Split (1)

train · 6.52M rows

id stringlengths 2 8	url stringlengths 31 389	title stringlengths 1 250	text stringlengths 2 355k
3995741	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan%20Francescato	Ivan Francescato	Ivan Francescato (10 February 1967 – 19 January 1999) was an Italian rugby union player. Francescato began his career in his native city, Treviso, like his five elder siblings before him, all of whom played the game at high levels; three (besides him) made the Italian National team, Bruno, Nello and Rino. He got his technical and athletic training in the youth development teams at A.S. Ruggers Tarvisium 69. He made his debut in the Italian Championship on 14 September 1986, as a centre, against A.S.R. Milano in Milan. He remained faithful to Benetton Treviso throughout his life. Francescato also played as a scrum half. Francescato made his International debut on 7 October 1990 against Romania. His last appearance for the Azzurri was on 8 November 1997 against South Africa. Perhaps his most famous moment in an Italian shirt was scoring one of the tries of the tournament in the 1991 World Cup in the game against the USA, in which he stepped and feinted past several American defenders before touching down between the posts. Ivan Francescato died suddenly of a heart attack at 3 a.m. at his home in Treviso. The Benetton Treviso rugby board decided to retire the number 13 shirt for the season. Italian team statistics 38 appearances 77 points scored 16 tries 2 Rugby World Cups Contested: 1991, 1995. Italian National Championships: 4 (1989, 1992, 1997, 1998 with Benetton Treviso) External links Ivan Francescato International Statistics 1967 births 1999 deaths Sportspeople from Treviso Italian rugby union players Italy international rugby union players Benetton Rugby players
5389189	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areas%20of%20Chennai	Areas of Chennai	The city of Chennai is classified into three regions: North Chennai, Central Chennai and South Chennai. It is further divided into 15 zones, consisting of 200 wards. References Geography of Chennai Chennai-related lists
5389195	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Isidro%2C%20Buenos%20Aires	San Isidro, Buenos Aires	San Isidro is a city in Greater Buenos Aires. It is located 27.9 km from the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (CABA). It ranks as the province's most affluent neighborhood. History In 2007, San Isidro celebrated its 300 years of existence with different celebrations taking place in the Hippodrome and in other venues. The settlement was first incorporated in 1784 as the Alcaldía de la Hermandad and was granted municipality status by the province in 1850. It maintains sister city relationships with Herzliya, Israel; Nagoya, Japan; and San Isidro, Peru. Geography The center of San Isidro is a historic area with cobbled streets and old single-story houses. At the heart of Plaza Mitre is the neo-gothic San Isidro Cathedral built in 1898. The sloping plaza, home to the recently opened Rugby Museum, hosts an antiques and crafts fair. The plaza leads down to the Río de la Plata, where the riverside park is popular with mate drinkers and tourists. The city is also known as the "National Capital of Rugby" being the cradle of many important players and hosting the national rugby union's derby match between CASI and SIC. San Isidro is served by two rail lines, the Mitre Line and the Tren de la Costa (Train of the Coast). The latter station is a vintage 1891 building designed in the style of British stations. The facility also houses a shopping arcade, a cinema complex and restaurants. The station is located just 200 meters from the San Isidro Cathedral. Many large houses surround the historic center and line the riverside. The oldest is the House of General Pueyrredón, built in 1790 by Juan Martín de Pueyrredón and expanded by his son Prilidiano Pueyrredón. The house, with its old giant algarrobo tree under which Pueyrredón and San Martín discussed independence, is a national historic monument and hosts the municipal historic museum of San Isidro. The home of writer Victoria Ocampo, the Villa Ocampo, is owned by Unesco and is open to the public. The San Isidro Hippodrome is one of Argentina's most important race courses and covers a large part of the area inland from the city. Built in the striking 1930s architectural style, the race track has faced tough times since the economic crises of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Notable people Francisco Javier Muñiz, physician and naturalist Melchor Angel Posse, former mayor and vice presidential candidate Gustavo Angel Posse, mayor Puccio family, including Arquímedes Rafael Puccio, convicted murderer and kidnapper Ronald Scott, Fleet Air Arm pilot during the Second World War. Gallery References External links Centro de Guias Turisticas de San Isidro (Español) Municipalidad de San Isidro (Español) Paintings by local artist Susana D'Mono Populated places in Buenos Aires Province Populated places established in 1784 Cities in Argentina 1707 establishments in the Spanish Empire
5389202	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadar	Kadar	Kadar may refer to: People First name Kadar Brock (born 1980), American contemporary abstract artist Ka'dar Hollman (born 1996), American football player Kadar Khan, an alternate spelling of Kader Khan (born 1935/1936), Indian actor Last name Danny Kadar (born 1969), American producer, engineer, and mixer Gyula Kadar (disambiguation), several people János Kádár (1912–1989), Hungarian communist party and government leader M. A. Kadar (born 1942), Indian politician Places Kadar, Russia, a rural locality near Karamakhi in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia Kādar, alternative spelling of Kodur-e Bala, a village in Kerman Province, Iran Other Kadar language, a Dravidian language of Kerala and Tamil Nadu Kadar people, one of the scheduled tribes of India See also Kádár, a Hungarian surname The Night of Kadar, 1978 science fiction novel by Garry Kilworth Language and nationality disambiguation pages
5389221	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fassel	Fassel	Fassel (translated "barrel") is a surname of German origin. Notable people with the surname include: Hirsch Bär Fassel, pioneer of the Reform Judaism movement Jim Fassel, American football coach Preston Fassel, Jewish-American writer See also Fasel, surname Fossel, surname Surnames of German origin
5389222	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fass	Fass	Fass () may refer to: Fass 57 (SIG 510), a battle rifle FASS 90 (SIG 550), an assault rifle Fass or Faß is the surname of: John Fass, American graphic designer Baddon Fass, a fictional character in Dark Empire and Dark Empire II Bob Fass (1933–2021), American radio personality Frederick Fass (1853–1930), American baseball player George Fass and Gertrude Fass, see 77 Sunset Strip Myron Fass, 1970s magazine entrepreneur Patricia Fass Palmer, producer of The Powers That Be FASS may also refer to: FASS curve, a curve in mathematical analysis which is space-filling, self-avoiding, simple and self-similar FASS (drug formulary), Farmaceutiska Specialiteter i Sverige, the Swedish national formulary of drugs Friends of Assam and Seven Sisters, an international non-profit NGO - see Assamese Associations FASS, a University of Waterloo theater group See also Fas (disambiguation) Heidelberg Tun (Großes Fass von Heidelberg)
3995750	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wekwe%C3%A8t%C3%AC	Wekweètì	Wekweètì (; from the Dogrib language meaning "rock lakes"), officially the Tłı̨chǫ Community Government of Wekweètì is a community in the North Slave Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. Wekweètì is a Tłı̨chǫ (Dogrib Dene) aboriginal community and is located north of Yellowknife. It has no year-round road access but does have a winter ice road connection; the majority of transportation to and from the community is through the Wekweètì Airport. Wekweètì is the closest community to the Ekati Diamond Mine on the border with Nunavut. Wekweètì is part of the Tlicho Government. History The area is within the traditional territory of the Tłı̨chǫ (Dogrib) First Nation and was a popular hunting camp prior to permanent settlement. In the 1960s, Dene elders around Behchokǫ̀ decided to return to the land and establish traditional camps in the bush. Wekweètì was established during this time, although in more recent years it too has become a modern community with essential services of its own. The community was formerly known as Snare Lake until 1 November 1998; prior to 4 August 2005 the community name used the spelling Wekweti. Before 2005, the community was unincorporated, and local governance was provided by a First Nations band government, Dechi Laot'i First Nations. Under the terms of the Tłı̨chǫ Agreement, most responsibilities of Dechi Laot'i have been transferred to a new Wekweètì Community Government. However, Dechi Laot'i is still recognized by the federal government for Indian Act enrollment. Demographics In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Wekweètì had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021. The majority of the population are First Nations and languages are Dogrib and English. Services Alexis Arrowmaker School is Wekweètì's Elementary/Junior School and was rebuilt in 1994. The school is named after Alexis Arrowmaker, one of the signers of Treaty 11. The community has a store, Hozila Naedik'e General Store, a ten-bed hotel/lodge, Wekweeti Hotel/Snare Lake Lodge, a health centre, a community learning centre but no Royal Canadian Mounted Police detachment. Climate Wekweeti has a subarctic climate (Dfc) with mild to warm summers with cool nights and long, severely cold winters. See also List of municipalities in the Northwest Territories References Further reading Northwest Territories, and BHP Billiton Diamonds Inc. Communities and Diamonds Socio-Economic Impacts in the Communities of: Behchoko, Gameti, Whati, Wekweeti, Detah, Ndilo, Lutsel K'e, and Yellowknife : 2005 Annual Report of the Government of the Northwest Territories Under the BHP Billiton, Diavik and De Beers Socio-Economic Agreements. [Yellowknife]: Govt. of the Northwest Territories, 2006. Communities in the North Slave Region Tłı̨chǫ community governments in the Northwest Territories Dene communities Road-inaccessible communities of the Northwest Territories
3995751	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Blackstone	Harry Blackstone	Harry Blackstone may refer to: Harry Blackstone Sr. (1885–1965), American magician known as "The Great Blackstone" and father of Harry Blackstone, Jr. Harry Blackstone Jr. (1934–1997), American stage magician and television performer of the late 20th century See also Harry Blackstone Copperfield Dresden, fictional detective and magician
5389229	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20DiMaggio	Paul DiMaggio	Paul Joseph DiMaggio (born January 10, 1951 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American educator, and professor of sociology at New York University since 2015. Previously, he was a professor of sociology at Princeton University. Biography A graduate of Swarthmore College, DiMaggio earned his Ph.D. in sociology from Harvard in 1979. He was the executive director of Yale's program on nonprofit organizations (1982–87), and through 1991 he was a professor in the sociology department at the university. He was a fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (1984–85) and at the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation (1990). He also served on the Connecticut Commission on the Arts and on the board of the National Assembly of State Arts Agencies. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2016. Work DiMaggio's major works have been in the study of institutions and organizations and the formation of "high culture" in the U.S. His recent research explores social inequality in the Internet. According to DiMaggio, belief systems and cultural frames are imposed on and adapted by individual actors and organisations. Thus, roles are for a large part determined by larger structures. In a much-quoted article, DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell argued that organizations, whether corporate, governmental, or non-profit, adopt business practices not because they are efficient, but because they furnish legitimacy in the eyes of outside stakeholders, e. g. lenders, government regulators, and shareholders, as they need to maintain the confidence of these often poorly-informed outside parties. This makes them less creative and innovative in their practices, and leads to institutional isomorphism. In his cultural studies, DiMaggio's historical research documented the self-conscious creation of "high culture" in the late 19th-century America. DiMaggio argues that, unsettled by the weak class distinctions in growing industrial cities, local elites created a "sophisticated" culture (via the arts, universities, social clubs, and the like) that would separate commoners from those of high standing. DiMaggio says that "high culture" models developed by founders of museums and orchestras were then adopted by patrons of opera, dance, and theatre. DiMaggio's recent research considers the cultural advent of the Internet. He compares the emergence of the Internet with the rise of television in the 1950s. Television was introduced to American consumers in 1948, and within ten years 90% of households had TV. In contrast, Internet diffusion (introduced on a large scale in 1994) seems to have stalled at approximately 60% of American households. DiMaggio believes that this difference is the result of the so-called digital divide - inequalities in Internet usage by race, income, and education level. DiMaggio maintains that these inequalities were not found in the adoption of TV in the 1950s, and suggests that differences in Internet usage among social groups will continue. This remains an open question, and some recent data suggest Internet usage is growing, with more than 70% of American adults reporting that they use the Internet. Selected bibliography The Twenty-First Century Firm: Changing Economic Organization in International Perspective (editor), Princeton University Press 2001 Race, Ethnicity, and Participation in the Arts with Francie Ostrower, Seven Locks Press 1992 The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (editor with Walter Powell), University of Chicago Press 1991 Managers of the Arts, Seven Locks Press 1988 Nonprofit Enterprise in the Arts: Studies in Mission and Constraint (editor), Oxford University Press 1987 "The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields,” in American Sociological Review 48:147-160, 1983. (With Walter W. Powell). References External links Princeton University webpage Getcited.org webpage on works by DiMaggio 1951 births Living people American sociologists Swarthmore College alumni Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni Princeton University faculty New York University faculty Educators from Philadelphia Members of the American Philosophical Society
5389236	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas%20N.%20Cox	Nicholas N. Cox	Nicholas Nichols Cox (January 6, 1837 – May 2, 1912) was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives for the Tennessee's 7th congressional district. Biography Cox was born in Bedford County, Tennessee on January 6, 1837, the son of Caleb and Nancy Cox. He went to Seguin, Texas as a child, attended the common schools, served on the Mexican frontier, and graduated with a law degree from Cumberland University in 1858. He was admitted to the bar the same year and commenced practice at Linden, Tennessee. He was married on January 6, 1859, to Mary Slayden, daughter of Thomas Boyd and Jane (Lewis) Slayden, and had five children, with three boys and three girls, four surviving his death. Career During the Civil War Cox was a colonel in the Tenth Tennessee Cavalry of the Confederate Army, serving principally with General Forrest. He settled in Williamson County, Tennessee in 1866 and engaged in agricultural pursuits. In 1860, he was a presidential elector on the Democratic ticket of Breckinridge and Lane. Cox was elected as a Democrat to the Fifty-second and the four succeeding Congresses. He served from March 4, 1891 to March 3, 1901. He declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1900. He resumed the practice of law and engaged in the practice of banking in Franklin, Tennessee. Death Cox died in Franklin, Tennessee on May 2, 1912 (age 75 years, 117 days). He is interred at Mount Hope Cemetery. His home in Brentwood (a suburb of Nashville), the Owen-Cox House, was add to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1988. It is also known as Maplelawn. References External links Members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee 1837 births 1912 deaths People from Seguin, Texas Tennessee Democrats Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives 19th-century American politicians People from Franklin, Tennessee
5389244	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas%20Cox	Nicholas Cox	Nicholas Cox may refer to: Nicholas N. Cox (1837–1912), member of the United States House of Representatives Nicholas Cox (British Army officer) (1724–1794), first Lieutenant-Governor of New Carlisle, Quebec
5389246	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederkirchnerstra%C3%9Fe	Niederkirchnerstraße	Niederkirchnerstraße () is a street in Berlin, Germany and was named after Käthe Niederkirchner. The thoroughfare was known as Prinz-Albrecht-Straße until 1951 but the name was changed by the socialist German government. The street was the location of the SS Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), the headquarters of the Sicherheitspolizei, SD, Einsatzgruppen and Gestapo. The site is now marked by the Topography of Terror memorial and a museum, which includes a permanent exhibition showing the crimes of Nazism. Course The street runs east-west from Wilhelmstraße to Stresemannstraße near Potsdamer Platz, forming the border between the districts of Mitte and Kreuzberg. Niederkirchnerstraße is also the site of the Martin-Gropius-Bau exhibition hall, built in 1881 by Martin Gropius and Heino Schmieden as a Museum of Decorative Arts, and the Abgeordnetenhaus von Berlin, from 1899 until 1933 seat of the Preußischer Landtag, the second chamber of the Prussian parliament. On 1 January 1919 the Communist Party of Germany was founded in this building. Since 29 April 1993 it houses the parliament of the Berlin city state. History The street was laid out in 1891 and named for Prince Albrecht of Prussia, son of King Friedrich Wilhelm III, who had owned a large house called Prinz-Albrecht-Palais on the corner of this street and Wilhelmstraße. In 1905 an extension building of the Museum of Decorative Arts was erected adjacent to the Martin-Gropius-Bau on Prinz-Albrecht-Straße 8. From May 1933 this building served as the headquarters of the Gestapo created by the order of Hermann Göring, where many political prisoners were tortured and executed. In December 1934, it also housed the headquarters of the Concentration Camps Inspectorate, which oversaw all the concentration camps. It formed the nucleus of the complex of buildings including the neighbouring Hotel Prinz Albrecht on Prinz-Albrecht-Straße 9 and the Prinz-Albrecht-Palais itself, which was taken over by the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) under Reinhard Heydrich in 1934. In September 1939, it developed into a centre for the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), which was created by Heinrich Himmler and placed under the command of Heydrich for the whole of Germany and occupied Europe. Himmler himself operated out of the building from an office on the top floor, thus making #8 Prince Albrecht Street the default headquarters for the entire SS. The buildings, including the first building of the Ethnological Museum of Berlin (at the southern corner with Stresemannstraße), were destroyed by Allied bombing in early 1945 and demolished after the war. After World War II, in 1951, the authorities of East Berlin renamed Prinz-Albrecht-Straße to Niederkirchnerstraße in honour of Käthe Niederkirchner (1909–1944), a member of the communist resistance to the Nazis. The Berlin Wall ran along the southern side of the street from 1961 to 1989, one of the few preserved sections is located at the eastern end. In popular culture A building labeled "SS Headquarters" appears in the 2008 motion picture Valkyrie, the complex shown appearing as a large concrete building in a plaza draped with swastika flags. In reality, this was never an SS building but was the Berlin fairgrounds. The mini-series Hitler's SS: Portrait in Evil further depicts SS headquarters as a grand hotel in a courtyard plaza, with the interior shown as a large lobby with a grand staircase leading up to Heinrich Himmler's office. Both depictions in no way resemble the historic Prinz-Albrecht-Straße, although "Hitler's SS" did accurately depict the building as being located within a former hotel. Numerous historical novels and thrillers set in Nazi Germany have sections taking place in the Prinz-Albrecht-Straße headquarters. References External links Stätten des NS Terrors in Berlin und rund um den Potsdamer Platz Das Gelände Streets in Berlin Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg
3995760	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February%2018%20%28Eastern%20Orthodox%20liturgics%29	February 18 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)	February 17 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - February 19 All fixed commemorations below are observed on March 3 (March 2 on leap years) by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar. For February 18th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on February 5. Saints Martyrs Leo and Parigorius of Patara in Lycia (c. 258) Venerable Agapitus the Confessor and Wonderworker, Bishop of Synnada in Phrygia (c. 308-324) Martyrs Victor, Dorotheus, Theodoulus, and Agrippa, at Synnada in Phrygia Salutaris, who suffered under Licinius (c. 308-324) Martyr Piulius (Publius), by the sword. Saint Flavian the Confessor, Archbishop of Constantinople (c. 449) (see also: February 16) Saint Leo the Great, Pope of Rome (461) (see also: November 10 - West) Saint Blaise of Amorion and Mt. Athos (c. 908) Pre-Schism Western saints Saints Maximus, Claudius, Praepedigna, Alexander and Cutias, martyrs in Rome who suffered under Diocletian (295) (see also: August 11) Saints Lucius, Silvanus, Rutulus, Classicus, Secundinus, Fructulus and Maximus, martyrs in North Africa. Saint Helladius of Toledo, Archbishop of Toledo and Confessor (632) Saint Colman of Lindisfarne, Bishop of Lindisfarne and Confessor (676) Saint Ethelina (Eudelme), the patroness of Little Sodbury, now in Gloucestershire in England. Saint Angilbert, Abbot of St. Riquier in the north of France where there were some 300 monks (c. 740-814) Post-Schism Orthodox saints Venerable Cosmas, founder of Yakhromsk Monastery (ru), Vladimir (1492) Saint Nicholas V of Georgia, Catholicos of Georgia (1591) New martyrs and confessors New Hieromartyr Alexander Medvedsky, Priest (1932) New Hiero-confessor Vladimir (Terentiev), Abbot, of Zosima Hermitage (1933) New Hieromartyr Benjamin, Hieromonk (1938) Virgin-martyr Anna (1940) Other commemorations Commemoration of the New Martyrs who suffered during the "Holy Night" in St. Petersburg (1932) Finding of the relics (1961) of New Martyr Irene of Mytilene (1463) (see also: May 12 - Greek) Repose of Schema-monk Constantine (Cavarnos), spiritual writer (2011) Icon gallery Notes References Sources February 18 / March 3. Orthodox Calendar (Pravoslavie.ru). March 3 / February 18. Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Church (A parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow). February 18. OCA - The Lives of the Saints. The Autonomous Orthodox Metropolia of Western Europe and the Americas. St. Hilarion Calendar of Saints for the year of our Lord 2004. St. Hilarion Press (Austin, TX). p. 16. The Eighteenth Day of the Month of February. Orthodoxy in China. February 18. Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome. The Roman Martyrology. Transl. by the Archbishop of Baltimore. Last Edition, According to the Copy Printed at Rome in 1914. Revised Edition, with the Imprimatur of His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons. Baltimore: John Murphy Company, 1916. pp. 51-52. Rev. Richard Stanton. A Menology of England and Wales, or, Brief Memorials of the Ancient British and English Saints Arranged According to the Calendar, Together with the Martyrs of the 16th and 17th Centuries. London: Burns & Oates, 1892. pp. 74-78. Greek Sources Great Synaxaristes: 18 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ. Συναξαριστής. 18 Φεβρουαρίου. Ecclesia.gr. (H Εκκλησια Τησ Ελλαδοσ). Russian Sources 3 марта (18 февраля). Православная Энциклопедия под редакцией Патриарха Московского и всея Руси Кирилла (электронная версия). (Orthodox Encyclopedia - Pravenc.ru). 18 февраля (ст.ст.) 3 марта 2014 (нов. ст.). Русская Православная Церковь Отдел внешних церковных связей. (Decr). February in the Eastern Orthodox calendar
3995763	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2G%2B2	2G+2	2G+2 is an album of mixed live and studio material by English rock band the Fall, released in 2002. It features three new songs recorded in the studio—"New Formation Sermon", "I Wake Up in the City" and "Distilled Mug Art"—and the rest of the album was recorded at performances on the group's United States tour in late 2001. Track listing Personnel The Fall Mark E. Smith – vocals Ben Pritchard – guitar, vocals Jim Watts – bass guitar, vocals Spencer Birtwistle – drums Additional musicians Brian Fanning – guitar (studio tracks only) Ed Blaney – guitar (studio tracks only); additional vocals on "Ibis-Afro Man" Technical Mark E. Smith – production, compilation Ed Blaney – production, compilation Pascal Le Gras - cover art References External links Lyrics The Fall (band) compilation albums The Fall (band) live albums 2002 live albums 2002 compilation albums
5389249	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Cronin%20%28actor%29	Michael Cronin (actor)	Michael Cronin (born 1942) is an English actor. Personal life Born in Cranfield, Bedfordshire during World War II, he was educated at St Brendan's College by the Christian Brothers in Bristol, and at the University of London where he studied English. He is married and has two sons. Acting career Cronin is a television and stage actor, particularly remembered for his role as the tough but fair PE teacher Geoff 'Bullet' Baxter in the television series Grange Hill between 1979 and 1986. He also made a cameo appearance as Baxter in a 2000 edition of The Grimleys. He also appeared in Fawlty Towers as Irish cowboy builder Lurphy (whom Manuel memorably called a "hideous orangutan"), and as Eliphaz in the 1977 television miniseries Jesus of Nazareth. He has appeared in episodes of Foyle's War, Midsomer Murders, The Gentle Touch, The Sweeney and Bergerac, and played Vyacheslav Molotov in the 1989 TV movie Countdown to War. In 1990 he played Alfred Inglethorp in the Agatha Christie's Poirot film The Mysterious Affair at Styles, and played Sergei in the 2000 television adaptation of Anna Karenina. He also occasionally appeared in the BBC television programme Merlin (2008), as the character Geoffrey of Monmouth. He also made an appearance in the second episode of the second series of Citizen Khan as a friend of Naani's who turns out to be gay. Other television work includes: Marie Curie, The Chinese Puzzle, Midnight at the Starlight, Invasion, Tiny Revolutions, Glorious Day, The Bill, Wycliffe, The History of Tom Jones: a Foundling, Shakespeare Shorts, Our Mutual Friend, Goodnight Mr Tom, My Dad's the Prime Minister, Law & Order: UK, and Mayor of Casterbridge. His film appearances include The Sexplorer (1975), Secrets of a Superstud (1976), What's Up Nurse! (1977), Le Pétomane (1979), Hopscotch (1980), Captive (1986), The Hour of the Pig (1993), The Grotesque (1995), Double Identity (2009), The Wolfman (2010), The Raven (2012), In Secret (2013) and In the Heart of the Sea (2015). His theatre work includes: An Empty Desk (Royal Court); Duet for One, Hamlet, Due Process of Law (Dukes, Lancaster); Hamlet, Jail Diary of Albie Sachs, and Gloo Joo (Young Vic); Hedda Gabler (Octagon, Bolton); Caesar and Cleopatra, The Prisoner of Zenda, and The Corn is Green (Greenwich Theatre). From 1986 to 1991 he worked with the English Shakespeare Company in Richard II, Henry IV Pts 1 and 2, Henry V, Henry VI, Richard III, Coriolanus, and The Winter's Tale, and toured with them in the UK, Europe, Japan, US, India and Australia; All My Sons (Oxford Stage Company/ Wolsey); Purcell's The Indian Queen with the King's Consort and NYMT at the Queen Elizabeth Hall and Schwetzingen Festival in Germany; Hamlet, and, Comedians (The Belgrade, Coventry); Northanger Abbey (Greenwich Theatre); The Merchant of Venice (Salisbury Playhouse); Timon of Athens (AJTC Brix Theatre) The Taming of the Shrew, Don Juan The Masterbuilder, The Cherry Orchard, Love’s Labour’s Lost, Ghosts, King Lear, Romeo and Juliet, Twelfth Night, (English Touring Theatre) Mary Stuart (Derby Playhouse) Richard II (Steven Berkoff) Hamlet, Mother Courage (English Touring Theatre); The Last Confession (Chichester/The Haymarket London); The Ruling Class, Dir Jamie Lloyd, Trafalgar Studios. Writing career Michael Cronin has written three children's novels, published by Oxford University Press. His first novel, Against the Day, was short listed for the 1999 Angus Book Award. The story is set after the end of Second World War in an England that has fallen under Nazi occupation. It follows the adventures of two boys who become dangerously involved in a secret resistance movement. A sequel, Through the Night, was published in 2003. A third book in the series, In the Morning, was published in 2005. He is also a screenwriter with two film screenplays to his credit. Bibliography Against the Day - 1998 novel () Through the Night - 2003 novel () In the Morning - 2005 novel () No Final Truth - film script Stealing the Fire - film script External links Author Bio at Oxford Education 1942 births Living people Male actors from Bedfordshire English children's writers 21st-century English novelists English male television actors People from Cranfield Date of birth missing (living people) Alumni of the University of London English male novelists 21st-century English male writers
3995765	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthocalyx	Acanthocalyx	Acanthocalyx is a genus of about three species of plants in the family Caprifoliaceae, sometimes included in Morinaceae, native to Sino-Himalayan Region. Species Acanthocalyx alba ( Hand.-Mazz. ) M.J.Cannon Acanthocalyx delavayi ( Franchet ) M.J.Cannon Acanthocalyx nepalensis ( D.Don ) M.J.Cannon References Cannon MJ, Cannon JFM. 1984. A revision of the Morinaceae (Magnoliophyta-Dipsacales). vol. 12. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Bot., 35p. Caprifoliaceae Caprifoliaceae genera Flora of China Flora of West Himalaya Flora of East Himalaya
3995774	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Paradis	Christian Paradis	Christian Paradis (born January 1, 1974) is a Canadian politician who served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Mégantic—L'Érable from 2006 to 2015. A member of the Conservative Party of Canada, he was first elected in the 2006 federal election and served as parliamentary secretary to the Minister of Natural Resources until January 4, 2007, when he was appointed Secretary of State for Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and the Rural Secretariat. On June 25, 2008, Paradis was appointed Minister of Public Works and Government Services, retaining his position as Secretary of State for Agriculture until October that same year. On October 30, 2008, in a cabinet shuffle following the election, he retained the Public Works portfolio. In addition, he succeeded Lawrence Cannon as Quebec Lieutenant. On January 19, 2010, in a cabinet shuffle, Prime Minister Harper appointed him Minister of Natural Resources. On May 18, 2011, in a cabinet shuffle he was appointed to be the Minister of Industry. On July 15, 2013, in a cabinet shuffle, he was appointed as Minister of International Development and Minister for La Francophonie. Paradis did not run in the 2015 federal election, and in December 2015, it was announced that he would be the Senior Vice President, Strategic Development of Protective Services at GardaWorld, starting January 2016. Early life and career Originally from Thetford Mines, he graduated from the University of Sherbrooke in civil law and holds a graduate degree in corporate law from Laval University. He entered the Quebec Bar in 1997. He is the son of Pierre Paradis, also a lawyer. He chaired the Asbestos Chamber of Commerce in 2004 and 2005. Christian Paradis has been married to Julie Roberge since June 2000 and is the father of three children. He was first elected in the 2006 federal election and served as parliamentary secretary to the Minister of Natural Resources until January 4, 2007, when he was appointed Secretary of State for Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and the Rural Secretariat. On June 25, 2008, Paradis was appointed Minister of Public Works and Government Services, retaining his position as Secretary of State for Agriculture until October that same year. On October 30, 2008, in a cabinet shuffle following the election, he retained the Public Works portfolio. In addition, he succeeded Lawrence Cannon as Quebec Lieutenant. On January 19, 2010, in a cabinet shuffle, Prime Minister Harper appointed him Minister of Natural Resources. On May 18, 2011, in a cabinet shuffle he was appointed to be the Minister of Industry. On July 15, 2013, in a cabinet shuffle, he was appointed as Minister of International Development and Minister for La Francophonie. On April 3, 2015, Paradis announced that he would not seek re-election. Federal politics Paradis served as representative of the riding of Megantic-L'Érable from 2006 to 2015. He received nearly 50% of the vote in each federal election. Secretary of State for Agriculture Christian Paradis was appointed Secretary of State in charge of Agriculture on January 4, 2007. He notably inherited the dossier of the pork industry, plagued by difficulties due to numerous diseases affecting pig herds in Canada: his ministry takes support measures for producers by announcing financial assistance to producers over a period of 4 years. Under his leadership, the Harper government launched a $1.5 billion program aimed at supporting the production of bio-fuels by farmers. He also played a crucial role in preserving the Supply management (Canada) system during the development of Canadian cheese regulations in 2007. Minister of Public Services and Procurement He became Minister of Public Works and Government Services replacing Michael Fortier on June 25, 2008. On November 27, he announced the return of Formula 1 to Canada, with the resumption of the Canadian Grand Prix in Montreal. The Ministry of Public Works contributes $5 million annually. Quebec Lieutenant and Minister responsible for the Montreal region He became Quebec lieutenant and Minister responsible for the Montreal region in November 2008, replacing Lawrence Cannon. One of its main files is the regulation on the harmonization of the Canada-Quebec sales tax with the retrocession to the Government of Quebec of 2.2 billion dollars annually from the federal government coming from the Tax on products and services. He led the electoral campaign in Quebec during the 2011 Canadian federal election; the Conservatives won 16.52% of the vote and overtook the Liberal Party of Canada in Quebec, but won only 5 seats out of 78, against a strong push from the NDP who won 59 seats. Minister of Natural Resources In March 2011, as Minister of Natural Resources, Minister Paradis in the company of Minister Normandeau announced that the governments of Canada and Quebec reached a historic agreement in principle for the co-management of the Old Harry hydrocarbon reservoir, located in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Minister of Industry As Minister of Industry and therefore responsible for telecommunications, Minister Paradis stood up to the telecommunications industry, stressing the need for four national carriers to maintain competition in all regions of the country. He announced in March 2012, the lifting of restrictions on foreign ownership for smaller players in the wireless industry and in March 2013, he announced a new broadband wireless spectrum auction to enable access to new entrants and incumbents. Minister for International Development and La Francophonie He was appointed Minister of International Development and La Francophonie on July 15, 2013. He supports the candidacy of the former Governor General of Canada, Michaëlle Jean and supports her successful campaign for the position of Secretary General of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. After politics Since January 2016, the former minister of the Harper government has held the position of senior vice-president, strategic development of protective services in Canada at GardaWorld. He sits on several boards of directors: Forum of Federations, Canada World Youth, Macdonald–Laurier Institute and Leomed Technologies. Electoral record Honours Member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada(2007). Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal (2012) presented by the Right Honorable David Lloyd Johnston References External links 1974 births Conservative Party of Canada MPs French Quebecers Living people Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada People from Thetford Mines Lawyers in Quebec Université de Sherbrooke alumni Université Laval alumni Mining ministers of Canada Members of the 28th Canadian Ministry
3995800	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisberg	Eisberg	Eisberg may refer to: Eisberg (Lusatian Highlands), a mountain of Saxony, Germany Eisberg (Moosbach), a mountain of Bavaria, Germany Eisberg (Reiter Alpe), a mountain of Bavaria, Germany Eisberg (Stölzinger Hills), a hill in Hesse, Germany "Eisberg" (song), by Andreas Bourani Eisberg, a brand of de-alcoholised wine produced by Halewood International See also Iceberg, a large piece of freshwater ice floating freely in open water
5389250	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20amphibians	List of amphibians	Amphibians are ectothermic, tetrapod vertebrates of the class Amphibia. All living amphibians belong to the group Lissamphibia. They inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living within terrestrial, fossorial, arboreal or freshwater aquatic ecosystems. Thus amphibians typically start out as larvae living in water, but some species have developed behavioural adaptations to bypass this. A list of amphibians organizes the class of amphibian by family and subfamilies and mentions the number of species in each of them. The list below largely follows Darrel Frost's Amphibian Species of the World (ASW), Version 5.5 (31 January 2011). Another classification, which largely follows Frost, but deviates from it in part is the one of AmphibiaWeb, which is run by the California Academy of Sciences and several of universities. The major differences between these two classifications are: Frost's ASW has split several families from other families (i.e. elevated to distinct families), whereas AmphibiaWeb has not (i.e., keeping them within the original families as subfamilies): From Dendrobatidae: Aromobatidae From Myobatrachidae: Limnodynastidae From Ranidae: Ceratobatrachidae, Dicroglossidae, Mantellidae, Micrixalidae, Nyctibatrachidae, Petropedetidae, Phrynobatrachidae, Ptychadenidae, Pyxicephalidae, Ranixalidae, Rhacophoridae AmphibiaWeb has also split a few families off from other families (i.e. elevated to distinct families), where Frost's ASW has not (i.e., keeping them within the original families): From Alytidae: Discoglossidae From Leiopelmatidae: Ascaphidae From Ambystomatidae: Dicamptodontidae From Caeciliidae: Scolecomorphidae, Typhlonectidae From Ichthyophiidae: Uraeotyphlidae Class Amphibia There are a total of 8216 amphibian species in three orders. Order Anura: frogs and toads , 7243 species of frogs and toads are recognised by Amphibian Species of the World. Suborder Archaeobatrachia Family Alytidae – painted frogs or disc-tongued frogs, 12 species. Includes the genus Discoglossus (5 species) which is sometimes considered a distinct family, Discoglossidae. Family Bombinatoridae – firebelly toads, 8 species Family Leiopelmatidae – New Zealand primitive frogs, 3 species in genus Leiopelma. Family Ascaphidae – tailed frogs. Two species in genus Ascaphus. Sometimes considered part of family Leiopelmatidae. Suborder Mesobatrachia Family Megophryidae – litter frogs or short legged toads, 268 species Subfamily Megophryinae – Asian spadefoot toads, 106 species Family Pelobatidae – European spadefoot toads, 6 species Family Pelodytidae – parsley frogs, 5 species Family Pipidae – tongueless frogs, 41 species Family Rhinophrynidae – Mexican burrowing toad, 1 species Family Scaphiopodidae – American spadefoot toads, 7 species Suborder Neobatrachia Family Allophrynidae – Tukeit Hill frogs, 3 species Family Alsodidae – 30 species Family Arthroleptidae – screeching frogs or squeakers, 149 species Subfamily Arthroleptinae – 67 species Subfamily Astylosterninae – 30 species Subfamily Leptopelinae – 52 species Family: Batrachylidae, 12 species Superfamily Brachycephaloidea – 1170 species Family Brachycephalidae – saddleback toads, 74 species Family Craugastoridae – 865 species Subfamily Ceuthomantinae – 573 species; includes species formerly in subfamily Strabomantinae Subfamily Craugastorinae – 139 species Subfamily Holoadeninae – 153 species Family Eleutherodactylidae – 201 species Subfamily Eleutherodactylinae – 217 species Subfamily Phyzelaphryninae – 12 species Family Brevicipitidae – 36 species Family Bufonidae – true toads, 627 species Family Calyptocephalellidae – 5 species Family Centrolenidae – glass frogs, 156 species Subfamily: Centroleninae – 119 species Subfamily: Hyalinobatrachiinae – 35 species Family Ceratobatrachidae – 102 species Subfamily Alcalinae – 5 species Subfamily Ceratobatrachinae – 90 species Subfamily Liuraninae – 7 species Family Ceratophryidae – 12 species, formerly contained Batrachylidae and Telmatobiidae as subfamilies Family Conrauidae – 6 species Family Cycloramphidae – 36 species, formerly contained Alsodidae as subfamily Superfamily Dendrobatoidea – 328 species Family Aromobatidae – 128 species, considered a subfamily of Dendrobatidae by AmphibiaWeb Subfamily Allobatinae – 55 species Subfamily Anomaloglossinae – 34 species Subfamily Aromobatinae – 38 species Family Dendrobatidae – poison dart frogs, 200 species Subfamily Colostethinae, 66 species Subfamily Dendrobatinae, 61 species Subfamily Hyloxalinae, 72 species Family Dicroglossidae – 212 species Subfamily Dicroglossinae – 197 species Subfamily Occidozyginae – 15 species Family Heleophrynidae – ghost frogs, 7 species Family Hemiphractidae – 118 species Subfamily Cryptobatrachinae – 8 species Subfamily Hemiphractinae – 110 species Family Hemisotidae – shovelnose frogs, 9 species Family Hylidae – tree frogs, 734 species; formerly contained families Pelodryadidae and Phyllomedusidae as subfamilies Subfamily Acrisinae – 21 species Subfamily Cophomantinae – 187 species Subfamily Dendropsophina – 111 species Subfamily Hylinae – 173 species Subfamily Lophyohylinae – 88 species Subfamily Pseudinae – 13 species Subfamily Scinaxinae – 140 species Family Hylodidae – 47 species Family Hyperoliidae – sedge frogs or bush frogs, 228 species Subfamily Hyperoliinae – 203 species Subfamily Kassininae – 25 species Family Leiopelmatidae – 3 species; formerly part of Ascaphidae Family Leiuperidae – 86 species Family Leptodactylidae – southern frogs or tropical frogs, 219 species Subfamily Leiuperinae – 101 species Subfamily Leptodactylinae – 103 species Subfamily Paratelmatobiinae – 14 species Family Mantellidae – 231 species, formerly considered part of the family Ranidae Subfamily: Boophinae – 79 species Subfamily: Laliostominae – 7 species Subfamily: Mantellinae – 145 species Family Micrixalidae – 24 species, considered part of the family Ranidae by AmphibiaWeb Family Microhylidae – narrow-mouthed frogs, 698 species Subfamily Adelastinae – 1 species Subfamily Asterophryinae – 349 species Subfamily Cophylinae – 113 species Subfamily Dyscophinae – 3 species Subfamily Gastrophryninae – 79 species Subfamily Hoplophryninae – 3 species Subfamily Kalophryninae – 26 species Subfamily Melanobatrachinae – 1 species Subfamily Microhylinae – 101 species Subfamily Otophryninae – 6 species Subfamily Phrynomerinae – 5 species Subfamily Scaphiophryninae – 11 species Superfamily Myobatrachoidea – 132 species Family Limnodynastidae, 43 species; considered a subfamily of Myobatrachidae by AmphibiaWeb Family Myobatrachidae – Australian ground frogs, 85 species Family Nasikabatrachidae – 2 species; formerly included in family Sooglossidae Family Nyctibatrachidae – 39 species; formerly considered part of the family Ranidae Subfamily Astrobatrachinae – 1 species Subfamily Lankanectinae – 2 species Subfamily Nyctibatrachinae – 36 species Family Odontobatrachidae – 5 species Family Odontophrynidae – 52 species Family Pelodryadidae – 215 species; formerly a subfamily of Hylidae Subfamily Litoriinae – 93 species Subfamily Pelodryadinae – 115 species Family Petropedetidae – 13 species; formerly considered part of Ranidae Family Phrynobatrachidae – 95 species; formerly considered part of Ranidae Family Phyllomedusidae – 66 species; formerly a subfamily of Hylidae Family Ptychadenidae – 60 species, formerly considered part of Ranidae Family Pyxicephalidae – 85 species; formerly considered part of Ranidae Subfamily Cacosterninae – 79 species Subfamily Pyxicephalinae – 6 species Family Ranidae – true frogs, 409 species Family Ranixalidae – 18 species, formerly considered part of the family Ranidae Family Rhacophoridae – moss frogs, 430 species, formerly considered part of the family Ranidae Subfamily Buergeriinae – 5 species Subfamily Rhacophorinae – 425 species Family Sooglossidae Seychelles frogs, 4 species. Family Telmatobiidae – 63 species Order Caudata: Salamanders , 759 species of salamanders are recognised by Amphibian Species of the World. Suborder Cryptobranchoidea Family Cryptobranchidae – giant salamanders, 4 species Family Hynobiidae – Asiatic salamanders, 81 species Subfamily Hynobiinae, 71 species Subfamily Onychodactylinae – 10 species Suborder Salamandroidea Family Ambystomatidae – mole salamanders, 37 species. The Pacific mole salamanders of genus Dicamptodon (4 species) are considered a distinct family, Dicamptodontidae, by AmphibiaWeb: Family Amphiumidae – amphiumas or Congo eels, 3 species Family Plethodontidae – lungless salamanders, 488 species Subfamily Hemidactyliinae – 382 species; includes species formerly assigned to subfamilies Bolitoglossinae and Spelerpinae. Subfamily: Plethodontinae – 106 species Family Proteidae – mudpuppies and waterdogs, 9 species Family Rhyacotritonidae – torrent salamanders, 4 species Family Salamandridae – true salamanders and newts, 128 species Subfamily Pleurodelinae, 110 species Subfamily Salamandrinae, 16 species Subfamily Salamandrininae, 2 species Suborder Sirenoidea Family Sirenidae – sirens, 5 species Order Gymnophiona: Caecilians , 214 species of caecilians are recognised by Amphibian Species of the World. Family Caeciliidae – common caecilians, 44 species Family Chikilidae – 4 species Family Dermophiidae – 14 species Family Herpelidae – 10 species Family Ichthyophiidae – fish caecilians, 57 species. The genus Uraeotyphlus (7 species) is sometimes considered a distinct family, Uraeotyphlidae. Family Indotyphlidae – 24 species Family Rhinatrematidae – beaked caecilians, 13 species Family Scolecomorphidae – 6 species; formerly considered a subfamily of Caeciliidae Family Siphonopidae – 28 species Family Typhlonectidae – 14 species; formerly considered a subfamily of Caeciliidae See also List of California amphibians and reptiles List of amphibian genera List of prehistoric amphibians Amphibian Sources Frost, Darrel R. (2011). Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference. Version 5.5 (31 January 2011). American Museum of Natural History, New York, US. External links Amphibian Species of the World AmphibiaWeb
3995810	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Arizona%20elections	2006 Arizona elections	The Arizona state elections of 2006 were held on November 7, 2006. All election results are from the Arizona Secretary of State's office. The deadline for signing petition signatures to appear on the primary ballot for all races was June 14, 2006. This article does not yet include complete information about the state propositions placed on the ballot, but major propositions for Arizona in 2006 included: An attempt to add language to the AZ Constitution that would declare a marriage as only between a man and a woman (did not pass; as of 2006, AZ is the only state to reject a same-sex marriage ban proposed to its voters, though an amendment to the state constitution passed in 2008) Two competing statewide smoking bans—one sponsored by R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. and one sponsored by various health organizations. (The health orgs' Prop 201 passed and will ban smoking in all indoor locations except some tobacco shops and some fraternal organizations) Four propositions that affected illegal immigrants, including ones that would make English the official language of Arizona, and restrict some currently held rights of illegal immigrants. Federal United States Senate United States House State Races for Governor of Arizona, Attorney General of Arizona, Secretary of State of Arizona, State Treasurer, Superintendent of Public Instruction, State Mine Inspector, and two seats on the five-member Corporation Commission will be decided. All races except for the State Mine Inspector, State Treasurer, and one seat on the Corporation Commission feature incumbents running for re-election. Governor Attorney General Democratic incumbent Terry Goddard, the former mayor of Phoenix, Arizona, ran for a second four-year term after winning his first in 2003. He was challenged by Republican Bill Montgomery, former prosecutor of Maricopa County. Secretary of State Republican incumbent Jan Brewer, the former chair of the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors, ran for a second four-year term, after winning her first term in 2002. She was challenged by Democrat Israel Torres, the former Arizona Registrar of Contractors and a businessman and attorney, and Libertarian Ernest Hancock, a talk radio producer, real estate agent, and restaurant owner. Superintendent of Public Instruction Republican incumbent Tom Horne ran against Democratic challenger Jason Williams. State Treasurer Republican incumbent Dean Martin ran against Democratic challenger Rano Singh. State Mine Inspector Republican incumbent Joe Hart, a former state representative and businessman, ran for reelection uncontested. Corporation Commissioner Two seats on the Arizona Corporation Commission are up for re-election. Republican incumbents Kris Mayes and Gary Pierce ran for the seats, challenged by Democrats Richard Boyer and Mark Manoil. Libertarian Rick Fowlkes also ran for the position. Legislative Department All 60 seats in the Arizona House of Representatives and all 30 seats in the Arizona Senate will be up for election. There are five incumbents not seeking re-election to the seats they currently hold, and eight races in which there is only one candidate for election. Judicial Department When a vacancy occurs on the bench, a Judicial Nominating Committee approves the names of at least three applicants for nomination, from which the Governor appoints one to the position. After appointment, all Judges and Justices are subject to judicial election retentions, statewide for Justices and in their separate districts for Judges. Supreme Court Justices serve a six-year term; all other state Judges serve four-year terms. There is a mandatory retirement age of 65 for all judicial offices. Ballot propositions See also 2006 United States gubernatorial elections 2006 Arizona state legislature elections References Arizona
