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3995195 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vop%C4%9Bnka%27s%20principle | Vopěnka's principle | In mathematics, Vopěnka's principle is a large cardinal axiom.
The intuition behind the axiom is that the set-theoretical universe is so large that in every proper class, some members are similar to others, with this similarity formalized through elementary embeddings.
Vopěnka's principle was first introduced by Petr Vopěnka and independently considered by H. Jerome Keisler, and was written up by .
According to , Vopěnka's principle was originally intended as a joke: Vopěnka was apparently unenthusiastic about large cardinals and introduced his principle as a bogus large cardinal property, planning to show later that it was not consistent. However, before publishing his inconsistency proof he found a flaw in it.
Definition
Vopěnka's principle asserts that for every proper class of binary relations (each with set-sized domain), there is one elementarily embeddable into another. This cannot be stated as a single sentence of ZFC as it involves a quantification over classes. A cardinal κ is called a Vopěnka cardinal if it is inaccessible and Vopěnka's principle holds in the rank Vκ (allowing arbitrary S ⊂ Vκ as "classes").
Many equivalent formulations are possible.
For example, Vopěnka's principle is equivalent to each of the following statements.
For every proper class of simple directed graphs, there are two members of the class with a homomorphism between them.
For any signature Σ and any proper class of Σ-structures, there are two members of the class with an elementary embedding between them.
For every predicate P and proper class S of ordinals, there is a non-trivial elementary embedding j:(Vκ, ∈, P) → (Vλ, ∈, P) for some κ and λ in S.
The category of ordinals cannot be fully embedded in the category of graphs.
Every subfunctor of an accessible functor is accessible.
(In a definable classes setting) For every natural number n, there exists a C(n)-extendible cardinal.
Strength
Even when restricted to predicates and proper classes definable in first order set theory, the principle implies existence of Σn correct extendible cardinals for every n.
If κ is an almost huge cardinal, then a strong form of Vopěnka's principle holds in Vκ:
There is a κ-complete ultrafilter U such that for every {Ri: i < κ} where each Ri is a binary relation and Ri ∈ Vκ, there is S ∈ U and a non-trivial elementary embedding j: Ra → Rb for every a < b in S.
References
External links
gives a number of equivalent definitions of Vopěnka's principle.
Large cardinals
Mathematical principles |
3995202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie%20King%20%28spirit%29 | Katie King (spirit) | Katie King was the name given by Spiritualists in the 1870s to what they believed to be a materialized spirit. The question of whether the spirit was real or a fraud was a notable public controversy of the mid-1870s.
The spirit was said to have appeared first between 1871 and 1874 in séances conducted by Florence Cook in London, and later in 1874–1875 in New York in séances held by the mediums Jennie Holmes and her husband Nelson Holmes.
Katie King was believed by Spiritualists to be the daughter of John King, a spirit control of the 1850s through the 1870s that appeared in many séances involving materialized spirits.
A spirit control is a powerful and communicative spirit that organizes the appearance of other spirits at a séance. John King claimed to be the spirit of Henry Morgan, the buccaneer (Doyle 1926: volume 1, 241, 277).
Florence Cook
Florence Cook (ca 1856 – 1904) was a teenage girl who started to claim mediumistic abilities in 1870 and in 1871-2 she developed her abilities under the established mediums Frank Herne and Charles Williams. Herne was associated with the spirit "John King", and Florence became associated with "Katie King", stated to be John King's daughter. Herne was exposed as a fraud in 1875. Katie King developed from appearing as a disembodied face to a fully physical materialisation.
At Hackney on 9 December 1873, lawyer William Volckman attended a séance held by Florence Cook, during which Katie King materialized and, as was customary, held the hands of participants. Suspicious of the spirit's similarity with Cook, Volckman seized the spirit's hand and waist, accusing it of being the medium masquerading as her ghost. The spirit was wrestled from Volckman's grasp by other participants and returned to a cabinet from which Cook emerged some minutes later. Volckman published his opinion that the spirit was a masquerade by Cook. Supporters of Miss Cook denounced Volckman on the grounds that he had broken his agreement to proper etiquette required in the séance, thus negating his credibility as an investigator: Volckman was associated with another medium, Mrs Guppy, who might have wished to denigrate her rival. Moreover, it was argued that since spirits borrowed energy and matter from their medium, it was not surprising that Katie King resembled Cook. Despite the defence of their position, Cook and her supporters were hurt by this incident — newspapers were referring to it as an "exposure" — and sought further support for their position. To this end, they turned to Crookes, who was a prominent and respected scientist.
Between 1871 and 1874, Sir William Crookes investigated the preternatural phenomena produced by Spiritualist mediums. He described the conditions he imposed on mediums as follows: "It must be at my own house, and my own selection of friends and spectators, under my own conditions, and I may do whatever I like as regards apparatus" (Doyle 1926: volume 1, 177).
A 15-year-old Cook, alone in Crookes's house with Crookes's friends and family as witnesses, was said to have materialized the spirit of Katie King, who walked about, talked, allowed herself to be weighed and measured, and even held the family's baby (Doyle 1926: volume 1, 241). On one occasion, at a joint seance in Crookes's home in March 1874, Katie King was seen in company with "Florence Maple", a spirit materialised by the medium Mary Showers who was exposed as a fraud shortly thereafter. The sessions were held with the medium secluded in the dark, because Spiritualists believe that materialization requires very dim surroundings to succeed, though occasionally the spirits materialised in the light and some photographs were taken. As is apparently typical of materialized spirits, Katie's exact height and weight varied, though Katie was always taller than Florence Cook, with a larger face, and different hair and skin. According to those present, the two were both visible at the same moments, so that Florence could not have assumed the role of the spirit (Doyle 1926: volume 1, 235–240).
The final appearances of Katie King in connection with Florence Cook took place in April and May 1874 at the Cook family home in Hackney. The audiences were invited to sit in a parlour opening onto a bedroom, in which Florence would start her trance. After some time Katie King would emerge. At some point the audience would be shown a figure, apparently Florence, lying on the floor of the bedroom with her head covered by a shawl while Katie King was still visible in the parlour. A number of the witnesses, such as Edward W. Cox, recorded their doubts about the proceedings, while others claimed that they had seen the two clearly, such as Crookes and Florence Marryat, who claimed that she had seen Katie naked in Florence's company.
