id
stringlengths 2
8
| url
stringlengths 31
389
| title
stringlengths 1
250
| text
stringlengths 2
355k
|
|---|---|---|---|
23574813 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton%20Knatchbull | Norton Knatchbull | Norton Knatchbull is the name of:
Sir Norton Knatchbull (MP for Hythe) (1569–1636), MP for Hythe, 1609
Sir Norton Knatchbull, 1st Baronet (1602–1685), English MP for Kent and New Romney
Norton Knatchbull, 6th Baron Brabourne (1922–1943), British peer and soldier
Norton Knatchbull, 3rd Earl Mountbatten of Burma (born 1947), British peer
See also
The Norton Knatchbull School, English secondary school in Kent |
20467807 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Wreaking | The Wreaking | The Wreaking is the third EP by Canadian grindcore band Fuck the Facts. The EP was released on November 29, 2008 via the band's MySpace page and was strictly limited to 19 copies. When the 7" vinyl copies of the split with Pleasant Valley were sold out, there were still some copies of the sleeve, so the band created this EP.
It comprises songs from a few different sources. The first two tracks are pre-production versions of songs found on Stigmata High-Five. They were originally released on vinyl splits with Mesrine and Pleasant Valley. The other songs are live songs originally intended to be released on a split with Mincing Fury on Burning Dogma Records, however, the owner of the label went to jail before it could be released.
"Taken From The Nest" and "The Wreaking" were recorded in Ottawa by Matt Connell in October and November 2005 respectively. The live tracks were recorded at a show on November 13, 2005 at Maverick's in Ottawa with Exhumed, Averse Sefira and Eclipse Eternal.
Track listing
Music and lyrics by Fuck the Facts.
"Taken from the Nest"
"The Wreaking"
"Horizon" (live)
"The Burning Side" (live)
"23-17-41" (live)
"La Tete Hors de L’eau" (live)
"Unburden" (live)
Personnel
Topon Das – guitar
Mel Mongeon – vocals
Mathieu Vilandré – guitar
Steve Chartier – bass
Tim Olsen – drums
Matt Connell – recording
References
2008 EPs
Fuck the Facts albums
Self-released EPs |
6900719 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-East%20Region%2C%20Singapore | North-East Region, Singapore | The North-East Region of Singapore is one of the five regions in the city-state. The region is the most densely populated and has the highest population among the five, with Sengkang being its most populous town as of 2020 and Seletar as the regional centre. Comprising 13,810 hectares, it includes seven planning areas and is largely a residential region with 217,120 homes. Housing largely consists of high-density HDB public housing estates, however private housing is also present in the region. As its name implies, it is located in the north-eastern part of Singapore.
The North-East Region, along with the four other planning regions, was officially established by the Urban Redevelopment Authority in 1999. Prior to the 1970s, the region was predominantly rural and experienced very little urbanisation. It was only with the development of towns such as Ang Mo Kio and Hougang over the next few decades that the region began to grow significantly in population and experienced dramatic urban development. As of 2020, the North-East Region has a population of 930,910. While predominantly a residential region, the North-East Region is also home to tourist attractions, such as Pulau Ubin and Coney Island. The region has a number of hospitals, parks, educational facilities, and security and defence services. There are also a variety of transport options, including Mass Rapid Transit, Light Rail Transit and public bus services, facilitating transport within and outside the region.
History
Before the 1960s, the North-East Region was primarily made up of farmland and rainforest. At this time the majority of urbanisation in Singapore was concentrated in the southern part of the country, where the Central Region is now located. The first Master Plan was adopted in 1958. The Master Plan was a statutory plan which regulated land use and development over a 20-year period, to be reviewed every five years. One of the main aims of this plan was to establish New Towns away from the Central Region, laying the precedent for the North-East Region’s urban development. However, this plan was soon deemed inefficient and not flexible enough to accommodate the rapid demographic and economic development in Singapore. In 1971 the Concept Plan was introduced, a more long-term plan which rather than providing a detailed guide for urban planning, it simply provided a general direction for development over the next 40 to 50 years. These two combined planning processes (The Master Plan and the Concept Plan) continue to be revised every few years, led by the Urban Redevelopment Authority.
It was over the next few decades that towns within the North East Region were built up. The first new towns were Ang Mo Kio and Hougang. Ang Mo Kio New Town began development in 1973 and Hougang in 1979. Up until the 1990s, the North-East Region was included as part of the Rural Planning Area. This area consisted of most of the land outside of the Central Planning Area. However, under the 1991 Concept Plan, the country was officially organised into five regions, along with 55 subdivision. Thus, the North East Region was established. This system allowed for more area specific planning and detailed land use guides.
Geography
Situated at the northeastern corner of Singapore Island, the region comprises a total land area of , including the North-Eastern cluster of islands, Pulau Ubin, Pulau Tekong and Pulau Tekong Kechil. It borders Singapore's East Region to the east, Central Region to the south and North Region to the west.
Government
The North-East Region is governed locally by four different Community Development Councils, namely the Central CDC, North East CDC, North West CDC and South East CDC.
Planning Areas
The North-East Region is divided into 7 different planning areas, with a total of 48 subzones.
Demographics
According to the Singapore Department of Statistics’ 2020 Population Trends report, the total population of the North-East Region is 930,910. Out of its 7 planning areas, Sengkang is the most populated, with 249,370 residents. Alternatively, the North-Eastern Islands is the least populated area with only 50 residents, as it is one of the few areas in Singapore that has not experienced dramatic urban development.
According to the 2015 General Household Survey, the most common ethnic background in the North-East Region is Chinese, accounting for the majority of the population. Additionally, English is the most common language spoken at home (35.4%), closely followed by Mandarin (33.9%). Other common languages spoken at home include other Chinese dialects (13.4%), Malay (7.8%) and Tamil (3.5%). The most popular religion followed is Buddhism (36.3%), while other prevalent religions in the region include Christianity (19.3%), Taoism (11.1%), Islam (9.1%) and Hinduism (4.6%). In addition, 19.1% of people practise no religion.
Economy
The region is home to the Seletar Aerospace Park, which houses several aviation manufacturing and research facilities owned by companies such as Rolls-Royce, Pratt & Whitney and Singapore Technologies Aerospace, allowing the aviation industry in Singapore to expand out of Changi, which is a major aviation and commercial zone located in the East region of the country. Several industrial zones are also located within the region such as Defu Industrial Estate in Hougang and Ang Mo Kio Industrial Park in Ang Mo Kio.
Tourism
Located within the North-Eastern Islands planning area, Pulau Ubin is a popular tourist attraction with both local and foreign visitors visiting the island as it is one of the last rural areas in Singapore, with an abundance of natural flora and fauna. It is particularly popular for outdoor activities such as mountain biking, as it is home to the Ketam Mountain Bike Park. Additionally, the Chek Jawa wetlands is also a popular attraction due to its array of wildlife and unique biodiversity. Ubin Town is the only settlement on the island and offers a number of restaurants, bicycle rental shops and other small shops catering to tourism.
Coney Island, also known as Pulau Serangoon, is also a popular attraction within the region. Located off the northeastern coast within the planning area of Punggol, Coney island is accessible via two bridges at the eastern and western ends of the island, linking it to the main island. Visitors to the island can participate in activities such as cycling, bird watching and nature walks. Coney island park is managed by the National Parks Board and home to a range of different habitats and a variety of fauna and flora.
Infrastructure
Education
Residents living within the area have access to different educational facilities ranging from preschools to primary and secondary schools as these are located around the different towns in the North-East region.
There are 28 secondary schools within the North-East Region, including:
Anderson Secondary School
Ang Mo Kio Secondary School
Bowen Secondary School
CHIJ St. Joseph's Convent
CHIJ St. Nicholas Girls' School
Compassvale Secondary School
Deyi Secondary School
Edgefield Secondary School
Greendale Secondary School
Holy Innocents' High School
Hougang Secondary School
Mayflower Secondary School
Montfort Secondary School
Nan Chiau High School
North Vista Secondary School
Paya Lebar Methodist Girls' School
Pei Hwa Secondary School
Peicai Secondary School
Presbyterian High School
Punggol Secondary School
Seng Kang Secondary School
Serangoon Garden Secondary School
Serangoon Secondary School
St. Gabriel's Secondary School
Xinmin Secondary School
Yio Chu Kang Secondary School
Yuying Secondary School
Zhonghua Secondary School
There are also 44 primary schools within the region, including:
Anchor Green Primary School
Anderson Primary School
Ang Mo Kio Primary School
CHIJ Our Lady of Good Counsel
CHIJ Our Lady of the Nativity
CHIJ St. Nicholas Girls' School
Compassvale Primary School
Edgefield Primary School
Fern Green Primary School
Fernvale Primary School
Greendale Primary School
Holy Innocents' Primary School
Horizon Primary School
Hougang Primary School
Jing Shan Primary School
Mayflower Primary School
Mee Toh School
Montfort Junior School
Nan Chiau Primary School
North Spring Primary School
North Vista Primary School
Northshore Primary School
Oasis Primary School
Palm View Primary School
Paya Lebar Methodist Girls' School
Punggol Cove Primary School
Punggol Green Primary School
Punggol Primary School
Punggol View Primary School
Rivervale Primary School
Rosyth School
Seng Kang Primary School
Sengkang Green Primary School
Springdale Primary School
St. Gabriel's Primary School
Teck Ghee Primary School
Townsville Primary School
Valour Primary School
Waterway Primary School
Xinghua Primary School
Xinmin Primary School
Yangzheng Primary School
Yio Chu Kang Primary School
Zhonghua Primary School
The area is also home to various tertiary institutions such as, Anderson Serangoon Junior College, ITE College Central, Nanyang Junior College, Nanyang Polytechnic and the Singapore Institute of Technology. There are also 3 international schools, namely, the Australian International School Singapore, the French School of Singapore and the Global Indian International School Singapore.
Healthcare
Sengkang General Hospital is the largest hospital in the region. The 1000-bed hospital was opened on the 18th of August 2018 and is managed by SingHealth. Other hospitals in the North-East region include Ang Mo Kio - Thye Hua Kwan Hospital, Bright Vision Hospital and Sengkang Community Hospital, which is attached to Sengkang General Hospital.
Parklands
There are a number of parks within the region, all of which are managed by the National Parks Board.
Parks within the North-East region include:
Ang Mo Kio Town Garden East
Ang Mo Kio Town Garden West
Chek Jawa
Coney Island
Japanese Cemetery Park
Ketam Mountain Bike Park
Pulau Ubin
Punggol Park
Punggol Point Park
Punggol Waterway Park
Sengkang Riverside Park
Sengkang Sculpture Park
Fire Department
The Singapore Civil Defence Force operates two fire stations in the region:
Ang Mo Kio Fire Station
Sengkang Fire Station
Ang Mo Kio Fire Station has been operational since 1984 and provides services to Ang Mo Kio and Serangoon.
Sengkang Fire Station has been operational since 2001 and provides services to Hougang, Punggol, Sengkang and Serangoon.
Along with the fire stations, there are also two fire posts in the region:
Punggol North Fire Post
Cheng San Fire Post
Transportation
The public transport system in Singapore was designed to connect the North-East Region to the city centre, with Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) stations in each town centre. There is also a number of bus stops and Light Rail Transit (LRT) stations which connect towns within the region. As of 2015, 59.5% of the working population aged fifteen and older use public transport regularly to get to work. The North East region also has one airport: Seletar Airport. The airport was formally a military airbase, but is now owned by the Singapore government and operated by Changi Airport Group. It is mostly used for flight training, private aircraft and chartered flights.
Rail
There are three MRT lines that operate in the North-East Region: North East line, North South line and Circle Line. The North East line is the most prominent. It runs from HarbourFront station in the Central Region to Punggol station in the north, connecting six MRT stations within the North East Region. In 2024 the line is expected to be extended to include the Punggol Coast MRT station, which is under construction. Yio Chu Kang station and Ang Mo Kio station are located on the North South line and Serangoon station connects the North East line and Circle line.
In addition, the Cross Island MRT line, which is currently under planning, is expected to cross through the region. Plans for the project were first announced in 2013, and the Land Transport Authority expects that it will be completed by 2030. The line will connect to Hougang station, Punggol station and Riviera station, along with future MRT stations including Serangoon North station, Defu station, Tavistock station and Teck Ghee station.
There are also 28 LRT stations in the region, connecting residential areas to the MRT lines. There are two main LRT lines in the region: the Punggol LRT line and the Sengkang LRT line.
Bus
The North-East Region has an established public bus network and a number of bus interchanges connecting towns within the region and to other parts of the country.
The following bus interchanges are located within the North-East Region:
Ang Mo Kio Bus Interchange
Compassvale Bus Interchange
Hougang Central Bus Interchange
Punggol Temporary Bus Interchange
Sengkang Bus Interchange
Serangoon Bus Interchange
Yio Chu Kang Bus Interchange
Expressways
There are four expressways that pass through the North East Region: Central Expressway, Seletar Expressway, Tampines Expressway and Kallang–Paya Lebar Expressway. Additionally, the North–South Corridor, an under-construction expressway, is planned to connect to Ang Mo Kio.
Housing
The North-East Region is predominantly a residential area. Like other regions outside the city centre, towns in the North-East Region are largely made up of high-density, high-rise public housing, provided by the Housing and Development Board (HDB). HDB estates make up 78.72% of households in the region. Each of these housing developments are designed for self-sufficiency, with schools, hospitals, parks, sports facilities, shopping malls and other amenities easily available to residents. The North-East Region experiences continual development of housing and other public facilities. New housing in Ang Mo Kio, Hougang and Serangoon is being developed, along with new transport options, parks and other amenities. In recent years, the HBD has also developed more of a focus on sustainability and incorporating ecological considerations into town planning. The town of Punggol was branded as the “first eco-town”, with more greenery incorporated into the area, along with the development of the Punggol Promenade and Waterway.
While the majority of housing in the region is still public, some have noted that there has also been an increase in private housing in the North East Region. Excluding the Central Region, the North East Region accounted for 40.3% of all private residential sales transactions in Singapore in 2019.
Landmarks
Historic sites
The National Heritage Board has designated a number of “historic sites” in Singapore, some of which are located in the North-East Region. These include:
Chee Tong Temple, located in Hougang and finally completed in 1987.
Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary, a Roman Catholic church built in Hougang in 1853.
Masjid Haji Yusoff, the oldest mosque in Hougang, originally built in 1921.
Paya Lebar Methodist Church, a church located in Hougang. It was established in 1932 and completed in 1998.
Seletar Airfield, a British Royal Air Force base designed to protect the naval base in Sembawang during World War II.
St. Paul's Church, an Anglican church built in Hougang in 1936.
Tou Mu Kung, a Taoist temple completed in 1921. It is the oldest temple in Singapore dedicated to the worship of Jiu Huang Ye.
Woodbridge Museum, established in 1993, provides information and exhibitions surrounding the history of the old Woodbridge Hospital, which has now become the Institute of Mental Health. The hospital dates back to 1841, where it was the first medical facility in Singapore for treating the mentally ill. It was also used during World War II to provide treatment to soldiers and civilians.
Zi Yun Kai Ji Gong, a complex of three temples completed in 1996. The three temples are Keat Sun Beo, Kai Hock Tong and Chao Ying Kong.
References
External links
North-East Region, Singapore
Planning areas in Singapore
Regions of Singapore |
6900728 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roughskin%20spurdog | Roughskin spurdog | The roughskin spurdog (Cirrhigaleus asper) is a dogfish of the family Squalidae, found circumglobally between latitudes 35°N and 35°S, at depths of between and . It reaches a length of .
The roughskin spurdog is ovoviviparous with 21 to 22 young in a litter.
References
Compagno, Dando, & Fowler, Sharks of the World, Princeton University Press, New Jersey 2005
Cirrhigaleus
Fish described in 1973
Taxa named by Nigel Merrett |
20467822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncial%200258 | Uncial 0258 | Uncial 0258 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 4th century.
Description
The codex contains a small part of the Gospel of John 10:25-26, on 1 parchment leaf (4.7 cm by 4 cm). Probably it was written in one column per page, 5 lines per page, in uncial letters.
Nomina sacra are written in an abbreviated way.
Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 4th century.
Location
Present location of the codex is unknown. It is not accessible.
Text
The Greek text of this fragment follows the order and wording of the Nestle-Aland Greek text, reconstructed as ΤΟΥ ΜΟΥ ΤΑΥΤΑ ΜΑΡΤΥΡΕΙ ΠΕΡΙ ΕΜΟΥ ΑΛΛΑ ΥΜΕΙΣ ΟΥ ΠΙΣΤΕΥΕΤΕ ΟΤΙ ΟΥΚ ΕΣΤΕ ΕΚ. Aland did not placed it in any of Categories of New Testament manuscripts.
See also
List of New Testament uncials
Textual criticism
References
Greek New Testament uncials
4th-century biblical manuscripts
Lost biblical manuscripts |
6900735 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion%20%28disambiguation%29 | Crucifixion (disambiguation) | Crucifixion is an ancient method of execution.
Crucifixion may also refer to:
The Crucifixion or crucifixion of Jesus, a first-century AD event central to the founding and beliefs of Christianity
Music
"Crucify" (song), a 1992 song by Tori Amos from Little Earthquakes
"Crucified" (Army of Lovers song) (1991)
"Crucified" (Bella & Filippa song) (2017)
"Crucifixion" (song), a 1966 song by Phil Ochs from Pleasures of the Harbor
"Crucified" (Sevendust song) (2001)
"The Crucifixion" (Stainer), an 1887 Passion cantata or oratorio by John Stainer
"Crucifixion" or "He Never Said a Mumblin' Word", a spiritual song recorded by Lead Belly in 1945 and by Marian Anderson in 1951
"Crucifixion", a song from the 1971 rock opera Jesus Christ Superstar by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice
"Crucified", a 2010 song by Disturbed from Asylum
"Crucified", a 2015 song by Venom from From the Very Depths
Paintings
Crucifixion (Antonello da Messina), any of three 15th-century paintings by Antonello da Messina
Crucifixion (Bellini), a 15th-century painting by Giovanni Bellini
Crucifixion (Francis Bacon, 1965), a 1965 triptych painting by Francis Bacon
The Crucifixion (Cranach), a 1532 painting by Lucas Cranach the Elder
Crucifixion (Corpus Hypercubus), a 1954 painting by Salvador Dalí
The Crucifixion (Gérôme), a 1867 painting by Jean-Léon Gérôme
Crucifixion (Heemskerck), 1543 painting by Maarten van Heemskerck
Crucifixion (Nabil Kanso), a 1983 painting by Nabil Kanso
Crucifixion (Mantegna), a 1450s painting by Andrea Mantegna
Crucifixion (Masaccio), a 1426 painting by Masaccio
Crucifixion (Modena), a 1375 painting by Barnaba da Modena
The Crucifixion (Pavias), a 15th-century painting by Andreas Pavias
Crucifixion, seen from the Cross, an 1880s painting by James Tissot
Crucifixion (Titian), a 1558 painting by Titian
Crucifixion Diptych (van der Weyden), a 1460s two-panel painting by Rogier van der Weyden
Crucifixion (van Dyck), a 1630 painting by Anthony van Dyck
Crucifixion (van Eyck), a 15th-century drawing attributed to Jan van Eyck
Crucifixion (after van Eyck?), a c. 1440-50 painting usually attributed to the workshop of Jan van Eyck
Other uses
The Crucifixion (film), a 2017 horror film by Xavier Gens
See also
Christ Crucified (disambiguation)
Crucifixion between Sts. Jerome and Christopher, a 1480s painting by Pinturicchio
Crucifixion in the arts
Crucifixion With a Donor (Bosch), a 1480s painting by Hieronymus Bosch
Crucifixion with Pietà (Lotto), 1530 painting by Lorenzo Lotto |
6900745 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Collins%20%28Irish%20author%29 | Michael Collins (Irish author) | Michael Collins (born 4 June 1964) is an Irish novelist and international ultra-distance runner. His novel The Keepers of Truth was shortlisted for the 2000 Booker Prize. He has also won the Irish Novel of the Year Award and the Lucien Barriere Literary Prize at the Deauville American Film Festival. Collins is a graduate of Oxford University.
Early life and education
Collins was born in Limerick. He earned an athletic scholarship to University of Notre Dame and received his PhD in Creative Writing from the Oxford University.
Athletics
A former member of the Irish National Team for the 100k distance (62.2 miles), Collins holds the Irish national masters record over the 100k distance. As captain of the Irish National Team in 2010, he won a bronze medal at the World 100k Championships held in Gibraltar. He has also won The 100-mile Himalayan Stage Race and The Mount Everest Challenge Marathon, along with The Last Marathon in Antarctica, and The North Pole Marathon.
Works
The Meat Eaters (short stories, also published as The Man who Dreamt of Lobsters), 1992
The Life and Times of a Teaboy, 1993
The Feminists Go Swimming, 1994,
Emerald Underground, 1998
The Keepers of Truth, 2000
The Resurrectionists, 2003
Lost Souls, 2004
Death of a Writer (British title: The Secret Life of E. Robert Pendleton), 2006
Midnight in a Perfect Life (British title), 2010
The New Existence (British title: The Death of all Things Seen), 2016
Referenten
External links
Michael Collins official website
Profile, runnersworld.com
1964 births
Date of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Irish expatriates in the United States
Irish male long-distance runners
Writers from Limerick (city)
Irish ultramarathon runners
Irish male novelists
Male ultramarathon runners |
6900749 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli%20Eshed | Eli Eshed | Eli Eshed is an Israeli researcher of popular culture.
Literary criticism
Eli Eshed writes about Israeli pulp magazines and paperbacks of the 1950s and 1960s with a special focus on the pirated Tarzan books popular among Israeli youth at the time which were published anonymously and without authorization from the estate of Edgar Rice Burroughs. In 2000, Eshed published a limited edition of Tarzan in the Holy Land,https://www.erbzine.com/mag9/0991.html a history of Tarzan in Hebrew with illustrations.
In 2002, Eshed published From Tarzan to Zbeng about the pulp literature of Israel. This book became a best seller and earned Eshed the title "Writer of the Year" from Maariv. He also researched the adventures of pulp icons such as Patrick Kim, a fictional Korean CIA agent who uses karate against a variety of enemies worldwide.
In 2003, Eshed co-published The Golem: A Story of an Israeli Comicbook with Israeli comics artist Uri Fink. The Golem is a Hebrew super-hero who works alongside a beautiful woman super-heroine, Lilith.
The book traces the history of the series since the 1940s, when it was drawn by the young comics artist Jack Kirby (Jacob Kurtzberg in that alternative reality), who immigrated to Palestine. The Golem collaborates with real-life Israeli personalities like Yitzhak Rabin, Moshe Dayan and Ariel Sharon, as well as fictional characters like Tarzan and well-known Israeli fictional heroes like Danny Din the invisible boy. Gil Biderman created a song and an animated clip sung by award-winning artist Yasmin Even about the Golem’s adventures. Both imitate the style of the 1970s.
Though imaginary, the book is based on real events and personalities in the world of Hebrew popular culture, featuring Pinchas Sadeh, Asher Dickstein, and Etgar Keret. Israeli literary critic Menachem Ben called it“a master work of Israeli mythology,“ and screenwriter and producer Alon Rozenblum called it "a must-have book in every home."
References
External links
The Golem comic-strip
Comics critics
Israeli comics writers
Living people
Israeli literary critics
Bar-Ilan University alumni
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) |
6900751 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansembourg | Ansembourg | Ansembourg (, ) is a village in the commune of Helperknapp, in western Luxembourg. , the village had a population of 61.
Ansembourg is in part of the Eisch valley known as the Valley of the Seven Castles. The village is the site of two of the seven castles. The New Castle of Ansembourg, located about one kilometre or just over half a mile below the Old Castle, was built by the industrialist Thomas Bidart in 1639 and is now known for its more modern finish and its terraced gardens.
References
Mersch (canton)
Villages in Luxembourg |
23574833 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310%20Panathinaikos%20F.C.%20season | 2009–10 Panathinaikos F.C. season | The 2009–10 season was Panathinaikos' 51st consecutive season in Super League Greece. The 2009–10 season was very successful for Panathinaikos. At the summer transfer window the club bought Djibril Cissé from Marseille, Kostas Katsouranis from Benfica, Sebastian Leto from Liverpool and various other players spending more than €35 million. The team managed to enter the final 16 of Europa League and win the Greek Championship. Panathinaikos completed the domestic double by winning the Greek Cup final.
Current squad
''As of 9 September 2009.
Squad changes for 2009–10
In
on a free transfer
for €8 million
for €4 million
for €0.45 million
for €0.2 million
on a free transfer
for €3 million
total spending : 15,650,000 €
Out
on a free transfer
on a free transfer
on a free transfer
Out on loan
Club
Management
Competitions
Super League Greece
Regular season
League table
Matches
Greek Cup
Fourth round
Fifth round
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Final
UEFA Champions League
Qualifying phase
Third qualifying round
Play-off round
UEFA Europa League
Group F
Knockout stage
Round of 32
Round of 16
References
Panathinaikos F.C. seasons
Panathinaikos
Greek football championship-winning seasons |
20467831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasciolariidae | Fasciolariidae | The Fasciolariidae, common name the "tulip snails and spindle snails", are a family of small to large sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Buccinoidea.
The family Fasciolariidae probably appeared about 110 million years ago during the Cretaceous
Distribution
The recent species inhabit tropical to temperate waters.
Description
The shells are usually reddish in color and have a moderate to large size, reaching a height between 1.0 and 60 cm. The shells are spindle-shaped and biconic. The spire is elongated. The siphonal canal is well developed and is long to moderately long. The columella varies between a smooth appearance and showing spiral folds. The horny operculum has an oval shape. Their radula is characteristic with narrow central teeth with three cusps. The wide lateral teeth show numerous ctenoid (= comblike) cusps.
Snails in the family Fasciolariidae are carnivorous. They feed on other gastropods and on bivalves. Some also prey on worms and barnacles.
The snails are gonochoristic, i.e. the individuals have just one sex. The female snails deposit their eggs in horny capsules either in a single form or in clusters arranged around a hollow axis. The single forms have a flattened, disk-shaped, or vase-shaped form. The clusters are hemispherical or cylindrical. Development is usually direct. The larvae emerge from the capsules as free-swimming young or as crawling young.
Taxonomy
According to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), the Fasciolariidae consist of the following subfamilies:
Clavilithinae Vermeij & Snyder, 2018 †
Fasciolariinae Gray, 1853
Fusininae Wrigley, 1927 - synonyms: Fusinae Swainson, 1840 (inv.); Cyrtulidae MacDonald, 1869; Streptochetinae Cossmann, 1901
Peristerniinae Tryon, 1880 - synonym: Latiridae Iredale, 1929
Genera
Genera in the family Fasciolariidae include (fossil genera are marked with a dagger):
subfamily Clavilithinae Vermeij & Snyder, 2018 †
† Africolithes Eames, 1957
† Austrolithes Finlay, 1931
† Chiralithes Olsson, 1930
† Clavellofusus Grabau, 1904
† Clavilithes Swainson, 1840
† Cosmolithes Grabau, 1904
† Mancorus Olsson, 1931
† Papillina Conrad, 1855
† Perulithes Olsson, 1930
† Clavella Swainson, 1835 accepted as Clavilithes Swainson, 1840 † (Junior homonym of Clavella Oken, 1815. Has been renamed Clavilithes.)
