dancing for Mental Health. It was written by Goldsmith, Jacob Brackman, Nile Rodgers, Todd Rundgren, and Steve Winwood. Goldsmith used a voice recorder to sound like a man. Carly Simon is the uncredited lead singer.
Mixed by Rundgren, it was released as a single in the UK, peaking at No. 17 on the UK Singles Chart.
Track listings and formats
7" single
"Kissing With Confidence" – 3:54
"All Thru History" – 4:08
12" single
"Kissing With Confidence" (Extended Version) – 5:31
"Kissing With Confidence (Dub Version)" – 6:40
Charts
References
External links
Lynn Goldsmith's Official Website
Carly Simon's Official Website
YouTube - Kissing With Confidence (Official Music Video)
1983 singles
1983 songs
Carly Simon songs
Songs written by Steve Winwood
Songs written by Nile Rodgers
Songs written by Todd Rundgren
Songs written by Jacob Brackman |
4018797 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%20Love | Graham Love | Graham Love (born 18 March 1954) was the chief executive officer of the defence contractor, QinetiQ Group plc. He is a graduate of Cambridge University and a chartered accountant.
In the late 1980s he was part of the senior management team that expanded Weber Shandwick through a major acquisition programme involving the purchase of over 30 public relations agencies worldwide acting as its finance director.
In 1992, Love joined the UK Government's Defence Research Agency as Finance Director and continued in the role when the agency expanded into Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (DERA).
He was appointed Managing Director of the support services division (DSSD) in 1995. Two years later, he led the successful buy-out of DSSD from DERA to form Comax Secure Business Services Ltd. He subsequently led the team which negotiated the sale of Comax to Amey plc.
In 2001, Love rejoined DERA as Chief Financial Officer, subsequently playing a key role in the formation of QinetiQ and the sale of a controlling interest to The Carlyle Group.
Controversially, his £106,000 investment in the company was later worth £20m at flotation.
In 2005, Love became Chief Executive of QinetiQ, as the company moved to IPO. In October 2009, Love resigned his position after an official report into the crash of an ageing British Nimrod Maritime Patrol Aircraft over Afghanistan in 2006, which killed 14 people, found that QinetiQ bore some of the blame for the mistakes that led to the crash.
Love then joined LGC as Chairman.
He was on the Board of STEMNET (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Network) and the Advisory Board of SEMTA (Sector Skills Council for Science, Engineering and Manufacturing Technologies) and is a Senior Adviser at the Chertoff Group (a strategic advisory group focused on security, intelligence and government services).
Graham has also been chairman of Racing Green Cars, Eversholt Rail Group, SLR Consulting Group, 2E2, Xendo, Hanson Wade and The Royal Mint. He is a trustee and chair of the audit committee at MOLA (Museum of London Archaeology).
References
English chief executives
1954 births
Living people
Qinetiq
Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
Chief financial officers |
4018803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portman%20Estate | Portman Estate | The Portman Estate, covering 110 acres of Marylebone in London’s West End, was founded in 1532 when the land was first leased to Sir William Portman.
The Portman Estate also has two rural estates in Buckinghamshire and Herefordshire. In addition to its core landlord operation, The Portman Estate runs The Portman Foundation, a charitable trust which supports charities and other causes which are located in or benefit the Marylebone area.
Area
The London Estate in Marylebone covers 110 acres from Edgware Road in the west to beyond Baker Street in the east, and north almost as far as Crawford Street. It covers 68 streets, 650 buildings and four garden squares.
The estate's Chiltern Street was voted “London’s Coolest Street” by Condé Nast Traveler in 2016. Characterised by a row of red brick frontages and a Grade II listed Victorian fire station, the street is now a boutique hotel by American hotelier Andre Balazs; The Chiltern Firehouse.
The Portman Estate owns and manages two farms with very different characteristics. Portman Burtley in Buckinghamshire covers 2,000 acres of farmland and woodland which have an organic beef enterprise of 200 South Devon cattle. Portman Wilmaston in Herefordshire is a 1,000 acre mixed farm of sheep, cattle, arable land and woodland.
History
The Portman Estate dates back to the 16th century, when Sir William Portman, Lord Chief Justice to King Henry VIII, and originally from Orchard Portman in Somerset, leased 270 acres of the Manor of Lileston (Lisson). He acquired the freehold in 1554, but most of the land remained farmland and meadow until the mid-18th century and the building boom after the end of the Seven Years' War in 1763.
In the 1750s William Baker had leased land from the family to lay out Orchard and Portman Streets, and the north side of Oxford Street. Henry William Portman, a descendant of Sir William, continued the development in 1764 with the creation of Portman Square, with buildings by James Wyatt, Robert Adam and James 'Athenian' Stuart, including Montagu House, built in the north-west corner for the famed literary hostess Elizabeth Montagu and later used by the Portman family as their London town house.
Portman Square was the focus of the new estate and was followed by the building of Manchester Square during the 1770s and Bryanston and Montagu Squares 30 years later. These were laid out by the Estate's architect, James Thompson Parkinson. The area remained largely residential, attracting the prosperous middle class who wanted to live near the centre of London. There were also mews for tradesmen and servants. At the southwest corner of the Estate, where Marble Arch now stands, was the Tyburn gallows, London's principal place of public execution until 1783.
Development of the area north of the Marylebone Road around Dorset Square continued after 1815, and to the North West in Lisson Green, workers’ cottages were built from 1820 to 1840. Many of the original Georgian houses north of Portman Square were redeveloped as mansion blocks, which were let on long leases. This development spread along the major traffic routes of Edgware Road and Baker Street.
In 1948 the Estate, then valued at £10 million, was subject to death duties of £7.6 million on the death of the seventh Viscount Portman, resulting in the sale of all the family's West Country estates as well as the northern part of the London Estate in 1951, and the area around Crawford Street the following year. In the later 1950s and 1960s the Estate collaborated with the developer Max Rayne to redevelop the frontage of Oxford Street and Baker Street, as well as the south and west sides of Portman Square.
Construction timeline
1764 - Portman Square
c.1770 - Manchester Square
1810 - Bryanston Square and Montagu Square
Notable buildings
Management
The Estate is held in trust for the benefit of the wider family, with over 130 beneficiaries. The ancestral title is held by The Viscount Portman who leads the family's management of the Estate through the Estate Trustees and the management company, Portman Settled Estates Limited.
References
External links
A History Of The Portman Estate
Portman Village
Chiltern Street
Districts of the City of Westminster
Family-owned companies of the United Kingdom
Privately owned estates in London
1764 establishments in England
Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster
Housing organisations based in London
Architecture of London |
4018805 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylohyoid%20ligament | Stylohyoid ligament | The stylohyoid ligament is a ligament that connects the hyoid bone to the temporal styloid process (of the temporal bone of the skull).
Structure
The stylohyoid ligament connects the lesser horn of hyoid bone to the styloid process of the temporal bone of the skull.
Clinical significance
The stylohyoid ligament frequently contains a little cartilage in its center, which is sometimes partially ossified in Eagle syndrome.
Other animals
In many animals, the epihyal is a distinct bone in the centre of the stylohyoid ligament, which is similar to that seen in Eagle syndrome.
References
Additional images
External links
Diagram at occup-med.com
Human head and neck
Ligaments |
4018810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%20About%20Anna | All About Anna | All About Anna is a 2005 Danish erotic film directed by Jessica Nilsson and starring Gry Bay and Mark Stevens. The film is explicit in its exploration of sexual relationships.
It is a co-production between Innocent Pictures and Lars von Trier's Zentropa Productions, and is the third of Zentropa's sex films for women, following Constance (1998) and Pink Prison (1999). All three films were based on the Puzzy Power Manifesto developed by Zentropa in 1997.
Plot
All About Anna tells the story of Anna (Gry Bay), a single woman who seeks to maintain an active sex life while staying clear of emotional involvement, after having been jilted by the love of her life, Johan (Mark Stevens). She has a relationship with Frank (Thomas Raft), but refuses to let him move in with her. When Johan shows up again after five years absence, she starts wondering how much longer she can maintain her emotional independence, and if that is what she wants. She has sex with him, loses his telephone number and cannot contact him. She ends her affair with Frank and when she is offered a job as costume designer in a French theatre, she decides to move to Paris. She leaves her flat to her flatmate Camilla (Eileen Daly) who asks her permission to rent out the now empty room to a friend of hers. This friend turns out to be Johan, and Anna meets him as she leaves for Paris, where the local stage actors Pierre (Morten Schelbech) and Sophie (Ovidie) offer new amorous temptations, but she worries about Johan finding a new love. In the end she returns to Copenhagen and, after mistakenly thinking that Johan has been unfaithful to her, she faces her fears of commitment and is reunited with him.
Release and distribution
The film was originally released in November 2005 on a Scandinavian 3-disc DVD. This was the first Danish pornographic film to be released with subtitles for the hearing-impaired, which was enthusiastically received by the deaf community.
The US theatrical premiere was held on January 18, 2007, in Chicago, Illinois, where it was included in the series Cinematic Sexualities in the 21st Century, arranged by Doc Films in collaboration with The University of Chicago Film Studies Center.
The two-disc US DVD was released on January 29, 2008.
All About Anna was officially selected for Zurich Film Festival and Io Isabella International Film Week.
In September 2009, it was released theatrically in the UK as a double bill with Lars von Trier's Antichrist (also a Zentropa-film with sexually explicit images).
Reception and awards
In 2006 it was nominated for two EroticLine Awards in the categories Best International Newcomer (Gry Bay) and Best International Actor (Mark Stevens).
In 2007 it won three Scandinavian Adult Awards, including Best Scandinavian Couples Film, Best Scandinavian Actor (Thomas Raft) and Best Selling Scandinavian Star of 2006 (Gry Bay).
In September 2007, Germany's biggest weekly magazine Stern identified women's pornography as one of 50 trends, placed an image from All About Anna on the cover of its cultural supplement Stern Journal, and commented:
In her book Secrets of Porn Star Sex (Infinite Ideas, 2007), British author Marcelle Perks includes a chapter on female-friendly porn, in which she concludes: "Rather than being intimidated by porn, do a bit of research and find something that you can have fun with. An ideal introduction movie is the hit film All About Anna, a mainstream film that features real sex".
In April 2008, the U.S. trade journal AVN gave the film an AAAAA Editor's Choice Review. It was one of only four films to receive the journal's highest rating that month. Critic Jared Rutter wrote:
In May 2008, French trade journal Hot Vidéo #208 placed All About Anna highest in the category "la crème du porno feminine".
In May 2008, Danish lifestyle magazine Woman #112 had asked a group of female readers to rate a selection of erotic product, including books, websites, CDs etc. The highest score went to All About Anna.
In June 2008, the trade journal AVN Europe gave the film an 8 out of 10 rating, and wrote:
In November 2008, the film was nominated for four AVN Awards in the following categories:
Best Foreign Feature
Best Music Soundtrack
Best Packaging
Best On-Line Marketing Campaign – Individual Project (AllAboutAnna.com)
This among other things marked the first Best Foreign Feature AVN Award nomination for an Academy Award-nominated company.
In January 2009, All About Anna ranked #2 on a top-ten of female-friendly sex films published on the Website of Europe's biggest newspaper, Bild. The list also included Constance and Pink Prison.
Release versions
The film exists in at least three versions. The original Scandinavian DVD release contains both the Producer's Cut and the Director's Cut. A Softcore Version with no explicit sexual footage has also been released in Germany.
See also
List of mainstream movies with unsimulated sex
References
External links
All About Anna review at Fleshbot
All About Anna review at Adult Video News
2005 films
Danish LGBT-related films
2000s erotic drama films
Lesbian-related films
Danish erotic drama films
2005 drama films
2000s English-language films |
4018823 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20Consoles%20Inc. | Computer Consoles Inc. | Computer Consoles Inc. or CCI was a telephony and computer company located in Rochester, New York, United States, which did business first as a private, and then ultimately a public company from 1968 to 1990. CCI provided worldwide telephone companies with directory assistance equipment and other systems to automate various operator and telephony services, and later sold a line of 68k-based Unix computers and the Power 6/32 Unix supermini.
History
Computer Consoles Inc. (CCI, incorporated May 20, 1968) was founded by three Xerox employees, Edward H. Nutter, Alfred J. Moretti, and Jeffrey Tai, to develop one of the earliest versions of a smart computer terminal, principally for the telephony market. Raymond J. Hasenauer (Manufacturing), Eiji Miki (Electronic design), Walter Ponivas (Documentation) and James M. Steinke (Mechanical design) joined the company at its inception. Due to the state of the art in electronics at the time, this smart terminal was the size of an average sized office desk.
Automating Operator Services
Due to the success of the smart computer terminal, and the expertise the company gained in understanding Operator Services, the company started development programs to offer networked computer systems that provided contract managed access time, specified as a guaranteed number of seconds to paint the operator's first screen of information, to various telephony databases such as directory assistance and intercept messages. The largest such system was designed and installed for British Telecom to provide initially Directory Assistance throughout Great Britain and Ireland. These systems combined Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11 computers with custom hardware and software developed by CCI.
Automatic Voice Response
To provide higher levels of automation to operator services, CCI introduced in the early 1980s various Automatic Voice Response (AVR) systems tightly integrated with its popular Directory Assistance systems. AVR provided voice response of the customer requested data, almost universally starting the prompt with a variant of the phrase, "The number is". Early systems were based on very small vocabulary synthesised speech chips, follow-on systems utilized 8-bit PCM, and later ADPCM voice playback using audio authored either by CCI or the local phone company.
Digital Switching
To provide even higher levels of automation, CCI started a very aggressive program in the early 1980s to develop a PCM digital telephone switching system targeted for automated, user defined call scenarios. Initial installations handled intercept and calling card calls by capturing multi-frequency and DTMF audio band signaling via the DSP based multi-frequency receiver board. Later systems added speaker independent speech recognition via a quad digital audio processor board to initially automate collect calls.
PERPOS, Perpetual Processing Operating System
To provide better control over transaction processing, significant improvements in fault tolerance, and richer support for networking, CCI developed PERPOS, a Unix derivative that provided integrated support for real-time transaction processing, load balancing, and fault tolerant features such as hot and cold standby.
Power 5 and Power 6 computers
PERPOS was developed for a line of Motorola 68000-based computers called the Power 5 series, which CCI developed. They were a line of multi-processor, fault-tolerant computers, code-named after the Great Lakes. The Power 5 line also included single-processor 68000-based computers, code-named after the Finger Lakes, running a regular Unix port called PERPOS-S, which was originally a Version 7-derived kernel with a System III-derived userland; the kernel was later modified to provide System III compatibility.
Later, Computer Consoles opened a development center in Irvine, California, United States, which developed a proprietary minicomputer, competitive with the Digital Equipment Corporation VAX, called the Power 6/32, code-named "Tahoe" after Lake Tahoe. It ran an internally developed BSD port, and the Computer Systems Research Group at the University of California, Berkeley also ported 4.3BSD to it, producing the release known as "4.3-Tahoe". Sperry Corporation remarketed the Power 6 as the 7000 series (referred to as U7000 after the merger with Burroughs to form Unisys.) Harris Computer Systems also sold the Power 6 as the HCX-7 and HCX-9. A companion 68010-based machine, the Power 5/32, also ran the internally developed BSD port; it was code-named "Walden" after Walden Pond.
Targeted as a competitor to the Unix/VAX platform, it succeeded for solutions where processing power was paramount. Universities requiring time-shared compilation engines for their students were particularly keen. The machine suffered when applied to general purpose database application environments, not least because the I/O subsystem over-relied on the central processing power (much as the VAX did) and thus used relatively dumb I/O processors. The Power 6 running either version of Unix also suffered from the inefficient memory management inherent in BSD 4.3. The core of this was the use of a 512-byte page rather than a 4K-byte page. Leffer et al. suggest they did this due to concerns about VAX support of 4k dynamic paging. The Power 6 had no such problems, but no operating system to support it.
The final issue with the Power 6/32 running Unix was the lack of support for symmetric multiprocessing: All system calls would have to run on the "Master" processor, forcing a dual processing machine to reschedule a process from the "slave" processor for every system call. The net result of this meant database benchmarks often ran faster on a single processor than a dual.
Office automation
Due to the success the firm had in network based data management, they partnered with, and ultimately acquired, a small company in Reston, Virginia, called RLG Corporation (named after founder Richard L Gauthier), to develop a terminal-based integrated office automation system. RLG had had experience developing this kind of system for the United States Department of Transportation. The office suite, called OfficePower, provided an integrated set of functions such as word processing, spreadsheet, email, and database access via a compact desktop smart terminal backed by a mini, or super mini-computer. Although the system software was ported to various Unix variants, most installations were hosted on CCI's Power 5 and Power 6 machines running CCI's Unix ports.
One installation was at the US Naval Surface Weapons Center in Dahlgren, Virginia; it consisted of two VAXes running 4.2BSD and a number of Power 5/20 machines running PERPOS-S. The VAXes were connected to each other by an ethernet, but, at the time, it wasn't cost-effective to provide ethernet adapters on all the Power 5/20 machines. The Power 5/20s were using 3Com's UNET as their TCP/IP implementation; it included an encapsulation scheme for sending IP datagrams over serial lines. Rick Adams implemented this encapsulation scheme as a line discipline for 4.2BSD; this was the origin of SLIP.
After the takeover of CCI by Standard Telephones and Cables (STC) (see below), OfficePower was developed as the primary office system for International Computers Limited (ICL), owned by STC, with ports for the ICL DRS range and later servers with Power 6/32, Motorola 68030, Intel x86 and Sun SPARC architectures. It continued to be used widely by ICL customers into the late 1990s.
CCI (Europe) Inc
CCI (Europe) Inc was the wholly owned European Sales, Marketing and Support operation based in West London and established with Richard Levy (Altergo, Wang) as European Vice President, with responsibilities for all business aspects outside of North America. Richard Levy recruited industry professionals to target specific market sectors and distribution channels for the European and International markets for the entire CCI range of computer and telephony products.
CCI (Europe) maintained close co-operation with Rochester, NY for the manufacturing, stock & shipping and Irvine, CA for planning & management. Liaising closely with the Israeli R&D operation for international systems translation, CCI Europe established a solid base in major European accounts and International third-party Distribution channels such as ICL & BT and became an integral aspect of the parent company.
CCI Israel, Inc.
CCI Israel, Inc. was a separately incorporated Delaware corporation however it was closely affiliated with the Rochester, NY, Irvine, CA and Reston, VA operations of Computer Consoles, Inc (CCI). It was first established to manage a telephony project for the Israeli national telephone company, Bezeq. The initial Israeli project was based on products developed in the Rochester-based group.
In Israel, development and installation was managed by CCI-Israel's managing director, Jacob "Jack" Mark. Mr. Mark, was earlier affiliated with the original Bell Labs team to which the core development of the Unix operating system is attributed. The small Ramat Gan-based office later grew to support the efforts of the U.S.-based CCI offices, eventually becoming a major research and development center for machine level/operating systems products, telephony products, office automation products (particularly for British and foreign language "OfficePower").
CCI Israel also undertook local development projects for major clients - notably Motorola and Israel Aircraft Industries. In the mid-1980s CCI-Israel introduced the U.S. companies' brand of 5/32 and 6/32 micro- and mini-computers to the local Israeli market. CCI-Israel - through seminars and training groups - was also instrumental in developing and popularizing the Unix operating system and the C programming language in Israel. CCI-Israel was also responsible for establishing the first Unix "User Group" in that country.
Accomplishments
CCI actively participated in various telecom and public standard bodies such as ANSI, and in the development of Unix and the C programming language. It was a pioneer of design and deployment of real-time, transaction processing computer systems, of true fault tolerant computing systems, distributed database access and distributed file system access. CCI was one of earliest commercial entities connected to the Internet as cci.com.
CCI deployed the largest multi-processor, shared file-system, Unix based (PERPOS) system of the era in British Telecom in the late 1980s. The design concepts of the system were years ahead of its time. The company was also a pioneer of design and deployment of voice response and speech recognition to the public telephone networks to automate traditional operator based services.
CCI controlled over 90% of the world market for equipment to automate telephony Directory services at the time of acquisition by STC.
Acquisition by Standard Telephones and Cables
STC acquired CCI effective January 1, 1989. At this time CCI was organized as two major business units: one in Rochester ("CCI - Rochester"), which manufactured telecommunications equipment, and a Computer Products Division in Irvine ("CCI - Irvine"), which manufactured computer hardware. Office systems software was produced at Reston, Virginia. In reality there was a third operation which was a financing group that held the commercial leases for equipment typically sold to telephone companies. At the time of the acquisition the lease base was rumored to be valued at over $700M US dollars.
Also at the time of the acquisition, CCI was involved in a dispute with General Telephone and Electronics ("GTE") over GTE's failure to supply CCI with certain "computer chips" for a new generation of computers being developed by CCI (the "GTE litigation").
After completion of the acquisition, CCI - Rochester became a subsidiary of an STC operating unit known as STC Telecom. Shortly thereafter, the Computer Products Division at Irvine and Office Products Centre at Reston were sold to another STC operating unit, ICL, for net book value of the assets. CCI - Rochester was kept under the jurisdiction of STC Telecom, which was also in the telecommunications business.
Acquisition by Northern Telecom Ltd.
STC Telecom was acquired by Northern Telecom effective March 1991 and became part of the company's European operations. Effective January 1, 1992, CCI was transferred to the Northern Telecom U.S. entity, and was eventually merged into this business unit. At that time, CCI was dissolved and Northern Telecom assumed its assets and liabilities.
Notable Historic Uses
Pixar Computer Animation Group employed a Power 6/32 machine to render the "Glass Man" sequence in Steven Spielberg's Young Sherlock Holmes movie (1985).
References
Computer companies established in 1968
Computer companies disestablished in 1992
Manufacturing companies based in Rochester, New York
1968 establishments in New York (state)
1992 disestablishments in New York (state) |
4018828 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV%20%28film%29 | RV (film) | RV (also known as Runaway Vacation) is a 2006 road comedy film directed by Barry Sonnenfeld, produced by Lucy Fisher and Douglas Wick, written by Geoff Rodkey. It stars Robin Williams in the lead role, Jeff Daniels, Cheryl Hines, Kristin Chenoweth, Joanna Levesque, and Josh Hutcherson. Bob Munro (Williams) and his dysfunctional family rent an RV for a road trip from Los Angeles to the Colorado Rockies, where they ultimately have to contend with a bizarre community of campers. It was released on April 28, 2006, in North America and was released on UMD, DVD and Blu-ray Disc on August 15, 2006.
Plot
Bob Munro, a successful California beverage company executive, is struggling to reconnect with his dysfunctional family, which includes his materialistic wife, Jamie, his irritable and brash sixteen-year-old daughter, Cassie, and his mischievous twelve-year-old son, Carl, who is an aspiring weightlifter and likes hip hop. At a company picnic, Bob is embarrassed in front of his self-absorbed boss, Todd Mallory, by Cassie's militant friend, Gretchen, who hurls a bottle of schmaltz all over Todd's face for putting unhealthy drinks in schools. Looking forward to a big family vacation in Hawaii, the Munros are forced to cancel it when Todd, out of spite, tells Bob that he has to attend a merger meeting with the Alpine Soda company in Boulder, Colorado instead, or else he will be fired. Concealing the real reason for not going to Hawaii, he rents a garish RV from the dodgy dealer Irv and tells his family they are traveling to the Rockies, much to their dismay.
During their trip, the Munros have many mishaps, which include Bob damaging the parking brake, crashing into and running over various objects, flushing out a trio of raccoons with a stink bomb, and fixing a clogged sewage system. Along the way, the Munros meet another traveling family, the Gornickes, consisting of Travis, his wife Mary Jo, and their children, Earl, Moon, and Billy. Earl develops a romantic interest in Cassie, and Carl starts to like Moon, but thinking that the Gornickes are too strange for them, Bob and Jamie decide to ditch them. When they reappear at another stop, the Munros believe they are stalking them. Meanwhile, Bob tries to e-mail a proposal outline from his laptop, working in restrooms. Eventually, a hitchhiker steals it, leaving him with only a BlackBerry PDA, which he does manage to use to compose and wirelessly send his proposal to his company. The Gornickes then recover the stolen laptop after picking up the same hitchhiker and persuading him to return it.
Eventually, the Munros begin to enjoy their trip. In order to attend the meeting, Bob distracts his family by faking illness and sends them on a hike. The meeting is a success, and Bob is invited to talk to the whole company again the next day. Rushing back to his family in the RV, he takes a treacherous 4 wheel drive trail, and gets the huge RV stuck atop a mountain in the middle of the trail. He eventually manages to dislodge the RV from the mountain by getting on the front and rocking it until it eventually wobbles and tips forward enough to slide down from atop the mountain. Now riding on the front while it is traveling at a frenzied pace, Bob barely manages to return to his family in time. While Bob is attempting a similar ruse the next day, the parking brake fails again and the RV rolls into a lake. Bob comes clean about the true purpose of the trip, and his family becomes upset that he would treat them like that. Still needing to get to the meeting, he asks them for help, but they refuse. He retrieves one of their bicycles from the lake the RV rolled into and pedals off by himself. His family hitchhikes and is then picked up by the Gornickes, and soon realize how well they get along with each other.
Bob appears again, climbing atop the moving RV. He apologizes to his family, and they, in turn, apologize to him for their selfishness and reveal that they love him more than the lifestyle his job gives them. As support, the two families accompany Bob to the next meeting.
At the meeting, Bob starts his speech and it goes well, but then he has an epiphany and recommends against the merger, realizing that Todd's selfishness would destroy a great independent company. Todd gets upset and tries to dismiss Bob's claims, but Cassie backs her father up by saying Todd was outsourcing the company. In retaliation, Todd fires Bob on the spot. Carl gets angry at Todd and flips him over his shoulder, onto the ground. Bob tells Todd that he quits anyway later Todd are arrested. Bob soon retrieves the sodden-but-still-operable RV from the lake. At the end, he is offered a job by the owners of Alpine Soda, who want to go national independently with Bob. In addition, at the same time, the parking brake fails once again, causing the RV to roll backwards, flattening both a police car and the Alpine Soda company owner's car.
Ultimately, the Munros and the Gornickes dance and sing "Route 66".
Cast
Robin Williams as Bob Munro
Jeff Daniels as Travis Gornicke
Cheryl Hines as Jamie Munro, Bob's wife
Kristin Chenoweth as Mary Jo Gornicke, Travis's wife
Joanna Levesque as Cassie Munro, Bob & Jamie's daughter
Erika-Shaye Gair as 5-year-old Cassie Munro
Josh Hutcherson as Carl Munro, Bob & Jamie's son
Will Arnett as Todd Mallory, Bob's self-absorbed boss
Hunter Parrish as Earl Gornicke, Travis & Mary Jo's son
Chloe Sonnenfeld as Moon Gornicke, Travis & Mary Jo's daughter
Alex Ferris as Billy Gornicke, Travis & Mary Jo's son
Brendan Fletcher as Howie
Rob LaBelle a Larry Moiphine
Brian Markinson as Garry Moiphine
Matthew Gray Gubler as Joseph "Joe Joe"
Barry Sonnenfeld as Irv
Richard Ian Cox as Laird (as Richard Cox)
Ty Olsson as Diablo Pass Officer
Production
The film began principal photography in the Vancouver area and southern Alberta on May 25, 2005 and finished filming the following August.
Soundtrack
The score was written by James Newton Howard and featured several members of the Lyle Lovett Band: Matt Rollings (keyboards), Russ Kunkel (drums), Ray Herndon (guitar), Viktor Krauss (bass), and Buck Reid (pedal steel). Alvin Chea, vocalist from Take 6, provided solo vocals. Additional music was provided by Stuart Michael Thomas and Blake Neely. Several songs were featured prominently in the film including: "GTO", "Route 66", "Cherry Bomb", and "Stand by Your Man".
Release
The film was theatrically released in North America on April 28, 2006 by Columbia Pictures and was released on UMD, DVD and Blu-ray Disc on August 15, 2006 by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.
The film grossed $71.7 million in America and $15.8 million in other territories for a total gross of $87.5 million, against a production budget of $50 million. In its opening weekend, it finished number one at the box office with $16.4 million in 3,639 theaters.
Reception
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 23% based on 124 reviews and an average rating of 4.26/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "An unoriginal and only occasionally funny family road-trip movie, RV is a mediocre effort that not even the charisma of Robin Williams can save." On Metacritic, it has a score of 33 out of 100 based on reviews from 28 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave it an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.
Justin Chang of Variety said "RV works up an ingratiating sweetness that partially compensates for its blunt predictability and meager laughs." Roger Ebert, writing for the Chicago Sun-Times, gave the film two out of four stars, saying "There is nothing I much disliked but little to really recommend."
Accolades
See also
The Long Long Trailer
References
External links
2006 films
2000s adventure comedy films
2000s comedy road movies
American adventure comedy films
American comedy road movies
German adventure comedy films
German comedy road movies
English-language German films
Films about dysfunctional families
Films about vacationing
Films set in Colorado
Films shot in Alberta
Films shot in Vancouver
Columbia Pictures films
Films directed by Barry Sonnenfeld
Films produced by Lucy Fisher
Films produced by Douglas Wick
Films scored by James Newton Howard
2006 comedy films
Relativity Media films
Golden Raspberry Award winning films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films |
4018856 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%20Blow | Jonathan Blow | Jonathan Blow (born 1971) is an American video game designer and programmer. He is best known for his work on the independent video games Braid (2008) and The Witness (2016).
Born in California, Blow developed a passion for game programming during middle school and later pursued a double degree in computer science and creative writing at the University of California, Berkeley. He dropped out of college and briefly worked as a software developer before he started a game company with a friend. Once the company closed a few years later with the dot-com bubble bust, Blow worked as a game development contractor. He co-founded the Experimental Gameplay Workshop and wrote a monthly column for Game Developer before he started part-time work on Braid in 2005. The game was released in 2008 to critical acclaim, made Blow a millionaire, and is often credited with catalyzing a period of independent game development in the years following its release. He co-founded investment organization Indie Fund, and is one of the subjects of the 2012 documentary film Indie Game: The Movie.
Blow began work on The Witness shortly after the release of Braid, using most of its revenue to fund development. Blow hired many people to work on The Witness full-time, forming the company Thekla, Inc. in the process. After more than seven years of development, the game was released in 2016 to critical acclaim. It was financially successful, and received several nominations for British Academy Games Awards and Game Developers Choice Awards. During development of The Witness, Blow became frustrated at using C++ to program its game engine, and began designing and creating a new programming language for game development. Full-time work on the language, codenamed Jai, and a new game written in the language, began in 2016. By working on both Jai and the game at the same time, Blow is able to test out the design of the language, improve it early in its lifetime, and demonstrate the capability of the language. Jai has been released in a closed beta, and in December 2021 its compiler reached beta version 100.
Early life
Jonathan Blow was born in Southern California in 1971. His father worked as a defense contractor for TRW, and his mother was an ex-nun. He has an older sister. He was raised Christian, Blow noting "we went to church every Sunday". Blow attended middle school in Northern San Diego County. While there, he attended a fifth or sixth-grade computer class with Commodore VIC-20s which provided him with his first introduction to programming and computers. Blow said "That was my favorite thing at school. I got it right away." When his parents noticed that he was very interested in computers, they got him a TRS-80 Color Computer, on which Blow learned how to program in BASIC, often using exercise books from RadioShack. In high school he also programmed games on a Commodore 64. Some of the games he programmed were inspired by Indiana Jones and Pac-Man.
Blow attended UC Berkeley as an undergraduate in 1989, majoring in computer science and creative writing. He started as a physics major, but switched to computer science because he "just felt called in that direction". Blow said that of the computer science major "you had to know what you were doing", while the bachelor's degree in english was "all about bullshitting things". He was a member of the university's undergraduate computer science association, the CSUA, going on to become a president of the club. Blow said he wrote some science fiction during college, although published it under a pseudonym. His favorite game in college was made by some fellow UC Berkeley students called Netrek, which Blow described as "like playing football with Star Trek ships". He spent five years at UC Berkeley, but dropped out with less than one semester to go. When asked about why he left, Blow said "I was really depressed about being at school, I didn't like it. I didn't have a good time."
Career
19942000: Career beginnings and Wulfram 2
After leaving UC Berkeley, Blow worked at a "really boring" enterprise software company for six months, before taking up a contracting role at Silicon Graphics. There he ported Doom and Doom II to a set-top box. Blow noted "trying to play Doom on a TV remote is terrible, but I had it working."
Around February 1996 Blow started a game company in Oakland with a friend from college using $24,000 of savings. They worked on a game which Blow described as an "online-only, 32 player drop-in drop-out science fiction hovertank combat game". The game was playable in 1997, and they kept working on it to make it better. The name of the game went through several name changes; the final version of the game on the internet was called Wulfram 2. The company signed the game with Total Entertainment Network, which made the game available through a subscription service. Blow said the contract "kept us alive at subsistence level for some amount of time". After TEN was shutdown in 1999, Blow brought the game to Interactive Magic. Blow said his company lasted until the dot-com bubble bust of the early 2000s, after which a former business partner of Blow ran the game for free on the internet.
In a 2020 interview, Blow said he was convinced that 1996 was the hardest time in history to start a video game company, because of the transition from 2D to 3D titles. A number of components of the game were challenging to implement, but Blow learned a lot from the experience. He summarized "we went broke, and I was burned out for several years after that from working hard... but that's how I became a good programmer."
20012004: Contracting work
After Blow closed his first studio, he did contracting work with a number of game studios with larger budgets. Games he worked on included Oddworld: Munch's Oddysee, Deus Ex: Invisible War and Thief: Deadly Shadows. In 2002, together with Chris Hecker, Doug Church and Robin Hunicke, Blow co-founded the experimental gameplay workshop at the Game Developers Conference. Around this time, he also wrote The Inner Product, a monthly column for magazine Game Developer.
During this time period, Blow moved to New York City where he was introduced to an IBM research project about servers based on cell processors, which IBM had partly developed. Blow pitched them a proof of concept of a physics-intensive online multiplayer game about giant robots attacking a town. The idea was that the server would run the physics simulation of the game and then send the results to the clients. The robots in the game, for example, moved not through fixed animations, but by physics simulation of forces applied to the robots' joints. The players could shoot and destroy these joints, and the game's server would simulate the results. Blow and Atman Binstock did most of the programming of the game,
Blow writing the client-side code, graphics, and gameplay, while Binstock wrote the physics engine to run on the server from scratch. After submitting their final report to IBM, the team tried bring the game to EA, but Blow said "they were like, 'Yeah, we're not impressed'".
Further contract work for Blow included particle effect programming on Flow (running on the PS3, which used the cell processor), and code review when MTV purchased Harmonix "to make sure there weren't legal landmines" in the company's code. Blow said of this part of his life "I didn't really know what I was doing in life yet, I was just stumbling forward like people do sometimes, and doing the best that I knew how to do, which at that time was programming."
20052008: Braid
The 2D puzzle-platformer Braid (2008) was a landmark of independent game development. Released on the Xbox 360 through Xbox Live Arcade (XBLA), the game was "an immediate sensation", and a critical and commercial success. Braid demonstrated that it was possible for indie developers to release games on storefronts (instead of through publishers) and remain financially successful. The game "is often credited as the catalyst for the indie [game] boom of the following years".