Crookes's report, published in 1874, contained his assertion that Florence Cook, as well as the mediums Kate Fox and Daniel Dunglas Home, were producing genuine preternatural phenomena (Crookes 1874). The publication caused an uproar, and his testimony about Katie King was considered the most outrageous and sensational part of the report.
Her story was told in season 21, episode 8 of Mysteries at the Museum.
Jennie and Nelson Holmes
After news of Katie King had spread abroad, the American mediums Jennie and Nelson Holmes also claimed to have materialized her. Robert Dale Owen, the politician and avowed Spiritualist, had experienced this materialization and wrote about it in an article for the Atlantic Monthly in January 1875.
Just as the article was going to press, however, a woman named Eliza White stepped forward and claimed to have masqueraded as Katie. White's face matched that of "Katie King" in photographs sold by the Holmeses and their agents. Both the Atlantic Monthly and Owen admitted in public to being duped. Arthur Conan Doyle maintains that this "exposure" did more damage to Spiritualism than any other exposure of the period (Doyle 1926: volume 1, 269–277).
Investigations conducted by leading Spiritualist Henry Steel Olcott in 1875 re-established the credibility of the Holmeses in the eyes of many Spiritualists. The story eventually accepted by most Spiritualists was that Eliza White had been hired to pose as Katie King for a photograph to sell to the public. The Holmeses had not wanted to photograph the real Katie King, since bright light would have ruined the materialization. Once involved, Eliza White first extorted money from the Holmeses, and then sold the story to the press. (Doyle 1926: volume 1, 269–277).
References
Blavatsky, H. P., ISIS Unveiled, Theosophy Trust, 2006, p. 42
Crookes, William. 1874. "Notes of an Enquiry into the Phenomena called Spiritual during the Years 1870-1873." Quarterly Journal of Science. January 1874.
Doyle, Arthur Conan. The History of Spiritualism. New York: G.H. Doran, Co. Volume 1: 1926 Volume 2: 1926
Hoover, Stephanie (2013) Philadelphia Spiritualism and the Curious Case of Kate King. History Press.
Noakes, Richard. "Instruments to Lay Hold of Spirits." Bodies/Machines. BERG: Oxford, 2002.
Owen, Robert Dale. 1875. "Touching Visitants from a Higher Life." The Atlantic Monthly. 35(207): 57-69
Roller, Gilbert. A Voice from Beyond, Popular Library, New York, 1975.
Williams, Gertrude Marvin. Priestess of the Occult, Madame Blavatsky. New York : A. A. Knopf, 1946.
Samael Aun Weor. Various Works.
External links
Florence Cook and Katie King. The story of a Spiritualist medium
Ghosts
Paranormal
Spiritualism
Supernatural legends |
3995215 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen%20Graf | Jürgen Graf | Jürgen Graf (born 15 August 1951) is a Swiss author, former teacher and Holocaust denier. Since August 2000 he has been living in exile, and is currently living in Russia, working as a translator, with his wife.
Background
Born in Basel, Graf studied philology at the University of Basel; English, Romance and Scandinavian studies, and in 1979 completed his licentiate. Graf spent several years working as a school teacher teaching languages and later taught German at a Taipei school in Taiwan. On his return to Basel, he worked as interrogator of asylum seekers at the receiving agency on the repurposed Rhine cruise ship Basilea. He described his experiences in his 1990 book The Ship of Fools (Das Narrenschiff), over which he was accused of xenophobia.
By the early 1990s, Graf was a convert to Holocaust denial, and was introduced to the field by his friend and retired school teacher Arthur Vogt through the works of Serge Thion, Arthur Butz and Wilhelm Stäglich. During the 1990s, Graf published several controversial works on the subject of the Holocaust, his first titled The Holocaust on trial: Eyewitness accounts versus natural laws (Der Holocaust auf dem Prüfstand: Augenzeugenberichte versus Naturgesetze), several of his later books co-authored with the Italian Holocaust denier Carlo Mattogno. Graf distributed his book to journalists and parliamentarians, establishing a reputation as a Holocaust denier. As the result, he was dismissed from his teaching position; he was later employed in a private school in Basel, teaching German to foreign students.
Graf's publications eventually led Swiss authorities to prosecute him for violating Swiss anti-racism laws. Graf and his then publisher, Gerhard Förster, were tried by a Swiss court in July 1998; Graf was sentenced to a substantial fine and 15-months imprisonment. He fled the country while awaiting his appeal, traveling through Poland, Russia, Ukraine and Turkey, ending in Iran, where a group of Iranian Holocaust deniers sheltered him in Tehran. Graf subsequently relocated to Moscow, Russia, where he met and married a Belarusian woman in 2001. He currently lives and works in Moscow as a translator.
References
External links
Official homepage
1951 births
Living people
Swiss expatriates in Russia
Swiss Holocaust deniers
Historians of the Holocaust
Swiss exiles
People from Basel-Stadt
University of Basel alumni
Pseudohistorians |
3995223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephaestus%20%28disambiguation%29 | Hephaestus (disambiguation) | Hephaestus could be:
Hephaestus, a Greek god
Hephaestion, a Macedonian nobleman and general
Hephaestus (album)
Hephaestus (Marvel Comics)
Hephaestus, a cosmic entity in DC Comics
Hephaestus, Egypt, a town in Roman Egypt known only from ecclesiastical sources
Hephaestus, the eighth level of the video game BioShock
Hephaestus, a role playing game
Hephaestus, an album released by the band Iceburn
Hephaestus, battleship of the Royal Hellenic Navy during World War II
Hephaestus, an American alternative metal band.
Hephaestus (fish) a genus of fish
2212 Hephaistos, an asteroid and a near-Earth object |
3995227 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquashow | Aquashow | Aquashow was the 1973 debut album by singer-songwriter Elliott Murphy. It was reviewed by Paul Nelson in 'Rolling Stone along with Bruce Springsteen's The Wild, the Innocent and the E Street Shuffle under the headline "He's the Best Dylan since 1968", which earned both artists the "New Dylan" tag. When Aquashow was released on CD in 1988 it was reviewed by Robert Hilburn in the Los Angeles Times under the headline "A Compelling Aquashow", and in 2006, thirty-three years after the original release, the album was called an "Album Classic" in a full-page review in UNCUT magazine.