† Rhopalithes Grabau, 1904 accepted as Clavilithes Swainson, 1840 † (objective synonym)
† Turrispira Conrad, 1866 accepted as Clavilithes Swainson, 1840 †
† Daphnobela Cossmann, 1896
† Euthriofusus Cossmann, 1901
subfamily Fasciolariinae
Fasciolaria Lamarck, 1799 - type genus, the Tulip shells
Africolaria Snyder, Vermeij & Lyons, 2012
Araiofusus Callomon & Snyder, 2017
Aurantilaria Snyder, Vermeij & Lyons, 2012
Australaria Snyder, Vermeij & Lyons, 2012
Bellifusus Stephenson, 1941 †
Boltenella Wade, 1917 †
Brucia Cossmann, 1920 †
Calkota Squires & Saul, 2003
Cinctura Hollister, 1957
Conradconfusus Snyder, 2002 †
Cryptorhytis Meek, 1876 †
Drilliovoluta Cossmann, 1925 †
Drilluta Wade, 1916 †
Filifusus Snyder, Vermeij & Lyons, 2012
Glaphyrina Finlay, 1926
Granolaria Snyder, Vermeij & Lyons, 2012
Haplovoluta Wade, 1918 †
Hercorhyncus Conrad, 1869 †
Hylus Wade, 1917 †
Kilburnia Snyder, Vermeij & Lyons, 2012
Liochlamys Dall, 1889 †
Lirofusus Conrad, 1865 †
Lugubrilaria Snyder, Vermeij & Lyons, 2012
Lyonsifusus Vermeij & Snyder, 2018
Mariafusus Petuch, 1988 †
Micasarcina Squires & Saul, 2003 †
Microcolus Cotton & Godfrey, 1932
Microfulgur Finlay & Marwick, 1937
Mylecoma Squires & Saul, 2003 †
Odontofusus Whitfield, 1892 †
Paleopsephaea Wade, 1926 †
Parafusus Wade, 1918 †
Perse B.L. Clark, 1918 †
Piestochilus Meek, 1864 †
Plectocion Stewart, 1927 †
Pleia Finlay, 1930
Pleuroploca P. Fischer, 1884
Pliculofusus Snyder, Vermeij & Lyons, 2012 †
Saginafusus Iredale, 1931
Scobina Wade, 1917 †
Serrifusus Meek, 1876 †
Skyles Saul & Popenoe, 1993 †
Terebraspira Conrad, 1862 †
Trichifusus Bandel, 2000 †
Triplofusus Olsson & Harbison, 1953
Wadia Cossmann, 1920 †
Whitneyella Stewart, 1927 †
Woodsella Wade, 1926 †
subfamily Fusininae
Fusus Bruguière, 1789 : synonym of Fusinus Rafinesque, 1815
Aegeofusinus Russo, 2017
Africofusus Vermeij & Snyder, 2018
Amiantofusus Fraussen, Kantor & Hadorn, 2007
† Angustifusus Vermeij & Snyder, 2018
Apertifusus Vermeij & Snyder, 2018
Aptyxis Troschel, 1868
Araiofusus Callomon & Snyder, 2017
Ariefusus Vermeij & Snyder, 2018
Aristofusus Vermeij & Snyder, 2018
Barbarofusus Grabau & Shimer, 1909
Callifusus Vermeij & Snyder, 2018
Chryseofusus Hadorn & Fraussen, 2003
Cyrtulus Hinds, 1843 - Cyrtulus serotinus Hinds, 1843
Enigmofusus Vermeij & Snyder, 2018
† Eofusus Vermeij & Snyder, 2018
Falsicolus Finlay, 1930
Falsifusus Grabau, 1904 †
Fredenia Cadée & Janssen, 1994 †
Fusinus Rafinesque, 1815 - type genus of the subfamily Fusininae
Gemmocolus Maxwell, 1992 †
Goniofusus Vermeij & Snyder, 2018
Gracilipurpura Jousseaume, 1880
Granulifusus Kuroda & Habe, 1954
Harasewychia Petuch, 1987
Harfordia Dall, 1921
Heilprinia Grabau, 1904
Helolithus Agassiz, 1846 †
Hesperaptyxis Snyder & Vermeij, 2016
Lepidocolus Maxwell, 1992 †
Liracolus Maxwell, 1992 †
Lyonsifusus Vermeij & Snyder, 2018
Marmorofusus Snyder & Lyons, 2014
Okutanius Kantor, Fedosov, Snyder & Bouchet, 2018
Ollaphon Iredale, 1929
Priscofusus Conrad, 1865 †
Profusinus Bandel, 2000 †
Propefusus Iredale, 1924
Pseudaptyxis Petuch, 1988 †
Pullincola de Gregorio, 1894 †
Remera Stephenson, 1941 †
Rhopalithes Grabau, 1904 †
Simplicifusus Kira, 1972
Solutofusus Pritchard, 1898 †
Spirilla Agassiz, 1842 †
Streptocarina Hinsch, 1977 †
Streptochetus Cossmann, 1889 †
Streptodictyon Tembrock, 1961 †
Streptolathyrus Cossmann, 1901 †
Tectifusus Tate, 1893 †
Trophonofusus Kuroda & Habe, 1971
Turrispira Conrad, 1866 †
Vermeijius Kantor, Fedosov, Snyder & Bouchet, 2018
Viridifusus Snyder, Vermeij & Lyons, 2012
subfamily Peristerniinae
Peristernia Mörch, 1852 - type genus of the subfamily Peristerniinae
Aptycholathyrus Cossman & Pissarro, 1905 †
Ascolatirus Bellardi, 1884 †
Benimakia Habe, 1958
Brocchitas Finlay, 1927 †
Bullockus Lyons & Snyder, 2008
Dennantia Tate, 1888 †
Dentifusus Vermeij & Rosenberg, 2003
Dolicholatirus Bellardi, 1886
Eolatirus Bellardi, 1884 †
Exilifusus Conrad, 1865 †
Fractolatirus Iredale, 1936
Fusolatirus Kuroda & Habe, 1971
Hemipolygona Rovereto, 1899
Lathyropsis Oostingh, 1939 †
Latirofusus Cossmann, 1889
Latirogona Laws, 1944 †
Latirolagena Harris, 1897
Latirulus Cossmann, 1889
Latirus Montfort, 1810
Leucozonia Gray, 1847
Lightbournus Lyons & Snyder, 2008
Liochlamys Dall, 1889 †
Mazzalina Conrad, 1960 †
Neolatirus Bellardi, 1884 †
Nodolatirus Bouchet & Snyder, 2013
Nodopelagia Hedley, 1915
Opeatostoma Berry, 1958
Plesiolatirus Bellardi, 1884 †
Plicatella Swainson, 1840
Polygona Schumacher, 1817
Psammostoma Vermeij & Snyder, 2002 †
Pseudolatirus Bellardi, 1884
Pustulatirus Vermeij & Snyder, 2006
Ruscula Casey, 1904 †
Streptopelma Cossmann, 1901 †
Tarantinaea Monterosato, 1917
Taron Hutton, 1883
Teralatirus Coomans, 1965
Turrilatirus Vermeij & M.A. Snyder, 2006
Subfamily ?
Crassibougia Stahlschmidt & Fraussen, 2012
Genera brought into synonymy
Aptyxis Troschel, 1868: synonym of Fusinus Rafinesque, 1815
Buccinofusus Conrad, 1868: synonym of Conradconfusus Snyder, 2002 †
Bulbifusus Conrad, 1865 †: synonym of Mazzalina Conrad, 1960 †
Chasca Clench & Aguayo, 1941: synonym of Chascax Watson, 1873: synonym of Hemipolygona Rovereto, 1899
Chascax Watson, 1873: synonym of Hemipolygona Rovereto, 1899
Cinctura Hollister, 1957: synonym of Fasciolaria Lamarck, 1799
Clavella Swainson, 1835: synonym of Clavilithes Swainson, 1840 †
Cymatium Link, 1807: synonym of Latirus Montfort, 1810
Exilifusus Gabb, 1876 †: synonym of Fusinus Rafinesque, 1815
Fusilatirus McGinty, 1955: synonym of Dolicholatirus Bellardi, 1884
Fusus Bruguière, 1789: synonym of Fusinus Rafinesque, 1815
Gracilipurpura Jousseaume, 1881 †: synonym of Fusinus Rafinesque, 1815
Heilprinia Grabau, 1904: synonym of Fusinus Rafinesque, 1815
Iaeranea Rafinesque, 1815: synonym of Fasciolaria Lamarck, 1799
Lagena Schumacher, 1817: synonym of Latirolagena Harris, 1897
Lathyrus Schinz, 1825: synonym of Latirus Montfort, 1810
Latirofusus Cossmann, 1889: synonym of Dolicholatirus Bellardi, 1884
Latyrus Carpenter, 1857: synonym of Latirus Montfort, 1810
Propefusus Iredale, 1924: synonym of Fusinus Rafinesque, 1815
Pseudofusus Monterosato, 1884: synonym of Fusinus Rafinesque, 1815
Pseudolatirus Cossmann, 1889 †: synonym of Streptolathyrus Cossmann, 1901 †
Simplicifusus Kira, 1972: synonym of Granulifusus Kuroda & Habe, 1954
Sinistralia H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853: synonym of Fusinus Rafinesque, 1815
Tarantinaea Monterosato, 1917: synonym of Fasciolaria Lamarck, 1799
References
External links
Gastropod families
Taxa named by John Edward Gray |
17335271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%20Belarusian%20Premier%20League | 2007 Belarusian Premier League | The 2007 Belarusian Premier League was the 17th season of top-tier football in Belarus. It started on April 14 and ended on November 10, 2007. BATE Borisov were the defending champions.
Team changes from 2006 season
Lokomotiv Minsk and Belshina Bobruisk were the two teams relegated after the 2006 season, having finished in 13th and 14th place respectively. They were replaced by 2005 First League champions Minsk and runners-up Smorgon. Lokomotiv Vitebsk changed their name to Vitebsk.
Overview
BATE Borisov won their 4th champions title and qualified for the next season's Champions League. The championship runners-up Gomel and 2007–08 Cup winners MTZ-RIPO Minsk qualified for UEFA Cup. Due to Premiere League expansion to 16 teams starting with next season, only one team (Minsk, who finished in the last place) relegated to the First League.
Teams and venues
League table
Results
Belarusian clubs in European Cups
Top scorers
See also
2007 Belarusian First League
2006–07 Belarusian Cup
2007–08 Belarusian Cup
References
RSSSF
Belarusian Premier League seasons
1
Belarus
Belarus |
17335283 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NNC%2063-0532 | NNC 63-0532 | NNC 63-0532 is a nociceptoid drug used in scientific research. It acts as a potent and selective agonist for the nociceptin receptor, also known as the ORL-1 (opiate receptor-like 1) receptor.
The function of this receptor is still poorly understood, but it is thought to have roles in many disorders such as pain, drug addiction, development of tolerance to opioid drugs, and psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression. Research into the function of this receptor is an important focus of current pharmaceutical development, and selective agents such as NNC 63-0532 are essential for this work.
References
Opioids
Naphthalenes
Piperidines
Methyl esters
Spiro compounds
Imidazolidinones
Nociceptin receptor agonists |
20467842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacharukhi | Pacharukhi | Rambhu Yadav Rautahat Nepal
Village Development Committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3132 people living in 717 individual households.
Pachrukhi has a Large Pond where a Shiva Mandir is located. There are more than 2-6 Durga Temples .
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
17335289 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20of%20Remembrance%20and%20Reconciliation%20for%20Those%20Who%20Lost%20Their%20Lives%20during%20the%20Second%20World%20War | Time of Remembrance and Reconciliation for Those Who Lost Their Lives during the Second World War | The Time of Remembrance and Reconciliation for Those Who Lost Their Lives during the Second World War (May 8 and May 9) is an annual international day of remembrance designated by Resolution 59/26 of the United Nations General Assembly on November 22, 2004. The resolution urges 'Member States, organizations of the United Nations system, non-governmental organizations and individuals' to pay tribute to the victims of World War II.
It begins on May 8, the anniversary of the date when the World War II Allies accepted the unconditional surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany and the end of Adolf Hitler's Third Reich.
In Ukraine (since 2015), May 8 is designated as a day of remembrance and reconciliation, but it is not a public holiday.
See also
Victory in Europe Day
Victory over Japan Day
Remembrance of the Dead
References
Aftermath of World War II
Observances honoring victims of war
Second World War
May observances |
20467847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raschera | Raschera | Raschera is an Italian pressed fat or medium fat, semi-hard cheese made with raw or pasteurized cow milk, to which a small amount of sheep's and/or goat's milk may be added. It has an ivory white color inside with irregularly spaced small eyes, and a semi-hard rind which is red gray sometimes with yellow highlights. It has a savory and salty taste, similar to Muenster cheese, and can be moderately sharp if the cheese has been aged.
The cheese was given an Italian protected designation of origin (DOP) in July 1996, and may also carry the name "di alpeggio" (from mountain pasture) if the cheese was made in the mountainous areas of its designated Province of Cuneo.
References
External links
Raschera at Italian Made
Piedmontese cheeses
Italian cheeses
Cow's-milk cheeses
Italian products with protected designation of origin
Cheeses with designation of origin protected in the European Union |
17335291 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle%20Pennington | Kyle Pennington | Kyle David Pennington (Born in March, 1979) is an American television writer. He is credited with writing episodes of the American television series, Lost. He was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for Best Dramatic Series at the February 2009 ceremony for his work on the fourth season of Lost. The writing staff was nominated for the award again at the February 2010 ceremony for their work on the fifth season.
Lost episodes
"Cabin Fever" (Season 4, Episode 11) with Elizabeth Sarnoff
"LaFleur" (Season 5, Episode 8) with Elizabeth Sarnoff
Biography
Kyle grew up in the East Bay region of Northern California near San Francisco in the city of Walnut Creek, CA. He attended Monte Vista High School (Danville, California) from 1993 to 1996 and attended San Pasqual High School (Escondido, California) from 1996 to 1997 before studying film at the University of California, San Diego from 1997 to 2001.
Other works
Writer, Director, Producer and Cinematographer for a 48 Hour Film Festival short, entitled Contract (2005)
References
American television writers
American male television writers
Living people
1979 births |
20467851 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20G%C3%B3mez%20%28footballer%2C%20born%20August%201981%29 | Mario Gómez (footballer, born August 1981) | Mario Arnaldo Gómez Castellanos (born August 12, 1981 in Tela, Honduras) is a Honduran footballer.
Club career
Gómez played for New Jersey Stallions, Vida and Victoria, before joining F.C. Motagua in summer 2009.
He most recently played for F.C. Motagua in the Honduran football league. He won a sub-championship with The Eagles but could not stay more than a year due to inconsistency and lack of appearances.
International career
Gómez made his debut for Honduras in a March 2005 friendly match against the United States, coming on as a second-half substitute for Carlos Morán. His second and final international match was a February 2006 friendly against China.
References
External links
1981 births
Living people
People from Tela
Association football midfielders
Honduran footballers
Honduras international footballers
New Jersey Stallions players
C.D.S. Vida players
C.D. Victoria players
F.C. Motagua players
Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional de Honduras players
Honduran expatriate footballers
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
New York Red Bulls draft picks |
20467855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pataura%2C%20Nepal | Pataura, Nepal | Pataura is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4521 people living in 794 individual households.
See also
Pataura, a village in Jaunpur, India
Ajay Verma lives here. He is very known popular here.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
20467864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathara%20Budharampur | Pathara Budharampur | Pathara Budharampur is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4146 people living in 736 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
20467873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paurai | Paurai | Paurai is a town and market center in Chandrapur Municipality in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. The formerly village development committee was merged to form the municipality on 18 May 2014. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 9613 people living in 1821 individual households.
PAURAI is one of the 105 Villages Development Committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone. There is one higher secondary school operated by government of Nepal. which is known as shree bagmati higher secondary school.
Nunthar is a famous place for picnic spot and there is a temple of lord shiva too.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
23574835 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seli%C8%99te%2C%20Orhei | Seliște, Orhei | Seliște is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of three villages: Lucășeuca, Mana, and Seliște.
Notable people
Paul Goma (1935–2020), Romanian writer and dissident.
References
Communes of Orhei District |
23574842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Adams%20%28diplomat%29 | James Adams (diplomat) | Sir William James Adams, KCMG (30 April 1932 – 24 April 2020) was a British diplomat.
Born in Wolverhampton, England, he was educated at Wolverhampton Grammar School and Shrewsbury School. He served as the United Kingdom's ambassador to Tunisia (1984–1987) and Egypt (1987–1992).
References
General
Footnotes
1932 births
2020 deaths
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Tunisia
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Egypt
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
People educated at Shrewsbury School
People educated at Wolverhampton Grammar School
People from Wolverhampton |
20467888 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipariya%2C%20Rautahat | Pipariya, Rautahat | Pipariya, Narayani is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3786.It is also known as Hariharpur. A great leader of Nepal Harihar Prasad Yadav was born here.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
23574853 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergus%20%26%20Geronimo | Fergus & Geronimo | Fergus & Geronimo are an experimental rock band from Denton, Texas. The duo has a multi-genre approach to songwriting, with influences including soul, pop, proto-punk, garage rock and psychedelic pop.
The band started in late 2008 when Jason Kelly and Andrew Savage were working on the Teenage Cool Kids album Foreign Lands, which Kelly was recording/mixing. The initial idea was to draw from such influences as Mothers of Invention and The Four Tops. Praise for recordings leaked on the internet helped garner attention early in the band's career. In July 2009 Woodsist released the first single, "Harder Than It's Ever Been". On recording, Savage and Kelly are the main performers, but are joined live by a rotating personnel of musicians.
Discography
Albums
Unlearn (2011) Hardly Art
Funky Was the State Of Affairs (2012) Hardly Art
Singles
"Never Satisfied", 2010, Hardly Art
"Harder Than It's Ever Been", 2009, Woodsist
"Blind Muslim Girl, 2009", Tic Tac Totally
"Tell It (In My Ear)", 2009, Transparent
References
External links
Fergus & Geronimo on Myspace
Fergus & Geronimo on Last.fm
Interview
Fergus & Geronimo on Five Tunes
Indie rock musical groups from Texas
Musical groups from Denton, Texas
Noise pop musical groups
Hardly Art artists |
23574854 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby%20Sager | Bobby Sager | Robert Sager is an American philanthropist and photographer, best known for founding the Sager Family Traveling Foundation and Roadshow, a charitable organization. Sager also was a partner and the president of Gordon Brothers Group from 1985 to 2000.
Early life
Sager was raised in Malden, Massachusetts, a suburb of Boston. His father owned a small jewelry business, while his mother was a homemaker who sometimes worked as a small-time activist for local African-American couples having issues renting apartments. Mrs. Sager would rent the apartments on behalf of the couples and later take the landlords to court.
Despite aspiring to become an actor, Sager pursued business, graduating from Brandeis University in 1976 with a degree in economics, then going on to obtain a Masters of Management from Yale University.
In 1985, Sager joined Gordon Brothers Group as a partner and served as their president. Between 1985 and his departure from Gordon Brothers in 2000, Sager helped the company grow from a $10 million a year business to a multi-billion dollar business with 20 offices in North America, Europe, and Asia. Sager still serves on the board of advisors for Gordon Brothers.
Sager is also a member of the Young Presidents' Organization. In 2013, Sager was awarded the YPO Hickok Award, its highest honor for a member. In 2002, he was awarded the YPO Global Humanitarian Award.
Philanthropy
In 1999, Sager met the musician and activist Sting at a bar in Brazil. Sager was looking for a tour of the interior of the rainforest and asked Sting for contacts. The two kept in touch after that point. In the words of Sting, Sager's frequent travelmate, he is "a big brash guy from Boston...an old Nepal hand, flamboyant eccentric, inexhaustible world traveler, and practical philanthropist."
In 2000, Sager resigned his position at Gordon Brothers and founded the Sager Family Traveling Foundation and Roadshow, a charitable organization. He, along with his wife Elaine, daughter Tess, and son Shane, packed up their things and ventured out into some of the most dangerous places on the planet to make a difference. Through the foundation, Sager and his family live in villages and cities in developing countries using hands-on perspective and eyeball-to-eyeball connection to conceive, develop and operate economic opportunity training and leadership programs. These programs include teacher training, leadership training, micro-enterprise, and peace and reconciliation efforts. On any given day you might find Sager living in a tent in Karachi, sharing a toilet with 40 monks in the Himalayas, working alongside President Kagame in Rwanda, or discussing science education with the Dalai Lama in India. He would later tell The Chronicle of Philanthropy, "It wasn't like I had this moment of awareness or I said, I've been fortunate and now I want to give back. It was about me in my quest for fullness in my life, looking at my situation and saying, more money isn't going to give me more return on investment because I already have all that I want that money can buy."
Sager convenes groups of international entrepreneurs from different parts of the world through the Young Presidents’ Organization (YPO) so that they can use their networks to collaborate and gain insights that help them connect the dots. He is a founding chairman of the Young Presidents’ Organization (YPO) Peace Action Network, which convenes business leaders from different sides of conflicts. Together they strategize and implement innovative approaches to cross-border understanding and shared opportunity. Sager is also the founder of YPO's Presidents’ Action Net (PAN), a philanthropic search engine that connects presidents from over 100 countries in order to leverage their efforts around the world. PAN draws from a community of approximately 20,000 presidents whose businesses have aggregate sales that are the equivalent of the world's third largest GNP. Sager is a moderator of both the Indo-Pak Action Forum and the U.S. Arab Action Forum.
In addition to his philanthropic and business endeavors Sager was an Executive Producer for “A Guide to Recognizing Your Saints,” (2006) winner of the Sundance Film Festival Special Jury Prize, inspiration for the NBC primetime show “The Philanthropist” (2009), and author of “The Power of the Invisible Sun,” released by Chronicle Books (2009), which was featured on NBC's the TODAY show and ABC World News’ “Person of the Week.” Throughout his travels Sager has been an active photographer and has had his work featured in Rolling Stone, Men's Journal, and philanthropic publications. From 2007–2008, 49 of Sager's photos were featured on the reunion tour of The Police during the song, “Invisible Sun.” The photos were displayed at over 100 concerts in 40 countries to a collective audience of over 4 million people. The Power of the Invisible Sun is a collection of his photographs of children in the most desperate and worn-town places in the world and a call to action and activism. It was produced by Sager and Sting and published in August 2009. Chronicle wrote about Sager's book: “In war-torn countries around the world, philanthropist and photographer Bobby Sager has discovered the transcendent power of hope through the eyes of children. Despite unthinkable violence and destruction, his portraits reveal joy, innocence, and strength.” Sager has also been an active public speaker, speaking at such venues as the United Nations General Assembly Hall, Sydney Opera House, Grand Mosque in Oman, and Aiwan-e-Sadr, residence of the President of Pakistan. He was also the executive producer of “Saints” (2006), winner at the Sundance and Venice Film Festivals.
The Philanthropist Television Show
The Minot's Ledge Light
In 2009 the federal government put up the Minot's Ledge Light as surplus, and it was purchased and is currently maintained by Sager.
References
Brandeis University alumni
American philanthropists
People from Malden, Massachusetts
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Yale School of Management alumni
20th-century American photographers
21st-century American photographers |
17335315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976%20Major%20League%20Baseball%20All-Star%20Game | 1976 Major League Baseball All-Star Game | The 1976 Major League Baseball All-Star Game was the 47th midseason exhibition between the all-stars of the American League (AL) and the National League (NL), the two leagues comprising Major League Baseball. The game was played on July 13, 1976, at Veterans Stadium in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, home of the Philadelphia Phillies of the National League. The game resulted in a 7–1 victory for the NL.
This was the third time that the All-Star Game had been played in Philadelphia, though the first to be played in Veteran's Stadium. Both the 1943 and 1952 games were played in Philadelphia's Shibe Park with the then Philadelphia Athletics hosting in 1943 and the Phillies hosting in 1952. The All-Star Game would return to Veterans Stadium in 1996.
The honorary captains were Robin Roberts (for the NL) and Bob Lemon (for the AL).
Starting with this All-Star Game, both "O Canada" and "The Star-Spangled Banner" would be sung as part of the annual pregame ceremonies.
American League roster
The American League roster included 7 future Hall of Fame players, denoted in italics.
Elected starters
Pitchers
Reserve position players
Coaching staff
National League roster
The National League roster included 5 future Hall of Fame players, denoted in italics.
Elected starters
Pitchers
Reserve position players
Coaching staff
Starting lineups
While the starters were elected by the fans, the batting orders and starting pitchers were selected by the managers.
Umpires
Scoring summary
Following the pattern of many of the previous All-Star Games, the NL scored first and early, putting up two runs in the bottom of the first inning. Pete Rose led off with a single, and scored when the next batter, Steve Garvey, tripled. After Joe Morgan flew out, George Foster grounded out, allowing Garvey to score from third base.
The National League added two more runs in the bottom of the third inning, with Catfish Hunter pitching in relief. With one out, Joe Morgan singled. George Foster then hit a home run, scoring Morgan to bring the NL lead to 4–0.
The lone AL run came in the top of the third inning, with Tom Seaver pitching for the NL in relief of Randy Jones. With two outs, Fred Lynn hit a home run to reduce the NL lead to 4–1.
The game's scoring was closed out in the bottom of the eighth, as the NL scored three runs off of AL relief pitcher Frank Tanana. Dave Cash led off with a single, and went to second base when Tony Pérez walked. Bill Russell grounded into a 5–4–3 double play, with Pérez out at second base, Russell out at first base, but Cash advancing to third base. Ken Griffey singled, scoring Cash. César Cedeño then hit a home run, scoring Griffey, and giving the NL a 7–1 lead that would hold up as the final score.
Line score
Game notes and records
Randy Jones was credited with the win. Mark Fidrych was credited with the loss.
Mark Fidrych was only the second rookie to ever start as a pitcher in an All-Star Game (Dave Stenhouse had started the second All-Star Game of 1962).
The five Cincinnati Reds selected by the fans to start the game, and the two reserves selected by manager Sparky Anderson combined for seven hits, four runs scored, and four runs batted in.
As part of the United States Bicentennial observances, the city of Philadelphia – site of the Continental Congress and the signing of the Declaration of Independence – was selected to host the 1976 NBA All-Star Game, the 1976 National Hockey League All-Star Game, and the 1976 NCAA Final Four in addition to the 1976 Major League Baseball All-Star Game.
References
External links
1976 All-Star Game summary @baseball-reference.com
1976 All-Star Game summary @baseball almanac.com
1976 All-Star Game box score @baseball almanac.com
1976 All-Star Game play by play @baseball almanac.com
All-Star Game
1976
1976
1976 Major
Philadel Pennsylvania
1976
July 1976 sports events in the United States |
23574857 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyottoko | Hyottoko | is a comical Japanese character, portrayed through the use of a mask. His mouth is puckered and skewed to one side. Some masks have different eye sizes between the left and right eyes. He is often wearing a scarf around his head (usually white with blue dots). There is a similar character for women called or .
The origin of the name comes from and , because the character is blowing fire with a bamboo pipe, hence the shape of the mouth. Local dialects transformed it into Hyottoko (ひょっとこ), palatalizing hio to hyo and making the /t/ geminate.
History
Hyottoko seems to have been a legendary character in Japan in the past, and is now a stock character.
In Iwate Prefecture, there is a myth about the origin of Hyottoko. In the story, there was a boy with a bizarre face who could create gold out of his belly button, so when someone died in a house, you would put the mask of this boy at the top of the fireplace to bring good fortune to the house. The name of the boy was Hyoutokusu (ヒョウトクス). This is considered one of the possible names that lend plausibility to the origin of Hyottoko.
In some parts of north eastern Japan, Hyottoko is regarded as the god of fire. There is a well known folk story in the form of music, izumoyasugibushi (出雲安来節) where a fisherman dances with a bamboo basket, having the same visual expression as the mask of Hyottoko. During this dance, a person puts five yen coins on their nose. This is similar to myth of Iwate prefecture. Izumo is the old name of Iwate prefecture and Izumo was famous for its iron industry. The dance was part of a dedication for fire and steel.
Hyottoko also appears in traditional dance dengaku (田楽). He plays the role of a clown. Dancers wearing Hyottoko masks also appear in some Japanese local festivals. One of the most famous Hyottoko dances takes place in Miyazaki Prefecture - Hyuga Hyottoko Natsumatsuri (日向ひょっとこ夏祭り). The Hyotokko dance is believed to originate in the Edo period.