In Braid, the player solves puzzles using a combination of platforming gameplay and the ability to rewind time. The puzzles typically require the player to figure out how to move the character to the jigsaw pieces located throughout the world. Rewinding time is usually an essential part of the solutions to the puzzles, and the precise mechanism of the rewind changes throughout the course of the game. The plot is told through a combination of textual exposition between worlds, environmental art, and gameplay. The story initially appears to be about the protagonist searching for a princess, although Blow stated that the narrative was "big and subtle and resists being looked at directly."
Blow created a prototype for Braid in December 2004, and began work on the game proper five months later. Much of the work was part-time as Blow also did consulting work for income and invested time into martial-arts training. By December 2005 Blow had finished the first version of the game; however, he felt the graphic art "looked extremely amateur". After many "false starts" trying to find a good artist, he hired David Hellman, who would eventually create all of the game's art. For the game's fiction, Blow drew inspiration from a variety of his favourite books and films such as Invisible Cities and Mulholland Drive. Blow used licensed music for the game as this allowed him to choose high-quality long tracks which worked well with time reversal while reducing development costs.
In mid 2007 he signed with Microsoft to release the game on the Xbox 360's Xbox Live Arcade. Blow felt that time spent meeting the XBLA certification process would have been better spent polishing the game, but said "for the most part, working with Microsoft has been great". He noted that Microsoft was "very hands-off" with respect to game design, and that "the final game is exactly what I wanted to put there". Blow estimated that he spent more than $180,000 of his own money to develop Braid.
The game was released digitally in August 2008 to critical acclaim and commercial success. The Xbox 360 version holds a score of 93 on review aggregator Metacritic, and the game sold more than 55,000 copies during the first week of release. The game made Blow a millionaire. Available only through download, the game represented an early shift in video games from physical to digital stores. The success of the game inspired many other indie developers; in particular, a designer at Supergiant Games said the studio wouldn't exist without the success of Braid. By 2010 some other indie games had also found commercial success, leading Blow to cofound Indie Fund in 2010. Blow was featured in the documentary film Indie Game: The Movie, where he discusses his experiences developing and releasing Braid. By mid-2012 the game had sold more than 450,000 copies, and in 2014 Blow stated that sales had brought in more than $4 million in revenue. Blow used most of the revenue to fund The Witness.
20092016: The Witness
Blow's next project was The Witness (2016), a first-person game in which the player explores an island while solving a large variety of puzzles on panels. The panel puzzles require the player to draw a path on the panel, and the puzzle is solved if the path satisfies a number of rules. Blow wanted to create a game utilizing non-verbal communication, and as such, the puzzle rules are never explained with words. Instead, the puzzles themselves teach the player the rules. Blow felt that solving puzzles in this way could generate epiphanies for players, and tried to design the game so that the player experiences "miniature epiphanies over and over again". The game includes around 650 panels, and Blow estimated that solving every puzzle in the game would take more than 80 hours.
Work on The Witness began shortly after the release of Braid in 2008. Blow created prototypes of several different game ideas before choosing the one he liked the most, despite it being a 3D game which he "absolutely didn't want to do". Throughout development, Blow hired people to work on the game full-time, forming the company Thekla, Inc. in the process (he remains its president). By the time the game was revealed to the public in 2010, three people were working on the game full-time, and by 2015 this number had grown to eight. Blow had hoped to release the game as a launch title for the PS4 in 2013; however, work on the game continued until its release in 2016. At the time, it was virtually unheard of for a small independent game studio to spend more than seven years on a game. Blow said that The Witness ending up being "a much bigger game than I thought", and that "as long as it looked like we were going to have the money and time... we decided to make it the best thing we can."
The game was released on Windows and the PlayStation 4 in January 2016 to critical acclaim and commercial success. The Windows and PS4 versions hold scores of 87 on review aggregator Metacritic, and several popular gaming publications awarded the game perfect scores. The game received several BAFTA and Game Developers Choice Awards nominations. The Witness debuted at $39.99, a price point that was met in some gaming forums with outcry. Blow stated that the price point was "fairly reflective of what the game is", and journalists noted that other independent games of a similar scope and quality debuted with the same price. Blow reported that the first week sales revenue of The Witness totaled over $5 million USD, and that it had sold more than 100,000 units. Blow noted that after release The Witness was one of the top downloads on illegal BitTorrent websites, and was pirated "just as heavily" as Braid. He noted that piracy "will not help [Thekla] afford to make another game."
2017present: Jai Programming Language, untitled sokoban game, and Braid, Anniversary Edition
Towards the end of development of The Witness, Blow became frustrated with C++, the programming language Thekla used to implement the game's engine. Blow considered C++ to be fiendishly complex, and noted "C++ is a powerful language in some ways... but it makes [software development] a lot harder than it should be." He looked into the de facto alternatives to C++ at the time (namely Go, D, and Rust), but found none that addressed his concerns. He then released some videos on YouTube where he tried convince people that game developers "could do better than get off C++." Blow estimated that by eliminating some of the tedious techniques required for game development in C++, a new programming language could reduce development time for a typical game by at least 20% and advance the art form by making programming more enjoyable. Further, he anticipated that the language would be relatively easy to create, predicting that it would be a quicker project than a game like The Witness.
In 2014, Blow began work on designing and programming the new language, which is codenamed Jai. Among other things, Blow hopes the language will improve the quality of the experience of programming, and allow programmers to build a large amount of functionality with a small amount of code. When asked about the real name of the language in 2020, Blow quipped that for many projects "people put all their effort into the cool name" before working on the project itself, and that he was "doing things in the opposite way". For about the first year and a half, his work on Jai was part time as Thekla was busy shipping The Witness. In mid-2016, full-time work on Jai began, including a game engine written in Jai and a sokoban game built in that engine. By working on the sokoban game, its engine, and Jai at the same time, Blow is able to test the language's design and adjust it early in its lifetime. Blow has noted that no previous programming languages have debuted with a piece of demo software as large and complex as a game. The game is intended to prove the capability of the language, thus reducing the risk associated with adopting Jai when it is released. During a 2018 conference talk, Blow demonstrated that a clean non-optimized compilation of the 80,000-line sokoban game took less than two seconds on his laptop. Blow predicted that as work on the compiler continued, the compilation rate would increase significantly, with a target compilation rate of a million lines of Jai per second for a clean non-optimized build. In July 2018 Blow felt the language had already improved his productivity by 15%, and thought that given time the language could improve productivity by 50-80%. Blow intends to release much of the source code of the sokoban game upon release, and said Thekla is trying to structure the code of the game to be "very malleable", so that when it is released it can "provide an in for people who actually want to start experimenting with a program." The Jai compiler is currently in closed beta and reached beta version 100 in December 2021.
The Jai-based sokoban game combines puzzle elements from a variety of other sokoban games while adding ideas of its own. For example, the majority of characters from Jonah Ostroff's Heroes of Sokoban trilogy appear in the game, as do the lily pads and skipping stones from Alan Hazelden's Skipping Stones To Lonely Homes. By combining so many puzzle elements together, Thekla is able to "explode out the combinatorics [of the puzzle space] even further than Thekla did with The Witness." In mid 2018, two programmers were working on the game, and the art team consisted of five people. The sokoban game had over 700 levels as of May 2021, and Blow stated that it will probably have more than 1000 upon release. Work on the sokoban game, its engine, and Jai are regularly streamed by Blow on his twitch channel.
In August 2020, Thekla announced Braid, Anniversary Edition, a remastered edition of Braid. The game's art is being repainted with significantly more detail, and will have smoother animations and enhanced sound. The edition will include detailed and thorough developer commentary from Blow. Players will be able to toggle between the original and upgraded version while playing. Blow explained that the remaster will be faithful to the original, remarking that Braid will not get the "Greedo shoots first" treatment (a reference to a change made to Star Wars). Thekla planned to launch the game in early 2021.
Long-term project
In 2013 Blow began making a prototype for a singleplayer game that was not a puzzle game. In 2018 Blow said the game had 40-50 hours of playable gameplay. He intends for Thekla to make the game using the game engine being developed for the sokoban game, once it has matured. He plans to work on the game over the course of 20 years, releasing the game in installments. Each installment will make the game larger and add complexity.
Blow noted that one of his goals for the project is to expand his design abilities, and stated "I want to design something that is out of my comfort zone that will make me [a better designer]." Another goal is for the game to be similar to Gravity's Rainbow in having a "high dynamic range" and in how the work "is not afraid to leave you behind when it flies. It expects you to do some work and come with it".
Views on video game industry
Blow, a strong proponent of ethical game design and the potential of video games as an art form, has expressed his views in interviews, blog posts, and public speeches. He's claimed that World of Warcraft causes societal problems by diluting the meaning of life to "running on a treadmill". On FarmVille, Blow claimed the developers' goal was to degrade the quality of players' lives, calling its game design "inherently evil".
He has received praise, being called "the kind of righteous rebel video games need", and "a spiritual seeker, questing after truth in an as-yet-uncharted realm". Blow has spoken of the potential for games to be greater and his own attempts to make more adult games. He's noted that in the future games could have a "much bigger role" culturally, but current game development does not address this potential, instead aiming for low-risk, high-profit titles. As a former physics major, Blow has expressed that games could examine the universe in similar ways that a physicist could.
Despite Braids success on the platform, Blow has criticized Microsoft's Xbox Live Arcade certification process as a major deterrence to developers.
Blow is a member of Giving What We Can, a community who have pledged to give at least 10% of their income to effective charities.
References
Citations
Sources
External links
1971 births
American computer programmers
American video game designers
American video game programmers
Indie video game developers
Living people
People from San Francisco
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Video game writers |
4018874 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Colorado%20Rockies%20managers | List of Colorado Rockies managers | The Colorado Rockies are members of Major League Baseball (MLB) and based in Denver, Colorado. The Rockies have had seven managers since their founding in 1993. The Rockies' first manager was Don Baylor, who led the team for six seasons and qualified for the playoffs once. Former manager Clint Hurdle is the all-time leading manager in wins, losses, and games managed; Hurdle led the Rockies to the playoffs in 2007, the only time the Rockies have won the National League pennant. The team was defeated in the World Series.
Table key
Managers
Statistics current through 2021 season
References
Colorado Rockies
Colorado Rockies managers
Managers |
4018879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral%20thyrohyoid%20ligament | Lateral thyrohyoid ligament | The lateral thyrohyoid ligament (lateral hyothyroid ligament) is a round elastic cord, which forms the posterior border of the thyrohyoid membrane and passes between the tip of the superior cornu of the thyroid cartilage and the extremity of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone. The internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve typical lies lateral to this ligament.
Triticeal cartilage
A small cartilaginous nodule (cartilago triticea), sometimes bony, is frequently found in the lateral thyrohyoid ligament.
References
External links
- "Larynx, anterior view"
- "Larynx, lateral view"
Human head and neck
Ligaments |
4018895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.%20P.%20Wadia | B. P. Wadia | Bahman Pestonji Wadia or Bomanji Pestonji Wadia (BP Wadia, B.P. Wadia or BPW) (* 8 October 1881 in Mumbai, India; † 20 August 1958 in Bangalore, India) was an Indian theosophist and labour activist. He was first a member of the TS Adyar, later of
the United Lodge of Theosophists. On 13 April 1918, along with V. Kalyanasundaram Mudaliar, Wadia founded the Madras Labour Union, one of India's first organised labour unions.
In 1903 he joined the TS in Mumbai and moved to Adyar in 1908. He worked for the journal The Theosophist. He became president of the Madras Textile Workers' Union and engaged himself for worker's rights.
In 1919 he visited the ULT in Los Angeles and was very impressed. When he returned to Adyar in 1919, he tried to work for a change of direction in the TS Adyar, based on the ideals of the ULT, but didn't succeed. He became disappointed and left the TS Adyar to work for the ULT in Los Angeles.
In 1923 he founded several lodges on the east coast of the States. In 1925 he founded a lodge in the UK. In 1928 a lodge was founded in France, in 1929 in Mumbai, and in 1930 he began publishing the journal The Aryan Path.
In 1928 he married Sophia Camacho (1901-1986). In 1945 he founded The Indian Institute of World Culture (IIWC) in Bangalore. Other lodges of the ULT were founded in the States, Europe and India.
A street in Bangalore, B.P. Wadia Road, is named after him.
Notes
Works
Growth through service. The Theosophical association of New York, New York 1922
Problems of national and international politics. Theosophical association of New York, New York 1922
Studies in "The secret doctrine“. Theosophy Co. (India), Bombay 1963
The building of the home. Indian Institute of World Culture, Bangalore 1959
The inner ruler. Theosophical association of New York, New York 1922
Theosophy and new thought. The Cosmopolitan press, Bombay 1907
Thus have I heard, leading articles from "The Aryan path“. Indian Institute of World Culture, Bangalore 1959
External links
Biography and texts
Biography in seven parts
United Lodge of Theosophists India
Biography on 50th death anniversary
Wadia, Bahman Pestonji
Wadia, Bahman Pestonji
Trade unionists from Maharashtra
1881 births
1958 deaths
Politicians from Mumbai
20th-century Indian politicians
Wadia family |
4018896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Bradley%20%28inventor%29 | Benjamin Bradley (inventor) | Benjamin Bradley (March 1830 – 1904) was an American engineer and inventor.
Benjamin's correct surname was Boardley, but since 1859 when the African Repository published an article wrongly spelling Benjamin's surname as Bradley, authors have written about him with the incorrect surname.
Early life
Benjamin Bradley was born a slave in Anne Arundel County, Maryland in March 1830. It has been theorized that he acquired literacy while learning from his master's children. According to the Maryland State Manumission records, Bradley's owner was John T. Hammond.
As a teenager, Bradley worked at a printing office. He showed ingenuity and mechanical skills by the age of 16, when he built a steam engine out of a gun barrel, pewter, round steel, and other various materials. His master was impressed and was able to get him a job as a helper in the Department of Natural and Experimental Philosophy at the Naval Academy at Annapolis.
Career
At the U.S. Naval Academy, Bradley worked as a helper. According to the African Repository of 1859, he was paid in full for his work, but the money he had made went to his master, who allowed Bradley to keep five dollars a month for himself. As a helper at the academy, Bradley helped set up science experiments that involved chemical gases.
It is mentioned that his professors at the Naval Academy were very impressed with him. Professor Hopkins of the Naval Academy wrote about Bradley's work as a helper at the Academy, writing that he would set up experiments, that he was a quick learner and that "he looks for the law by which things act." Professor Hopkins's children taught Bradley how to read and write as well as do math (such as arithmetic, algebra and geometry).
During his time at the Naval Academy, Bradley built a steam engine and sold it to the a "Midshipmen". With the money he had made from selling the steam engine and the money that he had saved while working at the Naval Academy, he developed and built a steam engine large enough to run the first "cutter of a sloop-of-war" that could exceed up to 16 knots an hour. He sold this model engine to another classmate at the Naval Academy and used the proceeds to develop and build the "first steam-powered warship."
Because he was a slave, Bradley was not allowed to get a patent for the engine he developed. He was, however, able to sell the engine. He used the proceeds, plus the money given to him by professors at the Naval Academy, to buy his freedom for $1,000. According to the Maryland State Manumission records, Bradley was manumitted from his owner, John T. Hammond, on September 30, 1859 in the County of Anne Arundel, Maryland.
During the Civil War, the U.S. Naval Academy was relocated to Newport, Rhode Island. According to the African Repository Aug. 1865, Bradley was employed as a freeman at the U.S. Naval Academy in Rhode Island and worked under Prof. A.W. Smith. There Bradley continued his work on constructing small steam engines and continued to show his ingenious mechanical skills. He worked as an instructor in the Philosophical Department at the Naval Academy in 1864. He was credited at designing and constructing a "miniature steam-engine and boiler about 6-fly power."
Later life
According to the 1900 U.S. Census, Bradley was 64 years old and living in Mashpee, Massachusetts. His occupation was described as a "philosophical lecturer". The Census also indicated that he was married to Gertrude Boardley for 19 years, and they had three children together.
Death
Bradley died in 1904 and is buried at the Mashpee Town Cemetery in Massachusetts.
References
External links
Benjamin Bradley, Black Inventor's On-Line Museum
19th-century American slaves
African-American engineers
19th-century American engineers
People from Maryland
1836 births
African-American inventors
19th-century American inventors
Place of death missing
Date of birth unknown
Date of death unknown
Year of death unknown
Burials in Massachusetts |
4018904 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyrohyoid%20membrane | Thyrohyoid membrane | The thyrohyoid membrane (or hyothyroid membrane) is a broad, fibro-elastic sheet of the larynx. It connects the upper border of the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone.
Structure
The thyrohyoid membrane is attached below to the upper border of the thyroid cartilage and to the front of its superior cornu, and above to the upper margin of the posterior surface of the body and greater cornu of the hyoid bone. It passes behind the posterior surface of the body of the hyoid. It is separated from the hyoid bone by a mucous bursa, which allows for the upward movement of the larynx during swallowing.
Its middle thicker part is termed the median thyrohyoid ligament. Its lateral thinner portions are pierced by the superior laryngeal vessels and the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. Its anterior surface is in relation with the thyrohyoid muscle, sternohyoid muscle, and omohyoid muscles, and with the body of the hyoid bone. It is pierced by the superior laryngeal nerve. It is also pierced the superior thyroid artery, where there is a thickening of the membrane.
Clinical significance
Superior laryngeal artery
The thyrohyoid membrane needs to be manipulated to access the superior thyroid artery.
History
The thyrohyoid membrane refers to the two structures it connects: the thyroid cartilage and the hyoid bone. It may also be known as the hyothyroid membrane, where the two structures are reversed.
Additional images
References
External links
()
- "Larynx, anterior view"
- "Larynx, lateral view"
Human head and neck |
4018910 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Jin-woo%20%28footballer%29 | Kim Jin-woo (footballer) | Kim Jin-woo (born October 9, 1975) is a football player from South Korea who plays as a midfielder.
He represented South Korea at youth and senior levels. However, his contribution to the senior team was brief and consisted of only two matches against New Zealand in 2000.
Kim's entire professional career has been spent with Suwon Samsung Bluewings,
one of the dominant forces in South Korean football. His debut came during the 1996 season, and by the end of 2005 he had played 279 times for the Suwon Bluewings franchise, scoring two goals and providing 17 assists. In that time he has also committed 727 fouls and has earned himself 77 yellow cards, but never a red one.
Club career statistics
External links
K-League Player Record
FIFA Player Statistics
1975 births
Living people
Association football midfielders
South Korean footballers
South Korea international footballers
Suwon Samsung Bluewings players
K League 1 players |
4018915 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcgraviaceae | Marcgraviaceae | The Marcgraviaceae are a neotropical angiosperm family in the order Ericales. The members of the family are shrubs, woody epiphytes, and lianas, with alternate, pinnately nerved leaves. The flowers are arranged in racemes. The flowers are accompanied by modified, fleshy, saccate bracts which produce nectar. The flowers are pentamerous. The fruits are capsules.
Genera
Marcgravia - (ca. 65 spp.): S Mexico, Mesoamerica, South America, Antilles
Marcgraviastrum - (15 spp.): S Nicaragua to Peru, Bolivia plus 2 spp. in E Brazil
Norantea - (2 spp.): Caribbean and Amazonian basin of NE South America
Ruyschia - (9 spp.): Mesoamerica, N Andes, Lesser Antilles
Sarcopera - (ca. 10 spp.): Honduras to N Bolivia, Guyayana Highlands
Schwartzia - (ca. 15 spp.): Costa Rica through the Andes south to Bolivia, in the Caribbean basin and 1 sp. in E Brazil
Souroubea - (19 spp.): Mexico to Bolivia (absent from the Antilles)
There are 2 known subfamilies; Marcgravioideae (containing Marcgravia and Marcgraviastrum) and Noranteoideae (containing the rest of the genera).
Former genus include Pseudosarcopera (now listed as a synonym of Sarcopera).
References
Other sources
Bedell, H.G. 1989. Marcgraviaceae. In: Howard, R.A. (ed.). Flora of the Lesser Antilles 5: 300-310.
Dressler, S. 2000. Marcgraviaceae. In: Flora de República de Cuba, Ser. A, Fasc. 5: 1-14.
Dressler, S. 2001. Marcgraviaceae. In: Steyermark, J.A., P.E. Berry, K. Yatskievych & B.K. Holst (eds.), Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana vol 6, pp. 248-260. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
Dressler, S. 2004. Marcgraviaceae. In: Kubitzki, K. (ed.). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. vol. 6, pp. 258-265. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
External links
Marcgraviaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval. http://delta-intkey.com
Ericales families |
4018919 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifaximin | Rifaximin | Rifaximin, is a non-absorbable, a broad spectrum antibiotic mainly used to treat travelers' diarrhea. It is based on the rifamycin antibiotics family. Since its approval in Italy in 1987, it has been licensed in over more than 30 countries for the treatment of a variety of gastrointestinal diseases like irritable bowel syndrome, and hepatic encephalopathy. It acts by inhibiting RNA synthesis in susceptible bacteria by binding to the RNA polymerase enzyme. This binding blocks translocation, which stops transcription. It is marketed under the brand name Xifaxan by Salix Pharmaceuticals.
Medical uses
Travelers’ Diarrhea (TD)
Rifaximin is used to treat traveler's diarrhea caused by certain bacteria (E. coli) in adults and children at least 12 years of age. It treats traveler's diarrhea by stopping the growth of the bacteria that cause diarrhea. Rifaximin will not work to treat traveler's diarrhea that is bloody or occurs with fever.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Rifaximin is used for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. It possesses anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, and is a nonabsorbable antibiotic that acts locally in the gut. These properties make it efficacious in relieving chronic functional symptoms of non-constipation type irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). It appears to retain its therapeutic properties for this indication, even after repeated courses. It is particularly indicated where small intestine bacterial overgrowth is suspected of involvement in a person's IBS. Symptom relief or improvement can be obtained for global IBS symptoms, including: abdominal pain, flatulence, bloating, and stool consistency. A drawback is that repeated courses may be necessary for relapse of symptoms.
Clostridium difficile Infection (CDI)
Rifaximin may also be a useful addition to vancomycin when treating patients with relapsing C. difficile infection. However, the quality of evidence of these studies was judged to be low. Because exposure to rifamycins in the past may increase risk for resistance, rifaximin should be avoided in such cases.
Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE)
Rifaximin is used to prevent episodes of hepatic encephalopathy (changes in thinking, behavior, and personality caused by a build-up of toxins in the brain in people who have liver disease) in adults who have liver disease. It treats hepatic encephalopathy by stopping the growth of bacteria that produce toxins and that may worsen the liver disease. Although high-quality evidence is still lacking, it appears to be as effective as, or more effective than, other available treatments for hepatic encephalopathy (such as lactulose), is better tolerated, and may work faster. It prevents reoccurring encephalopathy and is associated with high patient satisfaction. People are more compliant and satisfied to take this medication than any other due to minimal side effects, prolonged remission, and overall cost. The drawbacks are increased cost, and lack of robust clinical trials for HE without combination lactulose therapy.
Other uses
Other uses include treatment of: infectious diarrhea, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, inflammatory bowel disease, and diverticular disease. It is effective in treating small intestinal bacterial overgrowth regardless of whether it is associated with irritable bowel syndrome or not. It has also shown efficacy with rosacea, ocular rosacea which also presents as dry eyes for patients with co-occurrence with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO).
Special caution
Patients should avoid Rifaximin usage if they are allergic to Rifabutin, Rifampin and Rifapentine. It may cause attenuated vaccines (such as typhoid vaccine) to not work well. Health care professionals should be informed about its usage before having any immunizations. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should avoid taking it as it is a pregnancy category C drug and can harm the foetus. Cautious use is required in individuals with cirrhosis of the liver who have a Child-Pugh score of class C severity.
Side effects
Rifaximin has an excellent safety profile due to its lack of systemic absorption. Clinical trials did not show any serious adverse events while using the drug. There were no deaths while using it in the clinical trials.
The most common side effects includes nausea, stomach pain, dizziness, fatigue, headaches, muscle tightening and joint pain. It may also cause reddish discoloration of urine.
The most serious side effects of Rifaximin are:
Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD)
Drug-resistant bacterial superinfection
Severe allergic reactions including hives, rashes and itching
Interactions
As Rifaximin is not significantly absorbed from the gut, the great majority of these drug interactions are negligible in people with healthy liver function, so healthcare providers usually do not worry about drug interactions unless liver impairment is present. It may decrease the effectiveness of warfarin, a commonly prescribed anticoagulant, in people with liver problems.
Pharmacology
Rifaximin is a semisynthetic broad spectrum antibacterial drug, derived through chemical modification of the natural antibiotic rifamycin. It has very low bioavailability due to its poor absorption after oral administration. Because of this local action within the gut and the lack of horizontal transfer of resistant genes, the development of bacterial resistance is rare, and most of the drug taken orally stays in the gastrointestinal tract where the infection takes place.
Mechanism of action
Rifaximin interferes with transcription by binding to the β-subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase. This results in the blockage of the translocation step that normally follows the formation of the first phosphodiester bond, which occurs in the transcription process. This in turn results in a reduction of bacteria populations, including gas-producing bacteria, which may reduce mucosal inflammation, epithelial dysfunction, and visceral hypersensitivity. Rifaximin has broad spectrum antibacterial properties against both gram positive and gram negative anaerobic and aerobic bacteria. As a result of bile acid solubility, its antibacterial action is limited mostly to the small intestine and less so the colon. A resetting of the bacterial composition has also been suggested as a possible mechanism of action for relief of IBS symptoms. Additionally, rifaximin may have a direct anti-inflammatory effect on gut mucosa via modulation of the pregnane X receptor. Other mechanisms for its therapeutic properties include inhibition of bacterial translocation across the epithelial lining of the intestine, inhibition of adherence of bacteria to the epithelial cells, and a reduction in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines.
Availability
In the United States, Salix Pharmaceuticals holds a US Patent for rifaximin and markets the drug under the name Xifaxan. In addition to receiving FDA approval for travelers' diarrhea and (marketing approved for) hepatic encephalopathy, rifaximin received FDA approval for IBS in May 2015. No generic formulation is available in the US and none has appeared due to the fact that the FDA approval process was ongoing. If rifaximin receives full FDA approval for hepatic encephalopathy it is likely that Salix will maintain marketing exclusivity and be protected from generic formulations until March 24, 2017. In 2018, a patent dispute with Teva was settled which delayed a generic in the United States, with the patent set to expire in 2029.
Rifaximin is approved in 33 countries for GI disorders. On August 13, 2013, Health Canada issued a Notice of Compliance to Salix Pharmaceuticals Inc. for the drug product Zaxine. In India, it is available under the brand names Ciboz and Xifapill. In Russia and Ukraine the drug is sold under the name Alfa Normix (Альфа Нормикс), produced by Alfa Wassermann S.p.A. (Italy). In 2018, the FDA approved a similar drug by Cosmos Pharmaceuticals called Aemcolo for traveler's diarrhea.
References
External links
Orphan drugs
Rifamycin antibiotics
Acetate esters
Ethers
Lactams
Pregnane X receptor agonists |
4018935 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangaridai | Gangaridai | Gangaridai (; Latin: Gangaridae) is a term used by the ancient Greco-Roman writers (1st century BCE-2nd century AD) to describe a people or a geographical region of the ancient Indian subcontinent. Some of these writers state that Alexander the Great withdrew from the Indian subcontinent because of the strong war elephant force of the Gangaridai.
A number of modern scholars locate Gangaridai in the Ganges Delta of the Bengal region, although alternative theories also exist. Gange or Ganges, the capital of the Gangaridai (according to Ptolemy), has been identified with several sites in the region, including Chandraketugarh and Wari-Bateshwar.
Names
The Greek writers use the names "Gandaridae" (Diodorus), "Gandaritae", and "Gandridae" (Plutarch) to describe these people. The ancient Latin writers use the name "Gangaridae", a term that seems to have been coined by the 1st century poet Virgil.
Some modern etymologies of the word Gangaridai split it as "Gaṅgā-rāṣṭra", "Gaṅgā-rāḍha" or "Gaṅgā-hṛdaya". For example, it has been suggested that Gangarid is a Greek formation of the Indian word "Ganga-hṛd", meaning 'the land with the Ganges at its heart'. The meaning fits well with the description of the region given by the author of Periplus. However, historian D. C. Sircar believes that the word is simply the plural form of "Gangarid" (derived from the base "Ganga"), and means "Ganga (Ganges) people".
Some earlier scholars considered "Gangaridae" as a corruption of or distinct from "Gandaridae", a region they located in north-western part of the Indian subcontinent. For example, W. W. Tarn (1948) equated the term with Gandhara; and T.R. Robinson (1993) equated it to Gandaris or Gandarae, an area in present-day Punjab mentioned by ancient Greek writers. However, the ancient Greco-Roman works make it clear that Gandaridae was located in the Ganges plain: it was another name for Gangaridae, and was different from Gandhara and Gandaris.
Greek accounts
Several ancient Greek writers mention Gangaridai, but their accounts are largely based on hearsay.
Diodorus
The earliest surviving description of Gangaridai appears in Bibliotheca historica of writer Diodorus Siculus (69 BCE-16AD). This account is based on a now-lost work, probably the writings of either Megasthenes or Hieronymus of Cardia.
In Book 2 of Bibliotheca historica, Diodorus states that "Gandaridae" (i.e. Gangaridai) territory was located to the east of the Ganges river, which was 30 stades wide. He mentions that no foreign enemy had ever conquered Gandaridae, because it of its strong elephant force. He further states that Alexander the Great advanced up to Ganges after subjugating other Indians, but decided to retreat when he heard that the Gandaridae had 4,000 elephants.
In Book 17 of Bibliotheca historica, Diodorus once again describes the "Gandaridae", and states that Alexander had to retreat after his soldiers refused to take an expedition against the Gandaridae. The book (17.91.1) also mentions that a nephew of Porus fled to the land of the Gandaridae, although C. Bradford Welles translates the name of this land as "Gandara".
In Book 18 of Bibliotheca historica, Diodorus describes India as a large kingdom comprising several nations, the largest of which was "Tyndaridae" (which seems to be a scribal error for "Gandaridae"). He further states that a river separated this nation from their neighbouring territory; this 30-stadia wide river was the greatest river in this region of India (Diodorus does not mention the name of the river in this book). He goes on to mention that Alexander did not campaign against this nation, because they had a large number of elephants. The Book 18 description is as follows:
Diodorus' account of India in the Book 2 is based on Indica, a book written by the 4th century BCE writer Megasthenes, who actually visited India. Megasthenes' Indica is now lost, although it has been reconstructed from the writings of Diodorus and other later writers. J. W. McCrindle (1877) attributed Diodorus' Book 2 passage about the Gangaridai to Megasthenes in his reconstruction of Indica. However, according to A. B. Bosworth (1996), Diodorus' source for the information about the Gangaridai was Hieronymus of Cardia (354–250 BCE), who was a contemporary of Alexander and the main source of information for Diodorus' Book 18. Bosworth points out that Diodorus describes Ganges as 30 stadia wide; but it is well-attested by other sources that Megasthenes described the median (or minimum) width of Ganges as 100 stadia. This suggests that Diodorus obtained the information about the Gandaridae from another source, and appended it to Megasthenes' description of India in Book 2.
Plutarch
Plutarch (46-120 CE) mentions the Gangaridai as "'Gandaritae" (in Parallel Lives - Life of Alexander 62.3) and as "Gandridae" (in Moralia 327b.).
Other writers
Ptolemy (2nd century CE), in his Geography, states that the Gangaridae occupied "all the region about the mouths of the Ganges". He names a city called Gange as their capital. This suggests that Gange was the name of a city, derived from the name of the river. Based on the city's name, the Greek writers used the word "Gangaridai" to describe the local people.
The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea does not mention the Gangaridai, but attests the existence of a city that the Greco-Romans described as "Ganges":
Dionysius Periegetes (2nd-3rd century CE) mentions "Gargaridae" located near the "gold-bearing Hypanis" (Beas) river. "Gargaridae" is sometimes believed to be a variant of "Gangaridae", but another theory identifies it with Gandhari people. A. B. Bosworth dismisses Dionysius' account as "a farrago of nonsense", noting that he inaccurately describes the Hypanis river as flowing down into the Gangetic plain.
Gangaridai also finds a mention in Greek mythology. In Apollonius of Rhodes' Argonautica (3rd century BCE), Datis, a chieftain, leader of the Gangaridae who was in the army of Perses III, fought against Aeetes during the Colchian civil war. Colchis was situated in modern-day Georgia, on the east of the Black Sea. Aeetes was the famous king of Colchia against whom Jason and the Argonauts undertook their expedition in search of the "Golden Fleece". Perses III was the brother of Aeetes and king of the Taurian tribe.
Roman accounts
The Roman poet Virgil speaks of the valour of the Gangaridae in his Georgics (c. 29 BCE).
Quintus Curtius Rufus (possibly 1st century CE) noted the two nations Gangaridae and Prasii:
Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE) states:
Identification
The ancient Greek writers provide vague information about the centre of the Gangaridai power. As a result, the later historians have put forward various theories about its location.
Gangetic plains
Pliny (1st century CE) in his NH, terms the Gangaridai as the novisima gens (nearest people) of the Ganges river. It cannot be determined from his writings whether he means "nearest to the mouth" or "nearest to the headwaters". But the later writer Ptolemy (2nd century CE), in his Geography, explicitly locates the Gangaridai near the mouths of the Ganges.
A. B. Bosworth notes that the ancient Latin writers almost always use the word "Gangaridae" to define the people, and associate them with the Prasii people. According to Megasthenes, who actually lived in India, the Prasii people lived near the Ganges. Besides, Pliny explicitly mentions that the Gangaridae lived beside the Ganges, naming their capital as Pertalis. All these evidences suggest that the Gangaridae lived in the Gangetic plains.
Rarh region
Diodorus (1st century BCE) states that the Ganges river formed the eastern boundary of the Gangaridai. Based on Diodorus's writings and the identification of Ganges with Bhāgirathi-Hooghly (a western distributary of Ganges), Gangaridai can be identified with the Rarh region in West Bengal.
Larger part of Bengal
The Rarh is located to the west of the Bhāgirathi-Hooghly (Ganges) river. However, Plutarch (1st century CE), Curtius (possibly 1st century CE) and Solinus (3rd century CE), suggest that Gangaridai was located on the eastern banks of the Gangaridai river. Historian R. C. Majumdar theorized that the earlier historians like Diodorus used the word Ganga for the Padma River (an eastern distributary of Ganges).
Pliny names five mouths of the Ganges river, and states that the Gangaridai occupied the entire region about these mouths. He names five mouths of Ganges as Kambyson, Mega, Kamberikon, Pseudostomon and Antebole. These exact present-day locations of these mouths cannot be determined with certainty because of the changing river courses. According to D. C. Sircar, the region encompassing these mouths appears to be the region lying between the Bhāgirathi-Hooghly River in the west and the Padma River in the east. This suggests that the Gangaridai territory included the coastal region of present-day West Bengal and Bangladesh, up to the Padma river in the east. Gaurishankar De and Subhradip De believe that the five mouths may refer to the Bidyadhari, Jamuna and other branches of Bhāgirathi-Hooghly at the entrance of Bay of Bengal.