Track listing
All tracks composed by Elliott Murphy
"Last of The Rock Stars"
"How's The Family"
"Hangin' Out"
"Hometown"
"Graveyard Scrapbook"
"Poise 'N Pen"
"Marilyn"
"White Middle Class Blues"
"Like a Great Gatsby" (listed as "Like a Crystal Microphone" in the US edition to avoid violating copyrights on the novel)
"Don't Go Away"
Personnel
Elliott Murphy – vocals, guitar, harmonica, piano, backing vocals
Gene Parsons – drums, backing vocals
Tasha Thomas – backing vocals
Dennis Ferrante – backing vocals
Teddy Irwin – acoustic guitar
Jim Mason – backing vocals
Eddie Mottau – backing vocals
Linda November – backing vocals
Frank Owens – piano, organ
Pat Rebillot – piano and organ on "Hangin' Out", "Marilyn" and "Like a Crystal Microphone"
Maeretha Stewart – backing vocals
Dick Wagner – backing vocals
Matthew Murphy – bass, backing vocals
Rick Marotta – drums on "How's The Family"
Technical
Shelly Yakus – recording engineer
Ed Sprigg, Rod O'Brien - tape operator
Paula Bisacca – artwork
Jack Mitchell – photography
References
1973 debut albums
Albums recorded at Record Plant (New York City)
Elliott Murphy albums
Polydor Records albums |
3995236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik%20Wade%20Bode | Hendrik Wade Bode | Hendrik Wade Bode ( ; ; December 24, 1905 – June 21, 1982) was an American engineer, researcher, inventor, author and scientist, of Dutch ancestry. As a pioneer of modern control theory and electronic telecommunications he revolutionized both the content and methodology of his chosen fields of research. His synergy with Claude Shannon, the father of information theory, laid the foundations for the technological convergence of the information age.
He made important contributions to the design, guidance and control of anti-aircraft systems during World War II. He helped develop the automatic artillery weapons that defended London from the V-1 flying bombs during WWII. After the war, Bode along with his wartime rival Wernher von Braun, developer of the V-2 rocket, and, later, the father of the US space program, served as members of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), the predecessor of NASA. During the Cold War, he contributed to the design and control of missiles and anti-ballistic missiles.
He also made important contributions to control systems theory and mathematical tools for the analysis of stability of linear systems, inventing Bode plots, gain margin and phase margin.
Bode was one of the great engineering philosophers of his era. Long respected in academic circles worldwide, he is also widely known to modern engineering students mainly for developing the asymptotic magnitude and phase plot that bears his name, the Bode plot.
His research contributions in particular were not only multidimensional but also far reaching, extending as far as the U.S. space program.
Education
Bode was born in Madison, Wisconsin. His father was a professor of education, and a faculty member at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign by the time young Hendrik was ready for elementary school. He entered Leal Elementary School and rapidly advanced through the Urbana school system to graduate from high school at the age of 14.
Immediately after graduation from high school he applied for admission to the University of Illinois but was denied because of his age. Decades later, in 1977, the same university would grant him an Honorary Sc.D. Degree.
He eventually applied and was accepted at Ohio State University, where his father also taught, and he received his BA degree in 1924, at age 19, and his M.A. Degree in 1926, both in Mathematics. After receiving his M.A. he remained at his alma mater, working as a teaching assistant, for an additional year.
Early contributions at Bell Labs and Ph.D.
Fresh from graduate school he was promptly hired by Bell Labs in New York City, where he began his career as designer of electronic filters and equalizers. Subsequently, in 1929, he was assigned to the Mathematical Research Group, where he excelled in research related to electronic networks theory and its application to telecommunications. Sponsored by Bell Laboratories he reentered graduate school, this time at Columbia University, and he successfully completed his PhD in physics in 1935.
In 1938, he developed asymptotic phase and magnitude plots, now known as Bode plots, which displayed the frequency response of systems clearly. His work on Automatic (Feedback) Control Systems introduced innovative methods to the study of system stability that enabled engineers to investigate time domain stability using the frequency domain concepts of gain and phase margin, the study of which was aided by his now famous plots.
In essence, his method made stability transparent to both the time and frequency domains and, furthermore, his frequency domain-based analysis was much faster and simpler than the traditional time-domain-based method. This provided engineers with a fast and intuitive stability analysis and system design tool that remains widely used today. He, along with Harry Nyquist, also developed the theoretical conditions applicable to the stability of amplifier circuits.
World War II and new inventions
Change of direction
With the inexorable onset of World War II, Bode turned his sights on the military applications of his Control Systems research, a change of direction that would last in varying degree to the end of his career. He came to the service of his country by working on the Director Project at Bell Labs (funded by National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) Section D-2), developing automatic anti-aircraft control systems, whereby radar information was used to provide data about the location of the enemy aircraft, which was then fed back to the anti-aircraft artillery servomechanisms enabling automatic, radar-augmented enemy aircraft ballistic tracking, in other words, automatic shooting down of enemy aircraft with the help of radar. The servomotors used were both electrically and hydraulically powered, the latter being used mainly for positioning the heavy anti-aircraft guns.
First wireless feedback loop and robot weapons
The radar signal was locked on target and its data was wirelessly transmitted to a ground receiver that was connected to the artillery servomechanism feedback control system, causing the servo to accurately modify its angular position and maintain it for an optimum amount of time, long enough to fire at the calculated (predicted) coordinates of the target and thus successfully track the target.
The prediction of the coordinates was the function of Director T-10, a form of electrical computer so named because it was used to direct the positioning of the gun with respect to the airborne target. It also calculated the target average velocity based on the location information provided by the radar and predicted the future target location based on its assumed flightpath equation, usually a linear function of time. This system functioned as an early version of the modern anti-ballistic missile defence model. Statistical analysis was also employed to aid in the computation of the exact position of the enemy aircraft and to smooth the data acquired from the target due to signal fluctuations and noise effects.