Otafuku
, also known as and , is a female character associated to Hyottoko, usually portrayed as a woman ugly and rotund but good-natured and humorous. Its origin might lie in a famous Uzume miko from the Muromachi period who was nicknamed Kamejo ("Turtle Woman") for resembling a traditional turtle mask or okame. She would have received also the nickname of otakufu ("much good fortune") for her goodness and virtue. In posterior centuries, she appears in theatre and literature as Hyottoko's wife.
Over time, the character got associated to ribald humor, and by the time of Zen master Hakuin Ekaku she was identified as a prostitute, ugly but captivating at the same time. This portrayal came probably from the popular stereotype of the meshimori onna, also known as okame, and was used in Zen poetry to reflect the doctrine of nondualism.
References
External links
Netsuke: masterpieces from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains many representations of hyottoko.
Japanese legendary creatures
Japanese folk art
Masks in Asia |
17335316 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenvale%20Farm | Greenvale Farm | Greenvale Farm is an historic farm and 19th-century summer estate at 582 Wapping Road in Portsmouth, Rhode Island. Historically used for farmland, a portion of this was transformed into an expansive country estate in the 1860s by John Barstow, a Boston merchant. It is located at the end of a narrow dirt lane, and is set overlooking the Sakonnet River. The main house, designed by John Hubbard Sturgis and built in 1864–65, is an exuberant implementation of the Stick style with Gothic features. It has asymmetric form, with a variety of projections, dormers, gables, and cross-gables, with a variety of exterior finishes. The estate continues to be owned by Barstow descendants.
The estate was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Newport County, Rhode Island
References
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Houses in Newport County, Rhode Island
Buildings and structures in Portsmouth, Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Newport County, Rhode Island |
23574862 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Knatchbull | John Knatchbull | John Knatchbull is the name of:
Sir John Knatchbull, 2nd Baronet (c. 1630–1696), English MP for Kent and New Romney
John Knatchbull (Royal Navy captain) (died 1844), British naval captain and convict found guilty of murder
John Knatchbull, 7th Baron Brabourne (1924–2005), British peer, television producer and Academy Award nominated film producer |
20467890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla%20Generations | Godzilla Generations | is an action game developed by General Entertainment and published by Sega for the Dreamcast in 1998. It was exclusively released in Japan as one of the system's four launch titles. The game is based on the Godzilla franchise and involves the player controlling various giant monsters in an attempt to destroy real-life Japanese cities.
A sequel, Godzilla Generations: Maximum Impact, was released in Japan in 1999.
Gameplay
Godzilla Generations is an action game where the player must control one of five monsters from the Godzilla universe. Initially, only Godzilla and Mechagodzilla can be selected, while the other characters are unlocked by progressing through the game. The game world is composed of five cities, each comprising two stages, except the final city which has three. The object of the game is to proceed to the next stage by destroying everything on the stage within a set time limit, such as buildings and trees. Each character has projectile attacks, the ability to block incoming attacks and the ability to heal themselves.
Development and release
Godzilla Generations was developed by General Entertainment and published by Sega as a launch title for the Dreamcast. It was originally known as simply Godzilla, before its name was changed in July 1998. The game was exclusively released in Japan on November 27, 1998.
Reception
Godzilla Generations received lukewarm reviews from Japanese gaming magazine Famitsu and a very negative response from Western journalists, despite fans showing interest in the game at the 1998 Tokyo Game Show. Computer and Video Games reviewer Kim Randell described the game as dull and cited issues such as poor controls, a constantly shifting camera and the player character blocking the player's view. Peter Bartholow of GameSpot derided the game as "terrible" and one of the worst games of 1998. Bartholow found it impossible to block incoming attacks due to the creatures' slow gait. He stated that because of this the developers added a healing ability to each creature, allowing players to continue through the game without fear of their character dying, "There's no strategy, no technique. Just the extreme tedium of tromping through cities." Edge criticized the graphics quality, clumsy controls, and confusing camera system, which was said to make in-game objects difficult for players to locate.
Despite showing interest in a preview, describing the game as looking like "a riot", Jaz Rignall of IGN and his colleagues were less enthusiastic when their first Dreamcast console arrived three months later with three Japanese launch games. He found "while it brought many smiles and jeers, it didn't impress", the gathered journalists quickly lost interest and moved onto another game. In a November 2002 review of Godzilla: Destroy All Monsters Melee, GameSpy's David Hodgson described himself as "still wincing from Godzilla: Generations". He went on to say the game "seemed to adhere to the loony premise that bizarre camera angles, a monster trudging in extreme slow motion, and the knuckle-gnawingly slow chipping away of scenery was the new in monstrous fighting action. It wasn't. It was crap".
Japan-GameCharts reported that the game sold approximately 22,870 copies.
Sequel
Godzilla Generations: Maximum Impact was developed by General Entertainment and published by Sega for the Dreamcast on December 23, 1999 exclusively in Japan. The game is split into levels in which Godzilla is stomping forward through a city while he has to shoot enemies. The player can also make Godzilla duck attacks, by holding or tapping the analog pad. In other levels, Godzilla can walk freely and has to fight in one-on-one against Biollante, King Ghidorah, Mothra, the new robot bosses SMG-IInd and MGR-IInd, SpaceGodzilla, the Super X-III which is the game's smallest boss and the last boss, Destoroyah. Godzilla is the only playable character in the game. He can shoot heat rays at his enemies. IGN gave the game 2.5 out of 10 in their review.
Notes
References
External links
Godzilla Generations at GameFAQs
1998 video games
Dreamcast games
Dreamcast-only games
Godzilla games
Sega video games
Japan-exclusive video games
Action video games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in Japan |
23574863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jora%20de%20Mijloc | Jora de Mijloc | Jora de Mijloc is a commune in Orhei District, Moldova. It is composed of four villages: Jora de Jos, Jora de Mijloc, Jora de Sus and Lopatna.
References
Communes of Orhei District |
17335323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross%20Fiscus | Ross Fiscus | William Ross Fiscus (April 2, 1870 – November 6, 1950) was an early professional American football player and coach. He was one of the first pro players on record.
Playing career
Fiscus played for the Allegheny Athletic Association professional football team as a lineman in 1891 and 1892, but by 1893 he had successfully earned the role as halfback. Fiscus continued to play several more years for Allegheny, even dropping out of college to do so. This would have put him alongside the first recorded professional football player Pudge Heffelfinger, who also played for Allegheny. In 1896, he played alongside his brother, Lawson, for the Greensburg Athletic Association.
Coaching career
Fiscus was the second head football coach at Geneva College in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, and he held that position for three seasons, from 1897 until 1899. His coaching record at Geneva was 6–9–2.
Later life
Fiscus died November 6, 1950, at his home in the Mount Washington neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Head coaching record
References
External links
1870 births
1950 deaths
19th-century players of American football
American football guards
American football halfbacks
American football tackles
Allegheny Athletic Association players
Geneva Golden Tornadoes football coaches
Greensburg Athletic Association players
Indiana University of Pennsylvania alumni
Washington & Jefferson Presidents football players
People from Indiana County, Pennsylvania
Coaches of American football from Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Pennsylvania |
17335325 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blister%20%28Portuguese%20band%29 | Blister (Portuguese band) | Blister is a Rock band from Portugal. They were in first position for two weeks on a national Portuguese radio station, RDP Antena 3.
EP's
2002 Not For Sale
LP's
2004 Without truth you are the loser
2007 Bigger than Us
Portuguese musical groups |
23574865 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajja%20Khurd | Jajja Khurd | Jajja Khurd is a village (Pind) 2 km from the market town of Apra and within close proximity of Phagwara, Phillaur, Goraya and Banga. Kalan is Persian language word which means Big and Khurd is Persian word which means small when two villages have same name then it is distinguished with Kalan means Big and Khurd means Small used with Village Name.
It is within the Doaba region of Punjab in India in the Jalandhar district, close to the boundary of Nawanshahr district. There is a majority of Garcha/Sandhu Jats residing in the village.
A large Gurudwara (Sikh Temple) is present as you enter Jajja from Apra.
The closest train station is situated 8 km away in the town of Goraya.
People of Jajja Khurd
The people of Jajja Khurd are considered by many as traditional Punjabis, they are known to be very conservative in their values and although a large percentage of the population has emigrated to Europe and North America; they tend not adopt western culture fully i.e. continue the tradition of arranged marriage, females tend not consume alcohol as per traditional Punjabi values.
References
Villages in Jalandhar district
Villages in Phillaur tehsil |
23574875 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izvoare | Izvoare | Izvoare may refer to the following places:
Moldova
Izvoare, Fălești, a commune
Izvoare, Florești, a commune
, a village in Pohrebeni Commune
Izvoare, Sîngerei, a commune
Romania
Izvoare, a village in Bahna commune, Neamț County
Izvoare, Dolj, a commune
Izvoare, a village in Dumbrava Roșie commune, Neamț County
Izvoare, a village in Suharău commune, Botoșani County
Izvoare, a village in Zetea commune, Harghita County
Izvoare, a tributary of the Neamț in Neamț County
Izvoare, another name for the river Pârâul Băutor, Harghita County |
23574882 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul%20Express%20Bus%20Terminal | Seoul Express Bus Terminal | The Seoul Express Bus Terminal is the key bus terminal located in Seocho-gu, Seoul.
It is connected underground to both the gangnam branch of the Shinsaegae department store and the banpo underground market, as well as containing its own share of stores.
as of September 2021, the third floor is abandoned spare a single sewing shop.
Routes
Express Bus
Transportation
Subway
Express Bus Terminal Station (, and )
City Bus
Local Bus: Seocho 01, Seocho 10, Seocho 13, Seocho 14, Seocho 21
Branch Bus: 3012, 3414, 4212, 4318, 5413, 6411, 8541
Trunk Bus: 142, 143, 148, 351, 360, 362, 401, 406, 462, 540, 640, 642, 643, 740
Rapid Bus: 9408
Airport Bus: 6000, 6020
Incheon Rapid Bus: 9500, 9501, 9502, 9510, 9800, 9802
See also
Central City
External links
https://moovitapp.com/index/en/public_transit-line-148-%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%EC%8B%9CSeoul-1802-853691-247332-0
Bus stations in South Korea
Transport in Seoul |
20467896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rialto%20Theatre%20%28Montreal%29 | Rialto Theatre (Montreal) | The Rialto Theatre () is a former movie palace located on Park Avenue in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is designated as a National Historic Site of Canada.
Built in 1923-1924 and designed by Montreal architect Joseph-Raoul Gariépy, who specialized in theatre and hospital projects, the Rialto was inspired by the Napoleon III style Paris Opera House. The interior was designed by Emmanuel Briffa, designer of over sixty Canadian movie houses, in the Louis XVI style. The Rialto operated as a cinema until the 1990s.
The Rialto Theatre has undergone many changes since 2000. All of the theatre seats were removed and attempts were even made to convert it into a steakhouse. After nearly thirty years of ownership, owner Elias Kalogeras was finally able to sell it in March 2010 to Le Groupe Merveilles Inc. and its owners Ezio Carosielli and Luisa Sassano. Since then, they have acted on their intention to protect the theatre and restore its unique architecture.
References
External links
Photos of Rialto Theatre at Images Montreal
Beaux-Arts architecture in Canada
Former cinemas in Montreal
Heritage buildings of Quebec
Landmarks in Montreal
Le Plateau-Mont-Royal
Movie palaces
National Historic Sites in Quebec
Theatres completed in 1924
Theatres in Montreal
Theatres on the National Historic Sites of Canada register
1924 establishments in Quebec |
20467897 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipra%20Bhagwanpur | Pipra Bhagwanpur | Pipra Bhagwanpur is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Province No. 2 of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3698 people living in 715 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
17335331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geno%20DeMarco | Geno DeMarco | Geno DeMarco is an American football coach and former player. He is the current head football coach at Geneva College in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, a position he has held since 1993.
Head coaching record
References
External links
Geneva profile
Geneva College faculty profile
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American football linebackers
Geneva Golden Tornadoes football coaches
Geneva Golden Tornadoes football players
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football coaches
West Virginia Mountaineers football coaches
West Virginia University alumni |
23574888 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride%20Through%20the%20Country | Ride Through the Country | Ride Through the Country is the debut album released by country rap artist Colt Ford. It was released on December 2, 2008 on the independent Average Joe's label. It features guest appearances by John Michael Montgomery on the title track (which was released as the album lead-off single) as well as an appearance from Jamey Johnson on "Cold Beer".
"Dirt Road Anthem" was later covered by co-writer Brantley Gilbert on his album Halfway to Heaven, and once again by Jason Aldean for his album My Kinda Party, both from 2010.
As of August 6, 2014, the album has sold over 1,000,000 copies in the United States without the benefit of a major radio single.
Critical reception
Matt Bjorke of Roughstock compared the album to a Cowboy Troy album. Bjorke stated "Cowboy Troy's fun music often felt like a novelty, Colt Ford's Ride Through The Country is an underground, indie rap album that recalls southern rapper Bubba Sparxxx."
Track listing
Revisited album
The album was re-released on five years later as Ride Through the Country (Revisited) in September 30, 2013, with new versions as well the original versions of the hit songs.
Personnel
Kelly Back- electric guitar
Bone Crusher- vocals on "Gangsta of Love"
Gary Burnette- electric guitar
Carmelita Diane Davis- background vocals
Tiffany Davis- background vocals
David Warner Ellis- dobro, fiddle
Colt Ford- lead vocals
Brantley Gilbert- acoustic guitar and vocals on "Dirt Road Anthem"
Kevin "Swine" Grantt- bass guitar
Lindsey Hager- vocals on "Never Thought"
Rob Hajacos- fiddle
Jamey Johnson- vocals on "Cold Beer" and "Saddle Up"
Wayne Killius- drums
Sunny Ledford- vocals on "Waffle House"
Catherine Styron Marx- keyboards, piano
John Michael Montgomery- electric guitar and vocals on "Ride Through the Country"
Anthony Randolph- piano
Scotty Sanders- steel guitar
Paul Scholton- drums
Cory Sellers- background vocals
Michael Spriggs- acoustic guitar
Jason Sylvain- background vocals
Adrian Young- drums
Chart performance
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Singles
References
2009 debut albums
Colt Ford albums
Average Joes Entertainment albums |
17335337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issoire%20Sil%C3%A8ne | Issoire Silène | The Issoire Silène was a sailplane produced in France in the 1970s and early 1980s, intended primarily as a trainer. It was a conventional design of fibreglass construction in versions with fixed or retractable monowheel undercarriage. The aircraft featured side-by-side seating for two, with the seats slightly staggered in order to minimise fuselage width. French certification was obtained on 3 February 1978, and production began shortly thereafter at the rate of two aircraft per month.
The original CE 75 design was refined as the E 78, which featured a redesigned and roomier cockpit, and was again available in fixed and retractable undercarriage versions. A further development, the I 79, was in development in 1979, and featured tanks for water ballast as well as hydraulically operated flaps, undercarriage, and airbrakes.
Specifications (CE 75 Silène)
References
Further reading
1970s French sailplanes
Glider aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1974 |
17335344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20R.%20Cummins%20Farmhouse | John R. Cummins Farmhouse | The John R. Cummins House is a historic house in Eden Prairie, Minnesota, United States, a suburb southwest of Minneapolis. The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Cummins and his wife, Martha "Mattie" Cummins, established a farmstead on the property in 1856. They built the house in 1879-1880 and lived there until 1908. Cummins was a horticulturist who helped to establish the Minnesota Horticultural Society. During his horticultural experiments, Cummins corresponded with other horticulturalists in the area, including Peter Gideon, Jonathan Taylor Grimes, Henry Lyman, William Macintosh, E.R. Pond, and others. Cummins primarily grew wheat as a farm crop.
In 1908, Edwin and Harriet Sprague Phipps bought the farm and lived there until 1934. The Phipps family raised grain, vegetables, and flowers, and Edwin earned the title "Asparagus King of Hennepin County" for the vegetables he sold at a stand on nearby U.S. Route 212 (Flying Cloud Drive). Harriet Phipps planted a large bed of peonies in about 1920. The peony bed exists to this day. Her daughter, Mildred Grill, remarked, "The peony bed has been there for over 60 years. Mother put in 500 plants. There wasn't another bed like it in the county. She sold flowers in season." Their son-in-law and daughter, Martin and Mildred Grill, owned the house from 1934 through 1976. Martin, nicknamed "Pappy", built an airplane landing strip on the property in 1937. In 1941, the United States Navy arranged to use the landing strip for student pilots from Wold-Chamberlain Airport (now Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport) to make practice approaches. After World War II was over, Grill sold the landing strip and some additional land to American Aviation, Inc. The field is now known as Flying Cloud Airport.
The Grill family sold the house and surrounding farmland to the city of Eden Prairie in 1976 for parkland. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The house itself has elements of the Greek Revival style, in the wide trim on the gable end, and elements of the Italianate style with the use of brick and the segmental arches over the windows. It has a gable front with a wing on the west side, along with an L-shaped front porch. The main floor contains a parlor, a bedroom, a bathroom, the living room, and the kitchen. The second floor contains four bedrooms. In addition to the main house, there are four wooden outbuildings and a milk house on the property.
In 2010 the farmstead was transferred to the Eden Prairie Historical Society and is available as a rental event facility.
References
External links
Cummins–Phipps–Grill House
Eden Prairie, Minnesota
Greek Revival houses in Minnesota
Houses completed in 1880
Houses in Hennepin County, Minnesota
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Italianate architecture in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Hennepin County, Minnesota
1880 establishments in Minnesota |
17335357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herinnering%20aan%20Holland | Herinnering aan Holland | Herinnering aan Holland () is a poem written by Dutch poet Hendrik Marsman (1899–1940), first published in 1936. The poem describes the Dutch landscape and the Dutch struggle against the water. It is one of the best-known poems in the Dutch language.
References
External links
Herinnering aan Holland
Translation
Dutch poems
1936 poems |
17335369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardiner%20Pond%20Shell%20Midden | Gardiner Pond Shell Midden | The Gardiner Pond Shell Midden (also known as RI-101W) is a prehistoric archaeological site in Middletown, Rhode Island, named after George Gardiner who was an early settler in the area. The site includes a large shell midden, in which archaeological finds have been made dating the area's human habitation to the Middle and Late Woodland Period. Finds at the site include agricultural tools such as hoes, planting tools, and stone mortars and pestles. The midden is on the grounds of the Norman Bird Sanctuary.
The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Newport County, Rhode Island
References
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Shell middens in the United States
Middletown, Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Newport County, Rhode Island |
20467905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay%20Power%2C%20Gay%20Politics | Gay Power, Gay Politics | "Gay Power, Gay Politics" is a 1980 episode of the American documentary television series CBS Reports. It was anchored by Harry Reasoner with reportage by George Crile. Crile also produced the episode with co-producer Grace Diekhaus. He conceived the show after becoming aware of the 1979 National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights and took as his focus the 1979 San Francisco mayoral election. After intermittent shooting over several months in 1979 with the cooperation of prominent members of the city's LGBT community, CBS aired "Gay Power, Gay Politics" on April 26, 1980.
Although described by CBS as a report on the growing influence of the LGBT community in San Francisco politics, "Gay Power, Gay Politics" focused largely on the supposed sexual practices of the gay male community, especially sadomasochism. The documentary sparked outrage in the city and CBS was roundly criticized for its journalistic tactics. The National News Council, a media watchdog organization, found that CBS had violated journalistic standards through misrepresentation purposely to reinforce stereotypes and through deceptive editing.
"Gay Power, Gay Politics" was used as a tool of the religious right to block or repeal anti-discrimination ordinances. LGBT writers and theorists have continued to criticize the documentary.
Production
George Crile became interested in making "Gay Power, Gay Politics" after learning of the National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights scheduled for October 1979. Crile had earlier produced a piece on assassinated San Francisco Supervisor Harvey Milk that ran on the program CBS Magazine. For this new program, he intended to focus on the 1979 San Francisco mayoral election and the political strength of the gay voting bloc in the city, which the several candidates were courting. He brought Grace Diekhaus in to co-produce with him and secured approval from CBS.
Filming began in the summer of 1979 and continued periodically through November, with the production team shooting in several intervals for a few days each. A number of prominent gay activists, including Armistead Maupin, Cleve Jones and Sally Gearhart, assisted Crile and Diekhaus with the project, although Gearhart and fellow activist Del Martin began questioning their motives, coming to believe the network "was out to do a hatchet job". Crile interviewed Gearhart for the piece but by the date of her interview she was so mistrustful of the producers that she took measures to try to prevent herself from being misrepresented. "I would lift my voice at a certain point so what I said could not be cut. He seemed to want me to vilify Diane (sic) Feinstein in some way and set her in opposition to the gay community....During one of the breaks I told him that I didn't feel good about it...I felt I had been twisted and manipulated." Ultimately Gearhart's interview was cut entirely, for which she was "ecstatic". When Crile began his interview with then-Mayor Dianne Feinstein by asking "How does it feel to be the mayor of Sodom and Gomorrah?" Feinstein threw him and his crew out of her office.
Overview
Anchor Harry Reasoner opened the hour with the following narration, over shots of the 1979 March on Washington:
Crile's report, rather than exploring the thesis laid out by Reasoner, instead focused in large measure on sexual activity, including men cruising in Buena Vista Park and interviews with so-called sadomasochism consultants. He reported that one out of every ten deaths in San Francisco was attributable to gay men participating in BDSM and that one gay-oriented BDSM establishment's clientele engaged in sexual activity "so dangerous that they have a gynecological table there with a doctor and nurse on hand to sew people up." He compared San Francisco to the Weimar Republic, asking Cleve Jones, "Isn't it a sign of decadence when you have so many gays emerging, breaking apart all the values of a society?" Crile also included footage of Feinstein, in the midst of a run-off election to retain her mayorship, appearing before the Harvey Milk Democratic Club, an LGBT Democrat organization. The program as aired showed Feinstein apologizing for remarks she had made in an earlier Ladies' Home Journal interview, followed immediately by applause.
Following footage of Jones at a candlelight vigil for Harvey Milk and additional footage from the March on Washington, Reasoner closed with:
Criticism
Representation of the gay community and journalistic standards
Crile and CBS were sharply criticized for the reporting and editing practices used in the documentary. A gay journalist named Randy Alfred, who had covered many of the same campaign events that were included in the episode, spent some 300 hours researching what he believed to be factual errors and misrepresentations within the broadcast. By July 10 he had prepared a 20-page complaint outlining 44 alleged instances of misrepresentation which he filed with the National News Council, a media watchdog organization. "Gay Power, Gay Politics", Alfred said, relied on "a systematic use of hearsay, oversights, exaggerations, distortions, inflammatory buzzwords, leading questions, and misleading and deceitful editing" that had as its result "patterned distortion". Of particular note was the scene of Feinstein at the Harvey Milk Democratic Club. The editor had inserted applause immediately after Feinstein apologized for her earlier Ladies' Home Journal comments, which Crile had described as Feinstein's "groveling to atone". The applause had in fact come after her condemnation of anti-gay violence and a promise to appoint a gay or lesbian member of the police commission.
In response to complaints before the episode even aired, CBS had flown the producers to San Francisco, where in an interview with local CBS affiliate KPIX the pair acknowledged that the material for the show was selected for its likelihood to be shocking. Two months after Alfred's complaint to the NNC, CBS defended its people. Network vice-president Robert Chandler dismissed the bulk of Alfred's complaints as "trivial, irrelevant or clearly represent[ing] matters of opinion or judgment". Chandler went on to acknowledge that the applause was broadcast out of sequence but denied that it was intended to deceive. "Whatever the motivation, it is clear that our producers indicated the applause out of its actual time sequence and therefore misled our viewers. This, then, constitutes an acknowledgment of error and an apology for a breach of our own journalistic standards." Regarding the program as a whole, Chandler denied any bias.
The NNC met on September 18, 1980 to consider Alfred's allegations. After dismissing many of them as without merit, The NNC found by a vote of 9–2 that CBS had unfairly misrepresented a number of sexual issues, including in the BDSM scenes. "By concentrating on certain flamboyant examples of homosexual behavior the program tended to reinforce stereotypes... The program exaggerated political concessions to gays and made them appear as threats to public morals and decency." CBS was also found to have offered distorted coverage of the city's annual Beaux Arts Ball and to have manipulated the soundtrack by adding the applause. The network later apologized for this on the air, the first time that the LGBT community had received an apology from a major news organization.
Many in the city were angered by the broadcast. The San Francisco Board of Supervisors was outraged and sent a letter of protest to CBS. Feinstein wrote to the station manager of KPIX denouncing the episode. She compared the program to "doing a documentary on Italians and only showing the Mafia". She asked for three minutes of national airtime to respond but CBS denied her request. Armistead Maupin, who had worked closely with the production team, repudiated the program, saying "I had no idea they were doing a hit piece." Jeff Jarvis of The San Francisco Examiner wrote, "It's shocking that CBS News, home of Walter Cronkite, would partake of such bigotry." Writing for the San Francisco Chronicle, Terrence O'Flaherty labeled the documentary "a dreadful little program... deadly for everyone it touches". Nationally, a spokesperson for the National Gay Task Force condemned the documentary for its premise of gays wanting political power for purposes of having sex in public, for ignoring lesbians and for failing to address issues of anti-gay discrimination.
Representation of BDSM
"Gay Power, Gay Politics" has also been criticized for its negative portrayal of the BDSM sub-culture. CBS used BDSM to discredit the LGBT community by implying that an increase in gay political power would correspond with an increase in BDSM and BDSM-related deaths. The program also miscategorized BDSM as an exclusively gay male activity, despite the fact that most of the BDSM material filmed for the documentary was shot at a location called The Chateau, which had a heterosexual customer base. Reporter Crile interviewed San Francisco coroner Dr. Boyd Stephens, who stated that 10% of homicides in the city were gay-related and that some of those were related to the BDSM community. His words, which Stephens would later acknowledge were based on hearsay, were widely and inaccurately reported as meaning that 10% of all homicides in San Francisco were related to BDSM.
Anti-LGBT backlash
Following the airing of the report, the Community United Against Violence (CUAV), a San Francisco group dedicated to addressing anti-gay violence in the city, reported a 400% increase of reported violent incidents against LGBT people. This marked a reversal of the decrease in violence reports to that point in 1980. Right-wing groups used "Gay Power, Gay Politics" as a fundraising tool until CBS forced them to stop. The Moral Majority, in its successful campaign to repeal a San Jose, California gay rights ordinance, used an image from the program along with the slogan "Don't Let It Spread!" on billboards. In 1985, a Houston group opposed to a proposed LGBT rights ordinance for the city used clips from the program in its commercials and voters overwhelmingly rejected the ordinance. Controversial psychologist Paul Cameron, on behalf of the right wing Family Research Institute, has used the 10% homicide figure to support his views on homosexuality, views which have been repudiated by a number of professional psychological and sociological associations.
Continued criticism
"Gay Power, Gay Politics" continued to be a target of criticism by LGBT community leaders and authors, although some have acknowledged that the program included "more than a few kernels of truth". Former National Gay and Lesbian Task Force executive director Urvashi Vaid attacked the program for its presentation of gays as "sexual hedonists, privileged powerbrokers, and arrogant men scheming to force their 'lifestyle' on a recalcitrant public". She further castigated the show for excluding lesbians and people of color (although she acknowledges that this to an extent mirrored the state of gay leadership at the time) and noted her belief that anti-gay attack videos produced in the 1990s were modeled on this broadcast. Gay cultural critic Frank Browning, while agreeing with the criticism of the tone of the documentary, nonetheless found the dudgeon that many in the community expressed to be "layered with disingenuousness". Browning wrote:
While echoing criticism about the exclusion of lesbian concerns and the distortions contained in the broadcast, Browning went on to note that sexual freedom has always been part of the gay male agenda and that it would be absurd to pretend otherwise.
Notes
References
Alwood, Edward (1998). Straight News. Columbia University Press. .