According to the archaeologist Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti, the centre of the Gangaridai power was located in vicinity of Adi Ganga (a now dried-up flow of the Hooghly river). Chakrabarti considers Chandraketugarh as the strongest candidate for the centre, followed by Mandirtala. James Wise believed that Kotalipara in present-day Bangladesh was the capital of Gangaridai. Archaeologist Habibullah Pathan identified the Wari-Bateshwar ruins as the Gangaridai territory.
North-western India
William Woodthorpe Tarn (1948) identifies the "Gandaridae" mentioned by Diodorus with the people of Gandhara. Historian T. R. Robinson (1993) locates the Gangaridai to the immediately east of the Beas River, in the Punjab region. According to him, the unnamed river described in Diodorus' Book 18 is Beas (Hyphasis); Diodorus misinterpreted his source, and incompetently combined it with other material from Megasthenes, erroneously naming the river as Ganges in Book 2. Robinson identified the Gandaridae with the ancient Yaudheyas.
A. B. Bosworth (1996) rejects this theory, pointing out that Diodorus describes the unnamed river in Book 18 as the greatest river in the region. But Beas is not the largest river in its region. Even if one excludes the territory captured by Alexander in "the region" (thus excluding the Indus River), the largest river in the region is Chenab (Acesines). Robison argues that Diodorus describes the unnamed river as "the greatest river in its own immediate area", but Bosworth believes that this interpretation is not supported by Diodorus's wording. Bosworth also notes that Yaudheyas were an autonomous confederation, and do not match the ancient descriptions that describe Gandaridae as part of a strong kingdom.
Other
According to Nitish K. Sengupta, it is possible that the term "Gangaridai" refers to the whole of northern India from the Beas River to the western part of Bengal.
Pliny mentions the Gangaridae and the Calingae (Kalinga) together. One interpretation based on this reading suggests that Gangaridae and the Calingae were part of the Kalinga tribe, which spread into the Ganges delta. N. K. Sahu of Utkal University identifies Gangaridae as the northern part of Kalinga.
Political status
Diodorus mentions Gangaridai and Prasii as one nation, naming Xandramas as the king of this nation. Diodorus calls them "two nations under one king." Historian A. B. Bosworth believes that this is a reference to the Nanda dynasty, and the Nanda territory matches the ancient descriptions of kingdom in which the Gangaridae were located.
According to Nitish K. Sengupta, it is possible that Gangaridai and Prasii are actually two different names of the same people, or closely allied people. However, this cannot be said with certainty.
Historian Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri writes: "It may reasonably be inferred from the statements of the Greek and Latin writers that about the time of Alexander's invasion, the Gangaridai were a very powerful nation, and either formed a dual monarchy with the Pasioi [Prasii], or were closely associated with them on equal terms in a common cause against the foreign invader.
References
Citations
Sources
History of Bengal
Historical Indian regions |
4018936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June%201990%20Mineriad | June 1990 Mineriad | The June 1990 Mineriad was the suppression of anti-National Salvation Front (FSN) rioting in Bucharest, Romania by the physical intervention of groups of industrial workers as well as coal miners from the Jiu Valley, brought to Bucharest by the government to counter the rising violence of the protesters. This event occurred several weeks after the FSN achieved a landslide victory in the May 1990 general election, the first elections after the fall of the communist regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu. Many of the miners, factory workers, and other anti-protester groups, fought with the protesters and bystanders. The violence resulted in some deaths and many injuries on both sides of the confrontations. Official figures listed seven fatalities and hundreds of injured, although media estimates of the number killed and injured varied widely and were often much higher.
Background
The initial enthusiasm after the Romanian Revolution of 1989 was tempered in January 1990, after the National Salvation Front (Frontul Salvării Naționale, FSN), an organization that emerged as the leader during the anti-Ceaușescu revolution, decided to run as a party in the elections it was set to organize. Further discontent was brought by the fact that many of the FSN leaders, including its president, Ion Iliescu, were former members of the Romanian Communist Party. When the 1989 Revolution occurred, the Communist Party had a membership of 4 million out of a population of 22 million.
The newly founded parties that opposed the FSN organised, beginning with April, large electoral meetings in University Square. Students and professors at the University of Bucharest also joined in the protests. One of their most vocal demands was the voting into law of the eighth demand of the Proclamation of Timișoara, which stated that communists should be prevented from holding official functions.
Iliescu dubbed the protesters as golani (rascals) or huligani (hooligans), and implied fascists groups participated in the protest in an attempt to seize power. The protesters eventually adopted the name golani and the movement came to be known as the Golaniad.
After Iliescu and the FSN won a landslide victory in the elections of May 20, 1990, the opposition parties decided to disband the meeting. Only a small part of the protesters remained in the square, where they set up tents. After several weeks, the government decided to forcefully evacuate the remaining protesters, but the police attempts were met with violence, and several state institutions, including the police headquarters, the national television station, and the Foreign Ministry, were attacked. President Iliescu issued a call to Romania's population to come to Bucharest in order to save the "besieged democratic regime" and restore order and democracy in Bucharest. The most important group to answer the call were the powerful miner's organizations from the Jiu Valley. Some 10,000 miners were transported to Bucharest in special trains.
Prelude
On 22 April, the Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party (Partidul Național Țărănesc Creștin și Democrat, PNȚCD, now the Christian-Democratic People's Party) and other parties organised a demonstration in Aviators' Square. After the peaceful demonstration, groups of people marched towards the Romanian Television (TVR) station, calling for its political independence. They continued their protest in University Square and decided to sit in overnight. Two days later, they were still there, their numbers growing. They stated that they would not leave the Square, dubbing their protest "the big anti-communism protest".
Their main demands were the adoption of point 8 of the Proclamation of Timișoara (no former members of the disbanded Romanian Communist Party in the new government), the political independence of TVR, and inquiries about the truth of the Revolution. The Geology Faculty's balcony became the stage for almost a month of protest. The opposition decided to abandon protests after FSN's victory in the May elections.
On 11 June, negotiations between the government and the remaining demonstrators failed. About 100 people, dissatisfied with the result of the dialogue between the government and the hunger strikers, started rioting in Victory Square (Piața Victoriei) and closed in on Victoria Palace (Palatul Victoria, the government's headquarters).
Police, military police and army forces appeared, together with some armoured personnel carriers. The police pushed the demonstrators back to Calea Victoriei and retreated towards the Palace.
13 June
04:00: The police forces attacked the hunger strikers. Tents were ripped up and destroyed, and personal objects were confiscated. Strikers were arrested, but some escaped and took refuge in the hall of the InterContinental Hotel.
05:00: Police attacked the Architecture Institute (Institutul de Arhitectură), surrounded the Square and built barricades out of vehicles. The representatives of the Police Press Bureau declared that they didn't know what was happening in the city centre.
9:30: Demonstrators appeared around the barricade built between Colțea Hospital and "Luceafărul" Cinema and started chanting anti-government protests. Many arrests took place.
11:00: The number of arrests was made public by radio: about 240. At the Architecture Faculty (Facultatea de Arhitectură) there was a press conference of students and hunger strikers who were attacked but had managed to evade arrest.
12:00: The Architecture Institute was assaulted by a group of workers from the Bucharest's industrial platforms, shouting: "I.M.G.B. makes the law!". Another group, mostly of women, shouted: "I.C.T.B. makes the law!", brandishing makeshift weapons. The students barricaded themselves, but the building was assaulted. The police showed up. Other groups shouted anti-governmental slogans and split apart the two groups of workers.
14:00: From the Academiei and Colței streets protesters launch Molotov cocktails. In the area in the vicinity of the University, Architecture Institute and the Negoiu Hotel, the crowd shouted and booed. The police appeared, but withdrew because people were throwing bottles and rocks from the rooftops.
17:30: The demonstrators smashed the police barrage and reach the balcony. More policemen appeared, but were forced to withdraw under the heavy "artillery barrage" of rocks and bottles. An explosion set fire to the police bus that blocked the entry to the square. The police left and the square was occupied. At the truck barricade on Onești street a bus was set on fire. At the balcony of the Geology College (Facultatea de Geologie), Marian Munteanu, head of the Student League from the University of Bucharest, announced that the students were on strike and would barricade themselves in the building until their arrested colleagues were released. Shortly thereafter, the main HQs of the Bucharest Police, Interior Minister and SRI were attacked. Protesters threw Molotov cocktails, started fires, conducted various acts of violence, destroyed documents and objects, and took people hostage. There were rumours that trains full of miners were heading for Bucharest.
Ion Iliescu addressed the public, urging them to oppose the violent acts and do everything they could to re-establish order.
18:00: Thousands of demonstrators gathered in the Television yard, although the zone was guarded by police and civilians. Protesters armed with clubs and other improvised weapons went to the entrance to Pangratti Street. Violence ensued and broadcasting was interrupted. In the Television building, the film archive was destroyed, along with IBM subtitle machines, montage rooms and mobile phones. Telephone wires were cut, documents were stolen or destroyed, windows were broken and people were violently attacked.
14 June
In the early morning, coal miners from the Jiu Valley reached Bucharest on trains, along with their leader Miron Cozma. They headed for Victory Square, where they were welcomed and bread was distributed to them from army vehicles.
A number of officials appeared at the Council of Ministers at Victory Square, and finally Iliescu showed up accompanied by representatives of the miners. In his speech he accused the demonstrators of the University Square of being alcoholics, drug addicts, fascists (making reference to the Iron Guard "Legionnaires" of the World War II era), and bandits. In the square were also groups carrying banners showing that they are from particular factories.
During this period, the Opposition newspapers and magazines România Liberă, Dreptatea, Express, 22, Baricada were attacked and damaged, and some of the newspaper workers were assaulted. The building where România Liberă was printed was damaged. România Liberă and several publications of opposition political groups were not published in the interval of 15–18 June, as the typography workers refused to print the anti-government articles. The student demonstrators and protesters were engaged in violent confrontation with workers and other pro-government groups. The University and Architecture Institute was devastated and many students badly beaten.
From 14–15 June arrests of the people involved in the demonstration of University Square continued.
Casualties
The number of victims is controversial. Officially, according to the evidence from the parliamentary commissions of inquiry, the number of wounded is 746, and the death toll is six: four dead by shooting, one dead of a heart attack and a person stabbed. Viorel Ene, president of the Association of Victims of the Mineriads, asserted that "there are documents, testimonies of doctors, of people from Domnești and Străulești cemeteries. Although we have said all along that the real number of dead is over 100, no one contradicted so far and there was no official position against." The opposition newspaper România Liberă alleged that over 128 unidentified bodies were buried in a common grave in Străulești II cemetery, near Bucharest.
A few weeks after the mineriad, several medical students conducted research in Străulești II cemetery, discovering two trenches with about 78 unmarked graves, which they claimed to contain victims of the events. There were also other people – journalists, photographers, students – who have carried out research and photographs at the Institute of Forensic Medicine and Străulești Cemetery. In August–September 1990, under the signature of Eugen Dichiseanu, România Liberă published, in a series of 10 episodes, a survey on the subject. The research, conducted by journalist Eugen Dichiseanu and members of the League of Students, including George Roncea, claimed to have found major irregularities, inaccuracies, negligencies, deficiencies of organization, but also attempts of default of evidence in the functioning of institutions involved in managing the situation of dead without identity: Police, Prosecution, Institute of Forensic Medicine (IFM), Bucharest City Hall.
Aftermath
According to the report of Gheorge Robu and Interior Minister Doru Viorel Ursu, from the events of 13–15 June 185 people were arrested; 34 put on trial; 2 freed unconditionally; 17 freed under parole after medical examinations; 81 freed under parole; 51 remained under arrest.
The demonstrations in University Square persisted until about 24–25 August 1990.
Press reaction
The pro-FSN press (such as Adevărul, Dimineaţa, Azi) praised the miners and other workers for being the "defenders of liberty and democracy" and criticized the negative coverage of the international press who, they claim, saw only one part of the issue.
The official government position on the foreign press opinion was expressed on 15 June 1990 by Prime Minister Petre Roman. He declared that the international press had a "strange" point of view and that the intervention against the opposition was not a "fascist program", but it was the other way around, the protesters being the fascists.
Differing perspective of the miners
See also The 1990s: the rise and decline of miners' unions
The Jiu Valley miners were vilified in the national and international press for their role in the confrontation and the subsequent violence and destruction. Subsequent interviews with miners participating in the confrontation provide a very different perspective of the events that transpired. Many claim that individuals reportedly representing the government came to the mines and union groups and told the miners that the new democracy was under attack by anarchists and provocateurs who wanted to bring down the elected government. It was their duty, the miners were told, to protect Romania and the new democracy. Few, if any, of the miners had any connection with or knowledge of the protesters and their demands, so they followed the direction of individuals they believed represented the government. In the view of many individuals in Jiu Valley, most of the violence was perpetuated by non-miners or agents provocateurs dressed like miners. The perspective that the Bucharest-controlled media refused to provide their version of events was and continues to be widely held throughout the Jiu Valley.
Inquiry into potential involvement of the Romanian Intelligence Service
Later inquiries would show that these claims by the miners were not unfounded. Rumors and public suspicion (and later Parliamentary inquiries) of the potential role of the Serviciul Român de Informaţii (Romanian Intelligence Service), the successor to the former Securitate), in the instigation and manipulation of the June 1990 Mineriad contributed to the widespread public mistrust of the post-Ceauşescu Romanian intelligence service.
Government inquiries would show that the miners had indeed been "joined by vigilantes who were later credibly identified as former officers of the Securitate", and that for two days, the miners had been aided and abetted by former Securitate members in their violent confrontation with the protesters and other targets.
<ref name="Baleanu">[http://www.fas.org/irp/world/romania/g43.html Baleanu, V. G. The Enemy Within: The Romanian Intelligence Service in Transition. January 1995. Conflict Studies Research Centre, The Royal Military Academy Sandhurst: Camberley, Surrey GU15 4PQ.]</ref> In February 1994 a Bucharest court "found two security officers, Colonel Ion. Nicolae and warrant officer Corneliu Dumitrescu, guilty of ransacking the house of Ion Rațiu, a leading figure in the National Peasant Christian Democratic Party, during the miners’ incursion, and stealing $100,000."
In addition to accusations of having agents infiltrate and incite the opposition rally on 18 February 1990 and later directly participate in the June 1990 anti-opposition violence involving the Jiu Valley miners, there was also evidence that during this period that the Service was involved in distributing fake Legionary leaflets that claimed a fascist take-over in Romania was about to occur, and evidence that intelligence officials selectively released documents from Securitate archives in order to compromise opposition leaders.
According to a research report put out by the Conflict Studies Research Centre at Britain's Royal Military Academy Sandhurst:
Despite repeated denials by its leaders, there are clear indications of the SRI's involvement. Recently, Voican Voiculescu even accused Măgureanu of having staged the violence in order to take over as prime minister. Other sources claim that the miners' arrival in Bucharest was orchestrated by Major Dumitru Iliescu (now a colonel), the chief of President Iliescu's Special Guard and Protocol Unit (renamed the Protection and Protocol Service in July 1991).
References
Academia Caţavencu, 13-15 Iunie: Trei zile cu ghinION'', no. 16/2005, 27 April 2005.
Hotnews, Razboiul civil din 13-15 iunie 1990 si gropile comune
External links
Description, timeline and documentation of the Mineriads
Historical digital video and photo archives of the Mineriads
Jiu Valley Portal Home of the official city websites and archives of the history of coal mining and the mineriads in Jiu Valley.
Mineriads
Protests in Romania
History of Romania (1989–present)
History of Bucharest
Jiu Valley
Riots and civil disorder in Romania
Romanian Revolution
June 1990 events in Romania |
4018949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel%20Sick | Travel Sick | Travel Sick is a British hybrid comedy-travel television series that originally aired on Bravo from 2001 to 2002. It placed UK writer Grub Smith in a different region of the world in each episode. In each destination, he was asked to complete five undesirable challenges posed by the show's producers. If he failed a challenge, he was forced to perform something unpleasant called a "forfeit". The more he failed, the worse the "forfeit" at the end of the show became.
The series has also aired on Comedy Central in the United States.
Series 1 (2001)
Series 2 (2002)
External links
2001 British television series debuts
2002 British television series endings
2000s British travel television series
British comedy television shows
Bravo (British TV channel) original programming
Comedy Central original programming
English-language television shows |
4018951 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana%20Starkova | Diana Starkova | Diana Starkova is a French beauty queen of Monegasque origin, who won Miss Europe beauty pageant. She is a student of Paris-Sorbonne University. of History of Art and Archeology department.
Biography
Diana was born on December 29, 1998 in La Colle, Monaco. Diana's career started from Elite Model Look contest.
Miss Europe
Diana career started when she was appointed to represent France at Miss Europe beauty pageant.
Diana won Miss Europe title representing France. She bested 34 European delegates and was crowned with tiara signed by Chopard which is set with 678 diamonds mounted on 130 grams of gold. The centerpiece is a rare dark heart-shaped 26.40 carat diamond in white gold. Crown estimated at 350,000 EUR and previously worn by Miss Europe winners since 2003. With the title Starkova received a contract of 2 500 000 EUR and professional representation by the Miss Europe Organization, tiara with 678 diamonds mounted on 130 grams of gold signed by Chopard and estimated 350 000 EUR, diamond jewelry set matching to the crown and watch by Chopard, 650 000 EUR cash prize, one-year supply of hair-care products and tools from Kerastase Haircare, a shoe wardrobe from Christian Louboutin, swimwear by La Perla, extensive travel representing sponsors, private jet transportation for one year, evening gown wardrobe by Elie Saab, a year's worth of skincare products from La Prairie Skincare.
. During her reign Diana represented Dolce Gabbana, been a guest of Cannes Film Festival, Venice Film Festival and also been awarded Supermodel of the Year.
Awards
Top-10 Most Beautiful Women in the World
Diana is leading the list of Top-10 Most Beautiful Women in the World by portal KizlarSoruyour.
References
Living people
Monegasque emigrants to France
1998 births
French female models
Models from Paris
French beauty pageant winners
Miss Europe winners
Miss Europe |
4018958 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copying%20Beethoven | Copying Beethoven | Copying Beethoven is a 2006 American dramatic film released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and directed by Agnieszka Holland which gives a fictionalized take on the triumphs and heartaches of Ludwig van Beethoven's last years.
Plot
It is 1824 as Beethoven (Ed Harris) is finishing his Ninth Symphony. He is plagued by deafness, loneliness, and personal trauma. A new copyist, Anna Holtz (Diane Kruger) is engaged to help the composer finish preparing the score of his symphony for the first performance. Anna is a young conservatory student and aspiring composer. Her understanding of his work is such that she corrects mistakes he has made (the mistakes were made deliberately), while her personality opens a door into his private world. Beethoven is initially skeptical, but he slowly comes to trust Anna's assistance and eventually grows to rely on her and view her with respect, and even with admiration.
Anna Holtz (as Beethoven always refers to her) is sent to be his copyist, but due to her gender, is constantly thought less of, and is mistaken for a serving girl, maid, and even a prostitute. Pushing past, though quite unhappily, from these assumptions, Anna proves herself to Beethoven, not only as a copyist, but also as his friend, and something of his protégé and heir as far as he is concerned. He gains much admiration of her, after she assists him by directing him, hidden among his musicians (although she can be seen from the top seats), as he simultaneously copies her movements to direct the orchestra during what would turn out to be his final concert on stage. Though Anna agreed to her romantic interest, Martin Bauer, that she would help him complete his symphony, and then immediately leave after showing him her work, she instead continues to assist him as his copyist. After seeing the admiration she has gained from Beethoven, Anna proceeds to show him a piece of music that she composed. Beethoven tactlessly and unknowingly insults her. Anna, more than ready not to return, continues to stay with her great aunt and the nuns at the convent. Anna is surprised when Beethoven, desperate to keep Anna in his employment and under his tutelage, bursts into the convent and begs Anna, on his knees, to come back and work as his equal on both of their music. He begins to teach her about Romanticism, music, and mostly, how to allow her artistic side freedom. Continuing his infuriating behavior, Beethoven smashes the model of Martin's bridge he built for an engineer's competition, thereby ruining Martin as well. Anna, angry, confronts Beethoven, asking him if he had ever considered that she loved Martin. Beethoven replies, "You don't love him." Upon hearing this, Anna angrily asks if she is supposed to love Beethoven instead. Beethoven again replies, "No. You want to be me." From here, Anna agrees that Beethoven did the right thing, and continues to work with him, pushing him past his hardships and failures, and then staying by his bedside until he died (on March 26, 1827). The movie ends though, with Anna finally embracing herself as an artist, unique from all other composers, including Beethoven, and readying herself for a promising future.
Though the film is directed very abstractly, leaving room for the audience to view Anna and Beethoven's relationship as that of a chaste romance, the characters remain very platonic, and could much more easily be viewed as a strong and close friendship, bordering on Beethoven even being viewed as a father figure of Anna's.
Cast
Ed Harris as Ludwig van Beethoven
Diane Kruger as Anna Holtz
Matthew Goode as Martin Bauer
Phyllida Law as Mother Canisius
Joe Anderson as Karl van Beethoven
Ralph Riach as Wenzel Schlemmer
Bill Stewart as Rudy
Artistic license
The working manuscript of the score of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony is attributed to two copyists, both of whom were male, not a single female as depicted in the film. The character of Anna Holtz is likely based at least partially on Karl Holtz, a young violinist and copyist who befriended Beethoven during the final few years of the composer's life and is said to have influenced decisions on pieces such as the Große Fuge.
The violinist Joseph Böhm recalled that for the premiere of the ninth symphony, although "Beethoven himself conducted... the actual direction was in [another's] hands". Further, it is recorded that at the end of the performance one of the soloists (Caroline Unger) guided Beethoven to turn around and see the applause, so this phase of his life is rich with opportunities to embroider to create a storyline suitable for modern retelling.
Critical reception
The film received a score of 59/100 on Metacritic and 28% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, with average score 4.76/10, based on 81 reviews. The reviewer at Time Out gave 2 out of 5 stars.
References
External links
Copying Beethoven at Metacritic
2006 films
Depictions of Ludwig van Beethoven on film
Musical films based on actual events
Biographical films about musicians
Films shot in Budapest
Films directed by Agnieszka Holland
Films set in the 1820s
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
Sidney Kimmel Entertainment films
2000s English-language films |
4018962 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gualchos | Gualchos | Gualchos (or Gualchos-Castell de Ferro) is a town in the Spanish province of Granada. It has an area of 31 square kilometers and a population, in 2001, of 2,759, for a population density of 89 people per square kilometer.
Natural environment
The environment of what the natives call Eagle Peak, has elements of remarkable value, which grow spontaneously and without any cropping the it, esparto, palm, several species of thyme and other medicinal plants such as zahareña (cattails), very good for healing wounds, according to popular belief, though the natives attributed other properties. You can also find numerous species of fauna: ibex, boar is, rabbits, hares, etc.
References
External links
Website of the City of Gualchos
Photos of the town of Gualchos
Municipalities in the Province of Granada |
4018969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launceston%20General%20Hospital | Launceston General Hospital | The Launceston General Hospital (LGH) is one of the three main public hospitals in Tasmania, Australia. It is located in Launceston and serves the north of the state. Services provided include Cardiology, Renal, Gastroenterology, Haematology-Oncology, Rehabilitation, General Surgery, Ear/Nose/Throat surgery, Plastic surgery, Orthopaedics, Radiology, Paediatrics and an Intensive Care Unit, Psychiatry:Inpatient Mental Health Unit and Consultation-Liaison.
It is a teaching hospital servicing the University of Tasmania.
The statewide Cardiothoracic and major Paediatric surgery service is provided at the Royal Hobart Hospital.
The hospital supports medical research through the Clifford Craig Medical Research Trust.
The Intensive care unit provides medical staff who work with Ambulance Tasmania and the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia to provide critical care aeromedical retrieval services throughout Tasmania.
External links
Launceston General Hospital website
Teaching hospitals in Australia
Hospitals in Tasmania
Launceston, Tasmania
Buildings and structures in Launceston, Tasmania
Hospitals established in 1863
1863 establishments in Australia |
4018978 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Kazakhstan at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Kazakhstan competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy.
Their largest contingent was their ice hockey squad of 23, in which Kazakhstan qualified after winning a qualifying series also including Austria, France and Ukraine. The cross country skiing team was also sizeable, with of 19 Kazakh athletes entered.
Alpine skiing
Biathlon
Cross-country skiing
Distance
Men
Women
Sprint
Freestyle skiing
Ice hockey
Men's
Players
1 Andrei Savenkov replaced Evgeni Blokhin on the team roster after the first two games of the tournament.
Results
Round-robin
Standings
Ski jumping
Speed skating
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006
2006 in Kazakhstani sport |
4018992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Tom%27s%20Brook | Battle of Tom's Brook | The Battle of Tom's Brook was fought on October 9, 1864, in Shenandoah County, Virginia, during Philip Sheridan's Shenandoah Valley Campaign of the American Civil War. It resulted in a significant Union victory, one that was mockingly dubbed The Woodstock Races for the speed of the Confederate withdrawal.
After his victory at Fisher's Hill, Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan pursued Jubal A. Early's Confederate army up the Shenandoah Valley to near Staunton. On October 6, Sheridan began withdrawing, as his cavalry burned everything that could be deemed of military significance, including barns and mills. Reinforced by Maj. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw's division, Early followed. Maj. Gen. Thomas L. Rosser arrived from Petersburg to take command of Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee's Confederate cavalry division and harassed the retreating Federals. On October 9, Brig. Gen. Alfred Torbert's Union troopers turned on their pursuers, routing the divisions of Rosser, whose cavalrymen were repulsed by Custer in a flanking maneuver along the base of Spiker's Hill off of Back Road, and Lunsford L. Lomax, who was positioned in the vicinity of the Valley Pike, at Tom's Brook. With this victory, the Union cavalry attained overwhelming superiority in the Valley.
Jubal Early later commented sourly about Rosser's Laurel Brigade, "The laurel is a running vine".
Battlefield preservation
The Civil War Trust (a division of the American Battlefield Trust) and its partners have acquired and preserved of the Tom's Brook battlefield.
See also
Edward R. Hanford – Union private, capturer of the 32nd Battalion Virginia Cavalry battle flag
References
National Park Service Battle Summary
CWSAC Report Update
Further reading
Miller, William J. Decision at Tom's Brook: George Custer, Thomas Rosser, and the Joy of the Fight. El Dorado Hills, CA: Savas Beatie, 2016. .
Shenandoah County in the American Civil War
Valley campaigns of 1864
Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War
Union victories of the American Civil War
Tom's Brook
Conflicts in 1864
1864 in Virginia
October 1864 events |
4018998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisomie%2021 | Trisomie 21 | Trisomie 21 is a French cold wave group, formed in Lille, France, in 1980 by brothers Philippe and Hervé Lomprez.
History
Throughout the 1980s and '90s, Trisomie 21 was signed to Play It Again Sam.
In September 2007, Trisomie 21 were signed to Belgian label Alfa Matrix where they joined acts such as Front 242, Leaether Strip, Anne Clark and Mentallo and the Fixer.
Discography
Studio albums
Passions Divisées (1984)
Chapter IV – Le Je-Ne-Sais-Quoi Et Le Presque Rien (1986)
Million Lights – A Collection of Songs by Trisomie 21 (1987)
T21 Plays the Pictures (1989)
Works (1989)
Raw Material. (1990)
Distant Voices (1992)
Gohohako (1997)
Happy Mystery Child (2004)
Black Label (2009)
ELEGANCE NEVER DIES (2017)
EPs
Le Repos Des Enfants Heureux (1983)
Wait & Dance (1985)
Final Work (1989)
Remix albums/EPs
Chapter IV Remix – Le Je-Ne-Sais-Quoi Et Le Presque Rien (1987)
The Man Is a Mix (2004)
The Woman Is a Mix (2006)
Happy Mystery Club – Lady B Remixes (2006)
3700426905961 (EP; 2008)
The Camp – Black Label Remix (2009)
Happy E.N.D. (2018)
Live albums
The Official Bootlet (Million Lights Tour) (1988)
Rendez-vous En France (2007)
Compilation albums
The First Songs (1988)
Side by Side (1991)
The Songs by T21 Vol. 1 (1994)
The Songs by T21 Vol. 2 (1995)
25 Years (2007)
Singles
"Joh Burg" (1986)
"Shift Away ° Jakarta ° Ravishing Delight" (1987)
"Works in Progress" (1989)
"La Fete Triste" (1995)
"Red or Green (Remixes)" (2005)
"Midnight of My Life (Remixes)" (2005)
"Red or Green / She Died for Love" (2005)
References
External links
Trisomie 21 biography at Trouser Press's official website
Musical groups from Hauts-de-France
Family musical groups
Cold wave groups
French dark wave musical groups
French post-punk music groups |
4019027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature%20and%20Organisation | Nature and Organisation | Nature and Organisation is the creative musical works of British musician Michael Cashmore. The music of Nature and Organisation is characterized by a mix of acoustic, classical and folk structures met with abrasive electronic instrumentation.
Overview
Cashmore has also been a member of the group Current 93 since the late 1980s. He has collaborated with many artists, including David Tibet, Douglas Pearce, Steven Stapleton, Antony Hegarty, Marc Almond and Rose McDowall. Cashmore wrote most of the music for Current 93 after the departure of Douglas Pearce in the 1990s.
During a long silence after 1998, it was unclear if Nature and Organisation still existed, as the official Nature and Organisation website was no longer online, and Cashmore released no official statements since the release of the 1998 album, Death in a Snow Leopard Winter. Since then World Serpent Distribution has dissolved and all Nature and Organisation material is out of print.
In 2006, after breaking his silence with a new official MySpace page, Michael Cashmore released a new album under his own name entitled Sleep England on Durtro Jnana Records. This was followed in 2007 with the mini-album "The Snow Abides" with vocals by Antony Hegarty, and a collaborative album in 2008, Gabriel and The Lunatic Lover with singer Marc Almond.
In 2015, the German label Trisol released the long-awaited CD reissue of the complete World Serpent recordings by Nature and Organisation including the two albums "Beauty Reaps the Blood of Solitude" and "Death in a Snow Leopard Winter" along with the "A Dozen Summers Against the World" EP and another compilation-only track. Entitled "Snow Leopard Messiah," the double-CD set features lyrics and entirely new artwork by Michael Cashmore.
Discography
Albums and EPs
Compilations
External links
Official Myspace Nature and Organisation site
Official Myspace Michael Cashmore site
Nature and Organisation discography at Discogs.com
British folk music groups
British industrial music groups
Neofolk music groups
Apocalyptic folk musicians |
4019029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Korea%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | North Korea at the 2006 Winter Olympics | North Korea competed as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy.
At the opening ceremony, the athletes of both North and South Korea entered the stadium together behind the Korean Unification Flag.
Figure skating
Last place after short program, the pairs team of Jong Hyong-hyok and Phyo Yong-myoung withdrew from free skate after Phyo was injured after crashing into the boards while training.
Key: CD = Compulsory Dance, FD = Free Dance, FS = Free Skate, OD = Original Dance, SP = Short Program
Short track speed skating
References
Korea, North
2006
Winter Olympics |
4019035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus%20Fleming | Marcus Fleming | John Marcus Fleming (1911 – 3 February 1976) was a British economist. He was the deputy director of the research department of the International Monetary Fund for many years; he was already a member of this department during the period of Canadian economist Robert Mundell's affiliation. At approximately the same time as Mundell, Fleming presented similar research on stabilization policy in open economies. As a result, today's textbooks refer to the Mundell–Fleming model. Mundell's contribution, which assumes perfect rather than imperfect capital mobility is, however, considered more important due to its depth, range, and analytical power, and more applicable to today's conditions.
He was educated at Bathgate Academy and the University of Edinburgh, the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, and the London School of Economics.
Publications
Dual exchange market and other remedies for disruptive capital flows, IMF Staff Papers, March 1974.
External links
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, 1999 to Professor Robert A. Mundell
Reprinted in
1911 births
1976 deaths
British economists
People educated at Bathgate Academy
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies alumni
20th-century economists |
4019043 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%20Foutz | Dave Foutz | David Luther Foutz (September 7, 1856 – March 5, 1897) was a Major League Baseball player for 13 seasons. He played multiple positions, including pitcher, from to , compiling a 147–66 career record, as well as first base and outfield. From to , he was the player-manager of the Brooklyn Bridegrooms.
Early life
David Luther Foutz was born in Carroll County, Maryland on September 7, 1856, the son of Solomon Augustus Foutz and Miriam Cook. Always known as Dave, he was asthmatic all his life. When he was 21 Foutz drifted out to Leadville, Colorado and worked for a while in the lead mines. While in Leadville, Foutz started playing baseball, pitching for the Leadville Blues, an amateur team. Shortly after, he signed with the Bay City, Michigan minor league team, where he played until 1884. By 1884, Foutz's talent had been spotted by Chris von der Ahe, the owner of the St. Louis Browns of the American Association. He wanted Foutz's contract so badly he bought the entire Bay City, Michigan franchise. Before joining the major league, Foutz acquired a reputation as a gambler and drinker, figuring if he was going to die young, he would enjoy himself before.
Major League Baseball career
As a player, Dave Foutz was often called "Scissors" and other nicknames, due to his tall (6 foot 2 inch) and thin (161 pounds) build. His first six seasons in the major leagues were spent in the American Association with the St. Louis Browns, all the while suffering from asthma. With the Browns he became their powerhouse right-hander who helped St. Louis win four straight American Association pennants. Along the way, Foutz built up an impressive record and on April 10, 1885, in an exhibition game, Foutz pitched a no-hitter to defeat the St. Louis Maroons, 7–0. Later on June 3, 1886, Foutz pitched a shutout against Brooklyn in what became a 19–0 rout.
But on August 14, 1887 while pitching against the Cincinnati Reds for St. Louis, Foutz was hit by a ball and suffered a broken thumb on his throwing hand. Sidelined for nine weeks, when Foutz eventually returned to pitching‚ he was ineffective and his pitching career was virtually ended. While he was pitching, Foutz won 114 games over a four-year span from 1884–1887, with a career high of 41 in 1886. He ended up with a 147–66 record, which is a .690 percentage and is tied for third-best ever. In 1887, Foutz achieved a rare feat when he won 20 or more games as a pitcher (25) and drove in 100 or more runs as a hitter (108).
Leading up to the 1888 season, Foutz made the news when Chris von der Ahe, owner of the St. Louis Browns, sold the contracts for the not fully recovered Foutz, along with pitcher Bob Caruthers and catcher Doc Bushong. The sale was to the Brooklyn Bridegrooms and their owner Charlie Byrne, who paid what was then the enormous sum of $19,000 for the trio.