"Shotgun marriage"
Bode therefore realized the first wireless data feedback loop in the history of automatic control systems by combining wireless data communications, electrical computers, statistics principles and feedback control systems theory. He showed his dry sense of humour by calling this multidisciplinary linkage a shotgun marriage, referring to the antiaircraft artillery origins of his historic invention saying: "This, I said, was a sort of shotgun marriage forced upon us by the pressures of military problems in World War II." He also described it further as "a sort of 'shotgun marriage' between two incompatible personalities." and characterised the product of that linkage as a "son of shotgun marriage".
The product of this "marriage", i.e. the automated artillery gun, can also be considered as a robot weapon. Its function required to process data that was wirelessly transmitted to its sensors and make a decision based on the data received using its onboard computer about its output defined as its angular position and the timing of its firing mechanism. In this model we can see all the elements of later concepts such as data processing, automation, artificial intelligence, cybernetics, robotics etc.
Working on Director Studies
Bode, in addition, applied his extensive skills with feedback amplifiers to design the target data smoothing and position predictor networks of an improved model of Director T-10, called the Director T-15. The work on Director T-15 was undertaken under a new project at Bell Labs called Fundamental Director Studies in cooperation with the NDRC under the directorship of Walter McNair.
NDRC, the funding agency of this project, was operating under the aegis of the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD).
His NDRC-funded research at Bell Labs under the section D-2 (Control Systems section) contract eventually led to other important developments in related fields and laid the cornerstone for many present-day inventions. In the field of control theory, for example, it aided in the further development of servomechanism design and control, a crucial component of modern robotics. The development of Wireless Data Communications theory by Bode led to later inventions such as mobile phones and wireless networking.
The reason for the new project was that Director T-10 encountered difficulties in calculating the target velocity by differentiating the target position. Due to discontinuities, variations and noise in the radar signal, the position derivatives sometimes fluctuated wildly and this caused erratic motion in the servomechanisms of the gun because their control signal was based on the value of the derivatives. This could be mitigated by smoothing or averaging out the data but this caused delays in the feedback loop that enabled the target to escape. As well, the algorithms of Director T-10 required a number of transformations from Cartesian (rectangular) to polar coordinates and back to Cartesian, a process that introduced additional tracking errors.
Bode designed the velocity computing networks of Director T-15 by applying a finite difference method instead of differentiation. Under this scheme the target positional coordinates were stored in a mechanical memory, usually a potentiometer or a cam. The velocity was then calculated by taking the difference between the coordinates of the current position and the coordinates of the previous reading that were stored in memory and dividing by the difference of their respective times. This method was more robust than the differentiation method and it also smoothed out signal disturbances since the finite time-step size was less sensitive to random signal impulses (spikes). It also introduced for the first time an algorithm better suited to modern digital signal processing theory rather than to the classical calculus-based analog signal processing approach that was followed then. Not coincidentally it is an integral part of modern digital control theory and digital signal processing and it is known as the backward difference algorithm. In addition the Director T-15 operated only in rectangular coordinates thus eliminating coordinate transformation-based errors. These design innovations paid performance dividends and the Director T-15 was twice as accurate as its predecessor and it converged on a target twice as fast.
The fire control algorithm implementation of his artillery design research and his extensive work with feedback amplifiers advanced the state of the art in computational methods and led to the eventual development of the electronic analog computer, the operational amplifier based alternative of today's digital computers.
Inventions such as these, despite their military research origins, have had a profound and lasting impact in the civilian domain.
Military uses
Anzio and Normandy
The automated anti-aircraft guns that Bode helped develop were successfully used in numerous instances during the war. In February 1944, an automated fire control system based on the earlier version of the Director T-15, called the Director T-10 by Bell Labs or Director M-9 by the military, saw action for the first time in Anzio, Italy where it helped down over one hundred enemy aircraft. On D-day 39 units were deployed in Normandy to protect the allied invading force against Hitler's Luftwaffe.
Use against the V-1 flying bomb
Perhaps the menace best suited for the design specifications of such an automated artillery system appeared in June 1944. Not surprisingly it was another robot. The German Aeronautical Engineers aided by Wernher von Braun produced a robot of their own; the V-1 flying bomb, an automatically guided bomb and widely considered a precursor of the cruise missile. Its flight specifications almost perfectly suited the target design criteria of Director T-10, that of an aircraft flying straight and level at constant velocity, in other words a target nicely fitting the computing capabilities of a linear predictor model such as the Director T-10. Although the Germans did have a trick up their engineering sleeve by making the bomb fly fast and low to evade radar, a technique widely adopted even today. During the London Blitz one hundred Director T-10 assisted 90 mm automated gun units were set up in a perimeter south of London, at the special request of Winston Churchill. The AA units included the SCR-584 radar unit produced by the Radiation Lab at MIT and the proximity fuse mechanism, developed by Merle Tuve and his special Division T at NDRC, that detonated near the target using a microwave controlled fuse called the VT or variable time fuse, enabling a larger detonation reach envelope and increasing the chances of a successful outcome. Between June 18 and July 17, 1944, 343 V-1 bombs were shot down or 10% of the total V-1 number sent by the Germans and about 20% of the total V-1 bombs shot down. From July 17 to August 31 the automated gun kills rose to 1286 V-1 rockets or 34% of the total V-1 number dispatched from Germany and 50% of the V-1 actually shot down over London. From these statistics it can be seen that the automated systems that Bode helped design had a considerable impact on crucial battles of World War II. It can also be seen that London at the time of the Blitz became, among other things, the original robot battlefield.
Synergy with Shannon
In 1945, as the war was winding down, the NDRC was issuing a summary of technical reports as the prelude to its eventual closing down. Inside the volume on Fire Control a special essay titled Data Smoothing and Prediction in Fire-Control Systems, coauthored by Ralph Beebe Blackman, Hendrik Bode, and Claude Shannon, formally introduced the problem of fire control as a special case of transmission, manipulation and utilization of intelligence, in other words it modeled the problem in terms of data and signal processing and thus heralded the coming of the information age. Shannon, considered to be the father of information theory, was greatly influenced by this work. It is clear that the technological convergence
of the information age was preceded by the synergy between these scientific minds and their collaborators.