5389251	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing%20Out%21	Sing Out!	Sing Out! was a quarterly journal of folk music and folk songs that was published from May 1950 through spring 2014. It was originally based in New York City, with a national circulation of approximately 10,000 by 1960. Background Sing Out! was the primary publication of the tax exempt, not-for-profit, educational corporation of the same name. According to the organization's website, "Sing Out!'''s mission is to preserve and support the cultural diversity and heritage of all traditional and contemporary folk musics, and to encourage making folk music a part of our everyday lives." Irwin Silber was an important co-founder along with Pete Seeger, and was the magazine's long-time editor from 1951 to 1967. Its final editor and executive director, since 1983, was Mark D. Moss. The editors applied a very broad definition of folk music including material from contemporary singer-songwriters, Americana, roots, blues, bluegrass, and world music. One defining feature of the magazine was the inclusion of 15 or more songs with lyrics and music within the pages of each issuesupplemented with an illustrative CD from 2001 until it ceased publication in 2014. The magazine also contained in-depth articles profiling musicians and musical traditions, "teach-ins," reviews of recordings and print publications, a comprehensive festival and camp listing, and columns covering topics such as songwriting, storytelling, children's music, and the folk process. The corporate headquarters of Sing Out! were located in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania which is also home to the Sing Out! Resource Center. The magazine was distributed by mail subscriptions, and could be found in some North American bookstores and libraries. Sing Out! publications In addition to the quarterly magazine, the corporation also offered an extensive mail order catalog of printed material on folk-music and folklore. The catalog included other Sing Out! publications, such as the folk music fake book, Rise Up Singing. The Sing Out! Resource Center The Sing Out! Resource Center (SORCe) is a collection of recordings, photos, books, periodicals and other items. It is located in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Sing Out! Radio Magazine Even after the magazine's print publication ceased, the Sing Out! Radio Magazine'' has continued as a weekly syndicated radio program featuring songs, news and interviews with musicians. The show is hosted by Tom Druckenmiller. Notes External links Official site text from recent issues from findarticles.com additional text reprints from highbeam.com Sing Out! Magazine Discography from folklib.net (not up-to-date). 1950 establishments in Pennsylvania Music magazines published in the United States Quarterly magazines published in the United States Folk music magazines Magazines established in 1950 Music organizations based in the United States Magazines published in Pennsylvania 2014 disestablishments in Pennsylvania Defunct magazines published in the United States Magazines disestablished in 2014
3995811	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmunds%20%28company%29	Edmunds (company)	Edmunds.com Inc. (stylized as edmunds) is an American online resource for automotive inventory and information, including expert car reviews based on testing at the company's private facility. The company is headquartered in Santa Monica, California, and maintains an office in downtown Detroit, Michigan. After making a minority investment, Carmax purchased the whole company at an enterprise value of $404 million in 2021. History Edmunds was founded by Ludwig Arons in 1966 as Edmunds Publications, a publisher of printed booklets consolidating automotive specifications to help car shoppers make buying decisions. In 1988, the company was purchased by Peter Steinlauf whose family has owned a majority stake since. By the 1990s, Edmunds published its data to CD-ROM while also publishing books such as Edmunds New Cars & Trucks Buyer's Guide, Edmunds Used Cars & Trucks Buyer's Guide and Edmunds Strategies for Smart Car Buyers. In 1994, the company posted on a gopher site known as the Electronic Newsstand. The company launched the Edmunds.com website in 1995. By 1996, the company had formed web commerce agreements with Autobytel, a site linking buyers to nearby dealers, and the auto insurance company, Geico. As part of the agreement, each time a lead was generated from the Edmunds.com website, it would get paid a fee. In June 1999, the company changed its name to Edmunds.com, Inc. The company introduced True Market Value, a service that analyzed a variety of factors to offer a suggested transaction price for vehicles in 2000. That same year, the company introduced simple websites for web-ready mobile phones and PDAs. In 2005, Edmunds.com launched Inside Line, a free online magazine for automotive enthusiasts. Inside Line delivered automotive content in the form of videos, photos, blogs, news articles, discussion boards and road tests, before being discontinued in 2013. In 2010, the company launched its first mobile phone apps, 10 years after introducing its mobile website. In 2011, two years after launching a similar service for new vehicles, the company launched a used car inventory search tool, allowing users to compare vehicles in their market. Edmunds.com launched its first ever TV advertising campaign in select markets in 2012, before expanding nationally in 2013. That same year, the company announced the Edmunds Price Promise, a feature that allowed users to see the accurate price of a vehicle online and guaranteed by a local dealer. In 2014, Edmunds.com acquired CarCode, a mobile messaging startup that won one of the company's Hackomotive challenges and participated in the company's accelerator program. In 2016, the company relocated its headquarters to the Colorado Center in Santa Monica. In 2017, as part of a rebranding effort, the company officially dropped the .com from its name, unveiled a new logo, and redesigned its website to aid mobile users. Events Edmunds.com announced that it would begin hosting a Hackathon event in September 2012. The event, named Hackomotive, was held in March 2013 and awarded the winners a combined $28,000. The resulting ideas were published on the Edmunds Hackomotive website and some ideas were further evaluated by the company. Edmunds.com ran the Hackathon from 2013-2015 before taking a year-long break from the event. In 2014, Edmunds.com launched Car Week, a seven-day event to connect car dealers with buyers and offering prices below the Edmunds.com True Market Value. Services The Edmunds.com Web site includes prices for new and used vehicles, dealer and inventory listings, a database of national and regional incentives and rebates, vehicle test drive reviews, and tips and advice on all aspects of car purchases and ownership. Edmunds.com provides data through its "True Market Value" pricing tools, which launched in 2000. The Edmunds.com True Market Value New Vehicle Calculator displays the estimated average price consumers are paying when buying new vehicles. The Edmunds.com True Market Value Used Vehicle Appraiser estimates the actual transaction prices for used vehicles bought and sold by dealers and private parties. In 2020, Edmunds launched a partnership with CarMax that allows a driver to receive a no-obligation cash offer for their vehicle which can be redeemed at any CarMax location. Recognition In 1997, the Edmunds.com website earned a Webby Award in the Money category at the inaugural event. The company has been ranked as one of the best places to work by The Wall Street Journal and the Los Angeles Business Journal. Edmunds.com was named to Fast Company's World's Top 10 Most Innovative Companies of 2015 in Automotive. In 2016, Edmunds.com was ranked 26th on Fortune's Best Small and Medium Companies list. References External links Automotive websites Companies based in Los Angeles County, California Internet properties established in 1995 Online automotive companies of the United States Used car market Webby Award winners Privately held companies based in California
3995814	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDC%2065C265	WDC 65C265	The Western Design Center (WDC) W65C265S is a 16-bit CMOS microcontroller based on a W65C816S processor core, which is a superset of the MOS Technology 6502 processor. The W65C265S consists of a fully static W65C816S CPU core, 8 KB of ROM containing a machine language monitor, 576 bytes of SRAM, a processor cache under software control, eight 16-bit timers with maskable interrupts, an interrupt-driven parallel bus (PIB), four universal asynchronous receiver-transmitters (UARTs), a watchdog timer that fires a restart interrupt, twenty-nine priority encoded interrupts, a time-of-day clock, two sound generators, a bus control register (BCR) for external memory bus control, interface circuitry for peripheral devices, ABORT input for low cost virtual memory interface, and many low power features. Features Hi-Rel low power CMOS process Operating ambient temperature range is 0 °C to +70 °C Single 2.8 V to 5.5 V power supply Static to 8 MHz clock operation, as well as 32.768KHz capability W65C816S compatible CPU 16 MB linear address space Twenty-nine priority encoded interrupts Four UARTS's Time of Day (ToD) clock features 8 x 16 bit timer/counters Bus Control Register Many bus operating features and modes 8 Programmable chip select outputs Low cost surface mount 84 and 100 lead packages Automatically shifts speed for slow memory or peripherals See also WDC 65C134 - an 8-bit microcontroller based around a WDC 65C02 processor core References Further reading External links W65C265S website - Western Design Center (WDC) W65C265S datasheet - WDC W65C265S monitor ROM manual - WDC 65xx microprocessors 16-bit microprocessors
3995820	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farasan%20Island	Farasan Island	Farasan Island (; transliterated: Jazyrat Farasan) is the largest island of the Farasan Islands, in the Red Sea. It is located some 50 km offshore from Jizan, the far southwestern part of Saudi Arabia and is among the largest islands in the Red Sea. It is located at around . The main town on the island is Farasan. The "Farasan island marine sanctuary" has been created around the island to protect biodiversity. Farasan General Hospital Farasan General Hospital was built in September 1986 by the Saudi government. Chaired under Dr. Ahmed (MBBS, Neurosurgeon), it has 35 doctors for various specialization. Advanced facilities (i.e. x-rays, ultra-sounds) are available here. Kunnah Kunnah, a festive fishing season is derived from the Arabic word for kingfish, kana’ad. Kunnah season startes at the beginning of summer and finishes wit the end of June. It witnesses an abundance of different types of fish including but not limited to the kingfish and parrotfish or Hipposcarus harid. The fishing seasons combined represent 35 percent of fish production in the Red Sea and 20 percent of the Saudi Arabia’s fish production. During the festival, Jazan looks like a floating city due to the large number of fishing boats and the lights from the ships make sea becoming illuminated at night. Jazan region produces about 11,000 metric tons of fish annually and employees over 3,200 fishermen working along the coasts and helping the economy of 17 fishing ports. It uses about 1,657 boats, resulting in the investment in fisheries and helping preserving the fishing profession. Jizan to Farasan The distance between Jizan and Farasan is . Both ferries and (local small boats) are used on this route. Ferry passage is free. The ferry carries 35–40 cars and can accommodate about 800 people. New ferries were put into service in 2006, cutting travel time between Jizan and Farasan from three hours to one. There are two ferry trips each way daily (Farasan to Jizan at 7:30 AM and 03:30 PM, Jizan to Farasan also at 7:30 AM and 03:30 PM, .) The carry up to twelve passengers. The take an hour to make the crossing and operate by hire rather than on a fixed schedule, with at a cost of SR50 per passenger with a minimum charge of SR350 (). References External links Photo of the beach on Farasan Island Photo of Farasan Island's antiquities Photo of Farasan Island's antiquities Islands of the Red Sea Islands of Saudi Arabia Jizan Province
5389257	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Hawkins%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201988%29	Tom Hawkins (footballer, born 1988)	Thomas John Hawkins (born 21 July 1988) is an Australian rules footballer playing for the Geelong Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). At 198 cm (6 ft 6 in) tall and weighing , Hawkins has the ability to play as either a full-forward or centre half-forward. He grew up in New South Wales before moving to Victoria to attend Melbourne Grammar School, where his football abilities earned him a spot in the first XVIII in year ten. He played top-level football with the Sandringham Dragons in the TAC Cup and Vic Metro in the AFL Under-18 Championships. His accolades as a junior include national and state representation, the Larke Medal as the AFL Under-18 Championships most valuable player, and All-Australian selection. As the eldest son of former Geelong champion Jack Hawkins, Hawkins was drafted by Geelong under the father–son draft rule with the forty-first selection in the 2006 national draft. He made his AFL debut in 2007, which saw former coach, Denis Pagan compare him to the highest goal scorer in the history of the league and former full-forward, Tony Lockett, after his debut game. His debut season saw him earn an AFL Rising Star nomination and he was part of Geelong's Victorian Football League (VFL) premiership side. He has since become a two-time AFL premiership player, a Coleman Medalist, an All-Australian full forward, a Carji Greeves Medallist as the club best and fairest player, a ten-time leading goalkicker for Geelong, and a recipient of the former AFL Army Award—awarded to a player who produces significant acts of bravery or selflessness during a season. Early life Hawkins was born in Finley, New South Wales to Jack and Jenny Hawkins. He grew up in the New South Wales region of Finley as the second child among four children. He attended Finley High School and played for the Finley Football Club before making the move south of the border to begin boarding at Melbourne Grammar School. Hawkins' footballing ability was recognised early on when he was selected to play first XVIII football for the school while still in year ten, when many of his teammates were completing their final year of schooling at year twelve. Hawkins kicked four goals on debut for the school and his performances up forward soon received attention from AFL recruiting teams. By the time he had reached his final school year he was rewarded with joint captaincy of the football team alongside Hawthorn draftee Xavier Ellis. He was also selected in the Associated Public Schools (APS) team to play the Associated Grammar School (AGS) selected football team in the traditional annual clash of schools, where he won best on ground honours for his performance. Having gained permission to join local under-18 club in 2006, the Sandringham Dragons for numerous games during the season, Hawkins impressed in his limited appearances within the elite TAC Cup competition, highlighted by a twenty-two disposal, nine mark, and five goal effort in just his third game. In the same year, he was awarded an AIS/AFL academy scholarship as part of the ninth intake. The scholarship, awarded to outstanding young athletes entering the last year of their junior football development, saw Hawkins participate in several training camps, capped off with representation for Australia in the under-18 International Rules Series, before completing his summer training with the Geelong Football Club. In the mid-year of 2006, Hawkins was selected to play in the 2006 AFL Under-18 Championships, lining up at full forward for Vic Metro. A best on ground performance which yielded twelve marks and six goals in the opening match against South Australia began a wave of unprecedented hype and attention, with Hawkins drawing comparisons to former forward, Jonathan Brown and leading Vic Metro coach David Dickson to declare the young forward as "the best footballer I've seen...since Chris Judd". Hawkins was awarded the Larke Medal as the most valuable player within division one and named as the tournament's All-Australian full-forward, just falling short of the all-time contested marking record held by Justin Koschitzke. AFL career 2007–2011: early career Hawkins was officially selected by Geelong in the 2006 national draft under the father–son rule. While many pundits lauded him as the best key position prospect within the draft, and felt Hawkins' junior performances warranted possible selection with the top overall pick, the father-son rules at the time only required Geelong to use a middle-tier third round pick to draft him. The subsequent controversy over what was widely acknowledged as a bargain gain for the Cats led to the AFL amending the father-son ruling for future use. With a reputation as one of the finest young tall forwards in the land, Hawkins was immediately billed as the successor to the legendary Gary Ablett, whose retirement ten years earlier had left a gaping hole in Geelongs forward line. A stress reaction injury to his right leg, however, halted Hawkins' pre-season, forcing his much-awaited debut in Geelong colours to take place in the Victorian Football League (VFL) side. Hawkins made his highly anticipated debut for the Geelong seniors in round two of the 2007 season against . Opposed to Carlton captain Lance Whitnall, Hawkins impressed with three goals and several strong marks in Geelong's seventy-eight point victory, prompting then-Carlton coach, Denis Pagan to label him the next Tony Lockett. Other revered media figures, such as Gerard Healy and David Parkin, were moved enough to describe the debut as the best first-up performance in recent memory. Uncommonly for AFL debutants, he followed up with an even more impressive performance in his second game, kicking four first half goals to help set up a victory against at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG), earning the AFL Rising Star nomination for round three in the process. Question marks, however, were raised over his fitness and ability to run out entire games, and after nine games in his debut season, which saw him kick twelve goals, Hawkins saw out the rest of the year with the clubs' VFL side. There, Hawkins helped Geelong reach the VFL Grand Final for the second successive year, booting three goals as the Cats defeated the Coburg Tigers to claim their first VFL premiership since 2002. Despite inconsistencies in Hawkin's form, he played twenty-four matches for the 2009 season including the grand final, where he played alongside other father-son selections, Gary Ablett, Matthew Scarlett and Mark Blake. He scored two goals in the game to help Geelong defeat by twelve points, winning the 2009 AFL premiership. One of his goals was notably controversial, as it was later ruled it had hit the goal post, which should have been registered as a behind; this was one of the reasons behind the introduction of the goal review system implemented by the AFL during the 2012 season. A mid-year footy injury saw Hawkins miss seven weeks of football in 2010, and he finished the season with eighteen matches and twenty-one goals. He did, however, play in Geelong's final series; a narrow loss to St Kilda in the qualifying final hampered Geelong's chances of retaining the premiership and a forty-one point loss to eventual premiers, , in the preliminary final ended Geelong and Hawkins' season. Hawkins faced scrutiny during the 2011 season for his inconsistent form which saw him dropped from the senior side in the middle of the season. He was highly praised during Geelong's finals series in which Herald Sun journalist, Scott Gullan labelled the qualifying win against the best match of Hawkins' career at the time. He bettered that performance two weeks later in the 2011 AFL Grand Final, where he finished the day with nineteen disposals, nine marks and three goals to win his second premiership medallion. An injury to fellow forward, James Podsiadly in the second quarter meant Hawkins was the main target in the forward line where he kicked three goals in the third quarter and he was labelled as the unlikely hero by Fox Sports Australia journalist, Mike Hedge. His performance saw him awarded five votes for the Norm Smith Medal, coming third behind Jimmy Bartel with thirteen votes and Joel Selwood with nine votes. It was later revealed in the book, Greatness, Inside Geelong's Path to Premiership History, he was nearly dropped for the final series for retiring forward, Cameron Mooney. 2012–present: Geelong leading goalkicker In 2012, Hawkins had a break out year, kicking sixty-two goals to finish equal second in the Coleman Medal. In the round 19 match against Hawthorn, he kicked six goals including a goal after the siren to deliver Geelong a two-point victory. The win was Geelong's ninth consecutive victory over the Hawks since losing to them in the 2008 AFL Grand Final. After every season he participated in finished in at least making the preliminary final, Geelong exited the final series in the first week after the sixteen point loss to at the MCG. His emergence was rewarded with selection in the 2012 All-Australian team, the Carji Greeves Medal as the club best and fairest player and he was Geelong's leading goalkicker. After Hawkins' emergence in 2012, a bulging disc in his back impacted his abilities during the 2013 season; struggling with form throughout the season, he received bronx cheers from Geelong supporters in the round 20 match against at Simonds Stadium after he managed only six disposals and a goal. The persistent back injury forced him to miss the start of the finals series by missing the qualifying final match against Fremantle at Simonds Stadium. He played in the next two finals matches, including the five point loss against Hawthorn in the preliminary final which ended Geelong's season. Despite the back injury, he managed to play twenty-two matches for the season kicking forty-nine goals and he was Geelong's leading goalkicker for the second consecutive year. Described as returning to being a "genuine match winner" during the 2014 season by teammate, Tom Lonergan, Hawkins overcame his back injury to replicate his form from the 2012 season. He kicked sixty-eight goals for the season including a career-high seven goals against the in round 23. He had strong performances against Hawthorn, kicking five goals and , kicking four goals in rounds five and ten respectively; his performance against Hawthorn earned him the maximum three Brownlow votes making him the best player on the ground adjudged by the field umpires. During the qualifying final match against , he was scrutinised for a jumper punch against Ben Stratton, which was pondered whether Hawkins would face a suspension; he was ultimately cleared of the incident, which allowed him to play in the semi-final loss against North Melbourne. His season was rewarded with selection in the initial forty man All-Australian squad, although he missed out on the final team. In addition, he finished second in the best and fairest count behind Joel Selwood, he finished second in the Coleman Medal and he was Geelong's leading goalkicker for the third consecutive season. Personal tragedy hit Hawkins early in the 2015 season when his mother, Jenny, died in April. He subsequently missed the round three match against before returning the next week against North Melbourne in which he paid tribute to his mother after his only goal in the match; in addition, the game saw him reach his 150th AFL match milestone. He missed only one match for the remainder of the season, the round seven match against . Since joining Geelong, it was the first season the club missed the finals series, and he ultimately played nineteen games for the season and kicked forty-six goals, making him Geelong's leading goalkicker for the fourth consecutive season. Entering the season, he remained unsigned, meaning he would become a free agent if he remained out of contract at the end of the season. He ultimately ignored the lure of free agency, and he signed a five-year contract in July, tying him to the club until the end of the 2020 season. The first half of the 2016 season saw Hawkins play inconsistently due to his form wavering, with Geelong coach, Chris Scott noting Hawkins' "impact isn't what he'd like it to be and hasn't been for some time"; despite his inconsistency, Scott reassured fans that he believed Hawkins' best was still ahead of him. It was revealed at the end of the season, that he had played with a small tear in his meniscus, which resulted in post-season surgery. He missed one match for the season after he was suspended for striking captain, Phil Davis, in round 11. The decision by the match review panel was criticised by the Herald Sun chief of football writer, Mark Robinson, where he labelled the decision "a joke", and the backlash forced match review panel member, Nathan Burke to publicly defend the decision. Geelong returned to the final series in 2016, making it to the preliminary final and losing to Sydney by thirty-seven points at the MCG. He finished with twenty-three matches for the season, kicking fifty-five goals and he was Geelong's leading goalkicker for the fifth consecutive season. Statistics Statistics are correct to the end of the second week of the 2021 finals \|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" \| 2007 \| \| 26 \|\| 9 \|\| 12 \|\| 10 \|\| 52 \|\| 25 \|\| 77 \|\| 33 \|\| 9 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 1.1 \|\| 5.8 \|\| 2.8 \|\| 8.6 \|\| 3.7 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 0 \|- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" \| 2008 \| \| 26 \|\| 10 \|\| 13 \|\| 5 \|\| 71 \|\| 48 \|\| 119 \|\| 51 \|\| 15 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 0.5 \|\| 7.1 \|\| 4.8 \|\| 11.9 \|\| 5.1 \|\| 1.5 \|\| 2 \|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" \| scope=row bgcolor=F0E68C \| 2009# \| \| 26 \|\| 24 \|\| 34 \|\| 17 \|\| 148 \|\| 130 \|\| 278 \|\| 131 \|\| 56 \|\| 1.4 \|\| 0.7 \|\| 6.2 \|\| 5.4 \|\| 11.6 \|\| 5.5 \|\| 2.3 \|\| 0 \|- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" \| 2010 \| \| 26 \|\| 18 \|\| 21 \|\| 13 \|\| 95 \|\| 131 \|\| 226 \|\| 102 \|\| 47 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 0.7 \|\| 5.3 \|\| 7.3 \|\| 12.6 \|\| 5.7 \|\| 2.6 \|\| 0 \|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" \| scope=row bgcolor=F0E68C \| 2011# \| \| 26 \|\| 18 \|\| 27 \|\| 17 \|\| 125 \|\| 98 \|\| 223 \|\| 88 \|\| 38 \|\| 1.5 \|\| 0.9 \|\| 6.9 \|\| 5.4 \|\| 12.4 \|\| 4.9 \|\| 2.1 \|\| 0 \|- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" \| 2012 \| \| 26 \|\| 22 \|\| 62 \|\| 38 \|\| 198 \|\| 80 \|\| 278 \|\| 144 \|\| 25 \|\| 2.8 \|\| 1.7 \|\| 9.0 \|\| 3.6 \|\| 12.6 \|\| 6.5 \|\| 1.1 \|\| 10 \|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" \| 2013 \| \| 26 \|\| 23 \|\| 49 \|\| 20 \|\| 141 \|\| 74 \|\| 215 \|\| 93 \|\| 22 \|\| 2.2 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 6.4 \|\| 3.4 \|\| 9.8 \|\| 4.2 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 0 \|- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" \| 2014 \| \| 26 \|\| 24 \|\| 68 \|\| 40 \|\| 222 \|\| 75 \|\| 297 \|\| 161 \|\| 32 \|\| 2.8 \|\| 1.7 \|\| 9.3 \|\| 3.1 \|\| 12.4 \|\| 6.7 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 7 \|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" \| 2015 \| \| 26 \|\| 19 \|\| 46 \|\| 20 \|\| 145 \|\| 51 \|\| 196 \|\| 93 \|\| 31 \|\| 2.4 \|\| 1.1 \|\| 7.6 \|\| 2.7 \|\| 10.3 \|\| 4.9 \|\| 1.6 \|\| 3 \|- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" \| 2016 \| \| 26 \|\| 23 \|\| 55 \|\| 31 \|\| 198 \|\| 90 \|\| 288 \|\| 126 \|\| 39 \|\| 2.4 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 8.6 \|\| 3.9 \|\| 12.5 \|\| 5.5 \|\| 1.7 \|\| 2 \|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" \| 2017 \| \| 26 \|\| 22 \|\| 51 \|\| 26 \|\| 199 \|\| 100 \|\| 299 \|\| 116 \|\| 61 \|\| 2.3 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 9.0 \|\| 4.5 \|\| 13.6 \|\| 5.3 \|\| 2.8 \|\| 3 \|- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" \| 2018 \| \| 26 \|\| 21 \|\| 60 \|\| 29 \|\| 212 \|\| 113 \|\| 325 \|\| 153 \|\| 40 \|\| 2.9 \|\| 1.4 \|\| 10.1 \|\| 5.4 \|\| 15.5 \|\| 7.3 \|\| 1.9 \|\| 9 \|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" \| 2019 \| \| 26 \|\| 24 \|\| 56 \|\| 32 \|\| 203 \|\| 106 \|\| 309 \|\| 126 \|\| 37 \|\| 2.3 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 8.5 \|\| 4.4 \|\| 12.9 \|\| 5.3 \|\| 1.5 \|\| 5 \|- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" \| 2020 \| \| 26 \|\| 21 \|\| style="background:#CAE1FF; width:1em" \| 49† \|\| style="background:#CAE1FF; width:1em" \| 36† \|\| 172 \|\| 87 \|\| 259 \|\| 114 \|\| 40 \|\| style="background:#CAE1FF; width:1em" \| 2.3† \|\| style="background:#CAE1FF; width:1em" \| 1.7† \|\| 8.2 \|\| 4.1 \|\| 12.3 \|\| 5.4 \|\| 1.9 \|\| 11 \|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" \| 2021 \| \| 26 \|\| 25 \|\| style="background:#CAE1FF; width:1em" \| 62†\|\| 37 \|\| 215 \|\| 127 \|\| 342 \|\| 129 \|\| 50 \|\| 2.5 \|\| 1.5 \|\| 8.6 \|\| 5.1 \|\| 13.7 \|\| 5.2 \|\| 2.0 \|\| 6 \|- class="sortbottom" ! colspan=3\| Career ! 302 ! 665 ! 371 ! 2396 ! 1335 ! 3731 ! 1660 ! 576 ! 2.2 ! 1.2 ! 7.9 ! 4.4 ! 12.4 ! 5.5 ! 1.9 ! 58 \|} Notes Personal life As well as his father, Hawkins' uncles, Michael Hawkins and Robb Hawkins, and his maternal grandfather, Fred Le Deux, all played football for Geelong. Hawkins' famous nickname 'Tomahawk', is a play on his first name and surname, with references to a tomahawk axe or tomahawk missile, and has proven a popular calling card within the league. References External links 1988 births People educated at Melbourne Grammar School Living people Sandringham Dragons players Geelong Football Club players Geelong Football Club Premiership players Australian rules footballers from New South Wales All-Australians (AFL) Carji Greeves Medal winners Coleman Medal winners Two-time VFL/AFL Premiership players
3995821	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February%2019%20%28Eastern%20Orthodox%20liturgics%29	February 19 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)	February 18 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - February 20 All fixed commemorations below are observed on March 4 (March 3 on leap years) by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar. For February 19th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on February 6. Saints Apostles Archippus and Philemon of the Seventy Apostles, and Martyr Apphia (1st century) Martyrs Maximus, Theodotus, Hesychius, and Asclepiodota of Adrianopolis (305-311) Venerable Saints Eugene and Macarius, Priests, Confessors at Antioch (363) Saint Mesrop the Translator, of Armenia (439) (see also: February 17 - Greek) Venerable Rabulas of Samosata (c. 530) Venerable Conon, Abbot in Palestine (555) Saint Dositheus of Gaza, disciple of Saint Abba Dorotheus (7th century) Venerable Sophronios, Bishop. Pre-Schism Western saints Saint Gabinus, a martyr in Rome who was related to the Emperor Diocletian, but also the brother of Pope Gaius, and father of the martyr St Susanna (c. 295) Saint Quodvultdeus, Bishop of Carthage in North Africa, exiled by the Arian Genseric King of the Vandals after the capture of the city in 439 (450) Saint Valerius (Valére), Bishop of Antibes in the south of France (c. 450) Saint Odran, ranks as the first Christian martyr in Irish history (c. 452) Saints Publius, Julian, Marcellus and Companions, martyrs in North Africa. Saint Barbatus of Benevento, took part in the Sixth Oecumenical Council in Constantinople at which Monothelitism was condemned (682) Saint Mansuetus, Archbishop of Milan and Confessor, he wrote a treatise against Monothelitism (c. 690) Saint Beatus of Liébana, a monk at Liebana and was famous for his firm stand against Adoptionism (789) Saint George of Lodève, a monk at Saint-Foi-de-Conques in Rouergue but later moved to Vabres and became Bishop of Lodève (c. 884) Post-Schism Orthodox saints Saint Yaroslav the Wise, son of the Varangian (Viking) Grand Prince Vladimir the Great (1054) (see also: February 20 - Slavonic; and February 28) New Nun-martyr Philothea of Athens (1588) Venerable Theodore, Abbot of Sanaxar Monastery (1791) New Hieromartyr Nicetas, Hieromonk, of Epirus and Mt. Athos, at Serres (1809) (see also: April 4) Saint Maria, desert-dweller of Olonets (1860) (see also: February 9) Saint Nikanor (Savić) the New, Abbot of Hilandar (1990) New martyrs and confessors New Hieromartyr Vladimir (Terentiev), Abbot, of Zosima Hermitage, Smolensk (1933) New Martyr Demetrius Volkov (1942) Other commemorations Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus (392) (see also: February 16) Icon gallery Notes References Sources February 19 / March 4. Orthodox Calendar (Pravoslavie.ru). March 4 / February 19. Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Church (A parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow). February 19. OCA - The Lives of the Saints. The Autonomous Orthodox Metropolia of Western Europe and the Americas. St. Hilarion Calendar of Saints for the year of our Lord 2004. St. Hilarion Press (Austin, TX). p. 16. The Nineteenth Day of the Month of February. Orthodoxy in China. February 19. Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome. The Roman Martyrology. Transl. by the Archbishop of Baltimore. Last Edition, According to the Copy Printed at Rome in 1914. Revised Edition, with the Imprimatur of His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons. Baltimore: John Murphy Company, 1916. pp. 52-53. Rev. Richard Stanton. A Menology of England and Wales, or, Brief Memorials of the Ancient British and English Saints Arranged According to the Calendar, Together with the Martyrs of the 16th and 17th Centuries. London: Burns & Oates, 1892. p. 78. Greek Sources Great Synaxaristes: 19 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ. Συναξαριστής. 19 Φεβρουαρίου. Ecclesia.gr. (H Εκκλησια Τησ Ελλαδοσ). Russian Sources 4 марта (19 февраля). Православная Энциклопедия под редакцией Патриарха Московского и всея Руси Кирилла (электронная версия). (Orthodox Encyclopedia - Pravenc.ru). 19 февраля (ст.ст.) 4 марта 2014 (нов. ст.). Русская Православная Церковь Отдел внешних церковных связей. (DECR). February in the Eastern Orthodox calendar
5389265	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage%20investment%20corporation	Mortgage investment corporation	Requires updating to reflect the current Income Tax Act and the growth of MICs that trade on the TSX. A mortgage investment corporation or MIC is an investment and lending company designed specifically for mortgage lending (primarily residential mortgage lending) in Canada. Owning shares in a mortgage investment corporation enables you to invest in a company which manages a diversified and secured pool of mortgages. Shares of a MIC are qualified investments under the Income Tax Act (Canada) for RDSPs, RRSPs, RRIFs, TFSAs, or RESPs. Mortgage investment corporations are generally provincially registered and licensed, with the management of the mortgage fund under the direction of provincially licensed mortgage brokers and real estate agents. A MIC mortgage portfolio can include everything from small second mortgages on residential property to commercial and development mortgages on new projects. Every investment is typically based on a thorough investigation of the property. A typical MIC loan (ideally) should never exceed a specified percentage (typically from 60% to 85%) of the current value of the property. Compare this to a conventional bank's willingness to routinely loan 80% of the value of the property and sometimes even 100%. MIC's investment strategies vary considerably, as do their rates of return on invested capital. Recent MIC's have generated returns between 6% and 12% for investors, however, returns vary based not only on the investment strategy of the specific MIC but also on the nature of the investment share itself. Some MIC shares are designed to be held for a period as short as a year, and other MIC shares require the investor to hold them for a longer period, up to 10 years in some cases. Yields typically increase when the hold periods are longer, and are lower for shares that are immediately liquid after a short hold period such as one year. MIC's are organized for investing in pools of mortgages. Profits generated by MICs are distributed to its shareholders according to their proportional interest. The mortgages are secured on real property, often in conjunction with other forms of security, such as personal and corporate guarantees, general security agreements and assignments of material contracts, such as insurance policies, prepared by lawyers for the MIC. Income Tax Act Income Tax Act, Section 130.1: Salient Rules 1. A MIC must have at least 20 shareholders. 2. A MIC is generally widely held. No shareholder may hold more than 25% of the MIC's total share capital. Shareholders whose MIC holding are held in registered accounts (RRSP, TFSA, etc.) are limited to 10% due to regulations restricting ownership in those capital accounts. 3. At least 50% of a MIC's assets must be residential mortgages, and/or cash and insured deposits at Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation member financial institutions. 4. A MIC may invest up to 25% of its assets directly in real estate, but may not develop land or engage in construction. This ceiling on real estate holdings does not include real estate acquired as a result of mortgage default. 5. A MIC is a flow-through investment vehicle, and distributes 100% of its net income to its shareholders. 6. All MIC investments must be in Canada, but a MIC may accept investment capital from outside of Canada. 7. A MIC is a tax-exempt corporation as its income is instead taxed in the hands of its shareholders. 8. Dividends received with respect to directly held shares, not held within RRSPs or RRIFs, are taxed as interest income in the shareholder's hands. Dividends may be received in the form of cash, or additional shares. 9. MIC shares are qualified RRSP and RRIF investments. 10. A MIC may distribute income dividends, typically interest from mortgages and revenue from property holdings, as well as capital gain dividends, typically from the disposition of its real estate investments. 11. A MIC's annual financial statements must be audited. 12. A MIC may employ financial leverage by using debt to partially fund assets. Benefits The following are some benefits associated with investing in a MIC: Syndicated in Canadian real estate from both domestic and foreign investors. High yield. Targeting > 6% Unregulated. Flexible amortization and LTV ratios. Special tax treatment (Income tax act section 130.1 or 130.1(6)(B)) Shares of a MIC will generally be “qualified investments” for deferred income plans including registered retirement savings plans (“RRSPs”), registered retirement income funds (“RRIFs”), tax-free savings accounts (“TFSAs”), deferred profit sharing plans (“DPSPs”), registered education savings plans (“RESPs”) and registered disability savings plans (“RDSPs”) Risks The following are some risks associated with investing in a MIC: Fraud - less likely since a MIC must produce audited financial statements every year. Check out the financial statements and see if the MIC is subject to any lawsuits. Losing MIC status - failing to keep within the Income Tax Act rules would cause the MIC to have its income taxed before being distributed to shareholders and would lower returns considerably. Manager (In)competence - the success of the MIC depends to a critical degree on the experience, expertise, judgement and good faith of the managers. Do they know the business, do they know their market and do they have a record of success? Can and will they find a steady flow of new mortgages to keep the income flowing in? Think of it as a job interview. Leveraging - the rules allow the MIC to borrow money but some do more than others. The spread between the lower rate of the MIC's borrowing and the lending will boost the ability to generate shareholder returns but it also increases risk. The audited financial statements will show how much the MIC has borrowed. The prospectus will say if the MIC has a policy to cap what it will borrow. Many of the MICs are fairly short term lenders - 24 months or so - which reduces interest rate risk and should allow the MIC to continually readjust its lending rate to match increases or decreases in general interest rates and keep the spread between its lending and its bank borrowing rates constant. Default on mortgages - mortgage borrowers may not pay back what they owe; all the MICs claim to be very careful about who they lend to but some are explicitly in a niche where the banks don't tread or in second mortgages. The MIC gets a higher interest rate but that is associated with the higher risk. At least one MIC - Cooper Pacific - has two funds, one that lends out first mortgages with an 8% return and another with second mortgages with a 12% return. "You make your pick and you take your chances." Market downturn / geographical concentration - some MICs, the smaller ones, are concentrated in very limited markets, like Westboro in Ottawa or Edgeworth in northern Alberta. Ottawa is a stable market but what happens to Edgeworth if the oil industry cools off considerably, as it has done in the past? A general economic recession would everywhere increase the number of borrowers having difficulty to repay. Liquidity (can't sell) - the basic method to get your money back is not a sale in some market since while some MICs (23 or so) are publicly quoted companies not all are. For non-public MICs management must redeem the shares; the restrictions vary by MIC, whether funds can be sold / withdrawn immediately, or with 30/60/90 days notice; for smaller MICs, the Income Tax Act restriction that each MIC must have at least 20 shareholders might come into play. Price sensitivity to yield - As is the case with bonds, Real Estate Investment Trusts and other investments purchased for yield, a rise in interest rates will reduce the price that other investors are willing to pay for shares in the MIC. The degree of risk would depend upon the length of the mortgages held by the portfolio, with those focused on short-term construction mortgages having less risk than longer-term mortgages. References Investment companies of Canada Mortgage-backed security Mortgage lenders
3995825	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupama	Groupama	Groupama an abbreviation for Groupe des Assurances Mutuelles Agricoles () is a French insurance group headquartered in Paris with operations in 12 countries. It is listed in the 2007 ICA Global 300 list of mutuals and co-operatives, ranked 6th by 2005 turnover, making it the 2nd largest mutual insurer in the world. History The predecessor of Groupama was founded in the 19th century by a group of farmers to address their own specific insurance needs. It was set up as a mutual organisation and focused on agricultural as well as individuals, professionals, local authorities and businesses. History: December 22, 1840 establishment of the first local agricultural mutual fire Insurer by farmers in Mions (Rhône) 1900 A new law is passed on July 4 that sets the specific legal framework for Agricultural Mutual Insurance Funds. Establishment of a central fund for the agricultural reinsurance "Fire" (1906) and "Livestock" (1908) 1963 Creation of Samda for risk protection of non-agricultural damage. 1972 Creation of SORAVIE (Society of Agricultural Organizations Life Insurance), in partnership with Crédit Agricole 1975 Creation of SOS-AMA (generalized assistance) 1986 AMA Samda, SORAVIE, SOREMA are merged under the new name Groupama 1992 Creating B.CERP bank, which took the name of Groupama Financial Bank 1998 Groupama acquires GAN the 4th largest French insurer at that time making Groupama the second largest French general insurer 1999 The acquired GAN business hit by large claims from exceptional storms and floods at the end of 1999 2001 Groupama expand its banking services continues to expand its insurance business in France and other countries through acquisitions 2009 Acquired Banque Finama which is merged with Groupama bank 2011 The company get into financial In difficulties and sells a number of subsidiaries in 2011 early 2012 to stay afloat. On 5 October 2012, Groupama announced that it exercises its option not to pay interest on a portion of its debt by the deadline of October 22. According to the group, it is not a default, but a part of the outstanding action plan initiated in early 2012. Subsidiaries Groupama is present in 10 countries, mainly in Europe (France, Italy, Hungary, Romania, Greece, Bulgaria, Slovakia), in Turkey, in Tunisia and in China. See also List of investors in Bernard L. Madoff Securities Groupama Arena, a stadium in Budapest, Hungary that bears the company's name via a sponsorship deal Parc Olympique Lyonnais, a stadium near Lyon, France also known as Groupama Stadium through a sponsorship deal with this company References External links Official site Financial services companies established in 1986 Insurance companies of France Privatized companies of France French brands
5389287	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20King%20George%20V%20Playing%20Fields%20in%20Somerset	List of King George V Playing Fields in Somerset	A King George's Field is a public open space in the United Kingdom dedicated to the memory of King George V (3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936). References Somerset King G King G Lists of buildings and structures in Somerset
3995835	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujazd%C3%B3w%20Park	Ujazdów Park	Ujazdów Park () is one of the most picturesque parks of Warsaw, Poland. It borders Aleje Ujazdowskie (Ujazdów Avenue), with its many embassies and Sejm building. History From the late Middle Ages the area had been occupied by the village of Ujazdów, located several miles south of Warsaw's Old Town. In 1619-1625 a palace and garden were built here by Giovanni Battista Trevano for King Sigismund III Vasa. In 1782 King Stanisław August Poniatowski bought the village and relocated it about a kilometer west (near what is now the main campus of the Warsaw Polytechnic), while the old village's area (along the axis of the "Royal Road") was turned into Pole Marsowe (the Field of Mars), a large square for military parades, modeled and named after Paris' Champ de Mars. The village itself was renamed Nowa Wieś ("New Village") and gave its name to the present-day ulica Nowowiejska (New Village Street). After the Russian takeover of Warsaw in the wake of the Napoleonic Wars, the area lost its military character and became a venue for annual fairs. It also served as a place of entertainment, with merry-go-rounds and open-air stands placed there every summer. In 1893, under Mayor Sokrates Starynkiewicz, the renowned garden architect Franciszek Szanior was commissioned to turn the former Field of Mars into a public park in the-then popular "landscape style," a mixture of Romantic garden and Baroque-style lanes. The avenue of chestnut trees in the western part of the area was incorporated into the newly founded park. At the time of its foundation, the park was one of the most modern in Europe. It featured a large pond, fountains and a reinforced-concrete bridge over the southern part of the pond, built by the renowned engineer William Lindley. The bridge was the second construction built of that material in the world, after the bridge in Viggen, Switzerland (1894). The park also had gas lighting, a playground for children, and a public weighing scale (still in use ). The park's sculptures were carved by Edward Wittig, Pius Weloński and Théodore-Charles Gruyère. After World War II, a monument to Ignacy Jan Paderewski, by Michał Kamieński, was added. Ujazdów Park is a favorite of Varsovians: its playground is popular with children, and many newlyweds use the park as a setting for their wedding photographs. In 2002 the park was completely refurbished. See also Ujazdów Castle Łazienki Park Pole Mokotowskie English Landscape Garden English Landscape Park References External links Pre-war pictures of the park Parks in Warsaw Continental gardens in the English Landscape Garden style Landscape design history
5389294	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Am%20%28Killing%20Heidi%20song%29	I Am (Killing Heidi song)	"I Am" is a rock song written by Ella Hooper, Jesse Hooper, Warren Jenkin and Adam Pedretti, and produced by John Travis for Killing Heidi's third album Killing Heidi (2004). The song was written in Los Angeles after "a couple of gross guys wolf-whistled" at the lead singer, Hooper, while she was walking down the street. It became the band's fifth top twenty single in Australia, peaking at number sixteen and also was featured on the Australia/New Zealand soundtrack of the 2004 film Spider-Man 2. The music video was directed by Michael Spiccia in Sydney, Australia, featured scenes from the Spider-Man 2 2004 film and was released to Australian music channels on 3 July 2004. The band's bass player/co-writer of the song, Warren Jenkin, states "the video is a destroyed New York street scene, after Doc Ock and Spider-Man have had a fight. The whole thing is totally demolished, and there's lots of Marvel comic skyscraper-style backdrops, which looks fantastic. It really looks like it's in New York." Columbia Tristar Films' Suzanne Stretton-Brown states "We were thrilled to have a rare opportunity to support an Australian band on the Spider-Man 2 soundtrack and when we heard Killing Heidi's new single 'I Am' we were astonished by how beautifully their lyrics seemed to capture the emotion of the character Peter Parker in the new movie. The song expresses an isolation that mirrors Spider-Man's lonely quest and burning inner conflict in the continuing story." "I Am" became a hit upon its release on 12 July 2004, debuting at number 16 on the Australian Singles Chart and remaining in the top 50 for almost three months, eventually selling over 35,000 copies and achieving Gold status. It was the first time Killing Heidi had been in the charts since 2002's Present album, and the song served to introduce to the public the band's new image, both musically and physically. Track listing Australian CD single "I Am" – 3:27 "Fresh Air" – 3:26 "I Am" (Lukas Burton remix) – 3:36 Charts Weekly charts Year-end chart Certification References 2004 singles 2004 songs Columbia Records singles Killing Heidi songs Songs written by Ella Hooper Songs written by Jesse Hooper