After the injury, Foutz pitched little for Brooklyn but helped the team to the 1889 American Association pennant and the 1890 National League flag. In both seasons, he was the regular first baseman. Later for four seasons (1893–96), Foutz was a playing manager, but Brooklyn never finished higher than fifth and Foutz was forced to resign in October 1896 after the end of the 1896 season.
Unassisted pickoff
Foutz is remembered for one great play that probably occurred in the game on September 3, 1886, where he picked off a runner unassisted. He was playing for the St. Louis Browns, who were facing the Louisville Colonels. The play was apparently orchestrated by a signal from catcher Doc Bushong, with Charles Comiskey playing first base. On base, the runners for the Colonels were Pete Browning on first and John Kerins on second.
Later life
In 1889, Foutz married 28-year-old Minnie M Glocke and they lived in Brooklyn. Afterwards, he and his wife were constant companions and Foutz appeared to settle down from his younger days. But six years later, in 1895 Foutz's wife was institutionalized in an insane asylum and likely remained there until she died in 1898. Never in good health, in January 1896, Foutz became dangerously ill with pneumonia and barely recovered. After he was released from the Bridegrooms in October 1896, Foutz was considered for a manager in the minor leagues or as a possible umpire, but by January 1897, he was too ill to work and was under a doctor's care. On March 5, 1897, Foutz died at his mother's home in Waverly, a suburb of Baltimore, Maryland, of an asthma attack. He was buried in the Loudon Park Cemetery, in Baltimore City, Maryland. Newspapers reported his funeral was a sad and somber affair, attended by many former teammates and baseball players. Also in attendance were executives from the National League as well as his old Brooklyn and St. Louis ball clubs.
See also
List of Major League Baseball player-managers
List of Major League Baseball annual ERA leaders
List of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders
List of St. Louis Cardinals team records
References
Further reading
Full Obituary Sporting Life, March 13, 1897, page 5.
External links
Baseball-Reference.com – career managing record and playing statistics
1856 births
1897 deaths
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball first basemen
Baseball players from Maryland
St. Louis Browns (AA) players
Brooklyn Bridegrooms players
Brooklyn Grooms players
Major League Baseball player-managers
Brooklyn Bridegrooms managers
19th-century baseball players
Bay City (minor league baseball) players
People from Carroll County, Maryland
Respiratory disease deaths in Maryland
Deaths from asthma
Leadville Blues players |
4019045 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marteinn%20Geirsson | Marteinn Geirsson | Marteinn Geirsson (born 11 February 1951) is a retired footballer who was capped 67 times (over 20 of those as captain) for Iceland between 1971 and 1982, scoring 8 goals.
His clubs include Fram Reykjavik, for whom he scored the winning goals in the Cup Finals of 1973 and 1979.
He went on to coach Fram Reykjavik from 1994 to 1995.
Trivia
His son, Pétur Marteinsson, also became a professional footballer.
He is currently the precinct captain for the Reykjavík fire department and has been a fireman for over 30 years.
References
1951 births
Living people
Marteinn Geirsson
Marteinn Geirsson
Marteinn Geirsson
Marteinn Geirsson
Marteinn Geirsson
Association football midfielders |
4019049 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t%20Fool%20Yourself%20Dear | Don't Fool Yourself Dear | Don't Fool Yourself Dear (Spanish: No te engañes corazón) is a 1937 Mexican comedy-drama film directed by Miguel Contreras Torres and starring Carlos Orellana. It is the first full-feature film of Mexican comedian Cantinflas after becoming a star of the carpa circuit (folk theater). It was also one of the earliest films of Orellana and Sara García and the first where they share the screen.
This film was released in DVD format on October 26, 2004.
Plot
Don Boni (Orellana) is diagnosed with a deadly disease and decides to spend his last days doing good deeds. He leaves his wife and decides to help people. He then gets drunk and wakes up with a winning lottery ticket and realizes that the doctor who diagnosed him has been sent to prison for fraud.
Cast
Carlos Orellana as Don Bonifacio "Boni" Bonafé
Sara García as Doña Petronila "Petro" (as Sarah Garcia)
Natalia Ortiz as Consuelito
Eusebio Pirrín as Friend of Canti (as Don Catarino)
Eduardo Vivas as Don Gregorio "Goyo" Vidal
Cantinflas as Canti
Carmen Molina as Carmencita
Joaquín Coss as Señor Rebolledo
Carlos Villatoro as Alfredo
Manuel Buendía as Señor Palomares
Gerardo del Castillo as Friend of Goyo (as G. del Castillo)
Matilde Corell as Lady Student (uncredited)
Paco Martínez as Señor Monforte, landlord (uncredited)
Ismael Rodríguez as Office Worker (uncredited)
Fanny Schiller as Refugio (uncredited)
Estanislao Shilinsky as Restaurant Client (uncredited)
Juan Villegas as Waiter (uncredited)
Critical reception
Introducing an analysis of Cantinflas' career, essayist Carlos Monciváis refers to the actor's performance in this picture as "his disregarded debut in an inauspicious film."
References
External links
No Te Engañes Corazón at Yahoo! Movies
1937 films
1937 comedy-drama films
1930s Spanish-language films
Mexican black-and-white films
Mexican comedy-drama films
1930s Mexican films |
4019054 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amp%20Fiddler | Amp Fiddler | Joseph Anthony "Amp" Fiddler is an American singer, songwriter, keyboardist, and record producer from Detroit, Michigan. His musical styles include funk, soul, dance and electronica music. He is probably best known for his contributions to the band Enchantment, and as part of George Clinton's Parliament and Funkadelic groups from 1985 until 1996. His first solo album Waltz of a Ghetto Fly was released in March 2004. His most recent album, Amp Dog Knights, was released in 2017.
Early career
Fiddler has worked with George Clinton, Moodymann, Stephanie McKay, Jamiroquai, Prince, Was (Not Was), the Brand New Heavies, Fishbone, Corinne Bailey Rae and neo soul artist Maxwell. Working with his brother, Bubz (bass guitarist, producer and songwriter), he released the album With Respect in 1990 on Elektra, recording under the name Mr. Fiddler. Amp Fiddler is credited with introducing hip-hop producer J Dilla to the Akai MPC sampling drum machine and also to A Tribe Called Quest member Q-Tip, who introduced the young Dilla into the music industry world.
In regards to Dilla's memory, he said:
Discography
Albums
With Respect (1990)
Waltz of a Ghetto Fly (2004) - UK #82
Afro Strut (2006) - UK #126
Inspiration Information (2008) - with Sly and Robbie
Motor City Booty (2016)
Kindred Live (2017) - with Will Sessions
Amp Dog Knights (2017)
The One (2018) - with Will Sessions
Singles, Maxi-singles & EP's
"Basementality" (2002)
"Love and War" (2003)
"Possibilities" (2003)
"I Believe in You" (2003) - UK #72
"Dreamin" (2004) - UK #71
"Too High" (2004)
"If You Can't Get Me Off Your Mind" (2004)
"I Believe In You" (2004)
"Eye To Eye" (2004)
"Right Where You Are" (2006)
"Ridin' / Faith" (2006)
"Hope / Dope" (2006)
"If I Don't" (2007) - featuring Corinne Bailey Rae
"Find My Way" (2007)
"Stay Or Move On" (2008)
"Inspiration Information" (2008) - with Sly and Robbie
"Blackhouse (Paint The White House Black)" (2008) - with Sly and Robbie
"Take it" (2014) featuring Raphael Saadiq
"Basementality 2" (2014)
"Bassmentality 3" (2015)
"Motor City Booty" (2016)
"So Sweet" (2017)
"Lost Without You" (2017) - with Will Sessions
"Reminiscin'" (2017) - with Will Sessions
"Rendezvous" (2017) - with Will Sessions
"Keep Coming" (2019)
References
External links
Amp Fiddler interview by Pete Lewis in Blues & Soul, October 2008
Amp Fiddler interview in Clubbity
Amp Fiddler interview by SoulRnB.com
Amp Fiddler lecture at Red Bull Music Academy
interview by Andre J. Ellington for Rollingout.com
20th-century African-American male singers
21st-century African-American male singers
African-American male singer-songwriters
American funk keyboardists
American funk singers
American soul keyboardists
American soul singers
Living people
P-Funk members
Singers from Detroit
Year of birth missing (living people)
Singer-songwriters from Michigan |
4019056 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.475%20Wildey%20Magnum | .475 Wildey Magnum | The .475 Wildey Magnum is a semi-automatic pistol cartridge designed for big game hunting in the Wildey pistol.
History
The .475 Wildey Magnum was designed to be a hunting round. Cases are formed from .284 Winchester brass with the neck cut down and widened to take a .475" bullet, and the length is the same as the .45 Winchester Magnum. Velocity at 100 yards is equivalent to the muzzle velocity of the .44 Magnum.
Popular media
While not being very common, the .475 Wildey Magnum is most famous for its appearance in Death Wish 3, where the Wildey (chambered for this cartridge) was a signature weapon of Paul Kersey, a character portrayed by Charles Bronson (using his own personal Wildey firearm) in the Death Wish film series.
Additional Wildey calibers
In the late 1980s, Wildey, Inc. produced three additional calibers using necked down versions of the .475 Wildey Magnum brass casing originally designed in 1983 in order to achieve higher velocities and muzzle energies. First was the .357 Wildey Magnum (also known as the .357 Peterbuilt) which used a .357 Magnum bullet. Second was the .41 Wildey Magnum (also known as the 10 mm Wildey Magnum) which used a .41 Magnum bullet. Last was the .44 Wildey Magnum (also known as the 11 mm Wildey Magnum) which used a .44 Magnum bullet. All calibers were eventually discontinued.
The .45 Wildey Magnum was introduced by Wildey F.A., Inc. in 1997, which is also a necked down version of the .475 Wildey Magnum using a .45 ACP bullet. It was discontinued in 2011 when overall productions ceased.
Listed below is the ballistic performances of each produced cartridge as fired from a 10 in (254 mm) barrel. The information on the .45 Wildey Magnum is from a 12 in (305 mm) barrel. Bullet types were not provided.
See also
List of handgun cartridges
.45 Super
.45 ACP
.44 Magnum
.45 GAP
10 mm caliber
11 mm caliber
Shooting sports
Table of handgun and rifle cartridges
References
External links
wildeyguns.com homepage of the manufacturer
Magnum pistol cartridges
Pistol and rifle cartridges
Wildcat cartridges |
4019064 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty%20Mike | Mighty Mike | Mighty Mike may refer to:
A re-release of the computer game Power Pete
Michael van Gerwen, darts player
Mighty Mike McGee, slam poet
Mike Anchondo, boxer
Mike Arnaoutis, boxer
Mike Van Sant, drag racer
Mike Cuozzo, saxophonist
"Mighty Mike C", a member of the Fearless Four
Mighty Mike (TV series), a French CGI-animated series |
4019080 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean%20Holdsworth | Dean Holdsworth | Dean Christopher Holdsworth (born 8 November 1968) is an English former professional football player and manager. As a striker he scored 193 goals in 610 league games over a 22-year career. Despite playing for 16 clubs in 19 spells the majority of his goals and appearances came at Brentford, Wimbledon, and Bolton Wanderers. He is the twin brother of David Holdsworth.
As a player, he started his career at Watford in 1986, where he spent three years before signing with Brentford, following a short loan spell. A highly successful three years followed before he was signed by Wimbledon in 1992. After an impressive five-year spell he transferred to Bolton Wanderers. He spent six years at Bolton, before in 2003 joining Coventry City, Rushden & Diamonds and then back to Wimbledon. In 2004, he signed with Havant & Waterlooville, where he spent one season before joining Derby County as player–assistant manager. In 2006, he dropped out of the Football League for the final time, joining Weymouth. Short spells followed at Heybridge Swifts, Cambridge United, and Newport County.
His management career started at Redbridge in 2007. After one season there he took the reins at Newport County. In his second season with the club he took them to the Conference South title with 28 points to spare. In January 2011 he switched clubs to take charge at League Two side Aldershot Town until his dismissal in February 2013. He took charge at Chelmsford City in May 2013, before resigning five months later. He returned to management for a five-month spell with Brentwood Town in June 2015. In March 2016, he led a consortium to purchase Bolton Wanderers.
Playing career
Watford
Holdsworth primarily played as a striker, although in the latter part of his career he tended to play off the front man. He was a pacey striker with good shooting ability. He started his career at Watford, who finished ninth in the First Division in 1986–87 under Graham Taylor's stewardship, before suffering relegation in 1987–88 under Dave Bassett and then Steve Harrison. He was loaned out to Carlisle United towards the end of the campaign, and scored once in four Fourth Division games for Clive Middlemass. He joined John Rudge's Port Vale in March, and scored twice at Vale Park in six Third Division appearances. He started 1988–89 on loan at Terry Yorath's Swansea City, and returned to Vicarage Road after one goal in five Third Division games. He then joined Steve Perryman's Brentford on loan, before joining the club permanently for £125,000 in September 1989.
Brentford
He was to prove himself as a prolific goalscorer for the "Bees", as the club moved from 13th in 1989–90 to the play-offs in 1990–91, before Holdsworth scored 38 goals in the Third Division championship winning season of 1991–92, in a fruitful partnership with Gary Blissett. For this achievement he was named on the PFA Team of the Year. Phil Holder was unable to keep him at Griffin Park following these exploits.
Wimbledon
He signed for Joe Kinnear's Wimbledon in the middle of 1992 for £650,000. He made an immediate impact in his first season at the "Dons", becoming the club's top scorer and the Premier League's third highest scorer with 19 goals, after forming a solid partnership with John Fashanu. During his time at Selhurst Park, eccentric club chairman Sam Hammam promised to buy Holdsworth a Ferrari sports car and even a camel if he managed to score 20 league goals in a season. However, Holdsworth never quite managed to reach that target. He hit 17 league and seven cup goals in 1993–94, including a hat-trick against Oldham Athletic on 26 April 1994. He was less prolific in 1994–95, though Wimbledon still finished in ninth place. He hit 16 goals in 1995–96, to become the club's joint-top scorer, along with strike partner Efan Ekoku. He hit nine goals in 1996–97, before he was signed to Bolton Wanderers in October 1997 for £3.5million, which was a record signing for Bolton at that time.
Bolton Wanderers
He scored just three goals in 17 Premier League starts in 1997–98, as Colin Todd's side slipped out of the top-flight after finishing 18th, behind 17th place Everton on goal difference. He rediscovered his scoring touch in the First Division, hitting 12 goals in 26 starts in 1998–99. He then hit 14 goals from 24 league starts in 1999–2000, as Sam Allardyce led Bolton to the semi-finals of the play-offs, the FA Cup and the League Cup. He scored 15 goals from 29 starts in 2000–01, including a hat-trick past Scunthorpe United in a 5–1 win at the Reebok Stadium. The "Trotters" reached the play-off final, and beat Preston North End 3–0 at the Millennium Stadium to regain their top-flight status. He was restricted to nine league starts and 22 substitute appearances in 2001–02, scoring once each against Liverpool and Tottenham Hotspur. He made 10 goalless appearances in 2002–03, though was briefly joined in Lancashire by his brother David for the first time since leaving Watford.
Later career
He joined Coventry City on loan in December 2002, making six goalless appearances, before he signed permanently for the club the following month. He scored once in the FA Cup against Cardiff City, but failed to find the net in his 11 league games and moved on to Brian Talbot's Rushden & Diamonds in March. Diamonds topped the Third Division in 2002–03, though Holdsworth left Nene Park in the summer. He returned to Wimbledon for the 2003–04 campaign, as the club relocated to Milton Keynes. He scored three goals in 28 games in 2003–04. He then spent the 2004–05 season with Havant & Waterlooville in the Conference South. He then joined Derby County, where he was appointed as assistant manager, but played as a striker during an injury crisis, leaving the club when manager Phil Brown was sacked in January 2006. He finished the 2005–06 season with spells in non-league football at Weymouth and Heybridge Swifts. Holdsworth returned to Havant & Waterlooville for the opening months of the 2006–07 season, before joining Cambridge United in the new year. Holdsworth joined Newport County on a short-term contract in February 2007 and was released by manager Peter Beadle at the end of the 2006–07 season, after playing in the 2007 FAW Premier Cup Final defeat to The New Saints.
International career
Holdsworth earned an England B cap in the 4–2 win against Northern Ireland B on 10 May 1994 at Hillsborough Stadium, Sheffield, scoring the opening goal for England's B team.
Managerial career
Redbridge
Holdsworth was appointed as player-manager of Isthmian League Division One North club Redbridge in July 2007. The club finished third in 2007–08, before losing to Canvey Island in the play-off final, following a penalty shoot-out.
Newport County
He made a return to Newport County in May 2008 as their new manager in succession to Peter Beadle, after handing in his resignation at Redbridge. He also relocated to Worcester to accommodate his new role at Newport. After a poor start to the 2008–09 season, Newport improved in the second half of the season to finish tenth in the league. Holdsworth was awarded the Conference South Manager of the Month award for April 2009. His signings included Craig Reid, Danny Rose, Paul Bignot, Jamie Collins, Charlie Henry, Sam Foley and Gary Warren.
In September 2009 Holdsworth was again named the Conference South Manager of the Month after Newport County started the 2009–10 season with a run of 13 league matches unbeaten. He also won the awards for November 2009 and February 2010. On 15 March 2010, Newport County achieved promotion to the Conference National as champions with seven matches remaining and completed the season with a record 103 points, 28 points ahead of second placed Dover Athletic.
In June 2010, Holdsworth signed a new two-year contract with Newport, and was also awarded the Conference South Manager of the Year Award. Holdsworth was selected as Conference National Manager of the Month for September 2010 after a run of five consecutive wins for Newport County. He left the club in January of the 2010–11 campaign, with Newport County lying in the play-off zone of the Conference National. The "Exiles" finished the season in ninth place under Anthony Hudson's stewardship.
Aldershot Town
In January 2011 he was announced as the new manager of League Two side Aldershot Town. Holdsworth wasted no time making his mark on the team, bringing in forwards Peter Vincenti, Tim Sills, and Alex Rodman – as well as defender Simon Grand on loan from Fleetwood – before the end of the month. There were also players leaving the club during this period of transition, with both Glen Little and Wesley Ngo Baheng being released, whilst Anthony Straker and Damian Spencer were sent out on loan. Holdsworth's first game in charge resulted in a creditable 1–1 draw away to high-flying Bury, and he also improved on Aldershot's poor home form; winning his first game at "The Rec" 1–0 against Bradford City, whilst a last-minute Luke Guttridge free-kick gave the "Shots" a second consecutive home win 3–2 against Crewe. He continued attempting to strengthen the squad throughout February, with loan signings Albert Jarrett and Luke Medley from Lincoln and Mansfield respectively, though neither had a large impact on the team with only a handful of appearances between them. Holdsworth also signed former "Shots" goalkeeper Mikhael Jaimez-Ruiz, who made 62 appearances in a previous spell at the club. On the pitch, Aldershot went on a run of five consecutive draws, the first away to league leaders Chesterfield who required a late equaliser to rescue a point.
His team went unbeaten throughout March to virtually ensure the club's survival in the Football League. The upturn in form prompted speculation that the team could mount a charge for the play-offs. Though the club could only draw in their final game of the month at home to Accrington Stanley, Aldershot were left only seven points behind seventh placed Rotherham United. March also saw defender Jamie Vincent released from the club after not featuring in Holdsworth's first team plans, as well as a first team opportunity for youth team winger Adam Mekki. The "Shots" continued their unbeaten run into the first half of April, before defeat finally came at home to Burton Albion. At the end of the campaign Aldershot posted a comfortable mid-table finish, and Holdsworth handed out contracts to young players Adam Mekki, Doug Bergqvist and Henrik Breimyr. He also released nine players in Ben Harding, John Halls, Marvin Morgan, Damian Spencer, Tim Sills, Mikhael Jaimez-Ruiz, Wade Small, Clayton Fortune, and Jack Randall.
He assembled a number of free signings to replenish his squad: strikers Bradley Bubb and Michael Rankine; midfielders Anthony Pulis and Graeme Montgomery; defenders Aaron Brown and Jamie Collins; and goalkeeper Ross Worner. He also brought in a total of eight loanees in the first half of the season: Jake Taylor, Jordan Brown, Bruno Andrade, Adam Smith, Scott Davies, Jamie Day, Greg Pearson and Charlie Henry. His team proved to be inconsistent, though they did reach the Fourth Round of the League Cup, where they were beaten 3–0 by a Manchester United side that included Dimitar Berbatov, Michael Owen, and Antonio Valencia. In the January transfer window he released Graeme Montgomery and Anthony Pulis, whilst making four new loan signings in defenders Troy Brown and Sonny Bradley, midfielder Josh Payne, and striker Charlie Collins. He also recruited defender Chris Doig, and attempted to bolster his side's poor goalscoring record by paying a five figure fee for Cameroonian striker Guy Madjo. He also signed Stefan Payne, Wilko Risser and Josh Payne, as well as loanees Ben Smith, Darren Murphy, Michael Doughty, and Rob Sinclair. To make room for these signings he offloaded Jermaine McGlashan, Jamie Collins, Luke Guttridge, Chris Doig and Aaron Brown. The "Shots" finished the season just outside the play-offs.
Holdsworth signed a new one-year extension to his contract with the club in June 2012, tying him to the club until summer 2014. The next month he rejected the opportunity to take over as manager of League One club Crawley Town. Over the summer he signed goalkeeper Glenn Morris, defenders Olly Lancashire and Guy Branston, and midfielders Craig Stanley and Harry Cooksley. Holdsworth targeted the play-offs for the 2012–13 season, though said that "our aim is, first and foremost, staying in the division." Over the course of the season he also added Sonny Bradley (on loan), Danny Rose (on loan), Kieron Cadogan, Oliver Risser, Asa Hall (on loan), and Anthony McNamee to his squad. He led Aldershot to the Fourth Round of the FA Cup for the first time in the club's history. On 20 February 2013 he was sacked by Aldershot, three days after his twin brother David Holdsworth was sacked as manager of Lincoln City, and one day after Aldershot recorded a 1–0 victory over Torquay United. At the time of his sacking Aldershot were in 20th position in League Two having taken only seven points from the last seven games.
Chelmsford City
Holdsworth was appointed manager at Conference South side Chelmsford City in May 2013. However, after eight defeats in 13 league games his contract with Chelmsford was ended by mutual consent in November 2013.
Brentwood Town
He was appointed director of football at Isthmian League Premier club Brentwood Town in June 2015, and also took up the vacant management role at the club. He resigned in November 2015 due to his growing business commitments. His primary focus was as a business consultant for Sport Shield Consultancy, a consortium seeking to buy into Bolton Wanderers.
Stratford Town
On 19 May 2022, Holdsworth was appointed manager of Stratford Town of the Southern League Premier Central, where the chairman noted that he had "a lot of managerial experience on budget constraints".
Football administration
Holdsworth is a former chairman of the Professional Footballers' Association and founder of the Non League Footballers Association (NLFA).
Bolton Wanderers
In March 2016, Holdsworth led a consortium to purchase Bolton Wanderers, who were lying bottom of the Championship table and heading for administration, and upon completion of the takeover appointed himself as chief executive. However, he moved to the position of Director of football before the start of the 2016–17 season, but left the role less than a month later. He had a public falling out with chairman Ken Anderson over the sale of Zach Clough in January 2017, and sold out his share of the club to Anderson two months later. He resigned his directorship of the club in August 2017.
Outside football
Holdsworth was involved in tabloid scandal in 1996 when he had a highly publicised extramarital affair with topless model Linsey Dawn McKenzie, who was then aged 17. In December 1999 he was sentenced to 18 months probation for punching his wife Samantha Holdsworth.
Holdsworth appeared in reality television series Deadline where ten celebrities had to produce their own weekly celebrity magazine. He was the sixth celebrity to be sacked by Janet Street-Porter. He also participated in the second series of Sky One reality TV series Cirque de Celebrité. He was voted out by the judges in the first episode on 7 October 2007. Tamara (another contestant) joined him in the bottom two, but was voted to stay in the competition by the three judges. However, because of a technical fault with the voting, Dean was asked to re-join the show.
Holdsworth married Susanna Cobham in June 2010. David Holdsworth, who was also a professional footballer is Dean's twin brother. On 18 September 2010, they became the first twins to manage against each other in the top five divisions of English football, when Dean was manager of Newport County and David manager of Mansfield Town – Newport won the match 1–0.
Career statistics
Playing statistics
Managerial statistics
Honours
Player
Brentford
Football League Third Division: 1991–92
Bolton Wanderers
Football League First Division playoffs: 2001
Rushden & Diamonds
Football League Third Division: 2002–03
Newport County
FAW Premier Cup runner-up: 2006–07
Individual
Football League Third Division PFA Team of the Year: 1991–92
Conference South Manager of the Month: April 2009, September 2009, November 2009, February 2010
Conference South Manager of the Year: 2009–10
Conference National Manager of the Month: September 2010
League Two Manager of the Month: March 2011
Brentford Hall of Fame (inducted 2013)
Manager
Newport County
Conference South: 2009–10
References
1968 births
Living people
People from Walthamstow
Footballers from Walthamstow
English footballers
England B international footballers
Association football forwards
Watford F.C. players
Carlisle United F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Swansea City A.F.C. players
Brentford F.C. players
Wimbledon F.C. players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Coventry City F.C. players
Rushden & Diamonds F.C. players
Havant & Waterlooville F.C. players
Derby County F.C. players
Weymouth F.C. players
Cambridge United F.C. players
Heybridge Swifts F.C. players
Newport County A.F.C. players
Redbridge F.C. players
English Football League players
Premier League players
National League (English football) players
Isthmian League players
Association football player-managers
English football managers
Newport County A.F.C. managers
Aldershot Town F.C. managers
Chelmsford City F.C. managers
Brentwood Town F.C. managers
Stratford Town F.C. managers
National League (English football) managers
English Football League managers
Isthmian League managers
Southern Football League managers
Association football coaches
Derby County F.C. non-playing staff
Bolton Wanderers F.C. non-playing staff
Twin sportspeople
Twin people from England
English sports executives and administrators
English trade unionists |
4019104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20Training%20Officer | Air Training Officer | Air Training Officers (ATO) were specially selected commissioned officers who served as surrogate upperclass cadets at the United States Air Force Academy.
Establishment of the Air Force Academy
The original Air Training Officers were commissioned junior officers who served as a surrogate upperclass for incoming cadets before there were actual upperclass cadets to conduct training and oversee the Cadet Wing.
Admission of Women to the Academy
In 1976, the ATO program was revived in a modified form when women were allowed to attend the Air Force Academy. The Academy brought in a number of female junior officers to learn about Academy life and act as surrogate upperclassmen specifically for the new female cadets.
Before taking on their roles, the new ATOs underwent Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape (SERE) training, physical conditioning, various airmanship programs, field training at Jacks Valley and audited academic courses. Special counseling courses enabled the ATOs to help women cadets with potential personal problems.
External links
AFMC General First to Introduce Women to AF Academy Life, AFMC Public Affairs article
United States Air Force Academy |
4019108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%20Ebright | Ky Ebright | Carroll M. "Ky" Ebright (March 20, 1894 – November 25, 1979) was a revered coach for the University of California, Berkeley crew.
Early life and education
Ebright was an only child, born in Chicago, Illinois, to Frank Randall Ebright (1862–1959) and Charlotte M. Bassage Ebright (1866–1959). He attended Broadway High School in Seattle, Washington.
While attending college at the University of Washington, Ebright was a coxswain, lettering there in 1916 and 1917.
During World War I he was a flying instructor.
Career
Ebright remained at the University of Washington after graduating and was an assistant coach there through the 1923 season. In the fall of 1923, he became the head coach for the rowing team at Berkeley. Ebright took the job only after he was assured that his job at Washington would be waiting for him if things did not work well.
Ebright is the only man to have coached three Olympic gold medal-winning eight-oared boats. He coached the Cal Men's crew from 1924 through 1959.
During his tenure, the Cal Bears men's varsity 8 (8+) won the following events:
Olympics
1928 Summer Olympics – Gold Medal
1932 Summer Olympics – Gold Medal
1948 Summer Olympics – Gold Medal
IRA Championships – National Title
1928
1932
1934
1935
1939
1949
In 1956, Ebright was inducted into the United States Rowing Hall of Fame. In addition, four of his varsity boats have been inducted:
1928 Univ. California Eight
1932 Univ. California Eight
1939 Univ. California Eight
1948 Univ. California Eight
Personal life
According to friend and interviewer Arthur Arlett, Ebright was small of stature (befitting a coxswain) and was affectionately nicknamed "The Little Admiral". He married Kathryn Doty Gruber Ebright (1907–2001); their families were friendly and were neighbors. They had two children, a son Malcolm and a daughter Margaret.
On November 25, 1979, Ebright died in Berkeley, California at the age of 85. In 1996, Gregory Peck, one of Ebright's former students, donated $25,000 to the rowing crew in honor of his coach.
References
External links
IRA Championships
1894 births
1979 deaths
California Golden Bears rowing coaches
Washington Huskies men's rowers
Washington Huskies men's rowing coaches |
4019130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan%20Whiting | Nathan Whiting | Nathan Whiting (4 May 1724, Windham, Connecticut – 9 April 1771) was a soldier and merchant in Colonial America.
Biography
Whiting's parents died while he was a child, and he was raised by father's sister Mary and her husband, Reverend Thomas Clap. Whiting would graduate from Yale in 1743 while his uncle Thomas was president of the university.
In 1745 Ensign Nathan Whiting joined the New England army being raised to capture Fortress Louisbourg from the French. After his service in King George's War, he became a merchant in New Haven, Connecticut. In 1750 Nathan married Mary Saltonstall. They would have eight children together.
At the start of the French and Indian War, Whiting was appointed as Lieutenant Colonel of the 2nd Connecticut Provincial Regiment. During the Battle of Lake George on September 8, 1755, the 2nd Regiment and the Massachusetts regiment of Col. Ephraim Williams were marching between Lake George and Fort Edward 14 miles away, when their column was ambushed by an army of French and their Indian allies. With the death of Col. Williams, Col. Whiting led the survivors back to Sir William Johnson's camp at Lake George. There the Colonial army held off the French attacks until men from Joseph Blanchard's New Hampshire Provincial Regiment attacked the rear of the French army and captured the French commander Jean Erdman, Baron Dieskau.
In 1756 Whiting was promoted to full Colonel in the Connecticut militia. In 1757 his provincial regiment was at Fort at Number 4 on the Connecticut River in New Hampshire guarding the frontier. After the war Col. Whiting served in the Connecticut General Assembly until his death on 9 April 1771. He is buried at the Grove Street Cemetery, New Haven.
References
1724 births
1771 deaths
People of Connecticut in the French and Indian War
People of colonial Connecticut
Burials at Grove Street Cemetery
People from Windham, Connecticut
Military personnel from Connecticut |
4019143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%20Jaffe | Al Jaffe | Al Jaffe was ESPN's vice-president of talent (official title: Vice-President of Talent Negotiation and Production Recruitment), from 1996 until his retirement in January 2015. He joined ESPN in 1987. He was also one of the judges on all three seasons of the network's reality series Dream Job.
A native of Pittsfield, Massachusetts and a 1968 graduate of Emerson College, where he majored in Mass Communications, Jaffe previously served as a news producer at WHDH-TV and WCVB-TV in Boston, and as News Director at KNTV-TV San Jose, California, and KOVR-TV in Sacramento.
Awards
He was elected to the Emerson College Board of Trustees in 2007 and was inducted into the WERS (Emerson College Radio Station) Hall of Fame in 2011.
Family
His daughter Pam Jaffe also attended Emerson College and graduated in May 2007. She is currently a Supervising Producer on the WE-TV reality show Braxton Family Values.
Awards and honors
1978 – Emmy Award, Boston chapter of National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, Best Newscast (WCVB-TV)
1986 – Radio Television News Directors Association Award, Regional Investigative Reporting (KOVR)
External links
Al Jaffe bio at ESPN's Dream Job Season 3 website
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Emerson College alumni
People from Pittsfield, Massachusetts |
4019145 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindemann | Lindemann | Lindemann is a German surname.
Persons
Notable people with the surname include:
Arts and entertainment
Elisabeth Lindemann, German textile designer and weaver
Jens Lindemann, trumpet player
Julie Lindemann, American photographer
Maggie Lindemann, American singer
Till Lindemann, singer in German NDH-Metal band Rammstein
Lindemann (band), his side project.
Sports
Hannes Lindemann, solo canoeist
Hermann Lindemann, football player and manager
Paul Lindemann, basketball player
Stefan Lindemann, figure skater
Laura Lindemann, olympic triathlete
Government and military
Ernst Lindemann (1894–1941), captain of the German battleship Bismarck
Ernst Heinrich Lindemann (1833–1900), mayor of Essen, Dortmund and Düsseldorf
Fritz Lindemann (1894–1944), German artillery officer and member of the resistance to Adolf Hitler
Gerhard Lindemann (1896–1994), German Generalmajor
Georg Lindemann (1884–1963), German cavalry officer
Rosa Lindemann (1876–1958), German communist in the resistance to Nazism
Others
Albert Lindemann, American historian
Carl Louis Ferdinand von Lindemann, mathematician
Erich Lindemann, German-American author and psychiatrist
Erich Lindemann (botanist), German botanist
Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell, English physicist, and Churchill's scientific advisor during World War II
Adolph Friedrich Lindemann, his father; engineer, businessman and amateur astronomer
George Lindemann, American businessman
Margarethe Lindemann, mother of the theologian, Martin Luther
See also
Lindemann mechanism (due to Frederick Lindemann)
Lindeman
Linderman
Lindenbaum
German-language surnames |
4019180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Hale | Don Hale | Don Hale OBE (born July 1952) is a British author and journalist known for his investigative work and campaigning against miscarriage of justice in specific legal cases.
Early life
Hale was previously a professional footballer for Bury, Blackburn Rovers, York City and Shrewsbury Town.
Career
While editor of the Bury Messenger in the early 1980s, he says Barbara Castle, then the local Member of the European Parliament gave him confidential information on political figures who appeared sympathetic to the Paedophile Information Exchange and indicated that several high ranking senior politicians were also allegedly involved in promoting a Westminster paedophile circle. After refusing pressure to hand over the dossier put on him by Cyril Smith MP and Special Branch not to publish it, his office was then raided by SB officers and the papers were confiscated with the threat of prison.
Bakewell murder
He was later editor of the Matlock Mercury, where he became involved in the campaign to overturn the murder conviction of Stephen Downing. In 1973, Downing, at the time a 17-year-old with the reading age of an 11-year-old, was imprisoned for the murder of Wendy Sewell and served 27 years in jail. Following his six-year campaign, the conviction was eventually quashed and declared unsafe by the Court of Appeal in 2001 and Downing was released.