Andriote, John-Manuel (1999). Victory Deferred: How AIDS Changed Gay Life in America. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. .
Browning, Frank (1993). The Culture of Desire: Paradox and Perversity in Gay Lives Today. New York, Vintage Books, a division of Random House. .
Butters, Ronald R., John M. Clum and Michael Moon (1989). Displacing Homophobia: Gay Male Perspectives in Literature and Culture. Duke University Press.
Cleninden, Dudley and Adam Nagourney (1999). Out For Good: The Struggle to Build a Gay Rights Movement in America. New York, Simon & Schuster. .
Comstock, Gary David (1992). Violence Against Lesbians and Gay Men. Columbia University Press. .
Escoffier, Jeffrey (2003). Sexual Revolution. Thunder's Mouth Press.
Gross, Larry P. (2001). Up from Invisibility: Lesbians, Gay Men, and the Media in America. Columbia University Press. .
Haggerty, George E. and Bonnie Zimmerman (2000). Encyclopedia of lesbian and gay histories and cultures. Taylor & Francis. .
Kaiser, Charles (1997). The Gay Metropolis 1940–1996. New York, Houghton Mifflin. .
Loughery, John (1998). The Other Side of Silence – Men's Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History. New York, Henry Holt and Company. .
Martin, Del and Phyllis Lyon (1991). Lesbian/Woman. Volcano Press. .
Rutledge, Leigh (1992). The Gay Decades. New York, Penguin. .
Vaid, Urvashi (1995). Virtual Equality: The Mainstreaming of Gay & Lesbian Liberation. New York, Anchor Books. .
CBS Reports
American LGBT-related television episodes
1980 American television episodes
LGBT politics in the United States
Documentaries about LGBT topics
LGBT-related controversies in television |
17335370 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Park%20%28American%20football%29 | Robert Park (American football) | Robert Park (May 12, 1880 – November 22, 1961) was an American football coach. He was the tenth head football coach at Geneva College in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, serving for one season, in 1922, and compiling a record of 4–6. He also coached other sports for many years, but he was best known for his work as an academic and a minister of the Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America (RPCNA).
Career
Born in Rome, New York on May 12, 1880, Park attended the city schools of Syracuse and graduated from Syracuse University, where he was the captain of the football team in 1905. After graduation, he studied at the Reformed Presbyterian Theological Seminary (RPTS) from 1907 to 1910. Licensed by the Rochester Presbytery on May 4, 1909, he was ordained to the ministry by the Pittsburgh Presbytery and installed as pastor of the denomination's Parnassus congregation on 11 November 1910. Park remained pastor of the congregation until August 28, 1922, when he resigned to serve at Geneva.
While Park was the head of the history department at Geneva, he was also a longtime sports coach: he coached the football team in 1922, the cross country team from 1926 to 1928, and the track team from 1929 to 1949 . He was also the Dean of the College and the chairman of the Bible Department from 1949 until 1955. Park continued to serve his church, being chairman of various committees and sitting on the boards of both Geneva College and RPTS. In 1929, he was elected the church history professor at RPTS. Park continued his schooling after beginning his professorship, earning an M.A. from the University of Pittsburgh in 1924 and eventually earning a PhD. He was recognized for his accomplishments later in life, being elected the Moderator of the Synod of the RPCNA in 1951, and receiving a D.D. from Syracuse University in 1934.
Beginning in 1929 and continuing until his death, Park spent his summers pastoring at the Reformed Presbyterian congregation in Cornwallis, Nova Scotia.
Family
Park was born into an Irish family: his father and mother were natives of County Tyrone and County Cavan respectively. Park married the former Emma Dodd on July 23, 1907 while teaching at the Arkansas Military Academy in Little Rock, between his college and seminary careers; with her, he had three sons: Robert, David, and James. After her death in Beaver Falls in 1939, he married the former Jennie Hayes on December 31 1940, by whom he had two more sons: John and Eric. They were married until his death in Beaver Falls on November 22, 1961. Park is buried in Syracuse.
Head coaching record
Football
References
External links
1880 births
1961 deaths
American Presbyterian ministers
Geneva Golden Tornadoes football coaches
Reformed Presbyterian Church (denominational group)
Syracuse Orange football players
College track and field coaches in the United States
University of Pittsburgh alumni
People from Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from Rome, New York
Players of American football from Pennsylvania |
23574889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20combinatorics%20articles | Index of combinatorics articles |
A
Abstract simplicial complex
Addition chain
Scholz conjecture
Algebraic combinatorics
Alternating sign matrix
Almost disjoint sets
Antichain
Arrangement of hyperplanes
Assignment problem
Quadratic assignment problem
Audioactive decay
B
Barcode
Matrix code
QR Code
Universal Product Code
Bell polynomials
Bertrand's ballot theorem
Binary matrix
Binomial theorem
Block design
Balanced incomplete block design(BIBD)
Symmetric balanced incomplete block design (SBIBD)
Partially balanced incomplete block designs (PBIBDs)
Block walking
Boolean satisfiability problem
2-satisfiability
3-satisfiability
Bracelet (combinatorics)
Bruck–Chowla–Ryser theorem
C
Catalan number
Cellular automaton
Collatz conjecture
Combination
Combinatorial design
Combinatorial number system
Combinatorial optimization
Combinatorial search
Constraint satisfaction problem
Conway's Game of Life
Cycles and fixed points
Cyclic order
Cyclic permutation
Cyclotomic identity
D
Data integrity
Alternating bit protocol
Checksum
Cyclic redundancy check
Luhn formula
Error detection
Error-detecting code
Error-detecting system
Message digest
Redundancy check
Summation check
De Bruijn sequence
Deadlock
Delannoy number
Dining philosophers problem
Mutual exclusion
Rendezvous problem
Derangement
Dickson's lemma
Dinitz conjecture
Discrete optimization
Dobinski's formula
E
Eight queens puzzle
Entropy coding
Enumeration
Algebraic enumeration
Combinatorial enumeration
Burnside's lemma
Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem
Euler number
F
Faà di Bruno's formula
Factorial number system
Family of sets
Faulhaber's formula
Fifteen puzzle
Finite geometry
Finite intersection property
G
Game theory
Combinatorial game theory
Combinatorial game theory (history)
Combinatorial game theory (pedagogy)
Star (game theory)
Zero game, fuzzy game
Dots and Boxes
Impartial game
Digital sum
Nim
Nimber
Sprague–Grundy theorem
Partizan game
Solved board games
Col game
Sim (pencil game)
Sprouts (game)
Surreal numbers
Transposition table
Black Path Game
Sylver coinage
Generating function
Golomb coding
Golomb ruler
Graeco-Latin square
Gray code
H
Hadamard matrices
Complex Hadamard matrices
Butson-type Hadamard matrices
Generalized Hadamard matrices
Regular Hadamard matrices
Hall's marriage theorem
Perfect matching
Hamming distance
Hash function
Hash collision
Perfect hash function
Heilbronn triangle problem
Helly family
Hypergeometric function identities
Hypergeometric series
Hypergraph
I
Incidence structure
Induction puzzles
Integer partition
Ferrers graph
K
Kakeya needle problem
Kirkman's schoolgirl problem
Knapsack problem
Kruskal–Katona theorem
L
Lagrange inversion theorem
Lagrange reversion theorem
Lah number
Large number
Latin square
Levenshtein distance
Lexicographical order
Littlewood–Offord problem
Lubell–Yamamoto–Meshalkin inequality (known as the LYM inequality)
Lucas chain
M
MacMahon Master theorem
Magic square
Matroid embedding
Monge array
Monomial order
Moreau's necklace-counting function
Motzkin number
Multiplicities of entries in Pascal's triangle
Multiset
Munkres' assignment algorithm
N
Necklace (combinatorics)
Necklace problem
Negligible set
Almost all
Almost everywhere
Null set
Newton's identities
O
Ordered partition of a set
Orthogonal design
Complex orthogonal design
Quaternion orthogonal design
P
Packing problem
Bin packing problem
Partition of a set
Noncrossing partition
Permanent
Permutation
Enumerations of specific permutation classes
Josephus permutation
Permutation matrix
Permutation pattern
Permutation (disambiguation)
Shuffling playing cards
Pochhammer symbol
Polyforms
Polycubes
Soma cube
Polyiamonds
Polyominoes
Hexominoes
Pentominoes
Tetrominoes
Polysquare puzzle
Projective plane
Property B
Prüfer sequence
Q
q-analog
q-binomial theorem—see Gaussian binomial coefficient
q-derivative
q-series
q-theta function
q-Vandermonde identity
R
Rencontres numbers
Rubik's Cube
How to solve the Rubik's Cube
Optimal solutions for Rubik's Cube
Rubik's Revenge
S
Schröder number
Search algorithm
Binary search
Interpolation search
Linear search
Local search
String searching algorithm
Aho–Corasick string matching algorithm
Fuzzy string searching
grep, agrep, wildcard character
Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm
Sequences with zero autocorrelation function
Series-parallel networks problem
Set cover problem
Shuffling puzzle
Small set (combinatorics)
Sparse matrix, Sparse array
Sperner family
Sperner's lemma
Stable marriage problem
Steiner system
Stirling number
Stirling transform
String algorithm
Straddling checkerboard
Subsequence
Longest common subsequence problem
Optimal-substructure
Subset sum problem
Symmetric functions
Szemerédi's theorem
T
Thue–Morse sequence
Tower of Hanoi
Turán number
Turing tarpit
U
Union-closed sets conjecture
Urn problems (probability)
V
Vandermonde's identity
W
Weighing matrices
Weighted round robin
Deficit round robin
Y
Young tableau
Combinatorics
+ |
20467906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipra%20Pokhariya | Pipra Pokhariya | Pipra Pokhariya is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3538 people living in 699 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
17335380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRGC%20Fajr | IRGC Fajr | The IRGC Fajr (فجر - "Dawn") was a light aircraft flown in Iran in 1988, intended for general military use including training, liaison, and reconnaissance. Of all-composite construction, it was claimed to be the first aircraft to be designed and built in that country, although it was speculated in the West that it may have been merely a Lancair homebuilt design constructed there.
References
1980s Iranian military utility aircraft |
17335381 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armin%20Scheurer | Armin Scheurer | Armin Scheurer (December 24, 1917 – August 27, 1990) was a Swiss athlete. He held nine national records for his nation. He also coached football. In 1950 he was Swiss Sports Personality of the Year.
He was a decathlete during his active career and competed in that discipline at the 1948 Summer Olympics, but failed to finish. He was fourth at the 1946 European Athletics Championships and fifth at the 1950 European Athletics Championships, managing sixth in the individual pole vault at the latter event.
References
Swiss football managers
FC Aarau managers
FC Biel-Bienne managers
Swiss decathletes
Swiss male pole vaulters
1917 births
1990 deaths
Olympic athletes of Switzerland
Athletes (track and field) at the 1948 Summer Olympics |
23574902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliz%C3%A9%20%28given%20name%29 | Alizé (given name) | Alizé, or Alizée, is a female given name, taken from the word alizé, describing an intertropical trade wind. It has the variants Alysée, Alisée and Aliséa. The name is common in France, Italy and Spain. Alizay is another variation of the name, more common in South Asia.
The name gained rapid popularity in the 1980s.
People with this given name include:
Alizée (born 1984), born Alizée Jacotey, French singer
Alizé Cornet (born 1990), a French tennis player
Alizée Baron (born 1992), French skier
Alizée Brien (born 1993), Canadian racing cyclist
Alizée Costes (born 1994), a French rhythmic gymnast
Alizée Crozet (born 2000), French figure skater
Alizée Dufraisse (born 1987), a French rock climber
Alizée Gaillard (born 1985), a Swiss model
Alizé Jones (born 1997), American football tight end
Alize Lily Mounter (born 1988), Welsh journalist and beauty queen
Alizé Lim (born 1990), a French tennis player
Alizé Mack (born 1997), American football player
Alizée Poulicek (born 1987), a Belgian model
References |
17335388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inborn%20errors%20of%20renal%20tubular%20transport | Inborn errors of renal tubular transport | Inborn errors of renal tubular transport are metabolic disorders which lead to impairment in the ability of solutes, such as salts or amino acids, to be transported across the brush border of the renal tubule. This results in disruptions of renal reabsorption.
Examples of these disorders include Iminoglycinuria, renal tubular acidosis and Gitelman syndrome.
References
External links |
23574906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith%20%26%20Hawken | Smith & Hawken | Smith & Hawken was a garden lifestyle brand that operated retail stores, direct mail and e-commerce in the United States. On July 10, 2009, it was announced that all Smith & Hawken stores would cease operation. Smith & Hawken stores were located in upscale retail locations in 22 states.
Smith & Hawken was founded by Dave Smith and Paul Hawken in 1979, originally as a garden tool supplier. Their first retail store opened in 1982 in Mill Valley, California. Smith left the business in 1988. When Hawken retired in 1993, the company was acquired by a retail conglomerate, the CML Group, which sold it to DDJ Capital Management in 1999, after going bankrupt. The company was acquired by Scotts Miracle-Gro for $72 million in 2004. At the time of its closure, Smith & Hawken had approximately 700 employees in its stores and the Novato, California, headquarters.
Scotts Miracle-Gro chairman and CEO, Jim Hagedorn, cited the continuing weak economy and "lack of scale" as the primary drivers behind Smith & Hawken's closure. According to Scotts' May 2009 quarterly report, Smith & Hawken net sales were down 22.4% for the first half of fiscal 2009.
Smith & Hawken's founders were reportedly not upset to learn the company they founded 30 years earlier was closing. The San Jose Mercury News reported that Dave Smith and Paul Hawken were relieved by the announcement, stating that "Scotts couldn't have been a worse corporate owner." Smith said he asked friends not to shop there after Scotts purchased the company in 2004.
On January 8, 2010, Target Corporation announced it acquired the Smith & Hawken brand.
References
Companies based in Marin County, California
Defunct companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Retail companies established in 1982
Retail companies disestablished in 2009
Defunct retail companies of the United States
Retail companies based in California
1982 establishments in California
2009 disestablishments in California |
17335402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsehead%E2%80%93Marbella | Horsehead–Marbella | Horsehead/Marbella is an historic summer house at 240 Highland Drive in Jamestown, Rhode Island. Occupying a spectacular setting on a southerly-projecting peninsula, this Shingle style house and carriage house were designed by Charles L. Bevins and built for industrialist Joseph Wharton in the 1880s. It is also notable as an early example of the lower-key architectural styles associated with Jamestown's summer community, differentiating it from the more elaborate summer estates developed in nearby Newport.
The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. It continues to be owned by Wharton's descendants.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Newport County, Rhode Island
References
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Houses in Newport County, Rhode Island
Buildings and structures in Jamestown, Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Newport County, Rhode Island |
20467923 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomaulax%20gibberosus | Pomaulax gibberosus | Pomaulax gibberosus, common name the red turban, is a species of medium-sized to large sea snail with a calcareous operculum, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.
Distribution
This species lives in the Eastern Pacific, from British Columbia, Canada, to Baja California, Mexico.
References
Noodt J. (1819) Museum Boltenianum: Verzeichnis der von dem gestorbenen J.F. Bolten... hinterlassenen vortrefflichen Sammlung Conchylien, Mineralien und Kunstsachen die am 26. April d.J., Morgens um 10 Uhr öffentlich verkauft werden sollen durch den Makler J. Noodt. Conrad Müller, Hamburg
Philippi R.A. 1846. Diagnoses testaceorum quorundam novorum. Zeitschrift für Malakozoologie, 1846(7): 97-106
Further reading
Turgeon, D.D., et al. 1998. Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates of the United States and Canada. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 26 page(s): 59
Alf A. & Kreipl K. (2011) The family Turbinidae. Subfamilies Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 and Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990. In: G.T. Poppe & K. Groh (eds), A Conchological Iconography. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. pp. 1–82, pls 104-245
External links
Philippi R.A. 1846. Diagnoses testaceorum quorundam novorum. Zeitschrift für Malakozoologie, 1846(7): 97-106
Dall W.H. (1919). Descriptions of new species of Mollusca from the North Pacific Ocean in the collection of the United States National Museum. Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 56: 293-371
gibberosus
Gastropods described in 1817
Taxa named by Lewis Weston Dillwyn |
23574912 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moudi | Moudi | Moudi is a village situated in district Bankura, West Bengal, India under police station Onda. There is a small river to the north and a jungle to the west. The population is around 2000. Their main occupation is agriculture. There are two large ponds, Gayer band and Bilar band. In the east side of the village, there is an ancient banyan tree. The village-god Moudi-shini has resided under this tree since before known history.
References
Villages in Bankura district |
17335426 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakersfield%20Community%20Theatre | Bakersfield Community Theatre | Bakersfield Community Theatre (BCT) in Bakersfield, California is the oldest continuing community theatre in California; and the second oldest amateur community theatre in the Western United States: the Tacoma Little Theatre, est. 1918 in Tacoma, Washington, is the oldest.
Officially established in 1927, BCT has been putting on a full season of plays and musicals starting when Albert Johnson directed the beginning of a continuous string of productions.
The theatre has been remodeled a few times, and is currently capable of holding an audience of 181.
History
Bakersfield Community Theatre was founded in May 1927. Prior to this date, community theatre productions were frequently produced in Bakersfield by various clubs. The Bakersfield Woman's Club presented theatre productions, as well as the Elks, DeMolay, and the Plymouth Guild. Albert Johnson worked to make community theatre part of Bakersfield culture.
In November 1926 Gilmor Brown of the Pasadena Playhouse gave a speech before the Bakersfield Woman's Club outlining possible procedures for organizing a local community theatre. "Call a mass meeting," he advised. "Do not depend too much on the names always associated with important community activities. Sincere workers and promising talent will be found in unexpected places if the proposition is presented as a real community project."
In early May 1927, a group of women met one night at the Woman's Club building to found a community theatre. They included Alma Campbell, Ethel Robinson, Mrs. George Shearer, and Helen T. Peairs. Using telephones and the newspaper, they announced a public meeting to be held a few days later on May 16, 1927 at the clubhouse. More than fifty people attended and the founding group expanded to include Mrs. Ross C. Miller, Evelyn Derby, Dwight Clark, Thomas McManus and Laurence Taylor. Ten days later the founders had finished writing the constitution and bylaws and had taken on 98 paid season members. The name Bakersfield Community Theatre (BCT) was adopted.
Another public meeting was called on May 31, 1927 at the courthouse for election of board members and officers. Paid membership had grown to 125 members. By the end of the evening the new community theatre was underway and committee chairmen had received their assignments. The total time to found the theatre was a little over two weeks. On October 31, 1927 the first BCT production was presented: The First Year by Frank Craven, performed at Bakersfield High School's auditorium before an audience of more than 400 people. Alma Campbell directed the production. Four productions were presented each season for the first nine years. For many years there was only one performance given for each production. The number of performances for each production has gradually increased, going from one a year to four by the mid-1950s. Currently, the typical adult production at BCT, whether musical or not, has six full=length productions, plus their Annual One-Act Festival every August.
Mid-20th century
Commencing with the 1936-1937 season, five productions were presented. With few exceptions, each season since has been made up of, at least, five shows. Since the theatre did not have a playhouse to call home, between 1927 and 1961 the productions were presented in the auditoriums at Washington Junior High School (which is now the administration building for Bakersfield City School District), Standard Junior High School, Golden State Junior High School (now the Blair Learning Center), and the old auditorium at Bakersfield High School.
In April 1961, BCT opened the new playhouse with a production of For The Love Of Maggie, written by Barbara Gardener and Ann Agabashian (both of Bakersfield) and directed by Howard Miller. This production was presented between the 4th and 5th productions of the 1960-1961 season. The playhouse (located at 2400 South Chester Avenue) has been the location for all productions presented since April 1961 with the exception of two presented at the Bakersfield College Indoor Theatre in 1968 and 1983.
In the summer of 1976, remodeling of the playhouse began under the supervision of Roger Benischek, and the approval of the Board of Directors of BCT, with Richard ‘Stubby” Newman, the President at that time. The design to give the theatre a new look was drafted by Joseph Licastro. The first remodeling was of the auditorium interior, completed just prior to the opening night of “Play It Again, Sam” The ticket office was revamped to include an office, ticket counter, and a lounge with posters on the walls of past productions. The front of the theatre was refurbished in the summer of 1980. New features included a brick patio with plants and a metal sculpture (created by Frank Wattron), a lawn with a high white stucco wall, a ramp and deck overlooking the patio, a new light booth, two small lobbies and a white electric sign with "Bakersfield Community Theatre" in blue lettering on it. All of these features were completed a few hours prior to the opening of Side by Side by Sondheim in September 1980. Since then a rehearsal hall and workshop has been added to the back of the theatre. The most recent remodeling was done in the summer of 1983 when the auditorium seats were replaced with 181 new ones. The interior was again remodeled to match the decor of the seats.
Present day
Bakersfield Community Theatre continues to present five main productions (as well as an annual one act festival and numerous youth theatre shows) each theatre season. The theatre has staged seasons uninterrupted since 1927.
Shows
Following is a partial list of the many productions put on over the years at BCT:
Musicals
Kiss Me Kate °° The Music Man °° Babes In Arms °°
South Pacific °° Sound Of Music °°
Guys And Dolls °° West Side Story °°
The King And I °° Oklahoma °°
Wonderful Towns °°
Damn Yankees °° George M °°
My Fair Lady °° Annie Get Your Gun °°
Gypsy °° Bye Bye Birdie °° How To Succeed In Business Without Really Trying °°
Carnival °° Camelot °°
A Funny Thing Happened On The Way To The Forum °° Oliver! °°
Hello Dolly! °°
Fiddler On The Roof °° Man Of La Mancha °° Peter Pan °°
Sweet Charity °° Cabaret °°
I Do! I Do! °° Mame °°
Promises, Promises °°
Two Gentlemen Of Verona °° A Little Night Music °°
A Chorus Line °° Annie
Non-musical
Drama
The Miracle °°
Deathtrap °°
The Gin Game °°
In The Boom Boom Room °°
Glengarry Glen Ross °° The Grapes Of Wrath °°
The Diary Of Anne Frank °°
Death Of A Salesman °°
Private Lives °° The Mousetrap
Comedy
Plaza Suite °°
Barefoot In The Park °°
Noises Off °° Cactus Flower °°
You Can't Take It With You °° No Sex Please, We’re British °°
Play It Again, Sam °°
Life With Father °°
I Remember Mama °° Harvey °°
Arsenic And Old Lace °° Butterflies Are Free
References
External links
Bakersfield Community Theatre
1927 establishments in California
Theatres in California
Performing groups established in 1927
Culture of Bakersfield, California
Tourist attractions in Bakersfield, California |
20467935 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky%20Bhembe | Lucky Bhembe | Lucky Willie Bhembe (born 25 October 1973) is a Swazi athlete. He competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics.
Achievements
References
1973 births
Living people
Swazi male long-distance runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes of Eswatini
Swazi male marathon runners |
17335448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20Brinker | Scott Brinker | Scott Brinker, born 28 September 1971 in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, is a computer programmer and entrepreneur. He currently serves as the VP of platform ecosystem of HubSpot, a customer relationship management (CRM) platform and is known for his marketing technology "supergraphic."
Education
Brinker initially attended the University of Miami on early admission during his junior year in high school, but withdrew when he joined Galacticomm full-time in 1991. In 2002, Brinker returned to school part-time at the School of General Studies at Columbia University in New York City, where he graduated summa cum laude with a B.S. in Computer Science as valedictorian of his graduating class. In 2007, he graduated from the MIT Sloan School of Management with an M.B.A. and was a part-time Sloan Fellow.
Career
Brinker was the second customer of, and eventually one of the first employees of, Galacticomm, the company founded by Tim Stryker that created The Major BBS. He purchased The Major BBS and one of Galacticomm's multi-modem cards in September 1986 when he was 15 years old and launched Moonshae Isles BBS in South Florida.
In collaboration with Stryker and Richard Skurnick, he created a number of multi-player adventure games for The Major BBS between 1986 and 1990, including Quest for Magic and Kyrandia.
In January 1991, Brinker joined Galacticomm as vice president, primarily leading the company's marketing efforts. In April 1993, he was promoted to president and CEO at age 21. In 1996, Galacticomm brought on Robert Shaw as CEO, and in October 1996, Galacticomm was sold to a group led by Peter Berg and Yannick Tessier. Brinker sold his interest in the company at that time and left to pursue a new venture with Christopher Robert, the then CTO of Galacticomm.
Some of Brinker's experiences with Galacticomm are recounted in the film BBS: The Documentary.
In 1998, Brinker co-founded i-on interactive, inc. with Anna Talerico, Justin Talerico, and Christopher Robert. ion interactive was initially a boutique web development firm with clients that included Citrix, Office Depot, Siemens, and Yahoo!. Brinker served as president and chief technology officer of the company.
Starting in 2005, Brinker and the Talericos began to develop a post-click marketing platform called LiveBall, a software-as-a-service landing page management system. In 2007, the company stopped taking on new web development projects and focused on building this new business, which Brinker has described as "landing pages 2.0".
Brinker began the MarTech industry conference in 2014 in Boston and now runs them twice a year.
Brinker joined HubSpot as vice president of platform ecosystem in March 2021.
Marketing Technology Supergraphic
In 2008, Brinker started Chief Martec, which began as a blog "examining the intersection of marketing, technology, and management." It is best known for the marketing technology landscape supergraphic, which was first published in August 2011.
The graphic charts the proliferation of marketing technologies and has been regularly updated since its inception. It is one of the most well-known marketing charts.
Brinker has often been referenced as the "Godfather of MarTech" due to his status in the industry and popularity of the supergraphic.
Personal life
Brinker is married to Jill Geiser, they have a daughter and currently live in the Boston area.
He writes a personal blog on marketing technology called Chief Marketing Technologist and is the creator of the Martech Supergraphic, cited often in marketing presentations, marketing conferences and social media circles.
References
External links
http://www.chiefmartec.com
http://www.ioninteractive.com
Living people
1971 births
MIT Sloan School of Management alumni
Businesspeople from Fort Lauderdale, Florida
University of Miami alumni
Columbia University School of General Studies alumni
American technology chief executives |
23574921 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripti%20Nadakar | Tripti Nadakar | Tripti Nadakar <ref>{{cite news|title=Tripti Nadakar Biography |url=http://biography.lumbinimedia.com/2017/02/tripti-nadakar-biography.html}}</ref>(; born January 2, 1959) is an Indian actress who worked in Nepali cinema. She has performed in more than a dozen Nepali films. Her hit movies were Samjhana, Kusume Rumal, Saino and Lahure''. She and Bhuwan K.C. were dubbed the first golden couple of Nepali film industry. Nadakar was paid Rs. 150,000 to act in ‘Saino’.
Filmography
Awards
2007, Best Supporting Actress, Nepali Film Award 2064, Aama Ko Kakh
See also
saino
Kusume Rumal
laure (film)
References
Living people
1969 births
People from Darjeeling
Indian Gorkhas
Indian film actresses
Nepalese film actresses
20th-century Indian actresses
21st-century Indian actresses
20th-century Nepalese actresses
21st-century Nepalese actresses |
23574924 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%2C%20Ohio | California, Ohio | California, Ohio may refer to:
California, Cincinnati, a neighborhood within Cincinnati, Ohio
Big Plain, Ohio, originally named California |
23574927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil%20List%20and%20Secret%20Service%20Money%20Act%201782 | Civil List and Secret Service Money Act 1782 | The Civil List and Secret Service Money Act 1782 (22 Geo. III, c. 82) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain. The power over the expenditure in the King's household was transferred to the Treasury, and branches of which were regulated. No pension over £300 was to be granted if the total pension list amounted to over £90,000. Thereafter, no pension was to be above £1,300 unless it was granted to members of the royal family or granted by Parliament. Secret service money employed domestically was similarly limited. A section of the act also abolished the existing Council of Trade and Foreign Plantations which, with the loss of the American War of Independence, had been dismissed earlier by King George III on 2 May 1782.