Further wartime achievements
In 1944, Bode was placed in charge of the Mathematical Research Group at Bell Laboratories.
His work on electronic communications, especially on filter and equalizer design,
continued during this time. In 1945 it culminated in the publication of his book under the title of Network Analysis and Feedback Amplifier Design, which is considered a classic in the field of electronic telecommunications and was extensively used as a textbook for many graduate programs at various universities as well as for internal training courses at Bell Labs.
He was also the prolific author of many research papers that were published in prestigious scientific and technical journals.
In 1948, President Harry S. Truman awarded him the President's Certificate of Merit, in recognition of his remarkable scientific contributions to the war effort and to the United States of America.
Peacetime contributions
Change of focus
As the war came to an end, his research focus shifted to include not only military but civilian research projects as well. On the military side he continued pursuing ballistic missile research, including research on antiballistic missile defence and associated computing algorithms, and in the civilian domain he concentrated on modern communication theory. On the post-war military research front he worked on the Nike Zeus missile project as part of a team with Douglas Aircraft, and later on the design of anti-ballistic missiles.
Retirement from Bell Labs
In 1952, he was promoted to the level of Director of Mathematical Research at Bell Labs. In 1955, he became Director of Research in the Physical Sciences, and remained there until 1958, when he was promoted again to become one of the two Vice Presidents in charge of Military Development and Systems Engineering, a position he held up to his retirement. He also became a director of Bellcomm, a company associated with the Apollo program.
His applied research at Bell Labs over the years led to numerous patented inventions, some of which were registered in his name. By the time of his retirement he held a total of 25 patents in various areas of electrical and communications engineering, including signal amplifiers and artillery control systems.
He retired from Bell Labs in October 1967, at the age of 61, ending an association that spanned more than four decades and changed the face of many of the core elements of modern engineering.
Harvard
Gordon McKay professorship
Soon after retirement, Bode was elected to the academically prestigious Gordon McKay Professor of Systems Engineering position at Harvard University.
During his tenure there, he pursued research on military decision making algorithms and optimization techniques based on stochastic processes that are considered a precursor of modern fuzzy logic.
He also studied the effects of technology on modern society and taught courses on the same subject at Harvard's Science and Public Policy Seminar, while supervising and teaching undergraduate and graduate students at the same time in the division of Engineering and Applied Physics.
Research legacy
Although his professorial duties were demanding of his time, he kept a keen eye on leaving his research legacy. He was simultaneously working on a new book that expounded on his extensive experience as a researcher at Bell Labs, which he published in 1971 under the title Synergy: Technical Integration and Technological Innovation in the Bell System. Using terms easily accessible even to laymen, he analyzed and expanded on technical and philosophical aspects of systems engineering as practised at Bell Labs. He explained how seemingly different fields of Engineering were merging, guided by the necessity of the flow of information between system components that transcended previously well defined boundaries and thus he introduced us to a technological paradigm shift. As it is clear from the title of the book as well as its contents, he became one of the early exponents of technological convergence, infometrics and information processing before the terms even existed.
In 1974, he retired for the second time and Harvard awarded him the honorary position of Professor Emeritus. He, nevertheless, kept his office at Harvard and continued working from there, mainly as an advisor to government on policy matters.
Academic and professional distinctions
Bode received awards, honours and professional distinctions.
Academic medals and awards
In 1960 he received the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award.
In 1969, IEEE awarded him the renowned Edison Medal for "fundamental contributions to the arts of communication, computation and control; for leadership in bringing mathematical science to bear on engineering problems; and for guidance and creative counsel in systems engineering", a tribute that eloquently summarized the wide spectrum of his innovative contributions to engineering science and applied mathematics as a researcher, and to society as an advisor and professor.
In 1975, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers awarded him the Rufus Oldenburger Medal citing: "In recognition of his attainments in advancing the science and technology of automatic control and particularly for his development of frequency domain techniques that are widely used in the design of feedback control systems."
In 1979, he became the first recipient of the Richard E. Bellman Control Heritage Award from the American Automatic Control Council. The award is given to researchers with "distinguished career contributions to the theory or applications of automatic control", and "it is the highest recognition of professional achievement for US control systems engineers and scientists".
Posthumously, in 1989, the IEEE Control Systems Society established the Hendrik W. Bode Lecture Prize in order to: recognize distinguished contributions to control systems science or engineering.
Memberships to academic organizations and government committees
He was also a member or fellow in a number of scientific and engineering societies such as the IEEE, American Physical Society, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, an independent American Academy, that is not part of the U.S. National Academies.
In 1957, he was elected member to the National Academy of Sciences, the oldest and most prestigious U.S. National Academy established at the height of the Civil War, in 1863, by then President Abraham Lincoln.
COSPUP
From 1967 to 1971, he served as a member of the Council of the National Academy of Sciences. At the same time he served as the representative of the Academy's Engineering section on the Committee on Science and Public Policy (COSPUP).
Being a deep thinker as well as a lucid writer he significantly contributed to three important COSPUP studies:
Basic Research and National Goals (1965), Applied Science and Technological Progress (1967) and Technology: Processes of Assessment and Choice (1969). These studies had the additional distinction of being the first ever to be prepared by the Academy for the Legislative Branch, or more specifically for the Committee on Science and Astronautics of the U.S. House of Representatives, thus fulfilling the Academy's mandate, under its Charter, as an advisory body to the U.S. Government.
Special Committee on Space Technology
The predecessor of NASA was NACA. NACA's Special Committee on Space Technology also called the Stever Committee, after its chairman Guyford Stever, was a special steering committee that was formed with the mandate to coordinate various branches of the Federal government, private companies as well as universities within the United States with NACA's objectives and also harness their expertise in order to develop a space program.
Committee members included: Bode and Wernher von Braun the father of the US space program.
It is a historical irony that Hendrik Wade Bode, the man who helped develop the robot weapons that brought down the Nazi V-1 flying bombs over London during World War II, was actually serving in the same committee and sitting at the same table as Wernher von Braun who worked on the development of the V-1 and was the head of the team which developed the V-2, the weapon that terrorised London.