3995842	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Dunstan%27s%2C%20Canterbury	St. Dunstan's, Canterbury	St. Dunstan's is an Anglican church in Canterbury, Kent, at the junction of London Road and Whitstable Road. It is dedicated to St. Dunstan (909-988) and gives its name to the part of the city on the left bank of the River Stour. The parish has been held in plurality with others nearby at different times, in a way that has been difficult to document. In 2010 the parish was joined with the parishes of the City Centre Parish in a new pastoral grouping, City Centre with St. Dunstan. The church dates from the 11th century and is a grade I listed building. It was restored in 1878-80 by church architect Ewan Christian. Its association with the deaths of Thomas Becket and Thomas More make it a place of pilgrimage. History Saint Dunstan Dunstan was Archbishop of Canterbury from 960 to 978 and was canonised soon after his death, becoming the favourite saint of the English until he was supplanted 200 years later by Thomas Becket. Dunstan was buried in Canterbury Cathedral but his tomb was destroyed during the Reformation. Saint Thomas Becket In 1174, when Henry II began his penitential pilgrimage in reparation for the murder of Archbishop Thomas Becket, he changed his clothing into sackcloth at St. Dunstan's Church and began his pilgrimage from there to Thomas Becket's tomb at Canterbury Cathedral on foot. Saint Thomas More Thomas More's daughter Margaret secured the release of More's head from a spike on London Bridge and brought it back to the family tomb of her husband, William Roper. The Roper family lived nearby off what is now St Dunstan's Street. What remains of their home is called Roper Gate, marked with a commemorative plaque, being all that survives of Place House. The Roper family vault is located beneath the Nicholas Chapel, to the right of the church's main altar. It was sealed in recent years, according to Anglican tradition. A large stone slab marks its location to the immediate left of the chapel's altar. Three impressive stained glass windows line the chapel; the one behind the altar depicts in brilliant detail the major events and symbols in the life of the St. Dunstan. Another of the windows commemorates the visit, on 29 May 1982, of Pope John Paul II to Canterbury to pray with the Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury at the site of the martyrdom of St. Thomas Becket in Canterbury Cathedral. The window displays the arms of the Archbishop's diocese and the Pope. Plaques mounted on the walls explain the veracity of the relic of Saint Thomas Mores head, the sealing of the vault which contains it, and the life of Saint Thomas More, including a prayer he wrote. Bells St Dunstan's has six bells, hung for change ringing in the English style, the heaviest weighing 13cwt (approx. 675 kg). Due to the unusual narrowness of the belfry, the bells are hung in a two-tier frame. The fifth bell of the ring is one of the oldest Christian church bells in the world, believed to have been cast in 1325 by William le Belyetere, making it nearly 692 years old as of 2017. The bells were removed from the tower in 1935 so that a concrete structural beam could be fitted to the tower. At this time the bells were retuned by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, and rehung in the present frame in 1936. The bells are rung on Friday evenings for practice, and Sunday mornings for the service, by the St Dunstan's Society of Change Ringers. References Saint Dunstan Church of England church buildings in Kent Diocese of Canterbury Grade I listed churches in Kent
3995845	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felice%20Varini	Felice Varini	Felice Varini (born in Locarno in 1952) is a Paris-based, Swiss artist who was nominated for the 2000/2001 Marcel Duchamp Prize. Mostly known for his geometric perspective-localized paintings in rooms and other spaces, using projector-stencil techniques, according to mathematics professor and art critic Joël Koskas, "A work of Varini is an anti-Mona Lisa." Felice paints on architectural and urban spaces, such as buildings, walls and streets. The paintings are characterized by one vantage point from which the viewer can see the complete painting (usually a simple geometric shape such as circle, square, line), while from other view points the viewer will see 'broken' fragmented shapes. Varini argues that the work exists as a whole - with its complete shape as well as the fragments. "My concern," he says "is what happens outside the vantage point of view." Carcassonne In May 2018, Varini's project "Concentric, eccentric" saw large yellow concentric circles mounted on the monument at Carcassonne as part of the 7th edition of "IN SITU, Heritage and contemporary art", a summer event in the Occitanie / Pyrenees-Mediterranean region focusing on the relationship between modern art and architectural heritage. This monumental work was to celebrate the 20th anniversary of Carcassonne's inscription on the World Heritage List of UNESCO. Exceptional in its size and its visibility and use of architectural space, the exhibit extended on the western front of the fortifications of the City. The work could only be fully perceived in front of the Porte d'Aude at the pedestrian route from the Bastide. The circles of yellow colour consist of thin, painted aluminium sheets, spread like waves of time and space, fragmenting and recomposing the geometry of the circles on the towers and curtain walls of the fortifications. The work remained visible from May to September 2018 only. References External links Home page (French) Artist's rationale (English) Interview and images (English) Critique by Joël Koskas (French; translate to English) Selection of perspective space paintings Felice Varini Year-By-Year: short chronology of works (English) French conceptual artists Swiss contemporary artists 1952 births Living people People from Locarno
5389306	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholomew%20of%20Braga	Bartholomew of Braga	Bartholomew of Braga (3 May 1514 - 16 July 1590) - born Bartolomeu Fernandes and in religious Bartolomeu dos Mártires - was a Portuguese Roman Catholic and a professed member from the Order of Preachers as well as the Archbishop Emeritus of Braga. Fernandes participated in the Council of Trent and also collaborated with Charles Borromeo at the council while also establishing a series of hospitals and hospices in Braga while publishing a range of works from catechism to other topics. The sainthood process commenced under Pope Benedict XIV on 11 September 1754 and he was titled as a Servant of God while Pope Gregory XVI later named him as Venerable on 23 May 1845. Pope John Paul II beatified Fernandes in Saint Peter's Square on 4 November 2001. Pope Francis approved the equipollent canonization for him on 5 July 2019 after waiving the miracle needed for him to become a saint therefore acknowledging him as such. Life Bartolomeu Fernandes was born near Lisbon on 3 May 1514 to Domingos Fernandes and Maria Correia; he was baptized mere hours after in the local parish church of Nossa Senhora dos Mártires. He entered the Order of Preachers on 11 November 1527 and later made his solemn profession into the order on 20 November 1529. On the completion of his own studies in 1538 he taught philosophical studies in the convent of the order at Lisbon and then for about two decades taught theological studies in the various houses of his order. In 1551 he received his master's degree at the provincial chapter of Salamanca in Spain. He taught in Batalha and then in Évora. He also served as the prior of the Benfica convent from 1557 to 1558 and was in Évora as a teacher from 1538 until 1557. During the course of teaching theological studies at the Batalha convent he was summoned to Évora at the request of Luis of Portugal, Duke of Beja to undertake the religious education of his son who was entering the ecclesiastical life himself; he dedicated time to this great task. In 1558 - against his own desires - and out of obedience to his provincial superior (Louis of Granada) he accepted the appointment to the archepiscopal see of Braga for which Queen Catherine had chosen him for and in 1559 received his episcopal consecration at the convent of Saint Dominic on 3 September 1559 from the Bishop of Coimbra João Soares. In fact it was Luis of Grenada who was to become the archbishop though Luis urged the queen to select Fernandes instead. Pope Paul IV confirmed this appointment in the papal bull "Gratiae divinae praemium" on 27 January 1559. He devoted himself to the duties of his new office with his installation in his archdiocese on 4 October 1559. On the resumption of the Council of Trent in 1561 the archbishop repaired to the council and took part in the last sessions. He made a total of 268 suggestions at the council and collaborated with Charles Borromeo. There was also one instance in which he pushed for the defense of a certain topic and opposed view of the Archbishop of Toledo Bartolomé Carranza. He was esteemed and held in high regard among the Council Fathers both on the account of his theological learning and the holiness of his life. The archbishop exercised great influence in the discussions and more so with regard to the decrees on the reform of ecclesiastical life and development. The conclusion of that council saw him return to Braga in February 1564 and in 1566 he held an important provincial gathering of the diocese in which decrees were passed for the restoration of ecclesiastical discipline and the elevation of the moral life of priests and people ("Concilium provinciale Bracarense quartum" in 1567). The archbishop now devoted himself to the task of enacting the reforms of the Council of Trent in addition to the decrees of his own provincial synod. A great famine and a visitation of the plague revealed the depths of his charitable and merciful nature in addition to his willingness to aid his flock in their time of need; he also constructed a series of hospitals and hospices. He made repeated requests to resign from his episcopal see and received papal permission from Pope Gregory XIII on 20 February 1582 to resign and withdraw to his order's convent at Viana do Castelo where he lived in solitude for the remainder of his life but also serving as a teacher for some time. Fernandes died at Viana do Castelo on 16 July 1590. A statue of him mounted on a donkey can be found in Viana do Castelo, Portugal. Part of the name on the pedestal reads, "Bartolomeu dos Martires". Works In the interests of Christian life and the promotion of ecclesiastical discipline he wrote the following publications: "Compendium spiritualis doctrinae ex variis sanc. Patrum sententiis magna ex parte collectum" (Lisbon, 1582) "Stimulus pastorum ex gravissimis sanct. Patrum sententiis concinnatus, in quo agitur de vita et moribus episcoporum aliorumque praelatorum" (Rome, 1564; published at the insistence of Charles Borromeo) "Catechismo ou Doutrina christiana" (Lisbon, 1562). All of these writings have been republished on numerous occasions and have also been translated into several languages. A collective edition is: "Opera omnia cura et studio Malachiae d'Inguinbert, archiepisc. Theodos." (1 vol. Fol. In 2 parts, Rome, 1734–35). Sainthood The beatification process opened in an informative process that Archbishop Rodrigo da Cunha inaugurated on 20 January 1631 though it is unknown when this process ended - theologians also approved his writings at some stage during the process to ascertain whether or not such spiritual writings were within the faith and not in contradiction of it. The formal introduction to the cause came under Pope Benedict XIV on 11 September 1754 and he became titled as a Servant of God. Archbishop Gaspar de Bragança inaugurated the apostolic process on 24 September 1760 and then oversaw its closure in May 1766 while the Congregation of Rites validated these previous processes in Rome on 7 March 1716. An antepreparatory congregation that the C.O.R. instituted approved the cause in a meeting on 31 August 1819 with a preparatory committee to follow on 1 July 1840 and then a meeting of the C.O.R. officials on 26 November 1844 in which approval was also confirmed. The late archbishop was declared to have lived a model Christian life of heroic virtue in a move that allowed for Pope Gregory XVI to title Fernandes as Venerable on 23 May 1845. The miracle required for beatification was investigated in Portugal and later received validation in Rome on 12 March 1999 from the Congregation for the Causes of Saints in a move that later allowed for a medical board to assess and approve the miracle (determining there was no medical or scientific explanation) on 20 December 2000 while theologians met sometime in 2001 to also approve it (confirming the miracle was a result of his intercession). The cardinal and bishop members of the C.C.S. also issued their approval to the miracle on 3 July 2001 while Pope John Paul II declared on 7 July 2001 that the healing was indeed a genuine miracle in a move that confirmed the late archbishop's beatification; the pope beatified him on 4 November 2001 in Saint Peter's Square. Pope Francis – on 20 January 2016 – authorized the C.C.S. to work towards the equipollent canonization of the late archbishop and authorized that the second miracle required for his canonization be waived as a result. The pope approved the late archbishop's equipollent canonization in a decree issued on 5 July 2019 therefore naming him as a saint. The current postulator assigned to this cause is Vito Tomás Gómez García. References External links Hagiography Circle Saints SQPN Catholic Hierarchy 1514 births 1590 deaths 16th-century venerated Christians 16th-century Portuguese people Beatifications by Pope John Paul II Canonizations by Pope Francis Participants in the Council of Trent People from Lisbon Portuguese beatified people Portuguese Roman Catholic saints Portuguese Dominicans Roman Catholic archbishops of Braga Venerated Catholics Dominican saints
5389307	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MVEE	MVEE	MVEE can refer to: MV & EE - a modern group of musicians Military Vehicles and Engineering Establishment - British defence research unit Multi-variant Execution Environment - a way of executing computer programs to improve security
3995881	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple%20Pleasure	Simple Pleasure	Simple Pleasure is the fourth studio album by Tindersticks. It was released in 1999 on Island Records. The album marked a major departure for the band, as it began to adapt more soul and jazz influences than on their previous recordings. The album was a remarkable success in Greece, charting at #4 in the international artist chart. It peaked at #36 in the UK Albums chart. The album was not released in the US. Critical reception The Independent wrote that "if you don't mind the sound of someone crooning while drinking a glass of water, you'll find this record a gem: a long, dark night ... with soul." Track listing "Can We Start Again?" – 3:51 "If You're Looking for a Way Out" – 5:06 "Pretty Words" – 3:18 "From the Inside" – 2:54 "If She's Torn" – 5:43 "Before You Close Your Eyes" – 6:15 "(You Take) This Heart of Mine" – 4:23 "I Know That Loving" – 5:48 "CF GF" – 6:10 Bonus tracks from the 2018 vinyl expanded edition: "Twisted Wheel" (demo) – 2:55 "One Way Street" – 2:46 "(You're a) Pussycat" – 5:05 "If She's Torn" (demo) – 5:44 "A Little Time" – 1:54 "Pretty Words" (demo) – 3:59 "(You Take) This Heart of Mine" (demo) – 2:31 "I Know That Loving (Adrian Sherwood Remix)" – 3:56 "David's Soul" (demo) – 2:34 "If You're Looking for a Way Out" (demo) – 5:10 "Puppy Fat" – 10:50 "CF GF" (demo) – 5:26 References 1999 albums Tindersticks albums Island Records albums
3995885	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercator%20series	Mercator series	In mathematics, the Mercator series or Newton–Mercator series is the Taylor series for the natural logarithm: In summation notation, The series converges to the natural logarithm (shifted by 1) whenever . History The series was discovered independently by Johannes Hudde and Isaac Newton. It was first published by Nicholas Mercator, in his 1668 treatise Logarithmotechnia. Derivation The series can be obtained from Taylor's theorem, by inductively computing the nth derivative of at , starting with Alternatively, one can start with the finite geometric series () which gives It follows that and by termwise integration, If , the remainder term tends to 0 as . This expression may be integrated iteratively k more times to yield where and are polynomials in x. Special cases Setting in the Mercator series yields the alternating harmonic series Complex series The complex power series is the Taylor series for , where log denotes the principal branch of the complex logarithm. This series converges precisely for all complex number . In fact, as seen by the ratio test, it has radius of convergence equal to 1, therefore converges absolutely on every disk B(0, r) with radius r < 1. Moreover, it converges uniformly on every nibbled disk , with δ > 0. This follows at once from the algebraic identity: observing that the right-hand side is uniformly convergent on the whole closed unit disk. See also John Craig References Anton von Braunmühl (1903) Vorlesungen über Geschichte der Trigonometrie, Seite 134, via Internet Archive Eriksson, Larsson & Wahde. Matematisk analys med tillämpningar, part 3. Gothenburg 2002. p. 10. Some Contemporaries of Descartes, Fermat, Pascal and Huygens from A Short Account of the History of Mathematics (4th edition, 1908) by W. W. Rouse Ball Mathematical series Logarithms
5389358	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan%20Cuthbertson	Allan Cuthbertson	Allan Darling Cuthbertson (7 April 1920 – 8 February 1988) was an Australian-born British actor. He was best known for playing stern-faced military officers in British films of the 1950s and 1960s. Early life Born in Perth, Western Australia, son of Ernest and Isobel Ferguson (Darling) Cuthbertson, he performed on stage and radio from an early age. During the Second World War, he served as a flight lieutenant with the RAAF from 6 December 1941 to 1 July 1947, including service with 111 Air Sea Rescue Flight. Career Cuthbertson arrived in Britain in 1947, and appeared shortly thereafter as Romeo in Romeo and Juliet at the Boltons. In London's West End, he appeared as Laertes in Hamlet, Aimwell in The Beaux Stratagem, and Octavius Robinson in Man and Superman, among many other roles. He was often cast in military roles, which was quite common in actors of his generation, especially those with a military air about them. He was Captain Eric Simpson in Tunes of Glory (1960) as well as being cast as more stuffy regimental types in such films as The Guns of Navarone (1961) and Carrington V.C. (1954), which also starred David Niven. He also made a brief appearance as a harassed staff officer, who then gets blown up, at the beginning of Ice Cold in Alex (1958). In 1962 he played a school teacher in Term of Trial with Laurence Olivier. He appeared four times in the television series The Avengers. Cuthbertson also had a talent for playing comedy, which led to his best known role, although again playing a mustachioed military character, as Colonel Hall in the "Gourmet Night" episode of the hit sitcom Fawlty Towers in 1975. He appeared in many roles on British television, including with Tommy Cooper, Dick Emery and Frankie Howerd, and in All Gas and Gaiters, Gideons Way episode The V Men (1964) as Chief Supt Bill Parsons and episode The Thin Red Line (1965) as Major Donald Ross, The Champions (1969 episode The Experiment as Cranmore), Danger Man, UFO (1970 episode "The Square Triangle"), an episode of The Persuaders! as Colonel Wright and Terry and June, where he played annoying neighbour Tarquin Spry. He was a regular guest on The Morecambe & Wise Show from 1973 to 1976. In the acclaimed 1985 Suspense Serial; Edge of Darkness, Allan played as Investigative Speaker Mr. Chilwell. One of his last TV appearances was in Michael Palin's East of Ipswich in 1987. One of his last stage roles was in The Corn Is Green by Emlyn Williams at the Old Vic in 1985. Personal life Cuthbertson was long married to Dr Gertrude Willner, a refugee from Nazi-occupied Czechoslovakia, who had been a lawyer originally, but became a teacher in Britain. They had an adopted son. At the time of his death, Cuthbertson was living in Surbiton, Greater London. Filmography Carrington V.C. (1954) – Lt. Col. Henniker Portrait of Alison (1955) – Henry Carmichael On Such a Night (1956) – 1st Gentleman Doublecross (1956) – Clifford Cloak Without Dagger (1956) – Colonel Packham The Man Who Never Was (1956) – Vice-Admiral Eyewitness (1956) – Det Insp (uncredited) Anastasia (1956) – Blond Man (uncredited) The Passionate Stranger (1957) – Dr. Stevenson Yangtse Incident: The Story of H.M.S. Amethyst (1957) – Captain Donaldson RN Barnacle Bill (1957) – Chailey Law and Disorder (1958) – Police Inspector Ice Cold in Alex (1958) – Brigadier's Staff Officer I Was Monty's Double (1958) – Guards Officer Room at the Top (1959) – George Aisgill The Crowning Touch (1959) – Philip Shake Hands with the Devil (1959) – Captain The Devil's Disciple (1959) – British Captain Killers of Kilimanjaro (1959) – Sexton North West Frontier (1959) – Monocled Officer (uncredited) The Stranglers of Bombay (1960) – Capt. Christopher Connaught-Smith Tunes of Glory (1960) – Capt. Eric Simpson The Malpas Mystery (1960) – Lacey Marshalt Man at the Carlton Tower (1961) The Guns of Navarone (1961) – Maj. Baker On the Double (1961) – Captain Patterson Solo for Sparrow (1962) – Supt. Symington Term of Trial (1962) – Sylvan-Jones The Boys (1962) – Randolph St. John The Brain (1962) – Da Silva (uncredited) The Fast Lady (1962) – Bodley Freud: The Secret Passion (1962) – Wilkie Nine Hours to Rama (1963) – Capt. Goff The Running Man (1963) – Jenkins The Mouse on the Moon (1963) – Member of Whitehall Conference Tamahine (1963) – Housemaster Bitter Harvest (1963) – Mr. Eccles The Informers (1963) – Smythe The 7th Dawn (1964) – Colonel Cavendish Operation Crossbow (1965) – German Technical Examiner Life at the Top (1965) – George Aisgill Game for Three Losers (1965) – Garsden Cast a Giant Shadow (1966) – Immigration Officer Press for Time (1966) – Mr. Ballard The Trygon Factor (1966) – Det. Thompson Jules Verne's Rocket to the Moon (1967) – Scuttling Half a Sixpence (1967) – Wilkins Sinful Davey (1969) – Captain Douglas The Body Stealers (1969) – Hindesmith Captain Nemo and the Underwater City (1969) – Lomax The Adventurers (1970) – Hugh One More Time (1970) – Belton Performance (1970) – The Lawyer The Firechasers (1971) – D.O Jarvis Assault (1971) – Coroner Diamonds on Wheels (1974) – Gus Ashley The Outsider (1979) – Stanley The Sea Wolves (1980) – Melborne Hopscotch (1980) – Chartermain The Mirror Crack'd (1980) – Peter Montrose ('Murder at Midnight') Thirteen at Dinner (1985) – Sir Montague Corner References External links Allan Cuthbertson Biography (1920–1988) 1920 births 1988 deaths 20th-century Australian male actors 20th-century English male actors Australian emigrants to the United Kingdom Australian male film actors Australian male television actors Male actors from Perth, Western Australia Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom People from Surbiton Royal Australian Air Force officers Royal Australian Air Force personnel of World War II
5389369	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercharn%20Singh	Hercharn Singh	Major Hercharn Singh ( / ) (born 1987) is the first Sikh officer to be commissioned in the Pakistan Army. He was born in Nankana Sahib, Pakistan, which is also the birthplace of Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism. Early life Hercharn passed his matriculation from Government Guru Nanak High School and passed his FSc (pre-engineering) in 2004 from Forman Christian College, Lahore. He then passed Inter Services Selection Board (ISSB) examination in 2006 and joined the Pakistan Military Academy (PMA) at Kakul, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. Graduation Hercharn passed out from PMA from 116 L/C and was commissioned into the Pakistan Army on 27 October 2007. Hercharn had told reporters: References External links Pakistan Army recruits first Sikh officer Sikh warriors Pakistani Sikhs Pakistan Army officers 1986 births Living people Punjabi people People from Nankana Sahib District Forman Christian College alumni
5389390	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic%20networking	Autonomic networking	Autonomic Networking follows the concept of Autonomic Computing, an initiative started by IBM in 2001. Its ultimate aim is to create self-managing networks to overcome the rapidly growing complexity of the Internet and other networks and to enable their further growth, far beyond the size of today. Increasing size and complexity The ever-growing management complexity of the Internet caused by its rapid growth is seen by some experts as a major problem that limits its usability in the future. What's more, increasingly popular smartphones, PDAs, networked audio and video equipment, and game consoles need to be interconnected. Pervasive Computing not only adds features, but also burdens existing networking infrastructure with more and more tasks that sooner or later will not be manageable by human intervention alone. Another important aspect is the price of manually controlling huge numbers of vitally important devices of current network infrastructures. Autonomic nervous system The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is the part of the nervous system of the higher life forms that is not consciously controlled. It regulates bodily functions and the activity of specific organs. As proposed by IBM, future communication systems might be designed in a similar way to the ANS. Components of autonomic networking As autonomics conceptually derives from biological entities such as the human autonomic nervous system, each of the areas can be metaphorically related to functional and structural aspects of a living being. In the human body, the autonomic system facilitates and regulates a variety of functions including respiration, blood pressure and circulation, and emotive response. The autonomic nervous system is the interconnecting fabric that supports feedback loops between internal states and various sources by which internal and external conditions are monitored. Autognostics Autognostics includes a range of self-discovery, awareness, and analysis capabilities that provide the autonomic system with a view on high-level state. In metaphor, this represents the perceptual sub-systems that gather, analyze, and report on internal and external states and conditions – for example, this might be viewed as the eyes, visual cortex and perceptual organs of the system. Autognostics, or literally "self-knowledge", provides the autonomic system with a basis for response and validation. A rich autognostic capability may include many different "perceptual senses". For example, the human body gathers information via the usual five senses, the so-called sixth sense of proprioception (sense of body position and orientation), and through emotive states that represent the gross wellness of the body. As conditions and states change, they are detected by the sensory monitors and provide the basis for adaptation of related systems. Implicit in such a system are imbedded models of both internal and external environments such that relative value can be assigned to any perceived state - perceived physical threat (e.g. a snake) can result in rapid shallow breathing related to fight-flight response, a phylogenetically effective model of interaction with recognizable threats. In the case of autonomic networking, the state of the network may be defined by inputs from: individual network elements such as switches and network interfaces including specification and configuration historical records and current state traffic flows end-hosts application performance data logical diagrams and design specifications Most of these sources represent relatively raw and unprocessed views that have limited relevance. Post-processing and various forms of analysis must be applied to generate meaningful measurements and assessments against which current state can be derived. The autognostic system interoperates with: configuration management - to control network elements and interfaces policy management - to define performance objectives and constraints autodefense - to identify attacks and accommodate the impact of defensive responses Configuration management Configuration management is responsible for the interaction with network elements and interfaces. It includes an accounting capability with historical perspective that provides for the tracking of configurations over time, with respect to various circumstances. In the biological metaphor, these are the hands and, to some degree, the memory of the autonomic system. On a network, remediation and provisioning are applied via configuration setting of specific devices. Implementation affecting access and selective performance with respect to role and relationship are also applied. Almost all the "actions" that are currently taken by human engineers fall under this area. With only a few exceptions, interfaces are set by hand, or by extension of the hand, through automated scripts. Implicit in the configuration process is the maintenance of a dynamic population of devices under management, a historical record of changes and the directives which invoked change. Typical to many accounting functions, configuration management should be capable of operating on devices and then rolling back changes to recover previous configurations. Where change may lead to unrecoverable states, the sub-system should be able to qualify the consequences of changes prior to issuing them. As directives for change must originate from other sub-systems, the shared language for such directives must be abstracted from the details of the devices involved. The configuration management sub-system must be able to translate unambiguously between directives and hard actions or to be able to signal the need for further detail on a directive. An inferential capacity may be appropriate to support sufficient flexibility (i.e. configuration never takes place because there is no unique one-to-one mapping between directive and configuration settings). Where standards are not sufficient, a learning capacity may also be required to acquire new knowledge of devices and their configuration. Configuration management interoperates with all of the other sub-systems including: autognostics - receives direction for and validation of changes policy management - implements policy models through mapping to underlying resources security - applies access and authorization constraints for particular policy targets autodefense - receives direction for changes Policy management Policy management includes policy specification, deployment, reasoning over policies, updating and maintaining policies, and enforcement. Policy-based management is required for: constraining different kinds of behavior including security, privacy, resource access, and collaboration configuration management describing business processes and defining performance defining role and relationship, and establishing trust and reputation It provides the models of environment and behavior that represent effective interaction according to specific goals. In the human nervous system metaphor, these models are implicit in the evolutionary "design" of biological entities and specific to the goals of survival and procreation. Definition of what constitutes a policy is necessary to consider what is involved in managing it. A relatively flexible and abstract framework of values, relationships, roles, interactions, resources, and other components of the network environment is required. This sub-system extends far beyond the physical network to the applications in use and the processes and end-users that employ the network to achieve specific goals. It must express the relative values of various resources, outcomes, and processes and include a basis for assessing states and conditions. Unless embodied in some system outside the autonomic network or implicit to the specific policy implementation, the framework must also accommodate the definition of process, objectives and goals. Business process definitions and descriptions are then an integral part of the policy implementation. Further, as policy management represents the ultimate basis for the operation of the autonomic system, it must be able to report on its operation with respect to the details of its implementation. The policy management sub-system interoperates (at least) indirectly with all other sub-systems but primarily interacts with: autognostics - providing the definition of performance and accepting reports on conditions configuration management - providing constraints on device configuration security - providing definitions of roles, access and permissions Autodefense Autodefense represents a dynamic and adaptive mechanism that responds to malicious and intentional attacks on the network infrastructure, or use of the network infrastructure to attack IT resources. As defensive measures tend to impede the operation of IT, it is optimally capable of balancing performance objectives with typically over-riding threat management actions. In the biological metaphor, this sub-system offers mechanisms comparable to the immune system. This sub-system must proactively assess network and application infrastructure for risks, detect and identify threats, and define effective both proactive and reactive defensive responses. It has the role of the warrior and the security guard insofar as it has roles for both maintenance and corrective activities. Its relationship with security is close but not identical – security is more concerned with appropriately defined and implemented access and authorization controls to maintain legitimate roles and process. Autodefense deals with forces and processes, typically malicious, outside the normal operation of the system that offer some risk to successful execution. Autodefense requires high-level and detailed knowledge of the entire network as well as imbedded models of risk that allow it to analyze dynamically the current status. Corrections to decrease risk must be considered in balance with performance objectives and value of process goals – an overzealous defensive response can immobilize the system (like the immune system inappropriately invoking an allergic reaction). The detection of network or application behaviors that signal possible attack or abuse is followed by the generation of an appropriate response – for example, ports might be temporarily closed or packets with a specific source or destination might be filtered out. Further assessment generates subsequent changes either relaxing the defensive measures or strengthening them. Autodefense interoperates closely with: security - receives definition of roles and security constraints, and defines risk for proactive mitigation configuration management - receives details of network for analysis and directs changes in elements in response to anticipated or detected attack autognostics - receives notification of detected behaviors It also may receive definition of relative value of various resources and processes from policy management in order to develop responses consistent with policy. Security Security provides the structure that defines and enforces the relationships between roles, content, and resources, particularly with respect to access. It includes the framework for definitions as well as the means to implement them. In metaphor, security parallels the complex mechanisms underlying social interactions, defining friends, foes, mates and allies and offering access to limited resources on the basis of assessed benefit. Several key means are employed by security – they include the well-known 3 As of authentication, authorization, and access (control). The basis for applying these means requires the definition of roles and their relationships to resources, processes and each other. High-level concepts like privacy, anonymity and verification are likely imbedded in the form of the role definitions and derive from policy. Successful security reliably supports and enforces roles and relationships. Autodefense has a close association with security – maintaining the assigned roles in balance with performance exposes the system to potential violations in security. In those cases, the system must compensate by making changes that may sacrifice balance on a temporary basis and indeed may violate the operational terms of security itself. Typically the two are viewed as inextricably intertwined – effective security somewhat hopefully negating any need for a defensive response. Security’s revised role is to mediate between the competing demands from policy for maximized performance and minimized risk with auto defense recovering the balance when inevitable risk translates to threat. Federation represents one of the key challenges to be solved by effective security. The security sub-system interoperates directly with: policy management - receiving high-level directives related to access and priority configuration management - sending specifics for access and admission control autodefense - receiving over-riding directives under threat and sending security constraint details for risk assessment Connection fabric The connection fabric supports the interaction with all the elements and sub-systems of the autonomic system. It may be composed of a variety of means and mechanisms, or may be a single central framework. The biological equivalent is the central nervous system itself – although referred to as the autonomic system, it actually is only the communication conduit between the human body’s faculties. Principles of autonomic networking Consequently, it is currently under research by many research projects, how principles and paradigms of mother nature might be applied to networking. Compartmentalization Instead of a layering approach, autonomic networking targets a more flexible structure termed compartmentalization. Function re-composition The goal is to produce an architectural design that enables flexible, dynamic, and fully autonomic formation of large-scale networks in which the functionalities of each constituent network node are also composed in an autonomic fashion Atomization Functions should be divided into atomic units to allow for maximal re-composition freedom. Closed control loop A fundamental concept of Control theory, the closed control loop, is among the fundamental principles of autonomic networking. A closed control loop maintains the properties of the controlled system within desired bounds by constantly monitoring target parameters. See also Autonomic Computing Autonomic system (computing) Cognitive networks Network Compartment The Autonomic Network Architecture (ANA) Project Collaborative innovation network In-Network Management Generic Autonomic Networking Architecture (GANA) EFIPSANS Project http://www.efipsans.org/ External links IBM Autonomic Computing Website Intel White Paper: Towards an Autonomic Framework Ipanema Technologies: Autonomic Networking applied to application performance optimization Research projects ANA Project: Autonomic Network Architecture ANAPORT is an open bibliography reference developed within the ANA project Beyond-The-Horizon: Coordination Action by the European Commission Bionets: Biologically-inspired concepts for networking BiSNET: Biologically-inspired architecture for Sensor NETworks BiSNET/e: A Cognitive Sensor Networking Architecture with Evolutionary Multiobjective Optimization Component-ware for Autonomic Situation-aware Communications, and Dynamically Adaptable Services Diet Agents: Indefinitely scalable hosting for systems of autonomic interacting processes EFIPSANS Project: Exposing the Features in IP version Six protocols that can be exploited/extended for the purposes of designing/building autonomic Networks and Services Haggle: An innovative Paradigm for Autonomic Opportunistic Communication SOCRATES: Self-Optimization and Self-Configuration in Wireless Networks Dynamically Self Configuring Automotive System Self-NET: Self-Management of Cognitive Future InterNET Elements AutHoNe: Autonomic Home Networking SymbioticSphere: A Biologically-inspired Architecture for Scalable, Adaptive and Survivable Network Systems TRANS: TRANS demonstrate a tightly integrated network and service overlay architecture with advanced traffic-aware and self-organisation functionality UniverSELF project: Realising autonomics for Future Networks Blogs and Wikis Autonomic Networking Wiki: A wiki dedicated to Autonomic Networking Autonomic networking at the core of enterprise Wan governance blog Artificial intelligence Information technology governance Wide area networks WAN optimization Network performance
3995887	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February%2020%20%28Eastern%20Orthodox%20liturgics%29	February 20 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)	February 19 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - February 21 All fixed commemorations below are observed on March 5 (March 4 on leap years) by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar. For February 20th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on February 7. Saints Hieromartyr Eleutherius of Byzantium, Bishop in Byzantium (136) Martyrs Didymos, Nemesios and Potamios, in Cyprus. Saint Eutropius, martyr (308) Hieromartyr Sadoc of Persia (Sadoth), Bishop of Persia, and 128 Martyrs with him (330) Saint Anianus (Aninas). Venerable Bessarion the Great, Wonderworker of Egypt (466) (see also: June 6) Saint Agatho of Rome, Pope of Rome (682) Saint Leo of Catania (Leo the Wonderworker), Bishop of Catania in Sicily (785) Venerable Cindeus of Pisidia (Kindeos), Bishop of Pisidia. Venerable Plotinus, monk. Pre-Schism Western saints Saint Bolcan (Olcan), baptised by St Patrick, Bolcan later became Bishop of Derkan in Ireland (c. 480) Saint Valerius (Valier), first Bishop of Couserans in France (5th century?) Saint Falco of Maastricht, Bishop of Maastricht in the Netherlands (512) Saint Eleutherius of Tournai, Bishop of Tournai (531) Saint Mildrith, Anglo-Saxon abbess of the Abbey at Minster-in-Thanet, Kent (c. 700) (see also: July 13) Saint Eucherius of Orléans, Bishop of Orleans (c. 740) Saint Colgan, called 'the Wise' and 'the Chief Scribe of the Irish' , he was Abbot of Clonmacnoise in Offaly in Ireland (c. 796) Post-Schism Orthodox saints Saint Yaroslav the Wise, great prince of Kiev, son of the Varangian (Viking) Grand Prince Vladimir the Great (1054) Saint Agatho, Wonderworker of the Kiev Caves Monastery (13th-14th centuries) Martyrdom of St. Cornelius, abbot of the Pskov-Caves Monastery, by beheading, and his disciple St. Bassian of Murom (1570) Venerable Martyrs 34 monks and novices of Valaam Monastery, martyred by the Lutherans (1578): Hieromonk Titus, Schemamonk Tikhon, Monks Gelasius, Sergius, Varlaam, Sabbas, Conon, Sylvester, Cyprian, Pimen, John, Samonas, Jonah, David, Cornelius, Niphon, Athanasius, and Serapion; and novices Varlaam, Athanasius, Anthony, Luke, Leontius, Thomas, Dionysius, Philip, Ignatius, Basil, Pachomius, Basil, Theophilus, John, Theodore, and John. New martyrs and confessors New Hieromartyr Nicholas Rozov, Priest (1938) Icon gallery Notes References Sources February 20 / March 5. Orthodox Calendar (Pravoslavie.ru). March 5 / February 20. Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Church (A parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow). February 20. OCA - The Lives of the Saints. The Autonomous Orthodox Metropolia of Western Europe and the Americas. St. Hilarion Calendar of Saints for the year of our Lord 2004. St. Hilarion Press (Austin, TX). p. 16. The Twentieth Day of the Month of February. Orthodoxy in China. February 20. Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome. The Roman Martyrology. Transl. by the Archbishop of Baltimore. Last Edition, According to the Copy Printed at Rome in 1914. Revised Edition, with the Imprimatur of His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons. Baltimore: John Murphy Company, 1916. pp. 53-54. Rev. Richard Stanton. A Menology of England and Wales, or, Brief Memorials of the Ancient British and English Saints Arranged According to the Calendar, Together with the Martyrs of the 16th and 17th Centuries. London: Burns & Oates, 1892. pp. 79-80. Greek Sources Great Synaxaristes: 20 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ. Συναξαριστής. 20 Φεβρουαρίου. Ecclesia.gr. (H Εκκλησια τησ Ελλαδοσ). Russian Sources 5 марта (20 февраля). Православная Энциклопедия под редакцией Патриарха Московского и всея Руси Кирилла (электронная версия). (Orthodox Encyclopedia - Pravenc.ru). 20 февраля (ст.ст.) 5 марта 2014 (нов. ст.). Русская Православная Церковь Отдел внешних церковных связей. (Decr). February in the Eastern Orthodox calendar
5389403	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystaria%3A%20The%20Realms%20of%20Lore	Mystaria: The Realms of Lore	Mystaria: The Realms of Lore, released as Riglord Saga in Japan, is a tactical role-playing game for the Sega Saturn. In late 1996 it was re-released as Blazing Heroes in North America. Its graphics consist of pre-rendered sprites and polygonal backgrounds. Its sequel, Riglord Saga 2, was released in Japan only in 1996. Story Ten years ago, the legendary Twelve Warriors fought against the War-Mage Bane to stop his plans to take over the continent of Mystaria. But Bane was not defeated, he was only forced to retreat to his own kingdom. Ten years have passed, and his army, commanded by five super-powerful leaders, has managed to abduct the Queen of the realm before retreating. Prince Aragon, the Queen's only son and the hero of our story, has lost his rightful throne. But in Queensland's darkest hour he knows he is the only hope left, and will fight to the end to win back his homeland. Prince Aragon needs help. The five commanders under Bane's command are powerful adversaries. Aragon must enlist the aid of eleven adventurers, the strongest warriors he can find. He must travel through the lands of Mystaria, fighting Bane's legions as he gathers his group together for the final showdown – against the dreaded War-Mage Bane himself! The player controls Aragon and his party to try to reclaim the land to free the people. Aragon's mother, the Queen of Queensland, has been placed under a spell by Lord Bane and has handed her country over to him. Lord Bane has complete control over her and she believes that the prince and the others are traitorous rebels. Gameplay The player manipulates characters along grid-based battlefields, upon which the characters may interact with objects, enemies, and other characters that are within their range. Battles are turn-based according to party; first the player maneuvers all his party members, then the enemy AI maneuvers all enemy units, then the player takes control again, and so on. Each turn, the player can move each character once and have them either attack, defend, cast a spell, or use an item. Unlike most Tactical RPGs, battles in Mystaria frequently require something other than eliminating all enemy units to be completed, such as reaching a specific destination or avoiding contact with enemies entirely. Playing as primarily Aragon, the player gathers a team of 12 heroes. The recruitment of team members, however, is non-linear and the story adjusts itself to the newest character that has joined. Each characters has specific fighting techniques and will develop new techniques with practice. Which techniques are learned next depends on which already known techniques the characters practice, allowing creative development of each character. For example, utilizing Ferral's "Spear Attack" will lead to Ferral learning stronger Spear techniques such as "Spinning Spear" more quickly, while using "Punch" and "Kick" will help him acquire more Hand to Hand techniques such as "Martial Throw" and "Hundred Hands". Once acquired, new techniques must be added to the character's quick menu so that they can actually be used. Additionally, all techniques used by enemies can be acquired by having Galford use "Steal Technique". The graphics are in 3D throughout the game, and a few battlefields take place on multiple levels. Three different views are possible for playing the game: aerial, 1st person, and horizontal. It is also possible to view a grid overlay of the battlefield. Reception On release, Famicom Tsūshin scored the game a 31 out of 40, giving it a 9 out of 10 in their Reader Cross Review. Sega Saturn Magazine argued that the game has too little story to win over European gamers, most of whom held a firm dislike for RPGs at the time Mystaria was released. Electronic Gaming Monthly commented that the menu system seems cumbersome at first but proves to be easily accessible and engaging. Though some of the reviewers felt the battles went on too long, they all praised the high level of strategy the game demands of the player. Maximum contended that Mystaria has too much gameplay, and that it should have focused more on cutscenes. They also criticized the absence of voice acting, and concluded that "at times it's even quite good fun and it's certainly big enough to warrant a purchase if you like these kinds of titles anyway. However, it's not going to win over any new recruits, because it gets very tedious at times." GamePro praised the graphics, particularly the rotation and scaling used in the attack animations, but criticized the music and absence of voice acting, and argued that turn-based strategy games are by definition boring. Next Generation stated that "for those eager to get a look at a next generation RPG, Riglord Saga is not at all a bad place to start." References External links Review at SEGA-SKY Sega Saturn games Sega Saturn-only games 1995 video games Tactical role-playing video games Sega video games Video games developed in Japan
5389421	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teflon%20%28disambiguation%29	Teflon (disambiguation)	Teflon is a registered trademark of the Chemours company used for polytetrafluoroethylene (and other fluoropolymers). Teflon may also refer to: Chemicals Teflon AF, copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and 2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxole used as membrane materials Teflon FEP, fluorinated ethylene propylene used as a high-temperature insulation for wire Teflon tape or thread seal tape, (use deprecated by the trademark owner) Music "Teflon" (song), a 1998 song by the Australian band Jebediah "Teflon", a song on the album Octahedron by the American band The Mars Volta See also Teflon Brothers, a hip hop and rap group from Helsinki, Finland Teflon Diva!, a 1997 album by Arthur Loves Plastic Teflon-coated bullet, bullets that have been covered with a coating of polytetrafluoroethylene Teflon flu, inhalation fever caused by the fumes released when polytetrafluoroethylene is heated ta:டெஃப்லான்