Notes
Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1782 |
23574939 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mist%20in%20the%20Mirror | The Mist in the Mirror | The Mist in the Mirror: A Ghost Story is a novel by Susan Hill. The novel is about a traveller called Sir James Monmouth and his pursuit of an explorer called Conrad Vane.
Summary
Sir James Monmouth has spent most of his life travelling. After the death of his parents, he was raised by his guardian. Later, he arrives in England with the intention of discovering more about himself and his obsession with explorer Conrad Vane. Warned against following his trail, Sir James experiences some extraordinary happenings – who is the mysterious, sad little boy, and the old woman behind the curtain? And why is it that only he hears the chilling scream and the desperate sobbing?
Reception
A 2014 book review by Kirkus Reviews called the novel "a glacially paced adventure" and concluded; "The eponymous mist seems to cloud the writing, and the meandering tale ends quickly with a conclusion that still seems obscure."
References
Novels by Susan Hill
Ghost novels
1992 British novels
Sinclair-Stevenson books |
23574940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy%20%28given%20name%29 | Joy (given name) | Joy is a common unisex given name meaning joy, happiness, joyful. A common variant of the name is the female given name Joyce (name).
People with the given name Joy
Joy (singer) (born 1996), South Korean singer and member of Red Velvet (group)
Joy Adamson (1910–1980), wildlife rehabilitator and author
Joy Banerjee (born 1963), Bengali cinema actor
Joy Behar (born 1942), American comedian and actress
Joy Bokiri (born 1998), Nigerian women's footballer
Joy Bryant (born 1974), American actress
Joy Browne (born 1944), American radio psychologist
Joy Burke (born 1990), Taiwanese-American women's basketball player
Joy Carroll Vicar who inspired The Vicar of Dibley
Joy Crookes (born 1998), British singer-songwriter
Joy Davidman (1915–1960), American writer and wife of C. S. Lewis
Joy Destiny Tobing (born 1980), Indonesian gospel singer
Joy Enriquez (born 1978), American singer and actress
Joy Fawcett (born 1968), American soccer player
Joy Fleming (1944–2017), German singer
Defne Joy Foster (1975–2011), Turkish actress, presenter, VJ
Joy Garnett (born 1965) Canadian-American artist
Joy Giovanni (born 1978), American actress, model, wrestler, and WWE Diva
Joy Grieveson (born 1941), British track and field athlete
Joy Paul Guilford (1897-1987), American psychologist
Joy Harjo (born 1951), American poet
Joy Kere diplomat from the Solomon Islands
Joy Kogawa (born 1935), Canadian poet and novelist
Joy Lauren (born 1989), American actress
Joy Lofthouse (1923–2017), British WW2 pilot
Joy Mangano (born 1956), American inventor, and businesswoman
Joy Marshall (1867–1903), New Zealand clergyman, teacher, tennis player, cricketer, and rugby footballer
Joy Morris (born 1970), Canadian mathematician
Joy Morton (1855–1934), American businessman and conservationist
Joy Mukherjee (1939–2012), Indian film actor and director
Joy Ogwu (born 1946), Nigerian diplomat
Joy Oladokun, American singer-songwriter
Joy Padgett (born 1947), American politician
Joy Powell (born 1962),American activist
Joy Quigley (born 1948), New Zealand politician
Joy Reid (born 1968), American cable television host with the full name Joy-Ann M. Lomena-Reid
Joy San Buenaventura (born 1959), Filipino-born American politician
Joy Sarkar, Bengali music director
Joy A. Thomas (1963-2020), American Indian-born informational theorist and scientist
Joy Smith (born 1947), Canadian politician
Joy Williams (singer) (born 1982), American pop singer
Joy Williams (Australian writer) (1942–2006), Australian poet
Joy Williams (American writer) (born 1944), American author
Joy Wolfram (born 1989), Finnish nanoscientist.
Joy Cherian (born 1944), Commissioner at the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Joy Sengupta (born 1968), Indian film and stage actor
Fictional characters
Joy, one of Riley Andersen's emotions and the main protagonist of Disney Pixar's Inside Out.
Nurse Joy, a nurse from the Pokémon TV series.
See also
Gioia (disambiguation), the Italian version of the name
Joie, the French version of the name
English feminine given names
Feminine given names
Virtue names |
23574953 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco%20Massinga | Francisco Massinga | Francisco Massinga (born 6 May 1986), better known as Whiskey, is a Mozambican football defender.
International career
International goals
Scores and results list Mozambique's goal tally first.
References
External links
1986 births
Living people
Mozambican footballers
Mozambique international footballers
Association football defenders
C.D. Maxaquene players
Clube Ferroviário de Maputo footballers
2010 Africa Cup of Nations players |
23574969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin%20Research%20and%20Human%20Genetics | Twin Research and Human Genetics | Twin Research and Human Genetics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published bimonthly by the Cambridge University Press. It is the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies (ISTS) and the Human Genetics Society of Australasia. The journal covers research on the biology and epidemiology of twinning as well as biomedical and behavioral twin- and molecular-genetic research. According to the Journal Citation Reports, it has a 2018 impact factor of 1.159. The journal was established in 1998 and has been edited by Robert Derom (1998–1999), and Nick Martin (2000–present). The title is a translation of Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae, from 1952 until 1978 the official organ of the Permanent Committee for the International Congresses of Human Genetics and Società italiana di genetica medica, the original title of the first journal of the ISTS.
References
External links
Behavioural genetics journals
Bimonthly journals
Cambridge University Press academic journals
Delayed open access journals
English-language journals
Genetics in the United Kingdom
Psychiatry journals
Publications established in 1998
Twin studies |
20467940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoop%20Dogg%20Presents%3A%20Dubb%20Union | Snoop Dogg Presents: Dubb Union | Snoop Dogg Presents: Dubb Union is the debut album by American hip hop group Dubb Union. It was released on August 19, 2008 via Koch Records. Production was handled by member Soopafly, Hi-Tek, Nominz, Chris "THX" Goodman, J-Doe, Ronald "Jukebox" Jackson, Teddy Riley and Warryn "Baby Dubb" Campbell, with Snoop Dogg serving as executive producer. It features guest appearances from BJ the Chicago Kid, Dion Jenkins, Daz Dillinger, Kurupt, Minister Tony Muhammad, Snoop Dogg, Traci Nelson and Uncle Chucc. The album peaked at number 85 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart in the United States.
Track listing
Sample credits
Track 13 contains a sample of the recording "Good Old Funky Music" by The Meters
Personnel
Priest "Soopafly" Brooks – main artist, keyboards (tracks: 1, 4-7, 11, 15), strings (track 10), producer (tracks: 1, 4, 5, 7, 11, 15), co-producer (track 6), recording (tracks: 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 15), mixing (tracks: 1, 2, 4-7, 10-15)
Damani Nkosi Washington – main artist
Terence "Bad Lucc" Harden – main artist
Bryan "BJ the Chicago Kid" Sledge – featured artist (tracks: 2, 4, 10, 14)
Delmar "Daz Dillinger" Arnaud – featured artist (track 4)
Calvin "Snoop Dogg" Broadus – featured artist (track 5), executive producer
Dion Jenkins – featured artist (tracks: 6, 12)
Minister Tony Muhammad – featured artist (track 9)
Ricardo "Kurupt" Brown – featured artist (track 13)
Traci Nelson – featured artist (track 13)
Charles "Uncle Chucc" Hamilton – featured artist (track 15)
Robert "Bubby" Smith – bass (track 10)
James "J-Doe" Smith – producer (track 2)
Warryn "Baby Dubb" Campbell – producer (track 3)
Tony "Hi-Tek" Cottrell – producer (tracks: 6, 12)
Ronald "Jukebox" Jackson – producer (track 8)
Teddy Riley – producer & mixing (track 8)
James "Nominz" Amankwa – producer (tracks: 10, 14)
Chris "THX" Goodman – producer (track 13)
"Shon Don" Dornae Brooks – recording (tracks: 1, 2, 5, 12, 13)
Bruce Buechner – recording (tracks: 3, 7), mixing (track 3)
Dave Aron – mixing (tracks: 1, 2, 5-7, 10-15)
Lamar "DJ Crazy Toones" Calhoun – arranger
Andrew Mezzi – mixing assistant (tracks: 1, 2, 5-7, 10-15)
David "Dizmix" Lopez – mastering
Andrew Kelley – art direction, design
Nykauni "Nkki" Tademy – A&R
Charts
References
External links
E1 Music albums
2008 debut albums
Dubb Union albums
Albums produced by Hi-Tek
Albums produced by Soopafly
Albums produced by Teddy Riley
Albums produced by Warryn Campbell |
20467947 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomhicken%2C%20Pennsylvania | Tomhicken, Pennsylvania | Tomhicken (also Tomhickon) is an unincorporated community in Sugarloaf Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, United States. Tomhicken is notable for being a junction point between the Lehigh Valley Railroad's Tomhicken Branch and the Pennsylvania Railroad's Catawissa Branch. Tomhicken is part of the Greater Hazleton region.
References
Unincorporated communities in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
Unincorporated communities in Pennsylvania |
20467951 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something%20to%20Live%20For%20%28song%29 | Something to Live For (song) | "Something to Live For" is a 1939 jazz composition by Billy Strayhorn. It was the first collaboration between Strayhorn and Duke Ellington and became the first of many Strayhorn compositions to be recorded by Ellington's orchestra. The song was based on a poem Strayhorn had written as a teenager. According to an all-day tribute to Strayhorn on KCSM radio on 29 November 2008—Strayhorn's birthday—Strayhorn began working on this tune in 1933 when he was 18.
The song has been recorded many times, by Ellington, Lena Horne, Ella Fitzgerald, Nina Simone, Carmen McRae, Tony Bennett, Johnny Mathis, Mel Torme and many others. Fitzgerald has called it her favorite song.
See also
List of 1930s jazz standards
References
External links
Review of Something to Live For: The Music of Billy Strayhorn (Oxford University Press, 2002)
Something to Live For at Google Books
1939 songs
Songs with music by Billy Strayhorn
Jazz songs
1930s jazz standards
Lena Horne songs
Songs with music by Duke Ellington
Jazz compositions in B-flat major |
23574984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch%20pacification%20campaign%20on%20Formosa | Dutch pacification campaign on Formosa | The Dutch pacification campaign on Formosa was a series of military actions and diplomatic moves undertaken in 1635 and 1636 by Dutch East India Company (VOC) in Dutch-era Taiwan (Formosa) aimed at subduing hostile aboriginal villages in the southwestern region of the island. Prior to the campaign the Dutch had been in Formosa for eleven years, but did not control much of the island beyond their principal fortress at Tayouan (present-day Anping, Tainan), and an alliance with the town of Sinkan. The other aboriginal villages in the area conducted numerous attacks on the Dutch and their allies, with the chief belligerents being the village of Mattau, who in 1629 ambushed and slaughtered a group of sixty Dutch soldiers.
After receiving reinforcements from the colonial headquarters at Batavia, the Dutch launched an attack in 1635 and were able to crush opposition and bring the area around present-day Tainan fully under their control. After seeing Mattau and Soulang, the most powerful villages in the area, were overpowered by Dutch force overwhelmingly, many other villages in the surrounding area came to the Dutch to seek peace and surrender sovereignty. Thus the Dutch were able to dramatically expand the extent of their territorial control in a short time, and avoid the need for further fighting. The campaign ended in February 1636, when representatives from twenty-eight villages attended a ceremony in Tayouan to cement Dutch sovereignty.
Solidifying the southwest under their rule, the Dutch were able to expand their operations from the limited entrepôt trading carried out by the colony prior to 1635. The expanded territory allowed access to the deer trade, which later became very lucrative, and guaranteed security in food supplies. The new territorial acquisitions provided fertile land, which the Dutch began to import mass Chinese labours to farm. The aboriginal villages also provided warriors to aid the Dutch in times of trouble, notably in the Lamey Island Massacre of 1636, the Dutch defeat of the Spanish in 1642 and the Guo Huaiyi Rebellion in 1652. The allied villages also provided opportunities for Dutch missionaries to spread their faith. The pacification campaign is considered the foundation stone on which the later success of the colony was built.
Background
The Dutch East India Company (VOC) arrived in southern Formosa in 1624 and, after building their stronghold of Fort Zeelandia on the peninsula of Tayouan, began to sound out local villages as to the possibility of forming alliances. Although initially the intention was to run the colony solely as an entrepôt (a trading port), the Dutch later decided that they needed control over the hinterland to provide some security. Additionally, a large percentage of supplies for the Dutch colonists had to be shipped from Batavia at great expense and irregular intervals, and the government of the fledgling colony was keen to source foodstuffs and other supplies locally. The Company decided to ally with the closest village, the relatively small Sinkan, who were able to supply them firewood, venison and fish. However, relations with the other villages were not so friendly. The aboriginal settlements of the area were involved in more or less constant low-level warfare with each other (head-hunting raids and looting of property), and an alliance with Sinkan put the Dutch at odds with the foes of that village. In 1625 the Dutch bought a piece of land from the Sinkaners for the sum of fifteen cangans (a kind of cloth), where they then built the town of Sakam for Dutch and Chinese merchants.
Initially other villages in the area, chiefly Mattau, Soulang and Bakloan, also professed their desire to live in peace with the Dutch. The villages saw that it was in their interest to maintain good relations with the newcomers, but this belief was weakened by a series of incidents between 1625 and 1629. The earliest of these was a Dutch attack on Chinese pirates in the bay of Wancan, not far from Mattau, in 1625. The pirates were able to drive off the Dutch soldiers, causing the Dutch to lose face among the Formosan villages. Encouraged by this Dutch failure, warriors from Mattau raided Sinkan, believing the Dutch too weak to defend their Formosan friends. At this point, the Dutch returned to Wancan and this time were able to rout the pirates, restoring their reputation. Mattau was then forced by the colonials to return the property stolen from Sinkan and make reparations in the form of two pigs. The peace was short-lived, however, because in November 1626 the villagers of Sinkan attacked Mattau and Bakloan, before going to the Dutch to ask for protection from retribution. Although the Dutch were able to force Sinkan's enemies to back down in this case, in later incidents they proved incapable of fully protecting their Formosan allies.
Frustrated by the inability of the Dutch to protect them, the Sinkan villagers turned to Japanese traders, who were not on friendly terms with the VOC. In 1627 a delegation from the village visited Japan in order to ask for Japanese protection and to offer sovereignty to the Japanese Shōgun Tokugawa Iemitsu. The Shōgun refused them an audience, but on their return to Formosa the Sinkan villagers, along with their erstwhile foes from Mattau, Bakloan and Soulang, went to Governor Nuyts to demand that the company pay an annual tribute to the villages for operating on their land. The Governor refused. Soon after, the Japanese isolationist policy of sakoku removed Japanese support for the Formosans, leaving Sinkan once more at the mercy of its rivals, prompting missionary George Candidius to write that "this village Sinkan has been until now under Dutch protection, and without this protection it would not stand for even a month." In 1629 however the Dutch were unable to defend either themselves or their allies. Governor Nuyts went to Mattau on an official (friendly) visit with a guard of sixty musketeers, who were fêted on their arrival. After leaving the village the next morning, the musketeers were ambushed while crossing a stream and slaughtered to a man, by warriors of both Mattau and Soulang. The Governor had a lucky escape as he had returned to Fort Zeelandia the previous evening.
Shortly after the massacre Governor Nuyts was recalled by the VOC governor-general in Batavia for various offences, including responsibility for the souring of relations with the Japanese. Hans Putmans replaced Nuyts as governor, and immediately wanted to attack the ringleaders in Mattau, but the village was judged too strong to assault directly. Therefore, the Dutch moved against the weaker Bakloan, who they believed sheltered proponents of the massacre, setting out on 23 November 1629, and returning later that day "having killed many people and burned most of the village." The Bakloan villagers sued for peace, and Mattau too signed a nine-month peace accord with the company. However, in the years that followed, the Mattau, Bakloan and Soulang villagers continued a concerted campaign to harass employees of the company, particularly those who were rebuilding structures destroyed by the Mattauers in Sakam. The situation showed no signs of improvement for the Dutch, until relations between Mattau and Soulang soured in late 1633 and early 1634. The two villages went to war in May 1634, and although Mattau won the fight, the company was happy to see divisions among the villages which it felt it could exploit.
Dutch retaliation
Although both Governor Nuyts and subsequently Governor Putmans wanted to move against Mattau, the garrison at Fort Zeelandia numbered only 400, of which 210 were soldiers – not enough to undertake a major campaign without leaving the Dutch fortress guard under-strength. After persistent unheeded requests from the two governors, in 1635 Batavia finally sent a force of 475 soldiers to Taiwan, to "avenge the murder of the expeditionary force against Mattau in 1629, to increase the prestige of the Company, and to obtain the respect and authority, necessary for the protection of the Chinese who had come all the way from China, to cultivate the land."
By this stage, relations with the other villages had also deteriorated to the extent that even Sinkan, previously thought to be tightly bound to the Dutch, was plotting rebellion. The missionary Robert Junius, who lived among the natives, wrote that "rebels in Sinkan have conspired against our state . . . and [are planning] to murder and beat to death the missionaries and soldiers in Sinkan." The governor in Tayouan moved quickly to quell the uprising, sending eighty soldiers to the village and arresting some of the key conspirators. With potential disaster averted in Sinkan, the Dutch were further encouraged by the news that Mattau and Soulang, their principal enemies, were being ravaged by smallpox, whereas Sinkan, now back under Dutch control, was spared the disease – this being viewed as a divine sign that the Dutch were righteous.
On 22 November 1635, the newly arrived forces set out for Bakloan, headed by Governor Putmans. Junius joined him with a group of native warriors from Sinkan, who had been persuaded to take part by the clergyman in order to further good relations between themselves and the VOC. The plan was initially to rest there for the night, before attacking Mattau the next morning, but the Dutch forces received word that the Mattau villagers had learned of their approach and planned to flee. They therefore decided to press on and attack that evening, succeeding in surprising the Mattau warriors and subduing the village without a fight. The Dutch summarily executed 26 men of the village, before setting fire to the houses and returning to Bakloan.
On the way back to Fort Zeelandia, the troops stopped in Bakloan, Sinkan and Sakam, at each step warning the chiefs of the village of the price of angering the VOC, and obtaining guarantees of friendly conduct in the future. The village of Soulang sent two representatives to the Dutch while they were resting in Sinkan, offering a spear and a hatchet as a symbol that they would ally their forces to the Dutch. Also present with offers of friendship were men from (modern-day Yujing District), a collection of three villages in the hills previously outside Dutch influence. Finally two chiefs from Mattau arrived, kow-towing to the Dutch officials and wishing to sue for peace.
The aborigines signalled their surrender by sending a few of their best weapons to the Dutch, and then by bringing a small tree (often betel nut) planted in earth from their village as a token of the granting of sovereignty to the VOC. Over the next few months as word of the Dutch victory spread, more and more villages came to pay their respects at Fort Zeelandia and assure the VOC of their friendly intentions. However, the new masters of Mattau also inherited their enemies, with both Favorlang and Tirosen expressing hostility towards the VOC in the wake of their victory.
After the victory over Mattau the governor decided to make use of the soldiers to cow other recalcitrant villages, starting with Taccariang, who had previously killed both VOC employees and Sinkan villagers. The villagers first fought with the Sinkanders who were acting as a vanguard, but on receiving a volley from the Dutch musketeers the Taccariang warriors turned and fled. The VOC forces entered the village unopposed, and burnt it to the ground. From Taccariang they moved on to Soulang, where they arrested warriors who had participated in the 1629 massacre of sixty Dutch soldiers and torched their houses. The last stop on the campaign trail was Tevorang, which had previously sheltered wanted men from other villages. This time the governor decided to use diplomacy, offering gifts and assurances of friendship, with the consequences of resistance left implicit. The Tevorangans took the hint, and offered no opposition to Dutch rule.
Pax Hollandica
On hearing of the Dutch show of force, aboriginal tribes from further afield decided to submit to Dutch rule, either through fear of Dutch military might or hope that such an alliance would prove beneficial to the tribe. Representatives came from Pangsoia (Pangsoya; modern-day Linbian, Pingtung), 100 km to the south, to ally themselves with the VOC. The Dutch decided to hold a landdag (a grand convention) to welcome all the villages into the fold and impress them with Dutch largesse and power. This duly took place on 22 February 1636, with 28 villages represented from southern and central Formosa. The governor presented the attendees with robes and staffs of state to symbolise their position, and Robert Junius wrote that "it was delightful to see the friendliness of these people when they met for the first time, to notice how they kissed each other and gazed at one another. Such a thing had never before been witnessed in this country, as one tribe was nearly always waging war against another."
The net effect of the Dutch campaign was a pax Hollandica (Dutch peace), assuring VOC control in the southwest of the island. The Dutch called their new area of control the Verenigde Dorpen (United Villages), a deliberate allusion to the United Provinces of their homeland. The campaign was vital to the success and growth of the Dutch colony, which had operated as more of a trading post than a true colony until that point.
Other pacification campaigns
Earlier
In 1629, the third governor of Dutch Formosa, Pieter Nuyts, dispatched 63 Dutch soldiers to Mattau with the excuse of "arresting Chinese pirates". The effort was impeded by the local indigenous Taivoan people, as they had been resentful at the Dutch colonists who invaded and slaughtered many of their people. On the way back, the 63 Dutch soldiers were drowned by the indigenous people of Mattau, resulting in the retaliation of Pieter Nuyts and later the Mattau Incident (麻豆社事件) in 1635.
On November 23, 1635, Nuyts led 500 Dutch soldiers and 500 Siraya soldiers from Sinckan to assail Mattau, killing 26 tribal people and burning all the buildings in Mattau. On December 18, Mattau surrendered and signed the Mattau Act (麻豆條約) with the Dutch governor. In this act, Mattau agreed to grant all the land inherited or controlled and all the properties owned by the people of Mattau to the Dutch. The Mattau Act has two significant meanings in the history of Taiwan:
Later
Multiple Aboriginal villages rebelled against the Dutch in the 1650s due to oppression like when the Dutch ordered aboriginal women for sex, deer pelts, and rice be given to them from aborigines in the Taipei basin in Wu-lao-wan village which sparked a rebellion in December 1652 at the same time as the Chinese rebellion. Two Dutch translators were beheaded by the Wu-lao-wan aborigines and in a subsequent fight 30 aboriginals and another two Dutch people died, after an embargo of salt and iron on Wu-lao-wan the aboriginals were forced to sue for peace in February 1653.
Notes
References
Dutch Formosa
1630s conflicts
1635 in Taiwan
1636 in Taiwan
1630s in Dutch Formosa
17th century in Taiwan
Military history of the Dutch East India Company
Military history of Taiwan |
17335449 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adderly%20Fong | Adderly Fong | Adderly Fong Cheun-yue (Traditional Chinese: 方駿宇; Pinyin: Fāng Jùnyǔ; born March 2, 1990) is a Canadian racing driver. His career started in 2004. He is currently competing in the Blancpain GT World Challenge Asia racing series. He also completed the 2014 24 Hours of Le Mans with OAK Racing Team Asia, finishing 11th overall and 7th in the LMP2 class. In 2015, he was appointed as a test driver at Lotus F1 Team.
Early career
Fong finished 6th in the 2007 Formula V6 Asia season. His best result was 2nd place in Formula V6 Asia at Zhuhai in 2007.
2009 Toyota Racing Series (Formula Toyota New Zealand)
Fong drove car no. 50. in New Zealand's Toyota Racing Series and became the first Chinese driver to the series. He was supposed to race the three-round International Trophy that contested at tracks in Timaru International Motor Raceway, Invercargill's Teretonga Park and Taupo Motorsport Park. However, the result shows that he only finished his first two races in Timaru and Invercargill.
2010 British Formula 3 and Macau Grand Prix
Fong competed in the 2010 British Formula 3 for Sino Vision Racing and finished 16th overall. He then competed in the Macau Grand Prix. He could only qualify 30th and last. He finished 23rd in the qualifying race, then 21st in the main race.
2011 British Formula 3 and Macau Grand Prix
In 2011, Fong again competed in British Formula 3 and finished 22nd with 5 points. On 20 November 2011, he finished 10th in the 2011 Macau Grand Prix, despite damage to the right side of his car. He is the first Hong Kong driver to finish in the top 10 of the Macau F3 Grand Prix since Marchy Lee finished 7th in 2002.
2012 Audi R8 LMS Cup, British Formula 3 & Indy Lights
On 29 April, Fong took victory in round 2 of the Audi R8 LMS Cup at the Shanghai International Circuit in just his second ever sportscar race, also setting the fastest lap of the race, beating Alex Yoong and Marchy Lee. Fong scored his 2nd Audi R8 LMS Cup victory following a dramatic last-lap coming together between then-race leaders Marchy Lee and Alex Yoong at the Zhuhai International Circuit.
On 15 June, Fong announced he will split his Audi R8 LMS Cup programme to join forces with CF Racing for the Brands Hatch, Spa-Francorchamps and Snetterton rounds of the British F3 series, he will drive a National Class-spec Dallara. On 24 June, at round 14 of the British Formula 3 International Series at Brands Hatch, Fong completed a hat-trick of National class victories for the CF Racing team, leading the class throughout.
Fong also made one start in the Firestone Indy Lights series for Brooks Associates Racing on the Streets of Baltimore where he finished eighth.
2013 GP3 Series and Audi R8 LMS Cup
Fong will race in the 2013 GP3 Series with Status Grand Prix. On 10 November 2013, Fong won the Audi R8 LMS Cup series title in Macau.
Formula One
Fong tested with the Sauber Formula 1 team in 2014, completing 99 laps of the Valencia circuit in a 2012 Sauber C31. In 2015, Fong joined the Lotus Formula One team as a development driver.
Racing record
Superleague Formula
(key)
† Non-championship round
Complete Auto GP World Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete GP3 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
† Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance.
24 Hours of Le Mans results
Complete Formula One participations
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicates fastest lap)
References
External links
1990 births
Living people
A1 Grand Prix Rookie drivers
Asian Formula Renault Challenge drivers
Auto GP drivers
British Formula Three Championship drivers
Canadian emigrants to Hong Kong
Canadian people of Hong Kong descent
Racing drivers from British Columbia
Formula V6 Asia drivers
German Formula Three Championship drivers
Indy Lights drivers
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
Sportspeople from Vancouver
Toyota Racing Series drivers
FIA Formula 3 European Championship drivers
GP3 Series drivers
Asian Le Mans Series drivers
24H Series drivers
Carlin racing drivers
A1 Grand Prix drivers
OAK Racing drivers
Jenzer Motorsport drivers
Koiranen GP drivers
Status Grand Prix drivers
Ombra Racing drivers
Audi Sport drivers |
23574992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20image%20of%20Rudy%20Giuliani | Public image of Rudy Giuliani | Mayor of New York City from 1994 to 2001, and a candidate for President of the United States in 2008, Rudy Giuliani was both glorified and criticized in the public sphere for his past actions. Many credited him with reducing crime and improving the city's economy and lauded his leadership during the September 11, 2001 attacks and his coordination of the emergency response in the immediate aftermath. Others disapproved of his policies and political positions as Mayor and candidate and criticized the perceived glorification of his role in the aftermath of 9/11 during the 2008 campaign.
Poll numbers throughout 2007 suggested that Giuliani was the front-runner among other Republican candidates for the party's 2008 presidential nomination. Although the status fell with his looming exit from the race, Giuliani continued to be perceived as strong on terrorism.
Philosophy
Giuliani is a Roman Catholic who is pro-choice, supports same-sex civil unions, and embryonic stem cell research. As a candidate in 2008, Giuliani did not stray from his stances, remarking that it is better to make abortion rare and increase the number of adoptions rather than to criminalize the practice. As mayor, the abortion rate in New York City dropped by 16% in comparison to the 12% drop nationally. Adoptions raised by 133% while he was mayor. Some social conservatives accepted this as a reason for their support of Giuliani, contending that his position on abortion was the most pragmatic view taken by an anti-abortion candidate in the 2008 election. They also approved of his pledge as a presidential candidate, that he would nominate Supreme Court Justices in the mold of John Roberts, Samuel Alito, Antonin Scalia, and Anthony Kennedy (all Ronald Reagan appointees or former colleagues of Giuliani's from the Reagan Justice Department).