Hobbies and family life
Bode was an avid reader in his spare time. He also co-wrote Counting House, a fictional story, with his wife Barbara which was published by Harper's Magazine in August 1936. Bode also enjoyed boating. Early on in his career, while working for Bell Labs in New York, he used to sail-boat on Long Island Sound. After World War II, he bought a surplus landing craft (LCT) with which he explored the upper reaches of the Chesapeake Bay near the eastern shore of Maryland. He also enjoyed gardening and do-it-yourself projects. He was married to Barbara Bode (nee Poore). Together they had two children; Dr. Katharine Bode Darlington and Mrs. Anne Hathaway Bode Aarnes.
Engineering legacy
Bode, despite all the high distinctions he received, both from Academia and Government, did not rest on his laurels. He believed that engineering, as an institution, deserved a place in the Pantheon of academia as much as science did. With typical engineering resourcefulness he solved the problem by helping create another academy.
He is among the founding members and served as a regular member of the National Academy of Engineering, that was created in December 1964, only the second U.S. National Academy in one hundred and one years since the inception of the first, and which now forms part of the United States National Academies.
He thus helped sublimate the age-old debate of engineers versus scientists and elevated it into a debate between academics. This subtle, yet powerfully symbolic accomplishment, constitutes a compelling part of his legacy.
Hendrik Wade Bode died at the age of 76, at his home in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Publications
Network Analysis and Feedback Amplifier Design (1945)
Synergy: Technical Integration and Technological Innovation in the Bell System (1971)
Counting house (Fiction) Hendrik W. (Hendrik Wade) Bode and Barbara Bode Harper's Magazine The Lion's mouth dept. pp. 326–329, August 1936
Research papers at Bell Labs
H. W. Bode A Method of Impedance Correction Bell System Technical Journal, v9: 1930
H. W. Bode A General Theory of Electric Wave Filters Bell System Technical Journal, v14: 1935
H. W. Bode and R. L. Dietzold Ideal Wave Filters Bell System Technical Journal, v14: 1935
H. W. Bode Variable Equalizers Bell System Technical Journal, v17: 1938
H. W. Bode Relations Between Attenuation and Phase in Feedback Amplifier Design Bell System Technical Journal, v19: 1940
US patents granted
Twenty five patents were issued by the U.S. Patent Office to Bode for his inventions. The patents covered areas such as data transmission networks, electronic filters, amplifiers, averaging mechanisms, data smoothing networks and artillery computers.
See also
Amplifier
Analogue filter
Innovation (signal processing)
Lattice network
References
Cited references
General references
National Academy of Engineering website
U.K. Gonville & Caius College Engineering student tribute
Hendrik W. Bode Lecture Prize from the IEEE Control Systems Society
Hendrik W. Bode from the IEEE History Center
1905 births
1982 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
American electrical engineers
20th-century American physicists
Control theorists
Columbia University alumni
Founding members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences faculty
IEEE Edison Medal recipients
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Ohio State University College of Arts and Sciences alumni
Richard E. Bellman Control Heritage Award recipients
Scientists at Bell Labs
Fellow Members of the IEEE
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fellows of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
20th-century American engineers
Ohio State University Graduate School alumni |
3995246 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower%20Hill | Flower Hill | Flower Hill may refer to:
Flower Hill, Maryland
Flower Hill, New York
Flower Hill, Texas
See also
Flower Hill Cemetery (disambiguation)
Flower Hill Mass Grave |
3995253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDC%2065C22 | WDC 65C22 | The W65C22 versatile interface adapter (VIA) is an input/output device for use with the 65xx series microprocessor family. Designed by the Western Design Center, the W65C22 is made in two versions, both of which are rated for 14 megahertz operation, and available in DIP-40 or PLCC-44 packages.
W65C22N: This device is fully compatible with the NMOS 6522 produced by MOS Technology and others, and includes current-limiting resistors on its output lines. The W65C22N has an open-drain interrupt output (the pin) that is compatible with a wired-OR interrupt circuit. Hence the DIP-40 version is a "drop-in" replacement for the NMOS part.
W65C22S: This device is fully software– and partially hardware–compatible with the NMOS part. The W65C22S' output is a totem pole configuration, and thus cannot be directly connected to a wired-OR interrupt circuit.
As with the NMOS 6522, the W65C22 includes functions for programmed control of two peripheral ports (ports A and B). Two program–controlled 8-bit bi-directional peripheral I/O ports allow direct interfacing between the microprocessor and selected peripheral units. Each port has input data latching capability. Two programmable data direction registers (A and B) allow selection of data direction (input or output) on an individual I/O line basis.
Also provided are two programmable 16-bit interval timer/counters with latches. Timer 1 may be operated in a one-shot or free-run mode. In either mode, a timer can generate an interrupt when it has counted down to zero. Timer 2 functions as an interval counter or a pulse counter. If operating as an interval counter, timer 2 is driven by the microprocessor's Ø2 clock source. As a pulse counter, timer 2 is triggered by an external pulse source on the chip's line.
Serial data transfers are provided by a serial to parallel/parallel to serial shift register, with bit transfers synchronized with the Ø2 clock. Application versatility is further increased by various control registers, including an interrupt flag register, an interrupt enable register and two Function Control Registers.
Features
Advanced CMOS process technology for low power consumption
Software compatible with NMOS 6522 devices
Two 8-bit, bi-directional peripheral I/O Ports
Two 16-bit programmable Interval Timer/Counters
Serial bi-directional peripheral I/O Port
Enhanced handshaking capabilities
Latched input/output registers on both I/O ports
Programmable data direction registers
TTL compatible I/O peripheral lines
Single 1.8V to 5V power supply
Bus compatible with high-speed W65C02S and W65C816S microprocessors
Register and chip selects specified for multiplexed operation
Totem pole output for reduced interrupt circuit latency (W65C22S version only)
See also
W65C02 8-bit microprocessor
W65C816S 16-bit microprocessor
Interrupts in 65xx processors
References
External links
W65C22 Datasheet from the Western Design Center website
Input/output integrated circuits |
3995265 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPLC | FPLC | FPLC may refer to:
Fast protein liquid chromatography, a technique used to separate or purify proteins from complex mixtures
Patriotic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (French: Forces Patriotiques pour la Libération du Congo), the military wing of the Union of Congolese Patriots
French Protestant Church of London
Franklin Pierce Law Center, a law school located in Concord, New Hampshire, USA
Full Product Life Cycle (see Systems Development Life Cycle) |
3995268 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revels | Revels | Revels is a contemporary series of American seasonal stage performances, incorporating singing, dancing, recitals, and theatrics loosely organized around a central theme or narrative. The folk-tradition-based performances started in 1957, were restarted in 1971, and now occur in multiple cities around the US.