3995898	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman%20Khater	Suleiman Khater	Suleiman Mohammed Abdul-Hamid Khater (Arabic سليمان خاطر, also transcribed Soleiman, Sulaiman, Sulayman, Suliman etc.; 1961-1986) was an Egyptian soldier who committed the Ras Burqa massacre of October 5, 1985, when he opened fire on Israeli tourists in the Sinai Peninsula, killing seven of them, as well as an Egyptian police officer. While Israel demanded that he be harshly punished, he enjoyed widespread support in Egypt and throughout the Arab world for his actions. Khater was found dead in January 1986, hanged in his jail cell, and the cause of his death was officially determined to be suicide. Many suspected that the Egyptian authorities killed him and staged a "suicide" as a convenient escape from their political dilemma. Early life Suleiman Khater was born in 1961 in the village of Ekyad (sometimes transcribed Akyad) in Al-Sharkeyya governorate, Egypt. He was the youngest of three boys and two girls. During his childhood, Khater witnessed the Israeli strike on Bahr el-Bakar Primary School on April 8, 1970. In adulthood, Khater joined the Egyptian Central Security Forces as part of his mandatory national service. He also began studying law at Zagazig University through a distance education program. Ras Burqa massacre According to the Associated Press report published by the Pittsburgh Press, on October 5, 1985, Khater, a policeman, shot and killed 7 Israeli tourists, including four children and two women, approximately 25 miles from the Egyptian-Israeli Border. Khater wounded two other minors, one aged 5. The shooting occurred in the late afternoon near a resort. Court-martial Khater's lawyer requested that the trial be held in civil court, but his request was refused. He was court-martialed, found guilty, and sentenced to life in prison with hard labor on December 28, 1985. He was sent to the Military Prison in Cairo to begin serving his sentence. Khater committed suicide on January 7, 1986, less than two weeks into his life term. He was found hanged in his cell. Public support Khater's sentence was opposed by public pressure created by the Wafd party, the main opposition party in Egypt at that time. Its newspaper, "Al-Wafd", published a fake story, claiming that the dead tourists were Israeli soldiers who had crossed the Egyptian border and attacked Khater's post. While pro-government newspapers were silent over the incident, opposition newspapers ran articles praising Khater, hailing him as the hero of Sinai. The opposition press ran various articles attempting to justify his actions, including that the Israeli tourists were spies caught photographing secret military installations, that they spat on and tore up an Egyptian flag, that half-naked Israeli women offended the religiously observant Khater, or that the tourists attacked him. When Khater's trial opened, a wave of protest rallies took place throughout Egypt, and some 140 people were arrested, most of them at Zagazig University, where Khater had been a law student. Several thousand people reportedly attended a Cairo rally protesting his trial. Egypt's most prominent lawyers stood in line to passionately defend Khater. Afterwards, the pro-government press published the real story behind the massacre for the first time, revealing that most of the victims were in fact women and children. The glorification of Khater in the Egyptian media was echoed in other Arab countries, where many hailed him as a hero and role model. Mass demonstrations were held in his support, and he was honored by the Parliament of Kuwait. In addition, the Iranian government of Ayatollah Khomeini issued a postage stamp reading "In honour of the martyrdom of Sulayman Khater, Hero of Sinai" and named a street in Tehran for him. Investigation In the investigation record, Khater tells his story that on October 5, 1985: Controversy After several wars between Egypt and Israel, and a high death toll, Khater was considered a national hero by the public in Egypt, who believed the Al-Wafd paper story about the 12 Israeli soldiers who attacked Khater and were killed. With a limited access to international media at the pre-Internet era, and under the Mubarak dictatorship, Egyptians continue to believe the conspiracy theory about the suicide of Khater. Many Egyptians cast doubt on the government's version of his death. The forensic report said that he committed suicide, his family disagreed and refused to believe it. Suicide in Egyptian culture is not a common behavior, and the family of a person who committed suicide can get shunned by the community. His brother said: “I raised my brother very well, and I know how faithful and religious he is. He cannot have committed suicide. They killed him in his prison”. National (governmental) journals said that Khater hanged himself from a window 3 meters from the ground Khater's family issued a request to have the autopsy redone by an independent committee, however their request was declined. As soon as Khater's death was announced, angry university and school students protested. His mother later said: “My son was killed, by the government, for the sake of America and Israel, so that they will be satisfied”. In popular culture In 2018, two years after its first debut in Alexandria, an Egyptian play under the name of Khater was performed onstage in the Egyptian Shooting club and Cairo Sporting club. In response, Egypt's military prosecution decided to arrest and investigate the playwright and director of the play as well as other officials who gave permission for the theatrical show. They were charged with "insulting the Egyptian military". References External links NewsFilm Online: Egypt: Death of Policeman Conscript who Killed Israelis leads to Anti-government Demonstrations The Milwaukee Journal: Egyptian killer of seven Israelis commits suicide in his cell 1961 births 1986 deaths Deaths by hanging Egyptian military personnel Egyptian mass murderers Egyptian murderers of children Egypt–Israel relations People from Sharqia Governorate People who were court-martialed
3995905	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Richmond%20spree%20murders	2006 Richmond spree murders	The 2006 Richmond spree murders took place during a seven-day period in January 2006 in and around Richmond, Virginia, United States; seven people, four members of the Harvey family and three members of the Baskerville-Tucker family, were killed. The perpetrators were Ricky Javon Gray (March 9, 1977 – January 18, 2017) and his nephew Ray Joseph Dandridge (born January 24, 1977). Dandridge's girlfriend Ashley Baskerville assisted the pair as an accomplice during their murder and robbery spree until she became one of their victims. After Gray and Dandridge were arrested, two prior murders, including that of Gray's wife, and a near-fatal assault in late 2005 were linked to the men. Dandridge pleaded guilty to murdering the three Baskerville-Tucker victims in exchange for receiving a life sentence without the possibility of parole. Gray was charged with capital murder in connection with the Harvey family killings, convicted, and sentenced to death for the murders of Stella and Ruby Harvey, who were aged 9 and 4, respectively. Gray's execution was carried out on January 18, 2017, at 9:42 p.m. by lethal injection. Gray was the second to last man executed in Virginia before the state abolished capital punishment. Crimes preceding the murder spree Murder of Treva Gray On November 5, 2005, the badly beaten body of 35-year-old Treva Terrell Gray was found in a shallow grave next to Brookside Avenue in Washington, Pennsylvania, by a passerby. She had married Gray, a 28-year-old former convict, approximately six months before, and lived with her husband in a house owned by her family; Dandridge, his nephew, had moved in with the couple following his release from prison on October 26, 2005, after serving more than 10 years for armed robbery. According to Treva's parents, the Grays fought bitterly, and they saw claw marks on Ricky's forearm the day Treva's body was found. While both Gray and Dandridge were interviewed by the Washington police, they were not considered suspects. Treva's mother, Marna Squires, alleges that the police were lax in investigating the death and suggested that Treva had died of a drug overdose. While the police ruled her death suspicious at the time, no homicide investigation was launched until after Gray's confession. Approximately a week after the discovery of their daughter's body, Treva's parents evicted Dandridge from their property; Dandridge then moved in with his father in West Philadelphia. On December 23, Gray moved out as well to stay with his maternal grandmother in Arlington, Virginia. Dandridge left Philadelphia on Christmas Day to join Gray. Attack on Ryan Carey On December 31, 2005, 26-year-old Ryan Carey was attacked by two men he later identified as Gray and Dandridge in front of his parents' home in the 5100 block of North 25th Street in Arlington. Carey sustained extensive beating and stab wounds to the chest, neck and arms in a near-fatal assault, and spent the next two weeks in a coma. He also permanently lost the use of his right arm. Murder spree Harvey family In the early afternoon of January 1, 2006, the bodies of Kathryn, Bryan, Stella, and Ruby Harvey were found dead in the basement of their burning house in the Woodland Heights district of Richmond, Virginia. The family of four had been beaten with a claw hammer, slashed, had their throats slit, and bound with electrical cord and tape. Kathryn Elizabeth "Kathy" Harvey (née Grabinsky) (November 28, 1966 – January 1, 2006), 39, was the co-owner of a popular local toy shop called World of Mirth in Richmond's Carytown district, and was the half-sister of actor Steven Culp. Her husband Bryan Taber Harvey (April 27, 1956 – January 1, 2006), 49, was the lead singer/guitarist of House of Freaks, a two-man college rock band. Their daughters Stella Ann (November 3, 1996 – January 1, 2006) and Ruby May (July 4, 2001 – January 1, 2006) were 9 and 4, respectively. Gray bound Kathryn, Bryan, and Ruby in their basement with packing tape, while Dandridge searched the house for items to steal. As this was occurring, Stella arrived home from a friend's house. Gray briefly unbound Kathryn so she could retrieve Stella from the upstairs. The mother of Stella's friend, Kiersten Perkinson, had a short exchange with Kathryn where Perkinson had described her as "pale and ashen". Kathryn did not indicate to Perkinson that there was anything amiss before she left. Kathryn and Stella were rebound by Gray in the basement shortly afterward. Gray ended up cutting the throats of all four of the family members and then hitting each in the head multiple times with a claw hammer shortly thereafter. The official cause of death stated that Bryan and Kathryn died of blunt-force trauma to the head, Stella of smoke inhalation and blunt-force trauma to the head, and Ruby of stab wounds to her back, one of which punctured her lung. Gray and Dandridge tipped over an art easel in the Harvey family's basement, poured wine over the top of it, and lit the easel on fire in an attempt to destroy the crime scene. Johnny Hott, Bryan's friend who was the drummer in House of Freaks, called 9-1-1 after noticing that the Harvey house had been set on fire. Chesterfield home invasion On January 3, 2006, a couple living on Hollywood Drive in Chesterfield County, Virginia, were robbed by two men and a woman who had gained entry to their house by pretending to ask for directions. The robbers stole several items, including a computer and a television, as well as $800 in cash. The husband was able to dissuade the gang from tying them up by drawing attention to the wife's disability and his need to assist her. The Baskerville-Tucker family On January 6, 2006, the police received a call from a Chesterfield resident who was concerned about her daughter's friend, 21-year-old Ashley Baskerville. The caller suspected that Gray and Dandridge, her former houseguests and former and current boyfriends of Ashley, were involved in the Harvey murders. The police found items at the Chesterfield home linked to the Harvey case, and stormed the house on East Broad Rock Road where Ashley lived with her mother, 46-year-old Mary Baskerville-Tucker, and her stepfather, 55-year-old Percyell Tucker. Percyell worked as a forklift driver and Mary was employed at a dry cleaning establishment. All three members of the Baskerville-Tucker family were found dead, gagged and bound with tape in their ransacked house. Percyell and Mary had been slashed across the throat. The three had suffocated due to the layers of duct tape wrapped around their heads. Ashley had a plastic bag wrapped around her head as well, secured with duct tape. Arrest and confessions On the morning of January 7, 2006, Gray and Dandridge were arrested in Philadelphia, where Dandridge's father Ronald Wilson lived. Approximately one hour after the arrest, Dandridge confessed to killing the Tuckers and Ashley Baskerville. Twelve hours after the arrest, Gray asked to speak with a detective, then proceeded to provide a detailed, three-page confession in which he described using a kitchen knife and claw hammer to kill the Harveys, stating "I don't believe sorry is strong enough. None of this was necessary." In subsequent confessions, he admitted to beating his wife Treva to death while Dandridge held her down, to being an accomplice in the Tucker-Baskerville murders, and to the attack on Ryan Carey. On January 8, 2006, the police formally identified Ashley Baskerville as a participant in the Harvey murders, the Chesterfield robbery, and the robbery at her own home; this came as a result of the above confessions as well as eyewitness testimony and other evidence. Baskerville had acted as the lookout in the parked car while Gray and Dandridge entered the Harvey home, and she was found wearing Bryan Harvey's wedding band. Gray and Dandridge testified that Baskerville had posed as a victim and allowed herself to be bound as a part of the plan to rob her mother and stepfather, but "things just went wrong" and Gray "got tired of the girl, so he decided to kill her and take her parents' car". Court proceedings Both Gray and Dandridge were prosecuted in the City of Richmond Circuit Court in Virginia. On February 9, 2006, Gray was charged with five counts of capital murder in the Harvey killings: one charge for killing more than once in a three-year period, one charge for committing more than one killing in a single act, one charge for killing in commission of a robbery, and two charges for killing a child under 14 years of age. On the same day, Dandridge was charged with three counts of capital murder in the Tucker-Baskerville killings; the third count was later amended to include Dandridge's role in the Harvey killings. Dandridge initially pleaded not guilty and was tried in September 2006, but prior to closing arguments, he changed his plea to guilty on the three counts of capital murder as part of an agreement to receive a sentence of life in prison without parole. Gray pleaded not guilty, and his defense team sought leniency by presenting evidence of physical and sexual abuse during childhood as well as PCP use during the commission of the crimes. In August 2006, a jury found Gray guilty on five capital murder charges after four days of trial and 30 minutes of deliberation. The jury recommended that Gray receive the death penalty for the murders of Stella and Ruby Harvey, and life in prison for the three remaining charges. On October 23, 2006, Gray was sentenced to death. In December 2006, Culpeper County also indicted Gray for the murder of Sheryl Warner, a 37-year-old legal secretary and mother of three, found shot and hanged by an electrical cord in the basement of her burning house in the town of Reva. Gray pleaded not guilty. On June 4, 2008, the charge was suspended due to contradictory evidence. Between May 2011 and November 2015, Gray's execution was set and then stayed pending his various appeals in commonwealth and federal courts. In November 2015, a panel of the Fourth Circuit rejected Gray's appeal to that court. On January 19, 2016, Gray's execution was set for March 16, 2016, but was stayed again to allow Gray to appeal to the US Supreme Court. In 2016, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear Gray's case. In November 2016, Gray was scheduled to be executed on January 18, 2017. His clemency plea was denied by governor Terry McAuliffe, and his lawyers filed an emergency appeal with the Supreme Court. He was executed on January 18, 2017, at Greensville Correctional Center at 9:42 PM EST. Dandridge is currently incarcerated in the Sussex II State Prison. Memorials The Bryan and Kathryn Harvey Family Memorial Endowment has been created "to provide music, visual art, and performing arts enrichment in the Richmond area, which may include but is not limited to educational scholarships". An annual event, Ruby's Run, has been organized to raise money in Ruby Harvey's name for a scholarship fund at Ruby's preschool, the Second Presbyterian Child Care Center in downtown Richmond. The first took place on Saturday, November 4, 2006; the second was on Saturday, November 17, 2007; the third was Sunday, November 9, 2008, and the fourth was November 8, 2009. In June 2006, the William Fox Elementary School in Richmond, where Stella Harvey attended school, dedicated its new Children's Garden to the memory of Stella Harvey. In January 2007, a Richmond newspaper named the Harvey Family the 2006 Richmonders of the Year. The American alternative country group Drive-By Truckers dedicated the song "Two Daughters and a Beautiful Wife" from their 2008 album, Brighter Than Creation's Dark, to the Harvey family. Band member Patterson Hood stated he wrote the song in reaction to the death of Bryan Harvey and his family. The Christian metal band Demon Hunter dedicated the song "The Last One Alive" from their 2014 album Extremist to the memories of the Richmond murders, including the Harvey family. The City of Richmond dedicated a newly-completed footbridge in Forest Hill Park to the memory of the Harvey family on September 19, 2010, naming it The Harvey Family Memorial Bridge. Community organization Friends of Forest Hill Park first proposed that the new bridge be designated as a memorial, and raised money to place a stone marker with a plaque nearby. See also Capital punishment in Virginia List of people executed in Virginia List of people executed in the United States in 2017 List of serial killers in the United States References External links Bryan and Kathryn Harvey Foundation Gray v. Commonwealth (Ricky Javon GRAY, a/k/a Ricky Jovan Gray v. COMMONWEALTH of Virginia. Supreme Court of Virginia. Decided: June 8, 2007.) 2006 in Virginia 2006 murders in the United States 2000s crimes in Virginia 2000s trials 21st-century mass murder in the United States Arson in the 2000s Arson in the United States Attacks in the United States in 2006 Attacks on buildings and structures in 2006 Attacks on buildings and structures in the United States Burglary Capital murder cases Family murders 2006 spree murders January 2006 crimes January 2006 events in the United States Massacres in the United States Mass murder in 2006 Mass murder in the United States Mass murder in Virginia Murder trials Robberies in the United States Trials in the United States
3995907	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forte%204GL	Forte 4GL	Forté 4GL was a proprietary application server that was developed by Forté Software and used for developing scalable, highly available, enterprise applications. History Forté 4GL was created as an integrated solution for developing and managing client/server applications. Forté 4GL consists of an application server, tools for deploying and monitoring an application and an object oriented proprietary programming language, TOOL (transactional object oriented language). Given that TOOL only runs on the Forté application server, many users simply refer to their "TOOL" applications as "Forté" applications. The first release of Forté 4GL was published in August 1994. After releasing this initial product, Forté Inc. proceeded to build several extensions including: Web Enterprise - an HTML-wrapper interface for rich-client applications to publish their screens through web servers. Forte Express - a rapid database GUI interface kit, released in July 1995. Conductor - a work flow engine capable of choreographing activities, released in March 1997. Forté Fusion - an integration backbone to link external systems using XML messaging and tie in with the Conductor engine. In 1999, Forté Software came out with a version of Forte that was based on Java instead of TOOL named synerJ and was also referred to as "Forté for Java". As with the original TOOL-based products this consisted of a development IDE, a code repository, and a runtime environment. This new java product was of interest to Sun Microsystems who bought out the company. The TOOL-based extensions listed above were bundled together and re-branded as Unified Development Server (UDS) and Integration Server (IS) under the IPlanet division. The server modules were later bundled together as Enterprise Application Integration (EAI). Sun declared the product's end-of-life, indicating no future plans to continue development of the product. Sun's official support of Forte ended in April, 2009. Capabilities Being an enterprise application development system, Forté 4GL supported close linkage to a number of different relational database systems, including Oracle, Sybase, Microsoft SQL Server, Informix, and DB2. These linkages could be via SQL embedded within the TOOL code, or via SQL constructed on the fly. It also had support for distributed applications: the developer would create an instance of a specific class, which would be placed on a user-specified server. Calls to methods through instance would be sent across the network transparently; the developer would not need to know the underlying details of how the call would be transmitted. Programming Language TOOL TOOL is an object-oriented language with the following features (among others): automatic garbage collection referenced based, no pointers single inheritance and interfaces supports multi-threaded programming integrated statements for database access event handling exception handling strong integration with GUI one common base class called Object TOOL code is case-insensitive. A statement is always terminated by the semicolon. Compound statements are enclosed by the keywords begin and end. Comments are indicated by // or -- (remainder of line becomes a comment), /* ... */. Data Types The Simple Data Types are: boolean float double char string Integer data types i1, ui1 (signed / unsigned one byte integer) i2, ui2 (signed / unsigned two bytes integer) i4, ui4 (signed / unsigned four bytes integer) integer (signed four bytes integer, same as i4) short (signed integer, at least two bytes, same as int) int (signed integer, at least two bytes) long(signed integer, at least four bytes) The corresponding object data types are (some examples): BooleanData, BooleanNullable IntegerData, IntegerNullable DoubleData, DoubleNullable TextData, TextNullable Arrays are indicated by the keywords Array of. The first element of an array is indexed by 1. Variable Declaration name : string = 'John'; result : integer; dataArray : Array of IntegerData = new; Conditional Statements (if-statement, case-statement) if result = 5100 then ... elseif result != 0 then ... else ... end if; case result is when 1 do .... when 2 do .... else ... end case; Iteration, Loops for k in 1 to 10 by 2 do ... end for; for dataItem in dataArray do ... end for; k : integer = 2; while k < 14 do ... k = k + 1; end while; Events An event is posted e.g. by the following statement: post EV_CustomerSet(id = selectedID); This statement posts an event named EV_CustomerSet. This event has one argument named "id". Events are handled by event handlers, for example: event loop preregister register GeneralHandler(); ... postregister waitTimer.IsActive = true; ... when EV_CustomerSet( id ) do ... when waitTimer.Tick() do exit; when task.Shutdown do exit; end event; Exception handling begin ... raise UsageException(); ... exception when e : UsageException do task.ErrMgr.Clear(); ... else ... raise; end; Multithreading A new thread is launched by a statement like start task report.Print(); See also TeamWare References External links Sun's documentation for "Sun ONE Unified Development Server (UDS) 5.2" Sun's documentation for "Forté 4GL 3.5 (UDS)" Forte Software to Develop SynerJ Module For InLine Software's Assembly Line Product Sun's Forte buy gives server software a boost Forte tools create a collaborative platform for developers Fourth-generation programming languages
3995916	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrubadas	Derrubadas	Derrubadas is a municipality of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. It is located at 27º15'53" South, 53º51'39" West, at an altitude of 485 meters above sea level. In 2020, its population was estimated at 2,761 people. Occupying an area of 365.44 square kilometers, it is bounded in the north by the Uruguay River, where it is opposite Argentina and the state of Santa Catarina. The municipality contains the Turvo State Park, created in 1947. The state park covers almost half of the municipality. The municipality would be partially flooded by the proposed Panambi Dam. References Municipalities in Rio Grande do Sul
3995917	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy%20Werner	Emmy Werner	Emmy E. Werner (1929 – October 12, 2017) was an American developmental psychologist. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Nebraska and was a professor emerita in the Department of Human and Community Development at the University of California, Davis. Dr. Werner was best known in the field of child development for her leadership of a forty-year longitudinal study of 698 infants on the Hawaiian island of Kauai—the island's entire birth cohort for the year 1955. The study supported the conventional wisdom that many children exposed to reproductive and environmental risk factors (for instance, premature birth coupled with an unstable household and a mentally ill mother) go on to experience more problems with delinquency, mental and physical health and family stability than children exposed to fewer such risk factors. Among Werner's most significant findings was that one third of all high-risk children displayed resilience and developed into caring, competent and confident adults despite their problematic development histories. She and her fellow researchers identified a number of protective factors in the lives of these resilient individuals which helped to balance out risk factors at critical periods in their development. Among these factors were a strong bond with a nonparent caretaker (such as an aunt, babysitter, or teacher) and involvement in a church or community group like the YMCA. Her book Through the Eyes of Innocents tells the stories of children caught up in World War II in their own words. Awards Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Child Development Award from the Society for Research in Child Development (1999) Dolley Madison Presidential Award for Outstanding Lifelong Contributions to the Development and Well-being of Children and Families (1999) Arnold Gesell Prize, German Society for Social Pediatrics (2001) University of California Constantine Panunzio Distinguished Emeriti Award (1999/2000) Distinguished Friend of the University Award, UC Davis (2015) Books Werner, E. E. (2000). Through the eyes of innocents: Children witness World War II. Westview Press. Werner, E. E. (2002). A conspiracy of decency: the rescue of the Danish Jews during World War II. Westview Press. Werner, E. E. (2006). In pursuit of liberty: Coming of age in the American Revolution. Greenwood Publishing Group. Werner, E. E. (2009). Passages to America: oral histories of child immigrants from Ellis Island and Angel Island. Potomac Books, Inc.. Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S. (1992). Overcoming the odds: High risk children from birth to adulthood. Cornell University Press. Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S. (2001). Journeys from childhood to midlife: Risk, resilience, and recovery. Cornell University Press. See also Psychological resilience References Werner, E.E. (2004).What can we learn about resilience from large scale longitudinal studies? In "Handbook of Resilience in Children," New York, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers External links More information about Dr. Werner at UC Davis Dept. of Human Ecology Emeriti American women psychologists American psychologists Developmental psychologists University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni University of California, Davis faculty 1929 births 2017 deaths 21st-century American women
5389424	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino	Arduino	Arduino () is an open-source hardware and software company, project, and user community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices. Its hardware products are licensed under a CC BY-SA license, while software is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL), permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially from the official website or through authorized distributors. Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards are equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards ('shields') or breadboards (for prototyping) and other circuits. The boards feature serial communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are also used for loading programs. The microcontrollers can be programmed using the C and C++ programming languages, using a standard API which is also known as the Arduino language, inspired by the Processing language and used with a modified version of the Processing IDE. In addition to using traditional compiler toolchains, the Arduino project provides an integrated development environment (IDE) and a command line tool developed in Go. The Arduino project began in 2005 as a tool for students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea, Italy, aiming to provide a low-cost and easy way for novices and professionals to create devices that interact with their environment using sensors and actuators. Common examples of such devices intended for beginner hobbyists include simple robots, thermostats and motion detectors. The name Arduino comes from a bar in Ivrea, Italy, where some of the founders of the project used to meet. The bar was named after Arduin of Ivrea, who was the margrave of the March of Ivrea and King of Italy from 1002 to 1014. History Founding The Arduino project was started at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Ivrea, Italy. At that time, the students used a BASIC Stamp microcontroller at a cost of $50. In 2003 Hernando Barragán created the development platform Wiring as a Master's thesis project at IDII, under the supervision of Massimo Banzi and Casey Reas. Casey Reas is known for co-creating, with Ben Fry, the Processing development platform. The project goal was to create simple, low cost tools for creating digital projects by non-engineers. The Wiring platform consisted of a printed circuit board (PCB) with an ATmega128 microcontroller, an IDE based on Processing and library functions to easily program the microcontroller. In 2005, Massimo Banzi, with David Mellis, another IDII student, and David Cuartielles, extended Wiring by adding support for the cheaper ATmega8 microcontroller. The new project, forked from Wiring, was called Arduino. The initial Arduino core team consisted of Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe, Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis. Following the completion of the platform, lighter and less expensive versions were distributed in the open-source community. It was estimated in mid-2011 that over 300,000 official Arduinos had been commercially produced, and in 2013 that 700,000 official boards were in users' hands. Trademark dispute In early 2008, the five co-founders of the Arduino project created a company, Arduino LLC, to hold the trademarks associated with Arduino. The manufacture and sale of the boards was to be done by external companies, and Arduino LLC would get a royalty from them. The founding bylaws of Arduino LLC specified that each of the five founders transfer ownership of the Arduino brand to the newly formed company. At the end of 2008, Gianluca Martino's company, Smart Projects, registered the Arduino trademark in Italy and kept this a secret from the other co-founders for about two years. This was revealed when the Arduino company tried to register the trademark in other areas of the world (they originally registered only in the US), and discovered that it was already registered in Italy. Negotiations with Martino and his firm to bring the trademark under control of the original Arduino company failed. In 2014, Smart Projects began refusing to pay royalties. They then appointed a new CEO, Federico Musto, who renamed the company Arduino SRL and created the website arduino.org, copying the graphics and layout of the original arduino.cc. This resulted in a rift in the Arduino development team. In January 2015, Arduino LLC filed a lawsuit against Arduino SRL. In May 2015, Arduino LLC created the worldwide trademark Genuino, used as brand name outside the United States. At the World Maker Faire in New York on 1 October 2016, Arduino LLC co-founder and CEO Massimo Banzi and Arduino SRL CEO Federico Musto announced the merger of the two companies. Around that same time, Massimo Banzi announced that in addition to the company a new Arduino Foundation would be launched as "a new beginning for Arduino", but this decision was withdrawn later. In April 2017, Wired reported that Musto had "fabricated his academic record... On his company's website, personal LinkedIn accounts, and even on Italian business documents, Musto was, until recently, listed as holding a PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In some cases, his biography also claimed an MBA from New York University." Wired reported that neither university had any record of Musto's attendance, and Musto later admitted in an interview with Wired that he had never earned those degrees. The controversy surrounding Musto continued when, in July 2017, he reportedly pulled many open source licenses, schematics, and code from the Arduino website, prompting scrutiny and outcry. By 2017 Arduino AG owned many Arduino trademarks. In July 2017 BCMI, founded by Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, David Mellis and Tom Igoe, acquired Arduino AG and all the Arduino trademarks. Fabio Violante is the new CEO replacing Federico Musto, who no longer works for Arduino AG. Post-dispute In October 2017, Arduino announced its partnership with ARM Holdings (ARM). The announcement said, in part, "ARM recognized independence as a core value of Arduino ... without any lock-in with the ARM architecture". Arduino intends to continue to work with all technology vendors and architectures. Under Violante's guidance, the company started growing again and releasing new designs. The Genuino trademark was dismissed and all products were branded again with the Arduino name. As of February 2020, the Arduino community included about 30 million active users based on the IDE downloads. In August 2018, Arduino announced its new open source command line tool (arduino-cli), which can be used as a replacement of the IDE to program the boards from a shell. In February 2019, Arduino announced its IoT Cloud service as an extension of the Create online environment. Hardware Arduino is open-source hardware. The hardware reference designs are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and are available on the Arduino website. Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware are also available. Although the hardware and software designs are freely available under copyleft licenses, the developers have requested the name Arduino to be exclusive to the official product and not be used for derived works without permission. The official policy document on use of the Arduino name emphasizes that the project is open to incorporating work by others into the official product. Several Arduino-compatible products commercially released have avoided the project name by using various names ending in -duino. Most Arduino boards consist of an Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontroller (ATmega8, ATmega168, ATmega328, ATmega1280, or ATmega2560) with varying amounts of flash memory, pins, and features. The 32-bit Arduino Due, based on the Atmel SAM3X8E was introduced in 2012. The boards use single or double-row pins or female headers that facilitate connections for programming and incorporation into other circuits. These may connect with add-on modules termed shields. Multiple and possibly stacked shields may be individually addressable via an I2C serial bus. Most boards include a 5 V linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator or ceramic resonator. Some designs, such as the LilyPad, run at 8 MHz and dispense with the onboard voltage regulator due to specific form-factor restrictions. Arduino microcontrollers are pre-programmed with a boot loader that simplifies uploading of programs to the on-chip flash memory. The default bootloader of the Arduino Uno is the Optiboot bootloader. Boards are loaded with program code via a serial connection to another computer. Some serial Arduino boards contain a level shifter circuit to convert between RS-232 logic levels and transistor–transistor logic (TTL) level signals. Current Arduino boards are programmed via Universal Serial Bus (USB), implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips such as the FTDI FT232. Some boards, such as later-model Uno boards, substitute the FTDI chip with a separate AVR chip containing USB-to-serial firmware, which is reprogrammable via its own ICSP header. Other variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficial Boarduino, use a detachable USB-to-serial adapter board or cable, Bluetooth or other methods. When used with traditional microcontroller tools, instead of the Arduino IDE, standard AVR in-system programming (ISP) programming is used. The Arduino board exposes most of the microcontroller's I/O pins for use by other circuits. The Diecimila, Duemilanove, and current Uno provide 14 digital I/O pins, six of which can produce pulse-width modulated signals, and six analog inputs, which can also be used as six digital I/O pins. These pins are on the top of the board, via female 0.1-inch (2.54 mm) headers. Several plug-in application shields are also commercially available. The Arduino Nano, and Arduino-compatible Bare Bones Board and Boarduino boards may provide male header pins on the underside of the board that can plug into solderless breadboards. Many Arduino-compatible and Arduino-derived boards exist. Some are functionally equivalent to an Arduino and can be used interchangeably. Many enhance the basic Arduino by adding output drivers, often for use in school-level education, to simplify making buggies and small robots. Others are electrically equivalent, but change the form factor, sometimes retaining compatibility with shields, sometimes not. Some variants use different processors, of varying compatibility. Official boards The original Arduino hardware was manufactured by the Italian company Smart Projects. Some Arduino-branded boards have been designed by the American companies SparkFun Electronics and Adafruit Industries. , 17 versions of the Arduino hardware have been commercially produced. Shields Arduino and Arduino-compatible boards use printed circuit expansion boards called shields, which plug into the normally supplied Arduino pin headers. Shields can provide motor controls for 3D printing and other applications, GNSS (satellite navigation), Ethernet, liquid crystal display (LCD), or breadboarding (prototyping). Several shields can also be made do it yourself (DIY). Software A program for Arduino hardware may be written in any programming language with compilers that produce binary machine code for the target processor. Atmel provides a development environment for their 8-bit AVR and 32-bit ARM Cortex-M based microcontrollers: AVR Studio (older) and Atmel Studio (newer). IDE The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application (for Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux) that is written in the Java programming language. It originated from the IDE for the languages Processing and Wiring. It includes a code editor with features such as text cutting and pasting, searching and replacing text, automatic indenting, brace matching, and syntax highlighting, and provides simple one-click mechanisms to compile and upload programs to an Arduino board. It also contains a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and a hierarchy of operation menus. The source code for the IDE is released under the GNU General Public License, version 2. The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of code structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring project, which provides many common input and output procedures. User-written code only requires two basic functions, for starting the sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled and linked with a program stub main() into an executable cyclic executive program with the GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE distribution. The Arduino IDE employs the program avrdude to convert the executable code into a text file in hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the board's firmware. From version 1.8.12, Arduino IDE windows compiler supports only Windows 7 or newer OS. On Windows Vista or older one gets "Unrecognized Win32 application" error when trying to verify/upload program. To run IDE on older machines, users can either use version 1.8.11, or copy "arduino-builder" executable from version 11 to their current install folder as it's independent from IDE. IDE 2.0 On October 18, 2019, Arduino Pro IDE (alpha preview) was released. Later, on March 1, 2021, the beta preview was released, renamed IDE 2.0. The system still uses Arduino CLI (Command Line Interface), but improvements include a more professional development environment, autocompletion support, and Git integration. The application frontend is based on the Eclipse Theia Open Source IDE. The main features available in the new release are: Modern, fully featured development environment Dual Mode, Classic Mode (identical to the Classic Arduino IDE) and Pro Mode (File System view) New Board Manager New Library Manager Board List Basic Auto-Completion (Arm targets only) Git Integration Serial Monitor Dark Mode Sketch A sketch is a program written with the Arduino IDE. Sketches are saved on the development computer as text files with the file extension .ino. Arduino Software (IDE) pre-1.0 saved sketches with the extension .pde. A minimal Arduino C/C++ program consists of only two functions: : This function is called once when a sketch starts after power-up or reset. It is used to initialize variables, input and output pin modes, and other libraries needed in the sketch. It is analogous to the function . : After function exits (ends), the function is executed repeatedly in the main program. It controls the board until the board is powered off or is reset. It is analogous to the function . Blink example Most Arduino boards contain a light-emitting diode (LED) and a current limiting resistor connected between pin 13 and ground, which is a convenient feature for many tests and program functions. A typical program used by beginners, akin to Hello, World!, is "blink", which repeatedly blinks the on-board LED integrated into the Arduino board. This program uses the functions , , and , which are provided by the internal libraries included in the IDE environment. This program is usually loaded into a new Arduino board by the manufacturer. # define LED_PIN 13 // Pin number attached to LED. void setup() { pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT); // Configure pin 13 to be a digital output. } void loop() { digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH); // Turn on the LED. delay(1000); // Wait 1 second (1000 milliseconds). digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW); // Turn off the LED. delay(1000); // Wait 1 second. } Libraries The open-source nature of the Arduino project has facilitated the publication of many free software libraries that other developers use to augment their projects. Operating systems/threading There is a Xinu OS port for the atmega328p (Arduino Uno and others with the same chip), which includes most of the basic features. The source code of this version is freely available. There is also a threading tool, named Protothreads. Protothreads are described as "extremely lightweight stackless threads designed for severely memory constrained systems, such as small embedded systems or wireless sensor network nodes. Applications Arduboy, a handheld game console based on Arduino Arduinome, a MIDI controller device that mimics the Monome Ardupilot, drone software and hardware ArduSat, a cubesat based on Arduino. C-STEM Studio, a platform for hands-on integrated learning of computing, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (C-STEM) with robotics. Data loggers for scientific research. OBDuino, a trip computer that uses the on-board diagnostics interface found in most modern cars OpenEVSE an open-source electric vehicle charger XOD, a visual programming language for Arduino Tinkercad, an analog and digital simulator supporting Arduino Simulation Recognitions The Arduino project received an honorary mention in the Digital Communities category at the 2006 Prix Ars Electronica. The Arduino Engineering Kit won the Bett Award for "Higher Education or Further Education Digital Services" in 2020. See also List of Arduino boards and compatible systems List of open-source hardware projects Explanatory notes References Further reading Massimo Banzi, Michael Shiloh; Make: Getting Started with Arduino; 3rd ed.; Make Community; 262 pages; 2014; . Jeremy Blum; Exploring Arduino: Tools and Techniques for Engineering Wizardry; 2nd ed.; Wiley; 512 pages; 2019; . John Boxall; Arduino Workshop: A Hands-On Introduction with 65 Projects; 1st ed.; No Starch Press; 392 pages; 2013; . Tero Karvinen, Kimmo Karvinen, Ville Valtokari; Make: Sensors; 1st ed.; Make Community; 400 pages; 2014; . Simon Monk; Programming Arduino Next Steps: Going Further with Sketches; 2nd ed.; McGraw-Hill Education; 320 pages; 2018; . Simon Monk; Programming Arduino: Getting Started with Sketches; 2nd ed.; McGraw-Hill Education; 192 pages; 2016; . John Nussey; Arduino For Dummies; 2nd ed.; John Wiley & Sons; 400 pages; 2018; . Jack Purdum; Beginning C for Arduino: Learn C Programming for the Arduino; 2nd ed.; Apress; 388 pages; 2015; . Maik Schmidt; Arduino: A Quick Start Guide; 2nd ed.; Pragmatic Bookshelf; Pragmatic Bookshelf; 323 pages; 2015; . External links How Arduino is open sourcing imagination, a TED talk by creator Massimo Banzi Evolution tree for Arduino Arduino Cheat Sheet Arduino Dimensions and Hole Patterns Arduino Shield Template Arduino Board Pinout Diagrams: Due, Esplora, Leonardo, Mega, Micro, Mini, Pro Micro, Pro Mini, Uno, Yun Historical Arduino - The Documentary (2010): IMDb, Vimeo Massimo Banzi interviews: Triangulation 110, FLOSS 61 Untold History of Arduino - Hernando Barragán Lawsuit documents from Arduino LLC vs. Arduino S.R.L. et al. - United States Courts Archive Microcontrollers Open hardware electronic devices Robotics hardware Computer-related introductions in 2005 Physical computing Italian inventions
5389435	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul%20Sartre%20Experience	Jean-Paul Sartre Experience	The Jean-Paul Sartre Experience, later renamed JPS Experience after the estate of Jean-Paul Sartre threatened a lawsuit, were an indie rock band on New Zealand's Flying Nun Records. History The band was formed in 1984 by Dave Yetton (vocals, bass guitar), Gary Sullivan (drums), and Dave Mulcahy (guitar). They were later joined by a second vocalist and guitarist, Jim Laing. Their first crudely recorded demo tape was supplied to campus radio stations around the country in a can. It contained early versions of songs like "Einstein" and "Crap Rap" that would appear on subsequent releases. In 1986 they were asked to record a track for the "Weird Culture, Weird Custom" compilation produced by the student radio network. Their track was "Let That Good Thing Grow" - re-released on their first album. They were subsequently signed by Flying Nun, who issued their eponymous début EP in January 1987, and début album Love Songs the same year, described by AllMusic as "an exceptional - if short - affair". After two further albums for the label, they added keyboard player Russell Baillie and abbreviated their name to the JPS experience after being threatened with legal action by Sartre's estate. After three EPs, Baillie departed in 1993, and the band released their fourth album, Bleeding Star, which took a noisier approach than their earlier recordings, drawing comparisons with Pixies and My Bloody Valentine. Mulcahy had left during the album's recording, forming Monster and later Superette and Eskimo, who released one album before shortening their name to Kimo. He was replaced by Matt Heine, formerly of Solid Gold Hell. The band continued until their split in 1994. After the demise of JPS Experience, David Yetton recorded two albums with The Stereo Bus and one solo album, as well as playing with The Mutton Birds. James Laing released one solo album and Gary Sullivan performed on the first Stereo Bus album and on early Dimmer releases. Sullivan joined Solid Gold Hell. Jim Laing died on 12 April 2016 of natural causes. Before his death the band had been in talks to reunite and write new material, the band played a one off-show, Saturday 22 April at the newly refurbished Hollywood Theatre in Avondale to commemorate their friend and bandmate Jim Laing. Discography Albums EPs Compilations Singles Compilation appearances The group have appeared on some compilations and soundtracks both in New Zealand and in Australia. The following is a list of these albums: (1999) - Scarfies (Flying Nun Records) - "Let There Be Love" & "Grey Parade" (1987) - Weird Culture, Weird Custom "Let That Good Thing Grow" National Student Radio References External links [ AMG entry] Jean-Paul Sartre Experience at Flying Nun AudioCulture profile Flying Nun Records artists New Zealand indie rock groups Dunedin Sound musical groups
5389444	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf%20Nierlich	Rudolf Nierlich	Rudolf ("Rudi") Nierlich (20 February 1966 – 18 May 1991) was an Austrian alpine skier. Born in Sankt Wolfgang im Salzkammergut (Upper Austria), he won a total of 8 races in the Alpine Skiing World Cup, and was three times World Champion (1989 and 1991), in Slalom and Giant Slalom. He died 1991 in a traffic collision in Sankt Wolfgang im Salzkammergut. World Cup victories References External links 1966 births 1991 deaths Austrian male alpine skiers Alpine skiers at the 1988 Winter Olympics Olympic alpine skiers of Austria Road incident deaths in Austria People from Gmunden District Sportspeople from Upper Austria