But some anti-abortion groups, such as the Republican National Coalition for Life, strongly opposed Giuliani's positions and campaigns. Some Catholic archbishops came forward arguing that his views on abortion were not consistent with the teachings of the Catholic Church. Joseph Cella, president of a Catholic advocacy group in Michigan stated, "It's becoming ever more clear that Rudy Giuliani suffers from John Kerry syndrome. It's just a matter of time before more bishops step up, because he shares the identical position on abortion as John Kerry and Hillary Clinton." Giuliani declined to discuss his religion when asked if he considered himself a "traditional, practicing Roman Catholic." Giuliani stated that his religion is a personal matter and that there should not be any religious test for public office. He explained further stating:
James Dobson, an influential Christian conservative leader, wrote that he could not fathom Giuliani's stance on the abortion issue and he would not vote for him if he were the Republican presidential nominee. He also cited Giuliani's three marriages and the former mayor's support for civil unions for gays as reasons why he could not support the candidate. Dobson wrote, "I cannot, and will not, vote for Rudy Giuliani in 2008. It is an irrevocable decision."
However, conservative political pundit George Will wrote near the end of Giuliani's time as mayor that he had run the most conservative government in America in the last 50 or 60 years. An August 2006 poll from Rasmussen Reports showed that the American public perceives Giuliani overall to be a moderate. Specifically, of those polled, 36% classified him as a moderate, 29% as a conservative, and 15% as a liberal, with the remaining 20% being unsure.
Family life
Giuliani has been married three times. The dissolution of his marriage with Donna Hanover was detailed extensively in the news media. The circumstances of the separation along with his previous marriage to his second cousin also caused problems for Giuliani during his presidential run. At a public appearance in Derry, New Hampshire on August 16, 2007 an audience member, Katherine Prudhomme-O'Brien asked him, "[H]ow you could expect the loyal following of Americans when you are not getting it from your own family?"
Giuliani replied, "I love my family very, very much and will do anything for them. ... The best thing I can say is kind of, 'Leave my family alone, just like I'll leave your family alone.' "
Leadership
Supporters of Giuliani claim that while he was mayor of New York he displayed leadership skills in the aftermath of the World Trade Center Attacks. In 2002, Giuliani released a book called Leadership in which he gave techniques that he used while he was mayor. According to a Gallup Poll, taken February 9–11 2007, respondents who supported Giuliani for president were asked why they supported him. The results showed that 13% of supporters did so because of Giuliani's strong leadership and 53% did so because of leadership related topics such as time as mayor and handling of 9/11. Another poll taken by Marist, showed that 42% of Giuliani supporters believed that leadership is the most important quality for a candidate, this is compared to 34% of McCain supporters who believed the same.
However, Giuliani also has been criticized by vocal opponents from his mayoral days, homing in on Giuliani's support for the NYPD during the racially charged cases of Abner Louima and Amadou Diallo and his crackdown on porn shops in Times Square. In November 2006, civil-rights lawyer and frequent Giuliani critic Norman Siegel pledged to "swift boat" the former Mayor by bringing attention to these and other controversies.
A CNN/Opinion Research Corp. poll conducted November 28, 2007 found that in the state of Florida, where Giuliani campaigned most often during his presidential campaign, 53% of voters found Giuliani to be the best candidate to fight the War on Terrorism. 33% of the Florida voters found Giuliani to be the best to deal with the Iraq conflict and 34% viewed him as the best candidate concerning economic issues.
Crime record
At the time Giuliani became Mayor, 2,000 murders occurred every year and 11,000 crimes occurred every week in New York City. With Giuliani as the mayor the crime rate dropped by 56% and is now considered one of the safest big cities in the country. Supporters of Giuliani contend that this is evidence of his leadership skills and efficiency.
Statistics show that between 1993 and 1997 the decrease New York City crime accounted for 25% of the nation's overall crime decrease.
Giuliani spokeswoman Maria Comella said, "Mayor Giuliani successfully worked to get guns out of the hands of criminals in order to transform a city out of control. By being tough on crime and enforcing the laws on the books, New York City's murder rate was cut by 66 percent."
However, the FBI warned against drawing broad conclusions from the decrease in crime. "These rough rankings provide no insight into the numerous variables that mold crime in a particular city. Consequently they lead to simplistic and/or incomplete analyses that often create misleading perceptions."
9/11
Giuliani is best known for his leadership role during the September 11 attacks. In the aftermath of the attacks, Giuliani gained the moniker "America's Mayor" and was named Time Magazine Person of the Year in 2001. His campaign used this image of leadership during crisis to drive his presidential campaign. Because of this, however, he was sometimes criticized and often parodied for over-emphasizing the importance of 9/11 and terrorism-related issues while campaigning. Joe Biden famously remarked of Giuliani, "There's only three things he mentions in a sentence – a noun, a verb, and 9/11.", and Comedy Central's The Daily Show had a recurring animation with an anthropomorphized "9" and "11" that played when lampooning the former mayor's 9/11 use. A BBC associate said, "Mr Giuliani's appeal as the man who led New York through the terrorist attacks is occasionally over-emphasised in his campaign."
The International Association of Fire Fighters issued a letter in 2007, accusing Giuliani of "egregious acts" against the 343 firemen who had died in the September 11th attacks. The letter asserted that Giuliani rushed to conclude the recovery effort once gold and silver had been recovered from World Trade Center vaults and thereby prevented the remains of many victims from being recovered: "Mayor Giuliani's actions meant that fire fighters and citizens who perished would either remain buried at Ground Zero forever, with no closure for families, or be removed like garbage and deposited at the Fresh Kills Landfill." The Giuliani campaign stated that the union was politically motivated from tough contract negotiations from Giuliani's second term as mayor and quoted a retired firefighter, Lee Ielphi (a father of 9–11 victim who was called to duty as a firefighter that day), saying "Firefighters have no greater friend and supporter than Rudy Giuliani." The union denied political motivation for the criticism. Jim Riches, an official at a firefighters' union and the father of a fallen Ground Zero firefighter, said, "We have all the UFA, the UFOA, and the fire members are all behind us – the International Association of Fire Fighters. ... And we're going to be out there today to let everybody know that he's not the hero that he says he is." The unions' complaints focus on the malfunctioning radios used by the fire department on September 11, 2001 and what they claim was a lack of coordination at the Ground Zero site.
In response to this image, Giuliani stated at a presidential debate that he "...would like people to look at my whole record. Long before September 11, 2001 ... the reason that I believe I'm qualified to be president of the United States is not because of September 11th, 2001. It's because I've been tested ... and I got very, very remarkable results. And that is the evaluation of other people, not me."
Consideration for Secretary of State in Trump Administration
In November 2016, he was under consideration for Secretary of State in the Trump Administration. In terms of public image, he has received negative press for ties to foreign governments and foreign business activities.
Cultural depictions
Giuliani is known for dressing in drag. He did so on three occasions as Mayor of New York City between 1997 and 2000. Two of the appearances were for public roasts, and another was during an appearance on Saturday Night Live. During the 2000 appearance, Giuliani flirted with real estate mogul Donald Trump. Giuliani adviser Elliot Cuker claimed to have persuaded the politician to dress in drag in order to help him with the gay vote.<ref>Peter J. Boyer, "Mayberry Man," "The New Yorker, August 20, 2007, p. 53</ref>
Giuliani was supposed to appear as himself on a May 2007 episode of The Simpsons entitled "Stop or My Dog Will Shoot", but his role was cut due to his presidential campaign. However, a "Simpsonized" image of the former Mayor was released for promotional purposes.
Giuliani was portrayed in the November 2019 South Park episode "Season Finale". He is referred to as a "treasonous pig" and not a "good lawyer".
Giuliani appeared in the 2020 film Borat Subsequent Moviefilm. His scene in the mockumentary was widely reported in multiple news sources, as Giuliani is shown reclining on a bed with his hands down the front of his pants while in a hotel room with an actress posing as a news reporter. Multiple sources reported on Giuliani's actions in the scene, with The Guardian calling it a "compromising scene". Giuliani denied any wrongdoing, claiming that the scene with him was "a complete fabrication" and that he had only been tucking in his shirt.
After the Four Seasons Total Landscaping press conference, Giuliani was portrayed by Saturday Night Live''s Kate McKinnon on the show's "Weekend Update" news segment.
References
Rudy Giuliani
Giuliani, Rudy |
20467955 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9lio%20Sousa | Hélio Sousa | Hélio Filipe Dias de Sousa (born 12 August 1969) is a Portuguese former professional footballer who played as a central midfielder, currently the manager of the Bahrain national team.
Playing career
Known by his first name in his playing days, Hélio was born in Setúbal and played his entire career with hometown club Vitória Futebol Clube. Being team captain from an early age, he first appeared with the main squad during the 1987–88 season, and went on to experience promotions and relegations alike throughout 18 professional campaigns, being an undisputed starter in ten of those (three in the second division).
Hélio retired at almost 36, after helping Vitória to the 2005 Portuguese Cup in a 2–1 final win against S.L. Benfica, having played 423 league games – club best – and scoring 21 goals. Internationally, he was part of Portugal's squad at the 1989 FIFA World Youth Championship, which was won in Saudi Arabia; in 1994, he earned one cap for the full side.
Coaching career
After retiring, Sousa moved into management. Beginning with his only professional club, he moved in 2008–09 to S.C. Covilhã, helping it retain its second-tier status.
Sousa took the reins of the national team's under-18s in August 2010. He was in charge of several youth categories at the Portuguese Football Federation in the following years.
On 29 July 2018, Sousa led the under-19 team to their first-ever UEFA European Championship after a 4–3 extra time defeat of Italy in Seinäjoki. The following March, he replaced Miroslav Soukup at the helm of Bahrain, but was still in charge of the Portuguese under-20s at the 2019 World Cup, which ended in group stage elimination.
On 14 August 2019, Sousa led Bahrain to their first ever regional title after defeating Iraq 1–0 in the WAFF Championship. On 8 December, he was also on the bench as the team won their first Arabian Gulf Cup, 1–0 against Saudi Arabia.
Honours
Player
Vitória Setúbal
Taça de Portugal: 2004–05
Portugal
FIFA U-20 World Cup: 1989
Manager
Vitória Setúbal
Taça de Portugal runner-up: 2005–06
Portugal U17
UEFA European Under-17 Championship: 2016
Portugal U19
UEFA European Under-19 Championship: 2018
Bahrain
WAFF Championship: 2019
Arabian Gulf Cup: 2019
See also
List of one-club men
References
External links
National team data
1969 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Setúbal
Portuguese footballers
Association football midfielders
Primeira Liga players
Liga Portugal 2 players
Vitória F.C. players
Portugal youth international footballers
Portugal under-21 international footballers
Portugal international footballers
Portuguese football managers
Primeira Liga managers
Liga Portugal 2 managers
Vitória F.C. managers
S.C. Covilhã managers
Bahrain national football team managers
Portuguese expatriate football managers
Expatriate football managers in Bahrain
Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Bahrain |
17335456 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Irish%20Post | The Irish Post | The Irish Post is a national newspaper for the Irish community in Great Britain. It is published every Wednesday and is sold in shops in Britain and Ireland.
History
The first print edition of The Irish Post was published on Friday, February 13, 1970. It was founded in February 1970 by journalist Breandán Mac Lua and Tony Beatty, a businessman from County Waterford in Ireland. Thomas Crosbie Holdings (TCH) acquired the paper in 2003.
It went through a brief period of uncertainty in August 2011 when TCH put the paper into voluntary liquidation, citing five years of financial losses as the reason. Following a period of more than six weeks off the shelves, during which staff and supporters of the title launched the 'Save the Irish Post' campaign, the title was bought by Cork-born, London-based businessman Elgin Loane as a going concern. Loane, a publisher who owns a number of titles in Britain and Ireland, including Loot and Buy&Sell, re-employed the majority of former staff of the paper at his Loot offices in Smithfield, London. The first edition of the re-launched title was published on 19 October 2011.
The Irish Post website was relaunched in early 2013 as a daily news site for the Irish in Britain. The Irish Post launched a business-focused glossy magazine series in 2013. It includes titles such as Building Britain, Companies100 and In Business.
On 2 February 2017, The Irish Post announced that it acquired the broadcaster Irish TV, only to be closed a month later.
Founder Breandán Mac Lua was the first editor; other editors of the paper have included Donal Mooney who joined as a journalist in 1973, Frank Murphy, Martin Doyle, Mal Rogers, Siobhan Breatnach and Fiona Audley. Mal Rogers returned as editor in 2022.
Irish Post Awards
The Irish Post hosts the annual Irish Post Awards in October each year, awarded to notable Irish individuals in Britain for successes in the fields of business, entertainment, sport, technology and design. Eamonn Holmes acts as the Master of Ceremonies for the event, held at The London Hilton on Park Lane. Award winners have included Michael Flatley who accepted the Lifetime Achievement Award in 2013 and Irish actor Jonathan Rhys Meyers accepting the Legend Award in 2014. The Irish Post Awards in 2015 honoured Hollywood actress Fionnuala Flanagan, impresario Louis Walsh and footballer George Best.
The 2016 Irish Post Awards ceremony was held in the Great Room at the Grosvenor House Hotel on Park Lane, London. The keynote speaker was the Mayor of London, Sadiq Khan. There were over 1,000 guests in attendance to see Ireland Football Manager Martin O'Neill, EastEnders actor Shane Richie and Premier League winners' Leicester City CEO Susan Whelan.
In 2017, the Awards ceremony was televised live to Ireland on national broadcaster TG4 and Bob Geldof received the Lifetime Achievement Award. Johnny McDaid was honoured with an Outstanding Contribution to the Music Industry Award, and Imelda May won the Artist of the Year Award.
The Irish Post Country Music Awards were broadcast live from the Millennium Forum in Derry on 11 September 2018.
See also
Irish migration to Great Britain
Paul Coggins, who has written a column called "Cog's Corner" for the paper
References
1970 establishments in England
Newspapers published in London
Publications established in 1970
Thomas Crosbie Holdings |
23574994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epirus%20Revolt%20of%201878 | Epirus Revolt of 1878 | The 1878 revolt in Epirus was the part of a series of Greek uprisings that occurred in various parts of Ottoman-ruled Greece, as in Macedonia and Crete, during the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878). Although Greek officials individually supported the revolt, the Greek Government, being aware of the international situation in eastern Europe at the time, decided not to do so. With the end of the Russo-Turkish War the revolt was soon suppressed.
Background
On April 24, 1877, Russia declared war on Ottoman Empire and soon after a series of battles, the Ottoman defeat was imminent. Meanwhile, unofficial circles in Greece saw the war as a great opportunity to incite revolts in a number of Greek-inhabited regions in the Ottoman Empire: Epirus, Macedonia, Thessalia and Crete.
Preparations
In 1877, two patriotic organizations were formed in Greece in order to organize an upcoming revolt in Epirus: National Defence () and Fraternity (). Soon after, the organizations started to create groups of volunteers and to collect weapons and ammunition. In December, distinguished Epirotes that lived in Athens, including General Michail Spyromilios and Dimitrios Botsaris (son of Notis Botsaris), were ready to lead the uprising, but the Greek Government being aware of that situation intervened and stopped their involvement.
The uprising
First conflicts and declaration of Union with Greece
In February 1878 groups of irregulars passed the Greek-Ottoman border and entered Thessaly and Epirus. The first regions that joined the revolt were Tzoumerka, west of Arta, the region north of Preveza and Radovizio (north Thesprotia). The uprising was however, ill-prepared and the weaknesses were obvious already from the first days. When the first conflicts with Ottoman troops occurred, most of the revolutionaries retreated to Greece. At Plaka, an Ottoman outpost was overcome by an Epirot unit led by a resigned officer of the Greek Army, Hristos Mitsios. However, upon the arrival of 2,000 Ottoman troops from Ioannina, they had to retreat.
Meanwhile, the Russo-Turkish War ended with the Treaty of San Stefano (March 3, 1878). The sudden end of the Russo-Turkish hostilities had a negative impact on the revolt's outcome. At March 12, representatives of the movement gathered in the village of Botsi (Thesprotia), and declared the Union of Epirus with Greece. Soon after, a significant number of Ottoman troops arrived with troopships in the region and took under control the entire region. The revolutionaries seeing that resistance was futile, retreated behind to the Greek border.
Lappas and Stephanou revolt
Meanwhile, before the revolt in Radovizi was suppressed, a group of 150 armed Epirotes landed in the Saranda region, under the leadership of the guerrilla captains Minoas Lappas and Georgios Stephanou. Soon a greater number of volunteers (700), mainly Epirote refugees from Corfu joined the uprising. Apart from the town of Saranda, they had under control the surrounding regions of Vurgut and Delvina: including the villages of Giasta and Lykoursi, as well as the nearby monastery of St. George.
The Ottoman military commander of Yannina with a force of 6,000 regular troops marched against Saranda. The Ottomans were also supported by irregular bands of Albanians. At March 4, after fierce fighting the revolt ended.
Reprisals
When the revolt in Saranda was finally suppressed, reprisals started. As a result, 20 villages of the region of Delvina were burned while escape routes for the unarmed population were blocked.
Because many distinguished locals (like Kyriakos Kyritsis, later MP in the Greek Parliament) financially supported the revolt, the Ottoman authorities had all their holdings in the Saranda-Butrint region confiscated.
Aftermath
The failure of the 1878 movement in Epirus was mainly due to the unwillingness of the Greek Government to support this initiative actively. On the other hand, the Russo-Turkish War ended too soon, so that the Ottoman troops could quickly move and suppress any form of disturbance.
See also
Cretan revolt (1878)
1878 Greek Macedonian rebellion
Epirus Revolt of 1854
Cretan Revolt (1866–1869)
References
Sources
19th-century rebellions
Conflicts in 1878
1878 in Greece
Epirus 1878
Greece–Ottoman Empire relations
Ottoman Epirus
1878 in the Ottoman Empire
Great Eastern Crisis |
23575026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paymaster%20General%20Act%201782 | Paymaster General Act 1782 | The Paymaster General Act 1782 (22 Geo. III, c. 81) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain. The Act abolished the practice of the heads of subordinate Treasuries keeping large sums of public money for long periods, during which they employed them for their own profit. It was repealed by the Paymaster-General Act 1783.
Notes
Repealed Great Britain Acts of Parliament
Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1782 |
17335461 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg%20Bautzer | Greg Bautzer | Gregson Edward Bautzer (April 3, 1911 – October 26, 1987) was an American attorney who represented such individuals as Ginger Rogers, Ingrid Bergman and Joan Crawford, Kirk Kerkorian, Howard Hughes and William R. Wilkerson.
Early life
Bautzer was born in the Los Angeles community of San Pedro, California to Edward H. Bautzer, a descendant of German immigrants, and his wife Blanche Buckhout. The elder Bautzer was active in the San Pedro community, a civic leader, political activist and attorney. Bautzer's mother, before her marriage, had been a school teacher. Bautzer's father died when he was ten years old. From a young age, Bautzer stated his intent to follow in his father's footsteps by practicing law. After his father's death, Bautzer's widowed mother returned to teaching. Bautzer contributed financially by taking after school jobs, selling newspapers, performing janitorial work on yachts harbored in San Pedro, and waiting on tables in local eateries.
Bautzer attended San Pedro High School where he was an exemplary student. A self-disciplined young man of considerable scholastic achievement, he was also endowed with a congenial, enthusiastic personality that easily attracted friendships. While in high school, Bautzer took an active interest in public speaking and while yet a teenager, gained community recognition for his debating skills. He proceeded to enter national oratorical competitions. In 1926, he took second place in the West Coast division of the National Oratorical Contest, winning two hundred fifty dollars.
In 1927, Bautzer and his mother relocated to another part of Los Angeles where she had accepted an appointment as principal of an area school. In 1928, he entered the University of Southern California on a scholarship. He became a member of the Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity, the Skull and Dagger honor society, and captain of the varsity debate team. In 1930, he was honored by being selected as one of three university students to be on the All California Collegiate Debate team. Bautzer graduated with a bachelor's degree from USC in June 1932. Before continuing his education at USC Law School, he took a year off from his studies to work and save money. He obtained his law degree in 1936.
Personal life
While attending law school, Bautzer met socialite Marion Jahns; they married on January 2, 1935 and divorced in 1937. After becoming established in Hollywood, Bautzer was engaged to actresses Barbara Payton, Dorothy Lamour and Lana Turner. Turner was only 16 when she and Bautzer started to date. He had another brief marriage to actress Buff Cobb, but the couple divorced after six months.
Bautzer's best known romance was with actress Joan Crawford. Their four-year relationship was reportedly on and off, as well as publicly heated at times, with Bautzer seen by many as Crawford's "escort".
On June 10, 1956, Bautzer married actress Dana Wynter. They had one son, Mark Ragan Bautzer. The couple divorced in 1981.
Death
Bautzer died of heart failure at his Beverly Hills home on October 26, 1987, at the age of 76. He is interred at Westwood Memorial Park.
See also
Ernest Del
References
External links
Greg Bautzer Timeline
1911 births
1987 deaths
People from Beverly Hills, California
Lawyers from Los Angeles
20th-century American lawyers
American entertainment lawyers
Burials at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery |
17335463 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard%20Farmstead%20%28Joyner%20Site%20RI-706%29 | Hazard Farmstead (Joyner Site RI-706) | The Hazard Farmstead (Joyner Site RI-706) (also known as Joyner Archeological Site RI-706) is a historic archaeological site in Jamestown, Rhode Island. It is the location of a major American Indian settlement whose artifacts have been dated from 2,500 BC to 1,000 AD. It appeared to be occupied seasonally from late summer to fall, and was intensively used during those times.
The site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. It was negatively affected by road work associated with the construction of the Jamestown Verrazzano Bridge and changes to Rhode Island Route 138, although data was recovered from the site by salvage archaeology first.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Newport County, Rhode Island
References
Archaeological sites in Rhode Island
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Jamestown, Rhode Island
National Register of Historic Places in Newport County, Rhode Island |
20467975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuriy%20Hudymenko | Yuriy Hudymenko | Yuriy Arkadiyovych Hudymenko (; born 10 March 1966) is a former Kyrgyz-born Ukrainian professional footballer.
Career
Hudymenko is a product of the main Bishkek sports school and later was accepted to the main republican club of Kyrgyzia, FC Alga Bishkek.
In 1990 he made his debut in the Soviet Top League playing for FC Dnepr Dnepropetrovsk, but failed to score any goals in domestic competitions, but did score a goal against Heart of Midlothian F.C. in the 1990-91 UEFA Cup. Next year Hudymenko joined recently relegated FC Rotor Volgograd that was competing in the Soviet First League and gained promotion for the next year, but the Soviet Union fell apart and its football competitions were discontinued.
Upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union, in 1992 he joined the Ukrainian Premier League playing for the Crimean Tavriya Simferopol becoming the Ukrainian Premier League top goalscorer with 12 goals as the Crimean club took the inaugural league title. Hudymenko stayed with Tavriya until the end of the year and played four games for the team in the 1992–93 UEFA Champions League where the team was eliminated in the first round by FC Sion.
In 1993 he joined FC Dynamo Moscow competing in the Russian Premier League and the following year in FC Lada Togliatti.
International
He also earned two caps for Ukraine; the first coming against the US in a scoreless friendly in Piscataway and the second against Hungary in a 2–1 friendly defeat on 26 August 1992 in Nyíregyháza in a match in which he scored a goal.
Career statistics
International goals
Honours
Tavriya Simferopol
Ukrainian Premier League champion: 1992.
Individual
Ukrainian Premier League top scorer: 1992.
Notes
External links
References
1966 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Bishkek
Soviet footballers
Kyrgyzstani footballers
Ukrainian footballers
Ukrainian expatriate footballers
Ukraine international footballers
Soviet Top League players
FC Alga Bishkek players
FC Dnipro players
FC Rotor Volgograd players
SC Tavriya Simferopol players
FC Dynamo Moscow players
FC Lada-Tolyatti players
FC Energiya Volzhsky players
Expatriate footballers in Russia
Russian Premier League players
Ukrainian Premier League players
Kyrgyzstani people of Ukrainian descent
Ukrainian Premier League top scorers
Association football forwards |
17335484 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasile%20D%C3%AEba | Vasile Dîba | Vasile Dîba (born 24 July 1954) is a retired Romanian sprint canoeist. Competing in three Summer Olympics in 1976–1984, he won four medals with one gold (1976: K-1 500 m), one silver (1980: K-4 1000 m), and two bronzes (1976: K-1 1000 m, 1980: K-1 500 m). Dîba also won seven medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with five golds (K-1 500 m: 1974, 1977, 1978; K-1 1000 m: 1977, K-1 4×500 m: 1974) and two silvers (K-1 500 m and K-1 4×500 m: both 1975).
References
External links
1954 births
Canoeists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Living people
Olympic gold medalists for Romania
Olympic silver medalists for Romania
Olympic bronze medalists for Romania
Romanian male canoeists
Olympic medalists in canoeing
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in kayak
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics |
20467986 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Hatteras%20%28AVP-42%29 | USS Hatteras (AVP-42) | What would have been the third USS Hatteras (AVP-42) was a proposed United States Navy seaplane tender that was never laid down.
Construction and commissioning
Hatteras was to have been one of 41 Barnegat-class small seaplane tenders the U.S. Navy planned to commission during the early 1940s, and was to have been built at Houghton, Washington, by the Lake Washington Shipyard. However, by the spring of 1943 the Navy deemed that number of seaplane tenders excess to requirements, and decided to complete four of them as motor torpedo boat tenders and one as a catapult training ship. In addition, the Navy also decided to cancel six of the Barnegat-class ships prior to their construction, freeing up the diesel engines that would have powered them for use in escort vessels and amphibious landing craft.
Hatteras became one of the first four ships to be cancelled when the Navy cancelled its contract with Lake Washington Shipyard for her construction on 22 April 1943.
References
NavSource Online: Service Ship Photo Archive Small Seaplane Tender (AVP) Index
Cancelled ships of the United States Navy
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
Barnegat-class seaplane tenders
Ships built at Lake Washington Shipyard |
17335492 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Holm | Max Holm | Max Holm is a former American football and basketball player and coach. He is credited with building one of the strongest defensive teams for NAIA football during his day. He is one of the few "modern era" college coaches to have been both the head basketball coach and the head football coach at the same school in the same calendar year.
Playing career
A native of Pittsburgh, Holm played as an end for Westminster College for the 1960 and 1961 seasons under Hall of Fame coach Harold Burry. Holm completed his high school football play at Peabody High School in Pittsburgh.
Coaching career
Geneva basketball
Holm was the basketball coach for the Geneva College in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, for the 1971–72 season, and then resigned to take the head football coach position at the same school. Prior to being head basketball coach, he was an assistant in the program for two seasons.
Geneva football
Holm became the 26th head football for Geneva and he held that position for two seasons, from 1972 to 1973, compiling a record of 12–6.
In his first year at Geneva, Holm led the charge of an exciting season that began among concerns of relying heavily on sophomores and ended with a record of 8 wins and 1 loss, with the sole loss coming on the last and highly anticipated game of the season against Westminster College. The Golden Tornadoes were the nation's leading team against the rush while the Titans rushing attack was just average. Before the final game of 1972, Geneva's opponents could only average 48.3 yards per game on the ground.
While at Geneva, he coached future National Football League player Bruce Craft, who played offensive tackle for the Dallas Cowboys.
Holm resigned his position after the conclusion of the 1973 season.