History
Performances were initially given at Christmas time as the Christmas Revels at Town Hall in New York City in 1957, which involved singing, dancing, recitals, theatrics (usually as brief skits, often humorous), and usually some audience participation, all appropriate to the holiday season. Performers were usually local, often non-professional, and frequently young.
The events were founded by John Langstaff as Christmas entertainments; he and his daughter Carol later started producing The Christmas Revels in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1971, at Harvard University's Sanders Theater, where it has frequently played to sold-out houses.
Until his death in 2005, Langstaff, assisted by members of his family, led or fostered several similar Revels organizations in various American cities. His ability to "get it done" as well as his teaching and performing style, was admired by children's television producer Jonathan Meath, who was a tenor on two of their CD albums entitled Welcome Yule and Victorian Revels.
The present organization, Revels Inc, produces events in ten cities across the United States, including four in the northeast region of the country. Additional seasonal celebratory events mark spring and summer in some cities.
Format
The productions echo English theatrical precedents of the 16th century and earlier. Professional singers, actors and musicians are mixed with talented amateurs and tradition-bearers, often brought in to share a featured culture's music, dance, or ritual in an authentic manner. There is almost always a children's chorus, which performs songs, dances, and games from the themed period or location. Traditional English Morris dancing is often incorporated, adapted somewhat to the cultural theme of any particular year.
Reviewers have especially mentioned the dance and the upbeat nature of the performance.
Each year's Christmas Revels draws upon a different era or culture's Christmas and winter solstice traditions. For example, the 2008 Christmas Revels in Cambridge were based on music, songs, and dance inspired by writer Thomas Hardy's beloved Wessex. The earliest performances drew from medieval English traditions; the Mummers' Play is retained (albeit sometimes altered) no matter what time period or culture is being featured.
There usually is audience singing encouraged during several parts of the performance. Other traditions include ending every first half of the production with Sydney Carter's "Lord of the Dance" hymn. After the last verse, the audience is encouraged to dance along with the cast, out into the lobby of Memorial Hall at the Cambridge Revels performances. Author Susan Cooper wrote a poem for the Christmas Revels production that is recited near the end of the second half of each performance.
The annual celebrations have been expanded to several other American cities, and there exist songbooks, production guides, and commercial recordings to assist those unfamiliar with ancient folk music and dancing. The recordings have sometimes included noted performers in the particular folk tradition featured in a given year, such as Appalachian dulcimer player and singer Jean Ritchie, who appeared on 1982's Wassail! Wassail! An Early American Christmas Revels.
The events combine professional paid performers with unpaid volunteers, who often participate in choruses, dances, and crowd scenes. Both adults and children spanning a wide range of ages are present on stage and in the audience. In addition, a large number of volunteers help with behind-the-scenes work, such as costumes, set building, promotion, and fund-raising.
Locations
, at least ten independent Revels organizations are active in the US:
Cambridge Revels: Cambridge, Massachusetts
Revels North: Hanover, New Hampshire
New York Revels: New York, New York
Washington Revels: Washington, DC
Revels Houston: Houston, Texas
Rocky Mountain Revels: Boulder, Colorado
Santa Barbara Revels: Santa Barbara, California
California Revels: Oakland, California
Portland Revels: Portland, Oregon
Puget Sound Revels: Tacoma, Washington
See also
Dickens fair
Master of the Revels
Renaissance Fair
References
External links
Official Website
Christmas in the United States
Theatre festivals in the United States
Recurring events established in 1957 |
3995273 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20I%20%282005%20TV%20series%29 | Elizabeth I (2005 TV series) | Elizabeth I is a two-part 2005 British-American historical drama television serial directed by Tom Hooper, written by Nigel Williams, and starring Helen Mirren as Elizabeth I of England. The drama covers approximately the last 24 years of her nearly 45-year reign. Part 1 focuses on the final years of her relationship with the Earl of Leicester, played by Jeremy Irons. Part 2 focuses on her subsequent relationship with the Earl of Essex, played by Hugh Dancy.
The series originally was broadcast in the United Kingdom in two two-hour segments on Channel 4. It later aired on HBO in the United States, CBC and TMN in Canada, ATV in Hong Kong, ABC in Australia, and TVNZ Television One in New Zealand.
The series went on to win Emmy, Peabody, and Golden Globe Awards.
Plot
Part 1
In 1579, Elizabeth I refuses to marry. Her chief advisor, Lord Burghley, and her spymaster, Francis Walsingham, plan to have her wed the Duke of Anjou in order to cement an English-French alliance against Spain while her favourite, the Earl of Leicester, opposes the plan due to his own long-standing affections for her. Upon arriving in England, the Duke meets and courts Elizabeth, gaining her favour. She later decides not to marry him after Burghley dissuades her from following through due to negative popular opinion towards the match.
Over time, Walsingham gathers evidence to prove that Elizabeth's Catholic cousin Mary, Queen of Scots is plotting to have her killed. Elizabeth is reluctant to have Mary executed because of the war it would likely ignite between England and Spain. During a secret meeting, Mary gives Elizabeth her word that she does not want her dead. Elizabeth hesitantly gives Leicester command of the English campaign to assist the Dutch against Spain, which fails. Once it is proven that Mary has in fact been conspiring against Elizabeth's life, Mary is judged guilty of treason and later executed.
After negotiations between England and Spain fail, a fleet of Spanish ships are sent for England. Elizabeth gives Leicester command of the land forces and rides with him and his stepson the Earl of Essex to Tilbury, where they expect the Spanish to attempt a landing and where Elizabeth delivers a speech to the troops. The Spanish Armada is ultimately defeated, but Leicester falls gravely ill just as they learn of the English victory. Later, on his deathbed, Leicester bids Essex to take care of Elizabeth.