5389445	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Resolution%20%281667%29	HMS Resolution (1667)	HMS Resolution was a 70-gun third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched at Harwich Dockyard on 6 December 1667. She was one of only three third-rate vessels designed and built by the noted maritime architect Sir Anthony Deane. History Resolution served as the flagship in an expedition against the Barbary Corsairs in 1669 and took part in the unsuccessful attack on the Dutch Smyrna convoy, which resulted in the Third Dutch War. She was later girdled, which increased her breadth slightly, and underwent a rebuilding in 1698 – although this limited reconstruction did not involve taking her hull to pieces. She was lost in 1703. By 1685, Resolution was only armed with 68 guns. She was relaunched after a rebuild at Chatham Dockyard on 30 April 1698, as a 70-gun ship once more. Sinking In the Great Storm of 1703 in Pevensey Bay, East Sussex, she hit the Owers Bank off Littlehampton before the crew could even get up sail, then blown across the Solent, limping on around Beachy Head. With the ship seriously flooded, her captain, Thomas Liell, tried unsuccessfully to beach her in Pevensey Bay, but the crew had to abandon ship, and all made it ashore. Wreck In April 2005, a well-preserved wreck believed to be hers was discovered by 3 divers attempting to recover a tangled-up lobster pot miles offshore and 9 metres below sea level, at approximately . It was only when a 12 ft anchor appeared that Paul Stratford, Martin Wiltshire, and Steve Paice then found dozens of cast-iron cannon around a timber hull. The discovery was kept secret whilst a preliminary survey by Wessex Archaeology was carried out at the site and whilst discussions were carried out as to how best to protect it. This found at least 45 large cannon, along with a ballast mound surrounded by wooden ribs and planking protruding from a seabed of sand and silt. These all seemed to be from a large warship dating between 1600 and 1800 which is 'likely' to be Resolution. The site was then in May 2006 made public and given official protection under the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973, banning unauthorised diving within 100 m, by culture Minister David Lammy Martin Wiltshire and Steve Paice allowed Paul Stratford take on the responsibilities of licensee applicant. The wreck is a Protected Wreck managed by Ian Oxley, head of maritime archaeology at English Heritage, called the ship 'a crucial part of England's seafaring heritage'. One of the divers, Mr Paul Stratford, 41, who had only been diving for four years, said they were 'very proud' of their find and added: 'It was unbelievable. We went down there expecting to get some fishing junk and found a huge anchor. Visibility was poor but we kept finding cannon after cannon. We have been fishing and then diving in this area since we were kids, so were astonished to find this in our bay. It feeds your imagination about what else might be down there.'Many people dive for years hoping to find something like this, but we really stumbled upon it. We've been diving for four or five years and fished here as well, and to find this on our own doorstep is unbelievable. There is the anchor, some cannon, a large area of brickwork which is believed to be the galley area, but the site hasn't been dug up or disturbed at the moment. We've only been recording what's down there. We've been working closely with English Heritage and the Nautical Archaeology Society in Portsmouth.'It was obvious once we came across it that it was a big war ship. It had to be because of the number of guns there. The lack of any steel made us realise that we were dealing with a timber ship and very soon afterwards we found the hull structure. We believe it is the HMS Resolution. We can't be certain until we can find something so that we can date it. But with all the information pulled in for us, it looks most likely that it is the Resolution.' If the wreck does prove to be HMS Resolution, it is already owned by the Nautical Museums Trust in Hastings, which bought rights to the yet-to-be-found vessel from the MoD in 1985. Their representative, Adrian Barak, said, 'This is a hugely significant find. We can't say it is definitely Resolution but it is almost the exact right place. It is remarkable that this wreck hadn't been discovered before. It may be that the seabed was moved by winter storms which uncovered it.' For now the 3 divers (who are in 2006 taking NAS Training courses up to Part III, which will equip them to carry out sophisticated survey work) have been appointed as the site's joint licensees and will oversee maintenance, survey and any excavation, in partnership with Wessex Archaeology and with involvement from the Nautical Archaeology Society. In relation to this the divers have said: 'We are meeting soon with them, Wessex and English Heritage to discuss the way forward. For one thing, we are in need of project funding to support survey and possible sampling work that might lead to a positive identification.'A physical and virtual dive trail has been developed for the site. See also Wreck diving Maritime archaeology Underwater archaeology Nautical Archaeology Society Archaeology of shipwrecks List of designations under the Protection of Wrecks Act Protection of Wrecks Act Notes References Lavery, Brian (2003) The Ship of the Line - Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650–1850. Conway Maritime Press. . External links Resolution Project Report Ships of the line of the Royal Navy Protected Wrecks of England Maritime incidents in 1703 1660s ships 1703 in England 2005 in England
5389456	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povorino	Povorino	Povorino () is a town and the administrative center of Povorinsky District in the east of Voronezh Oblast, Russia. Population: History It emerged as a settlement around the eponymous railway station in 1870 and was granted town status in 1954. Administrative and municipal status Within the framework of administrative divisions, Povorino serves as the administrative center of Povorinsky District. As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Povorinsky District as Povorino Urban Settlement. As a municipal division, this administrative unit also has urban settlement status and is a part of Povorinsky Municipal District. Transportation A junction of railroads and motorways, the town is situated between Tambov and Volgograd on European route E119 from Moscow to Astara, Azerbaijan. Military The town was home to Povorino air base during the Cold War. References Notes Sources Cities and towns in Voronezh Oblast Populated places established in 1870 1870 establishments in the Russian Empire
5389459	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane%20Administration%20Centre	Brisbane Administration Centre	Northbank Plaza is an office building in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Located at 69 Ann Street in the central business district, it is located immediately south of the Brisbane City Hall. Until 2007 it was known as the Brisbane Administration Centre (BAC), and served as the administrative headquarters for the Brisbane City Council. When originally opened in the 1930s the Brisbane City Hall was intended to house all of the council's office staff, as well as councillors, together with public meeting rooms. However, as Brisbane rapidly grew, the council converted many of the smaller public meeting rooms and vestibules to office space. Eventually by the 1960s offices were being built on the roof and in the basement of the city hall. Some council departments, such as the Transport Department, and part of the Health Department could not fit into City Hall and were located elsewhere. During the tenure of Lord Mayor Clem Jones (1961–1974) properties were acquired south of the City Hall with the intention of constructing a large office tower to replace the cramped conditions then prevailing in City Hall. The BAC was opened in 1975, together with a shopping plaza below street level. For many years the shopping centre struggled, owing to its awkward layout and dark interior. The plaza was completely revamped in the early 1990s, the shops were relocated to street level and their former location being taken over by a new public library. The relocation of most council offices from City Hall to the BAC allowed the council to restore the City Hall's meeting rooms and vestibules to their original purpose and to undertake a thorough restoration of the building. This was largely completed by the mid-1980s. An underground public car park is also located beneath the building. In 2006 the city council moved its offices to another high rise office block Brisbane Square, located in Queen Street. In 2007-08 the building underwent a $30 million upgrade in 2007/2008 and was subsequently renamed Northbank Plaza. The building supports 26,000m2 of office space over twenty-two levels, with the ground floor used as both a lobby and a small retail area. The tenants of Northbank Plaza are Telstra, RemServ, Parsons-Brinckerhoff, and Australian federal government departments. See also List of tallest buildings in Brisbane References J.R. Cole, "Shaping a City: Greater Brisbane 1925-1985", Brisbane 1984 Office buildings in Brisbane Office buildings completed in 1975
3995922	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun%20show%20loophole	Gun show loophole	Gun show loophole is a political term in the United States referring to the sale of firearms by private sellers, including those done at gun shows, that do not require the seller to conduct a federal background check of the buyer. This is also called the private sale exemption. Under federal law, any person may sell a firearm to a federally unlicensed resident of the state where they reside, as long as they do not know or have reasonable cause to believe that the person is prohibited from receiving or possessing firearms. Under federal law, for sales of firearms by holders of a Federal Firearms License (FFL), such as gun stores, pawn shops, outdoors stores and other licensees, the seller must perform a background check of the buyer, and record the sale, regardless of whether the sale takes place at the seller's regular place of business or at a gun show. Firearm sales between private individuals who reside in the same state – that is, sales in the "secondary market" – are exempt from these requirements. For private sales, under federal law any unlicensed person may sell a firearm to an unlicensed resident of the same state as long as the seller does not know or have reasonable cause to believe that the purchaser is prohibited from receiving or possessing firearms under federal law. Twenty-two states and the District of Columbia have laws that require background checks for some or all private sales, including sales at gun shows. In some of these states, such non-commercial sales also must be facilitated through a federally licensed dealer, who performs the background check and records the sale. In other states, gun buyers must first obtain a license or permit from the state, which performs a background check before issuing the license (thus typically not requiring a duplicative background check from a gun dealer). Since the mid-1990s, gun control advocates have campaigned for universal background checks. Advocates for gun rights have stated that there is no loophole, that current laws provide a single, uniform set of rules for commercial gun sellers regardless of the place of sale, and that the United States Constitution, specifically the Commerce Clause, does not empower the federal government to regulate non-commercial, intrastate transfers of legal firearms between private citizens. Provenance Sometimes referred to as the Brady bill loophole, the Brady law loophole, the gun law loophole, or the private sale loophole, the term refers to a perceived gap in laws that address what types of sales and transfers of firearms require records and or background checks, such as the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act. Private parties are not legally required by federal law to: ask for identification, complete any forms, or keep any sales records, as long as the sale is not made in interstate commerce (across state lines) and does not fall under purview of the National Firearms Act. In addition to federal legislation, firearm laws vary by state. Federal "gun show loophole" bills were introduced in seven consecutive Congresses: two in 2001, two in 2004, one in 2005, one in 2007, two in 2009, two in 2011, and one in 2013. Specifically, seven gun show "loophole" bills were introduced in the U.S. House and four in the Senate between 2001 and 2013. None passed. In May 2015 Carolyn Maloney introduced H.R.2380, also referred to as the Gun Show Loophole Closing Act of 2015. As of June 26 it has been referred to the Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, Homeland Security, and Investigations. In March 2017, representative Maloney also introduced H.R.1612, referred to as the Gun Show Loophole Closing Act of 2017. In January 2019 she sponsored H.R.820 - Gun Show Loophole Closing Act of 2019. States requiring background checks for private sales A number of states have background check requirements beyond federal law. Some states require universal background checks at the point of sale for all transfers, including purchases from unlicensed sellers. Maryland, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Nebraska, and North Carolina laws in this regard are limited to handguns. Hawaii, Illinois, Massachusetts and New Jersey require any firearm purchaser to obtain a permit. (Illinois formerly required the permit to be verified with the state police only at gun shows, but in 2013 the law was changed to require verification for all private sales.) Vermont passed new gun control laws in 2018, one of which requires background checks for private sales. Nevada's revised law went into effect in 2020. Virginia also started requiring background checks in 2020. A majority of these jurisdictions require unlicensed sellers to keep records of firearm sales. Some local counties have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary resolutions in opposition to universal background check laws. The following table summarizes these state laws. Notes: Effective January 1, 2024, private sales of firearms must be done through a gun dealer with a Federal Firearms License (FFL). History In 1968, Congress passed the Gun Control Act (GCA), under which modern firearm commerce operates. The GCA mandated Federal Firearms Licenses (FFLs) for those "engaged in the business" of selling firearms, but not for private individuals who sold firearms infrequently. Under the Gun Control Act, firearm dealers were prohibited from doing business anywhere except the address listed on their Federal Firearms License. It also mandated that licensed firearm dealers maintain records of firearms sales. An unlicensed person is prohibited by federal law from transferring, selling, trading, giving, transporting, or delivering a firearm to any other unlicensed person only if they know or have reasonable cause to believe the buyer does not reside in the same State or is prohibited by law from purchasing or possessing firearms. In 1986, Congress passed the Firearm Owners Protection Act (FOPA), which relaxed certain controls in the Gun Control Act and permitted licensed firearm dealers to conduct business at gun shows. Specifically, FOPA made it legal for FFL holders to make private sales, provided the firearm was transferred to the licensee's personal collection at least one year prior to the sale. Hence, when a personal firearm is sold by an FFL holder, no background check or Form 4473 is required by federal law. According to the ATF, FFL holders are required to keep a record of such sales in a bound book. The United States Department of Justice (USDOJ) said the stated purpose of FOPA was to ensure the GCA did not "place any undue or unnecessary federal restrictions or burdens on law-abiding citizens, but it opened many loopholes through which illegal gun traffickers can slip." The scope of those who "engage in the business" of dealing in firearms (and are therefore required to have a license) was narrowed to include only those who devote "time, attention, and labor to dealing in firearms as a regular course of trade or business with the principal objective of livelihood and profit through the repetitive purchase and resale of firearms." FOPA excluded those who buy and sell firearms to "enhance a personal collection" or for a "hobby," or who "sell all or part of a personal collection." According to the USDOJ, this new definition made it difficult for them to identify offenders who could claim they were operating as "hobbyists" trading firearms from their personal collection. Efforts to reverse a key feature of FOPA by requiring criminal background checks and purchase records on private sales at gun shows were unsuccessful. Those who sold only at gun shows and wanted to obtain an FFL, which would allow them to conduct background checks, were prohibited from doing so through question 18a on the ATF Form 7 (Application for Federal Firearms License). The April 2019 revision of the Form 7 removed this restriction, allowing them to obtain licenses. In 1993, Congress enacted the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, amending the Gun Control Act of 1968. "The Brady Law" instituted federal background checks on all firearm purchasers who buy from federally licensed dealers (FFL). This law had no provisions for private firearms transactions or sales. The Brady Law originally imposed an interim measure, requiring a waiting period of 5 days before a licensed importer, manufacturer, or dealer may sell, deliver, or transfer a handgun to an unlicensed individual. The waiting period applied only in states without an alternate system that was deemed acceptable of conducting background checks on handgun purchasers. Personal transfers and sales between unlicensed Americans could also still be subject to other federal, state, and local restrictions. These interim provisions ceased to apply on November 30, 1998. Government studies and positions Firearm tracing starts at the manufacturer or importer and typically ends at the first private sale regardless if the private seller later sells to an FFL or uses an FFL for background checks. Analyzing data from a report released in 1997 by the National Institute of Justice, fewer than 2% of convicted criminals bought their firearm at a flea market or gun show. About 12% purchased their firearm from a retail store or pawnshop, and 80% bought from family, friends, or an illegal source. An additional study performed by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, published in January 2019, found that fewer than 1% of criminals obtained a firearm at a gun show (0.8%). Under Chapter 18 Section 922 of the United States Code it is unlawful for any person "except a licensed importer, licensed manufacturer, or licensed dealer, to engage in the business of importing, manufacturing, or dealing in firearms." The federal government provides a specific definition of what a firearm dealer is. Under Chapter 18 Section 921(a)(11), a dealer is... (A) any person engaged in the business of selling firearms at wholesale or retail, (B) any person engaged in the business of repairing firearms or of making or fitting special barrels, stocks, or trigger mechanisms to firearms, or (C) any person who is a pawnbroker. According to a 1999 report by the ATF, legal private party transactions contribute to illegal activities, such as arms trafficking, purchases of firearms by prohibited buyers, and straw purchases. Anyone selling a firearm is legally prohibited from selling it to anyone the seller knows or has reasonable cause to believe is prohibited from owning a firearm. FFL holders, in general, can only transfer firearms to a non-licensed individual if that individual resides in the state where the FFL holder is licensed to do business, and only at that place of business or a gun show in their state. The January 1999 report said that more than 4,000 gun shows are held in the U.S. annually. Also, between 50 and 75 percent of gun show vendors hold a Federal Firearms License, and the "majority of vendors who attend shows sell firearms, associated accessories, and other paraphernalia." The report concluded that although most sellers at gun shows are upstanding people, a few corrupt sellers could move a large quantity of firearms into high-risk hands. They stated that there were gaps in current law and recommended "extending the Brady Law to 'close the gun show loophole.'" In 2009 the U.S. Government Accountability Office published a report citing that many firearms trafficked to Mexico may be purchased through these types of private transactions, by individuals who may want to avoid background checks and records of their firearms purchases. Proposals put forth by United States Attorneys, which were never enacted, include: Allowing only FFL holders to sell guns at gun shows, so a background check and a firearms transaction record accompany every transaction Strengthening the definition of "engaged in the business" by defining the terms with more precision, narrowing the exception for "hobbyists," and lowering the intent requirement Limiting the number of individual private sales to a specified number per year Requiring persons who sell guns in the secondary market to comply with the record-keeping requirements applicable to Federal Firearms License holders Requiring all transfers in the secondary market to go through a Federal Firearms License holder Establishing procedures for the orderly liquidation of inventory belonging to FFL holders who surrender their license Requiring registration of non-licensed persons who sell guns Increasing the punishment for transferring a firearm without a background check, as required by the Brady Act Requiring gun show promoters to be licensed, maintaining an inventory of all the firearms that are sold by FFL holders and non-licensed sellers at gun shows Requiring one or more ATF agents be present at every gun show Insulating unlicensed vendors from criminal liability if they agree to have purchasers complete a firearms transaction form Executive branch On November 6, 1998, U.S. President Bill Clinton issued a memorandum for the Secretary of the Treasury and the Attorney General expressing concern about sellers at gun shows not being required to run background checks on potential buyers. He called this absence a "loophole" and said that it made gun shows prime targets for criminals and gun traffickers. He requested recommendations on what actions the administration should take, including legislation. During his campaign and presidency, President George W. Bush endorsed the idea of background checks at gun shows. Bush's position was that the gun show loophole should be closed by federal legislation since the gun show loophole was created by previous federal legislation. President Bush ordered an investigation by the U.S. Departments of Health, Education, and Justice in the wake of the Virginia Tech shootings in order to make recommendations on ways the federal government can prevent such tragedies. On January 8, 2008 he signed the NICS Improvement Amendments Act of 2007 (NIAA) into law. Goals and objectives that the NIAA sought to address included: The gap in information available to NICS about such prohibiting mental health adjudications and commitments. Filling these information gaps will better enable the system to operate as intended, to keep guns out of the hands of persons prohibited by federal or state law from receiving or possessing firearms. At the beginning of 2013, President Barack Obama outlined proposals regarding new gun control legislation asking Congress to close the gun show loophole by requiring background checks for all firearm sales. Closing the gun show loophole became part of a larger push for universal background checks to close "federal loopholes on such checks at gun shows and other private sales." After the 2019 Dayton shooting and 2019 El Paso shooting President Donald Trump expressed an interest in tighter background checks for gun purchases. He later tweeted... In the wake of the March 2021 Boulder shooting President Joe Biden said at a press conference that the US Senate should pass legislation, namely H.R. 8 and H.R. 1446, to close loopholes in background checks required for purchasing firearms. In April 2021, the District Attorney for Boulder, CO. concluded the defendant had passed a background check and legally purchased weapons and ammo six days prior to the attack. Possession of high-capacity magazines, such as the ones found in the defendant's car, were banned in Colorado after 2013, in response to previous mass shootings. By December 2021, a judge in the case declared the accused as mentally incompetent to stand trial and ordered them to receive treatment at a state mental hospital. Notable opinions In 1996, the Violence Policy Center (VPC) released Gun Shows in America: Tupperware® Parties for Criminals, a study that identified problems associated with gun shows. The VPC study documented the effect of the 1986 Firearms Owners' Protection Act in regard to proliferation of gun shows, which resulted in "a readily available source of weapons and ammunition for a wide variety of criminals, as well as Timothy McVeigh and David Koresh". According to the VPC, the utility of gun shows to dangerous individuals stems primarily from the exemption enjoyed by private sellers from the sales criteria of the Brady law as well as the absence of a background check. The director of the program which is located at the UC Davis, Garen J. Wintemute, wrote, "There is no such loophole in federal law, in the limited sense that the law does not exempt private-party sales at gun shows from regulation that is required elsewhere." Wintemute said, The fundamental flaw in the gun show loophole proposal is its failure to address the great majority of private-party sales, which occur at other locations and increasingly over the Internet at sites where any non-prohibited person can list firearms for sale and buyers can search for private-party sellers. On May 27, 1999 Wayne LaPierre, executive vice president of the National Rifle Association (NRA), testified before the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime, saying: "We think it is reasonable to provide mandatory, instant criminal background checks for every sale at every gun show. No loopholes anywhere for anyone." LaPierre has since said that he is opposed to universal background checks. In 1999, Dave Kopel, attorney and gun rights advocate for the NRA, said: "gun shows are no 'loophole' in the federal laws," and that singling out gun shows was "the first step toward abolishing all privacy regarding firearms and implementing universal gun registration." In January 2000, Kopel said that no proposed federal law would have made any difference at Columbine since the adults who supplied the weapons were legal purchasers. In 2009, Nicholas J. Johnson of the Fordham University School of Law, wrote: Criticisms of the "gun show loophole" imply that federal regulations allow otherwise prohibited retail purchases ("primary market sales") of firearms at gun shows. This implication is false. The real criticism is leveled at secondary market sales by private citizens. In 2010, the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence said: "Because of the gun show loophole, in most states prohibited buyers can walk into any gun show and buy weapons from unlicensed sellers with no background check. Many of these gun sellers operate week-to-week with no established place of business, traveling from gun show to gun show." In 2013, the NRA said that a universal background check system for gun buyers is both impracticable and unnecessary, but an effective instant check system that includes records of persons adjudicated mentally ill would prevent potentially dangerous people from getting their hands on firearms. The group argues that only 10 percent of firearms are purchased via private sellers. They also dispute the idea that the current law amounts to a gun-show loophole, pointing out that many of the people selling at gun shows are federally licensed dealers. The group has stated in the past that: gun control supporters' objectives are to reduce gun sales and register guns, and that there is no "loophole," but legal commerce under the status quo (like book fairs or car shows). In 2016, a study published in The Lancet reported that state laws only requiring background checks or permits for gun sales at gun shows were associated with higher rates of gun-related deaths. The same study also found that state laws that required background checks for all gun sales were strongly associated with lower rates of gun-related deaths. Also that year Gabriel J. Chin, professor at UC Davis School of Law, stated that since there are no clear stipulations for the number of firearms sold before someone is required to be federally licensed and that since gun shows are usually held on weekends, "there is room for someone to claim 'this is a hobby or part of my collection' when it is also a substantial business." Closing the gun show loophole through universal background checks enjoys high levels of public support. In 2016, PolitiFact published an article in which several experts stated that the phrase "gun show loophole" isn't the most accurate way to describe the law. State-level pro-gun lobbies oppose the framing of the issue, claiming that gun control schemes such as closing the gun show loophole, "criminalizes the right to buy and sell lawful private property. Numerous studies and analyses indicate that there is no such thing as a 'gun show loophole.' It's merely slick marketing to scare people into supporting an assault on private property, gun owners and gun ownership." In 2021, Wisconsin Gun Owners, Inc., a Second Amendment lobbying organization, opposed a ban on Wisconsin gun shows it argued was unjustified by statistics or research and amounted to discrimination against gun owners. Contributing events After the Columbine High School massacre on April 20, 1999, gun shows and background checks became a focus of national debate in the United States, despite the fact that the shooters had not attended a gun show and had instead obtained them from a friend who had purchased the guns legally. Weeks after the Columbine shooting, Frank Lautenberg introduced a proposal to close the gun show loophole in federal law. It was passed in the Senate, but did not pass in the House. The Virginia Tech shooting on April 16, 2007 again brought discussion of the gun show loophole to the forefront of U.S. politics, even though the shooter passed a background check and purchased his weapons legally at a Virginia gun shop via a Wisconsin-based Internet dealer. Previously, in December 2005, a Virginia judge had directed the Virginia Tech gunman to undergo outpatient treatment, but because he was treated as an outpatient, Virginia did not send his name to the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS). On April 30, 2007, Tim Kaine, the Governor of Virginia, issued an executive order intended to prohibit the sale of guns to anyone found to be dangerous and forced to undergo involuntary mental health treatment. He called on lawmakers to close the gun show loophole. A bill to close the gun show loophole in Virginia was submitted, but eventually failed. Since then, Virginia lawmakers' efforts to close the gun show loophole were continuously blocked by gun rights advocates. The Governor wrote: After the July 2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting in Colorado, the October 2012 Azana Spa shooting in Wisconsin, and the December 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in Connecticut, state and local debates regarding the gun show loophole resumed. After the Aurora shooting, then president of the NRA, David Keene, said that such tragedies are often exploited by the media and politicians. He said, "Colorado has already closed the so-called 'loophole' and the killer didn't buy his guns at a gun show." The handgun in the Azana Spa shooting was purchased legally in a private transaction, not at a gun show. The Sandy Hook shooter used weapons legally purchased and owned by his mother. See also Gun Show Loophole Closing Act of 2009 John Lott Universal background check Notes References Further reading - Patrick, a professor of communication at the University of Toledo, thinks "gun show loophole" is a euphemistic label for legislative proposals as part of an "overall disarmament goal." Gun politics in the United States United States federal firearms legislation
5389460	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topography%20of%20Terror	Topography of Terror	The Topography of Terror () is an outdoor and indoor history museum in Berlin, Germany. It is located on Niederkirchnerstrasse, formerly Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse, on the site of buildings, which during the Nazi regime from 1933 to 1945 was the SS Reich Security Main Office, the headquarters of the Sicherheitspolizei, SD, Einsatzgruppen and Gestapo. The buildings that housed the Gestapo and SS headquarters were largely destroyed by Allied bombing during early 1945 and the ruins demolished after the war. The boundary between the American and Soviet zones of occupation in Berlin ran along the Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse, so the street soon became a fortified boundary, and the Berlin Wall ran along the south side of the street, renamed Niederkirchnerstrasse, from 1961 to 1989. The wall here was never demolished. The section adjacent to the Topography of Terror site is the longest extant segment of the outer wall, as the longer East Side Gallery section in Friedrichshain was part of the inner wall, not visible from West Berlin. The first exhibitions of the site took place in 1987, as part of Berlin's 750th anniversary. The cellar of the Gestapo headquarters, where many political prisoners were tortured and executed, was found and excavated. The site was then turned into a memorial and museum, in the open air but protected from the elements by a canopy, detailing the history of repression under the Nazis. The excavation took place in cooperation with East German researchers, and a joint exhibition was shown both at the site and in East Germany in 1989. In 1992, two years after German reunification, a foundation was established to take care of the site, and the following year, it initiated an architectural competition to design a permanent museum. A design by architect Peter Zumthor was chosen. However, construction was stopped due to funding problems after the concrete core of the structure had been built. This stood on the site for nearly a decade until it was finally demolished in 2004 and a new building begun. The construction of the new Documentation Centre according to a prize-winning design by the architect Ursula Wilms (Heinle, Wischer und Partner, Berlin) and the landscape architect Heinz W. Hallmann (Aachen) was finished in 2010. The new Documentation Centre was officially opened on 6 May 2010 by Federal President Horst Köhler on the occasion of the 65th anniversary of the end of World War II. The new exhibition and documentation building and the redesigned historic grounds were opened to the public on 7 May 2010. History After the demolition of the ruins in the 1950s, the area was used as a bumper car site and a dumping ground for rubble from the renovation of Kreuzberg. The plans for a memorial site on the former site of the Gestapo goes back to 1978, when Berlin architecture critic Dieter Hoffmann-Axthelm was one of the first to note, in essays and surveys, the significance of the former site of the Gestapo, SD and RSHA headquarters. The first exhibition on the site's history was created for the 750th anniversary of Berlin in 1987. The research continued after it, leading to a documentation centre that collected some more evidence for the terror of the National Socialists in Germany. In 1992, a foundation was created for the construction and maintenance of the centre with an associated permanent exhibition. The managing director is Rabbi Andreas Nachama. A tender in 1993 to design the museum complex was won by the Pritzker Prize-winning Swiss architect Peter Zumthor. Based on the temporary exhibition building, his design was likened to the skeleton of a barracks, allowing light through the glazed gaps in the concrete beams. Although critically acclaimed, the structure proved expensive to build and when the original contractor became insolvent in the middle of construction, no other contractor willing to continue the project for the fixed fee could be found. With the city of Berlin unwilling to pay an additional three to five million Euros for a reduced design and funding from the federal government delayed until more progress was achieved, the site was left with just the concrete stairwells of the design. Having spent 13.9 million Euros already, these were demolished, despite the protests of Zumthor and other architects, in 2004. Architectural design competition 2005 In June 2005 a new architectural design competition was launched following the aborted partial construction of Zumthor's design. Out of 309 submitted and 23 chosen drafts, architect Ursula Wilms from the Berlin architects office Heinle, Wischer and Partner and landscape architect Heinz W. Hallmann from Aachen won in January 2006 the final round. The draft included a two-storey, ashlar-formed, paned building with an available surface of 3,500 square metres. For the construction around €15 million was available. Another five to nine million Euro was used for the interior and the redevelopment of the historical site. These costs were defrayed jointly by both the federal government and the federal state of Berlin, each contributing 50%. The architects estimated construction costs at a maximum of €20 million and a construction period of two years. The construction was finished on time and the new building was opened to the public on 7 May 2010. Building The open-air exhibition in the trench alongside the excavated segments of cellar wall on Niederkirchnerstraße (formerly Prinz-Albrecht-Straße) was retained and sheltered with glass. The room for the permanent exhibition is 800 cubic metres and presents the development and functions of the security apparatuses during the Nazi regime. A room for events at the back of the building can accommodate 200 participants. In the southern part of the area outside is a copse of robinias, the remains of "Harrys Autodrom" from the 1970s, whereas the rest of the open space is covered with greywacke. Around the flat-roofed building is a façade made of metal lamellae, which opens the building in a way that it is possible to look out of it to the surroundings anywhere on the ground floor of the building. In the basement is the seminar centre, the library with about 25,000 volumes, the memorial department and offices for 17 employees of the Topography of Terror Foundation. Exhibitions Permanent exhibitions With the inauguration of the new Documentation Centre, three permanent exhibitions are open to the public. All three are presented bilingually in German and English. Topography of Terror. Gestapo, SS, and Reich Security Main Office on Wilhelm- and Prinz-Albrecht-Straße The "Topography of Terror" permanent exhibition was shown in the open air until the new Documentation Centre opened. The thoroughly revised and redesigned "Topography of Terror" permanent exhibition is presented over 800 square meters in the new building. The focus of the exhibition is the central institutions of the SS and police in the "Third Reich" as well as the crimes they perpetrated throughout Europe. Attention to the Nazi regime's many victim groups will assume a central place alongside the portrayal of the system of terror. Berlin 1933–1945 Between Propaganda and Terror A permanent exhibition about the capital Berlin during the "Third Reich" will be on display in the exhibition trench alongside the excavated segments of cellar wall on Niederkirchnerstraße (formerly Prinz-Albrecht-Straße). It will address National Socialist policy in Berlin and its consequences for the city and its population. Topography of Terror Site Tour. The History of the Site With the opening of the new Documentation Centre, the grounds of the "Topography of Terror" are once again completely open to the public. The site tour, which mainly follows the exposed building remnants, encompasses 15 stations. Informational signs provide an overview of the historic location and the site's use during the Nazi period and the postwar era. The tour also integrates remains of the Berlin Wall, which have been designated a historic monument. Special and temporary exhibitions The Face of the Ghetto. Pictures taken by Jewish Photographers in the Litzmannstadt Ghetto 1940–1944 This special exhibition will be presented in the Topography of Terror Documentation Centre from 23 June 2010 on. It was developed by Dr. Ingo Loose and Dr. Thomas Lutz in cooperation with the State Archive in Łódź. The "House Prison" at Gestapo Headquarters in Berlin. Terror and Resistance 1933–1945 A bilingual German-English exhibition on the "House Prison" at the Gestapo Headquarters was shown in a special open-air exhibition area and included the 'ground memorial' including remains of former basement prison cells. With altogether 400 photos and documents, for the first time the exhibition comprehensively related the history of the prison at Prinz-Albrecht-Straße 8 and reminded the fate of numerous detainees. This presentation lasted from August 2005 to April 2008 on the site of the 'Topography of Terror'. The Trial of Major War Criminals in Nuremberg This exhibition was presented on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the Nuremberg Trials and comprised around 110 photo and 50 text documents as well as 15 audio stations. It outlined the genesis, process, ambition and importance of the trial led by the Allies at Nuremberg focussing on the accused, whose culpability for the war crimes is demonstrated. The presentation was located on the construction hoarding at the area of the Topography of Terror from October 2005 to April 2007. The "People's Court" - Hitler's Political Tribunal German-English documentation on occasion of the 70th anniversary of the foundation of the people's court. The exhibition was developed in cooperation with the Memorial to the German Resistance. Travelling exhibitions Fire! Anti-Jewish Terror on "Kristallnacht" in November 1938 The exhibition was developed in cooperation with the Foundation Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe and the Stiftung Neue Synagoge - Centrum Judaicum. The cooperative project presented on the 70th anniversary of the Kristallnacht pogrom presents historical documentation of the attack, seen around the world, on German Jewry after five and a half years of Nazi dictatorship. The presentation was displayed from November 2008 to March 2009 in the Centrum Judaicum in Berlin. Library The library of the Topography of Terror Foundation is a special library focusing on the police, SS, Gestapo in the Third Reich and on the National Socialism in general. It currently comprises about 25 800 media elements, about 120 regularly and 100 closed magazines. It is situated around a fountain reminding of Zen gardens and freely accessible. Memorial Museums Department The Topography of Terror Foundation provides comprehensive advice and coordination tasks in the field of national and international memorial sites. In Germany, the Memorial Museums Department is the central coordination office for memorial sites and initiatives for memorial sites and increasingly promotes the international collaboration. Exhibition Nazi Forced Labour Documentation Centre The last well-preserved former Nazi forced labour camp is located in Niederschöneweide. In the Second World War it served as one of the more than 3000 collective accommodations dispersed throughout the city for forced labourers. The Documentation Centre on Nazi Forced Labour opened in the summer of 2006 on a part of historical grounds that once belonged to the camp and which are today protected as a monument. The Documentation Centre offers two permanent exhibitions: "Forced Labour in the Daily Round 1938-1945" and "Between two stools. The History of the Italian Military Internees 1943-1945". Entrance and guided tours are free. "Topography of Terror" tours in Russia In several Russian cities activists of the Memorial (society) have organised alternative tours, showing visitors locations, buildings and monuments associated with the political terror of the Soviet period, especially of Lenin and Stalin. Such tours are regularly held in Ryazan (Central Russia), Krasnoyarsk (Siberia) and Khabarovsk (Far East) while Moscow has tours and a website devoted to the theme, "It happened right here" (Это прямо здесь). References Further reading Publisher: Topography of Terror Foundation, represented by Prof. Dr. Andreas Nachama: Topography of Terror. Gestapo, SS and Reich Security Main Office on Wilhelm- and Prinz-Albrecht-Straße. A Documentation 1. edition. Berlin 2010, . Publisher: Topography of Terror Foundation, represented by Prof. Dr. Andreas Nachama: Site Tour "Topography of Terror". History of the Site 1. edition. Berlin 2010, . Movies Schaltzentrale der Hölle. Was passiert mit der "Topographie des Terrors" in Berlin? Documentary, Germany, 2004, 7'08 Min., ZDF-aspekte, 20 July 2004 Dokumentationen des Terrors. News programme, Germany, 2007, 1'52 Min., Production: ZDF-heute, first run: 2 November 2007 External links Official site Gedenkstättenforum Nazi Forced Labour Documentation Centre Berlin Wall Gestapo Museums in Berlin Nazi SS Nuremberg trials World War II museums in Germany Buildings and structures in Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg
5389506	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama%20Omar%20Issa	Jama Omar Issa	Aw Jama Omar Issa (, ) (c.1922 – 6 January 2014) commonly known as Aw Jaamac, was a Somali scholar, historian and collector of oral literature of Somalia. He wrote the first authoritative study of Dervishes, the polity of monarch Diiriye Guure. Biography A recorder and collector of oral history and poetry. The title aw or sheikh generally indicates a man of religion; Aw Jama is therefore called Sheikh Jama as well. Jamaac is from Buuhoodle, Somalia. His formal education was Arabic and Islamic and he became a certified teacher in Hargeisa in Somalia in 1957. In the early 1960s, Aw Jama moved to Mogadishu to teach and continue to collect the poems of Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, known in the West as the "Mad Mullah". Aw Jamac Cuumar Ciise has 14 children and 74 grandchildren. Jama has spent some twenty years collecting and transcribing orally transmitted poetry before publishing it in Diiwaanka Sayid Maxamed, edited by Madbacadda Qaranka, Xamar, 1974. The name "Sayid Maxamed" refers to Sayyid Mohammed Abdulle Hasan. This collection of poetry served as material for interpretation and analysis in his next book, Taariikhdii Daraawiishta iyo Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan, (1895-1921), Wasaaradda Hiddaha iyo Tacliinta Sare, edited by Akadeemiyaha Dhaqanka, Mogadishu, 1976. Before the Somali script was formally adopted, Aw Jama published in Arabic: Tarikh al-Sumal fi al-'Usur al-Wusta waal-Haditha (The modern and Middle Ages of Somali history) and Zu’ama al- Harakah al-Siyasiyya fi al-Sumal (The leaders of political movements in Somalia), both in 1965. In 1966, he published in Arabic Tarikh al-Liwa Da'ud (The life of General Daud Abdulla Hirsi) a book on the biography of the first Commander-in-Chief of the Somali army. As a member of the Academy of Culture, Aw Jama researched the history of the towns of the Banadir coast. In 1979, he published, in Arabic, Muqdishu Madhiha wa Hadhiriha (Mogadishu: Past and present). In collaboration with Somali historians Mohamed Haji Omar and Ahmed Jimale "Castro", he wrote Speared from the Spear:Traditional Somali Behaviour in Warfare, published by the International Committee of the Red Cross in 1997. Death On 6 January 2014, Jama Omar Isse died in the neighboring country of Djibouti at the age of 91. He had been living in Djibouti since the collapse of Somalia's central government in 1991 after which the Djibouti government hosted him following widespread of insecurity in Somalia. References Somalian non-fiction writers Ethnic Somali people 1920s births 2014 deaths
3995927	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental%20unit%20%28number%20theory%29	Fundamental unit (number theory)	In algebraic number theory, a fundamental unit is a generator (modulo the roots of unity) for the unit group of the ring of integers of a number field, when that group has rank 1 (i.e. when the unit group modulo its torsion subgroup is infinite cyclic). Dirichlet's unit theorem shows that the unit group has rank 1 exactly when the number field is a real quadratic field, a complex cubic field, or a totally imaginary quartic field. When the unit group has rank ≥ 1, a basis of it modulo its torsion is called a fundamental system of units. Some authors use the term fundamental unit to mean any element of a fundamental system of units, not restricting to the case of rank 1 (e.g. ). Real quadratic fields For the real quadratic field (with d square-free), the fundamental unit ε is commonly normalized so that (as a real number). Then it is uniquely characterized as the minimal unit among those that are greater than 1. If Δ denotes the discriminant of K, then the fundamental unit is where (a, b) is the smallest solution to in positive integers. This equation is basically Pell's equation or the negative Pell equation and its solutions can be obtained similarly using the continued fraction expansion of . Whether or not x2 − Δy2 = −4 has a solution determines whether or not the class group of K is the same as its narrow class group, or equivalently, whether or not there is a unit of norm −1 in K. This equation is known to have a solution if, and only if, the period of the continued fraction expansion of is odd. A simpler relation can be obtained using congruences: if Δ is divisible by a prime that is congruent to 3 modulo 4, then K does not have a unit of norm −1. However, the converse does not hold as shown by the example d = 34. In the early 1990s, Peter Stevenhagen proposed a probabilistic model that led him to a conjecture on how often the converse fails. Specifically, if D(X) is the number of real quadratic fields whose discriminant Δ < X is not divisible by a prime congruent to 3 modulo 4 and D−(X) is those who have a unit of norm −1, then In other words, the converse fails about 42% of the time. As of March 2012, a recent result towards this conjecture was provided by Étienne Fouvry and Jürgen Klüners who show that the converse fails between 33% and 59% of the time. Cubic fields If K is a complex cubic field then it has a unique real embedding and the fundamental unit ε can be picked uniquely such that \|ε\| > 1 in this embedding. If the discriminant Δ of K satisfies \|Δ\| ≥ 33, then For example, the fundamental unit of is and whereas the discriminant of this field is −108 thus so . Notes References External links Algebraic number theory