Head coaching record
Football
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American football ends
Basketball coaches from Pennsylvania
Geneva Golden Tornadoes football coaches
Geneva Golden Tornadoes men's basketball coaches
Players of American football from Pittsburgh
Sportspeople from Pittsburgh
Westminster Titans football players |
20468008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus%20Tinnitus | Vitus Tinnitus | Vitus Tinnitus is a live EP by Archers of Loaf, their first officially released live recording. It was released in 1997. The first six tracks were recorded live at The Middle East in Cambridge, MA, on October 26, 1996. The last two tracks are remixes from All the Nations Airports.
Track listing
"Harnessed In Slums"
"Underdogs Of Nipomo"
"Greatest Of All Time"
"Form and File"
"Audiowhore"
"Nostalgia"
"Vocal Shrapnel (Remix)"
"Scenic Pastures (Remix)"
References
1997 EPs
Archers of Loaf albums
Alias Records albums
Live EPs
1997 live albums |
20468012 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassarius%20granifer | Nassarius granifer | Nassarius granifer, common name the granulated dog whelk or granulated nassa, is a species of sea snail with an operculum, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Nassariidae, the mud snails or dog whelks.
Description
The length of the shell of this species varies between 10 mm and 18 mm.
The shell is rather small, ovate, thick and globular. Its color is of an ash-white. The spire is conical and, pointed, composed of six whorls, the lowest much larger than all the other. This body whorl presents on its surface conical, distant tubercles, disposed in four series. A few transverse striae ornament the base. The upper whorls have only a single row of tubercles. The ovate aperture is narrow, emarginated at the upper part, at its union with the outer lip, which is thick, striated internally. The columella is arcuated, covering the inner lip, which is expanded into a white, thick callosity, covering the whole lower surface, and a portion of the upper whorls.
Distribution
The shell occurs in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean off Réunion, Aldabra, Chagos, Mascarene Basin. Specimens of this species were gathered by Rizal in Dapitan in 1894 although he labeled them as Nassa arcularia; also off many islands in Oceania and off Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland).
References
Bruguière, J.G. 1789. Buccinum. Encyclopédie Méthodique ou par de matieres. Historie Naturelle des Vers et Mollusques 1: 236-285
Marrat, F.P. 1880. On the varieties of the shells belonging to the genus Nassa Lam. 104 pp.
Cernohorsky W. O. (1984). Systematics of the family Nassariidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum 14: 1-356
Cernohorsky, W.O. 1991. Mollusca Gastropoda: On a collection of Nassariidae from New Caledonian waters. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Section A. Zoologie. Series A Zoologie, Tome 150 7: 187-204
Wilson, B. 1994. Australian Marine Shells. Prosobranch Gastropods. Kallaroo, WA : Odyssey Publishing Vol. 2 370 pp.
Marais J.P. & Kilburn R.N. (2010) Nassariidae. pp. 138–173, in: Marais A.P. & Seccombe A.D. (eds), Identification guide to the seashells of South Africa. Volume 1. Groenkloof: Centre for Molluscan Studies. 376 pp.
External links
Nassariidae
Gastropods described in 1834 |
20468013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia%20Ryder | Cynthia Ryder | Cynthia Louise "Cindy" Ryder (born August 12, 1966) is an American Olympic athlete who won the gold medal in women's single sculls rowing event at the 1991 Pan American Games and participated in the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona.
External links
American female rowers
Olympic rowers of the United States
Rowers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
1966 births
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in rowing
Rowers at the 1991 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1991 Pan American Games
21st-century American women |
20468015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Benin | Operation Benin | Operation Benin, also known as Operation Cotonou, was a rescue mission carried out by the Lebanese Navy SEALs Regiment in Cotonou, Benin between December 26, 2003 and December 30, 2003 This operation is considered to be the first mission carried out by Lebanese Armed Forces units abroad. Its task was to recover bodies and two black boxes from UTA Flight 141.
Background
A UTA Boeing 727-223 heading to Beirut carrying 161 people, mainly Lebanese going to spend the New Year vacation in Lebanon, crashed into the sea shortly after take off resulting in 139 dead on December 25, 2003. The crash is considered to be the worst accident in the Lebanese aviation history as per the number of Lebanese citizens affected. The plane was a private jet operated by a Libyan businessman, who was amongst the few survivors.
Mission Details
Receiving Orders
At 12:20 a.m., night of December 25–26, 2003, commander of the Lebanese Navy SEALs Regiment General George Chraim receives a call from the Lebanese Armed Forces commander-in-chief General Michel Suleiman ordering him to prepare a Navy SEALs unit to be fully equipped and immediately dispatched to Beirut International Airport, and then fly for a rescuing and bodies recovering mission in Benin, that's in addition to locating the two black boxes.
Getting Ready
According to Colonel Chraim, some soldiers were called after from their homes; in addition, getting the diving gears and equipment, and boats ready was done within a very short time, as the unit was ready at 2:10 a.m. in the airport, and then boarded an MEA airliner that took off at 2:30 a.m.
Arrival at Cotonou
The plane reached Cadjehoun Airport at 10 a.m, a French military attache officer and another Beninese were waiting the team in order to guide them through and cooperate on their needs. For the next step the team had to take vehicles prepared by the local Lebanese community to reach the crash scene and start surveying it.
Operations
Upon arrival to the crash site, the team started clearing the people off the area, and started preparing the gears and equipment. The team then started diving under the plane remains in the water which was mixed up with jet fuel. Shortly after, they started pulling the wreckage to the shore using the available vehicles. The first day ended at 6:00 p.m. as the sunset began. At the morning of the second day, the team returned to the crash site, and divided into two groups:
First one equipped with two Rigid-hulled inflatable boats, their goal was to scan the surface of the water as far as 10 kilometers into the sea, and to pull out bodies and bring them to shore
Second group, composed of 7 divers, 3 of which were French, their goal was to dive as deep as 600 meters scanning for bodies and the two black boxes.
At around 1 O'clock the second team was able to find the first black box, later that day, the other box was found. Searching and rescuing continued later that night.
On the third day, a meeting with the officials from Benin, Lebanon, and France was held at the airport to discuss and assess the situation, and concluded that it was time to return to Lebanon.
Returning to Lebanon
At 1:10 p.m. of the third day, a plane carrying the team and Lebanese officials, in addition to the bodies of the victims took off to Lebanon, and arrived to Beirut International Airport at around 9 p.m. The team directly left the airport to their base to present a report about the mission.
The team
The rescue team included ten members:
Colonel George Chraim, commander of the Lebanese Navy SEALs regiment.
Captain Fadi Makhoul
Captain Haidar Skini
Captain Fadi Kfoury
First Class Sergeant Mohamed Mrad
First Class Sergeant Simon Makhlouf
First Class Sergeant Talal Zein
First Class Sergeant Mohamed Msheimesh
Corporal Antranique Youssef
See also
Lebanese Navy SEALs Regiment
External links
Lebanese Army divers recover bodies from UTA plane in Benin
Lebanese Divers Search Sea for Victims of Benin Plane Crash
References
Lebanese Army Operations |
20468029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICCN | ICCN | ICCN is an initialism for:
Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature
International Conference on Computational Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
Interfaith Climate Change Network
Indiana Classic Car Network or Illinois Classic Car Network
International Center on Conflict and Negotiation
Inner City Computer Network
Intercultural Conflict, Communication and Negotiation |
20468038 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass%20in%20the%20Blood | Compass in the Blood | Compass in the Blood is a young-adult novel by the American writer William E. Coles, Jr. (1932–2005) set in 1890's Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Synopsis
It tells the story of Dee Armstrong, a freshman journalism student at the University of Pittsburgh, who is inspired to investigate one of the city's most notorious crimes. In 1902 Kate Soffel, the wife of the warden of the Allegheny County Jail, conducted an adulterous affair with a prisoner, Ed Biddle, and helped him and his brother Jack in a daring jailbreak.
References
2001 American novels
Novels set in Pittsburgh
University of Pittsburgh
Atheneum Books books |
20468090 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipra%20Rajbara | Pipra Rajbara | Pipra Rajbara is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4606 people living in 801 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
23575032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20violence%20in%20the%20Democratic%20Republic%20of%20the%20Congo | Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo | The Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the east of the country in particular, has been described as the "Rape Capital of the World," and the prevalence and intensity of all forms of sexual violence has been described as the worst in the world. Human Rights Watch defines sexual violence as "an act of a sexual nature by force, or by threat of force or coercion," and rape as "a form of sexual violence during which the body of a person is invaded, resulting in penetration, however slight, of any part of the body of the victim, with a sexual organ, or of the anal or genital opening of the victim with any object or other part of the body."
The Democratic Republic of the Congo has had a long history of unrest and instability. Although sexual violence has always occurred in the DRC in some capacity, increased rates of sexual violence coincided with the armed conflicts of the early 1990s and later.
Much of the research conducted about sexual violence in the DRC has focused on violence against and rape of women as related to these armed conflict, mostly occurring in the eastern region of the country. The eastern region of the DRC has the highest rates of sexual violence, and much of it is perpetrated by armed militia groups. However, other studies have begun to show that sexual violence is pervasive in all parts of the DRC and that it is not always related to the conflict.
While there is extensive evidence of the societal and individual ramifications caused by the sexual violence in the country, the government has been criticized for not doing enough to stop it. Although Congolese law criminalizes many forms of sexual violence, these laws are not always enforced.
Historical background
Rape in the Democratic Republic of Congo has frequently been described as a "weapon of war," and the United Nations officially declared rape a weapon of war in 2008. War rape makes a particularly effective weapon because it not only destroys its physical victims, but entire communities as well. War, violence, and instability have ravaged the DRC for decades, and this has led to a culture of violence in war and civilian life that often takes its form in a sexual nature.
Eleven years after the Republic of the Congo gained independence in 1960, president Mobutu renamed the country Zaire in 1971 and ruled the nation under an autocratic and corrupt regime. Under Mobutu's regime, sexual abuse was used as a method of torture.
Mobutu ruled until 1997, when after the 1994 Rwandan genocide, many génocidaires fled across Rwanda's western border into the DRC in hopes of escaping censure. Hutu extremist militias were reformed across the border, particularly in Kivu, the DRC's easternmost region, bringing crime and violence to the DRC. While the Congolese army and UN peacekeepers attempted to launch large operations, they still ultimately failed to disarm Hutu rebels who often retaliated by performing rapes, kidnappings and murders. This influx of militants and fighting in Burundi catalyzed the First Congo War and the end of Mobutu's regime. Spurred by the violence, the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (AFDL), led by Laurent Kabila, launched a rebellion against Mobutu regime in 1996 in the eastern part of the country.
Wilhelmine Ntakebuka, who coordinates a sexual violence program in Bukavu, believes that the increase in sexual violence started with the inflow of foreign militants:
The epidemic of rapes seems to have started in the mid-1990s. That coincides with the waves of Hutu militiamen who escaped into Congo’s forests after exterminating 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus during Rwanda’s genocide 13 years ago. Mr. Holmes said that while government troops might have raped thousands of women, the most vicious attacks had been carried out by Hutu militias.
The violence from the First Congo War led to the Second Congo War, which officially ended in 2006 with the election of the first democratically elected president, Joseph Kabila. However, there has been no end to the violence. A major confrontation in 2007 between government forces and troops of Tutsi general Laurent Nkunda culminated in another major confrontation in the eastern province of Nord-Kivu. Recently, instability and violence have greatly increased since the mutiny of members of the Government of DRC and the creation of the rebel movement, M23, supported by the Government of Rwanda and individuals of the Government of Uganda. Moreover, as recently as December 2012, the UN accused M23 rebels of raping and killing civilians in eastern DRC. There have also recently been allegations of a military attack and 72 counts of rapes against civilians by M23 in the Minova area.
Much of this continuing violence is a result of long-lasting animosity between the Tutsis, the Hutus, and other groups. Other factors of the continued violence are control of land, control of minerals, and economic tensions. The persistence of rape can also be attributed to misconceptions about rape, such as the myth that having sex with prepubescent girls will give people strength in battle or business dealings. The long history of violence has led to a culture of desensitization, lacking respect for international norms of human rights, and inadequate education.
Today, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, particularly the eastern region of the country, is known as the rape capital of the world. While "the law specifically prohibits and provides penalties of 10 to 20 years' imprisonment for child and forced prostitution, pimping, and trafficking for sexual exploitation....There were no reported investigations or prosecutions of traffickers during the year [2007]." There is no law against spousal sexual assault.
Forms of sexual violence
Violence against women
Margot Wallström dubbed eastern Congo the "most dangerous place on earth to be a woman" and it is said that rape is simply a fact of life in the DRC. In October 2004 the human rights group Amnesty International said that 40,000 cases of rape had been reported over the previous six years, the majority occurring in South Kivu. This is an incomplete count, as the humanitarian and international organizations compiling the figures do not have access to much of the conflict area; only women who have reported for treatment are included. It is estimated that there are as many as 200,000 surviving rape victims living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo today.
A 2011 report recorded that 1,000 women had been raped daily.
A 2014 report by human rights charity Freedom from Torture outlined the usage of rape as a form of torture by security forces, focusing on case studies and accounts from torture survivors.
According to research conducted by The Journal of the American Medical Association in 2010, 39.7% of women in the Eastern Region (North Kivu, South Kivu, and Province Orientale) of the DRC reported to have been exposed to sexual violence during their lifetime, most commonly taking its form in rape.
As Noel Rwabirinba, a sixteen-year-old who had been a militiaman for two years said, "If we see girls, it’s our right…we can violate them." This statement reflects the normalization of rape in the DRC. Because of conflicts, between 60 and 90 percent of women are single heads of households. This puts many burdens upon them, such as having to travel long distances to find resources, leaving them vulnerable to violence.
Patricia Rozée identifies different categories of rape, all of which occur in the DRC: punitive rape (used to punish to elicit silence and control); status rape (occurring as a result of acknowledged differences in rank); ceremonial rape (undertaken as part of socially sanctioned rituals); exchange rape (when genital contact is used as a bargaining tool); theft rape (involuntary abduction of individuals as slaves, prostitutes, concubines, or spoils of war); and survival rape (when women become involved with older men to secure goods needed to survive).
Rape, as related to the conflicts, is the most prevalent form of sexual violence in the country, particularly in the eastern region. However, civilians are also the perpetrators of rape. Furthermore, although people might assume that men always perpetrate conflict-related sexual violence against women, women are also perpetrators. In the 2010 study conducted by the American Medical Association, women reported to have perpetrated conflict-related sexual violence in 41.1% of female cases and 10.0% of male cases.
Violence against men
The rape of men is also common. More studies are coming out to show that both women and men are the victims and perpetrators of sexual violence in the DRC.
Research conducted by The Journal of the American Medical Association in 2010 cites that 23.6% of men in the Eastern Region of the country have been exposed to sexual violence. And, a similar study also conducted in 2010 found that 22% of men (as compared to 30% of women) in eastern Congo reported conflict-related sexual violence. A cross-sectional, population-based study found that one in four men living in the eastern region of the country have been the victims of sexual violence. Moreover, at least 4 to 10 percent of all rape victims are male.
The prevalence of rape of men in the country is likely underreported due to extreme stigma attached to sexual abuse of males. Men who admit to being raped risk ostracism by their community and criminal prosecution, because they may be seen as homosexual, which, though legal in the DRC, is socially unacceptable. Male victims are less likely to appear in court, and those who do are cast away in their villages and called "bush wives." According to Denise Siwatula, a programme officer at the Women's Synergy for the Victims of Sexual Violence based in Kivu, many men are victims of sexual violence and they need different assistance than women who come to their center.
Lynn Lawry, a humanitarian expert at the International Health Division of the US Department of Defense, said, "When we are looking at how we are going to address communities, we need to talk to female perpetrators as well as male perpetrators, and we have to include male survivors in our mental health clinics in order to address their issues, which may be very different from female survivors."
Violence against children
UNFPA reported that over 65% of victims during the past 15 years were children. The majority of this percentage was adolescent girls and roughly 10% of child victims are said to be under 10 years old. Many child soldiers, after being recruited from refugee camps, are often sexually abused.
Rape of girls and gender-based violence of minors is widespread in the eastern Congo.
Trafficking and prostitution
The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a source and destination for trafficking for forced labor and forced prostitution, much of which is internal and perpetrated by armed groups in the eastern region of the DRC. The DRC is said to be the main regional source, from which women and children are trafficked in large numbers to sex industries in Angola, South Africa, Republic of Congo, and western Europe, particularly Belgium. Prostitution and forced prostitution occurs often in refugee camps in the country. In addition to forced prostitution in refugee camps, many girls are forced into prostitution in tent- or hut-based brothels, markets, and mining areas.
The main perpetrators are the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), Patriotes Resistants Congolais (PARECO), various local militia (such as the Mai-Mai), the Alliance des patriots pour un Congo libre et souverain (APCLS), and the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA). There are many reports of these groups forcibly recruiting women and children to serve in sexual servitude.
Domestic violence
Article 444 of the Congo Family Code states that a wife "owes her obedience to her husband". Marital rape is not considered an offense in the DRC. Similar laws and attitudes are prevalent in countries involved in the DRC conflict. In Zimbabwe one in four women report having experienced sexual violence at the hands of their husbands. Women in the DRC do not have the right to refuse sex, and should they, men have the right to discipline their wives through beating, an act often referred to as “tough love”.
Research Directorate has called domestic violence "very prevalent" in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. According to several studies conducted in 2011, intimate partner sexual violence is the most pervasive form of violence against women in all areas of the DRC. A 2010 study concluded that intimate partner violence was reported by 31% of women and 17% of men.
Central factors for the high rates of domestic violence are the reintegration of combatants in communities, circulation of arms, and post-traumatic stress in times during and after conflict. However, reporting domestic violence is rare because women have no rights to share property or wealth, fear losing their children or being shunned by the community, or may not even know it is a punishable offense.
Although there are laws against domestic violence, cultural beliefs make it extremely difficult to implement the rules. Because the social status of African women is dependent on their marital status, and because the conflict has drastically reduced the male population, women have no choice but to suffer. Although the status of men is also dependent on their marital status, they are expected to exercise strict control over the wives. Men are seen as being superior in that they are better educated and capable of purchasing property.
Other forms
The United Nations includes rape, public rapes, sexual slavery, forced prostitution, forced pregnancy, gang rape, forced incest, sexual mutilation, disemboweling, genital mutilation, cannibalism, deliberate spread of HIV/AIDS, and forced sterilization as other forms of sexual violence that occur in the DRC that are used as techniques in war against the civilian population.
Other forms of sexual violence reported include: forcing of crude objects such as tree branches and bottles into the vagina, public rape in front of the family and community, forced rape between victims, the introduction of objects into the victims' cavities, pouring melted rubber into women's vaginas, shooting women in the vagina and inducing abortions using sharp objects.
Perpetrators
Militia groups
According to Human Rights Watch, while many of the perpetrators of sexual violence are militia groups, some of whom have been known to kidnap women and girls and use them as sex slaves, the Congolese army, Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo (FARDC), is the "single largest group of perpetrators."
In 2007, the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) reported that 54% of all recorded sexual violence cases in the first 6 months of that year were committed by FARDC soldiers. Some commanders have been purported to overlook sexual violence perpetrated by those under their command. One investigation found that some commanders ordered their soldiers to commit rape. There are also incidents of rape involving the police, others in authority, civilians, and other opportunistic criminals.
View of masculinity which associate manliness with excessive use of aggression, force and violence contribute to military and militia sexual violence. Weapons are used as status symbols and to acquire social and economic hierarchy by employing power over unarmed civilians. Soldiers who exude any qualities deemed to be feminine are seen as weak and often end up being attacked and ostracized.
Many societies, such as the Democratic Republic of Congo generally place the means of violence military training, and weapons in the hands of men, while promoting a direct link between the idea of a real man and the practice of dominance and violence.
Background
Beginning with colonization, economic factors have contributed to the culture of violence that has dominated the DRC. In 1908, under King Leopold II, the "methodical rape of entire villages" was a popular tactic used by his administration for keeping the local population in order.
After gaining independence in 1960, the Democratic Republic of Congo was marked by political and social instability. In 1965, during a coup, Colonel Joseph Mobutu took over and remained in power for the next 32 years.
During the 1990s, Mobutu's regime witnessed a large influx of refugees after the Rwandan genocide, many of which included genocide perpetrators. The perpetrators were able to rearm themselves and were immediately organized by ex-(FARDC) Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of Congo leaders. In an effort to prevent future attacks from the newly formed group, Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) soldiers joined together with (AFDL) Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire forces under the leadership of Congolese rebel commander, Laurent Desire Kabila. The group was responsible for killing thousands of unarmed civilians.
In 2001, after the assassination of his father, Joseph Kabila took over as leader. A rebellion erupted in the same year. As a result, an estimated 4 million people died in the competition for control over the DRC's natural resources. Attempts to stabilize the peace process have failed. Insecurity is perpetuated by the remaining militia groups, which include the Mai-Mai.
Rape
Sexual violence functions as a means of humiliating, not only a female victim, but also her family and/or husband. Once raped, the victim traditionally sends a message to her husband to alert him about the event. He then arms himself and searches for the rapist. Today, most communities also stigmatize women and hold them accountable for being raped. The influx of armed groups from Burundi and Rwanda into the DRC has impacted the frequency of sexual violence in the region.
After the wars of 1996 and 1998 and the displacement of Congolese people, women were forced to turn to "survival sex" with wealthy foreign soldiers and UN peacekeepers. This was seen as emasculating the soldiers who were unable to live up to their expected societal roles. Objectified rape became the expected order in the DRC.
Many rapes occur in public spaces and in the presence of witnesses. These public rapes have become so popular that they have been given a name "la reigne". During these rapes, women are stripped, tied upside down, and gang raped in the middle of a village. The permission to invade and rape a village is often given as a reward to the armed group by the commanders. The government army, FARDC, due to its size and capacity, is the largest perpetrator.
"National Security" Rape
This form of rape is predominately used by governments and militaries to protect its "national security". Additionally, “national security" rape violently imposes many intersecting and mutually fundamental power relations such as nationalism and patriarchy. It is used to humiliate, torture, and punish "rebellious" women for directly challenging what the rapists view as strictly enshrined ideas of femininity and masculinity.
"Systematic Mass" Rape
The systematic rape of women in the DRC is regarded as a tool of oppression focused on a specific ethnic group and . During times of war, mass rape can be seen as an effective way to "feminize" one's enemy by violating “his women, nation and homeland,” thus proving that he is incapable of being an adequate protector. The raping of women in this process seeks to destroy the very "fabric of society, as women are seen as the symbolic bearers of ethno-national identity because of their roles as biological, cultural, and social reproducers of society itself".
Civilian perpetrators
In June 2010, UK aid group Oxfam reported a dramatic increase in the number of rapes occurring in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Contrary to MONUSCO's 2007 report, the study found that 38% of rapes were committed by civilians in 2008. Rapes by civilians are increasing, demonstrating that sexual violence is becoming even more widespread throughout the country. This is a particularly dramatic rise compared to the number of civilian-perpetrated rapes in 2004, which was less than 1%. Researchers from Harvard discovered that rapes committed by civilians had increased seventeenfold. Consistent with these studies is a statement from Dr. Margaret Agama, the DRC's United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) representative:
Initially, rape was used as a tool of war by all the belligerent forces involved in the country’s recent conflicts, but now sexual violence is unfortunately not only perpetrated by armed factions but also by ordinary people occupying positions of authority, neighbours, friends and family members.
Teachers
A survey by the Brazil-based nonprofit organization Promundo found that 16% of girls in North Kivu said they had been forced to have sex with their teachers. And according to a 2010 UNICEF report, 46% of Congolese schoolgirls in a national study confirmed that they had been victims of sexual harassment, abuse, and violence committed by their teachers or other school personnel.
Female perpetrators
A 2010 survey in over 1,000 households in eastern Congo by a team of researchers led by Harvard academic Lynn Lawry asked victims of sexual violence to specify their assailant's gender. The study found that 40% of the female victims and 10% of male victims said they have been assaulted by a woman. A UN expert on armed groups states, "Women who were raped for years are now raping other women."
Violence in Angola
Congolese women are being systematically raped in Angola as a means of expelling the Congolese living there. With a booming mining trade, Congolese continue migrating into Angola in search of a living. Among some 26,000 people expelled since April 2011, more than 21,000 cases of serious human rights violations, including rape, beating, torture and looting, have been documented by an Italian aid agency that has a UN grant to monitor the border. Human Rights Watch says the goal of the abuse is to instill fear.
Ramifications
Medical ramifications
The medical repercussions of the sexual assault in the DRC vary from severed and broken limbs, burned flesh, rectovaginal and vesicovaginal fistulas, STIs, pregnancy, and urinary incontinence to death. Adequate medical care for these injuries is very hard to come by, and many survivors remain ill or disfigured for the rest of their lives.
These are all more severe the younger the victim is. Young girls who are not fully developed are more likely to suffer from obstructed birth, which can lead to fistulas or even death. On a young girl, a pelvis "[hasn't] yet grown large enough to accommodate the baby's head, a common occurrence with young teenagers...[these girls end] up in obstructed birth, with the baby stuck inside [their] birth passage[s]...[often, they can't] walk or stand, a consequence of nerve damage that is a frequent by-product of fistulae."
At the Doctors on Call for Service/Heal Africa Hospital in Eastern DRC, 4,715 of the women reported having suffered sexual violence; 4,009 received medical treatment; 702 had a fistula, 63.4% being traumatic and 36.6% being obstetric.
Sexual assault has also contributed to the HIV rate. Before the conflict in 1997, only 5% of the population was HIV positive; by 2002, there was a 20% HIV positive rate in the eastern region. A study conducted found that sociocultural barriers and strict obedience to Vatican doctrine prevented adolescents from receiving condoms or comprehensive sex education, which contributes to the spread of HIV.
Psychological and social ramifications
There are also many psychological and social consequences to being the victim of sexual violence. Victims often suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and suicide. This can be particularly severe in cases in which men have been forced at gunpoint to sexually assault their daughters, sisters, or mothers. Psychological trauma after experiencing sexual violence can have a negative effect on sexual behavior and relationships, feelings about sex, ability to negotiate safer sex, and increased likelihood of drug abuse.
The most common social consequence for victims of sexual violence is isolation from their families and communities. Raped women are seen as impure, frequently leading to their being abandoned by their husbands or having trouble marrying. The most extreme versions of this stigmatization can lead to "honor killings" in which the victim of sexual violence is murdered by her family or community due to the belief that she has brought them shame and dishonor.
Young women and girls who are cast outside of their homes, or leave due to shame will most likely become even more vulnerable to further abuse. Moreover, the culture of widespread violence often affects children at an early age. Sexual violence is also perpetrated by minors, particularly among those involved with combatant forces. A previous child soldier of the Mai-Mai fighters’ movement, who fought to resist the Interahamwe from Rwanda who took refuge in the DRC after they fled from the Rwandan Patriotic Front, said that reasons that child soldiers and other combatants rape women include: listening to witch doctors’ advice, drug use, long periods in bush, gaining sexual experience, punishment, revenge, and a weapon of war.
In the context of the Congolese society, rape is considered to be an "act of marriage" to the perpetrator. A girl who becomes pregnant as a result of abuse is no longer viewed as a child who needs the care and affection of her parents.
Many women and girls report extreme poverty, being unable to continue with school and an inability to earn a living and pay fees. Additionally, women declare that they are unable to find jobs because of the physical pain and injuries caused by the abuse.
Regional differences
Several reports claim that there are no accurate representative numbers on the prevalence of sexual violence in the DRC because of underreporting and lack of research. Moreover, so far, there are no reports to indicate differences in rates of sexual violence based upon education, income, or residence (urban or rural). However, other research studies have found regional differences in rates and types of sexual violence in the DRC.
According to research done by the American Journal of Public Health in 2011, the highest rates of rape against women occurred in the North Kivu province. The war-torn and mineral-rich areas in the eastern part of the country have very high rates of sexual violence. M23 has recently gained control of territory in North Kivu, the city of Goma, and other areas of the Ruthuru region, and there have been recent reports of sexual violence in those areas.