In Denial of Murder changes
Hale's work on the case eventually helped to force a change in both European and British law, allowing any prisoner, particularly in denial of murder (IDOM) and/or convicted of any serious offence, to be allowed to appeal for parole consideration directly to the Parole Board. Downing's case was one of three test cases originally presented to the European Court of Human Rights by barrister Edward Fitzgerald. After several years of debate and despite a late appeal from the British Government, the case went in Downing's favour and he received £500 in compensation. When the murder conviction was later quashed, Downing also received over £900,000 in compensation. Hale's book about the Stephen Downing appeal case, Town Without Pity, became a best-seller. It was adapted into a BBC TV drama starring Stephen Tompkinson and Caroline Catz called In Denial of Murder. In 2016 Judge Robert Rinder featured Hale's book and his quest for justice within a one-hour special on ITV 1 for Judge Rinder's Crime series. The show was repeated in July 2018. Taking part were Hale, Stephen Downing and a cold case detective Chris Clark, who believes Wendy Sewell, the victim in the Bakewell murder, for which Downing was eventually cleared, may have been another victim of the notorious Yorkshire Ripper Peter Sutcliffe.
In 2019, Hale was asked by publishers Harper Collins to write an updated version of his original story about his successful campaign work on the Stephen Downing appeal case. The book entitled Murder in the Graveyard contained new and updated information about his long discovery to find the evidence that helped to quash Downing's conviction, and revealed a number of compelling clues and fresh evidence that indicates who may have been responsible for the brutal murder of Wendy Sewell in September 1973. Hale also completed an audio version of the book and took part in a podcast and other promotional events.
Awards
Hale was voted 2001 Man of the Year by The Observer newspaper, Journalist of the Year by What the Papers Say and was made an OBE for his efforts and campaigning journalism. He has also been national journalist of the year on three occasions, and his campaign to free Stephen Downing won the national campaign of the year award.
Other cases
Hale has also been heavily involved in the controversial case of Barry George, jailed for life for the murder of BBC TV star Jill Dando. Hale also played a key role in investigating and helping to free former police officer Graham Huckerby who was wrongly jailed for allegedly being part of a major bullion robbery gang. Both prisoners eventually had their convictions quashed.
During 2013, Hale began investigating an alleged miscarriage of justice for ex-Sheffield United footballer Ched Evans, who was convicted of the rape of a teenage girl in Rhyl and sentenced to five years in jail. Hale helped present fresh evidence to the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) on behalf and in support of the family's claim that the police inquiry was flawed, and that much of the evidence that could have helped his defence, was not presented at trial. Evans was routinely released from prison on licence in October 2014 and evidence sent to the Criminal Cases Review Commission. On 6 October 2015, they announced that they were referring the case back to the Court of Appeal, where he was later acquitted. Evans faced a retrial in October 2016 and the jury took three hours to return a 12–0 verdict of not guilty.
Books
After a short spell working for the North Wales Pioneer newspaper, Hale became editor of the newly formed North Wales Living magazine in 2005. He won a succession of prestigious awards but later left to pursue other interests. During the autumn of 2007, his book about the famous frogman "Buster" Crabb spy mystery, called The Final Dive, was published by Suttons/The History Press. Hale has also had published Secrets of the Royal Detective about his great-grandfather, James Wood, a notable Manchester detective from 1890 to 1914, who was also the first Royal Protection Officer acting as a personal bodyguard to the Prince of Wales, following the death of Queen Victoria.
Hale's book, Mallard - How the Blue Streak broke the World Speed Record, also became a popular best seller and was first released in paperback by Aurum Press in May 2008 to coincide with the 70th anniversary of the speed record for steam locomotives held by LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard. The book was reprinted and published in July 2013 as a specially updated version for the 75th anniversary of Mallard breaking the world speed record on 3 July 1938, by publishers Aurum Press. An updated book was officially re-launched at the NRM in York on 3 July 2013 as part of the Great Gathering commemorations. Hale also produced and published a new railway history book - Mallard, the Railway Marvel that Beat the World in July 2018 to help commemorate the 80th anniversary of Mallard winning the world speed record.
Hale has written several other books, including a crime novel titled The Wrong Body and non-fiction works such as The Child Killers, Sounds of the Sixties - Club 60 & the Esquire, Birth of the British Bobby, The World of Dreams, Joe Cocker and the Clubs, Sherlock Holmes and the Ghost Ship Mystery.
Freelance
Hale returned to mainstream newspapers working freelance from January 2014.
See also
Murders of Jacqueline Ansell-Lamb and Barbara Mayo, claimed by Hale to be linked to the murder of Wendy Sewell
References
External links
Don Hale's website
British male journalists
1952 births
Living people
Members of the Order of the British Empire |
4019188 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westphalian%20sovereignty | Westphalian sovereignty | Westphalian sovereignty, or state sovereignty, is a principle in international law that each state has exclusive sovereignty over its territory. The principle underlies the modern international system of sovereign states and is enshrined in the United Nations Charter, which states that "nothing ... shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state." According to the idea, every state, no matter how large or small, has an equal right to sovereignty. Political scientists have traced the concept to the Peace of Westphalia (1648), which ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) and Eighty Years' War (1568–1648). The principle of non-interference was further developed in the 18th century. The Westphalian system reached its peak in the 19th and 20th centuries, but it has faced recent challenges from advocates of humanitarian intervention.
Principles and criticism
A series of treaties make up the Peace of Westphalia, which is considered by political scientists to be the beginning of the modern international system, in which external powers should avoid interfering in another country's domestic affairs. The backdrop of this was the previously held idea that Europe was supposed to be under the umbrella of a single Christian protectorate or empire; governed spiritually by the Pope, and temporally by one rightful emperor, such as that of the Holy Roman Empire. The then-emerging Reformation had undermined this as Protestant-controlled states were less willing to respect the "supra authority" of both the Catholic Church and the Catholic-Habsburg led Emperor.
Recent scholarship has argued that the Westphalian treaties actually had little to do with the principles with which they are often associated: sovereignty, non-intervention, and the legal equality of states. For example, Andreas Osiander writes that "the treaties confirm neither [France's or Sweden's] 'sovereignty' nor anybody else's; least of all do they contain anything about sovereignty as a principle." Others, such as Christoph Kampann and Johannes Paulmann, argue that the 1648 treaties, in fact, limited the sovereignty of numerous states within the Holy Roman Empire and that the Westphalian treaties did not present a coherent new state-system, although they were part of an ongoing change. Yet others, often post-colonialist scholars, point out the limited relevance of the 1648 system to the histories and state systems in the non-Western world. Nonetheless, "Westphalian sovereignty" continues to be used as a shorthand for the basic legal principles underlying the modern state system. The applicability and relevance of these principles have been questioned since the mid-20th century onward from a variety of viewpoints. Much of the debate has turned on the ideas of internationalism and globalization, which some say conflicts with Westphalian's two swords ideal of self-sovereignty.
History
The origins of Westphalian sovereignty have been traced in the scholarly literature to the Peace of Westphalia (1648). The peace treaties put an end to the Thirty Years' War, a war of religion that devastated Germany and killed 30% of its population. Since neither the Catholics nor the Protestants had won a clear victory, the peace settlement established a status quo order in which states would refrain from interfering in each other's religious practices. Henry Kissinger wrote:
The principle of non-interference in other countries' domestic affairs was laid out in the mid-18th century by Swiss jurist Emer de Vattel. States became the primary institutional agents in an interstate system of relations. The Peace of Westphalia is said to have ended attempts to impose supranational authority on European states. The "Westphalian" doctrine of states as independent agents was bolstered by the rise in 19th-century thoughts of 'classical' nationalism, under which legitimate states were assumed to correspond to nations—groups of people united by language and culture. Before the Westphalian system, the closest geopolitical system was the "Chanyuan system" established in East Asia in 1005 through the Treaty of Chanyuan, which, like the Westphalian peace treaties, designated national borders between the independent regimes of China's Song dynasty and the Khitan Liao dynasty. This system was copied and developed in East Asia in the following centuries until the establishment of the pan-Eurasian Mongol Empire in the 13th century.
The Westphalian system reached its peak in the late 19th century. Although practical considerations still led powerful states to seek to influence the affairs of others, forcible intervention by one country in the domestic affairs of another was less frequent between 1850 and 1900 than in most previous and subsequent periods (i.e. Napoleonic, the Great War, the Second World War).
After the end of the Cold War, the United States and Western Europe began talking of a post-Westphalian order in which countries could intervene against human rights abuses in other countries. Critics have argued that such intervention would be and has been used to continue processes similar to standard Euro-American colonialism, and that the colonial powers always used ideas similar to "humanitarian intervention" to justify colonialism, slavery, and similar practices. China and Russia have thus used their United Nations Security Council veto power to block what they see as American attempts to violate the sovereignty of other nations while engaging in what the West sees as their own imperialistic expansionism.
Challenges to Westphalia
The end of the Cold War saw increased international integration and, arguably, the erosion of Westphalian sovereignty. Much of the literature was primarily concerned with criticizing realist models of international politics in which the notion of the state as a unitary agent is taken as axiomatic.
In 1998, at a Symposium on the Continuing Political Relevance of the Peace of Westphalia, NATO Secretary-General Javier Solana said that "humanity and democracy [were] two principles essentially irrelevant to the original Westphalian order" and levelled a criticism that "the Westphalian system had its limits. For one, the principle of sovereignty it relied on also produced the basis for rivalry, not community of states; exclusion, not integration."
In 1999, British Prime Minister Tony Blair gave a speech in Chicago where he "set out a new, post-Westphalian, 'doctrine of the international community. Blair argued that globalization had made the Westphalian approach anachronistic. Blair was later referred to by The Daily Telegraph as "the man who ushered in the post-Westphalian era". Others have also asserted that globalization has superseded the Westphalian system.
In 2000, Germany's Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer referred to the Peace of Westphalia in his Humboldt Speech, which argued that the system of European politics set up by Westphalia was obsolete: "The core of the concept of Europe after 1945 was and still is a rejection of the European balance-of-power principle and the hegemonic ambitions of individual states that had emerged following the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, a rejection which took the form of closer meshing of vital interests and the transfer of nation-state sovereign rights to supranational European institutions."
The European Union's concept of shared sovereignty is also somewhat contrary to historical views of Westphalian sovereignty, as it provides for external agents to influence and interfere in the internal affairs of its member countries. In a 2008 article Phil Williams links the rise of terrorism and violent non-state actors (VNSAs), which pose a threat to the Westphalian sovereignty of the state, to globalization.
Military intervention
Interventions such as in Cambodia by Vietnam (the Cambodian–Vietnamese War) or in Bangladesh (then a part of Pakistan) by India (the Bangladesh Liberation War and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971) were seen by some as examples of humanitarian intervention, although their basis in international law is debatable. Other more recent interventions, and their attendant infringements of state sovereignty, also have prompted debates about their legality and motivations.
A new notion of contingent sovereignty seems to be emerging, but it has not yet reached the point of international legitimacy. Neoconservatism in particular has developed this line of thinking further, asserting that a lack of democracy may foreshadow future humanitarian crises, or that democracy itself constitutes a human right, and therefore states not respecting democratic principles open themselves up to just war by other countries. However, proponents of this theory have been accused of being concerned about democracy, human rights and humanitarian crises only in countries where American global dominance is challenged, while ignoring the same issues in other countries friendlier to the United States.
Further criticism of Westphalian sovereignty arises regarding allegedly failed states, of which Afghanistan (before the 2001 US-led invasion) is often considered an example. In this case, it is argued that no sovereignty exists and that international intervention is justified on humanitarian grounds and by the threats posed by failed states to neighboring countries and the world as a whole.
Political scientist Hall Gardner has challenged elements of the Westphalian sovereignty. Reviewer Sarang Shidore summarizes Gardner's argument:
Defenders of Westphalia
Although the Westphalian system developed in early modern Europe, its staunchest defenders can now be found in the non-Western world. The presidents of China and Russia issued a joint statement in 2001 vowing to "counter attempts to undermine the fundamental norms of the international law with the help of concepts such as 'humanitarian intervention' and 'limited sovereignty. China and Russia have used their United Nations Security Council veto power to block what they see as American violations of state sovereignty in Syria. Russia was left out of the original Westphalian system in 1648, but post-Soviet Russia has seen Westphalian sovereignty as a means to balance American power by encouraging a multipolar world order.
Some in the West also speak favourably of the Westphalian state. American political scientist Stephen Walt urged U.S. President Donald Trump to return to Westphalian principles, calling it a "sensible course" for American foreign policy. American political commentator Pat Buchanan has also spoken in favour of the traditional nation-state.
See also
Civic nationalism
Monopoly on violence
Westfailure
Precedence among European monarchies
References
Further reading
John Agnew, Globalization and Sovereignty (2009)
T. Biersteker and C. Weber (eds.), State Sovereignty as Social Construct (1996)
Wendy Brown, Walled States, Waning Sovereignty (2010)
Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society (1977)
Joseph Camilleri and Jim Falk, The End of Sovereignty?: The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World, Edward Elgar, Aldershot (1992)
Derek Croxton, "The Peace of Westphalia of 1648 and the Origins of Sovereignty," The International History Review vol. 21 (1999)
A. Claire Cutler, "Critical Reflections on the Westphalian Assumptions of International Law and Organization," Review of International Studies vol. 27 (2001)
M. Fowler and J. Bunck, Law, Power, and the Sovereign State (1995)
S. H. Hashmi (ed.), State Sovereignty: Change and Persistence in International Relations (1997)
F. H. Hinsley, Sovereignty (1986)
K. J. Holsti, Taming the Sovereigns (2004)
Robert Jackson, The Global Covenant (2000)
Henry Kissinger, World Order (2014)
Stephen Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (1999)
Stephen Krasner (ed.), Problematic Sovereignty (2001)
J.H. Leurdijk, Intervention in International Politics, Eisma BV, Leeuwarden, Netherlands (1986)
Andreas Osiander, "Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Westphalian Myth," International Organization vol. 55 (2001)
Daniel Philpott, Revolutions in Sovereignty (2001)
Cormac Shine, 'Treaties and Turning Points: The Thirty Years' War', History Today (2016)
Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors (1994)
Phil Williams, Violent Non-State Actors and National and International Security, ISN, 2008
Wael Hallaq, "The Impossible State: Islam, Politics, and Modernity's Moral Predicament" (2012)
1648 in international relations
Political terminology
Sovereignty
Early Modern history of Germany
Legal history of the Dutch Republic
1648 in Europe
History of diplomacy |
4019190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronaldo%20Miranda | Ronaldo Miranda | Ronaldo Miranda (b. April 26, 1948 Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian composer and music professor.
Miranda studied at the Escola de Música da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, under Henrique Morelenbaum for composition and Dulce de Saules for piano.
From 1974 to 1981 Miranda was the primary music critic for the Jornal do Brasil.
In 1977, Miranda won first prize in the chamber music category at the Concurso Nacional de Composição para a II Bienal de Música Brasileira Contemporânea da Sala Cecília Meireles. After this, he became a freelance composer. The following year, he represented Brazil at the Tribune International de Componistes de UNESCO in Paris, France. In 1981 he was awarded a gold medal by the governor of Rio de Janeiro state. He was in the program at the World Music Days in Aarhus, Denmark in 1983, at the Tenth Musik-Biennale in Berlin, Germany, and at the World Music Days in Budapest, Hungary in 1986.
His opera Dom Casmurro premiered at the Municipal Theater of São Paulo in 1992, and was very popular with both audience and critics. In 2001, he won the Troféu Carlos Gomes and the Composer of the Year award by the governor of São Paulo state.
Miranda's works have been performed at the Queen Elizabeth Hall in London, England; the Zürich Town Hall in Zürich, Switzerland; the Mozarteum in Salzburg, Austria; the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires, Argentina; and in Carnegie Hall in New York City.
Miranda is currently a professor at the Escola de Música da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, and an adjunct director at the Sala Cecília Meireles concert hall in Rio de Janeiro.
On September 22, 2006 premiered at the Theatro São Pedro in São Paulo his opera "A Tempestade" ("The Tempest"), to which he wrote the libretto himself based on the homonymous play by William Shakespeare.
External links
ronaldomiranda.com
1948 births
Living people
Brazilian composers
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro faculty
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro alumni |
4019196 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20GP2%20Series | 2006 GP2 Series | The 2006 GP2 Series season was the second season of the Formula One feeder championship GP2 Series. The season began at Circuit de Valencia, Spain on 8 April 2006 and ended in Monza, Italy on 10 September 2006. The championship was won by ART Grand Prix driver Lewis Hamilton, over Piquet Sports driver Nelson Piquet Jr.
2006 GP2 car modifications
Chassis
The 2006 specification GP2 Car was designed by Dallara Automobili. The 2006 GP2 car featured a biplane rear wing, with the triplane rear wing used in 2005 only to be used at the Monaco race. The front upper and lower wishbones were reinforced, as were the front and rear suspension uprights.
Engine
The 4 litre V8 engine featured internal, cartographic and software upgrades designed to improve performance and fuel consumption.
Gearbox
The 2006 gearbox was manufactured by GearTek, and featured an 8 position barrel, with ratchet body and software upgrades, as well as a new transverse shafts fixing system designed to facilitate improved gear selection.
Tyres
The tyres supplied by Bridgestone for the 2006 season were full-slick, not featuring the four-line grooved slick seen in the 2005 season. Bridgestone supplied a soft, medium, and hard compound tyre, with the tyre choice being made by Bridgestone and the GP2 Series prior to each event. The wet specification tyre remained the same as 2005.
Other parts
Brembo supplied a new development of monobloc brake calipers and disc bells, which were exclusive to GP2. The car also featured internal cooling upgrades, a new water radiator, radiator duct, oil and water heat exchanger, modified oil degasser, new oil and water pipes and new heat exchanger fixing brackets.
Sporting regulations changes
The only change to the sporting regulations for the 2006 season was that drivers would only be awarded a single point for fastest lap in a race, rather than the two points that were awarded in 2005. The driver also had to start the race from his allocated grid position to be eligible to claim the fastest lap.
Season summary
Nelson Piquet Jr. won the first race at Valencia ahead of two rookies, Lewis Hamilton and Adrián Vallés. The latter failed to score in the rest of the season apart from one point for fastest lap at Barcelona. In a sprint race, Vallés was involved in a collision with Adam Carroll who rolled multiple times. The sprint race was won by Michael Ammermüller who had promising start to the season but failed to score during last six weekends.
Gianmaria Bruni and Ernesto Viso then shared victories at Imola, where Hamilton failed to score, after being black-flagged in the feature race and therefore starting the sprint race from back of the grid. Hamilton won both races at Nürburgring, after Piquet took pole position but had a big crash following car failure in the feature race. He also failed to score in the sprint.
Hamilton was on course to win feature race at Barcelona, but he collided with his teammate Alexandre Prémat on the last lap. The Frenchman went on to win with Hamilton second. Viso took his second victory of the season by winning the sprint. Hamilton then won three races in a row, including at Monaco where Nicolas Lapierre and Olivier Pla were injured and did not start. At his home circuit in Silverstone, Hamilton won the feature and then the sprint, where he overtook Clivio Piccione and Piquet in one move.
There were few notable driver changes during the early season. Giorgio Pantano returned to the series with after missing the first three rounds and Timo Glock moved from BCN to iSport between the Monaco and British rounds. Both were serious contenders for race wins for the rest of the season and they shared victories at Magny-Cours. Glock also won at Hockenheim after overtaking José María López on the final lap.
At this point, Hamilton had a 26-point lead over Piquet, but the Brazilian bounced back with a perfect weekend at Hungary, taking pole, two wins and two fastest laps. Hamilton spun in qualifying and started the feature race from back of the grid. He failed to score there but took second place in the wet Sunday sprint.
Piquet's form continued in Turkey, where he won the feature race from pole. Hamilton was second, and in the sprint, he recovered from an early spin to take second place, while Piquet had to settle for fifth. Andreas Zuber took advantage of his front row starting position and won the race.
Hamilton led by ten points before final weekend in Monza. Piquet cut the lead to eight by taking pole. Pantano beat both of them in the feature race and set the fastest lap as well. Piquet finished second and Hamilton third, meaning that the championship would be decided in final race. However, Pantano was deemed to have ignored yellow flags on his fastest lap so that time was disallowed, giving a point to Hamilton who now clinched the title. Pantano made a fantastic start in the sprint and went from 8th to 1st before first corner, and went on to win the race. Hamilton followed and took 2nd, beating Piquet by 12 points in the end.
Teams and drivers
All of the teams used the Dallara GP2/05 chassis with Renault-badged 4.0 litre (244 cu in) naturally-aspirated Mecachrome V8 engines order and with tyres supplied by Bridgestone.
Driver changes
Changed Teams
Gianmaria Bruni: Durango → Trident Racing
Adam Carroll: Super Nova International → Racing Engineering
Fairuz Fauzy: DAMS → Super Nova International
Sergio Hernández: Campos Racing → Durango
Neel Jani: Racing Engineering → Arden International Ltd
José María López: DAMS → Super Nova International
Ferdinando Monfardini: Coloni Motorsport → DAMS
Giorgio Pantano: Super Nova International → Petrol Ofisi FMS International
Clivio Piccione: Durango → DPR
Ernesto Viso: BCN Competición → iSport International
Entering GP2
Michael Ammermüller: Eurocup Formula Renault 2.0 & Italian Formula Renault Championship (Jenzer Motorsport) → Arden International Ltd
Mike Conway: British Formula 3 Championship (Fortec Motorsport) → DPR Direxiv
Lucas di Grassi: Formula Three Euroseries (Manor Motorsport) → Durango
Luca Filippi: Italian Formula 3000 (Fisichella Motorsport) → FMS International
Timo Glock: Champ Car World Series (Rocketsports Racing) → BCN Competición
Tristan Gommendy: World Series by Renault (Witmeur KTR) → iSport International
Lewis Hamilton: Formula Three Euroseries (ASM Formule 3) → ART Grand Prix
Franck Perera: Formula Three Euroseries (Prema Powerteam) → DAMS
Vitaly Petrov: Formula 1600 Russia (Art Line ProTeam) → DPR
Félix Porteiro: World Series by Renault (Epsilon by Graff) → Campos Racing
Jason Tahinci: British Formula Renault Championship (Team JLR) → FMS International
Adrián Vallés: World Series by Renault (Pons Racing) → Campos Racing
Javier Villa: Spanish Formula Three Championship (Racing Engineering) → Racing Engineering
Andreas Zuber: World Series by Renault (Carlin Motorsport) → Trident Racing
Leaving GP2
Juan Cruz Álvarez: Campos Racing → Top Race V6 Argentina (Catalan Magni Motorsports)
Can Artam: iSport International → Retirement
Borja García: Racing Engineering → World Series by Renault (RC Motorsport)
Heikki Kovalainen: Arden International → Formula One (Mild Seven Renault F1 Team test driver)
Mathias Lauda: Coloni Motorsport → Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (Persson Motorsport)
Giorgio Mondini: DPR → A1 Grand Prix (A1 Team Switzerland)
Nico Rosberg: ART Grand Prix → Formula One (WilliamsF1 Team)
Ryan Sharp: DPR → World Touring Car Championship (JAS Motorsport)
Scott Speed: iSport International → Formula One (Scuderia Toro Rosso)
Toni Vilander: Coloni Motorsport → Italian GT Championship (Playteam Sara Free)
Midseason changes
Giorgio Pantano replaced Luca Filippi after Nürburg races.
Timo Glock replaced Tristan Gommendy after Monaco race.
Luca Filippi replaced Timo Glock after Monaco race.
Neel Jani replaced Nicolas Lapierre for Silverstone and Magny-Cours races.
Mike Conway replaced Olivier Pla for Silverstone races.
Vitaly Petrov replaced Olivier Pla after Magny-Cours races.
Calendar
Results
Championship standings
Scoring system
Points are awarded to the top 8 classified finishers in the Feature race, and to the top 6 classified finishers in the Sprint race. The pole-sitter in the feature race will also receive two points, and one point is given to the driver who set the fastest lap in the feature and sprint races. The driver also had to start the race from his allocated grid position to be eligible to claim the fastest lap and has to drive 90% of race laps. No extra points are awarded to the pole-sitter in the sprint race.
Feature race points
Sprint race points
Points are awarded to the top 6 classified finishers.
Drivers' Championship
Notes:
Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed more than 90% of the race distance.
Lewis Hamilton was disqualified during the first race at Imola for passing the safety car. Team ART Grand Prix's statement on this is that he was following the Campos Racing cars which led him past the car.
Olivier Pla was disqualified in Montmeló from 8th place for car being under weight limit.
Durango cars were excluded from second Silverstone race for illegal rear wing which caused di Grassi's accident in first race.
Felix Porteiro was disqualified from 2nd place in Silverstone sprint race for illegal position of steering rack.
Teams' Championship
Notes
References
External links
GP2 Series & GP2 Asia Series
Results at autosport.com
Results at sportresultaten.be
GP2 Series season 2006
GP2 Series seasons
GP2 Series |
4019197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiring%20pencil | Wiring pencil | A wiring pencil (often sold under the trade names of Roadrunner or Verowire) is a tool for making electrical connections.
A small reel of insulated copper wire is mounted at the top of the tool. The wire runs down the center of the wiring pencil and through a hardened tip, which is small enough to move between the pins of 0.1" pitch DIL chip allowing connections to be wrapped and the wire to be led across the circuit board to the next point it's needed.
The wire is coated with a polymer lacquer (commonly referred to as enamel, but not glass based). Once wrapped the connections are soldered, the heat of this burning the lacquer away and completing the joint. Insulated wire is normally 38 SWG (0.15mm), ground connections are sometimes made with uninsulated wire which is slightly heavier (33 SWG, 0.25mm).
A well ventilated area and/or fume extraction are very important when carrying out this process due to the toxic fumes. Sometimes, where there are many wires, plastic comb-like structures are used for wire management.
See also
Wire wrap
Solderable enamel wire
References
External links
http://www.instructables.com/id/Mechanical-Prototyping-Pencil/
Electronics work tools
Wire |
4019204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20Presbyterian%20Church | First Presbyterian Church | First Presbyterian Church (and variations such as Old First Presbyterian Church or First Presbyterian Church and Rectory) may refer to:
Canada
First Presbyterian Church (Edmonton), Alberta
Thailand
First Presbyterian Church, Samray, in Bangkok
United States
Alabama
First Presbyterian Church (Birmingham, Alabama)
First Presbyterian Church (Eutaw, Alabama)
First Presbyterian Church (Greenville, Alabama)
First Presbyterian Church (Jacksonville, Alabama)
First Presbyterian Church (Talladega, Alabama)
First Presbyterian Church of Wetumpka
Arizona
First Presbyterian Church of Florence
First Presbyterian Church (Phoenix, Arizona)
Arkansas
First Presbyterian Church (Clarksville, Arkansas)
First Presbyterian Church (Dardanelle, Arkansas)
Berry House (Dardanelle, Arkansas), the previous building used by the church
First Presbyterian Church (DeQueen, Arkansas)
First Presbyterian Church (Des Arc, Arkansas)
First Presbyterian Church (El Dorado, Arkansas)
First Presbyterian Church (Fordyce, Arkansas)
First Presbyterian Church (Heber Springs, Arkansas)
First Presbyterian Church (Hot Springs, Arkansas)
First Presbyterian Church (Little Rock, Arkansas)
First Presbyterian Church (Lonoke, Arkansas)
First Presbyterian Church (Nashville, Arkansas)
First Presbyterian Church (Newport, Arkansas)
First Presbyterian Church Manse (North Little Rock, Arkansas)
First Presbyterian Church (Stamps, Arkansas)
California
First Presbyterian Church Sanctuary Building, in Alameda, California
First Presbyterian Church of Hollywood, Los Angeles, California
First Presbyterian Church (Napa, California)
First Presbyterian Church of Oakland
First Presbyterian Church of San Jose
First Presbyterian Church (San Luis Obispo, California)
First Presbyterian Church (Vallejo, California)
Colorado
First Presbyterian Church (Canon City, Colorado)
First Presbyterian Church (Colorado Springs, Colorado)
Eckert Presbyterian Church or First Presbyterian Church
First Presbyterian Church of Golden and Unger House, in Golden, Colorado
First Presbyterian Church of Ramah
Connecticut
Fish Church or First Presbyterian Church of Stamford
Delaware
Old First Presbyterian Church (Newark, Delaware)
Old First Presbyterian Church (Wilmington, Delaware)
Florida
First Presbyterian Church (Lynn Haven, Florida)
First Presbyterian Church Archeological Site
First Presbyterian Church (Miami, Florida)
First Presbyterian Church (Tallahassee, Florida)
Georgia
First Presbyterian Church of Atlanta
First Presbyterian Church (Augusta, Georgia)
First Presbyterian Church (Cartersville, Georgia)
First Presbyterian Church (Columbus, Georgia)
First Presbyterian Church (Macon, Georgia)
First Presbyterian Church (Tifton, Georgia), contributing in Tifton Residential Historic District
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First Presbyterian Church (Greeneville, Tennessee)
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First Presbyterian Church (Memphis, Tennessee)
First Presbyterian Church (Murfreesboro, Tennessee)
Downtown Presbyterian Church (Nashville)
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First Presbyterian Church (Shelbyville, Tennessee)
First Presbyterian Church (Sweetwater, Tennessee)
Texas
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First Presbyterian Church (Mineral Wells, Texas)
First Presbyterian Church (Orange, Texas)
First Presbyterian Church (Palestine, Texas)
First Presbyterian Church (Paris, Texas)
First Presbyterian Church (San Angelo, Texas)
First Presbyterian Church (Van Horn, Texas)
Utah
First Presbyterian Church of Salt Lake City
Virginia
First Presbyterian Church (Arlington, Virginia)
Washington
First Presbyterian Church (Tacoma, Washington)
West Virginia
First Presbyterian Church/Calvary Temple Evangelical Church, in Parkersburg, West Virginia
Wisconsin
First Presbyterian Church (Oshkosh, Wisconsin)
First Presbyterian Church (Racine, Wisconsin)
See also
List of Presbyterian churches |
4019213 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markheim | Markheim | {{Infobox short story |
| name = Markheim
| author = Robert Louis Stevenson
| country =
| language = English
| genre = Horror
| published_in = The Broken Shaft: Unwin’s Christmas Annual(ed. H. Norman)
| publication_type = Collection
| publisher = London: T. Fisher Unwin
| pub_date = December 1885
| media_type = Print
| pages =
| isbn =
}}
"Markheim" is a short story by Robert Louis Stevenson, originally prepared for the Pall Mall Gazette in 1884, but published in 1885 in The Broken Shaft: Tales of Mid-Ocean as part of Unwin's Christmas Annual. The story was later published in Stevenson's collection The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables (1887).
Plot summary
The story opens late one Christmas Day in an antique store, presumably in London during the mid 1880s. A man named Markheim has come even though the store is officially closed, and the rather shady dealer points out that whenever he comes to visit after hours, it is usually to privately sell a rare item, claiming it to be from a late uncle's collection he inherited. The dealer hints his suspicions that more likely Markheim stole these items, although it has not stopped him from purchasing them, usually for an amount less than what his client asked for. Markheim visibly flinches at the dealer's not-so-subtle insinuations, but claims that he has not come to sell anything this time, but rather to buy a Christmas present for a woman he will soon marry, implying she is well off. Though somewhat incredulous, the dealer suggests a mirror as a gift, but Markheim takes fright at his own reflection, claiming that no man wants to see what a mirror shows him. Markheim seems strangely reluctant to end the transaction, but when the dealer insists that his visitor must buy or leave, Markheim consents to review more goods. However, when the dealer turns his back to select another item, Markheim pulls out a knife and stabs him to death.
Surrounded by mirrors and ominously ticking clocks, and with only a candle to light up the dark shop, Markheim spends some minutes recovering his nerve when he hears someone moving about upstairs, though he knows the dealer's maidservant has taken the day off and no one should be there. He reassures himself that the outer door is locked, searches the dealer's body for keys and then goes to the upper rooms where the dealer lived to look for money, which he intends to use to start a business. As he searches for the right key to open the dealer's safe, he hears footsteps on the stairs, and a man opens the door and asks, "Did you call me?"
Markheim believes the stranger is the Devil. Though he never identifies himself, the stranger is clearly supernatural; he says that he has watched Markheim his whole life. He tells Markheim that the servant is returning to the store early, so Markheim had best hurry or face the consequences. He also offers to show Markheim the right key to open the safe, although he predicts that Markheim's business will not be successful. Indeed, the stranger clearly knows that much of Markheim's life has been unsuccessful, consisting of gambling and petty theft. Instead of continuing to loot the house, Markheim tries to justify his life and conduct to the stranger, entering into a discussion of the nature of good and evil. The stranger refutes him on every point, and Markheim is at last obliged to admit that he has thrown his life away and turned to evil.
The servant returns, and as she knocks on the door the stranger advises Markheim that he can entice her in by telling her that her master is hurt, then kill her and have the whole night to ransack the house. Markheim retorts that while he has lost the love of good, he still hates evil. The face of the stranger undergoes a "wonderful and lovely change", full of "tender triumph", as he disappears. Markheim opens the door and tells the servant to call the police, for he has killed her master.
Commentary
Stevenson combines a moral drama with a gothic horror story. Despite the deliberate ambiguity, most critics view Markheim's visitor as some sort of "good" spirit, whose features suddenly "brightened and softened with a tender triumph" when Markheim decides to give himself up rather than choose to commit a second murder. Michael S. Rose of the New Oxford Review identifies him as Markheim's guardian angel.
Adaptations
A play produced by J. Fred Zimmerman Sr. opened at the New Amsterdam Theatre in 1906.
A 1919 opera by Philip Napier Miles; Carnegie award 1921; performed in Bristol 1924; vocal score published by J. Curwen 1926.
The radio drama anthology series, The Weird Circle, adapted the story for broadcast on 9 September 1947.
An episode of the 1950s radio drama anthology The Hall of Fantasy was adapted from "Markheim".
An episode of the 1950s radio drama Dragnet titled "The Big In-Laws" quotes the story.
A 1953 episode of Theatre Royal, a BBC radio series broadcast on NBC in the United States, with Laurence Olivier as Markheim and Abraham Sofaer as The Stranger.
It was dramatized as the third episode of the fifth season of the television series Suspense in 1952. The episode was titled "All Hallows Eve" and starred Franchot Tone.
A 1954 short film The Mirror and Markheim, with Philip Saville as Markheim and Christopher Lee as The Visitant, or the Devil.
The story was dramatized for television as an episode of the anthology series Screen Directors' Playhouse (1955–56); Ray Milland starred as Markheim and Rod Steiger portrayed the Stranger.
The story was dramatised for television as an episode of the series Rendezvous in 1959. Charles Gray was Markheim and Anthony Dawson the Stranger.
Carlisle Floyd adapted the story into a one-act opera as a vehicle for Norman Treigle; it was premiered in 1966 and published by Boosey and Hawkes.
An adaptation by Tom Wright was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 17 September 1971 with Tom Watson as Markheim, Malcolm Hayes as The Stranger and Martin Heller as The Dealer; this production was subsequently re-broadcast on BBC Radio 7 and BBC Radio 4 Extra.
The story was dramatised for Scottish Television in 1974 with Derek Jacobi as Markheim and Julian Glover as the Stranger.
The radio anthology CBS Radio Mystery Theater adapts Markheim in an episode first aired in 1975 with Kevin McCarthy as Markheim.
In 2009, a reading of the story by Hugh Bonneville was broadcast on BBC Radio 7.