3995945	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT%20rights%20in%20Cameroon	LGBT rights in Cameroon	Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Cameroon face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Both male and female same-sex sexual activity is illegal in Cameroon and LGBT people face stigmatisation among the broader population. As of 2020, Cameroon "currently prosecutes consensual same sex conduct more aggressively than almost any country in the world". History Bafia people In 1921, German ethnographer Günther Teonmann quoted a local calling homosexuality a "national custom" among the Bafia people in his book Die Homosexualität bei den Negern Kameruns. He later on described the three stages of life of a Bafia man, namely: kiembe, men who did have any sexual relationships with women. It starts around 15 years old. ntu, men who had sexual relationships with women. mbäng, fathers, men who have children. Kiembe boys were prohibited to have sexual and social contacts with prepubescent girls at the risk of being tortured or enslaved; there was a fierce competition to get the available women. The only option left of those kiembe men was to develop a close male sexual friendship with a lexan, a kiembe boy of a younger or of the same age who is in the same situation, where they would often engage in ji’gele ketön, anal penetration. Before the sexual act, one of the boy would ask the consent of the other person by showing them a basketry plate of earthnuts and say that if they eat one, they consent. This metaphor symbolized the apparent dirtiness of a nut coming from the ground but become sweetness of it upon tasting. These acts could happen anytime, at any place (such as at one of the boys' home) and were seen as normal. For instance, it wasn't rare for a father to come back home to witness his son performing a sexual act and to laugh it off. The kiembe and his lexan would help each other to abduct a woman and share her, regardless of her marital status, with the other kiembe people of the settlement so they could all become ntu. This event is seen by many as a turning point that will make the young man win over heterosexual relationships. However, some still continue to be in same-sex relations. Upon reaching the mbäng stage, the father would often name his newborn after the lexan, regardless of the baby's gender. Same-sex relations were also seen as the logical extension of intimate adult friendships. Laws regarding consensual same-sex sexual acts Cameroon’s first Penal Code, enacted in 1965, did not criminalise consensual same-sex sexual acts. An ordinance issued in September 1972 by President Ahmadou Ahidjo introduced Article 347bis (now 347-1). This amendment took place a few months after the advent of the unitary state under the new constitution, when the National Assembly had not yet been elected. The Law on Cybersecurity and Cybercrime (Law No. 2010/012 of 21 December 2010) criminalises online same-sex sexual propositions. Under Article 83(1) any person who makes sexual propositions to a person of their sex through electronic communications shall be punished with imprisonment of one to two years and a fine of 500,000 to 1,000,000 CFA francs or only one of these two penalties. Under Article 83(2) it is established that the penalties are doubled when the proposals have been followed by sexual intercourse. Enforcement In May 2005, 11 men were arrested at a nightclub on suspicion of sodomy, and the government threatened to conduct medical examinations to "prove" their homosexual activity. As of February 2006, nearly all were still being detained, with trials scheduled in March 2006. The Advocate estimates that in 2011, at least a dozen men were arrested under Section 347. One of these, Jean-Claude Roger Mbede, was arrested by security forces for sending SMS messages to male acquaintance and sentenced to three years' imprisonment at Kondengui Central Prison. The sentence was protested by international human rights organizations including Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International, the latter of which named him a prisoner of conscience. On 24 November 2011, three young men were sentenced to five years' imprisonment for having oral sex in a parked car. In November 2011, a Cameroonian court convicted two young men who had been arrested for homosexuality outside a nightclub based solely on their appearance and behavior to five years' imprisonment. The presiding judge stated that the way they spoke and their having worn women's clothing and ordered a cream-based liquor was sufficient evidence for homosexuality. An appeals court later overturned the verdict. In February 2021, two Cameroonian transgender women spent five months in prison after being arrested on February 8 for "wearing women's clothing in a restaurant" in the country's largest city, Douala. The two women were later convicted of "attempted homosexuality, public indecency, and failing to carry identification." A judge ordered the pair, named Shakiro and Patricia, to be released "until a court could hear their appeals." The women received five-year sentences for these crimes. Douala's main prison is described as "hell" by prisoners accused of homosexuality. UK asylum cases A gay Cameroonian man was granted the right to claim asylum in the United Kingdom due to his sexuality in early July 2010. Cameroon's Minister of Communication, Issa Tchiroma Bakary, responded to the court's action by acknowledging that homosexuality was definitely illegal in Cameroon, but also arguing that homosexuals were not prosecuted for their private activities. He dismissed the asylum-seeker's claims, saying that the man had nothing to fear from the law: "Do you think he is the only gay person in Cameroon?" In August 2011, a gay Cameroonian man was granted temporary immigration bail from the UK Border Agency after Air France refused to carry him to Yaoundé. In May 2012, the UK Border Agency sought to return asylum-seeker Ediage Valerie Ekwedde, finding "no credible evidence" that he was gay, but was forced to keep Ekwedde in custody after he threatened to "make a fuss" on the Air France flight returning him to Cameroon. Living conditions Cameroon is a conservative society in which homosexuality is frowned upon. In 2006, a number of tabloids published the names of at least 50 very prominent people they claimed were homosexual. They condemned them for deviant behaviour. The stories boosted newspaper circulation, but were criticized by the state communication council for invading people's privacy. The campaign provoked a national debate about gay rights and privacy. A Cameroon court jailed Jean Pierre Amougou Belinga for four months for defaming Grégoire Owona, a government minister named in the list of 50 presumed homosexuals in Cameroon. The US Department of State's 2010 Human Rights Report found that homosexual people "generally kept a low profile because of the pervasive societal stigma, discrimination, and harassment as well as the possibility of imprisonment. Gays and lesbians suffered from harassment and extortion by law enforcement officials. False allegations of homosexuality were used to harass enemies or to extort money." In 2012, the first association for lesbian and queer women, World Queens, was founded. A 2013 news story stated that Cameroonian authorities allow vigilante executions, beatings and torture are also tolerated. Summary table See also Alice Nkom, a leading Cameroonian lawyer working toward the decriminalization of homosexuality in Cameroon Human rights in Cameroon Joel Gustave Nana Ngongang, a leading African LGBT human rights activist from Cameroon LGBT rights in Africa References External links UK government travel advice for Cameroon: Local laws and customs Law of Cameroon
3995951	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag%20of%20Ingushetia	Flag of Ingushetia	The flag of Ingushetia (), in the Russian Federation, was adopted in 1994. It shows a red triskelion symbol on a white background, with narrow green horizontal stripes above and below. The flag was officially commended by TFE in 2010. Symbolism In the religion and philosophy of the Ingush people, the Solar emblem (in the center of the flag) represents not only the sun and the universe but also awareness of the oneness of the spirit in the past, present and future. The red recalls the struggle of the Ingush people for existence and in the defense of their homeland. The white symbolizes the divine purity of the thoughts and views of the nation. The green is the symbol of Islam. See also Coat of arms of Ingushetia References External links Flags of the World Flag Flags of the federal subjects of Russia Flags introduced in 1994 Ingushetia
3995967	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farasan%20%28city%29	Farasan (city)	Farasan () is the largest town of the Farasan Islands, in the Red Sea. Islands are a part of the Jizan Province, far south-western part of Saudi Arabia. It is located on the Farasan Island at around . Climate See also List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia Regions of Saudi Arabia References External links Farasan Islands Website Photo of Farasan Island's antiquities Photo of Farasan Island's antiquities Photo of the beach on the Farasan Island Saudi Aramco World: Dreaming of Farasan Protected Areas in the Arab World Farasan Island, a diver's paradise, Splendid Arabia: A travel site with photos and routes Populated places in Jizan Province
3995971	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunton%20Road%20rail%20accident	Braunton Road rail accident	The Braunton Road railway accident occurred on 1 January 1910 in England. The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway maintained an exemplary safety record throughout its short existence from 1898 to 1935, with no passenger or member of the public having ever been injured or killed. Overview There were, however, two accidents resulting in fatalities to railway employees. The other was at Chumhill. On the morning of New Year's Day, 1910, Mr W. J. Hart, a platelayer, was killed when hit by one of the crossing gates he was belatedly attempting to open at Braunton Road, which in turn had been hit by the locomotive hauling the 06:20 mail train to Lynton. The train had earlier travelled from Pilton Yard to Barnstaple Town to collect the mail transferred from the L&SWR. In the investigation that followed, it was discovered that parts of the interfacing to the Pilton signal box had been removed for repair, which had contributed to the accident. References Accidents and incidents involving Lynton and Barnstaple Railway Railway accidents in 1910 Railway accidents and incidents in Devon 1910 in England January 1910 events
5389526	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjam%C3%ADn%20Rojas	Benjamín Rojas	Benjamín Rojas Pessi (born April 16, 1985) is an Argentine actor and singer. He was part of the pop-rock band Erreway together with Camila Bordonaba, Felipe Colombo and Luisana Lopilato. Acting career Breakthrough (1998–2003) Rojas was born in La Plata, and began his professional acting career in 1998, when he was 12 years old: he was cast as Yago in Cris Morena's production, Chiquititas. His portrayed a Tarzan–like boy who helped Jimena, played by María Jimena Piccolo, to get out of a jungle. In turn Jimena took him to the Rincón de Luz orphanage. In 1999, for its fifth season, Chiquititas got a complete makeover and renewed its story completely. Rojas continued on the show but playing a new character, Bautista Arce. He reprised the role in Chiquititas feature film Chiquititas: Rincón de Luz. In 2002, he renewed his contract with the Cris Morena Group and was cast for the role of Pablo Bustamante in the Martín Fierro Award—nominated hit television series Rebelde Way. Along with former Chiquititas fellows Camila Bordonaba, Felipe Colombo and Luisana Lopilato, he formed a music band, named Erreway, which sold more than 10 million compact disc units worldwide. In 2004, Rojas reprised his role of Pablo Bustamante in Erreway: 4 Caminos, a Rebelde Way spin–off film. His films have grossed 8.7 billion in global box office. Stardom (2004–present) In 2004, Rojas starred in the El Trece series Floricienta, his third consecutive project with the Cris Morena Group in the span of seven years. He starred the series as Franco Fritzenwalden for two seasons, alongside Florencia Bertotti and Juan Gil Navarro. Rojas also reprised his character in the theatre version of Floricienta. In 2006, he once again worked with Cris Morena on television series Alma Pirata, opposite Luisana Lopilato, Mariano Martínez and Elsa Pinilla. Rojas also recorded several songs for Alma Pirata soundtrack album. Throughout 2007 and 2009, Rojas had several guest appearances in the television series Casi Ángeles. In 2008, he appeared in two films, Kluge alongside Alejandro Awada, and La leyenda alongside Pablo Rago. These were his first projects done independently from the Cris Morena Group. In 2008, Rojas signed a contract with the Cris Morena Group and the Disney Channel Latin America for a new television sitcom, Jake & Blake, his first project in English. The series, based on the story of The Prince and the Pauper, went on to reach a worldwide success. Rojas signed up for two television series in 2011, Venezuelan series Amigos y Rivales and Argentine series Cuando me sonreís, opposite Facundo Arana and Mariana Espósito. Musical career During the development of Rebelde Way, Rojas and his co-stars: Luisana Lopilato, Felipe Colombo and Camila Bordonaba have become the members of the band Erreway. They immediately reached worldwide popularity, especially in Latin America, Spain, Europe and Israel. All their studio albums, Señales (2002), Tiempo (2003) and Memoria, reached Platinum certification. The band was partially inactive from 2005 to 2007, when they reunited as a trio, without Lopilato. They released Erreway presenta su caja recopilatoria, the greatest hits compilation, in 2007, and a new album Vuelvo was announced. However, Vuelvo has never been released. In 2010, Bordonaba and Colombo began their independent musical project, La Miss Tijuana, marking the final split of Erreway. Rojas has recorded several soundtrack albums for his television series. This includes five Chiquititas soundtrack albums, released from 1998 to 2001. He also had songs in the Floricienta soundtrack album. Rojas also recorded a soundtrack album for Alma Pirata in 2006 and appeared in 2007 soundtrack album of Casi Ángeles. In 2010, Rojas released the soundtrack album for his television series Jake & Blake. Personal and media life Rojas was born in La Plata, Argentina, as the youngest of four children of Juan Carlos Rojas and Rosalinda Pessi. He has two brothers, Carlos María and Juan Luis, and a sister, Milagros. Rojas attended the Gimnasia La Plata and played for its rugby team. However, he quit his sports career due to his role in Chiquititas. Rojas is a fan of football soccer and a passionate supporter of Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata. He is fluent in Spanish and English, which he studied for six months in New York City as the preparation for the television series Jake & Blake, which was shot in English. From 1998 to 2004, Benjamín Rojas was in a relationship with his co–star the actress, Camila Bordonaba at the time they were both cast for Chiquititas and Rebelde Way. From 2006 to 2008, Benjamín Rojas was in a relationship with the actress and model, María Del Cerro with whom he was engaged. Since 2011, Benjamín Rojas has been in a relationship with Martina Sánchez Acosta, a television producer. On December 21, 2018, the couple's first child was born; a girl they named Rita. Filmography Television Theater Television programs Movies Discography Soundtrack albums 1998 — Chiquititas Vol. 4 1999 — Chiquititas Vol. 5 2000 — Chiquititas Vol. 6 2001 — Chiquititas Vol. 7 2001 — Chiquititas: Rincón de Luz 2004 — Floricienta 2005 — Floricienta 2007 — Floricienta 2006 — Alma Pirata 2010 — Jake & Blake Erreway 2002 — Señales 2002 — Erreway en Grand Rex 2003 — Tiempo 2003 — Nuestro Tiempo 2004 — Nuestro Tiempo 2004 — Memoria 2004 — Gira 2004 2006 — El Disco de Rebelde Way 2006 — Erreway en Concierto 2007 — Erreway presenta su caja recopilatoria 2007 — Erreway en España 2007 — Vuelvo Roco 2013 — Pasarán años 2013 — Como baila la novia 2013 — Gira 2013 — Quien se ha tomado todo el vino 2013 — Tornado Singles 2017 — Polarizado Awards and nominations 2022 \|Estrella de Mar Awards \|Supporting Actor \|Una semana nada mas \| \|- \|} Notes References External links 1985 births Argentine male film actors 21st-century Argentine male singers Argentine male models Argentine pop singers Argentine male stage actors Argentine male telenovela actors Argentine male television actors Argentine people of Spanish descent Argentine people of Italian descent Living people People from La Plata 20th-century Argentine male actors 21st-century Argentine male actors
3995991	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar%20Hijuelos	Oscar Hijuelos	Oscar Jerome Hijuelos (August 24, 1951 – October 12, 2013) was an American novelist. Of Cuban descent, during a year-long convalescence from a childhood illness spent in a Connecticut hospital he lost his knowledge of Spanish, his parents' native language. He was educated in New York City, and wrote short stories and advertising copy. For his second novel, adapted for the movie The Mambo Kings, he became the first Hispanic to win a Pulitzer Prize for fiction. Early life Hijuelos was born in Morningside Heights, Manhattan, to Cuban immigrant parents, Pascual and Magdalena (Torrens) Hijuelos, both from Holguín, Cuba. His father worked as a hotel cook. As a young child, he suffered from acute nephritis after a vacation trip to Cuba with his mother and brother José, and was in St. Luke's Convalescent Hospital, Greenwich, Connecticut for almost a year, eventually recovering. During this long period separated from his Spanish-speaking family, he learned fluent English; he later wrote of this time: "I became estranged from the Spanish language and, therefore, my roots." He attended Corpus Christi School in Morningside Heights, and public schools, and later Bronx Community College, Lehman College and Manhattan Community College. He studied writing at the City College of New York (B.A., 1975; M.A. in Creative Writing, 1976) under Donald Barthelme, Susan Sontag, William S. Burroughs, Frederic Tuten, and others. Barthelme became his mentor and friend. He practiced various professions, including working for an advertising agency, Transportation Displays Inc., before taking up writing full-time. Writing Hijuelos started writing short stories and dramas while working in advertising. His first novel, Our House in the Last World, was published in 1983, and won the Rome Prize of the American Academy of Arts and Letters. This novel follows the life of a Cuban family in the United States during the 1940s. His second novel, The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love, received the 1990 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. It was adapted in 1992 into the film The Mambo Kings, starring Armand Assante and Antonio Banderas, and as a musical in 2005. In its theme of the American immigrant experience, The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love was similar to many of his works. Michiko Kakutani, reviewing the novel for The New York Times, describes it as "essentially elegiac in tone — a Chekhovian lament for a life of missed connections and misplaced dreams." His autobiography, Thoughts Without Cigarettes, was published in 2011. Bruce Weber, writing in the New York Times, described his style as "fluid prose, sonorous but more earthy than poetic, with a forthright American cadence." His influences included writers from Cuba and Latin America, including Carlos Fuentes, José Lezama Lima and Gabriel García Márquez. Hijuelos expressed discomfort in his memoir with being pigeon-holed as an ethnic writer. Weber states "Unlike that of many well-known Latin writers, his work was rarely outwardly political." When "Beautiful Maria of My Soul" was published, he corresponded with author Tom Miller: "I did this reading at Union Square B&N [Barnes & Noble] the other night, with a friend of mine providing music-- it kind of worked pretty well -- but it so happens that I mentioned your book, 'Trading with the Enemy'-- in the context of how charmed I was by the fact that you were carrying MKs ['The Mambo Kings'] with you while traveling through Cuba and that you had met a few folks somewhere (in Santiago?) who claimed to have once heard the MKs -- it happens that I've had similar experiences along the lines of 'And whatever happened to those guys?' as if they really existed (perhaps they did.) In any event, the fact that some folks really believe that the MKs had been around, sort of led me, in a very roundabout way, to the notion that a real Maria has existed all along...." Oscar Hijuelos' Papers are located at Columbia University Libraries. Teaching Hijuelos taught at Hofstra University and was affiliated with Duke University, where he was a member of the faculty of the Department of English for 6 years before his death. Awards In addition to the 1990 Pulitzer Prize, Hijuelos received an Ingram Merrill Foundation Award in 1983, the year he published his first novel, Our House in the Last World. In 1985 the novel received the Rome Prize, awarded by the American Academy in Rome. In 2000, he received the Hispanic Heritage Award for Literature. In 2003 he received the Luis Leal Award for Distinction in Chicano/Latino Literature. Personal life Hijuelos' first marriage ended in divorce. He married writer and editor Lori Marie Carlson on December 12, 1998 in Manhattan. Death On October 12, 2013, Oscar Hijuelos collapsed of a heart attack while playing tennis in Manhattan and never regained consciousness. He was 62 years old. He is survived by his second wife. Legacy The tennis courts that Hijuelos died on in Riverside Park, New York were renamed after him. Bibliography Major works Our House in the Last World (1983) The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love (1989) The Fourteen Sisters of Emilio Montez O'Brien (1993) Mr. Ives' Christmas (1995) Empress of the Splendid Season (1999) A Simple Habana Melody (from when the world was good) (2002) Dark Dude (2008) Beautiful Maria of My Soul (2010) Thoughts Without Cigarettes: A Memoir (2011) Twain & Stanley Enter Paradise (2015) (manuscript edited and published posthumously) Contributions Preface, Iguana Dreams: New Latino Fiction, edited by Delia Poey and Virgil Suarez. New York, HarperPerennial, 1992. Introduction, Cool Salsa: Bilingual Poems on Growing up Latino in the United States, edited by Lori M. Carlson. New York, Holt, 1994. Introduction, The Cuban American Family Album by Dorothy and Thomas Hoobler. New York, Oxford University Press, 1996. Contributor, Best of Pushcart Press III. Pushcart, 1978. Contributor, You're On!: Seven Plans in English and Spanish, edited by Lori M. Carlson. New York, Morrow Junior Books, 1999. See also Cuban American literature List of Cuban-American writers Latino literature References Further reading Smith, Dinitia, "'Sisters' Act: Oscar Hijuelos, Mr. 'Mambo Kings', Plays a Different Song of Love", New York Magazine, March 1, 1993, pp. 46–51 Pérez Firmat, Gustavo. "Rum, Rump, and Rumba," in Life on the Hyphen: The Cuban-American Way. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1994. Rpt. 1996, 1999. Revised and expanded edition, 2012. External links Oscar Hijuelos Papers at the Rare Book & Manuscript Library at Columbia University Oscar Hijuelos's page at HarperCollins Biography of Oscar Hijuelos from Thomson Gale 1990 Real Audio interview with Oscar Hijuelos at Wired for Books.org by Don Swaim "Author Oscar Hijuelos Tackles His Toughest Subject: Himself", Ray Suarez interview with Oscar Hijuelos, PBS NewsHour, Friday, June 24, 2011. Author page at New York Journal of Books with link to book review 1951 births 2013 deaths 20th-century American novelists 21st-century American novelists American male novelists American writers of Cuban descent Duke University faculty Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Hispanic and Latino American novelists Hofstra University faculty Lehman College alumni People from Morningside Heights, Manhattan Pulitzer Prize for Fiction winners City College of New York alumni 20th-century American male writers 21st-century American male writers Novelists from New York (state)
3996009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quedius%20fuliginosus	Quedius fuliginosus	Quedius fuliginosus is a beetle found in Britain and, possibly by traveling in dry ballast, North America. It is similar in appearance to Quedius curtipennis, which is a more common species, however, the eyes of fuliginosus are more convex and the basal antennal segments darker. The punctures on the elytra are slightly stronger in curtipennis. References Staphylininae Beetles of Europe Taxa named by Johann Ludwig Christian Gravenhorst Beetles described in 1802
3996013	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allianoi	Allianoi	Allianoi (), is an ancient spa settlement, with remains dating predominantly from the Roman Empire period (2nd century AD) located near the city of Bergama (ancient Pergamon) in Turkey's İzmir Province. The site is at a distance of 18 kilometers to the northeast of Bergama, on the road to the neighboring town of İvrindi. Allianoi is directly inside the reservoir of the Yortanlı Dam, built by the Turkish State Hydraulic Works. After ongoing discussion in Turkey with regards to preserving Allianoi's ruins, the site was covered with sand and the dam was activated, resulting in Allianoi's complete inundation and destruction in February 2011. One particularity of Allianoi is it being a very recent historical discovery. It was mentioned only once in the 2nd century by the orator and medicinal writer Aelius Aristides in his "Hieroi Logoi" (Sacred Tales) (III.1), one of the key sources for the knowledge on the science of healing as it was understood at that time. No other writer of antiquity nor any epigraphic finding known had referred to Allianoi. Prehistoric times During the excavations conducted in the forest to the west of Allianoi, a vessel of the type known as Yortan (dating from the Early Bronze Age II) was found. On the hills of Çakmaktepe (Flint Hill) nearby, a high quantity of flintstones were found during surveys. Additionally, two stone axes were unearthed from an earth fill. These findings suggest some form of prehistoric settlement at or near Allianoi. Hellenistic period Because of the presence of hot springs, it is thought that there must have been a thermal bath complex already in the Hellenistic period, but probably at a smaller scale than the later Roman site. No architectural material was found in Allianoi belonging to this period apart from a few archaeological and numismatic clues. Roman period During the Roman Imperial Period and especially as of the 2nd century AD, consistent with the emergence of a multitude of urban centers in Anatolia and also with the construction of the famous Asklepion of nearby Pergamon, the number of public works built in Allianoi also increased. Many of the edifices encountered at the site today date from this period. Besides the thermal baths, the bridges, the streets, the insulae, the Connection Building, propylon and the nympheum were all planned and built during this period. Byzantine period Allianoi was still densely populated during the Byzantine period. Nevertheless, as was the case with neighboring Pergamon, the socio-economic fabric of the urban settlement had frayed. Some architectural elements of the Roman Period were re-used by the Byzantine settlers. Utilizing the paved streets of the stoas and streets of the Roman period, succeeding Byzantine populations constructed simpler dwellings. The most important buildings of Allianoi, namely the thermal baths and the nympheum, remained in use for a long time, with some minor alterations. A large church reminiscent of a basilica was built in the east, while chapels were constructed in and around the settlement. Metal, ceramic and glass workshops were all traceable to this period. Ottoman period The site was known as Paşa Ilıcası (The Thermal Baths of the Pasha) in the Ottoman Period. While noted in the historical documentation of the vilayet (province) of Aydın, it does not seem to have been used on an extensive scale. The only traces of this period are a few shards of coins. In the beginning of the 20th century, the sub-governor of the region did start an effort to put the spa complex back to use and the big pool section has been partially refurbished. Also, all along the Ottoman period and up to 1979, the Roman Bridge situated to the west of the settlement was used to connect the towns of Bergama and İvrindi. Present day The bath complex was partially cleaned of accumulated silt in the beginning of the 20th century. Despite continuous flooding, the hot springs section was in use in the 1950s. In 1992, the Roman Bridge that was also still in use was reconstructed with some distortions, disregarding the interests of conservationists. Also, in 1992, some rather shabby reconstruction work had been done in Allianoi itself, as a modern building was constructed over the historical remains. The complex was put out of use after heavy flooding in February 1998. Some of the site has been used as farmland. These recent elements were removed in 2003 by the excavation team and the major parts of the Bath Complex beneath them started to come to light. Yortanlı Dam The Turkish State Hydraulic Works devised a plan in 1994 to dam the Ilya River with Yortanlı Dam, creating a reservoir in order to increase agricultural productivity in the region. The Allianoi bath complex lies within the proposed reservoir area, meaning it would be covered in water should the dam project go through. Protests from ICOMOS, UNESCO, Europa Nostra, and the EU have done little but to delay the inevitability of the project. As of December 31, 2010, Yortanli Dam started filling water and Allianoi is already under 61 million meter cubic water. Publications YARAŞ A. (2004) "Allianoi", TÜRSAB Magazine, August 2004, MÜLLER, H., "Allianoi. Zur Identifizierung eines antiken Kurbades im Hinterland von Pergamon ", IstMitt 54, 2004; 215-225. YARAŞ 1999 A. Yaraş, "Bergama'da İkinci Antik Sağlık Merkezi : Allianoi", Yapı Aylık Kültür, Sanat ve Mimarlık Dergisi, 217 / Aralık, s. 35-38. YARAŞ 1999 A. Yaraş "1998 Yortanlı Barajı Kurtarma Kazısı", Bergama Belleten 9, s. 44-50. YARAŞ 2001 A. Yaraş, "Su İçinde Gelen Sağlık, Su İçinde Yok Olan Kültür! ; Allianoi", Toplumsal Tarih, Sayı 85, Ocak, s. 26-29. YARAŞ 2001 A. Yaraş, "Tanrıçanın Hüznü Allianoi", Atlas 97,Nisan, s.48-66. YARAŞ 2000 A. Yaraş, "Yortanlı (Bergama) Baraj Havzası’ndaki Tarihsel Miras", Zeugma Yalnız Değil Türkiye'de Barajlar ve Kültürel Miras, Aralık, s. 109-115. YARAŞ 2001 A. Yaraş, "1998-1999 Bergama Yortanlı Barajı Kurtarma Kazısı" 11. Müze Çalışmaları ve Kurtarma Kazıları Sempozyumu (24-26 Nisan 2000 Denizli), Ankara, s.105-118. YARAŞ 2001 A. Yaraş, "2000 Yılı Allianoi Kurtarma Kazısı", XXIII. Kazı Araştırma ve Arkeometri Sempozyum Sonuçları, Ankara, (25-30 Mayıs 2001 Ankara), I. Cilt, s.463-478. YARAŞ 2002 A. Yaraş, "Allianoi " Arkeoatlas sayı 1, s.148-149. YARAŞ 2002 A. Yaraş, "İzmir’de Yeni Bir Ören Yeri ; Allianoi", İzmir Kent Kültürü Dergisi, Şubat, sayı 5, s.165-170. YARAŞ 2003 A.Yaraş "Allianoi Geç Antik Çağ Seramik Fırınları", 3. Uluslararası Eskişehir Pişmiş Toprak Sempozyumu, (16-30 Haziran 2003 Eskişehir), s. 404-410. YARAŞ 2003 A. Yaraş, "2002 Yılı Allianoi Kurtarma Kazısı", XXIV. Kazı Araştırma ve Arkeometri Sempozyum Sonuçları,(27-30 Mayıs 2001 Ankara), s. 373-384.Ankara. YARAŞ 2004 A.Yaraş, "Allianoi 2003 Kazıları", XXV Uluslararası Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, (26-31 Mayıs 2002 Ankara), Baskıda. Footnotes External links Bergama Buildings and structures in İzmir Province Roman sites in Turkey Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey Ancient Roman baths Spa towns in Turkey History of İzmir Province
5389532	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem%20Johan%20Kolff	Willem Johan Kolff	Willem Johan "Pim" Kolff (February 14, 1911 – February 11, 2009) was a pioneer of hemodialysis, artificial heart, as well as in the entire field of artificial organs. Willem was a member of the Kolff family, an old Dutch patrician family. He made his major discoveries in the field of dialysis for kidney failure during the Second World War. He emigrated in 1950 to the United States, where he obtained US citizenship in 1955, and received a number of awards and widespread recognition for his work. Netherlands Born in Leiden, Netherlands, Kolff was the eldest of a family of 5 boys. Kolff studied medicine in his hometown at Leiden University, and continued as a resident in internal medicine at Groningen University. One of his first patients was a 22-year-old man who was slowly dying of chronic kidney failure. This prompted Kolff to perform research on artificial renal function replacement. Also during his residency, Kolff organized the first blood bank in Europe (in 1940). Kolff's first prototype dialyzer was developed in 1943, built from orange juice cans, used auto parts, and sausage casings. Over a two-year span, Kolff had attempted to treat 15 people with his machine, but all had died. In 1945, Kolff successfully treated his first patient, a 67-year-old woman, from kidney failure using his hemodialysis machine. During World War II, he was in Kampen, where he was active in the resistance against the German occupation. Simultaneously, Kolff developed the first functioning artificial kidney. He treated his first patient in 1943, and in 1945 he was able to save a patient's life with hemodialysis treatment. In 1946 he obtained a PhD degree summa cum laude at University of Groningen on the subject. It marks the start of a treatment that has saved the lives of millions of acute kidney injury or chronic kidney failure patients ever since. United States When the war ended, Kolff donated his artificial kidneys to other hospitals to spread familiarity with the technology. In Europe, Kolff sent machines to London, Amsterdam, and Poland. Another machine sent to Dr. Isidore Snapper at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City was used to perform the first human dialysis in the United States on January 26, 1948 under the supervision of Drs. Alfred P. Fishman and Irving Kroop. In 1950, Kolff left the Netherlands to seek opportunities in the US. At the Cleveland Clinic, he was involved in the development of heart-lung machines to maintain heart and pulmonary function during cardiac surgery. He also improved on his dialysis machine. At Brigham and Women's Hospital, with funding from New York real estate developer David Rose he developed the first production artificial kidney, the Kolff Brigham Artificial Kidney, manufactured by the Edward A. Olson Co. in Boston Massachusetts, and later the Travenol Twin-Coil Artificial Kidney. He became head of the University of Utah's Division of Artificial Organs and Institute for Biomedical Engineering in 1967, where he was involved in the development of the artificial heart, the first of which was implanted in 1982 in patient Barney Clark, who survived for four months, with the heart still functioning at the time of Clark's death. In 1976 Kolff became a corresponding member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Impact Kolff is considered to be the Father of Artificial Organs, and is regarded as one of the most important physicians of the 20th century. He obtained more than 12 honorary doctorates at universities all over the world, and more than 120 international awards, among them the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh in 1964, the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1971, the Harvey Prize in 1972, AMA Scientific Achievement Award in 1982, the Japan Prize in 1986, the Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research in 2002 the Russ Prize in 2003. In 1990 Life Magazine included him in its list of the 100 Most Important Persons of the 20th Century. He was a co-nominee with William H. Dobelle for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2003. Robert Jarvik, who worked in Kolff's laboratory at the University of Utah beginning in 1971, credited Kolff with inspiring him to develop the first permanent artificial heart. Theodor Kolobow, the inventor of the silicone spiral coil membrane lung and pioneer of artificial organ development, was inspired by Kolff. Kolff died three days short of his 98th birthday on February 11, 2009, in a care center in Philadelphia. On February 29, 2012, Yad Vashem recognized Willem Johan Kolff and his wife as Righteous Among the Nations, for their part in concealing a Jewish medical colleague and his son. References Sources Paul Heiney. The Nuts and Bolts of Life: Willem Kolff and the Invention of the Kidney Machine. Sutton Publishing, 2003. . Herman Broers. Inventor for Life: The Story of W. J. Kolff, Father of Artificial Organs. B&V Media, 2007. . Patrick T. McBride, Genesis of the artificial kidney. Baxter Healthcare Corp., 1987. External links Kolff's papers at the University of Utah Willem Kolff Stichting - Kampen, The Netherlands foundation honouring the life and work of Kolff Familievereniging Kolff Family Association W.J. Kolff Institute - Groningen, The Netherlands. Research Institute within the UMCG named after W. J. Kolff Obituary in the Telegraph newspaper Obituary in the New York Times 1911 births 2009 deaths Dutch emigrants to the United States 20th-century Dutch inventors Dutch nephrologists University of Groningen alumni University of Utah faculty People from Leiden American nephrologists American medical researchers Dutch Righteous Among the Nations Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Recipients of the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award 20th-century American inventors Leiden University alumni
3996022	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quedius%20curtipennis	Quedius curtipennis	Quedius curtipennis is a beetle found in Britain. It is similar in appearance to Quedius fuliginosus, which is a less common species, however, the eyes of fuliginosus are more convex and the basal antennal segments darker. The punctures on the elytra are slightly stronger in Q. curtipennis. References Staphylininae Beetles of Europe Beetles described in 1908
5389537	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang%20presence%20in%20the%20United%20States%20military	Gang presence in the United States military	About one to two percent of United States Armed Forces members are estimated to belong to criminal gangs in the United States, a much higher proportion than in the civilian population. Extent In 2008, according to FBI gang investigator Jennifer Simon, 1 to 2% of the U.S. military belonged to gangs, which is 50 to 100 times the rate in the general population. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation's 2011 National Gang Threat Assessment, the NGIC identified members of more than 53 gangs who served in the military. U.S. gangs have sometimes encouraged their members to join the military in order to learn warfare techniques. The FBI’s 2007 report on gang membership in the military stated that the military's recruit screening process is ineffective, and allows gang members/extremists to enter the military. The report listed at least eight instances in the previous three years in which gang members obtained military weapons for their own use. The report "Gang Activity in the U.S. Armed Forces Increasing", dated January 12, 2007, stated that street gangs including the Bloods, Crips, Black Disciples, Gangster Disciples, Hells Angels, Latin Kings, The 18th Street Gang, Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13), Mexican Mafia, Norteños, Sureños, and Vice Lords have been documented on military installations both domestic and international, although recruiting gang members violates military regulations. Notable cases White power skinheads In 1995, James N. Burmeister and Malcolm Wright Jr were charged in the murder of an African American couple in North Carolina. Burmeister and Wright were in the U.S. Army, and part of Fort Bragg's 82nd Airborne Division. Burmeister and Wright were both arrested at a trailer park where police found a 9-mm semiautomatic pistol, a Nazi flag, white supremacist pamphlets, and other gang paraphernalia. Both men were sentenced to life in prison. Former Skinhead T.J. Leyden was in the U.S. Marines. He spent 15 years in the Skinhead movement before renouncing racism, and going to work as a consultant for Simon Wiesenthal Center in Los Angeles. Gangster Disciples On July 3, 2005, members of Gangster Disciples street gang killed Sergeant Juwan Johnson of the U.S. Army in the small town of Hohenecken near Ramstein, Germany. Prosecutors accused U.S. Air Force Senior Airman Rico Williams of being the first one to start attacking Johnson in a six-minute beating that he had to endure to join the gang. After the beating Johnson asked one of his fellow gang members to take him to the hospital, Williams then ordered his gang members not to take him there. Johnson later died from multiple blunt-force trauma injuries. According to the government's investigations, Williams was the leader of the gang set operating on base. Senior Airman Williams was sentenced to 22 years in prison, while other servicemen faced sentences ranging from 2 to 12 years. Some of the charges against the servicemen were: Williams, second-degree murder and witness tampering; Air Force Staff Sergeant Jerome Jones, conspiracy to commit assault, gang participation, and other charges; Airman Nicholas Sims and Army Sergeant Rodney Howell; involuntary manslaughter; Private Terrance Norman, voluntary manslaughter. Norteños January 9, 2005, Officer Sam Ryno was first to respond to a call of a man with a gun in front of George's Liquors. Andres Raya, a U.S. Marine on leave after coming back from Iraq, was armed with an SKS rifle and opened fire on officers, hitting Officer Ryno and killing Sergeant Howard Stevenson. Raya was shot dead some time later after he opened fire on SWAT team members. Portrayed by local media as a calculated attack on law enforcement, the Stevenson slaying sparked attention from the national media which suggested that Raya snapped due to his experience in the Iraq War. Family, friends, and fellow Marines close to Raya spoke of Raya's violent nightmares and distress which led to heavy drinking and drug use while on leave. However, local law enforcement officials claimed Raya had been involved in gangs for years prior to him signing up for military service. Modesto authorities discovered information during the investigation into the shooting that shows Raya was a Norteño gang member who was not involved in combat during his tour of duty in Iraq. A cooperative effort between the Stanislaus Sheriff's Detectives, local law enforcement, the FBI, NCIS, the U.S. Department of Justice, and the U.S. Marine Corps revealed a large amount of information about Raya in a short amount of time. King Cobra Boys In July 2000 in Orange County, California, members of the King Cobra Boys gang engaged in a fight with a rival gang named Lao Family. One of the King Cobra Boys gang members was in the U.S. Marines. He was stationed at MCAS Camp Pendleton. He worked in the Marines armory, and was experienced with weapons. Using his military training, he arranged his gang members in a location where they were able to observe and ambush the rival gang members. No one was fatally injured. Authorities later arrested the U.S. Marine gang member on base. A search warrant was executed at his residence where numerous military-issued manuals for machine guns and handguns were seized. Gang graffiti in Iraq U.S. gang-related graffiti has shown up in Iraq since the beginning of the Iraq War in 2003. Among the largest American street gangs represented in Iraq are the Gangster Disciples, Crips, Bloods, 18th Street, Norteños, Black Disciples, Sureños, Latin Kings, TAP Boyz, Tiny Rascal Gang, Vice Lords, and Black P. Stones, which originated in some of America's most violent and impoverished neighborhoods. Reported gangs The gangs present in the US military include: 18th Street Almighty Vice Lord Nation (abbreviated AVLN) Aryan Brotherhood Asian Boyz Bandidos Barrio Azteca Black Disciples Bloods Crips Gangster Disciples Hells Angels King Cobra Boys Ku Klux Klan Latin Kings Mexican Mafia MS-13 Norteños Sureños TAP Boyz Tiny Rascal Gang Vagos White power Skinheads References External links Iraq War Military Military of the United States
5389539	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Ridley	Lee Ridley	Lee Ridley (born 5 December 1981) is an English professional footballer who plays as a left back for Bottesford Town. He has previously played for Scunthorpe United, Cheltenham Town, Darlington and Lincoln City, Grimsby Town, Gainsborough Trinity and Worksop Town. Career Scunthorpe United Born in Scunthorpe, Lee started his career with Scunthorpe United as a young child and went on to make 117 appearances in all competitions scoring three goals between 2000 and 2007. Despite being offered a new 2-year contract by Scunthorpe after their promotion to the Championship in 2007, he opted to stay in League One. Cheltenham Town He joined Cheltenham Town signing a three-year deal at Whaddon Road. Possibly deciding that he will get a greater regularity of first team football after making only 20 appearances in his final year at Scunthorpe. On 22 November 2007 he joined Darlington on a one-month loan deal. He then joined Lincoln City on a one-month loan deal on 4 January 2008. He was released by the club along with 7 other players in May 2010. Grimsby Town He signed a two-year contract with Grimsby Town on 24 June 2010 as a direct replacement for the departed Joe Widdowson. Ridley was the favoured left back at the club throughout his first season with the club, but during the 2011–12 season he lost his way in the side down to the signing of Jamie Green and coupled with several injury problems this would eventually see him have his contract mutually terminated on 25 November 2011. Non-league On 5 December 2011 he signed with Conference North side Gainsborough Trinity. In November 2012, he joined Worksop Town on a one-month loan deal. The loan deal was extended to the end of the season however he returned to Trinity in February where after a weeks loan with Grantham Town he joined the club permanently. He joined Bottesford Town for the 2014–2015 season. Outside of his football career Lee now works at Scunthorpe United's charity arm, Scunthorpe United Community Sport & Education Trust, where he delivers the National Citizen Service alongside non-league player Alex Hipkins. Honours - Scunthorpe United's Fans Player of the season 2001 and 2003 References External links Lee Ridley player profile at ctfc.com 1981 births Living people Sportspeople from Scunthorpe English footballers Association football defenders Scunthorpe United F.C. players Cheltenham Town F.C. players Darlington F.C. players Lincoln City F.C. players Grimsby Town F.C. players Gainsborough Trinity F.C. players Worksop Town F.C. players Grantham Town F.C. players Bottesford Town F.C. players English Football League players National League (English football) players
3996023	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Flache	Peter Flache	Peter Flache (born 4 March 1982) is a Canadian professional ice hockey Forward currently playing for the Straubing Tigers of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). Born in Toronto, Ontario, Flache was taken in the OHL Priority Selection by the Guelph Storm in the 6th Round (123rd overall) in 1999. He was later selected in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft by the Chicago Blackhawks, 262nd overall. On July 23, 2010, Flache returned to Germany from the Port Huron Icehawks to sign a one-year contract with Augsburger Panther of the DEL. Career statistics References External links 1982 births Adler Mannheim players Augsburger Panther players Canadian ice hockey centres Chicago Blackhawks draft picks Dayton Bombers players Greenville Grrrowl players Guelph Storm players Gwinnett Gladiators players Ice hockey people from Ontario Living people North Bay Centennials players Port Huron Icehawks players Saginaw Spirit players Sportspeople from Toronto Straubing Tigers players Toledo Storm players Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Germany
5389541	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos%20Gracie%20Jr.	Carlos Gracie Jr.	Carlos "Carlinhos" Gracie Jr. is a Brazilian 8th-degree coral belt Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioner and instructor. A member of the Gracie family, he is the son of Carlos Gracie, and first cousin to the Machado family brothers. Career Gracie is the founder of the Confederação Brasileira de Jiu-Jitsu (CBJJ), also known as International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation (IBJJF), which runs multiple jiu-jitsu tournaments around the world, including the World Jiu-Jitsu Championship, Pan Jiu-Jitsu Championship and European Jiu-Jitsu Championship. He is a co-founder of the Gracie Barra team. Gracie is also the creator and director of Gracie Magazine, a monthly Brazilian jiu-jitsu publication. Personal life Carlinhos is one of twenty-one children fathered by Brazilian jiu-jitsu co-founder Carlos Gracie. He has three children: daughter Caroline, and sons Kayron and Kyan. Kayron is a black belt under his father and is a professor at Gracie Barra Rancho Santa Margarita. Instructor lineage Kanō Jigorō → Mitsuyo Maeda → Carlos Gracie Sr. → Helio Gracie → Carlos Gracie Jr. See also List of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu practitioners References Sportspeople from Rio de Janeiro (city) Martial arts school founders 1956 births Living people Carlos Jr. IBJJF Hall of Fame inductees People awarded a coral belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu
3996033	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Greenland	North Greenland	The Northern Inspectorate of Greenland also known as North Greenland was a Danish inspectorate on Greenland consisting of the trading centers and missionary stations along the northwest coast of the island. History North Greenland was established in 1721. Its capital was at Godhavn (modern Qeqertarsuaq). The southernmost town of North Greenland was Egedesminde, which bordered Holsteinborg, which was the northernmost town of South Greenland. This boundary between North and South Greenland ran at around 68°N latitude, and in the North, North Greenland stretched to 78°N to enclose Thule. In 1911, as the administration of the colony was removed from the Royal Greenland Trading Department and folded into the Danish Ministry of the Interior, a provincial council () was established. It was elected indirectly from the local councils and had little say in the management of the colony. North Greenland was united with South Greenland in 1950, with the administration for the northern settlements moved to Godthaab (modern Nuuk). See also List of inspectors of North Greenland, for the chief officers of the colony between 1782 and 1924 List of governors of North Greenland, for the chief officers of the colony between 1924 and 1950 Avannaa County, Greenland, a former administrative division of Greenland also known as "North Greenland" in English South Greenland References States and territories disestablished in 1950 Former populated places in Greenland Former Danish colonies 1950 disestablishments in North America 20th-century disestablishments in Greenland
3996035	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy%2C%20Left-Handed%20and%20Candid	Heavy, Left-Handed and Candid	Heavy, Left-Handed and Candid is a DVD by English extreme metal band Cradle of Filth, featuring a concert from their 2001 Midian Tour as well as extras. It was released on 30 April 2002 by record label Abracadaver. Content Eleven Burial Masses was filmed at Nottingham Rock City on 14 April 2001. The live album Live Bait for the Dead contains the same concert. The later release Eleven Burial Masses contains both the CD and DVD, though without the special features. Early copies of the DVD were signed by the band. Track listing Eleven Burial Masses (Concert) Lord Abortion (taken from Midian) Ebony Dressed for Sunset (taken from V Empire) The Forest Whispers My Name (taken from V Empire) Cthulhu Dawn (taken from Midian) Dusk and Her Embrace (taken from Dusk... and Her Embrace) The Principle of Evil Made Flesh (taken from The Principle of Evil Made Flesh) Cruelty Brought Thee Orchids (taken from Cruelty and the Beast) Her Ghost in the Fog (taken from Midian) Summer Dying Fast (taken from The Principle of Evil Made Flesh) From the Cradle to Enslave (taken from From the Cradle to Enslave) Queen of Winter, Throned (taken from V Empire) Extras "Sifting Through Filth: A Schlockumentary" – (58 minute documentary featuring tour footage and interviews) "Scorched Earth Erotica: Nasty Version" (video taken from Bitter Suites to Succubi) "Scorched Earth Erotica: Very Nasty Version" (video taken from Bitter Suites to Succubi) "Born in a Burial Gown" (video taken from Bitter Suites to Succubi) "The Blair Twit Project: Absinthe fiend footage" Cradle of Fear—horror movie trailer Circus of Horrors: "Creature Feature" Gallery of the Grotesque (downloads and weblinks) References Concert films Cradle of Filth video albums 2002 live albums