Anthony Gambino, mission director for the Congo of the United States Agency for International Development, has also said that “shockingly high rape statistics are found in western Congo as well as northern and eastern Congo,” but that conflict-related rape is less prevalent in the west. Although most reports agree that sexual violence related to the armed conflict are most prevalent in North and South Kivu, Maniema, and Katanga, one report found that the highest number of rapes reported in 2007 by women aged 15 to 49 was in the provinces of Orientale, North Kivu and Équateur. They found that sexual violence not related to the armed conflict, such as in Équateur, often takes its form in intimate-partner violence.
Preventative efforts
Increasing awareness regarding the problem of sexual violence in the DRC has led to both national and international efforts to prevent the continuation of the atrocities taking place.
Government policy
According to articles of the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, sexual violence is defined and criminalized as a form of gender-based violence and gender discrimination (article 14); a cruel, degrading, and inhuman treatment (article 16); a crime against humanity (article 15); and a violation of an individual's right to peace (article 52). Congolese law draws a distinction between rape and systematic rape, sexual violence being a crime against the state and systematic sexual violence as an international crime.
In 2006, the Palais du Peuple, the Congolese government, enacted sexual violence amendments to the 1940 Penal Code and the 1959 Penal Procedure Code. Part of these changes was criminalizing "insertion of an object into a woman’s vagina, sexual mutilation, and sexual slavery" as well as defining "any sexual relation with a minor as statutory rape."
The Congolese government's department, The Ministry of Gender, Family Affairs and Children, is dedicated to dealing with sexual violence within the nation.
International community and nongovernmental organizations
International human rights organizations began to document sexual violence in 2002.
In September 2009, following her visit to the DRC, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton oversaw the adoption of the U.N Security Council Resolution 1888, which details specific efforts that must be taken to protect women from sexual violence in war-stricken regions, and measures taken to bring perpetrators to justice. Clinton has also urged the Congolese government to personally investigate members of FARDC who have committed crimes of sexual violence, and FARDC generals have declared that they will set up new military tribunals to prosecute soldiers accused of sexual violence. Additionally, she has supported a $17 million plan to combat the sexual violence in the DRC.
USAID/Kinshasa currently provides medical, psycho-social, judicial, and socio-economic support to approximately 8,000 survivors in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Maniema Province. The International Security and Stabilization Support Strategy found that 72 percent of international funds for sexual violence in the DRC are devoted to treating victims of rape and 27 percent to preventing sexual abuse.
DRC vs Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda in March 1999 was the first case the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights heard that discussed violations of human rights, including sexual violence, during an armed conflict. The Commission found that the human rights abuses committed in the eastern provinces of the DRC were not in agreement to Part III of the Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War of 1949, Article 75(2) of Protocol 1, and Articles 2 and 4 of the African Charter.
The International Criminal Court is conducting an ongoing investigation into crimes committed in the DRC during the Second Congo War and afterwards. Several military leaders have been charged with crimes of sexual violence. Germain Katanga, the leader of the Front for Patriotic Resistance in Ituri (FPRI), and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, the leader of the Nationalist and Integrationist Front (FNI), were charged and indicted with nine crimes against humanity including sexual slavery, a crime against humanity under article 7(1)(g) of the Rome Statute and a war crime under article 8(2)(b)(xxii) or (e)(vi) of the Rome Statute. Bosco Ntaganda of the Patriotic Forces for the Liberation of the Congo (FPLC) was charged with rape and sexual slavery. Callixte Mbarushimana of the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), and Sylvestre Mudacumura have also been charged with rape.
According to Tier Rating, the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo does not comply with minimum standards for efforts to eliminate this problem by prosecuting perpetrators and providing services to victims. The government has not shown evidence in prosecuting sex trafficking perpetrators.
In June 2014, UK-based rehabilitation charity Freedom from Torture published its report "Rape as Torture in the DRC: Sexual Violence Beyond the Conflict Zone, using evidence from 34 forensic medical reports, to show that rape and sexual violence is being used routinely by state officials in Congolese prisons as punishment for politically active women. One of the women mentioned in the report stated:"Now I know, because I have been there, that it is normal for women to be sexually abused in prison..." The women included in the report were abused in several locations across the country including the capital Kinshasa and other areas away from the conflict zones.
In addition, Eve Ensler's nongovernmental organization, V-Day, has not only been crucial in the growing awareness regarding sexual violence in the DRC, but has also entered into a project with UNICEF and the Panzi Foundation to build The City of Joy, a special facility in Bukavu for survivors of sexual violence in the DRC. The center, which can host up to 180 women a year, has resources such as sexual education courses, self-defense classes, and group therapy, as well as academic classes and courses in the arts. The City of Joy facility opened in February 2011.
Other perspectives
There are others who offer different perspectives to the dominant discourse about sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Many Congolese populations on the ground, Congolese intellectuals, and field-based interveners emphasize that there are many other consequences of the armed conflict that deserve as much attention as sexual violence does, including killings, forced labor, child soldiers, and torture. They also believe that the attention to rape in the DRC contributes to the proliferation of the widespread stereotype of Congolese people as savage and barbaric.
It is also said that the international focus on this problem has led to unintended, negative consequences, including ignoring other forms of violence and rape of men and boys. The worst consequence discussed is the belief that some armed groups think that sexual violence is now an effective bargaining tool. Thus, according to this perspective, the international focus is actually contributing to the increase of sexual violence. It has been said that the mass rapes in Luvungi in 2010, where Mai Mai Sheka gang raped 387 civilians, was partly due to this consequence because Sheka allegedly ordered his soldiers to rape women to draw attention to their group.
Perpetrator testimonies
The voices and testimonies of perpetrators have long been absent. However, during 2005–2006, Maria Erickson of the School of Global Studies at the Gothenburg University in Sweden interviewed soldiers and officers within the integrated armed forces. The interviews were organized in groups made up of 3–4 people and lasted between 3–4 hours.
A large portion of those interviewed were from the previous government forces, the FARDC. The data collected from the interviews provided detailed accounts and useful information on how the soldiers understood their identities, their roles as combatants and the amount of pain they inflicted onto their victims.
View of masculinity
Some of the FARDC soldiers interviewed described the military as a place for the tough and strong and as a place to prove one's manhood. One soldier stated that:
"You have to learn the tough spirit of a soldier. If you do not know that, some beating up is required. Those who are not able to make it, we call them inept, also sometimes the women, the inept will run away'.
He also went on to demonstrate the desensitization that accompanies military macho-violence:
'....A soldier is a soldier. He is not a civilian. Bullets are bullets. It is a war. We are not going there to kill ducks. It is war. You go there to defend. The centre is no place for compassion".
Roles as soldiers
The respondents’ perception of their roles as soldiers was reflected in their notions of what a successful position was within the armed forces. A successful soldier, they said, was an educated one who "sat behind a desk and completed administrative work". However, the soldiers also explained, that although administrative tasks were appealing, their entry into the force was not an active choice, but instead, was done to make money and receive an education.
Because manhood was closely linked to material wealth their choice to join the armed forces was not a vengeful call for violence or revenge but a fall back option because of unfortunate circumstances. Many of the soldiers described that they had not received the education they were promised and instead indicate that their lives had been filled with "ruin" and "tragedy". This discrepancy between a sense of how soldiering “should be” and “the way it was” was the basis for the prevalence of violence among armed forces.
See also
The Greatest Silence: Rape in the Congo documentary film
Ruined (play) by Lynn Nottage, winner of 2009 Pulitzer Prize for Drama
General:
Women in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Crime in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
International:
Sexual violence in Finland
Sexual violence in South Africa
Sexual violence in Papua New Guinea
Rape statistics (worldwide)
Estimates of sexual violence (worldwide)
References
External links
The Advocacy Project 2009 Peace Fellow Elisa Garcia in partnership with BVES
Heal Africa
Rape as torture in the DRC:Sexual violence beyond the conflict zone
AMKENI Action Group: From illiteracy to entrepreneurship for survivors of sexual violence in Democratic Republic of Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Violence
Violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Human rights abuses in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Rape in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Violence against women in Africa
Child sexual abuse by country |
20468101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pothiyahi | Pothiyahi | Pothiyahi is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3927 people living in 627 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
20468103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamil%20%C4%8Capkovi%C4%8D | Kamil Čapkovič | Kamil Čapkovič (; born 2 June 1986) is a professional Slovak tennis player. He was born in Michalovce, Slovak Republic.
Career
Čapkovič has spent most of his time on the Futures and Challenger circuits, where he has won several Futures titles.
Singles Titles
References
External links
1986 births
Living people
Slovak male tennis players
People from Michalovce |
20468105 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehuda%20Gilad%20%28politician%29 | Yehuda Gilad (politician) | Rabbi Yehuda Gilad (, born 30 August 1955) is a former Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Meimad between 2002 and 2003.
Biography
Born in Brazil, Gilad's family immigrated to Israel when he was eight. He was certified as a rabbi, and headed a yeshiva. In the early 1990s he worked as an emissary for the Jewish Agency and Bnei Akiva in London, and was a programme director for Gesher, an organisation dedicated to bridging the gap between secular and religious youths.
For the 1999 elections he was placed 33rd on the One Israel list (an alliance of Labor, Meimad and Gesher), but missed out on a seat when the alliance won only 26 seats. In 2002 he became chairman of the Meimad secretariat, and on 5 June 2002, he entered the Knesset as a replacement for Maxim Levy. He lost his seat in the 2003 elections.
He is now a Rosh Yeshivah at Yeshivat Maale Gilboa and the rabbi of Kibbutz Lavi. He frequently writes articles on topical issues related to Israel and Judaism.
References
External links
1955 births
Israeli educators
Living people
Religious Zionist rosh yeshivas
Members of the 15th Knesset (1999–2003)
Meimad politicians
Israeli Orthodox rabbis
Israeli Jews
One Israel politicians
Brazilian emigrants to Israel
Brazilian Jews
Israeli people of Brazilian-Jewish descent
Jewish Israeli politicians
Rabbinic members of the Knesset
Orthodox rabbis
Yeshivat Har Etzion
Israeli politicians
Religious Zionist Orthodox rabbis |
20468113 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratappur%20Paltuwa | Pratappur Paltuwa | Pratappur Paltuwa is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 5153 people living in 525 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
20468120 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prempur%20Gunahi | Prempur Gunahi | Prempur Gunahi is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 5748.
References
Prempur Gonahi
Populated places in Rautahat District |
20468129 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purainawama | Purainawama | Purainawama is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2401 people living in 443 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
20468140 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehuda%20Gilad | Yehuda Gilad | Yehuda Gilad may refer to:
Yehuda Gilad (musician), American professor of the clarinet
Yehuda Gilad (politician), Israeli rabbi and politician |
23575035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual%20violence%20in%20South%20Africa | Sexual violence in South Africa | The rate of sexual violence in South Africa is among the highest recorded in the world. During 2015/16, there were 51,895 crimes of a sexual nature reported to the South African Police Service.
Statistics
Official police statistics
South Africa's Police Service releases the country's crime statistics. The crime category "sexual offences" includes a wide range of sexual offences, including rape, sexual assault, incest, bestiality, flashing and other crimes.
The South African Police Service releases rape statistics every quarter of the year as well as an annual report.
Prevalence
According to the report by the United Nations Office on Crimes and Drugs for the period 1998–2000, South Africa was ranked first for rapes per capita. In 1998, one in three of the 4,000 women questioned in Johannesburg had been raped, according to Community Information, Empowerment and Transparency (CIET) Africa. While women's groups in South Africa estimate that a woman is raped every 26 seconds, the South African police estimates that a woman is raped every 36 seconds.
A survey from the comprehensive study "Rape in South Africa" from 2000 indicated that 2.1% of women aged 16 years or older across population groups reported that they had been sexually abused at least once between the beginning of 1993 and March 1998, results which seem to starkly conflict the MRC survey results. Similarly, The South African demographic and health survey of 1998 gave results of rape prevalence at 4.0% of all women aged between 15 and 49 years in the sampled households (a survey also performed by the Medical Research Council and Department of Health). So far no attempts have been made to address these large statistical disparities.
Regional differences
There are deviations in sexual violence rates in different provinces of South Africa.
In a study of three South African provinces (Eastern Cape, Mpumalanga, and Limpopo) in 1997, 6.8% of women surveyed in Mpumalanga said they had been raped during their lifetime, 5.0% of women surveyed in Limpopo had been raped, and 4.5% of women in Eastern Cape had been raped. In 1998, the region of Gauteng accounted for the largest percentage of prisoners in custody for sexual offences with 20.6% and Western Cape had the second largest percentage with 17.3%. The province with the least percentage of prisoners convicted of sexual offences was Northern Cape with 3.8% and Limpopo with 2.6%.
The South African Crime Survey 2003 highlights the regional differences of citizens' perceptions and fears. Surveying what type of crime respondents thought occurred most in their area of residence, 14.6% of Northern Cape respondents reported that they believed rape to be the most prevalent type of crime. While the Northern Cape had the largest percentage of respondents who believed rape to be most prevalent, the province of KwaZulu-Natal had the least with 1.7%.
Averaging all provinces, rape ranked 7th in the crime that respondents thought was most prevalent, after housebreaking, property theft, robbery, murder, livestock theft, and assault. This survey also investigated what type of crime respondents feared most in their area. Rape ranked third in this category after only murder and housebreaking. 40.8% of respondents in the Northern Cape and 31.8% of respondents in Free State feared rape the most. On the other side of the spectrum, 11.6% of KwaZulu-Natal and 12.1% of respondents in Mpumalanga stated rape as the crime they were most afraid of in their area.
By September 2019, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa acknowledged that sexual violence against women had grown in South Africa, The nation's "Mother City" Cape Town has seen an extended use of military deployment to combat sexual violence against women as well.
Types
Violence against women
The South African government reports that one of these reasons is the culture of patriarchy in South Africa. Its report states that patriarchy is firmly rooted in black and white culture and fighting it is seen as attempting to destroy South African tradition or South African ideals.
The danger from rape and sexual assault is compounded because of the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in South African townships. A woman being raped over the age of 25 has a one in four chance that her attacker is HIV positive and more women than men are affected from HIV/AIDS.
The perpetrators of rape in South Africa tend to be men known to the victim. It is reported that a husband or boyfriend kills a woman every six hours in South Africa. Many men and women say that rape cannot occur in relationships; however, one in four women reported having been abused by an intimate partner. In 1993 South Africa outlawed marital rape. In September 2019, President Ramaphosa responded to a surge in violence against women by calling for the passage of laws making rape punishable by death and called an emergency session of the South African Parliament.
Violence against infants and children
South Africa has some of the highest incidences of child and infant rape in the world. The Tears Foundation and the MRC stated 50% of South Africa's children will be abused before the age of 18. The MRC study stated that, in 2009, 15% were under 12 years old. In 2017, the police reported that 9% of reported rape are those of 9 years old or younger with agencies reporting an increase throughout the country. Although there are varying numbers on the number of reported rapes of children, one report states that in 2000, 21,538 rapes and attempted rapes of children under the age of 18 were reported and another from 2001 states that there were 24,892 rapes. Child welfare groups believe that the number of unreported incidents could be up to 10 times that number. The largest increase in attacks was against children under seven. A trade union report said a child was being raped in South Africa every three minutes. Some cite a 400% increase in sexual violence against children in the decade preceding 2002 and that it may still be on the rise. A third of the cases are committed by a family member or close relative.
A number of high-profile infant rapes appeared since 2001 (including the fact that they required extensive reconstructive surgery to rebuild urinary, genital, abdominal, or tracheal systems). In October 2001, a 9-month-old girl named Tshepang was raped by an HIV-positive man and had to undergo extensive reconstructive surgery in Cape Town. In February 2002, an 8-month-old infant was reportedly gang raped by four men. One has been charged. The infant has required extensive reconstructive surgery. The 8-month-old infant's injuries were so extensive, increased attention on prosecution has occurred.
A significant contributing factor for the escalation in child abuse is the widespread myth in HIV ravaged South Africa that having sex with a virgin will cure a man of AIDS. This virgin cleansing myth exists in Zambia, Zimbabwe and Nigeria. The child abusers are often relatives of their victims and are at times their fathers or providers.
Corrective rape
Lesbians in certain parts of South Africa also face a dangerous environment. Raping lesbians (a practice referred to as corrective rape) is believed to convert them to heterosexuality. The South African government reported to CEDAW that lesbians and gays are discriminated against in many spheres. The government has been accused of condoning the practice for fear of not appearing "macho."
One notable case of this was the gang-rape and murder of Eudy Simelane, a member of the South African football team and LGBT-rights activist. 31 lesbians have died from these attacks in the last 10 years and more than 10 lesbians per week are raped or gang-raped in Cape Town alone.
Corrective rape is also perpetrated against gay men. A 2003 study conducted by Out LGBT Well-Being (Out) and the University of South Africa Centre for Applied Psychology (UCAP) discovered that the percentage of black gay men who said they have experienced corrective rape matched that of the black lesbians who partook in the study. Stigmatization of male victims was said to be the cause of low reporting rates for corrective gay rape.
Violence against men
About 3.5% of men have been forced to have sex with other men in a 2009 Medical Research Council survey. About 19.4% of all adult victims of sexual assault in South Africa in 2012 were male. Another group's survey estimates that one in five adult males become victims of sexual offences, and this figure could be much higher as a male is 10 times less likely to report a sexual violation than a woman. There are very few support networks for male victims of rape in the country, which makes it difficult for men to report being raped.
Prison rape
Nearly half of all South African inmates surveyed by the Judicial Inspectorate for Correctional Services reported that sexual abuse happens "sometimes", "often" or "very often". Sexual violence in prisons is linked to gang violence and its power structures, and inmates who are sexually abused are targets for repeated abuse, and usually are victimized again and again. Survivors of prison rape have told that officials in the country are of the opinion that "[males should] expect this treatment in prison," and scholarship has found that "new inmates in male prisons are raped upon arrival by all members of any given cell." The high prevalence of prison rape has been tied to the high rate of HIV infection in the country.
Perpetrators
Men
In 2014 and 2015, a Western Cape study estimated that 15% of men had raped a woman who was not their partner. A Gauteng study conducted in 2010 revealed that 37.4% of men admitted to raping a woman. More than 25% of a sample of 1,738 South African men from the KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape Provinces admitted to raping someone when anonymously questioned in 2009; of these, nearly half said they had raped more than one person, according to a non-peer reviewed policy brief issued by the Medical Research Council (MRC). Several news publications wrongly extrapolated these results to the rest of the South African population, giving reported rape prevalence several times higher in the two provinces in question. Nearly three out of four men who admitted rape stated they had first forced a woman or girl into sex before the men were the age of 20, and nearly one in ten admitted to doing so before the age of 10.
The Medical Research Council states, "Many forms of sexual violence, particularly sexual harassment and forms of sexual coercion that do not involve physical force are widely viewed as normal male behaviour." It also said practices such as gang rape were common because they were considered a form of male bonding. Market Research Africa, a Johannesburg-based market research agency, reported in 1994 that 76% of men felt that women had a right to say no to sex, one third thought that women could not decide for themselves on abortion, and 10% condoned a man beating a woman or his wife.
Children and adolescents
Among children, a 2007 survey by CIET found 60% of both boys and girls, aged 10 to 19 years old, thought it was not violent to force sex upon someone they knew, while around 11% of boys and 4% of girls admitted to forcing someone else to have sex with them. The study also found that 12.7% of the students believed in the virgin cleansing myth.
In a related survey conducted among 1,500 school children in the Johannesburg township of Soweto, a quarter of all the boys interviewed said that 'jackrolling', a term for gang rape, was fun. Furthermore, more than half the interviewees insisted that when a girl says no to sex she really means yes. It is also noteworthy that those in this study were school children as age is significantly associated with rape. Men from ages 20–40 are more likely to have raped younger or older men.
Teachers
Another issue with sexual violence against minors in South Africa is the sexual abuse and harassment that is reported to occur in schools by teachers and other students. According to the Human Rights Watch, girls from all levels of society and ethnic groups have been subjected to sexual violence at school in bathrooms, empty classrooms, dormitories, and more. Police, prosecutors, and social workers have also complained that many incidents of sexual violence in schools are not reported to them because schools often prefer to deal with it internally, thus hindering justice against the perpetrators. The danger of sexual violence in schools has created a barrier for girls to seek education. HRW also reported that South African girls' school performance suffers after an incident of sexual violence.
Law
The government of the Republic of South Africa is cognizant of this problem. The Bill of Rights in the Constitution of South Africa sets to ensure rights of all of the people in South Africa with the democratic values of human dignity, equality and freedom. Furthermore, it calls for the right to freedom and security, including freedom from all forms of violence by either public or private sources and the right to bodily and psychological integrity, including reproduction and bodily security. South Africa is also a member of the UN Convention for the Elimination of all Discrimination Against Women, where it reported on some issues of sexual violence. It reported about how the Truth and Reconciliation Commission offered a platform for the voices of victims of violence and sexual violence during the Apartheid. It also reported details on the Judicial Authority of South Africa, where the lower courts are responsible for important issues such as sexual assault and family violence.
The Parliament of South Africa has enacted the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007, which has been in effect since 16 December 2007. The comprehensive act looks to review and amend all laws dealing with sexual offences and strengthening them. The preamble of the amendment calls to scrutinize the problem in South Africa, noting that the problem "is reflective of deep-seated, systemic dysfunctionality in our society". The amendment defines sexual violence as including, but not limited to, the following forms:
rape and compelled rape
sexual assault
compelled assault and compelled self-sexual assault
forced witness of sexual body parts
child pornography
incest
bestiality
acts of necrophilia
It also adds measures in the matters of sexual offences against children (including consensual sexual acts), sexual exploitation, exposure to pornography, forced witness of sexual acts, and sexual offences against mentally disabled. Furthermore, the amendment provides services for victims of sexual offences and compulsory HIV testing of alleged sex offenders and creates a national registry for sex offenders. The Department of Justice also conducted a major national Campaign on Prevention of Violence Against Women, launched on 25 November 1996, as an education campaign.
The offense of rape is defined by the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007. This act has repealed the common law offence of rape, replacing it with a broader statutory offense which is defined in section 3 of the act as follows:
and "sexual penetration" is defined as:
Marital rape is illegal; section 56 of the act provides that:
With regard to sentencing, S.3(aA) of the Criminal Law (Sentencing) Amendment Act 2007 provides that:
Report and conviction rates
It is estimated that over 40% of South African women will be raped in their lifetime and that only 1 in 9 rapes are reported. It is also estimated that 14% of perpetrators of rape are convicted in South Africa. In 1997, violence against women was added as one of the priority crimes under the National Crime Prevention Strategy; nevertheless, the rates of reported rape, sexual abuse of children and domestic violence continue to rise.
The South African report to CEDAW partly attributes the low report and conviction rate to the post-apartheid public perception of the police force. Moreover, the report states that the attitudes and prejudices of law enforcement agencies and other government personnel and the inaccessibility of services, particularly in rural areas, are also part of the problem. Much of the South African public regard the police as symbols of the oppressors during the apartheid; thus, poor faith in the police is still instituted in the post-apartheid country.
Other institutional barriers contribute to lack of report and conviction rates. The "cautionary rule" is a law that requires that a judge must show awareness to special dangers on relying on uncorroborated evidence of a complainant, lowering this rate and making victims of sexual violence feel as if the court will deem them untrustworthy. According to a survey that questioned rape victims who did not report the crime to the police, 33.3% of victims cited they feared reprisals, 9.6% cited that they felt the police would not be able to solve the crime, and 9.2% cited embarrassment as their reasons for not reporting the crime.
Media portrayal
This problem is portrayed in the media to the public through different avenues. Media reports documenting high levels of sexual violence in South Africa have increased in the media since the 1990s.
Others have condemned South African sexual violence in the media as fitting into a specific narrative of only broadcasting incidents where the victims are white, middle-class and educated and are not attacked by their peers or family members.
News and events
However, there are many news stories and events dealing with sexual violence in South Africa that have garnered a lot of international attention.
In April 1999, a female American UNICEF official visiting South Africa on business was gang raped during a robbery of the home where she was staying.
The former president of South Africa, Jacob Zuma, was accused of raping the HIV-positive 31-year-old daughter of a family friend in November 2005 before he was president. He was acquitted by the court in 2006, yet he did admit to consensual unprotected sex with the woman. This event was widely covered by the press.
One particularly well-known publication of rape in South Africa was Charlene Leonora Smith's report of her own rape. As a journalist of the Mail and Guardian and having contributed to articles for the Washington Post and BBC, Smith claimed that 'rape is endemic' in the culture of South Africa.
Another scandal of sexual violence in South Africa involved the media tycoon Oprah Winfrey's, school, Oprah Winfrey Leadership Academy for Girls, in Johannesburg, South Africa. The dormitory matron, Tiny Virginia Makopo, was charged with 13 separate counts of abuse against students at the school.
A particularly controversial issue was an episode of Big Brother Africa in South Africa where Richard Bezuidenhout, a 24-year-old film student, allegedly sexually assaulted his housemate, Ofunneka Molokwu, a 29-year-old medical assistant. While many watchers disagree on what was actually shown, some saw Bezuidenhout manually penetrating Molokwu while she was unconscious or intoxicated while another housemate pleaded with him to stop. After the contested un-consensual act ceased, the producers intervened, sending paramedics into the house and cutting the live feed. News publications and blogs have widely discussed this controversy.
Another contentious issue was when the only black player in the South African cricket team, Makhaya Ntini, was convicted of the rape of a 22-year-old student. This was particularly controversial as Ntini was the first black cricketer to represent South Africa on an international level and was viewed as a role model. However, Ntini won his appeal against his rape conviction and had his six-year jail sentence overturned.
In contrast to these scandals of sexual violence, action against sexual violence in South Africa has also been featured in the news and media.
A protest against sexual violence that was portrayed in the media occurred in 2012, when the African National Congress Women's League called on hundreds of South Africans to engage in a "mini-skirt march" to protest the attack of two women in Johannesburg for wearing short skirts. In response to corrective rape, the New York Festivals Television and Film Awards Gala at the NAB Show in Las Vegas will award ESPN for their E:60 production, "Corrective Rape," with the Gold Award. This award was established in 1990 to films that reflected the ideals of the United Nations and signifies that the issue of corrective rape is becoming more discussed on an international level.
In late August 2019, student Uyinene Mrwetyana was raped and murdered by a post office attendant who was working in Claremont, Cape Town. Her death highlighted the broader national problem of gender based violence and femicide in South Africa, and is credited with "shifting the South African collective consciousness" and "igniting a movement".
Literature and fiction
Some novels and movies have also delved into this issue in its connection to the Apartheid. Antjie Krog's Country of My Skull delves into the Truth and Reconciliatory Commission and the reports of women that were victims of sexual violence during the Apartheid. J.M. Coetzee's novel, Disgrace, has been accused of racism as it depicts a young white woman being raped by three black men in her house in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. The book, The Writing Circle, by Rozena Maart, depicts a group of young women's experiences with rape and other forms of violence living in Cape Town, South Africa. The 2006 documentary, Rape for Who I Am, delves into the lives of black lesbians living in South Africa.
See also
RapeaXe, an anti-rape device which was invented in South Africa
Rape statistics
Estimates of sexual violence
Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Sexual violence in Papua New Guinea
Crime in South Africa
Corrective rape
HIV/AIDS in South African townships
Further reading
Pamela Scully. "Rape, Race, and Colonial Culture: The Sexual Politics of Identity in the Nineteenth-Century Cape Colony, South Africa" The American Historical Review, 100, 2 (1995): 335-359 Academia.edu
References
South Africa
South Africa
Violence
Violence in South Africa
Human rights abuses in South Africa |
20468143 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghunathpur%2C%20Rautahat | Raghunathpur, Rautahat | Raghunathpur is a village development committee in Rautahat District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3484 people living in 673 individual households.
References
Populated places in Rautahat District |
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.