The Italian composer Carlo Deri composed a one-act opera, Markheim, for which he created a libretto freely inspired by the story; it was premiered in 2015, transcribed from the original as a chamber opera (Pisa, Italy, Teatro Verdi, 18 April 2015).
The artist Ken Currie produced an etching entitled 'Markheim' in 2015 and critics have referenced the story in relation to his art.
References
Sources
Harman, Claire. Myself and the Other Fellow: A Life of Robert Louis Stevenson. HarperCollins (2005): New York.
External links
“The Reaping Angel of Death”: A Monograph on the Opera Markheim'', by Brian Morgan. Log into Facebook
Markheim by Robert Louis Stevenson
1885 short stories
Short stories by Robert Louis Stevenson
Works originally published in The Pall Mall Gazette |
4019216 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-%C3%89mile%20Trudeau | Charles-Émile Trudeau | Joseph Charles-Émile "Charley" Trudeau (July 5, 1887 – April 10, 1935) was a French Canadian attorney and businessman. His son was Pierre Trudeau, 15th Prime Minister of Canada, and his grandson is Justin Trudeau, 23rd and current Prime Minister of Canada.
Life and career
Charles-Émile Trudeau was born on his family's farm in Saint-Michel-de-Napierville, Quebec, the son of Joseph Trudeau (1848–1919), a semi-literate farmer, and Malvina Cardinal (1849–1931), whose own father was Solime Cardinal (1815–1897), mayor of Saint-Constant, Quebec. Malvina insisted that her sons be given a strong education; her husband agreed to send them to College Sainte-Marie. Trudeau later studied law at the Laval University's campus in Montreal, which in 1919 became the University of Montreal. After a ten-year courtship, he married Grace Elliott (1890–1973), the daughter of a prominent Scots-Quebecer entrepreneur, Philip Armstrong Elliott (1859–1936), and his wife Sarah Sauvé (1857–1899), on May 11, 1915 in Montreal at the original Saint-Louis-de-France Roman Catholic Church on Roy Street at Laval Avenue, which was later destroyed by fire in 1933. They had four children, their first child dying at birth. Charles-Émile Trudeau was considered gregarious, boisterous, and extravagant.
Trudeau, a lawyer by training, practised for 10 years with Ernest Bertrand, at that time the senior Crown prosecutor, as well as with Charles E. Guérin. Trudeau accumulated a fortune by building gas stations around the Montreal area and a loyalty program known as the Automobile Owners' Association, which by 1932 had 15,000 members patronizing Trudeau's 30 stations. He sold his business to Champlain Oil Products Limited for $1 million, while remaining with Champlain as general manager for that subsidiary. Among his other investments, Trudeau had interests in mining companies. He was a noted baseball enthusiast: he was the largest shareholder and member of the board of directors of the Montreal Royals baseball team, and the team's vice-president at the time of his death. He was also vice president of Montreal's Belmont Park and a prominent philanthropist, including as a benefactor of the Hôpital Sainte-Jeanne d'Arc, for which he also served as director at the time of his death.
Politically, Trudeau was a strong supporter of the Conservative Party, opposed to Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, a long-serving Liberal. Pierre Trudeau recalled that "political arguments never lacked liveliness" between Charles and his friends.
Death and legacy
He died of pneumonia in 1935 in Orlando, Florida, while on the road with the Royals, and was laid to rest at his family vault in St-Rémi-de-Napierville Cemetery. Due to Trudeau's business, Pierre Trudeau himself inherited wealth. Trudeau served as an inspiration to the future prime minister. As Jim Coutts, Pierre Trudeau's aide, recalled, Trudeau "talked, at times, of his father, whom he greatly admired, but who was too busy to understand his son's interests or spend much time with him." Pierre Trudeau named his third son, Michel Charles Émile Trudeau, after him.
References
1887 births
1935 deaths
20th-century Canadian businesspeople
Businesspeople from Quebec
Canadian people of French descent
Canadian philanthropists
Canadian sports businesspeople
French Quebecers
Deaths from pneumonia in Florida
Lawyers in Quebec
Minor league baseball executives
Montreal Royals
Parents of prime ministers of Canada
People in the petroleum industry
Philanthropists from Quebec
Charles Emile |
4019227 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kool | Kool | Kool may refer to:
People
Kool (surname), surname of Dutch origin
Robert "Kool" Bell (born 1950), American bassist and founder of Kool and the Gang
Roger Kool (1954–2005), Singaporean DJ (Roger Kiew)
Kool DJ Herc (born 1955), Jamaican–American DJ and hip hop pioneer (Clive Campbell)
Kool DJ Red Alert (born 1956), American DJ and hip hop pioneer (Frederick Crute)
DJ Kool (born 1958), American DJ and rapper (John W. Bowman)
Kool Moe Dee (born 1962), American rapper (Mohandas Dewese)
Kool Keith (born 1963), American rapper (Keith M. Thornton)
Kool Bob Love (born 1967), American DJ, breakdancer and streetball player (Bobbito Garcia)
Kool Shen (born 1966), French rapper, actor and producer (Bruno Lopes)
Kool G. Rap (born 1968), American rapper (Nathaniel T. Wilson)
Kool Kim (born 1971), American rapper (Kim Sharpton)
Kool Savas (born 1975), German rapper (Savaş Yurderi)
Kool Kojak (born 1970s), American musician (Allan P. Grigg)
Kool A.D. (born 1983), American rapper (Victor Vazquez)
Broadcasting
KOOL 96.5, the branding for radio station CKUL-FM in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
KOOL 97.3, the branding for radio station KEAG in Anchorage, Alaska
KOOL 99.1, the branding for radio station KODZ in Eugene, Oregon
KOOL 101.5, the branding for radio station CKCE-FM in Calgary, Alberta, Canada
KOOL 101.7, the branding for radio station KLDJ in Duluth, Minnesota
KOOL 101.9, the branding for radio station KFMH in Belle Fourche, South Dakota
KOOL 105.1, the branding for radio station KXKL-FM in Denver, Colorado
KOOL 105.9, the former branding for radio station KFBW (then KQOL) in Vancouver, Washington
KOOL 107.5, the branding for radio station CKMB-FM in Barrie, Ontario, Canada
KOOL 107.9, the branding for radio station KBKL in Grand Junction, Colorado
KOOL 108, the branding for radio station KQQL in Anoka, Minnesota
Kool FM, a pirate radio station in the UK
KOOL-FM, a radio station (94.5 FM) in Phoenix, Arizona
KKNT, a radio station (960 AM) in Phoenix, Arizona, formerly known as KOOL
KSAZ-TV, a television station (channel 10) in Phoenix, Arizona, formerly known as KOOL-TV
Other uses
Kool (cigarette), a brand of cigarettes
Kool (film), a 2011 Kannada language film
"Kool", a song by Benee from her 2020 album Hey U X
See also
Cool (disambiguation) |
4019237 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Cavendish | Elizabeth Cavendish | Elizabeth Cavendish may refer to:
Elizabeth Cavendish, later Elizabeth Stuart, Countess of Lennox
Bess of Hardwick (1527–1608), Elizabethan courtier, married to Sir William Cavendish
Elizabeth Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire (1759–1824), wife of the fifth Duke of Devonshire
Elizabeth Cavendish (lawyer), executive director of Appleseed Foundation
Elizabeth Egerton (1626–1663), née Cavendish, writer
Elizabeth Cavendish, Countess of Devonshire (1619–1689)
Lady Elizabeth Cavendish (1926–2018) courtier |
4019240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimi | Minimi | Minimi can refer to:
FN Minimi, a belt-fed light machine gun
Minims (religious order), a religious order known as the Minimi (Minims, Order of the Minims)
Abductor digiti minimi muscle of hand, a muscle in the hand
Abductor digiti minimi muscle of foot, a muscle in the foot
See also
Minim (disambiguation)
Minime (disambiguation) |
4019242 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Marines%20Band%20Service | Royal Marines Band Service | The Royal Marines Band Service is the musical wing of the Royal Navy and an independent element of the Royal Marines. It currently consists of five bands plus a training wing – the Royal Marines School of Music at HMS Nelson – and its headquarters is at , Whale Island, Portsmouth.
History
The development of music in the Royal Marines is inextricably linked with the evolution of British military bands. Lively airs and the beat of the drum enabled columns of marching men to keep a regular step. The drum was the normal method of giving signals on the battlefield or in camp. As long ago as the days of Drake and Hawkins the drummer's rhythm would advertise the changing watches or beat the men to quarters. Royal Marine Drummers were first mentioned in the 1664 Convening Order, at the formation of Corps and so pride themselves as being the oldest Branch in the Corps.
Without doubt, groups of musicians existed in the Service before 1767, when Royal Marines Divisional Bands were formed at the naval dockyard-bases of Chatham, Plymouth and Portsmouth and the naval gathering-point of Deal in the Downs, and Marine bands (along with professional bands paid for by captains) plus their respective corps of drums provided music on board ships before and during battles of the Napoleonic Wars (e.g. during the long sail into action at the Battle of Trafalgar). The modern history of the Service, though, begins late in the 19th century, when the task of forming a Royal Naval School of Music to provide Bands for the Royal Navy was assigned to the Marines, with the school being founded in 1903. From then on the Band Service became an integral part of the Corps. Its original home was Eastney Barracks, Portsmouth; where it remained until 1930 when it was transferred to the Royal Marine Depot, Deal.
Second World War
By the end of the Second World War, 225 musicians and buglers had been killed in action, which was a quarter of their strength at the time, and the highest percentage of any branch of any service, after Bomber Command. After the outbreak of the Second World War, the service moved to Malvern, then divided with the Junior Wing moving to the Isle of Man and the Senior Wing to Scarborough.
Post Second World War
The bands reunited at Burford in 1946 and finally returning to Deal in 1950. The amalgamation of the Divisional Bands with the Royal Naval School of Music to form today's Royal Marines Band Service, also took place in 1950 when the headquarters and training establishment were renamed the Royal Marines School of Music.
The Band Service are notable for performing the theme music from Gerry Anderson's successful 1965 TV series Thunderbirds, in the final scene from his 1966 film Thunderbirds Are Go. The band performed the music on the parade ground of the Royal Marines Depot, Deal, where they marched under the leadership of their Senior Drum Major Charles H. Bowden. This sequence was synchronized with the end credits of the film, with the very last scene of this shot (and indeed, the whole film) showing the band standing in a large representation of the words 'THE END'.
Deal bombing
At approximately 8.20 am on 22 September 1989, the Royal Marines School of Music at the Royal Marine Depot, Deal was bombed by the IRA; this resulted in the death of eleven Royal Marines Musicians - Musn Mick Ball, B/Cpl John (Andy) Cleatheroe, B/Cpl Trevor Davis, Musn Richard Fice, Musn Richard (Taff) Jones, B/Cpl Dave McMillan, Musn Chris Nolan, B/Cpl Dean Pavey, Musn Mark Petch, Musn Tim Reeves and Musn Bob Simmonds plus the injury of 22 other Royal Marine Band Service members. A memorial garden is now situated in the grounds of the old barracks where the bomb went off. This was built in remembrance of the eleven who died and was restored after an arson attack some years later. Every year the families and friends of those that died join together at the garden to pay their respects and lay flowers in a memorial service. The Bandstand near the Walmer Lifeboat station is also dedicated to those who lost their lives in the bombing, with the names of those killed engraved on each face. Each July a Royal Marines Band returns to perform an outdoor concert in it.
Modern era
In 1992 the band was opened to women when the Royal Navy began to fully integrate women (who were then members of a separate branch) into the service. In April 1996, the School of Music was moved to Portsmouth dockyard when the Deal Barracks were closed. It was initially housed at the former Royal Naval Detention Quarters — the cells were converted to individual practice rooms.
Band of HM Royal Marines HMS Collingwood were present on the Isle of Man for the Tynwald Day ceremony on Monday 6 July 2015.
The Bands of HM Royal Marines participate in various annual events such as the Royal British Legion's Festival of Remembrance, the Remembrance Day Service at the Cenotaph, the Lord Mayor's Show as well as accompanying Royal Navy and Royal Marines contingents at guard mounting duties in London.
Furthermore, the Massed Bands, numbering some two hundred musicians from normally at least three Royal Marines bands, perform their Beating Retreat ceremony every two years at London's Horse Guards Parade in celebration of the birthday of their Captain General. Because of its popularity, it is generally over three nights. The most recent events were in June 2012 in honour of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee, in June 2014 in honour of the RM's 350 years of service to the nation and also the first to feature a guard of honour company from 40 Commando Brigade and bands from the United States Marine Corps and the Netherlands Marine Corps, and in June 2016, also marking the 90th birthday of HM the Queen and the first to be streamed live on Facebook. The latest event was slated for a May 2018 date, marking the 65th anniversary of the 1953 Coronation of HM the Queen and will be followed by another in 2022, marking the milestone 70th anniversary since the assumption to the throne of HM the Queen and the centennial of the modern Royal Marines (due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 event was cancelled).
Another event hosted by the Royal Marines Band Service is the Mountbatten Festival of Music, named after former Life Colonel Commandant Royal Marines Admiral of the Fleet The Earl Mountbatten of Burma, which takes place every year in the Royal Albert Hall.
Present organisation
At present, there are a total of five Royal Marine Bands and attached Corps of Drums:
Band of HM Royal Marines, Portsmouth (HMS Nelson)
Band of HM Royal Marines, Plymouth ()
Band of HM Royal Marines, Scotland (MoD Caledonia, Rosyth)
Band of HM Royal Marines, (replacing the Band of Britannia Royal Naval College)
Band of HM Royal Marines, Commando Training Centre Royal Marines
The Band of the Royal Marines School of Music in Portsmouth (The Training Band) brings the total number to six.
Officers and Bandmasters
All Directors of Music are Commissioned Officers, who are commissioned from within the ranks of the RMBS (there are no direct entry officers in the RMBS), on completion of the 12 month Bandmasters' Course (at RMSoM in Portsmouth) and once they have passed the external LRSM directing exam. Once commissioned they attend a music college for a period of one to two years, to study advanced conducting; usually at the level of MMus. Officers in command of Bands are either a Captain or Major, with the senior position of Principal Director of Music being a Lieutenant Colonel. Each Band also has a Warrant Officer Class 2 Bandmaster who acts as the Band Manager and deputy conductor. There are also four Warrant Officer Class 1 Bandmasters, in positions such as Bandmaster/Chief Instructor at the School of Music and PRO. The senior Bandmaster is a WO1 who holds the appointment of 'Corps Bandmaster' and is the chief non-commissioned advisor to the Principal Director of Music on all matters music and personnel.
Corps of Drums
The bands are always led by 'buglers', who are trained on both the side drum and the bugle as well as the Herald Fanfare Trumpet (natural trumpet); this section of the band is referred to as "the Corps of Drums", which since 1903 is now situated at the front of the band. Whilst similar to army corps of drums, these are members of the Royal Marines Band Service, although they retain their own rank structure.
RM Buglers have a similar history to Army 'drummers' in that they were used to convey orders on a ship on drums and bugles, and would then mass onshore into corps of drums, though they were still expected to work as individual soldiers, also known in slang by the Royal Navy as drummers.
These drummer-buglers trace themselves back to the raising of the Royal Marines in 1664 as a maritime foot regiment, with six drummers attached to its battalions, making them the oldest specialisation in the Royal Marines.
Today's buglers carry out duties ranging from repatriation services (sounding Last Post bugle call), mess beatings (drum displays), beating retreat (marching displays) and concerts on behalf of the Royal Marines and the entire Royal Navy.
Instruments and leadership
Like the British Army, Military snare (side) drums (MSD) are the principal instrument of the corps of drums; with the bugle being another core instrument. Bass drums are often used during parades and drum displays, while cymbals and single tenor drums are used during parades and ceremonies only. Bass drummers, cymbalists and tenor drummers on parade however, are for the most time percussionist, not buglers. Herald Fanfare trumpets (natural trumpets) are also performed on such occasions where a bugle fanfare would be inappropriate for such. The corps is led by a drum major and a bugle major serves as the principal player for it. The Corps Bugle Major and Corps Drum Major have specific ceremonial roles within the RMBS. The Warrant Officer Class 1 rank also acts as the specialist advisor for all RM Buglers in addition to the current Corps appointment they hold at that time. Currently (2022) the Corps Bugle Major of the Royal Marines holds the WO1 rank, but the predecessor held the Corps Drum Major appointment (WO1 from 2018 - 2022).
Drum major
A drum major holds the rank of Sergeant Bugler, Colour Sergeant Bugler, or warrant officer class 2. "Drum Major" is not a rank itself but an appointment. The Corps Drum Major RM, the most senior drum major in the Royal Marines, can hold the rank of warrant officer class 1 or 2, depending on the current structure of the Corps of Drums. Drum majors in the Royal Marines are now always drawn from the buglers branch and always started their careers as a bugler and are required to have passed a number of courses in music, military skills, and leadership throughout their military careers before being considered for an appointment as a drum major. They are responsible for band ceremony, discipline and administration.
The insignia of appointment is four point-up chevrons worn on a wrist-strap whilst in shirt-sleeve order, or four large point-up chevrons worn on the uniform sleeve, surmounted by a drum. Royal Marines drum majors do not wear any additional badges to indicate specific rank.
In addition to the drum major sash, the uniform features hussar style braiding across the front of the tunic.
Bugle major
During the 1850s the bugle became the main means of signalling and Bugle Majors were appointed to assist the Drum Major. Initially the Royal Marine Artillery had a Trumpet Major but this appointment was replaced by Bugle Major when the artillery trumpet was superseded by the bugle. However, RMA Buglers continued to wear the crossed trumpets badge on their sleeve. During this period the RMA was unique in having a Divisional bugle-call and a Divisional trumpet-call.
During 1922, Drum Major and Bugle Major appointments were confirmed at Colour-Sergeant rank with one of each at all Divisions and the Depot, Deal. The Bugle Major was instructed to further assist the Drum Major whilst retaining responsibility for instruction in fife and bugle. They both had the status and pay of Sergeant from 1810. In 1881 they became Staff Sergeant and were entitled to wear a sword, which they still retain. The Bugle Major, who wears the narrow red welt of the Buglers Branch, is responsible for the military side drum, bugle and herald trumpet training of buglers.
The Corps Bugle Major is an appointment for the most senior bugle major in the Royal Marines, holding the rank of warrant officer class 1 or 2. The insignia of appointment is four point-up chevron worn on a wrist-strap whilst in shirt-sleeve order, or four large point-up chevrons worn on the uniform sleeve, surmounted by a bugle.
Ranks, insignia and uniform
The Royal Marines ranking structure is used, with "band" prefixed to the rank (e.g. Band Corporal, abbreviated BdCpl); as with other bands of the British Armed Forces, the rank of Private is replaced with Musician. The term "bugler" suffixed is used for members from the corps of drums (e.g. Corporal Bugler, abbreviated Cpl Bugler).
They wear the same badges of rank as other Royal Marines but wear a "Royal Marines Band Service" badge in place of the commando flash and other Band Service insignia indicating their status as musicians. Members also wear the navy blue beret with a scarlet patch behind the badge, that is also worn by other personnel who have not passed the commando course. The Portsmouth band and CTCRM band have different cap badges from the rest of the Corps. Portsmouth Band ranks also wear different shoulder flashes from other members of the RMBS, instead wearing a 'Royal Band' flash on the right shoulder. This is a privilege bestowed on them by HM the Queen on the de-commissioning of the Royal Yacht, on which they wore the flash 'Royal Yacht'.
The Royal Marines Band Service is the only element of the Corps of Royal Marines to wear Number 1 Full Dress based on the Royal Marines Dress Uniform worn from 1922 to 1939. The simpler Number 1A dress or "blues" are worn by other Royal Marine units on ceremonial duties. Full Dress consists of a royal blue single-breasted tunic with red facings (with gold piping) and yellow cuff slashes. Royal blue trousers with a scarlet stripe and a white "Wolseley pattern" pith helmet are also worn. The helmet's decoration includes a brass ball ornament at the top (a detail inherited from the Royal Marine Artillery), helmet plate and chin chain. Buglers wear dress cords and also have thinner trouser stripes to indicate their status.
Royal Marines School of Music
The Royal Marines School of Music (RMSoM) was founded as the "Royal Naval School of Music" in 1903 at Eastney Barracks, Portsmouth, where the Royal Marines Museum is now located. In 1930 it moved to Deal, Kent, a historic Royal Navy base and shipyard. Between 1940 and 1950, it moved to various locations around the country before returning to Deal. Eleven band members at the school were killed during the Deal barracks bombing of 1989. The school relocated for the last time in 1996 and returned to Portsmouth, making its home in the former detention quarters within HMS Nelson.
Today all Royal Marines Bands are required to provide every imaginable musical ensemble including wind bands, orchestras, quartets and dance bands, as well as traditional Military (parade) Bands. To achieve this, all RM musicians, except solo specialists, are required to attain an above-average standard on both a string and a wind instrument. As a result of this special versatility, Royal Marines musicians are recognised around the world as being both thoroughly professional and highly talented within the military musical world, and the music world generally. The "Solo Specialists" have to become exceptionally highly talented on their chosen single instrument. The Corps of Drums receive an equally thorough training and pride themselves on maintaining the highest standards of drill, bugling and drumming. Their glittering presence at the front of all Royal Marines Bands on the march gives the bands a visual impact that is second to none.
After completing 15 weeks of initial military training, now mostly held at the Commando Training Centre Royal Marines, and passing the audition, musicians proceed to train at the RMSoM. Musicians train for a maximum of 3 years and buglers train for 2 years. RMSoM has a collabrotive agreement with Plymouth University through which musicians may obtain a BMus degree. More experienced musicians have an opportunity to obtain a master's degree and other civilian certifications through external providers.
As their careers progress, Musicians and Buglers may return to the Royal Marines School of Music to undergo further musical training to qualify them for higher rank, after passing the Junior Command Course (to become Band Corporal) and Senior Command Course (to become Band Sergeant). This culminates in a possible place on the Bandmasters' Course that is widely recognized as one of the most demanding courses of its type, lasting 12 months.
Bandmaster Students study all the main music disciplines; the orchestral and contemporary wind band repertoire and they work with renowned figures from the world of music.
Military role
In addition to music making, Royal Marines Musicians and Buglers are fully trained and operational military personnel and usually perform support duties such as medical support, driving ambulances and logistics. Additionally they may also provide entertainment for troops deployed overseas and represent the Royal Marines in an ambassadorial role.
Band members have traditionally been deployed on board Royal Navy ships and this custom continued until 1978. Bandsmen saw action during both the First and Second World Wars. By the end of World War II, 225 musicians and buglers had been killed in action, which was a quarter of their strength at the time, and the highest percentage of any branch of any service. Royal Marines Bands were also involved in both the Falklands War and Operation Granby (the 1991 Gulf War) as casualty handlers on various hospital ships.
In 2000, RM Band Service ranks deployed to Kosovo for six months during Operation Agricola supporting 3 Commando Brigade RM. During the firefighters' strike (Operation Fresco) in 2002-03, 150 Band Service ranks were deployed with 'Green Goddesses' to various Temporary Service Fire Stations around the UK. Despite this, the annual Mountbatten Festival of Music went ahead in 2003 although with very reduced numbers. In the early part of 2003, 39 Band Service ranks deployed with the Primary Casualty Receiving Facility on RFA Argus providing casualty handlers and a further 26 ranks deployed with 3 Commando Brigade as decontamination teams during Operation Telic (the Iraq War). Sunday 1 April 2007 marked a significant milestone for the Royal Marines Band Service as they took over the duties as the Cyprus Reinforcement Unit for two months. Ninety ranks deployed. This was the first time in the history of the Royal Marines Band Service that Musicians and Buglers had been deployed in company strength as an independent military unit to perform their secondary role. Also in 2006/2007 (Operation Herrick V, Operation Herrick order of battle), two Royal Marine Buglers took part in operations in Afghanistan with 3 Commando Brigade where they assisted the Medical Squadron of the Commando Logistic Regiment, as well as providing musical support for repatriation ceremonies. Another 38 deployed to Afghanistan again in 2008/9 with 3 Commando Brigade as ambulance and general duties drivers. Royal Marines Bands continue to fly the flag abroad with many prestigious engagements undertaken including the 60th Anniversary of D-Day, in Gibraltar, the USA, Europe and Australia.
Band members train in CBRN defense casualty treatment. In 2018 they participated in the annual chemical warfare exercise on Salisbury Plain involving over 300 military personnel, along with 40 Commando, the RAF Regiment and the Defence CBRN Centre.
Royal Naval Volunteer Bands
The Royal Naval Volunteer Bands are not part of the RMBS, these bands are assigned in various Royal Navy installations all over the UK and are staffed by a wide variety of volunteer Military Musicians. They come from many walks of life: serving or retired members of any of the Crown Services, retired military Bandsmen or civilian personnel who wish to help and support the Armed Forces. It is a uniformed organisation wearing a "rig" similar to a Royal Naval Senior Rating, or the uniform of their parent service.
Bands are run by a Volunteer Band Instructor, the conductor of the Band, in charge of Music and a Volunteer Band Officer, a member who is serving above the rank of Warrant Officer.
Bands are located at:
HMS Seahawk
HMS Drake
BRNC Dartmouth
HMS Heron
HMS Nelson
Northwood Headquarters
HMS Neptune
Gallery
See also
Lt. Col Sir Vivian Dunn
Military band
Royal Marines Museum - home to a Royal Marines Band Service display.
United States Marine Band
References
External links
Official Royal Marines Band Service Website
Royal Marines Band Service on Royal Navy Website
Ex RM Bandsmen
Audio clips
Various clips from Portsmouth site
Life on the Ocean Wave - famous piece by Henry Russell
New recordings
http://www.rescuedrecords.uk/
Band Service
Musical groups established in 1903 |
4019269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney%20General%20of%20New%20Hampshire | Attorney General of New Hampshire | The Attorney General of New Hampshire is a constitutional officer of the U.S. state of New Hampshire who serves as head of the New Hampshire Department of Justice. , the state's attorney general is John Formella.
Qualifications and appointment
Under Part II, Article 46 of the New Hampshire Constitution, the Attorney General is appointed by the Governor with approval of the Council. The Attorney General serves a term of four years, as required by RSA 21-M:3, which is two years longer than the term of the Governor. The Attorney General and their Deputy must be "admitted to the practice of law in New Hampshire" and also "be qualified by reason of education and experience."
Powers and duties
New Hampshire Revised Statutes Annotated (RSA) Section 7:6 lists the Attorney General's "Powers and Duties as State's Attorney":
Shall act as attorney for the state in all criminal and civil cases in the supreme court in which the state is interested, and in the prosecution of persons accused of crimes punishable with death or imprisonment for life.
Shall have and exercise general supervision of the criminal cases pending before the state supreme and superior courts, and
With the aid of the county attorneys, the Attorney General shall enforce the criminal laws of the state
Shall have the power to collect uncollected debts owed to the state as set forth in RSA 7:15-a.
The Attorney General can choose when to relieve any officer or person of any duty prescribed by law relative to the enforcement of any criminal law.
County Attorneys
Part II, Article 71, of the state constitution, provides for County Attorneys (previously County Solicitors) to be elected by the inhabitants of the respective counties according to the state Election laws. However RSA 7:34 states, "the county attorney of each county shall be under the direction of the Attorney General, and, in the absence of the latter, he or she shall perform all the duties of the Attorney General's office for the county." In Wyman v. Danais, 101 N.H. 487, (1958), the New Hampshire Supreme Court held:
Office of the Attorney General
The Attorney General is required by statute to nominate a Deputy and a Director of Administration. They also may nominate Assistant and Senior Assistant Attorneys General, as well as Criminal Justice and Consumer Protection Investigators; provided there is money appropriated in biennium budget for such positions. Additionally, in the interest of the public welfare, the Attorney General is permitted to delegate the authority of the office to the Deputy and Assistant Attorneys General as they see fit.
Deputy Attorney General
The Attorney General is required to nominate a Deputy Attorney General for appointment by the governor, with the consent of the council. The Deputy acts as Attorney General whenever the latter is absent or unable to act from any cause, or whenever there is a vacancy in the office, provided an Acting Attorney General has not been appointed.
Acting Attorney General
The Governor and Council are required by RSA 7:15 to appoint an Acting Attorney General if the Attorney General becomes incapacitated to perform his or her duties. The Acting Attorney General serves only during such incapacity and is paid a "reasonable compensation for his [or her] services and expenses." The Deputy Attorney General serves as the Acting Attorney General until the Governor and Council appoint someone to be the Acting Attorney General.
Assistant Attorneys General
The Attorney General is permitted to appoint Assistant Attorneys General subject to the approval of the governor and council, as provided for in the budget. Assistant Attorneys General each serve a term of 5 years and should a position be vacant prior to the expiration of the term, such a vacancy can be filled for the remainder of the term. An Assistant Attorney General may be removed only as provided by RSA 4:1.
Senior Assistant Attorneys General
The Attorney General can also designate Senior Assistant Attorneys General, who serve at the pleasure of the Attorney General. Senior assistant attorneys general may serve as bureau chiefs, or in any other position as the Attorney General sees fit.
Director of Administration
The Attorney General is also required to nominate, subject to confirmation by the governor and council, an unclassified Director of Administration for the Office of Attorney General, within the limits of the appropriation made for the appointment, who shall serve for a 5-year term. The director of administration may be removed only as provided by RSA 4:1.
Investigators
The Attorney General may nominate Criminal Justice Investigators and Consumer Protection Investigators, subject to confirmation by the Governor and Council. Criminal Justice Investigators and Consumer Protection Investigators serve a term of five years. The investigators are given statewide law enforcement authority, and are considered a "peace officer" as defined in RSA 594:1, III, which authorizes them to make arrests in a criminal case. Investigators are required to meet the certification requirements for a police officer pursuant to RSA 188-F:26. Unless investigators fails to achieve certification or are decertified by the New Hampshire Police Standards and Training Council, investigators are only subject to removal as provided by RSA 4:1.
List of attorneys general
References
External links
New Hampshire Attorney General articles at ABA Journal
News and Commentary at FindLaw
New Hampshire Revised Statutes at Law.Justia.com
U.S. Supreme Court Opinions - "Cases with title containing: State of New Hampshire" at FindLaw
New Hampshire Bar Association
New Hampshire Attorney General Joseph Foster profile at National Association of Attorneys General
Press releases at New Hampshire Attorney General
Attorney General |
4019271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selby%20High%20School | Selby High School | Selby High School is a co-educational secondary school in North Yorkshire, England. Its main catchment area is the town of Selby and villages from the Selby District, including Thorpe Willoughby, Hambleton, Monk Fryston, Cawood and Wistow.
History
Selby High School links back to Selby Grammar School, founded in 1908 as an all-girls school as Selby High School. In 1967 this changed to the Selby Grammar School grammar school and became coeducational, and in 1979, a mixed comprehensive school. The comprehensive was renamed Selby High School.
Buildings
In 2003 Selby High School began fundraising towards securing specialist school status – the school was awarded specialist status in Performing and Visual Arts in 2005. Following this the school built a dance studio, a 325-seat theatre stand and an all-weather pitch. In September 2010 the school was awarded specialist status in Science. The school maintains these specialisms in the present day. In January 2013 the school added an ICT suite with new computers. In 2017 it added the Eckersley Centre, A building named after the previous headmaster, Paul Eckersley.
House system
In 2005 the school introduced a new house system with pupils from all year groups equally distributed into forms. The houses are named after significant Yorkshire people: Lesley Garrett (Garrett); David Hockney (Hockney); James Mason (Mason); and Michael Palin (Palin). These houses have been in the school for a long time now, with 1 of each group in every year. In each year group there are 2 classes per house, so about 50-60 people per house. In total there is about 250 students a house.
Notable former pupils
Nigel Adams – MP for Selby and Ainsty (attended the school 1978-84)
Gareth Ellis – rugby league England international who currently plays for Hull F.C.
Matthew Warchus – theatre and film director (attended the school 1978-84)
Selby Grammar School
Dianne Bevan (nee Roe), Chief Operating Officer from 2007-12 of the National Assembly for Wales
Sir John Arthur Townsley – Executive Principal, Gorse Academies Trust (attended the school 1976-1982)
Geoff Wilkinson, music producer of Us3
Selby Girls' High School
Prof Judy Armitage FRS, Professor of Biochemistry since 1996 at the University of Oxford (Merton College)
Former teachers
Mary Blake, Headmistress from 1975-83 of Manchester High School for Girls (head teacher of the girls' high school from 1960–68, and the grammar school from 1968–75) and the first President of the Secondary Heads Association in 1978
Joan Firth CB, Chair of Bradford Health Authority from 1998-2000 (Head of Science from 1960-62 at the girls' high school)
Brian Sherratt, Head of Religious Studies at the grammar school from 1967–70
References
External links
"Selby High School Specialist School for the Arts and Science", Ofsted reports 2001-13
Community schools in North Yorkshire
Educational institutions established in 1908
Secondary schools in North Yorkshire
Selby
1908 establishments in England
Specialist science colleges in England
Specialist arts colleges in England |
4019284 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowbike | Rowbike | A rowbike is an example of a rowing cycle, hybrid fitness/transport machine that combines a bicycle, and a rowing machine. "Rowbike" is a trademark of the Rowbike company. The Rowbike was invented by Scott Olson, the creator of Rollerblade inline skates. "Rowling" is a combination of rowing and rolling, and is sometimes used in place of rowing when describing a Rowbike.
Unlike traditional bicycles, where power is supplied primarily by the rider's legs turning pedals connected to the drive wheel through a looped chain, a Rowbike delivers power through a swinging lever that moves a chain back and forth over the rear cog in a reciprocating motion regulated by a bungee cord. The rowing lever is large enough that a rider will normally utilize muscles from their legs, arms, back and abdomen to maintain a steady rowing motion to keep the Rowbike in motion. Rowbikes are marketed as providing a full body workout through the rowing motion which is gentle on the rider's knees, hips and back due to the system being non-load-bearing.
Though Rowbike is primarily marketed as a fitness machine, as a rowing cycle it may also be classified as a human powered vehicle, as opposed to a stationary indoor rowers. In the United States, Rowbikes are almost exclusively for exercise and fitness, rather than for transportation. Four wheel variants also exist. As with most bicycles, a stationary bike converter stand can be obtained from a third-party vendor to allow the Rowbike to be effectively used as an indoor rower.
Terminology
While many Rowbike parts are standard bicycle parts, several are patented and proprietary to the Rowbike, and can only be obtained from the manufacturer.
shock cord – A bungee cord with a loop at one end that attaches to a standard bicycle chain with a removable link. It is placed inside the power lever and normally not visible unless the lever is pulled back. The other end of the cord is knotted to prevent slipping. The cord is prone to fatigue over time and must be replaced every few years.
power lever – a long swinging handlebar with grips and handbrakes that the rider pulls back on to provide propulsion. It is often blue, regardless of the color of the rest of the frame. It may also be called the swing arm.
Dave Cam – Also called the D Cam, it is the pulley at the end of the power lever.