5389548	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garageland	Garageland	Garageland are a New Zealand indie rock band on the Flying Nun record label formed in Auckland in 1992. Influenced by Pixies, Pavement, The Clean and The Velvet Underground, they were critically acclaimed in the UK and United States for their well-crafted and catchy pop songs. The band took its name from "Garageland", a song by The Clash. Their non-album single "Feel Alright" from 1998 included former The Velvet Underground member John Cale on piano. They re-formed for a one-off gig in Auckland in November 2007 and to play The Others Way festival in September 2015 Band members Current Jeremy Eade – vocal, guitar Dave Goodison – guitar Mark Silvey – bass guitar Andrew Gladstone – backing vocalist, drums Past Debbie Silvey – guitar, on early recordings including "Last Exit to Garageland" Andrew Claridge – guitar Discography Albums Featured appearances The group have appeared on several compilations over the years in New Zealand and overseas. The following is a list of these albums that have featured tracks by Garageland. Singles References External links [ AMG entry] Garageland official site Dunedin Sound musical groups Flying Nun Records artists New Zealand indie rock groups Musical groups established in 1992 Musical groups disestablished in 2002 Musical groups reestablished in 2007
3996036	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chumhill%20rail%20accident	Chumhill rail accident	The Chumhill railway accident occurred 26 February 1913 in England, killing two. The Lynton & Barnstaple Railway maintained an exemplary safety record throughout its short existence, from 1898 to 1935, and no passengers or members of the public were ever killed or injured. Overview There were, however, two accidents resulting in fatalities to railway employees. The other was at Braunton Road. On 26 February 1913, four men of the Chelfham Bratton track gang were travelling in wagon No. 10 - a 4-ton open. They were in possession of the token and the wagon contained leaves and debris collected from trackside cesses. Whilst running down the 1 in 50 gradient from Bratton Fleming to Chelfham, the speed increased and the vehicle's brakes were unable to control the descent. Upon reaching a sharp reverse curve by bridge 25, the wagon left the track, coming to rest at the foot of the bank. George Barrow was killed outright and William Welch died a few days later on 2 March. They were both buried in Bratton Fleming churchyard. The two men who survived, Foreman Ganger George Dymond and F. Dinnicombe, attributed the accident to wet leaves on the line. The wagon was recovered, repaired and returned to service, with the replacement planks left unpainted for some time after the accident. References (re-published by Atlantic in enlarged format, 1996. ) Accidents and incidents involving Lynton and Barnstaple Railway Railway accidents and incidents in Devon Railway accidents in 1913 History of Devon 1910s in Devon 1913 in England Derailments in England
3996062	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectro-temporal%20receptive%20field	Spectro-temporal receptive field	The spectro-temporal receptive field or spatio-temporal receptive field (STRF) of a neuron represents which types of stimuli excite or inhibit that neuron. "Spectro-temporal" refers most commonly to audition, where the neuron's response depends on frequency versus time, while "spatio-temporal" refers to vision, where the neuron's response depends on spatial location versus time. Thus they are not exactly the same concept, but both referred to as STRF and serving a similar role in the analysis of neural responses. If linearity is assumed, the neuron can be modelled as having a time-varying firing rate equal to the convolution of the stimulus with the STRF. Auditory STRFs The example STRF here is for an auditory neuron from the area CM (caudal medial) of a male zebra finch, when played conspecific birdsong. The colour of this plot shows the effect of sound on this neuron: this neuron tends to be excited by sound from about 2.5 kHz to 7 kHz heard by the animal 12 ms ago, but it is inhibited by sound in the same frequency range from about 18 ms ago. Visual STRFs See Dario L. Ringach Receptive Fields in Macaque Primary Visual Cortex Spatial Structure and Symmetry of Simple-Cell (2002) J. H. van Hateren and D. L. Ruderman Independent component analysis of natural image sequences yields spatio-temporal filters similar to simple cells in primary visual cortex (2002) Idealized computational models for auditory receptive fields A computational theory for early auditory receptive fields can be expressed from normative physical, mathematical and perceptual arguments, permitting axiomatic derivation of auditory receptive fields in two stages: a first stage of temporal receptive fields corresponding to an idealized cochlea model modeled as window Fourier transform with either Gabor functions in the case of non-causal time or Gammatone functions alternatively generalized Gammatone functions for a truly time-causal model in which the future cannot be accessed, a second layer of spectra-temporal receptive fields modeled as Gaussian functions over the log-spectral domain and either Gaussian kernels over time in the case of non-causal time or first-order integrators (truncated exponential kernels) coupled in cascade in the case of truly time-causal operations. These shapes of the receptive field functions in these models can be determined by necessity from structural properties of the environment combined with requirements about the internal structure of the auditory system to enable theoretically well-founded processing of sound signals at different temporal and log-spectral scales. References Neurophysiology
3996068	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag%20of%20Chuvashia	Flag of Chuvashia	The flag of the Chuvash Republic (, Çovaş Respublikin yalavö; , Flag Respubliki Chuvashia), in the Russian Federation, is one of the official symbols of the Chuvash Republic, alongside the coat of arms and the State Anthem of the Chuvash Republic. The flag is a 5:8 yellow flag with a stylized red tree of life charged on the flag. The flag has been used officially as the flag of the Chuvash Republic since 14 October 1992. Prior to 1992, the Chuvash Republic existed as the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Prior to 1937, Chuvash ASSR used a flag with traditional motifs of Chuvashia and the name of the ASSR. The motifs was deleted later in 1931 due to the traditional motifs being associated with chauvinism and bourgeois nationalism. After 1937, the flag of the Chuvash ASSR was identical to the flag of the Russian SFSR. Symbolism The colors of the national flag, which consisted of gold and purple (sandal red) are the traditional colors of the Chuvash people. In Chuvash tradition, gold symbolized wealth, justice, mercy, magnanimity, constancy, strength, and loyalty, while purple is one of the most common colors among the Chuvash symbolism, which were used to carry out the main elements of the folk ornament. Purple symbolizes dignity, power, and courage. The top yellow field, which is of the height of the flag, indicates the space under the sun, inhabited by the people of the Chuvash Republic. The lower purple field, which is of the height of the flag, denotes the territory of Chuvashia . The tree of life, which occupies of the width of the flag, is a sign made on the basis of Old Chuvash runic writing, whose silhouette resembles a revered oak tree of Chuvash, powerful and durable, resistant to natural storms. The symmetry of the composition “The Tree of Life” expresses the desire of the Chuvash people for inner spiritual harmony and harmony with the outside world and nature. In addition, the Tree of Life, as a single organism, personifies the unity of the people living in the territory of the Chuvash Republic. The tree of life consists of five elements, the main one being the center of the whole composition, the base has a bottom field and ends at the top with two branches of the Tree diverging at 90 degrees in the form of a national ornament. This element means the indigenous population of the Chuvash Republic - Chuvash, living in the territory of the republic. The two lower elements, located symmetrically on both sides of the main element, have a base of purple bands separated from the lower purple field and the main element with a yellow strip 1.5% wide of the flag, and end with “branches” in the form of a national ornament. These elements symbolizes the Chuvash diaspora. Two middle elements in the form of short inclined strips not adjacent to the main trunk of the Tree and also ending with a national ornament, located symmetrically on both sides of the main element at an angle of 45 degrees to it between the “branches” of the main and lower elements, which symbolizes the population of the different nationalities living in the Chuvash Republic. The emblem “Three suns”, consisting of a three-fold repetitive ancient solar sign (an eight-pointed star), symbolizes the sunlight that gives life and protects well-being. Threefold repetition of the star that overshadows the main emblem of the flag - “The Tree of Life” means the Chuvash folk concept “Pulna, Pur, Pulatpar” (“Were, Is, We Will”) and is its graphic expression. History References Citations Bibliography Constitutions External links Flag Flags of the federal subjects of Russia Chuvashia Flags introduced in 1992
5389553	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophoresis	Photophoresis	Photophoresis denotes the phenomenon that small particles suspended in gas (aerosols) or liquids (hydrocolloids) start to migrate when illuminated by a sufficiently intense beam of light. The existence of this phenomenon is owed to a non-uniform distribution of temperature of an illuminated particle in a fluid medium. Separately from photophoresis, in a fluid mixture of different kinds of particles, the migration of some kinds of particles may be due to differences in their absorptions of thermal radiation and other thermal effects collectively known as thermophoresis. In laser photophoresis, particles migrate once they have a refractive index different from their surrounding medium. The migration of particles is usually possible when the laser is slightly or not focused. A particle with a higher refractive index compared to its surrounding molecule moves away from the light source due to momentum transfer from absorbed and scattered light photons. This is referred to as a radiation pressure force. This force depends on light intensity and particle size but has nothing to do with the surrounding medium. Just like in Crookes radiometer, light can heat up one side and gas molecules bounce from that surface with greater velocity, hence push the particle to the other side. Under certain conditions, with particles of diameter comparable to the wavelength of light, the phenomenon of a negative indirect photophoresis occurs, due to the unequal heat generation on the laser irradiation between the back and front sides of particles, this produces a temperature gradient in the medium around the particle such that molecules at the far side of the particle from the light source may get to heat up more, causing the particle to move towards the light source. If the suspended particle is rotating, it will also experience the Yarkovsky effect. Discovery of photophoresis is usually attributed to Felix Ehrenhaft in the 1920s, though earlier observations were made by others including Augustin-Jean Fresnel. Applications of photophoresis The applications of photophoresis expand into the various divisions of science, thus physics, chemistry as well as in biology. Photophoresis is applied in particle trapping and levitation, in the field flow fractionation of particles, in the determination of thermal conductivity and temperature of microscopic grains and also in the transport of soot particles in the atmosphere. The use of light in the separation of particles aerosols based on their optical properties, makes possible the separation of organic and inorganic particles of the same aerodynamic size. Recently, photophoresis has been suggested as a chiral sorting mechanism for single walled carbon nanotubes. The proposed method would utilise differences in the absorption spectra of semiconducting carbon nanotubes arising from optically excited transitions in electronic structure. If developed the technique would be orders of magnitudes faster than currently established ultracentrifugation techniques. Theory of photophoresis Direct photophoresis is caused by the transfer of photon momentum to a particle by refraction and reflection. Movement of particles in the forward direction occurs when the particle is transparent and has an index of refraction larger compared to its surrounding medium. Indirect photophoresis occurs as a result of an increase in the kinetic energy of molecules when particles absorb incident light only on the irradiated side, thus creating a temperature gradient within the particle. In this situation the surrounding gas layer reaches temperature equilibrium with the surface of the particle. Molecules with higher kinetic energy in the region of higher gas temperature impinge on the particle with greater momenta than molecules in the cold region; this causes a migration of particles in a direction opposite to the surface temperature gradient. The component of the photophoretic force responsible for this phenomenon is called the radiometric force. This comes as a result of uneven distribution of radiant energy (source function within a particle). Indirect photophoretic force depends on the physical properties of the particle and the surrounding medium. For pressures , where the free mean path of the gas is much larger than the characteristic size of the suspended particle (direct photophoresis), the longitudinal force is where the mean temperature of the scattered gas is (thermal accommodation coefficient , momentum accommodation coefficient ) and the black body temperature of the particle (net light flux , Stefan Boltzmann constant , temperature of the radiation field ) . is the thermal conductivity of the particle. The asymmetry factor for spheres is usually (positive longitudinal photophoresis). For non-spherical particles, the average force exerted on the particle is given by the same equation where the radius is now the radius of the respective volume-equivalent sphere. References External links Photophoresis in the context of astrophysics Negative photophoresis Atomic, molecular, and optical physics Physical phenomena
3996077	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20d%27Auger%20de%20Subercase	Daniel d'Auger de Subercase	Daniel d'Auger de Subercase (February 12, 1661 – November 20, 1732) was a naval officer and the French governor of Newfoundland and later Acadia. Subercase was baptised a Protestant to Jean Daughter, a rich merchant and bourgeois who had purchased several noble estates, including the lay abbey of Subercase, near Asson. He served about 10 years in the land forces and in 1684 was a captain in the Régiment de Bretagne before he joined the navy and sailed for Quebec. No sooner had he landed in 1687 than he set off with his contingent on a campaign against the Senecas. In 1693 he was named lieutenant-commander, garrison adjutant and adjutant general. On 1 April 1702 he succeeded Monic as governor of Plaisance, arriving at his post in 1703 during the early years of Queen Anne's War. He immediately attacked Ferryland where he learned from prisoners of a planned English attack on Plaisance with a fleet of thirty-three sail from St. John's under the command of Admiral John Graydon. He immediately set the town's defenses in order and discouraged the attack with the help of two French warships. During the fall of 1704 he organized a series of attacks against English outposts on Newfoundland. With a party of one hundred reinforcements from Canada and three hundred and fifty of his own men, this campaign resulted in the temporary capture of Bay Bulls and Petty Harbour in January 1705 and a failed siege of the main English settlement at St. John's. Unable to subdue the fort they set out to destroying settlements in Conception Bay and Trinity Bay and succeeded in destroying every colony, with the exception of Carbonear Island. The expedition took 1,200 prisoners, and boasted the destruction of 40 cannon, 2,000 shallops, and pillaged 2,600 livres in cash. Subercase estimated that, although St. John's remained intact, the total losses inflicted on the enemy was 4 million livres. Subercase made full use of the following lull in aggression to rebuild the fortifications at Plaisance, improve morale, and generally improve the living conditions of the residents. In 1705 he was made a knight of the order of Saint-Louis and became the governor of Acadia in April 1706. He successfully led the outnumbered defense of Port Royal against two failed sieges in 1707, leading several sallies himself and having his own horse killed below him in one skirmish. The governor of Boston was not prepared to accept defeat and on 5 Oct 1710 General Francis Nicholson's fleet appeared before Port-Royal and began the Siege of Port Royal. The fleet comprised a landing force of 2,000 men (3,400 according to Subercase), made up of one regiment of English regulars and four regiments of militiamen raised by Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire, and carried in 36 vessels, seven of which were warships. Subercase had fewer than 300 men to set against them. After a few days of defense, Subercase surrendered the partially ruined and under provisioned Port-Royal to the British, expressing to the English commander his hope of returning to pay him a visit the following spring. Subercase, accused of negligence by some officers and reprimanded by New France governor Vaudreuil, was summoned before a court martial at Rochefort, but rapidly acquitted. In 1711 he was offered to be sent to serve at Quebec under Vaudreuil where he could formulate a plan to retake Port Royal while continuing to be paid his salary as governor of Acadia. Subercase refused in disgust and two years later the Treaty of Utrecht was signed ending aggression between the French and English and ceding Acadia and Newfoundland to England for good, thus making Subercase the last governor of French Acadia. Subercase retired and returned to France to live on his estates in Béarn. He continued to draw a captain's pension of 600 livres a year until he died on 20 Nov 1732 at Cannes. A ledger-stone marks his grave in the church of this village. See also List of governors of Acadia Governors of Newfoundland List of people of Newfoundland and Labrador References External links Biography at Government House The Governorship of Newfoundland and Labrador People of Queen Anne's War 1661 births 1732 deaths People from Orthez Governors of Plaisance Governors of Acadia French Navy officers French Protestants
3996079	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20L.%20Tennenhouse	David L. Tennenhouse	David Lawrence Tennenhouse (born c. 1957) is a Canadian-American computer researcher and technology executive. Life Tennenhouse was born about 1957 in Ottawa, Canada. He received a bachelor's and master's degree in electrical engineering from the University of Toronto. In 1989 he completed a PhD at the University of Cambridge under advisor Roger Needham. His dissertation was Site interconnection and the exchange architecture. He then joined the faculty of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He was chairman of the Technology and Policy Working Group of the US National Information Infrastructure Task Force at some time point. In 1996 he became director of the Information Technology Office of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), overseeing US government research. In 1999, he joined Intel as a director of research. In 2001, he founded what were sometimes called the Intel Research Lablets. One of the projects sponsored was TinyOS. In February 2006 he became the chief executive officer of A9.com, the search subsidiary of Amazon.com, replacing Udi Manber. He left Amazon in September 2006. In 2007 he became a partner at the venture capital firm New Venture Partners. In September 2012 he became vice president for technology policy at Microsoft. In May 2014 he joined VMware to direct its research. References Living people Year of birth missing (living people) Businesspeople in information technology MIT Sloan School of Management faculty American technology chief executives University of Toronto alumni Alumni of the University of Cambridge
5389577	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate%20industry	Slate industry	The slate industry is the industry related to the extraction and processing of slate. Slate is either quarried from a slate quarry or reached by tunneling in a slate mine. Common uses for slate include as a roofing material, a flooring material, gravestones and memorial tablets, and for electrical insulation. Slate mines are found around the world. 90% of Europe's natural slate used for roofing originates from the Slate Industry in Spain. The major slate mining region in the United Kingdom is Wales; in Cornwall there are a number of slate quarries (famously the village of Delabole), and in the Lake District there are numerous slate mines and quarries. In the remainder of Continental Europe and the Americas, Portugal, Italy, Germany, Brazil, the east coast of Newfoundland, the Slate Valley of Vermont and New York, and Virginia are important producing regions. The Slate Valley area, centering on a town called Granville in the state of New York is one of the places in the world where colored slate (i.e. slate which is not grey or blue) is obtained. (A fuller account is given in the article Slate: section Slate extraction.) Slate Industry in Spain 90% of Europe's natural slate used for roofing originates from the slate industry in Spain, with the region of Galicia being the primary source of production. In Galicia, the larger slate production companies are concentrated in Valdeorras in Ourense, with other important sites being situated in Quiroga, Ortigueira and Mondoñedo. The slate deposits in this region of northern Spain are over 500 million years old, having formed during the Palaeozoic period. The colour and texture of the slate produced is largely dependent upon the tectonic environment, the source of the sedimentary material from which the slate is comprised, and the chemical and physical conditions prevalent during the sedimentation process. The region has been subjected to periods of volcanism and magmatic activity, leading to a unique geological development in the region. An important use of Spanish slate is as a roofing material. It is particularly suitable for this purpose as it has a low water absorption index of less than 0.4%, making it very resistant to frost damage and breakage due to freezing. Tiles produced from Spanish slate are usually hung using a unique hook fixing method, which reduces the appearance of weak points on the tile since no holes are drilled, and allows narrower tiles to be used to create roofing features such as valleys and domes. Hook fixing is especially prevalent in areas subject to severe climatic conditions, since there is a greater resistance to wind uplift as the lower edge of the slate is secured. Slate industry in Wales Background Slate has been quarried in north Wales for almost two millennia with the Segontium Roman fort at Caernarfon being roofed by local slate in the late second century. Export of slate has been carried out for several centuries, which was recently confirmed by the discovery in the Menai Strait of the wreck of a 16th-century wooden ship carrying finished slates. Large-scale commercial slate mining in North Wales began with the opening of the Cae Braich y Cafn quarry, later to become the Penrhyn Quarry near Bethesda in the Ogwen Valley in 1782. Welsh output was far ahead of other areas and by 1882, 92% of Britain's production was from Wales (451,000 t): the quarries at Penrhyn and Dinorwic produced half of this between them. The men worked the slate in partnerships of four, six or eight and these were known as "Bargain Gangs". "Bargains" were let by the "Bargain Letter" when a price for a certain area of rock was agreed. Adjustments were made according to the quality of the slate and the proportion of "bad" rock. The first Monday of every month was "Bargain Letting Day" when these agreements were made between men and management. Half the partners worked the quarry face and the others were in the dressing sheds producing the finished slates. In the Glyndyfrdwy mines at Moel Fferna each bargain worked a horizontal stretch of 10 by 15 yards. Duchesses, Marchionesses, Countesses, Viscountesses, Ladies, Small Ladies, Doubles and Randoms were all sizes of slates produced. Rubblers helped to keep the chambers free from waste: one ton of saleable slate could produce up to 30 tons of waste. It is the mountainous heaps of this very same waste that is perhaps the first thing to strike someone visiting the old regions nowadays. The men had to pay for their ropes and chains, for tools and for services such as sharpening and repairing. Subs (advances) were paid every week, everything being settled up on the "Day of the Big Pay". If conditions had not been good, the men could end up owing the management money. At Moel Fferna a team could produce up to 35 tons of finished slate a week. In 1877 they received about 7 shillings a ton for this. After paying wages for the manager, clerks and 'trammers' the company could make a clear profit of twice this amount. This system was not finally abolished until after the Second World War. Working methods Early workings tended to be in surface pits, but as the work progressed downwards, it became necessary to work underground. This was often accompanied by the driving of one or more adits to gain direct access to a Level. In some rare instances, such as Moel Fferna, there is no trace of surface workings and the workings were entirely underground. Chambers were usually driven from the bottom, by means of a "roofing shaft" which was then continued across the width of the chamber: the chamber would then be worked downwards. Slate was freed from the rockface by blasting in shot holes hammered (and later drilled) into the rock. Slate would be recovered from the chamber in the form of a large slab, which would be taken by truck to the mill where it would be split and cut into standard-sized roofing slates. Slate mines were usually worked in chambers which followed the slate vein, connected via a series of horizontal "Floors" (or "Levels"). The chambers varied in size between mines and were divided by "pillars" or walls which supported the roof. The floors were connected by underground "Inclines" which used wedge-shaped trolleys to move trucks between levels. In some mines, where slate was worked away below the main haulage floor, the route was maintained through the construction of a wooden bridge across the chamber, often supported from chains attached to the roof above. These bridges could be as much as 100 feet/30 m above the floor below. Significant mines In North Gwynedd, the large slate producing quarries were usually confined to open-cast workings, sometimes with an adit to gain access to the bottom of the pit: Penrhyn Quarry, Bethesda. The largest slate producing quarry in the world. Bought by Alfred McAlpine plc in 1964. Dinorwic Quarry, Llanberis. Cilgwyn quarry, Nantlle Valley. Dating from the 12th century it is thought to be the oldest in Wales. In the Blaenau Ffestiniog area, most of the workings were underground as the slate veins are steeply angled and open cast workings would require the removal of a massive amount of rock to gain access to the slate. The larger mines in the Ffestiniog area include: Llechwedd quarry – now open to the public as a "tourist mine". Most of the underground workings destroyed by quarrying. Llechwedd Slate Caverns Manod – used by the National Gallery, London to store artworks in World War II Maenofferen Oakeley – now partially untopped as an opencast working by Alfred McAlpine plc Cwmorthin Rhosydd Croesor There were also a number of slate mines in the Llangollen area which produced a much darker "black" slate: Berwyn Deeside and Moel Fferna Penarth Another cluster of mines were found in mid Wales centered on Corris. These all worked a pair of slate veins that ran across the Cambrian mountain range from Tywyn in the west through Corris and Aberllefenni in the Dulas Valley to the mines around Dinas Mawddwy in the east. Slate was also mined in Pembrokeshire in places like Maenclochog. Remains Most underground slate mines in north Wales were closed by the 1960s although some open-cast quarries have remained open, including the Penrhyn Quarry and the untopping work at Oakeley in Blaenau Ffestiniog. Work also continues at Berwyn near Llangollen. The final large-scale underground working to close was Maenofferen Quarry (which is owned by the Llechwedd tourist mine) in 1999 although opencast quarrying continues at this location. Many of the mines are now in a state of considerable decay and those that are accessible should not be entered as they are on private property and contain many hidden dangers. Historical and adventurous underground tours are provided at several mines including Rhiwbach (by Go Below), Llechwedd (Zip World and Llechwedd/Quarry Tours Ltd) and Cwmorthin (Go Below). The lower levels of many mines are now flooded and collapses are commonplace; for example, the hillside above the Rhosydd workings has many pits where the roofs of the chambers below have collapsed. Other slate producing areas in Great Britain The most significant non-Welsh British slate industry is that of Cornwall and Devon where the Delabole Quarry is thought to be the largest single quarry in the island. Many of these are no longer worked owing to lower costs of extraction in the larger British workings. The quarrying of slate in Cornwall is known to have been carried out from the late mediaeval period and there was a considerable export trade from some of the quarries near the coasts in the 19th century. Slate has also been quarried at Swithland in Leicestershire. There are considerable workings in Cumbria. During the last 500 years, much slate extraction has taken place in the Lake District at both surface quarries and underground mines. The major workings are: Broughton Moor Old Man Complex (Coniston); Cove Quarries (south of Coniston Old Man) Elterwater Quarries Hodge Close Honister Slate Mine (including Yew Crag and Dubs) Kentmere Workings Kirkby Moor (Burlington Slate Quarries) Petts, Kirkstone Little Langdale Quarries Skiddaw Slate Tilberthwaite Common Wood, Ulpha Slate was also quarried in Scotland. Slate industry in North America Slate was first quarried in the United States as early as 1734 along the Pennsylvania Maryland border; however, it was not until 1785 that the first commercial slate quarry was opened in the United States, by William Docher in Peach Bottom Township, Pennsylvania. Production was limited to that which could be consumed in local markets until the middle of the nineteenth century. The slate industry in the United States has existed in several locations in the country including areas in the western states, however the majority of slate has come from three principal regions along the Great Valley of the Appalachian Mountains. Of those regions, the Taconic Mountains region of Vermont and New York, as well as Lancaster, Lehigh and Northampton counties in Pennsylvania all still have active quarries. The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission states that in the Slateford Water Gap area the first verified quarry started some time around 1808 . The industry in this region of Pennsylvania spread across the northern edges of both Lehigh and Northampton counties which contain between them the remains of approximately 400 individual quarries. The origins of quarrying in the Lehigh Valley are obscured by conflicting evidence, although it is safest to say that it started near the town of Slateford in the early Nineteenth Century and moved toward Bangor over a fifty-year period. By 1929, the value of slate production in Pennsylvania was approximately 5 million dollars, accounting for almost half of the 11 million dollar value of slate production for the entire United States. Quarries in this region of the country remained active throughout the first quarter of the 20th century producing roofing slate, slate for electrical uses, as well as being the largest producer of school slates and chalkboards in the country. The Slatington Slate Trade report for January 4 of 1880 showed that quarries in the town of Slatington alone had shipped 81,402 squares of roofing slates (over 8 million square feet) as well as 40,486 cases of school slates and 243 cases of blackboards. The Slate Valley (the district of Granville, New York) is well known for its slate. Slate was quarried in 1839 at Fair Haven, Vermont. An influx of immigrants from the North Wales slate quarrying communities saw a boom in slate production that peaked in the latter half of the 19th century. The slate of the region comes in a variety of colors, notably green, gray, black and red. Some production continued in 2003 with 23 operating full-time mines employing 348 people. Additionally, one of the oldest quarries in America continues to quarry slate in Buckingham County, Virginia. Their trademark Buckingham Slate has been continually quarried since the 18th century and has a distinct, unfading blue/black color and Mica sheen. Buckingham Slate is used on many Federal buildings in the Washington, D.C. area. Large scale slate quarrying also took place around the town of Monson, Maine where an extensive series of quarries flourished from the 1860s onwards. A small scale quarrying and dressing operation continues in Monson into the 21st century. Slate is also found in the Arctic and was used by the Inuit to make the blades for ulus. Slate industry in Brazil 95% of the slate extraction in Brazil comes from Minas Gerais. Slate from this region is formed differently from traditional slate areas such as Galicia. Such products are sedimentary rocks that have split along their original bedding plane, whereas true slate has been subjected to metamorphism and does not split along bedding, but rather along planes associated with the realignment of minerals during metamorphism. This realignment, known as ‘schistosity’, bears no relationship to the original horizontal bedding planes . The independent Fundación Centro Tecnológico de la Pizarra’s report into the ’Technical properties of Bambui Slate from the State of Minas Gerais (Brazil) to ascertain its compliance with the Standard EN12326’ describes how certain products originating from Brazil on sale in the UK, are not entitled to bear the CE mark. Because such Brazilian products display higher water absorption indexes than those from other areas such as Galicia, this makes them less suitable for use as roofing tiles since the study showed a significant loss of strength when subject to thawing and freezing. See also British industrial narrow gauge railways British narrow gauge slate railways Mine exploration References Further reading External links Bal Maidens & Mining Women British Isles History of the Welsh slate industry Slatesite — bilingual site focusing on Welsh slate Aerial photographs of slate quarries in Wales John T F Turner – A Familiar Description of the Old Delabole Slate Quarries, 1865 http://www.darkplaces.co.uk http://www.aditnow.co.uk http://www.mine-explorer.co.uk/ http://www.mineexplorer.org.uk/ Outside the British Isles Fell Exhibition Slate Mine — near Trier (Mosel), Germany Granville Slate Museum Buckingham Slate Galician and Spanish Slate
5389579	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen%20Miaodeng	Chen Miaodeng	Chen Miaodeng (陳妙登) was an imperial consort during the Chinese dynasty Liu Song. She was a concubine of Emperor Ming (Liu Yu), and during his reign, she carried the rank of Guifei (貴妃), which was not a regular rank for Liu Song imperial consorts but a title that Emperor Ming created to honor her. Chen Miaodeng was from a household that was viewed lowly by the society at the time—a butchers' household—at the Liu Song capital Jiankang. During the reign of Emperor Xiaowu, he often had his attendants seek out beautiful women to be added to the rank of his concubines. On one occasion, when he saw the Chens' house, which was made of hay, from a distance, he sent an attendant to deliver money to the house, so that the people in the household could build a brick house. When the attendant arrived at the house, only Chen Miaodeng was home. The attendant saw that she was beautiful and informed Emperor Xiaowu about her. He therefore took her into the palace, and she resided with his mother Empress Dowager Lu Huinan. After a while, however, she lost his favor, and Empress Dowager Lu decided to instead give her to Emperor Xiaowu's younger brother Liu Yu the Prince of Xiangdong, who initially greatly favored her. After more than a year, however, she lost his favor as well, and he gave her to his attendant Li Dao'er (李道兒). He, however, later took her back, and she gave birth to his oldest son Liu Yu (different character than Emperor Ming) in 463. It is because she spent time as Li's concubine that there later were rumors, which her son apparently gave some credence to, that it was actually Li, and not the Prince of Xiangdong, who was her son's biological father. Indeed, historical accounts, written during the succeeding Southern Qi Dynasty indicate that Liu Yu was impotent, and that although he had 12 sons, those were the results of his having seized his brothers' pregnant concubines and kept the children if they bore males, or his having had his concubines have sexual relations with others. (However, the fact that his wife Princess Wang Zhenfeng had two daughters, although no sons, may argue against such allegations, because it appeared rather unlikely that Liu Yu would do this over female children—indeed, the allegations stated that he would only do this if his brothers' concubines bore males—or that the morally upright Princess Wang would engage in sexual relations with others, thus suggesting that the allegations were made to delegitimize Emperor Ming's sons Liu Yu and Emperor Shun (Liu Zhun) vis-à-vis Southern Qi.) After Liu Yu became emperor (as Emperor Ming) in 465 following the assassination of his nephew Emperor Qianfei (Emperor Xiaowu's son), he created her son crown prince in 466 and gave her the title of Guifei, designating the rank as equally honorable as a crown princess. Crown Prince Yu was an impulsive child who appeared to be hyperactive and emotional, often putting himself into physical danger. At Emperor Ming's orders, Consort Chen often gave him beatings. After Emperor Ming died in 472, Crown Prince Yu took the throne as Emperor Houfei. Consort Chen was honored as "Consort Dowager" (皇太妃), but not as empress dowager—that title was given to Emperor Ming's wife Empress Wang. Initially, both Empress Dowager Wang and Consort Dowager Chen were able to somewhat rein the young emperor in, but by 477, they had nearly lost all control over him, who spent day and night outside the palace with his attendants, killing anyone or anything that came near them. When he considered killing his general Xiao Daocheng, Consort Chen rebuked him and persuaded him not to—stating to him that Xiao had greatly contributed to his reign (by having suppressed the rebellion of his uncle Liu Xiufan (劉休範) the Prince of Guiyang in 473) and that if he killed Xiao, no one would again be loyal to him. Xiao, in fear, nevertheless persuaded Emperor Houfei's attendant Yang Yufu (楊玉夫) to assassinate him in fall 477, making Emperor Houfei's brother Liu Zhun the Prince of Ancheng emperor. Emperor Houfei was posthumously demoted to the title of Prince of Cangwu, and Consort Dowager Chen was accordingly demoted to the title of Princess Dowager of Cangwu. Nothing further is known about her, and it is not known when she died. Chen Miaodeng, Consort
3996097	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%8Dch%C5%8D	Jōchō	Jōchō (定朝; died 1057 AD), also known as Jōchō Busshi, was a Japanese sculptor of the Heian period. He popularized the yosegi technique of sculpting a single figure out of many pieces of wood, and he redefined the canon of body proportions used to create Buddhist imagery. His style spread across Japan and defined Japanese sculpture for the next 150 years. Today, art historians cite Jōchō as "the first of a new kind of master sculptor" and "one of the most innovative artists Japan has ever produced." Career Jōchō trained at the Kōfuku-ji, a temple in Nara. By 1020, he was an artist of some renown with a studio in Kyoto. At this time, Fujiwara no Michinaga, the greatest of the Fujiwara regents of the Heian period, commissioned him to decorate the Hōjōji, a temple that Fujiwara had founded. Jōchō's efforts there earned him the title Hokkyō (Master of the Dharma Bridge) in 1022, a rare accolade for a sculptor. Jōchō later worked on sculpture for the Kōfuku-ji. This work earned him an even higher title, Hōgen (Master of the Dharma Eye). He or his school may also have sculpted nine wooden Amida figures at Jōruri-ji, a temple at Tomino-o. Michinaga's son, Fujiwara no Yorimichi, gave Jōchō his next commission. The artist was to create an Amida statue for the Phoenix Hall of the Byōdō-in, a temple in Uji near Kyoto. Jōchō completed the piece sometime after 1052. This is the earliest of Jōchō's works to have survived to the present day, and many other pieces by him are still preserved at this temple. Jōchō and his studio are the first verifiable example of a school of Japanese art being perpetuated through Japan's guild-like inheritance system. Jōchō's techniques were passed on to his son, Kakujo, his grandsons, Injo and Raijo, his great-grandson, Kōjo, and ultimately Kōkei. The school started by this last artist would go on to revolutionize Japanese sculpture in the Kamakura period. Style Jōchō popularized the technique of creating a work from several smaller pieces of sculpted wood (yosegi). Although it limited the amount of surface detail the artist could carve into each piece, the method forced the sculptor to convey his intended message within these limits. This resulted in more refined and ethereal-looking pieces. More importantly, it allowed several assistants to work on the sculpture at once, greatly speeding the process. Jōchō, as the master, did the finishing work. The technique also led to systematized proportions of body parts and simple surface details, as these sped the creation of the constituent parts and the formation of the finished piece. Art historians often cite this new canon of body proportions as evidence of Jōchō's genius. He based the measurements on a unit equal to the distance between the sculpted figure's chin and hairline. The distance between each knee (in the seated lotus pose) is equal to the distance from the bottoms of the legs to the hair. The widely spaced and level knees thus form the base of a triangular design, conveying a feeling of stability and peace. The effect is further accentuated by the contrast of other elements in the design, particularly the figures' halos. These are intricately detailed, featuring dancing tennin, clouds, and flames. Jōchō's sculptures' expressions convey compassion and elegance, and the detailed and precise carving of the facial features projects a certain kindness. The workshop method of dividing work among several craftsmen caught on, as did Jōchō's style. His school was imitated by sculptors across Japan for the over next 150 years, as Japanese sculpture degraded into a conformist orthodoxy before being reinvented in the Kamakura period. References 1057 deaths Japanese Buddhists Japanese sculptors Year of birth unknown
3996123	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag%20of%20Kalmykia	Flag of Kalmykia	The flag of Kalmykia consists of a yellow field with a sky blue circle in the center containing a lotus. The yellow stands for the sun, the people and the religious faith of the nation. The blue represents the sky, eternity, and steadiness. The lotus is a symbol of purity, spiritual rebirth and happiness. Its five upper petals represent the continents and the lower four stand for the quarters of the globe. Together, they symbolize the will of the Kalmyks to live in friendship and to cooperate with all the nations of the world. The first post soviet flag of Kalmykia (1992-1993) was adopted by law of 30 October 1992. (Source: Government of the Republic of Kalmykia)Article 158: The National flag of the Republic of Kalmykia — Khalmg Tangch is a rectangular panel consisting of three horizontal stripes: the upper one is sky-blue, the middle one is golden-yellow and the lower one is scarlet. In the centre of the golden-yellow stripe, in a circle having a diameter equal to 1/4 of the flag width, is a sign in the form of flame of fire over the two wavy lines. The sign and the circumference are scarlet. The ratio of the width of the stripes of light blue and scarlet to the width of the golden-yellow stripe is 1:2. The ratio of the flag width to its length is 1:2. Historical Flags See also Flag of Agin-Buryat Okrug Flag of Buryatia Flag of Mongolia Flag of Tuva Flag of Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug Flag Flags of the federal subjects of Russia Kalmykia Flags introduced in 1993
3996135	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian%20Nicole%20LeBlanc	Adrian Nicole LeBlanc	Adrian Nicole LeBlanc is an American journalist whose works focus on the marginalized members of society: adolescents living in poverty, prostitutes, women in prison, etc. She is best known for her 2003 non-fiction book Random Family. She was a recipient of the MacArthur Fellowship—popularly known as the "Genius Grant"—in 2006. Background and education LeBlanc grew up in a working-class family in Leominster, Massachusetts. She studied at Smith College, Oxford, and Yale University. She worked for Seventeen Magazine as an editor after earning her master's degree in modern literature at Oxford. Random Family LeBlanc's first book, Random Family: Love, Drugs, Trouble, and Coming of Age in the Bronx, took more than 10 years to research and write. Random Family is a nonfiction account of the struggles of two women and their family as they deal with love, drug dealers, babies and prison time in the Bronx. LeBlanc and Random Family garnered several awards and nominations. Her research methods earned her a spot among several other journalists and nonfiction writers in Robert Boynton's book, New New Journalism. Career Journalism LeBlanc has contributed to the New York Times Magazine, the Village Voice, the New Yorker and Esquire magazine. She currently lives in Manhattan. Academic Adrian Nicole LeBlanc was a Holtzbrinck Fellow at the American Academy in Berlin, Germany, for Spring 2009. She is a visiting scholar at the Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute at New York University 2009–2010. She was part of the Harman Writer-in-Residence Program at Baruch College in Spring 2011. Other publications Gang Girl: When Manny’s Locked-Up (August, 1994) Landing From the Sky (The New Yorker, April 23, 2000) When the Man of the House is in the Big House (Cover, January, 2003) Sidelines (About the work of Swiss artist Uwe Wittwer, in Geblendet / Dazzled: Kehrer, Heidelberg, 2005) 'The Ground We Lived On': A Father's Last Days (documenting the last months of her father's life, on NPR's All Things Considered, 2006) Awards Margolis Award (2000 Lettre Ulysses Award (2003) New York Times Best Books of the Year (2003) Borders Original Voices Award for Nonfiction MacArthur Fellow (2006) References External links margolis.com lettre-ulysses-award.org macfound.org Adrian Nicole LeBlanc on NPR about Random Family The New York Times Book Review on Random Family Adrian Nicole LeBlanc website Robert S. Boynton in The New Journalism on Adrian LeBlanc and Random Family Adrian Nicole LeBlanc in The New York Times Magazine on Education in Hollywood American women journalists Living people Year of birth missing (living people) MacArthur Fellows Smith College alumni Alumni of the University of Oxford Yale University alumni 21st-century American women
3996144	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag%20of%20the%20Sakha%20Republic	Flag of the Sakha Republic	The flag of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) ( Saqa Öröspüübülüketin Bılaağa; ), in the Russian Federation, is one of the official symbols of the Sakha Republic, alongside the coat of arms and the national anthem of the Sakha Republic. The flag has four horizontal stripes. From top to bottom, the stripes are light blue (3/4 of the flag's width), white (1/16), red (1/16), and green (1/8). The flag has been used officially as the flag of the Sakha Republic since 14 October 1992. The light blue stripe is charged with a white disc in the center. The diameter of the disc is 2/5 of the flag's width. Prior to 1992, the Sakha Republic existed as the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Prior to 1937, Yakut ASSR used a flag with a blue canton containing the depiction of the Aurora and the name of the ASSR. After 1937, the flag of the Yakut ASSR was identical to the flag of the Russian SFSR. Symbolism The disc represents the northern sun. The light blue, white, and green colors stand for the sky, snow, and taiga landscape respectively. The red symbolizes the courage and constancy of the people. According to the constitution of the Sakha Republic, the white disc represents the white sun of the arctic sky while the combination of light blue, white and red represent Sakha's place in the Russian Federation. Legislation The current law regulating the design and use of the flag was passed on 15 July 2004. The third chapter of Law No. 313-III "On the Official Symbols of the Sakha (Yakut) Republic" describes the symbolism, usage, placement, and the custom of flying the flag of the Sakha Republic alongside other flags. History Revolt flags Before and after the civil war, there were several revolts in the Yakut region. The revolts mainly uses tricolor flags. The first Yakut Revolt uses a black-white-red tricolor. The flag is the same as the flag of the German Empire. The Tungus Revolt, which established the Tungus Republic, uses a white-green-black tricolor. The white color of the flag symbolized the Siberian snow, green symbolizes wood and taiga, and black symbolizes the ground. The flag is identical to the flag of the Ural Republic. As the Yakut ASSR The first flag of the Yakut ASSR was described in the 1926 Constitution of the Yakut ASSR, which was approved on the 4th All-Yakutsk Congress of Soviets on 13 February 1926, and was introduced by resolution of the 2nd session of the Yakut Central Executive Committee on the 4th convocation of 17 September 1926. The flag was a red flag, with a blue canton in the top left of the flag on which the northern lights was depicted with the inscription in golden letters "ЯАССР" in the Yakut language. The flag of the Yakut ASSR was described in the 1937 Constitution of the Yakut ASSR, which was adopted by the Central Executive Committee of the Yakut ASSR on 9 March 1937, at the 9th Extraordinary Congress of Soviets of the Yakut ASSR. The flag was the same with the flag of the Russian SFSR. The only difference was some additional inscriptions. These inscriptions changed after a new alphabet for the Yakut language was approved by a decree of the People's Commissar of Education of the Soviet Union. A new state flag of the Yakut ASSR was adopted on 12 June 1954, by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Yakut ASSR "On the State Flag of the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic", and the official design of the flag was approved by the Law of the Yakut ASSR of 23 June 1954. The new state flag was identical with the state flag of the Russian SFSR, but with additional inscriptions. The position of the inscriptions changed after the adoption of the new constitution of the Yakut ASSR on 31 May 1978. As the Sakha (Yakut) Republic In line with the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the formation of new national entities, the Sakha Republic adopted a new constitution on 4 April 1992. There wasn't any statements regarding to the detail of the flag of the Sakha Republic on the constitution. The only statement was: The flag of the Republic of Sakha itself was approved on 14 October 1992, by the Decree No.1158-XII, and the decree itself was adopted by the Decree No.1159-XII. At 17.50 on the same day, the flag was first hoisted over the building of the Supreme Council of the Sakha Republic, next to the flag of the Russian Federation. The description of the flag was approved and the description of the flag was inserted into the Constitution of the Sakha Republic by the amendments of 22 July 2008. Designers Lyudmila, Danilova Sleptsova (born 1942). Painter, Honored Artist of the Sakha Republic. Member of the Union of Artists of the Russian Federation. Starostin, Mikhail Gavrilovich (born 1959). Graphic designer. Member of the Union of Artists of the Russian Federation. Zakharova, Ayina Petrovna (born 1973). Painter, student of the Artist School of Yakutia. See also List of Sakha flags References Citations Bibliography Constitutions Books Flag Flags introduced in 1992 Sakha Sakha Flags of the federal subjects of Russia
3996146	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%202207%20and%20IC%202163	NGC 2207 and IC 2163	NGC 2207 and IC 2163 are a pair of colliding spiral galaxies about 80 million light-years away in the constellation Canis Major. Both galaxies were discovered by John Herschel in 1835. The larger spiral, NGC 2207, is classified as an intermediate spiral galaxy exhibiting a weak inner ring structure around the central bar. The smaller companion spiral, IC 2163, is classified as a barred spiral galaxy that also exhibits a weak inner ring and an elongated spiral arm that is likely being stretched by tidal forces with the larger companion. Both galaxies contain a vast amount of dust and gas, and are beginning to exhibit enhanced rates of star formation, as seen in infrared images. NGC 2207 is in the process of colliding and merging with IC 2163. But unlike the Antennae or the Mice Galaxies, they are still two separate spiral galaxies. They are only in the first step of colliding and merging, with NGC 2207 being in the process of tidally stripping IC 2163. Soon they will collide, probably looking a bit more like the Mice Galaxies. In about a billion years time they are expected to merge and become an elliptical galaxy or perhaps a disk galaxy. Four supernovae have been observed in NGC 2207: type Ia SN 1975a in January 1975 type Ib SN 1999ec in October 1999 type Ib SN 2003H—discovered halfway between the two galaxies type II supernova SN 2013ai in March 2013 See also Andromeda–Milky Way collision Antennae Galaxies Arp 299 NGC 5090 and NGC 5091 NGC 6872 and IC 4970 References External links HST: A grazing encounter between two spiral galaxies Intermediate spiral galaxies Barred spiral galaxies Peculiar galaxies Interacting galaxies Canis Major 2207 IC objects 18749 UGCA objects Discoveries by John Herschel 18350124
5389602	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy%20Crosby	Andy Crosby	Andrew Keith Crosby (born 3 March 1973) is an English professional football manager and former player who is the assistant to manager Darrell Clarke at club Port Vale. A defender during his playing days, he began his career at Leeds United, but made his debut in the English Football League after joining Doncaster Rovers in July 1991. He spent two-and-a-half seasons with Rovers, before moving on to Darlington in December 1993 following a brief loan spell with Halifax Town. He played 211 games for Darlington in a stay which lasted almost five years. He spent the 1998–99 season with Chester City and was sold to Brighton & Hove Albion for £10,000 in July 1999. He helped Brighton to win the Third Division title in the 2000–01 season, before joining Oxford United on a free transfer in December 2001. He was named on the Third Division's PFA Team of the Year for the 2003–04 season and took a free transfer to Scunthorpe United in June 2004. He spent six seasons with Scunthorpe, winning three promotions: from League Two in 2004–05, with the League One title in 2006–07 and via the League One play-offs in 2009. He made 715 league and cup appearances during his 20-year playing career, scoring 43 goals. He joined the backroom staff at Scunthorpe United and would follow manager Nigel Adkins to Southampton, Reading, Sheffield United and Hull City. During his time at Southampton the club would win successive promotion from League One into the Premier League in 2010–11 and 2011–12. He served as Northern Ireland U21's caretaker-manager in 2020 and joined the coaching staff at Port Vale in March 2021. He served as Port Vale's acting manager during manager Darrell Clarke's absence in the latter half of the 2021–22 season. Playing career Early career Crosby was born in Rotherham, West Riding of Yorkshire. He began his football career as a trainee with Leeds United, having been with the club as a youth-team player since at least 1987. He was released to Doncaster Rovers – managed by former Leeds boss Billy Bremner – after failing to break into the first-team at Elland Road. He featured 26 times in the 1991–92 season as Rovers finished 21st in the Fourth Division. The creation of the Premier League saw the Fourth Division renamed the Third Division, and Doncaster ended the 1992–93 season in 16th-place under the stewardship of Steve Beaglehole. Crosby spent a brief part of the 1993–94 season on loan at Halifax Town, featuring just once for the Conference club. Darlington Crosby signed with Alan Murray's Darlington in December 1993, which went on to end the 1993–94 campaign second-from-bottom of the Football League. Darlington also finished second-from-bottom in 1994–95, with Crosby clocking up 41 appearances. The "Quakers" improved under new manager Jim Platt, and Crosby played 55 games in the 1995–96 campaign as Darlington qualified for the play-offs after finishing in fifth-place; he played in a back five alongside centre-backs Sean Gregan and Matty Appleby, supported by wing-backs Mark Barnard and Simon Shaw. He captained the club in their play-off final defeat to Plymouth Argyle, the club's first appearance at Wembley Stadium. However Darlington returned to the lower half of the division under new manager David Hodgson, finishing 18th in 1996–97 and 19th in 1997–98, with Crosby bringing his final tally at Darlington to 211 league and cup appearances. Chester City He joined Chester City in July 1998, where he partnered Matt Woods in central defence. Kevin Ratcliffe's "Seals" would finish 14th in the Third Division at the end of the 1998–99 season, with Crosby scoring four goals in 46 games and being sent off twice. He was transfer-listed by controversial owner Terry Smith and told the media that the club was "falling apart". Chester City were later ordered to pay Crosby £3,800 in outstanding bonuses and wages. Brighton & Hove Albion Crosby was sold on to Brighton & Hove Albion for a fee of £10,000 in July 1999. He recovered from a "mysterious illness" that kept him in hospital for two nights in September 1999; it turned out to be caused by a virus in his left ear. He went on to make 41 appearances across the 1999–2000 campaign. He formed a strong centre-back partnership with Danny Cullip during the 2000–01 season as Brighton won promotion out of the Third Division as champions; he scored two goals in 39 games, including one goal scored with his ear against Blackpool. He had a "clear the air meeting" with manager Micky Adams in September 2001 after being dropped for Matt Wicks. Following the meeting he was transfer-listed at his own request after finding his first-team chances at the Withdean Stadium limited. Oxford United Crosby signed with Oxford United in December 2001. Ian Atkins led the "U's" to a 21st-place finish in the Third Division at the end of the 2001–02 season. Crosby scored seven goals from 53 appearances in the 2002–03 campaign – including winning goals against Bury, Leyton Orient, Lincoln City and Boston United – as Oxford came within a point of reaching the play-offs. He scored five goals in 46 games during the 2003–04 season – including winning goals against Carlisle United, Leyton Orient and Cheltenham Town – as the club this time finished three points outside the play-off places. Crosby was named on the PFA Team of the Year. He was offered a new contract by incoming manager Graham Rix on greatly reduced terms, but decided to leave the Kassam Stadium to move closer to his family in the north of England. Scunthorpe United Crosby joined Scunthorpe United on a two-year contract in June 2004. Manager Brian Laws wanted to add experience to his young side, which he found in Crosby, Paul Musselwhite and Ian Baraclough. Together with existing veteran players Peter Beagrie and Steve Torpey, the five players had close to 2,500 games between them. He replaced Mark Jackson as club captain. Crosby formed a centre-back partnership with Andy Butler which would last for four seasons. He scored three goals from 48 games in the 2004–05 season as United won promotion out of League Two as runners-up to champions Yeovil Town. He also scored an own goal as the club were beaten by Chelsea in the FA Cup. He was again named on the PFA Team of the Year, along with teammate Peter Beagrie, as recognition for the team having the division's best defensive record with only 42 goals conceded, as compared to 73 goals conceded the previous season. He recovered from a dip in form to feature 49 times in the 2005–06 campaign as Scunthorpe posted a 12th-place finish in League One. He was sent off in a defeat at Blackpool but scored in wins over Barnsley, Oldham Athletic, Hartlepool United and Chesterfield. Now playing alongside Steve Foster, he captained Scunthorpe to promotion as champions of League One at the end of the 2006–07 season, the club's first divisional trophy in 49 years. He scored three goals in September 2007, including a header that secured a 2–1 win over Preston North End, maintaining Scunthorpe's unbeaten record at Glanford Park at the start of the 2007–08 season. Crosby featured in 38 Championship games, but Scunthorpe were eventually relegated to League One after finishing second-from-bottom. A knee injury restricted Crosby to just nine appearances during the 2008–09 campaign; Krystian Pearce and David Mirfin meanwhile established themselves at centre-back. Crosby's contribution proved crucial however as Pearce was dropped due to injuries and loss of form with four games of the regular season left to play. Scunthorpe qualified for the play-offs and Crosby converted his penalty in a shoot-out victory over Milton Keynes Dons in the semi-finals. He played the whole 90 minutes of the 3–2 victory over Millwall in the final – the last match of his 715 game career. Having been the club's assistant manager since November 2006, he focused on coaching for the 2009–10 season and did not make it onto the pitch as a player. Style of play Crosby was an "uncompromising, no-nonsense, hard-tackling" defender with a strong frame. He had good leadership and organisational skills, being described as a "natural leader" by former Scunthorpe teammate Paul Musselwhite. He was a penalty kick specialist and missed just one in his career, though he scored from the rebound. He was nicknamed 'Crozzer' whilst at Scunthorpe. Coaching career Following Brian Laws's move to Sheffield Wednesday on 6 November 2006, Nigel Adkins became Scunthorpe United's caretaker-manager with Crosby and Ian Baraclough as his assistants. Adkins was given the job on a permanent basis the following month and it was reported by the BBC that "the position of assistant manager will be reviewed in the close season", with Crosby, Baraclough and Tony Daws supporting Adkins until then. On 12 September 2010, Crosby joined Southampton as assistant to manager Nigel Adkins. The pair took the club from League One to the Premier League with successive promotions in 2010–11 and 2011–12. He was dismissed, along with Adkins, on 18 January 2013. The decision to sack Adkins proved highly unpopular with Southampton supporters, who waved white handkerchiefs at St Mary's Stadium to show their displeasure with chairman Nicola Cortese's decision to replace Adkins with former Espanyol manager Mauricio Pochettino. On 26 March 2013, he reunited with Adkins as he became his assistant at Reading. Crosby said the pair had tried to continue the work done by popular former manager Brian McDermott, however Reading were relegated from the Premier League at the end of the 2012–13 season. Crosby was strongly linked with the vacant management position at Scunthorpe United in November 2013. Reading aimed for an immediate promotion but narrowly missed out on the Championship play-offs in 2013–14 and Adkins and Crosby were sacked in December 2014. On 2 June 2015, Crosby joined Adkins as his assistant at Sheffield United. Adkins was sacked in May 2016 after overseeing an 11th-place finish in League One during the 2015–16 season. On 7 December 2017, Crosby was appointed as Adkins' assistant at Hull City on an 18-month contract. During this 18-month period Hull would avoid relegation out of the Championship at the end of the 2017–18 season and then finish 13th in the 2018–19 season. In June 2019, Adkins announced that he would be leaving Hull City, together with Crosby. Crosby said that they had decided not to renew their contracts as the wage bill had been cut and the playing squad was in need of a rebuild. He began working as Ian Baraclough's assistant in the Northern Ireland U21 coaching set-up, before being appointed as caretaker-manager after Baraclough was promoted to the senior team management position in August 2020. Baraclough described him as "a safe pair of hands". Crosby named his squad at the end of August and took charge for the remaining five group games of the 2021 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification. He won his first game as a manager on 4 September, a 2–0 win over Malta, and said that "it's a great opportunity for me as this is a really good group and Ian has put together a really good culture". However a 1–0 defeat to Denmark at the Ballymena Showgrounds on 8 September ended the team's chances of qualification. The rest of the campaign saw a defeat at home to Finland and a home win and away loss to Ukraine. Northern Ireland finished fifth in the group and it was reported in January 2021 that Crosby was expected to be given the manager's job on a permanent basis. In March 2021, he joined the coaching staff at Port Vale until the end of the season. He extended his contract at Vale Park in June 2021, at which point both manager Darrell Clarke and director of football David Flitcroft emphasised his importance to the club. He stepped down from his management position at Northern Ireland in order to concentrate fully on his role at Vale Park. On 15 February 2022, Clarke took a period of leave after a close family bereavement, with Crosby standing in during his absence. Clarke completed a phased return to the manager role on 6 May. Clarke allowed Crosby to lead the team out at Wembley in the play-off final as Vale secured promotion with a 3–0 win over Mansfield Town. Statistics Playing statistics Managerial statistics Honours Awards PFA Team of the Year (Third Division / League Two): 2003–04, 2004–05 Brighton and Hove Albion Football League Third Division: 2000–01 Scunthorpe United Football League Two second-place promotion: 2004–05 Football League One: 2006–07 Football League One play-offs: 2008–09 References 1973 births Footballers from Rotherham Living people Association football defenders English footballers Leeds United F.C. players Doncaster Rovers F.C. players Halifax Town A.F.C. players Darlington F.C. players Chester City F.C. players Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players Oxford United F.C. players Scunthorpe United F.C. players English Football League players National League (English football) players Association football coaches Scunthorpe United F.C. non-playing staff Southampton F.C. non-playing staff Reading F.C. non-playing staff Sheffield United F.C. non-playing staff Hull City A.F.C. non-playing staff Port Vale F.C. non-playing staff English football managers Port Vale F.C. managers English Football League managers
5389606	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulu%20language	Bulu language	Bulu is a Bantu language of the Bulu people of Cameroon. The language had 174,000 native speakers in 1982, with some 800,000 second language speakers in 1991. Its dialects include Bene, Yelinda, Yembana, Yengono, and Zaman. Bulu was formerly used by colonial and missionary groups as a lingua franca in the region for commercial, educational, and religious purposes, though it is today becoming less frequent in those spheres. Bulu belongs to the group of Beti languages and is intelligible with Eton, Ewondo, and Fang. Distribution Bulu speakers are concentrated primarily in Cameroon's South Province, with the largest number at Ebolowa and Sangmélima. Some speakers live in the Nyong-et-Mfoumou division of the Centre and the Haut-Nyong division of the East. According to ALCAM (2012), Bulu is spoken in the departments of Mvila and Dja-et-Lobo (Southern Region), and also the south of the department of Haute-Sanaga (Central Region) where the Yezum dialect of Ewondo is also spoken. Along with the Yébékóló and Omvan languages, it is also spoken in the north of Nyong-et-Mfoumou department (Central Region) and part of Haut-Nyong department (south of Nguelemendouka commune, Eastern Region). Phonology Consonants Vowels/Nasals Writing system The Bulu language was codified by the first Presbyterian missionaries who arrived in Cameroon. They made it a language of instruction in Protestant doctrine during the colonial era. This language has a dictionary (French-Bulu/Bulu-French) one of whose authors is Moïse Eyinga. The first novel written in Boulou is Nnanga Kôn. EPC Alphabet The Bulu alphabet of the Presbyterian Church of Cameroon consists of 24 letters: a, b, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, ñ, o, ô, p, s, t, u, v, w, y, z. é and è are variants of e in this alphabet. PROPELCA alphabet PROPELCA has also coded Bulu with an alphabet based on the General Alphabet of Cameroonian Languages. References Beti languages Languages of Cameroon
5389631	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Raines	Andrew Raines	Andrew Raines (born 8 March 1986) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Richmond Football Club, and Gold Coast Suns in the Australian Football League (AFL). He is the son of Geoff Raines, a premiership centreman who played for , , and . In 2016, Raines was appointed as the Head Coach of the Gold Coast Suns Academy. In 2018, Raines founded One on One Football An online platform connecting AFL accredited coaches with footballers for private coaching - Australia wide. Early life Raines was born in Melbourne, Victoria but moved to the Gold Coast, Queensland at 10 months of age when his father, Geoff, agreed to play for the Brisbane Bears. Andrew attended Marymount College on the Gold Coast during his schooling years. Junior football Raines began playing his junior football for the Palm Beach Currumbin Lions and later switched to the Southport Sharks. He was drafted in 2003 AFL Draft at the late pick of 76. The selection was questioned by some at the time, with suggestions that if Andrew had not been the son of former Richmond premiership great Geoff Raines, that Richmond would not have drafted him. Still he was a very young player (only eligible for the draft by 8 weeks) and had shown potential playing under-18 football for the Southport Sharks, however having a very small body frame he was considered a long-term prospect. AFL career Raines made his debut for Richmond in the final game of the 2004 season, gathering 9 disposals and 4 marks. He then played six matches for Richmond in the 2005 season, averaging 10 disposals. In 2006, Raines became one of Richmond's most consistent performers, playing in all 22 games and averaging 18 disposals. He finished second in both the 2006 AFL Rising Star award and Richmond's best and fairest, the Jack Dyer Medal. Raines played on some of the competitions best small and medium forwards, and came to prominence when he restricted dual All-Australian and Brownlow Medal winner Mark Ricciuto to only 4 disposals and 1 goal. He represented Australia in the 2006 International Rules series against Ireland. In 2006, Raines signed a three-year deal with Richmond until the end of the 2009 season. However, after playing every game in 2006 and 2007, he only played a total of five games during the 2008 and 2009 seasons due to injuries and poor form. Raines requested to leave Richmond at the end of the 2009 season, and was traded to the Brisbane Lions in 2010 in exchange for a third-round draft pick (#44 overall). His first game for the Lions was in Round 1, 2010 against West Coast at the Gabba. On 27 August 2014, Raines was delisted by Brisbane. At Brisbane, Raines evolved into a quality defensive midfielder and was often assigned a tagging role on the opposition's most damaging midfielder. Raines was rookie listed by his hometown club, at the end of 2014 after being delisted by the Brisbane Lions. After six matches with Gold Coast, he announced his immediate retirement in August 2015. Statistics \|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" \| 2004 \|style="text-align:center;"\| \| 38 \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 5 \|\| 4 \|\| 9 \|\| 4 \|\| 0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 5.0 \|\| 4.0 \|\| 9.0 \|\| 4.0 \|\| 0.0 \|- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" \| 2005 \|style="text-align:center;"\| \| 4 \|\| 6 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 27 \|\| 31 \|\| 58 \|\| 16 \|\| 3 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 4.5 \|\| 5.2 \|\| 9.7 \|\| 2.7 \|\| 0.5 \|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" \| 2006 \|style="text-align:center;"\| \| 4 \|\| 22 \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 216 \|\| 181 \|\| 397 \|\| 100 \|\| 39 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 9.8 \|\| 8.2 \|\| 18.0 \|\| 4.5 \|\| 1.8 \|- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" \| 2007 \|style="text-align:center;"\| \| 4 \|\| 22 \|\| 0 \|\| 2 \|\| 223 \|\| 205 \|\| 428 \|\| 101 \|\| 35 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 10.1 \|\| 9.3 \|\| 19.5 \|\| 4.6 \|\| 1.6 \|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" \| 2008 \|style="text-align:center;"\| \| 4 \|\| 2 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 21 \|\| 15 \|\| 36 \|\| 4 \|\| 2 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 10.5 \|\| 7.5 \|\| 18.0 \|\| 2.0 \|\| 1.0 \|- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" \| 2009 \|style="text-align:center;"\| \| 4 \|\| 3 \|\| 0 \|\| 0 \|\| 24 \|\| 24 \|\| 48 \|\| 7 \|\| 5 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 8.0 \|\| 8.0 \|\| 16.0 \|\| 2.3 \|\| 1.7 \|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" \| 2010 \|style="text-align:center;"\| \| 29 \|\| 10 \|\| 0 \|\| 1 \|\| 94 \|\| 99 \|\| 193 \|\| 36 \|\| 13 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 9.4 \|\| 9.9 \|\| 19.3 \|\| 3.6 \|\| 1.3 \|- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" \| 2011 \|style="text-align:center;"\| \| 29 \|\| 16 \|\| 1 \|\| 5 \|\| 140 \|\| 155 \|\| 295 \|\| 25 \|\| 49 \|\| 0.1 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 8.8 \|\| 9.7 \|\| 18.4 \|\| 1.6 \|\| 3.1 \|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" \| 2012 \|style="text-align:center;"\| \| 29 \|\| 19 \|\| 8 \|\| 6 \|\| 167 \|\| 138 \|\| 305 \|\| 31 \|\| 74 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 8.8 \|\| 7.3 \|\| 16.1 \|\| 1.6 \|\| 3.9 \|- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" \| 2013 \|style="text-align:center;"\| \| 29 \|\| 18 \|\| 4 \|\| 8 \|\| 116 \|\| 150 \|\| 266 \|\| 34 \|\| 41 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 6.4 \|\| 8.3 \|\| 14.8 \|\| 1.9 \|\| 2.3 \|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" \| 2014 \|style="text-align:center;"\| \| 29 \|\| 4 \|\| 1 \|\| 0 \|\| 35 \|\| 41 \|\| 76 \|\| 10 \|\| 6 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 8.8 \|\| 10.3 \|\| 19.0 \|\| 2.5 \|\| 1.5 \|- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" \| 2015 \|style="text-align:center;"\| \| 29 \|\| 6 \|\| 2 \|\| 0 \|\| 40 \|\| 36 \|\| 76 \|\| 11 \|\| 18 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 0.0 \|\| 6.7 \|\| 6.0 \|\| 12.7 \|\| 1.8 \|\| 3.0 \|- class="sortbottom" ! colspan=3\| Career ! 129 ! 17 ! 22 ! 1108 ! 1079 ! 2187 ! 379 ! 285 ! 0.1 ! 0.2 ! 8.6 ! 8.4 ! 17.0 ! 2.9 ! 2.2 \|} References External links 1986 births Living people Australian rules footballers from Queensland Brisbane Lions players Richmond Football Club players Gold Coast Football Club players Southport Australian Football Club players Sportspeople from the Gold Coast, Queensland Australia international rules football team players
5389636	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Have%20You%20Seen%3F	Have You Seen?	Have You Seen? is the second studio album by American rapper Rampage. It was released on June 6, 2006 via Sure Shot Recordings. Audio production of the twenty-seven-track record was handled by Felony Muzik, Prayon, Mac G, The Boogiii Men, DJ Scratch, The Neptunes, Turay, Yountie Strickland, and DJ Blaze. Sean Paul, Lady Day, City Boyz, DJ Kool, Hollywood Dave made guest appearances on the album, as well as Rampage's Flipmode Squad bandmate Busta Rhymes. Track listing Personnel Roger "Rampage" McNair - main artist, executive producer Dereck Z. McKinnis - guest artist (tracks: 8, 10), producer (tracks: 1, 6, 10, 12-13, 15, 18, 20, 23, 27), co-producer (track 21), executive producer, mixing & recording (tracks: 1-2, 4, 6-8, 10-15, 18-21, 23, 25, 27) D. "Lady Day" Pringle - guest artist (tracks: 2, 6, 17) Trevor George Smith Jr. - guest artist (tracks: 3-4) Sean Paul Ryan Francis Henriques - guest artist (track 7) John W. Bowman Jr. - guest artist (track 15) "Hollywood Dave" Kirkland - guest artist (track 22) Eran Prion - producer (tracks: 2, 7, 21) Jermaine Russ - producer (tracks: 14, 19, 25) George Spivey - producer (track 4) Chad Hugo - producer (track 16) Pharrell Williams - producer (track 16) Yountie Strickland - producer (track 22) D. "Turay" Wesley - producer (track 24) Alexa Motley - executive producer, management Isaac "Ike" Hamm III - management References 2006 albums Rampage (rapper) albums Albums produced by DJ Scratch Albums produced by the Neptunes Conglomerate (record label) albums
3996147	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OGAE	OGAE	OGAE (, English: General Organisation of Eurovision Fans) is an international organisation which consists of a network of 42 Eurovision Song Contest fan clubs across Europe and beyond. It was founded in 1984 in Savonlinna, Finland by Jaripekka Koikkalainen and is a non-governmental and non-profit company. Four non-profit competitions are organised independently every year to promote national popular music to Eurovision fans from around the world. The international organisation works frequently in cooperation with the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and the national broadcasting companies from participating countries in order to help promote the Eurovision Song Contest. The current President of the OGAE International Network is Simon Bennett from OGAE United Kingdom, who succeeded Maiken Mäemets of OGAE Finland in 2015. History The Eurovision Song Contest began in 1956, and in 1984 the OGAE International Network was founded by Jaripekka Koikkalainen in Savonlinna, Finland. The organisation, which is an independent Eurovision fan club, operates as a non-governmental, non-political and non-profit body, and works frequently in cooperation with the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). The network is open to countries that take part in the Eurovision Song Contest or have participated in the past. Several other countries around Europe and beyond that do not have their own independent OGAE Network, including Kazakhstan, Monaco, San Marino, South Africa, and the United States of America, participate under the name "OGAE Rest of the World". Every year the organisation arranges four competitions – Song Contest, Second Chance Contest, Video Contest and Home Composed Song Contest. The cooperative exercise of the OGAE Network is to raise awareness of popular national music across the world, in collaboration with the fans of the Eurovision Song Contest, as well as establishing a strong relationship between national broadcasting companies and the marketing of the Eurovision Song Contest itself to a wider fan-base. In 2007, Antonis Karatzikos was elected as new International Coordinator for OGAE, until 2009. In July 2009 he was re-elected for the same post. In 2011, OGAE International Network became a registered organisation in France, and Maiken Mäemets was elected president. She was re-elected for a second term on 17 May 2013 at the Euro Fan Café (Moriska Paviljongen) in Malmö, Sweden. During the annual OGAE Presidents’ Meeting, which took place on 22 May 2015 at the Euro Fan Café in Wien; the presidents of the OGAE Clubs elected a new board for the OGAE International Network (shown below), who will maintain their roles until the next election in 2017. OGAE branches OGAE currently has forty-three members, including two in Germany. These are: Germany Eurovision Club Rest of the World OGAE Rest of the World Countries that do not have an OGAE Network in their own right, but are active or associate members of the EBU are unified under the name "Rest of the World". The countries which constitute this OGAE Network are: Notes 2. Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, San Marino and Slovakia have all participated in the Eurovision Song Contest, though they do not have full OGAE membership and thus are part of OGAE Rest of the World. OGAE Contests OGAE Poll The Marcel Bezençon Fan Award was handed out in 2002 and 2003, and voted on by the members of OGAE, the Eurovision international fan club. It was discontinued and replaced by the Composer Award in 2004. Every year since 2007, OGAE has conducted a pre-Eurovision Song Contest poll in which every national club plus OGAE Rest of the World cast a vote from all entries participating in a particular contest, using the same scoring system as the one at Eurovision: the most voted songs on each club receive 1 to 8, and then 10 and 12 points, and countries cannot vote for themselves. The winners of this poll are: OGAE Second Chance Contest The OGAE Second Chance Contest is a visual event which was founded in 1987 and is organised by branches of the OGAE. Four nations competed in the first contest which took place in 1987. The competition was previously a non-televised event, but evolved over the years by the usage of video tape and later DVD, YouTube and streaming services. Each summer following the Eurovision Song Contest, each branch can enter one song that failed to win the country's national selection process for the contest. The members of each club choose amongst the songs that did not win and select one to represent the club in the event. Votes are cast by members of the OGAE clubs and are returned to the OGAE branch organising the particular year's event. Guest juries have been used to cast votes since 1993. OGAE Song Contest The OGAE Song Contest is an audio event in which all OGAE national clubs can enter with an original song released in the previous 12 months in their countries. The songs used to be sung in one of the country's official languages, but this rule is going to be removed in 2022. Participation So far 59 countries have been represented at the contest at least once. These are listed here alongside the year in which they made their debut: OGAE Rest of the World represents countries that do not have an OGAE branch of their own. Winners Fourteen countries have won the contest since it began in 1986. The most successful country in the contest is the United Kingdom, who have won the contest seven times. OGAE Video Contest The OGAE Video Contest is a video event which, much like the OGAE Song Contest, is organised between branches of OGAE, the international fan club of the Eurovision Song Contest. All OGAE national clubs can enter with an original song and video released in the previous 12 months in their countries. There is no obligation on the entry for the OGAE Video Contest to be sung in one of the country's official languages. From 2022 onwards, the contest will be combined with the OGAE Song Contest. Participation So far 50 countries have been represented at the contest at least once. These are listed here alongside the year in which they made their debut: OGAE Rest of the World represents countries that do not have an OGAE branch of their own. Their first participation came at the 2005 Contest, where they represented Kazakhstan. Winners Nine countries have won the contest since it began in 2003. The most successful countries in the contest has been France, who has won the contest four times. See also ABU Song Festivals Bundesvision Song Contest Cân i Gymru Caribbean Song Festival Eurovision Dance Contest Eurovision Song Contest Eurovision Young Dancers Eurovision Young Musicians Intervision Song Contest Junior Eurovision Song Contest OGAE Second Chance Contest OGAE Video Contest Sopot International Song Festival Turkvision Song Contest Notes References External links OGAE Home Page Song contests Non-profit organisations based in Finland International organisations based in Finland
3996164	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sten%20Bergstrand	Östen Bergstrand	Carl Östen Emanuel Bergstrand (1 September 1873 – 27 September 1948) was a Swedish astronomer. He was Professor of Astronomy at Uppsala University from 1909 until 1938 and from where he received his Ph.D. in astronomy in 1899 under Nils Christoffer Dunér. His early work was focused on astrometrics, particularly in the examination of photographic plates to measure stellar parallax. He used the orbital motions of the moons of Uranus to measure the rotation period and equatorial flattening of the planet. He also made studies of the solar corona, using photographs from the 1914 solar eclipse expedition. He wrote works on astronomy for the general public, including Astronomi (1925). The crater Bergstrand on the Moon is named after him. References External links Östen Bergstrand (1873-1948) 1873 births 1948 deaths 20th-century Swedish astronomers Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Burials at Uppsala old cemetery
3996176	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20cash%20%28currency%20unit%29	Chinese cash (currency unit)	The cash () was a currency denomination used in China in imperial times. It was the chief denomination until the introduction of the yuan in the late 19th century. Etymology The English word "cash", meaning "tangible currency", is an older word from Portuguese caixa or Middle French caisse ("box", or "case"). The term was first used on coins issued in Kwangtung (Guangdong) Province in 1900. It did not appear on paper money until later. The plural forms "cash" and "cashes" were both used. The Chinese character wen () has several other meanings in modern Chinese. History The wén was one of the chief units of currency in China and was used to denominate both coins and paper money. Other denominations were used, including various weights, based on the tael system, for sycee silver and gold ingots. Until the 19th century, coins denominated in wen were cast, the most common formation being the round-shaped copper coin with a square or circular hole in the centre. The hole enabled the coins to be strung together to create higher denominations, as was frequently done due to the coin's low value. The number of coins in a string of cash () varied over time and place but was nominally 1000. A string of 1000 wén was supposed to be equal in value to one tael (liǎng) of pure silver. Each string of cash was divided in ten sections of 100. The person who strung the cash into a string took one, two, or three cash per hundred, depending on local custom, as payment for his effort. So, in fact, an ounce of silver could vary in exchange from 970 to 990 cash (or more) between two places fairly close together. In places in the North where there was a shortage of coinage a string of 500 exchanged for an ounce of silver. Paper money sometimes showed pictures of the appropriate number of 1 wén coins strung together. In the 19th century, foreign coins began to circulate widely in China, particularly silver coins such as the Mexican peso. In 1889, Chinese currency began to be denominated in the yuan and its subdivisions. The cash or wén was retained in this system as yuan. Traditional style, cast 1 wén coins continued to be produced until the end of the Chinese Empire in 1911. The last coins denominated in cash were struck in the early years of the Republic of China in 1924. The term is still used today in colloquial Cantonese (mān), but written as "蚊". Coins Numerous authorities issued coins denominated in wén in the nineteenth century, including departments of the Imperial government (The Board of Revenue and Board of Public Works) together with provincial authorities. Most coins were 1 wén denominations, but denominations of 4, 5, 10, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 wén were also issued. After the introduction of the yuan, coins were struck in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 cash or wén. Paper money The world's first paper money, issued in China between the 7th and 15th centuries, was denominated in wén. The notes carried depictions of coins, sometimes in strings of ten. The notes of the Yuan dynasty suffered from hyperinflation due to over production without sufficient coins to back them and were withdrawn. Chinese paper money reappeared in the 19th century during the Qing dynasty. In 1853, Da-Qing Baochao notes were introduced in denominations of 500, 1000 and 2000 wén. 5000 wén notes followed in 1856, with 10,000, 50,000 and 100,000 wén notes added in 1857. The last of these notes were issued in 1859. External influence Early Korean, Japanese, Ryukyuan, and Vietnamese currencies, the Korean mun, Japanese mon, Ryukyuan mon, and Vietnamese văn (where it was both used for cash coins and as a currency unit), were derived from the Chinese wén and written with the same character. In 1695, the Shogunate placed the character gen () on the obverse of copper coins. Vietnam gained independence from China in 938 and merely carried on the tradition of using cash. The first Vietnamese cash was issued in 968. Hong Kong The smallest unit of the Hong Kong dollar during the 1860s was the mil which like the Chinese cash was of a dollar, the Chinese character for this currency unit was "文" though these coins were not translated into English as "cash'. See also Ancient Chinese coinage History of Chinese currency Japanese mon Korean mun Vietnamese văn (coins) Vietnamese văn (currency unit) Ryukyuan mon References Notes Bibliography Isaac Titsingh. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652]. Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon.] Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. ( Digitized text copy ) External links Chinese Coinage Website Coins of ancient China Medieval currencies Modern obsolete currencies Chinese numismatics Cash coins
3996199	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booty%20Call%20%28disambiguation%29	Booty Call (disambiguation)	Booty Call is a 1997 American comedy film. Booty Call may also refer to: Booty call, a slang term for a request for casual sex Booty Call (EP), by the Midnight Beast, 2010 Booty Call (soundtrack), the film's 1997 soundtrack Other uses "Booti Call", a 1994 song by Blackstreet "Bootie Call", a 1998 song by All Saints Jake's Booty Call, a series of Flash animation games and the 2003 movie based on the series See also Pocket dialing or "butt dialing", a type of accidental phone call Bootie (disambiguation) Booty (disambiguation) Mating call (disambiguation)
5389648	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Hinds	Richard Hinds	Richard Paul Hinds (born 22 August 1980 in Sheffield, South Yorkshire) is an English footballer who most recently played as a defender for Llandudno in the Welsh Premier League. Playing career Hinds started his career at the academy of Tranmere Rovers before being promoted to the senior squad where he made a name for himself as a consistent and reliable performer. After 51 appearances, in July 2003 he signed for Hull City in League Two. Having initially signed a one-year deal with the club, an impressive start to his Tigers career saw him, in October 2003, sign an extension to his deal which would keep him at the KC Stadium until the end of the 2004/05 season. He helped the club win promotion to League One and in all made 48 appearances for the Tigers and scoring once against Macclesfield Town. In March 2005 he joined Scunthorpe United on loan. In May 2005 he was released by Hull City and was signed on a Bosman transfer only two months in his spell. In July 2007, Hinds transferred to his boyhood club Sheffield Wednesday after rejecting a contract from his former club Scunthorpe United and agreeing to sign on a two-year deal with the Owls. His first goal came as he headed home the winner in a 2–1 victory against Blackpool at Hillsborough on 27 October 2007. In only the second game of the 2008–09 season, a 1–4 defeat away at Wolverhampton Wanderers, Hinds suffered a severe fracture of his left leg. The injury looked like keeping him out for the majority of the remaining season but he returned in late February and once again became a regular member of the squad and in mid-march began claiming his place in the centre of the Owls defence at the expense of Mark Beevers. Hinds remained a firm fan favourite at Sheffield Wednesday, as he became one of the shining lights of the team and a rock at the centre of the defence. However, in the 2009–10 season he failed to hold down a place in the squad. On 10 May 2011, Hinds was released from his contract by Sheffield Wednesday along with teammate Tommy Miller. On 4 November 2011, Richard Hinds signed with Conference side Lincoln City until the end of the year. On 2 February 2012, Hinds signed for League One side Yeovil Town on a contract until the end of April 2012 as cover for suspended captain Paul Huntington. He made his debut against former club Sheffield Wednesday, and scored his first Yeovil goal in a 3–1 win over Rochdale. With Hinds short-term contract finishing at the end of April he missed the club's final match of the season but agreed a new one-year deal in late May. On 14 August 2012, Hinds scored two of Yeovil's goals in a 3–0 win over Colchester United in the Football League Cup. He then scored again the following Saturday in League One, against Coventry City, in a 1–1 draw. Hinds was an unused substitute in the 2013 League One play-off final against Brentford on 19 May 2013, as Yeovil won promotion to the Championship for the first time in the club's history. Hinds was released by the Yeovil at the end of the season having not been offered a new contract. On 18 July 2013, Bury signed Hinds on a one-year contract after a successful trial. Hinds scored his first goal for Bury in the 1st round of the Football League Cup against Crewe Alexandra. Bury went on to win the match 3–2. He scored his first league goal for the club in a 3–0 win over Hartlepool United. Hinds was released at the end of the 2013–14 season by Bury. Hinds joined Cymru Alliance side Llandudno on 22 August 2014 in a player/ assistant manager capacity. Outside football In 2011, Hinds attained a first-class honours degree in Law from the Open University, believing that footballers should plan for life after football while they are still playing. Career statistics A. The "Other" column constitutes appearances and goals (including those as a substitute) in the Football League Trophy and Play-off matches. References External links 1980 births Living people Footballers from Sheffield English footballers Association football defenders Association football utility players English Football League players National League (English football) players Tranmere Rovers F.C. players Hull City A.F.C. players Scunthorpe United F.C. players Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players Lincoln City F.C. players Yeovil Town F.C. players Bury F.C. players Llandudno F.C. players
5389654	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partho%20Sen-Gupta	Partho Sen-Gupta	Partho Sen-Gupta (also spelled Partho Sen Gupta or Partho Sengupta pronounced Partho Shen-Goopto) is an independent film director and screenwriter. He is a French citizen, of Indian origin. He has a post-graduate in Film Direction from FEMIS. Biography Sen-Gupta was born in Mumbai (Bombay), on 2 September 1965. He has been working in cinema since the age of seventeen, starting his career as an apprentice in the art department, in the studios of "Bollywood" in Mumbai. He worked with an Indian art director Bijon Dasgupta on the sets of big budget commercial Hindi films like Saagar and Mr. India among others. After having spent a few years and finishing his apprenticeship, he became assistant art director. In 1988, he worked on his first film as art director or production designer in an Indian art movie called Main Zinda Hoon (I am Alive) directed by Sudhir Mishra. He then set up his design studio working on numerous advertising films and art movies, designing sets and specializing in real-time SFX. He won the Best Art Director Award in 1989. He also worked as production designer on the French film Nocturne Indien directed by Alain Corneau and shot in Mumbai. In 1993, he was selected to do a two-month summer workshop at FEMIS, the French film institute in Paris. During the workshop, he directed his first short film "La Derniere..." based on Samuel Beckett's radio play Krapp's Last Tape. He was then awarded a three and a half year full scholarship to study film direction at the same school. During his film school years, he made four short fiction films Le Cochon, La Partition, Trajet Discontinu, and La Petite Souris which took him to different European film festivals and won awards. After graduation in 1997, he directed his first feature film Hava Aney Dey (Let the Wind Blow) which premiered at the Berlin Film Festival in 2004. It was selected in many international film festivals and won awards. The film was part of the Global Lens 2008 series of the Global Film Initiative. and premiered at the MoMA NYC, in January 2008. In 2005, he made a documentary film The Way of Beauty on the Indo-fusion group Shakti which was released on the DVD in May 2006. In 2008, his new feature film project Sunrise, was selected among 30 other international projects at the 11th Pusan promotion Plan (3 to 6 October 2008) at the Pusan International Film Festival. Sunrise was the only Indian project in the selection. Sunrise was completed and released in October 2014 and premiered at the 2014 Busan International Film Festival and numerous international film festivals, received awards and international critical acclaim. In 2017, Sen-Gupta wrote and directed his first Australian feature film Slam. It was an official selected project at the 2016 International Film Festival Rotterdam's CineMart and the 2016 Berlinale Co-oproduction Market. The film starring Adam Bakri, from the Academy Awards nominated film Omar and award winning Australian actress Rachael Blake, was filmed in October and November 2017 in Sydney, Australia. Slam is selected in the Official Selection Competition at the 2018 Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival and had its world premiere on 27 November 2018. Filmography Writer/Director Slam - 2018/Fiction/115 min/English Sunrise - 2014/Fiction/85 min/Marathi The Way of Beauty - 2006/Documentary/180 min/English Hava Aney Dey (Let the Wind Blow) - 2004/Fiction/93 min/Hindi Trajet Discontinu - 1998/Fiction/26 min/French Le Cochon - 1996/Fiction/12min/French Production Designer/Art Director Nocturne Indien - 1989/Fiction/110 min/French Raakh - 1989/Fiction/153 min/Hindi Main Zinda Hoon - 1988/Fiction/120 min/Hindi References External links Arunoday - Sunrise - A film by Partho Sen-Gupta Official Website 2004 interview in Nantes, Festival de 3 continents 1965 births Living people Film directors from Mumbai Hindi-language film directors Bengali male artists Indian production designers 20th-century Indian designers
5389661	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean%20Polo	Dean Polo	Dean Polo (born 5 August 1986) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Richmond Football Club and the St Kilda Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). Playing career 2005–2010: Career with Richmond Polo was drafted by the Richmond Football Club with the 20th selection in the 2004 AFL draft. In his first season at Richmond in 2005, Polo initially struggled with the move from a small country town to the "big city", and was dropped to the Coburg reserves early on in the season. However, in the second half of the season his performances earned him a promotion to the Coburg seniors, where his performances continued to improve to the point where he was considered a possibility to debut for Richmond towards the end of the 2005 season. After starring for Coburg in the early part of the 2006 season, Polo made his AFL debut in Round 6 against Essendon in the "Dreamtime at the 'G" game. He starred in the game, collecting 28 disposals and kicking three goals, helping Richmond beat their arch-rivals Essendon. Polo was rewarded with the Yiooken Award for his best-on-ground performance and was also nominated for the 2006 NAB Rising Star award. In 2010 Polo was banned by the club for one week following a drunken incident in a Sydney hotel. This only added to the pain of Richmond's previously-winless start to the season. On 14 October 2010 he was delisted by the Tigers after 56 senior games in his six seasons at the club. 2011–2012: Career with St Kilda On 18 November 2010, Polo was drafted by St Kilda for the 2011 season. He played 15 games and kicked 6 goals in his first season at the Saints. Polo was delisted by St Kilda after the 2012 season. References External links Richmond Football Club players St Kilda Football Club players 1986 births Living people Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia) Gippsland Power players Sandringham Football Club players Coburg Football Club players
5389689	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Burnett	John Burnett	John Burnett may refer to: Law John Burnett (advocate) (c. 1764–1810), Scottish advocate and judge John Burnett (judge) (1831–1890), American judge on the Oregon Supreme Court Politics John Burnett (colonial secretary) (1781–1860), colonial secretary of Van Diemens Land John Burnett (trade unionist) (1842–1914), British trade unionist and civil servant John George Burnett (1876–1962), British politician, Member of Parliament John Burnett, Baron Burnett (born 1945), British politician, Member of Parliament John L. Burnett (1854–1919), U.S. Representative from Alabama Sports John Burnett (cricketer) (1840–1878), English cricketer Johnny Burnett (baseball) (1904–1957), American baseball player John Burnett (footballer) (born 1939), English association (soccer) footballer John Burnett (rugby league), English rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s and 1960s Other John Burnett (merchant) (1729–1784), Aberdeen merchant John Napier Burnett (1899–1989), Canadian educator John Harrison Burnett (1922–2007), British botanist and mycologist John Burnett (historian) (1925–2006), English social historian John Burnett (priest) (fl. 1955–1969), Australian Anglican priest John F. Burnett, American film editor See also John Burnet (disambiguation) Johnny Burnette (1934–1964), musician

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.