Seat Wing – a pair of brackets with three rollers (or 6 rollers in all) that the seat is mounted on that allow the seat assembly to slide back and forth as the rider rows. Riding over rough and uneven pavement causes the rollers, which function as de facto shock absorbers, to wear out rapidly. To minimize the risk of being ejected from the seat after hitting a large bump, the rollers should be replaced regularly.
Propulsion and steering
Steering, braking, shifting, and propulsion are accomplished through the handlebars. The brakes and brake levers are standard bicycle components. The handle bars are specific to the Rowbike and cannot be upgraded, although standard grips, bar ends, and other accessories can be mounted on them. The front fork is controlled (or steered) with cables in a manner similar to a recumbent bicycle. The gears on the rear wheel, the shifter, and the derailleur are all standard bicycle equipment. Feet are on fixed foot rests, as opposed to moving pedals. The seat, which is specific to the RowBike, slides back and forth on rollers. Unlike a boat the rider faces forward. If the rider's stroke favors the left or right side, the rowbike will turn in that direction, similar to how a row boat is turned. Balancing on a two-wheeled rowbike while rowing requires some practice, even for a skilled bicyclist.
Drive train
Rowbikes transmit power from the rider to the wheels using a standard bicycle chain, rear gears, and derailleur. Both wheels are standard bicycle wheels, the rear wheel is fitted out with a standard freewheel. The chain on a Rowbike does not travel in a loop, as is the case with a standard bicycle. It moves back and forth over the rear cog in a sawing motion. The chain is connected at one end to the frame of the rowbike and to the shock cord (bungee cord) on the other. As the rower pulls back the chain engages the rear cog and the bungee cord, which is concealed in the power lever, is extended, and when the rower returns forward the bungee cord contracts, pulling the chain back and ensuring there is no slack in the chain.
Rowbikes have a rear derailleur if they have a multiple chain ring rear hub. The latest design has a NuVinci infinite ratio internally geared hub in the rear wheel, and has a single chain ring and no derailleur, similar to the original single speed models first produced.
If the gears on the rear wheel are not optimal an ordinary bicycle has the possibility of changing the size of the gear on the crankset(the chainring). Unlike a bicycle a Rowbike does not have a crank set. To optimize the gearing a pulley called the "Dave Cam" was introduced in 2006. The Dave Cam doubles the amount of chain pulled with each stroke, as a larger chainring increases the amount of chain pulled with each revolution of the pedals.
History
The idea of a rowed cycle dates back to at least the 1870s, and several variants have been developed commercially and sold, but there does not seem to be any evidence of a successful mass market design. As of 2018 Rowbikes and other rowed bicycles have not found broad appeal, possibly due to their having a relatively high asking price when compared to indoor rowers. Scott Olsen is quoted as saying "the jury is still out on rowbike".
A newsreel from 1937 shows a rowed bicycle that is similar to the Rowbike. Instead of a bungee cord, it uses a circular chain case mounted to the rear wheel with a spring to maintain chain tension. Like the first version of the Rowbike, there is no "Dave cam" pulley between the lever and the chain.
See also
Handcycles
Quadracycle (human-powered vehicle)
Rowed vehicles
Rowing machine
Tricycle
References
External links
2006 RowBike Assembly Manual
Replacement parts(with photos)
A rowed bicycle produced by Thys
Other row bikes, some in production some not
Rowing equipment
Bicycles
Cycle types |
4019285 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Cashmore | Michael Cashmore | Michael Cashmore is an English composer and musician currently living in Berlin. He has created music under the name of Nature And Organisation since the early 1980s and more recently (2006) under his own name.
Cashmore was a member of the group Current 93 from the late 1980s until around 2006. He composed the majority of the music for the group during that period. He has collaborated with many artists including David Tibet, Antony and the Johnsons, Bill Fay, Marc Almond, Nick Cave, Rose McDowall, Douglas P and Steven Stapleton.
After moving to Berlin in 2004 Cashmore broke several years of silence by releasing his first solo CD Sleep England in May 2006.
Early 2007 saw the release of The Snow Abides, a mini album containing a collection of songs that feature vocals by Antony Hegarty of Antony and the Johnsons.
In April 2008 Cashmore released a two-track EP with Marc Almond titled Gabriel and the Lunatic Lover which sets two poems "Gabriel" and "The Lunatic Lover" by Count Stenbock to music. Marc Almond appeared as a guest of Current 93 at the Queen Elizabeth Hall in London on 21 June 2008 and performed these songs with Cashmore on guitar. These two songs later appeared on a collaborative album by Marc Almond and Michael Cashmore in 2011 called Feasting With Panthers.
In 2017, Cashmore reissued published and unpublished works by the group Nature And Organisation on a double CD, and a series of four vinyl records, with the German label Trisol Music Group GmbH. In the same year, Cashmore released an electronic / experimental white vinyl EP under his own name with artist Shaltmira, to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the founding of the label.
Cashmore has publicly stated via social media that he is transforming himself, and his music is a reflection of this transformation. He released two albums on the Austrian label Klanggalerie, The Doctrine Of Transformation Through Love Parts I and II in 2019 and 2020, which are heavily electronic and experimental but also feature two songs recorded with Bill Fay and Little Annie.
Cashmore has also now formed a movement connected to his music called The Hidden Throne which he uses to share and promote his ideas of personal transformation.
In 2021 Cashmore announced the release of his new album "The Night Has Rushed In" on the English record label House of Mythology. The title track of the album features a text written by David Tibet of Current 93 and sang by Anohni.
References
English composers
English rock singers
English pop singers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Current 93 members |
4019290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20City%20Horror%20Film%20Festival | New York City Horror Film Festival | The New York City Horror Film Festival is an international film festival based in New York City that screens films from the horror genre. It was founded by Michael J. Hein in 2001. It takes place each year in New York City for a week in November.
The festival presents awards best feature film, shorts, cinematography, FX, actor and actress, screenplay, and audience choice. The festival also awards lifetime achievement awards recognizing the careers of horror filmmakers.
Lifetime achievement award
Since 2002, the New York City Horror Film Festival has given the Lifetime Achievement Award to one legendary horror filmmaker each year. Recipients are as follows:
2016 - Adrienne Barbeau
2015 - Sean S. Cunningham
2014 - Angus Scrimm
2013 - Lloyd Kaufman
2012 - Wes Craven
2010 - Robert Englund
2009 - William Lustig
2008 - Frank Henenlotter
2007 - Herschell Gordon Lewis
2006 - Mick Garris
2005 - Roger Corman
2004 - Tobe Hooper
2003 - Tom Savini
2002 - George A. Romero
Awards
Guests
2008
Frank Henenlotter
William Lustig
Michael Gingold
2007
Eli Roth
Herschell Gordon Lewis
William Lustig
Michael Gingold
Frank Zagarino
Roy Fumkis
2006
Tony Todd was presented with a special award for "Excellence In Acting" in horror films
Mick Garris was presented the Lifetime Achievement Award
Ken Foree
Betsy Palmer
Michael Gingold
Joe Kane
William Lustig
Jack Ketchum
2005
Roger Corman, who received the Lifetime Achievement Award
Don Coscarelli
Angus Scrimm
Michael Gingold
Armand Mastroianni
William Lustig
2004
Tobe Hooper received the Lifetime Achievement Award
Amanda Plummer
Jeff Lieberman
William Lustig
Michael Gingold
2003
Tom Savini received the Lifetime Achievement Award
Lloyd Kaufman
Joe Bob Briggs
Michael Ruggerio
2002
George A. Romero to receive the Lifetime Achievement Award
Felissa Rose
Lloyd Kaufman
References
External links
Film festivals in New York City
Fantasy and horror film festivals |
4019291 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart%20of%20England%20School | Heart of England School | Heart of England School is a secondary school and sixth form with academy status located in Balsall Common in the West Midlands. The Headteacher, who started at the start of the Academic year 2014, is Miss Hughes-Williams. She previously worked as a member of the school's senior leadership team.
Campus
It has 3 main blocks (Main block, Hampton block and Leveson block). The P.E. block, a part of main block, consists of a Dance Studio, a Gym, a Sports Hall and lessons also take place in the hall, tennis courts and field. The playing field abuts the Primary School field. Recent renovations have included a "Cyber Cafe" and "restaurant", improving the eating area for pupils. In September 2010 an extension to the Hampton Building was added to provide much needed specialist accommodation for Maths, Languages, Food Technology and Drama.
External links
Heart of England School
Solihull Council - Secondary Schools
Academies in Solihull
Secondary schools in Solihull |
4019300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swath | Swath | Swath or Swathe may refer to:
Swathe, the strip of mown crop left behind the mower
A windrow (synonym), a line or row of cut cropusually of hay, or strawleft on a field after mowing/reaping/harvesting, or formed afterwards
Swath width, the strip of the Earth's surface from which geographic data are collected by a moving vehicle
SWATH-MS (Sequential Windowed Acquisition of All Theoretical Fragment Ion Mass Spectra), an acquisition type in mass spectrometry
Small-waterplane-area twin hull (SWATH), a type of ship design
Snow White and the Huntsman, a dark fantasy action-adventure film based on the German fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm |
4019302 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juhan%20Viiding | Juhan Viiding | Juhan Viiding (1 June 1948 – 21 February 1995), also known under the pseudonym of Jüri Üdi was an Estonian poet and actor.
Personal life
Juhan Viiding was born on 1 June 1948 in Tallinn to Paul Viiding, a well-known poet in Estonia who had belonged to the influential Arbujad (Soothsayers) – a collective group of eight young influential poets who rose to prominence before the outbreak of World War II – and Linda Viiding (née Laarmann), a noted translator. Juhan was the youngest of four children and the only boy—his older sisters were Reet, Anni and Mari. He was an intellectually precocious and restless youngster. Between the years 1968 and 1972, Viiding studied theatre and stagecraft at the Tallinn Conservatory (now the Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre), under instruction of actor and theatre pedagogue Voldemar Panso, graduating in 1972. Among his graduating classmates were Kersti Kreismann, Ivo Eensalu, Vello Janson, Rein Kotkas, Helle Meri (née Pihlak), Katrin Kumpan, Martin Veinmann, and Tõnis Rätsep.
Juhan Viiding was married to Riina Kiisk, the daughter of actor, film director and politician Kaljo Kiisk. Their daughter Elo is also a poet.
On 21 February 1995 Juhan Viiding committed suicide in Rapla by cutting his wrists.
Dramatic career
Upon his graduation in 1972, Viiding worked in Tallinn's National Drama Theatre (now the Estonian Drama Theatre).
During the last ten years of his life Viiding staged many plays. His favourite playwrights were Samuel Beckett, Eugène Ionesco, and Minoru Betsuyaku.
Viiding worked at the Estonian Drama Theatre until his death on 21 February 1995.
Literary career
Juhan Viiding who until 1975 published his poetry under the pseudonym Jüri Üdi was the brightest talent to appear in Estonian poetry in the 1970s. Unlike the major poets of the immediately preceding generation (Rummo, Kaplinski, Runnel), he never wrote essays or criticism.
The heteronymic poetics of the modern Portuguese classic Fernando Pessoa (whose selected poetry was translated into Estonian in 1973), may have served as an impulse for Juhan Viiding to create the poet Jüri Üdi. However, the difference between the works published under the author's name and his pseudonym is that the "marrow" of Juhan Viiding's poetry remained in his George Marrow pseudonym; what followed, under his authentic name, lacked the former brilliance. Jüri Üdi's playfulness and rich undertones gave way to a more direct and pathetic expression. It is not known whether Viiding intended to develop a second poetic voice in addition to that of Jüri Üdi, or that he simply realized that the Soviet era of ideological symbols—as described in his "Jüri’s Yarn"—was coming to an end and the actor Jüri Üdi could drop the mask to reveal Juhan Viiding's true literary face.
In October 1980, Viiding was a signatory of the Letter of 40 Intellectuals, a public letter in which forty prominent Estonian intellectuals defended the Estonian language and protested the Russification policies of the Kremlin in Estonia. The signatories also expressed their unease against Republic-level government in harshly dealing with youth protests in Tallinn that were sparked a week earlier due to the banning of a public performance of the punk rock band Propeller.
Selected works
Närvitrükk (Nerve Print, 1971)
Aastalaat (Year's Fair, 1971)
Detsember (December, 1971)
Käekäik (1973)
Selges eesti keeles (In Plain Estonian, 1974) Note: As a footnote of the title Viiding requested that the name of the language in the title has to be renamed to the one that was used for translating. Therefore, the translation of the title should be "In Plain English"
Armastuskirjad (Love Letters, 1975)
Ma olin Jüri Üdi (I Was George Marrow, 1978)
Olevused (Beings, 1979) Note: Co-written with Tõnis Rätsep
Elulootus (Hope of Life/Being without a Biography, 1980) Note: Due to the clever word-play in the title as it is in the original Estonian, both of the "translations" presented here are correct. In an interview, Viiding admitted that the wordplay in the title was intentional.
Tänan ja Palun (Cheers and Please, 1983)
Osa (Part, 1991)
References
External links
Examples of Juhan Viiding's Poetry (English translations) (archived version)
1948 births
1995 suicides
Estonian male poets
Estonian male stage actors
Estonian male film actors
Male actors from Tallinn
Writers from Tallinn
Suicides by sharp instrument in Estonia
20th-century Estonian poets
20th-century Estonian male actors
Burials at Metsakalmistu
Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre alumni
20th-century male writers |
4019305 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crestwood%20Publications | Crestwood Publications | Crestwood Publications, also known as Feature Publications, was a magazine publisher that also published comic books from the 1940s through the 1960s. Its title Prize Comics contained what is considered the first ongoing horror comic-book feature, Dick Briefer's "Frankenstein". Crestwood is best known for its Prize Group imprint, published in the late 1940s to mid-1950s through packagers Joe Simon and Jack Kirby, who created such historically prominent titles as the horror comic Black Magic, the creator-owned superhero satire Fighting American, and the first romance comic title, Young Romance.
For much of its history, Crestwood's publishers were Teddy Epstein and Mike Bleier. In the 1940s the company's general manager was Maurice Rosenfeld, and in the 1950s the general manager was M.R. Reese. In the mid-1950s, the company office manager was Nevin Fidler (who later became Simon & Kirby's business manager).
In addition to Simon and Kirby, notable Crestwood/Prize contributors included Leonard Starr, Mort Meskin, John Prentice, Joe Maneely, John Severin, Will Elder, Carmine Infantino, Bruno Premiani, Dick Ayers, George Klein, Jack Abel, Ed Winiarski, and Dick Briefer.
History
Origins: Prize Comics
In 1940, Crestwood's Prize Publications, already established as a producer of pulp magazines, jumped onto the superhero bandwagon with the new title Prize Comics. The first issue (March 1940) featured the non-superpowered, costumed crime fighter K the Unknown, whose name was changed to the Black Owl in issue #2 (April 1940).
In Prize Comics #7 (December 1940), writer-artist Dick Briefer introduced the eight-page feature "New Adventures of Frankenstein", an updated version of 19th-century novelist Mary Shelley's much-adapted Frankenstein monster. Considered by comics historians including Don Markstein "America's first ongoing comic book series to fall squarely within the horror genre", the feature, set in New York City circa 1930, starred a guttural, rampaging creature actually dubbed "Frankenstein" (unlike Shelley's nameless original monster).
Simon and Kirby's Prize Group
Young Romance
Launched with a cover date of September 1947, the Prize Group title Young Romance signaled its distinction from traditional superhero and genre comics with a cover banner stating the series was "designed for the more adult readers of comics". Told from a first person perspective, underlining its claim to be recounting "true" stories, the title was an instant success, "bec[oming] Jack and Joe's biggest hit in years" and selling "millions of copies" and a staggering 92% of its print run. Crestwood increased the print run by the third issue to triple the initial numbers, as well as upgraded the title from bimonthly to monthly through issues #13–72 (Sept. 1949 – Aug. 1954).
Within a year and a half, Simon & Kirby were launching companion titles for Crestwood to capitalize on the success of this new genre. The first issue of Young Love (Feb. 1949) also sold well with "indistinguishable" content from its parent-title. Further spin-off titles Young Brides (married couples' stories) and In Love ("book-length" stories) also followed from Crestwood/Prize, and were produced by the Simon & Kirby stable of artists and writers.
Black Magic
The long-running horror/suspense title Black Magic debuted in 1950. According to Jack Kirby, the idea for Spider-Man originated with him and Simon, who developed a character called The Silver Spider for Black Magic, who was subsequently not used. Ironically, eventual Spider-Man co-creator Steve Ditko drew a six-page story in Black Magic vol. 4, #3 (Dec. 1953).
Controversy
In 1954, a Crestwood/Prize salesman urged Kirby and Simon to launch their own comics company, Mainline Publications, while the duo continued to produce work for Crestwood under contract. When the duo rearranged and republished artwork from an old Crestwood story in the Mainline title In Love, Crestwood refused to pay Simon and Kirby. After reviewing Crestwood's finances, Simon & Kirby's attorney stated that the company owed them $130,000 over the past seven years. Crestwood paid them $10,000 in addition to their recent delayed payments.
Decline
Crestwood gave up publishing comics in 1963, selling off its remaining romance comics to publisher DC Comics. It continued to publish humor magazines, such as Sick, up until 1968 (when Sick was acquired by Hewfred Publications).
Comic-book characters
Airmale
American Eagle
Atomic Man
Black Owl
Blue Streak
Bulldog Denny
Captain Gallant
Dr. Dekkar, Master of Monsters
Dr. Frost
The Futureman & Jupiter
Green Lama (also published in pulp magazines and by Spark Publications)
Junior Rangers
Master Magician
Power Nelson
Ted O'Neil
Yank & Doodle
Titles published
References
Notes
Sources
External links
Crestwood/Prize characters at International Superheroes
Defunct comics and manga publishing companies
Defunct companies based in New York City
American companies established in 1940
American companies disestablished in 1968
Publishing companies established in 1940
Publishing companies disestablished in 1968
1940 establishments in New York (state)
1968 disestablishments in New York (state)
Publishing companies based in New York City |
4019309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble%20House%20Film%20%26%20Television%20Inc. | Noble House Film & Television Inc. | Noble House Film & Television is the operating subsidiary of Noble House Entertainment Inc. Founded by filmmaker Damian Lee and Lowell Conn, Noble House develops, produces and distributes international commercial feature films and television programs.
Damian Lee and Lowell Conn produced and directed films including Woman Wanted, Fun, and The Poet.
Film production companies of the United States |
4019310 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LB%26SCR%20C2%20class | LB&SCR C2 class | The London, Brighton and South Coast Railway C2 class was a class of 0-6-0 steam locomotives, intended for heavy freight trains. Fifty-five were built by the Vulcan Foundry between 1893 and 1902 to the design of Robert J. Billinton. Forty-five of these were later rebuilt between 1908 and 1940, with a larger boiler as the C2X class.
C2 class
In January 1891 Robert Billinton was given authority to build ten new 0-6-0 freight locomotives, to supplement Stroudley's C1 class of 1882-7. However, at the time, Brighton works was fully committed building Billinton's various classes of radial tanks and so tenders were sought from outside contractors. Ultimately the Vulcan Foundry agreed to construct these ten locomotives, and further orders were received at intervals until 55 had been purchased by February 1902. The class were therefore nicknamed 'Vulcans'.
The new class were not as powerful as their predecessors but were found to be both reliable and also capable of running at speed, thereby enabling them to be used on secondary passenger and excursion duties. As a result, a further ten were ordered from Vulcan Foundry, which were delivered 1893-4, and twenty five delivered 1900-1902.
C2X class
During the first decade of the twentieth century the railway experienced a rapid growth in freight traffic and by 1905 their locomotives were no longer capable of hauling the heaviest trains without loss of time. Douglas Earle Marsh's initial response was to introduce his C3 class with a larger boiler in 1906, but the performance of these also proved to be disappointing.
However, in 1908 Marsh rebuilt one C2 with a larger diameter C3 steel boiler and an extended smokebox. In doing so he created an excellent powerful freight locomotive that was classified "C2X", and nicknamed 'Large Vulcans.' The modification was so successful that twenty-nine out of the original fifty-five members of the class were similarly rebuilt by the end of 1912. By this time the class were beginning to struggle to keep time when hauling the heaviest freight trains and began to be superseded on these by the K class 2-6-0 in 1913/14, but were nevertheless kept very busy during the First World War on military supply and munitions trains, and three further C2’s had been rebuilt by the end of 1922.
After the First World War Lawson Billinton acquired ten spare boilers for the class incorporating his own top feed apparatus. These were clearly visible when fitted because of the presence of a second dome.
Grouping and Nationalisation
All of the C2 and C2X locomotives passed to the Southern Railway in 1923, and nine further examples were rebuilt during 1924-5, as the original boilers became due for replacement. However, the trade recession of the early 1930s caused a decline in freight traffic resulting in the withdrawal of seven of the remaining C2 locomotives by the end of 1937. The advent of the Second World War meant that four other survivors were rebuilt in 1939 and 1940 and that the remaining three unrebuilt C2 locomotives remained in service until after the nationalisation of the railways to British Railways in 1948. Those remaining were all withdrawn between 1948 and 1950.
The C2X locomotives remained in regular use on secondary freight trains for a further decade and most had completed very impressive mileages for freight locomotives before they were all withdrawn between 1957 and February 1962. The last two examples were based at Three Bridges and Brighton and had completed and respectively.
No examples have been preserved.
Accidents and incidents
On 18 April 1918, a freight train became divided, with the rear portion coming to a stand inside Redhill Tunnel. Owing to a signalman's error, a freight train hauled by locomotive No. 541 ran into it. A third freight train hauled by locomotive No. 536 ran into the wreckage. The third train was carrying ammunition and explosives bound for Newhaven, but fortunately there was no fire and there were no serious injuries. It took forty hours to clear the potentially explosive debris from the tunnel.
In October of 1940, No. 2550 ran into a bomb crater while carrying a goods train.
On 19 November 1951, locomotive No. 32522 was hauling a freight train which was derailed between and , West Sussex when an embankment was washed away. Recovery of the locomotive took more than three months.
Locomotive Summary
References
External links
Semg gallery
Class C2 details; Rail UK
Class C2X details; Rail UK
C2
0-6-0 locomotives
Vulcan Foundry locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1893
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Freight locomotives |
4019314 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaf%20D%C3%BCben | Gustaf Düben | Gustaf Düben (also spelt Gustav) (1624/1628December 19, 1690) was a Swedish organist and composer.
Personal life
Early life
Düben was born in the 1620s in Stockholm, Sweden, the son of the German-born Andreas Düben, an organist, and Anna Maria Gabriels, lady's maid of Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg. Düben was sent by his father to Germany for education in his youth. He was a student of Sweelinck.
Family
In 1654, Düben married Dutch merchant's daughter Emerentia Standaert. They had at least nine children.
Career
In 1647 Gustav became part of the Swedish royal court orchestra, the Kungliga Hovkapellet, where he would succeed as Hofkapellmeister in 1663 after the death of his father the previous year. Both of his sons would follow in their father's footsteps, Gustav (sv) holding the office from 1690 to 1698 and Anders (sv) from 1698 to 1726.
In addition to his court duties, he was organist at the German Church in Stockholm.
Düben composed a few works in the North German style prevalent in his time, including both vocal music and instrumental music.
However, these do not constitute the most important aspect of his contribution to music. From the 1640s, Düben begun compiling a manuscript collection of compositions from his time, some of which he had acquired from his travels in foreign lands. Named after him as the Düben collection, it is one of the most important sources for music of the 17th century, notably being the only surviving copy of many works by Dieterich Buxtehude.
See also
Dieterich Buxtehude
Düben collection
Membra Jesu Nostri
References
Citations
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Mss. of works collected by the family, the "Düben collection"
1624 births
1690 deaths
17th-century classical composers
17th-century Swedish musicians
Swedish Baroque composers
Swedish classical composers
Swedish male classical composers
Swedish people of German descent
17th-century male musicians
Gustaf |
4019338 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Power%20of%20Two | The Power of Two | The Power of Two is a 2009 studio album by American vocalists Michael Feinstein and Cheyenne Jackson arranged by John Oddo.
Reception
The AllMusic review by William Ruhlmann awarded the album three stars and said "From the beginning, the two singers display a rapport, with Jackson, who has a more distinctive voice and a more natural performing style than Feinstein, helping his better-known partner loosen up and wail...Musically at least, Cheyenne Jackson is one of the best things that's ever happened to him."
Track listing
"I'm Nothing without You" (Cy Coleman, Chris Zippel) - 3:20
"Me and My Shadow" (Dave Dreyer, Al Jolson, Billy Rose) - 3:31
"Old Friend" (Gretchen Cryer, Nancy Ford) - 4:17
"A Foggy Day" (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin) - 3:04
"So in Love" (Cole Porter) - 4:47
"Old Devil Moon" (Yip Harburg, Burton Lane) - 2:53
"The Time Has Come" (Marshall Barer, Michael Leonard) - 4:05
"I'm Checkin' Out - Go'om Bye" (Duke Ellington, Billy Strayhorn) - 2:06
"The Power of Two" (Emily Saliers) - 4:53
"I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter" (Fred E. Ahlert, Joe Young) - 2:44
"I Get Along Without You Very Well"/"Don't Get Around Much Anymore" (Hoagy Carmichael, Jane Brown Thompson)/(Ellington, Bob Russell) - 4:45
"We Kiss in a Shadow" (Oscar Hammerstein II, Richard Rodgers) - 3:50
"Salt and Pepper"/I'm Nothing Without You" (John Barry, Leslie Bricusse) - 2:25
"If I Can Dream" (W. Earl Brown) - 2:53
"Someone to Watch Over Me" (G. Gershwin, I. Gershwin) - 3:19
Personnel
Michael Feinstein - executive producer, piano, vocals, producer, vocal arrangement
Cheyenne Jackson - executive producer, vocals, producer, vocal arrangement
Tony Kadleck - flugelhorn, trumpet
Bob Mann - guitar
Dave Ratajczak - drums, percussion
David Finck - acoustic bass, electric bass
David Andrew Mann - clarinet, flute, tenor saxophone
John Oddo - arranger, musical direction, piano, vocal arrangement
Andy Brattain - associate engineer
Karl Simone - cover photo, tray photo
Scott Landis - photography
Jim Czak - production engineer
References
Concord Records albums
Michael Feinstein albums
Cheyenne Jackson albums
2010 albums |
4019344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart%20Whitehead | Stuart Whitehead | Stuart David Whitehead (born 17 July 1976) is an English former footballer. He played as a right-back or centre-back.
Career
Born in Bromsgrove, Whitehead began his career at his hometown club Bromsgrove Rovers. After a season with the club, he joined then-Premiership Bolton Wanderers in 1995 on a free transfer.
Bolton were relegated in his first season with them, but won promotion back to the Premier League in the following season. After another top-flight season, Bolton and Whitehead parted company, with Whitehead never appearing for the club.
A regular starting role at Carlisle United followed, with Carlisle spending the whole period near the bottom of the Football League. He appeared in the famous Jimmy Glass game against Plymouth Argyle, in which the goalkeeper scored in the 94th minute to keep Carlisle United in the Football League. A ten-month spell at Darlington followed before Whitehead dropped down to the Football Conference in August 2003 for a season with Telford United. Telford, and their chairman, were to go bankrupt at the end of the season, so Whitehead made the short move to newly promoted (to League Two) Shrewsbury Town.
In his two seasons with the club, Whitehead became Shrewsbury's first-choice right-back, making 70 appearances for the Shropshire club. However, on 14 April 2006 he was released by Shrewsbury to allow the emergence of Gavin Cadwallader. Whitehead agreed to join Conference club Kidderminster Harriers on a two-year contract in the summer of 2006.
In his first season Whitehead played well and was a vital part of the FA Trophy run to the finals. He led the team out on 12 May hoping to lift the trophy but, unfortunately he will go down in history as the first captain to lose a competitive match at Wembley.
Whitehead left Kidderminster by mutual consent on 31 January 2008 and subsequently made his return to the New Bucks Head, signing an 18-month deal with Conference North side AFC Telford United.
At the start of the 2008/2009 season, Whitehead was named as the new AFC Telford United captain. At the end of the 2009/2010 season, following the dismissal of Rob Smith, Whitehead was named caretaker manager for Telford's final game of the season, a 3–1 defeat away to Vauxhall Motors. He left Telford in January 2012, joining Worcester City the next day.
References
External links
1976 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Bromsgrove
Association football fullbacks
Association football central defenders
Bromsgrove Rovers F.C. players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Carlisle United F.C. players
Darlington F.C. players
Telford United F.C. players
Shrewsbury Town F.C. players
Kidderminster Harriers F.C. players
AFC Telford United players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Worcester City F.C. players
English footballers |
4019369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus%20MacLachlan | Angus MacLachlan | Angus MacLachlan is a playwright and screenwriter most famous for writing the screenplays for the 2005 film Junebug and the cult short film Tater Tomater. He graduated from the North Carolina School of the Arts in 1980 and lives in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. He adapted one of his plays into the film Stone, directed by John Curran and starring Robert De Niro, Milla Jovovich, and Edward Norton. It was released in 2010.
Tater Tomater
Tater Tomater is a short student film that was directed by Phil Morrison while he was a student at NYU. The short is based on MacLachlan's stage play Behold Zebulon. It was first screened in 1989 at the Rialto Theater in Raleigh, North Carolina and in 1992, both screened at Sundance and aired on PBS's American Playhouse. The short stars Beth Bostic and Mary Lucy Bivins as two servers working in a cafeteria; Bostic continually asks customers if they want "taters" or "tomaters" until she has a mental breakdown. Since its premiere the short has received praise and taken on cult film status. A now-defunct website, tatertomater.com, was launched and allowed fans to take polls, sign a guestbook, or purchase a copy of the short film.
MacLachland and Morrison, who had grown up together in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, would later work together again for the 2005 film Junebug.
Filmography
Junebug (2005)
Stone (2010)
Goodbye To All That (2014)
Abundant Acreage Available (2017)
References
External links
Oscar buzz could boost fortunes of W-S writer
Tater Tomater fan site
American male screenwriters
Living people
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
University of North Carolina School of the Arts alumni
1959 births
American male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male writers |
4019376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleksiy%20Fedorov | Oleksiy Fedorov | Oleksiy Fedorovych Fedorov (, , Aleksey Fyodorovich Fyodorov; 30 March 1901 - 9 September 1989), was one of the leaders of Soviet partisan movement during World War II. He was twice awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union, making him one of the only two partisan leaders to receive the title twice (the other being fellow Ukrainian Sydir Kovpak).
Biography
Oleksiy Fedorov was born in Lotsmanska Kamianka (today part of Dnipro) in a Ukrainian peasant family. In 1920 he joined the Red Army and fought in the Russian Civil War.
In 1927 he joined Communist Party of the Soviet Union and by 1938 became a first secretary of the regional party committee in Chernihiv Oblast.
After the Nazi Germany invasion of the Soviet Union, Fedorov became a prominent organizer of the underground resistance in occupied Ukraine. During the winter of 1941-1942 he commanded Chernigov partisan unit which by March 1942 had sixteen engagements with the enemy and killed over a thousand German troops. In May 1942 Oleksiy Fedorov was awarded a title Hero of the Soviet Union and the Order of Lenin with a golden star. During the spring and summer of 1943 Fedorov's partisan units expanded guerrilla activities into other occupied regions of USSR outside north-east Ukraine including the Volyn, Belarus, Bryansk and Oryol regions. During the legendary Kovel railway hub operation in the autumn of 1943 and the following winter, the partisans of Fedorov liquidated over 500 German supply trains full of ammunition, fuel, military equipment and army personnel.
Partisan forces under his command committed at least one massacre of alleged collaborators. They annihilated the village of Liakhovychi in response to what they believed was collaboration. An eyewitness recounted that they 'killed everyone they spotted', including women, children and whole families.
Oleksiy Fedorov was promoted to the rank of major general and in January 1944 awarded a second Gold Star medal.
Civilian life
After the liberation of Ukraine, Oleksiy Fedorov headed Communist party committees in several Ukrainian regions including Kherson (1944–1949) Izmail (1950–1952) and Zhytomyr (1952–1957) oblasts. In 1957 he became a Minister of Welfare in the government of Ukrainian SSR and until 1979 he served as a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
Oleksiy Fedorov died on September 9, 1989 in Kyiv, a monument was built to honour partisan hero of anti-Nazi struggle in his native Dnipropetrovsk.
Awards
Twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1942 and 1944)
Six Orders of Lenin (1939, 1942, 1961, 1981)
Order of Suvorov 1st class (1945)
Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky 1st class (1944)
Order of the Red Banner
Order of the Patriotic War 1st class (1945)
Order of the Patriotic War 2nd class (1945)
Order of the Red Star
Order of the October Revolution
Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Medal "Partisan of the Patriotic War" 1st class
Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
References
External links
Fyodorov in wartime, photo by Yakov Davidson, Photo Archive, Ghetto Fighters' House
War Hero Aleksey Fyodorov - in Russian.
Фёдоров Алексей Фёдорович. www.knowbysight.info
1901 births
1989 deaths
Military personnel from Dnipro
Burials at Baikove Cemetery
Heroes of the Soviet Union
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Ukrainian people of World War II
Soviet partisans in Ukraine
Soviet major generals
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union) members
Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky (Soviet Union), 1st class
First secretaries in non-national subdivisions of the Soviet Union
First convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Second convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Third convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Fourth convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Fifth convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Sixth convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Social policy ministers of Ukraine
Ukrainian anti-fascists |
4019379 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis%20%28band%29 | Crisis (band) | Crisis are an English punk rock band formed in 1977 in Guildford, Surrey, England. They performed at rallies for Rock Against Racism and the Anti-Nazi League, and at Right to Work marches. British music magazine Sounds used the phrase "Music to March To" to describe their controversial and radical left-wing form of punk rock.
History
Formation and career
Crisis formed in 1977 with the lineup of Phrazer (vocals), Lester Jones (lead guitar), Douglas Pearce (guitar), Tony Wakeford (bass) and Insect Robin the Cleaner (drums).
Their debut single, "No Town Hall", was released in 1978 on Action Group Records.
On 11 January 1978, Crisis recorded four tracks at a Peel Session for BBC Radio 1, with two of the tracks released as the "UK 79" 7" single in 1979 on the Ardkor label. The remaining two Peel Session songs were posthumously issued by Ardkor in 1981 as "Alienation".
In early 1979, the band underwent a major change in personnel when Phrazer and Insect Robin the Cleaner were replaced by Dexter (a longtime fan and roadie) and Luke Rendle. After performing their last show, supporting Magazine and Bauhaus in their hometown of Guildford on 10 May 1980, the band broke up. A recording of the final show was released in 2008 as the Ends! CD.
Later projects
Pearce and Wakeford went on to form Death in June in 1981. Wakeford later joined The Runners from 84, Above the Ruins and Sol Invictus. Rendle joined the Straps, then The Pack/Theatre of Hate. Jones formed Carcrash International. In 1985, Jones also performed as a touring member of Andi Sex Gang & the Quick Gas Gang.
Legacy
The Crisis discography has been compiled on CD twice (as We Are All Jews and Germans double CD in 1997 by World Serpent, and as Holocaust Hymns single CD in 2005 by Apop Records), as well as once on vinyl LP Kollectiv in 2014 by La Vida Es un Mus).
Reformation
In 2015, Wakeford formed the ensemble 1.9.8.4., to perform the songs he had written for both Crisis and Death in June. In 2017, 1.9.8.4., was renamed Crisis, announcing concerts in the UK and Europe in 2017 and 2018. The new Crisis line-up consists of original member Wakeford on bass, Lloyd James (of Naevus) on vocals, Clive Giblin (of Alternative TV) on guitar and Igor Olejar (of Autorotation) on drums. In a November 2017 interview with Louder Than War, Wakeford said, "It became increasingly obvious that there was major interest in Crisis and that the band and songs held a special place in people hearts...There is obviously a growing interest in that period, with a lot of bands reforming. Crisis were an important part of that history, and I think the band sound fresh and the songs are still valid, perhaps even more so today". In mid-2018, Aurora Lee replaced Olejar on drums.
Discography
Studio albums
Hymns of Faith mini-LP (1980, Ardkor)
Singles and EPs
"No Town Hall" 7" single (1978, Action Group Records)
"UK 79" 7" single (1979, Ardkor)
"Alienation" 7" single (1981, Ardkor)
Holocaust - U.K. 12" EP (1982, Action Group Records/Ardkor)
"The Hammer and the Anvil" 7" single (2019, Relaxomatic Vibrator Records)
Escalator 12" EP (2020, Wooden Lung)
Live albums
Ends! (2008, Neroz)
Paris '18 (2018, self-released)
Compilation albums
We Are All Jews and Germans (1997, World Serpent)
Holocaust Hymns (2005, Apop Records)
Kollectiv (2014, La Vida Es un Mus)
References
External links
Crisis fansite
Crisis on Myspace
Crisis on Facebook
Autorotation official site
English punk rock groups
Political music groups
Musical groups from Surrey |
4019380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent%20Enyeama | Vincent Enyeama | Vincent Enyeama (born 29 August 1982) is a Nigerian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
He is popularly regarded as one the greatest African Goalkeepers of all time and of his era.
During his senior career, which spanned nearly 20 years, Enyeama played for Ibom Stars, Enyimba, Iwuanyanwu Nationale, Bnei Yehuda, Hapoel Tel Aviv, Lille and Maccabi Tel Aviv. He was also a member of the Nigeria national team from 2002 until October 2015, serving as its captain from 2013 until his retirement from international football in 2015. With 101 caps, he was Nigeria's most capped player until November 2021 when he was surpassed by Ahmed Musa.
Club career
Enyimba International
During his spell with Enyimba International F.C., he won the CAF Champions League twice, with one noteworthy distinction: He was always substituted before penalty shootouts. "I don't know why I was substituted before penalties, but it worked," he said in an interview in 2006. "In Israel I stopped many penalties and now everyone knows that I can handle penalties."
Bnei Yehuda
After three seasons with Enyimba International F.C. and one with Iwuanyanwu Nationale (now known as Heartland F.C.), Enyeama moved to small Israeli club Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv. In his first season, the team qualified for the final of the Israel State Cup and, having finished fourth in the Israeli Premier League, for the 2006 UEFA Cup competition as well.
Hapoel Tel Aviv
Enyeama signed for Hapoel Tel Aviv in 2007. Hapoel endured a poor season in 2007/2008, but Enyeama helped the team avoid relegation and reach the state cup final.
During the 2008–09 season, Enyeama became Hapoel's penalty kicker, won the "Player of The Year" award, and just missed out on leading Hapoel to the league title.
In the 2009–10 season, Hapoel won the league and cup double, with Enyeama featuring prominently. He scored a goal in the Cup Final, but missed a penalty in the last fixture of the year, which Hapoel eventually won by scoring in the 92nd minute, thereby capturing the league title.
On 18 August 2010, he scored his first goal of the 2010–11 season with a penalty against Red Bull Salzburg in the Champions League qualifiers.
Enyeama played well on the Champions League Group Stage, especially against Lyon and Schalke 04. Hapoel also won the Israeli cup again.
Lille
In June 2011 Enyeama moved to French side Lille for an undisclosed fee on a three-year contract. He made his debut on 18 October 2011 against Inter Milan in the 2012 UEFA Champions League group stage, where Inter managed a 1–0 victory.
In August 2012 Enyeama agreed a one-year loan deal with Maccabi Tel Aviv and was presented to the media by Maccabi's Sports Director Jordi Cruyff on 8 August 2012. He appeared in 27 Israeli Premier League fixtures and Maccabi went on to win the championship title.
During the 2013–14 Ligue 1 season, club manager René Girard picked Enyeama as his first-choice goalkeeper ahead of Steeve Elana, who had previously been the first-choice goalkeeper under Rudi Garcia. With the help of his two centre-backs, Marko Baša and Simon Kjær, Enyeama kept 11 consecutive clean sheets in Ligue 1 matches during the first half of the season. On 8 December 2013, Enyeama finally conceded a goal after playing 1,062 minutes of Ligue 1 football in an away match against Bordeaux, during which he was beaten by Landry N'Guémo's deflected strike in the 27th minute. He thus came within 114 minutes of equalling Gaëtan Huard's Ligue 1 goalkeeping record, set in 1993, of playing 1,176 minutes without conceding a goal.
In the 2017–18 season Enyeama did not make a league appearance having been left out of the first team due to "a disagreement between the player and the club's management". He joined the first team's pre-season training in July 2018.
He was released by mutual consent on 31 August 2018. In January 2019 he said he was keen to play again, and in July 2019 he went on trial with French club Dijon. Despite not being offered a contract by Dijon he expressed gratitude to the club. While at the start of the 2019–20 season Enyeama stated that he hoped to find a new club and continue playing, he finally retired after the end of the campaign.
International career
After making his debut for the Nigeria national football team against Kenya in May 2002, Enyeama was selected for the 2002 FIFA World Cup as a cover for Ike Shorunmu. He made his competitive debut in that tournament, keeping a clean sheet against England in the third group match. Since the retirement of Shorunmu, he has been the first-choice goalkeeper for the national team, helping the Super Eagles to third-place finishes in the 2004, 2006, 2010 Africa Cup of Nations tournaments, and captaining the team to victory of in the 2013 edition. He has also participated in the 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cups, and the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup.
In the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations, Enyeama stopped three kicks in the quarter-final penalty shootout against Tunisia, but could not prevent a loss to Ivory Coast in the semi-final. In the 2010 tournament, he was again Nigeria's shootout hero at the quarter-final stage, saving from Zambia's Thomas Nyrienda and scoring the winning kick himself.
Enyeama made his second FIFA World Cup appearance in the 2010 tournament in South Africa. He was named man of the match in Nigeria's first game of the tournament, a defiant display that restricted Argentina to a 1–0 win. Enyeama, who was playing his 56th international for the Super Eagles, made six fine saves against the two-time world champions, four of them from Lionel Messi. Argentine coach Diego Maradona praised him as the reason Messi was not able to score a goal. Enyeama was also awarded man of the match in the team's next fixture, a 2–1 loss to Greece, but was at fault for Vasilis Torosidis' winning goal.
At the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations, Enyeama deputised for regular captain Joseph Yobo, who stayed on the bench for most of the competition. On 10 February, Enyeama led Nigeria to its third continental victory, keeping a clean sheet in a 1–0 defeat of Burkina Faso in the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations Final. He was named to the team of the tournament as first choice goalkeeper, conceding only four goals in six matches.
In June 2014, Enyeama was named in Nigeria's squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. In the Super Eagles' first fixture, he kept the second FIFA World Cup clean sheet of his career as Nigeria drew 0–0 with Iran. He subsequently recorded a second consecutive shutout in the fixture against Bosnia and Herzegovina, a 1–0 win which gave Nigeria its first win at the tournament since the 1998 edition. He conceded three goals in the last match of the first round against Argentina, a game which ended in a 3–2 defeat for Nigeria, placing them second in the group and thus qualifying them for the second round for the first time in 16 years.
On 26 March 2015, Enyeama won his 100th cap for Nigeria in a 1–0 loss to Uganda. He retired from international football on 8 October 2015.
Personal life
A Christian from Ika Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State, Enyeama is married and a father of three. In 2004, he was involved in a car accident in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State southern Nigeria, in which two motorcycle passengers were killed. The driver of the car in which Enyeama was travelling was left in critical condition. Despite the severity of the accident, Enyeama suffered only bruises after the car somersaulted twice as it swerved to avoid the motorbike.
Honours
Enyimba International
Nigerian Premier League: 2001, 2002, 2003
CAF Champions League: 2003, 2004
Hapoel Tel-Aviv
Israeli Premier League: 2009–10
Israel State Cup: 2009–10, 2010–11
Maccabi Tel-Aviv
Israeli Premier League: 2012–13
Nigeria
Africa Cup of Nations: 2013
Individual
CAF Champions League Player of the Year: 2003, 2004
Footballer of the Year in Israel: 2009
UNFP Player of the Month: October 2013, November 2013
Prix Marc-Vivien Foé: 2014
Goalkeeper of the year Nigeria Pitch Awards: 2013, 2014
King of the pitch Nigeria Pitch Awards: 2014
Goal Nigeria Player of the Year: 2014
IFFHS CAF Men's Team of the Decade 2011–2020
See also
List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps
References
External links
1982 births
Living people
Nigerian Christians
Sportspeople from Kaduna
Nigerian footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Nigeria international footballers
Africa Cup of Nations-winning players
2002 FIFA World Cup players
2004 African Cup of Nations players
2006 Africa Cup of Nations players
2008 Africa Cup of Nations players
2010 Africa Cup of Nations players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
2013 Africa Cup of Nations players
2013 FIFA Confederations Cup players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
Israeli Premier League players
Ligue 1 players
Enyimba F.C. players
Heartland F.C. players
Bnei Yehuda Tel Aviv F.C. players
Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C. players
Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C. players
Lille OSC players
FIFA Century Club
Nigerian expatriate footballers
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Israel
Expatriate footballers in Israel
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in France
Expatriate footballers in France |
4019384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Sutherland%27s%20Station | Battle of Sutherland's Station | The Battle of Sutherland's Station was an American Civil War conflict fought on April 2, 1865, in Dinwiddie, Virginia during the Appomattox Campaign.
Union columns converged on Petersburg on April 2, pushing through a large section of the Confederate defensive entrenchments. As Robert E. Lee desperately sought to buy time to allow his army to withdraw, Ulysses S. Grant launched several other attacks. Stubborn Confederate resistance at Fort Gregg delayed Grant's progress. Meanwhile, Maj. Gen. Nelson A. Miles's Union division battered Henry Heth's Confederates near Sutherland's Station and drove them off the field. The Confederate defenders were scattered and driven northwestward. With this victory, the Federals possessed the South Side Railroad, Gen. Robert E. Lee's last supply line into Petersburg. However, the lengthy defense of Fort Gregg and Grant's hesitation in aggressively following up on his success at Sutherland's Station permitted Lee to evacuate his army that night.
Battle
Gen. Ulysses S. Grant had besieged Petersburg for ten long months, but as April 1865 opened, the Army of the Potomac under its commander, George G. Meade, was finally in a position to break through the entrenchments of the Army of Northern Virginia. At 4:30 on the morning of April 2 on the Confederate earthworks west of Petersburg. Meade sent forward four Union corps, with the VI Corps succeeding in breaking through the thinly manned Confederate lines. Flushed with success, the Union troops poured through the breach and turned the Southern flanks, eventually gaining control of the entrenchments from Hatcher's Run to Boydton Plank Road.
Robert E. Lee, realizing that the loss of so much of his defensive perimeter had now doomed the city, issued orders to evacuate Petersburg. He sent word to his remaining commanders to hold as long as they could to allow an orderly retreat. Federal troops repeatedly attacked Fort Gregg (held by only 500 Confederate defenders), but failed to quickly seize the vital fort, allowing Lee time to establish an inner defensive line to protect his army's rear as it retired.
Grant turned his attention to the west, where the South Side Railroad had provided a vital last supply line for Lee's beleaguered troops. Maj. Gen. Andrew A. Humphreys's II Corps faced the forces of Maj. Gen. Henry Heth running from Hatcher's Run to White Oak Road. Heth's men constituted the extreme right flank of Lee's army. Nelson Miles's division had been sent to reinforce Philip Sheridan on the Union flank. Not needing the infantry support, Sheridan sent Miles back. Once the VI Corps had broken through, Humphreys was ordered to attack along his front. When the order came for Humphreys to attack, Heth had already begun to fall back to a secondary line. Humphreys only had one division available to attack. Not far from the battlefield of Battle of Five Forks, his only available division easily pushed forward through light resistance and seized a salient in the Confederate line. When Miles' division of three brigades returned, it faced abandoned trenches. Humphreys wanted to immediately move against Heth, but Meade had ordered all the Union infantry to turn and face Petersburg. Humphreys responded by turning to the north, but left Miles behind to deal with Heth.
Miles pursued the retiring Confederates up the Claiborne Road as far as Sutherland's Station (nineteen miles from Petersburg). There, Heth had regrouped four Confederate brigades in an attempt to defend the South Side Railroad, their left flank anchored at Ocran Methodist Church. By now, Heth had learned that Lt. Gen. A. P. Hill had been killed earlier in the day, and now he was in command of the Third Army Corps as its senior division commander. Dodging Federal patrols, he hastened to Petersburg, where he found that Lee had instead decided to disband the corps and give its units to James Longstreet.
At 3:00 p.m., Miles struck north from White Oak Road and launched his initial attack under orders from Grant to follow up on Humphreys's initial breakthrough. Heth's division repulsed two Federal attacks before Miles sent for reinforcements. As had been the case for the II Corps all morning, Humphreys backtracked to Sutherland Station to reinforce Miles. However, Miles launched a third assault and Heth's weary Confederates finally buckled, then broke. John R. Cooke's brigade stubbornly held up the Federals as the remainder of Heth's troops headed west. Miles's victorious men pushed ahead and captured nearly 1,000 prisoners and 2 artillery pieces. In the meantime, Grant had delayed the final attack on Fort Gregg while he awaited news regarding Miles' outcome, another delay that helped Lee evacuate more troops from Petersburg. By the time that the fort finally fell, Lee had bought enough time to successfully extricate the vast majority of his army.
In the savage fighting around Sutherland's Station, Miles reported 370 casualties, while the Confederates lost approximately 600 men killed or wounded, plus 1,000 taken as prisoners of war. Humphreys's II Corps had been made to wander back and forth all morning and the general later contended that, had his whole corps been allowed to move against the Confederates, Heth's whole command would have been destroyed.
References
Sources
Marvel, William, Lee's Last Retreat: The Flight to Appomattox, The University of North Carolina Press, 2002. .
National Park Service description
CWSAC Report Update
Sutherland's Station
Sutherland's Station
Sutherland's Station
Sutherland's Station
Sutherland's Station
1865 in the American Civil War
1865 in Virginia
April 1865 events |
4019388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gintaras%20Krapikas | Gintaras Krapikas | Gintaras "Vytas" Krapikas (born July 6, 1961 in Kretinga, Lithuanian SSR, USSR) is a Lithuanian professional basketball coach and a former international player. He was the head coach for the Nanjing Monkey Kings of the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA). He was a member of the Lithuania national basketball team that won a bronze medal in Barcelona's 1992 Summer Olympics. He currently serves as an assistant coach of Žalgiris Kaunas
Playing career
During the 1980s, while playing for Žalgiris, Krapikas' jersey number was 9, and his position was small forward.
Coaching career
In 2000, Krapikas took a position as assistant basketball coach for Žalgiris Kaunas; together with the head coach, Antanas Sireika, he stepped down from this position in 2006, when the coaching team was re-organized. From 2002 to 2005, he was an assistant coach for the Lithuanian national team. From 2006 until 2008, he was an assistant basketball coach for UNICS Kazan.
In 2008, he was the head coach of Žalgiris Kaunas, to very little success, and on December 18, 2009, he resigned from Žalgiris Kaunas' head coach post. He also coached Nevėžis for a short time in the 2010-2011 season, and was the assistant and head coach for Azovmash in 2011-2012. He returned to UNICS Kazan in 2012. Before the 2013-2014 season, he came back to Žalgiris Kaunas as an assistant coach. He became head coach in April. This time, he was much more success - under Krapikas, Žalgiris played great defence - and had a solid season in the Euroleague in 2014-2015, making the Top16 phase. Žalgiris also won the LKF Cup in 2015, as well as the 2014 and 2015 LKL titles. The team dominated in matches with biggest rival BC Lietuvos rytas. By the 2015-2016 season, however, the magic had worn off - the results were poor, especially in the Euroleague, and Krapikas resigned under much pressure in January, 2016. He was replaced by Šarūnas Jasikevičius.
Awards and achievements
USSR League Champion - 1985, 1986, 1987
Intercontinental W. Jones Cup winner - 1986
Olympic Bronze medalist - 1992
European championship Silver medalist - 1995
Nickname
Gintaras Krapikas has an old nickname, which appeared during his tenure with Kaunas Žalgiris as a player. The nickname appeared due to his second name "Krapikas", which is a little bit similar to Lithuanian word "Krapai" (English: Dill) and at that time, there was a famous dill farmer, Vytas, from Petrašiūnai.
References
. Gintaras Krapikas. Lietuvos Krepšinio Lyga.
. G. Krapikas: „Žalgiris“ – mano gyvenimas. Balsas.lt.
External links
Coach Profile at EuroLeague.net
1961 births
Living people
Basketball players at the 1992 Summer Olympics
BC Žalgiris players
BC Žalgiris coaches
Lithuanian basketball coaches
Lithuanian expatriate basketball people in China
Lithuanian expatriate basketball people in Russia
Lithuanian expatriate basketball people in Ukraine
Lithuanian men's basketball players
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Olympic basketball players of Lithuania
Olympic bronze medalists for Lithuania
Olympic medalists in basketball
Small forwards
Soviet men's basketball players
Sportspeople from Kretinga |
4019394 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Theosophist | The Theosophist | The Theosophist is the monthly journal of the international Theosophical Society based in Adyar, India. It was founded in India in 1879 by Helena Blavatsky, who was also its editor. The journal is still being published till date. For the year 1930, the journal was published in Hollywood, California by Annie Besant and Marie Russak Hotchener, but it returned to Adyar in 1931. The journal features articles about philosophy, art, literature and occultism.
The Theosophical Society
The Theosophical Society was officially formed in New York City, United States, on 17 November 1875 by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, Colonel Henry Steel Olcott, William Quan Judge, and others. The society's initial objective was the "study and elucidation of Occultism, the Cabala etc."
It established its roots in India in 1879, winning its supporters by its portrayal of sympathy for the native population, by its enthusiasm for the Aryan philosophy, and by its strange dogmas and obscure beliefs. The main objectives of the society were to establish British India as a center of the Universal Brotherhood of Humanity, to study the Aryan culture and to explore the hidden mysteries and inherent powers in men.
The first centre was established in Bombay, but the society soon installed a network of branches throughout India, and its journal, The Theosophist, was circulated extensively throughout the three Presidencies.
History
Due to its widespread circulation, The Theosophist has been heavily linked with the politics of British India. Despite not explicitly stating any political agendas as of yet, it has been associated with the formation of Congress.
According to the later account of Annie Besant, it was discovered that the decision to convene the first Congress in Madras was taken on the recommendation of the Theosophical Society after its convention of December 1884. The success of the periodical publications of the journal has been identified as an encouragement for many of the Indian leaders to experiment by forming an Indian political congress.
Until 1909, The Theosophist was printed by Messrs. Thompson & Co., Printers, in Madras (now Chennai). The journey between headquarters in Adyar and the printer in Madras was troublesome as it involved a jolting carriage ride that could take an hour each way. Colonel Olcott wished to have a printing company at Adyar for the journal and other publications, but that did not occur until 1909, when the Vasanṭā Press was established under the presidency of Annie Besant. Hand-powered equipment was used for printing initially. In October 1911, a larger type was introduced for improved legibility. The number of copies printed grew from 400 in the first issue to 800 in 1909 and 4000 two years later.
In 1936, President George S. Arundale reshaped the journal into being more of a magazine for a general readership. He appointed an American Editorial Committee that was associated with the Editorial Board at Adyar. The three members were Fritz Kunz, Professor H. Douglas Wild, and Claude Bragdon. The announcement stated:
"Beginning with January, 1936, The Theosophist will be edited as far as possible in the interest of the general public, publishing articles which will relate religion, science, philosophy, psychology, politics, industry, etc., to the science of Theosophy in a manner calculated to arouse the interest of the public. The Theosophical World, an enlargement of Adyar News, will keep members in touch with the Society's special affairs and growth.
The American Editorial Committee has been requested to cooperate in the publication of The Theosophist through personal contributions, through gathering contributions from other qualified writers, and also, if possible, by making arrangements for advertisements."
See also
How Theosophy Came to Me
Lucifer magazine
"What Are The Theosophists?"
"What Is Theosophy?"
References
Further reading
The Theosophist, website at Theosophical Society, Adyar
The Theosophist: October 1879 until September 1880 online
The Theosophist publications till date overview
The Theosophist volume 1-17 online
Helena Blavatsky
Visual arts magazines published in India
Mythology magazines
Magazines established in 1879
Theosophy
Theosophical Society
Magazines published in California
Western esoteric magazines |
4019400 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18%20Stafford%20Terrace | 18 Stafford Terrace | 18 Stafford Terrace, formerly known as Linley Sambourne House, was the home of the Punch illustrator Edward Linley Sambourne (1844–1910) in Kensington, London. The house, now Grade II* listed, is currently open to the public as a museum.
18 Stafford Terrace was an almost new townhouse when the Sambournes moved in, in 1875. It was Linley Sambourne who set about re-decorating the house in the Aesthetic style. Today the house is a fine example of middle-class Aestheticism; its influences can still be seen permeating throughout the house, from decorative Sunflower motifs in the stained glass windows to the fine selection of William Morris wallpapers that hang within the rooms through to the displayed collection of blue-and-white Chinese import porcelain.
Legacy
Linley Sambourne died in 1910 but it was not until his wife Marion's death four years later that the house passed to their bachelor son Roy. Roy kept the house's interior largely unchanged until his own death in 1946. The house then passed to Roy's sister Maud Messel. Maud already had a large London residence therefore 18 Stafford remained mostly unoccupied and unchanged. In the years leading up to Maud's death in 1960, the house had become increasingly fascinating to her daughter Anne, Countess of Rosse. This fascination led to Anne proposing the foundation of the Victorian Society in 1957, and in turn the continued preservation of the house largely as it had been lived in by Linley.
Lady Rosse negotiated the sale of the house to the Greater London Council and the lease to the Victorian Society in 1980; the house was then opened to the public as a museum which included the furniture, art, and decorative schemes retained from its original inhabitants, Linley Sambourne and his household. Following the demise of the Greater London Council the ownership of the house transferred to the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea in 1989. The Royal Borough continued to work with the Victorian Society until 2000, when the lease to the Victorian Society was not renewed.
Sambourne family archive
The archive is made up of personal papers relating to Edward Linley Sambourne, members of his family and their home at 18 Stafford Terrace. Dating from 1815 to the present day it includes diaries, letters, legal and financial papers, photographs and ephemera which give insights into both Sambourne's professional and middle-class family life in the later Victorian/Edwardian period. The archive is held at Leighton House Museum.
In film & Television
18 Stafford Terrace served as the set for the interiors of Mrs. Vyse's London home in the Merchant Ivory film A Room with a View.
Roy's room served as a set for Maurice.
The house appears several times in Jeeves and Wooster as the home of one of Bertie's terrifying Aunts.
In the TV series Brideshead Revisited the interiors are shown as the home of Charles Ryder's father, although a different house exterior is used.
The house has featured in Arthur & George (2015) a three-part British television drama based on the book of the same name by Julian Barnes.
Seen in Life in Squares (2015) a three-part British television drama series that centers on the lives and loves of the extraordinary Bloomsbury Group.
References
Bibliography
External links
Houses in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
Biographical museums in London
Museums in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
Historic house museums in London
Cartooning museums
Mass media museums in the United Kingdom
Grade II* listed buildings in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea |
4019406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieven%20Bauwens | Lieven Bauwens | Lieven Bauwens (14 June 1769, in Ghent – 17 March 1822, in Paris) was a Belgian entrepreneur and industrial spy who was sent to Great Britain at a young age and brought a spinning mule and skilled workers to the European continent.
He started textile plants in Paris (1799) and Ghent (1800). In Ghent he was also mayor for one year. As a leading industrial, he was visited by Napoleon in 1810 and awarded the Legion d'Honneur.
He is remembered in Flanders for bringing the textile industry, and thereby the Industrial Revolution, there.
The spinning mule that was brought to Ghent can still be visited, in the Industrial Museum .
See also
William Cockerill
References
External links
Industrial Museum
1769 births
1822 deaths
19th-century Belgian engineers
Belgian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Businesspeople from Ghent
People of the Industrial Revolution
Textile workers
Mayors of Ghent |
4019422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job%20queue | Job queue | In system software, a job queue ( batch queue, input queue), is a data structure maintained by job scheduler software containing jobs to run.
Users submit their programs that they want executed, "jobs", to the queue for batch processing.
The scheduler software maintains the queue as the pool of jobs available for it to run.
Multiple batch queues might be used by the scheduler to differentiate types of jobs
depending on parameters such as:
job priority
estimated execution time
resource requirements
The use of a batch queue gives these benefits:
sharing of computer resources among many users
time-shifts job processing to when the computer is less busy
avoids idling the compute resources without minute-by-minute human supervision
allows around-the-clock high utilization of expensive computing resources
Any process that comes to the CPU should wait in a queue.
See also
Command pattern
Command queue
Job scheduler
Priority queue
Task queue
Job scheduling |
4019429 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rjans%20Vall | Örjans Vall | Örjans Vall is a football stadium in Halmstad, Sweden, built in 1922.
History
The stadium was originally named Halmstads Idrottsplats (eng: Halmstad's Sports Ground), and was inaugurated by the Crown Prince of Sweden Gustaf Adolf, later king of Sweden, on 30 July 1922. 12,000 people had been allowed entrance to see the opening, several thousands more had gathered outside the fence and on Galgberget. In August 1922 the name of the arena changed to Örjans Vall after a medieval hospital by the name of S:t Örjans that had earlier been on the same location. On 3 September 1922 the first football game was played there. Örjans Vall has been used for many different sports over the years, the football field was surrounded by running tracks, until the 1980s, and was the main site for the local athletic clubs. In the winter of 1956, due to very cold weather, the running tracks were covered with water freezing into a skating rink, Sigvard "Sigge" Ericsson, who had won one gold and one silver medal in the recent 1956 Winter Olympics, participated.
In 1972 the present day main-stand and scoreboard was completed, replacing the original wooden constructions from 1922.
The record for most spectators during a match is held by IS Halmia, in 1962 when Halmia played a qualification match against Landskrona BoIS, 20,381 spectators turned up to see the match.
In 2004 when Gyllene Tider celebrated 25 years, by starting and ending their national tour on Örjans Vall.
International tournaments
Örjans Vall have been used for a number of different international tournaments held in Sweden.
FIFA World Cup
Sweden was selected to host the 1958 FIFA World Cup, among the cities chosen to host the World Cup was Halmstad. Örjans Vall came to host two games of Group 1.
UEFA Under-21 European Championship
The 2009 U21 European Championship, which was played in Sweden, was originally meant to be played at Gamla Ullevi in Gothenburg, Olympia in Helsingborg, Swedbank Stadion in Malmö, and Borås Arena in Borås, however Borås Arena have a Max Hamburgers restaurant on the arena area, which caused legal problem since the tournament is sponsored by McDonald's, for some time it appeared that the Max restaurant would be closed during the tournament, however Max refused later to close its restaurant and the competition was forced to move elsewhere and Örjans Vall in Halmstad was chosen as replacement for Borås.
Örjans Vall was used for 3 games in the tournament in group B.
UEFA Women's Euro
Örjans Vall was selected as one of seven stadiums to host the UEFA Women's Euro 2013 held in Sweden. The stadium was host to three group stage matches in the Group A and one of the quarter-finals.
Group A
Quarter-Final
Demand for a new stadium
In recent years HBK supporters have started to demand a new stadium, as the club have reached international competitions, but are not allowed to play on Örjans Vall due to security restrictions, they have instead been forced to play at Ullevi in Göteborg or Olympia in Helsingborg.
Temporary 2008 chairman Birgitta Johansson stated that a new stadium should be ready at the earliest in 2011–2012.
In September 2008 a decision to build a new stadium was reached by the local authorities, the new stadium would be placed at Sannarp's recreation ground and Örjans Vall will be demolished and replaced by apartments, the new arena is planned to be complete 2012, however on 5 May 2009 it was announced that there would not be a new arena as the Alliance city council announced its budget proposition.
References
External links
Halmstads BK article
Articles and events regarding a new stadium
Football venues in Sweden
Sport in Halmstad
1958 FIFA World Cup stadiums
Buildings and structures completed in 1922
Buildings and structures in Halland County
UEFA Women's Euro 2013 venues |
4019439 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20D.%20Howard | John D. Howard | John D. Howard is CEO of Irving Place Capital (formerly Bear Stearns Merchant Banking) and was senior managing director of Bear Stearns. He is the manager of the $3 billion Bear Stearns Merchant Banking Fund III. Howard has more than 20 years of experience in the private equity business.
Prior to joining Bear Stearns in 1997 to found Bear Stearns Merchant Banking, Howard was co-chief executive officer of Vestar Capital Partners, a private equity firm specializing in management buyouts. From 1985 to 1990, he was a senior vice president and partner of Wesray Capital Corporation, one of the foremost private equity sponsors and a pioneer in the leveraged buyout business.
Howard is a director of Aearo Corporation, Aeropostale, Balducci's, Integrated Circuit Systems, New York & Company, and The Vitamin Shoppe. He has also been on the board of directors and executive committees of many firms, including Avis, Electrolux Corporation, and Wilson Sporting Goods.
Howard holds an MBA from Yale School of Management and a BA from Trinity College.
Howard is an avid tennis player, well known for his “Larry” backhand and is 5’10” 185lbs.
References
John D. Howard bio at Yale
American corporate directors
American money managers
Bear Stearns
Living people
Private equity and venture capital investors
Trinity College (Connecticut) alumni
Yale School of Management alumni
American chief executives of financial services companies
Year of birth missing (living people) |
4019446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27%20Party%20of%20Hungary%202006%20-%20European%20Left | Workers' Party of Hungary 2006 - European Left | The Workers' Party of Hungary 2006 - European Left (), shortly European Left is a political party in Hungary. It was created in mid-November 2005 from the internal opposition of the Hungarian Workers' Party (then the Hungarian Communist Workers' Party). Its leader is János Fratanolo.
Its request to become a member of the Party of the European Left was accepted by the EL Executive Board, during the meeting held in Geneva from 23 to 25 October 2009.
History
On 8 September 2016, Táncsics – Radical Left Party (then known as the Left Party) announced on its website that the two parties will cooperate in preparation for the 2018 parliamentary election.
In early 2022 Social Democratic Party of Hungary announced on its website that the two parties will cooperate in preparation for the 2022 parliamentary election. Joining forces, the two parties did not manage to stand a single official candidate in the election according to the official website of the election office valasztas.hu. Also in 2022 People' Front announced that they will join Európai Baloldal but will continue as political organization.
See also
Green Left (Hungary)
References
External links
A Mi Időnk
Facebook page
2005 establishments in Hungary
Communist parties in Hungary
Party of the European Left member parties
Political parties established in 2005
Left-wing politics in Hungary
Left-wing parties |
4019447 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ens%2C%20Netherlands | Ens, Netherlands | Ens is a village in the Dutch province of Flevoland. It is a part of the municipality of Noordoostpolder, and lies about 10 km southeast of Emmeloord.
In 2019, Ens had 3,065 inhabitants. The built-up area of the village was 0.57 km², and contained 846 residences.
History
The village was first mentioned in 1950 as Ense. It is named after a flooded village on the island of Schokland. The name probably means "duck lake".
On 10 November 1941, the first barracks were placed in Ens for the poldering of the Noordoostpolder. Ens was founded in 1948 as one of the new settlements. The plan of the village by was approved in 1949. The central core is a green axis with the church on the east side, a pub-restaurant on the west side and shops on the northern and southern side.
In 1948, wooden houses were bought in Austria as temporary housing, however they are still in use. The same, a little wooden Catholic chapel was built, and is still standing beside the Our Lady of Perpetual Help Church. The church is nowadays in use as a library and neighbourhood centre.
There is a white watchtower near the N50 road. It was built between 1956 and 1957 for recreational purposes.
Public transportation
There is no railway station in Ens, but the nearest station is Kampen. There is a regular bus service 141 (Zwolle - Kampen - Ens - Emmeloord - Urk).
Gallery
References
Populated places in Flevoland
Noordoostpolder
1948 establishments in the Netherlands |
4019451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creil%2C%20Netherlands | Creil, Netherlands | Creil is one of the ten so-called green villages (Dutch: groendorpen) in the Dutch province of Flevoland. It is a part of the municipality of Noordoostpolder, and lies about 6 km northwest of Emmeloord.
Name
The name Creil comes from the name of a former village that was once on the coast of the Zuiderzee, which was in turn named after the Creil Woods that was once located northeast of North-Holland, in what is now the IJsselmeer, roughly between Texel and Enkhuizen.
History
Modern Creil was designed by the Board of the Wieringermeer, one of whose jobs was to design and oversee the construction of the settlements in the newly created polders, construction of the town started in 1953.
Facilities
In 2004, a building formerly belonging to the Catholic church in the centre of Creil was restructured into a service centre called The Saalicon. It houses a pharmacy, clinic, hair salon, centre for the elderly and several art exhibitions of local artists.
Creil is home to three elementary schools, the Catholic Jan Roothaan-school, the public elementary school De Springplank and the Christian elementary school De Regenboog. These schools share the same building and share many public facilities such as the schoolyard and the gymnastics hall.
The land surrounding Creil is home to large amounts of bulb cultivation, and every spring the village organises the Bloembollen Vakdagen Flevoland, a competition between local bulbflower growers.
Creil is home to a football club, SC Creil, and houses a Protestant church.
Transportation
Creil has a bus connection, Line 77, which connects Creil with other villages in the Noordoostpolder.
Line 77: Lemmer - Rutten - Creil - Espel - Emmeloord vv.
The line makes three stops on three bus stations in Creil, namely the Klutenpad, Creil and Wrakkenpad stations.
Despite being close in proximity, there is no direct bus line to Bant.
Creil is connected by road via the provincial roads N712, which runs through the town, and N715.
These provincial roads form the main road connection with other towns in the area and subsequently with the larger motorway and highway network.
The N712 runs through Creil from the southwest to the northeast, connecting to Espel in the southwest and to Rutten in the northeast. The N715 branches off just to the northeast of Creil and connects Bant to the east.
Creil has no rail connection; the nearest train stations are in Kampen, Meppel, Zwolle, Dronten and Lelystad.
Gallery
References
Populated places in Flevoland
Noordoostpolder
1953 establishments in the Netherlands |
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