Part 2
By 1589, Elizabeth has made a favourite of Essex and falls in love with him. She is openly outraged when he takes part in an English military expedition to Lisbon against her wishes, but she forgives him in spite of his failure to take the city from the Spanish. She grants him 10 percent of a tax on sweet wines and a seat on the Privy Council, of which Lord Burghley's son Robert Cecil was also recently made a member. Essex and Cecil develop a rivalry, as illustrated by the affair of Elizabeth's physician Dr. Lopez, who is hanged based on evidence brought forth by Essex of his participation in a Spanish plot against Elizabeth, evidence proven questionable after the fact by Cecil.
Essex's political ambitions begin to clash with his devotion and loyalty to Elizabeth. As Elizabeth finds her young lover's behavior becoming increasingly worrisome, she draws closer to Cecil, who is named Secretary of State following the death of Walsingham. Essex is publicly hailed upon his return to England after taking Cadiz from the Spanish, but his relationship with Elizabeth begins to deteriorate. She and Cecil suspect Essex of secretly communicating with James VI of Scotland, son of Mary, Queen of Scots, a potential successor to the English throne. After Burghley's death, Elizabeth sends Essex to Ireland to put down a rebellion but he instead makes a truce and returns to England alone. Elizabeth puts Essex under house arrest.
Essex and his followers fail to start a rebellion in London and are captured. At his trial, Essex accuses Cecil of collaborating with Spain but has no evidence to prove this, and he is found guilty of treason and beheaded. Some time later, Elizabeth becomes listless, going for three weeks without eating before making her way to her bed and requesting a priest, saying she is minded to die.
Cast
Eight actors receive billing in the opening credits of one or both parts of Elizabeth I:
Helen Mirren as Queen Elizabeth I
Jeremy Irons as Earl of Leicester
Hugh Dancy as Earl of Essex
Toby Jones as Robert Cecil
Patrick Malahide as Sir Francis Walsingham
Ian McDiarmid as Lord Burghley
Barbara Flynn as Mary, Queen of Scots
Ewen Bremner as King James VI
The full cast of characters of each part is listed in the closing credits of each part. Apart from those receiving star billing, those in Part 1 include:
Jérémie Covillault as Duke of Anjou
Simon Woods as Gifford
Diana Kent as Lady Essex
Toby Salaman as Dr Lopez
Geoffrey Streatfeild as Sir Anthony Babington
David Delve as Sir Francis Drake
Martin Marquez as Don Bernardino de Mendoza
Rimantas Bagdzevicius as Howard of Effingham
Apart from those receiving star billing and Salaman as Dr Lopez, those in Part 2 include:
Will Keen as Francis Bacon
Eddie Redmayne as Southampton
Ben Pullen as Sir Walter Raleigh
Charlotte Asprey as Frances Walsingham
Production
According to director Tom Hooper, Mirren "came onboard before the script was written because the feeling was that it was only worth doing if she would play it." Hooper and Mirren had previously worked together on the police procedural drama Prime Suspect 6 (2003). The project on Elizabeth I was originally going to be two hours and focus on her relationship with the Earl of Essex, but Mirren "felt that there should be more politics" according to writer Nigel Williams. The series was filmed in Vilnius, Lithuania, where the massive sets were constructed inside a sports arena that was abandoned in the 1970s. The Whitehall Palace set was constructed to scale from original plans.
Reception
Critical response
At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, Elizabeth I received an average score of 81% based on 21 reviews.
David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote that Mirren's performance "is powerful enough to shatter your television screen, not to mention any notion you might have had that if you've seen one Elizabeth—Bette Davis, Glenda Jackson or Cate Blanchett, for example—you've seen them all." He added that Irons, who he felt "has sometimes settled into craggy self-parody in lesser films [...] invests Leicester with as much depth and complexity as he can, and he is every bit Mirren's equal onscreen."
Brian Lowry of Variety felt that the second part was better than the first, praised Mirren's performance and wrote that "[director] Tom Hooper, who previously directed Mirren in Prime Suspect 6, indulges [writer Nigel] Williams' penchant for long, theatrical monologues, which require a little getting used to in the slow early going. Gradually, however, as with the best British costume drama, the narrative becomes absorbing."
Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times wrote that Mirren is "one of the few actresses working today who can actually convincingly play a historical figure in her 40s" and that Elizabeth I was more historically accurate than Elizabeth (1998), though she felt that "[the miniseries'] interpretation, like so many others, wallows in the painful self-pity of a powerful, aging woman who craves true love". While the miniseries is visually "no match for the 1998 movie" to Stanley, she concludes that Elizabeth I offers "a richly drawn portrait of a powerful woman who is both ruthless and sentimental, formidable and mercurial, vain and likable."
Accolades
58th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Miniseries
Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Dramatic Special
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie - (Helen Mirren)
Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie - (Jeremy Irons)
Outstanding Art Direction for a Miniseries, or Movie
Outstanding Casting for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special
Outstanding Costumes for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special - (Part 2)
Outstanding Hairstyling for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special - (Part 2)
Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Miniseries or a Movie - (Part 1)
64th Golden Globe Awards
Best Television Miniseries or TV Movie
Best Actress in a Miniseries or TV Movie (Mirren)
Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television (Irons)
13th Screen Actors Guild Awards
Outstanding Female Actor in a Miniseries or TV Movie (Mirren)
Outstanding Male Actor in a Miniseries or TV Movie (Irons)
Peabody Award in 2006
References
External links
HBO Films: Elizabeth I
2005 American television series debuts
2005 British television series debuts
2005 American television series endings
2005 British television series endings
2000s American drama television series
2000s American television miniseries
2000s British drama television series
2000s British television miniseries
American biographical series
Best Miniseries or Television Movie Golden Globe winners
Channel 4 television dramas
Films about Elizabeth I
Films about Mary, Queen of Scots
Cultural depictions of James VI and I
Cultural depictions of Francis Drake
Cultural depictions of Walter Raleigh
Francis Bacon
English-language television shows
Films based on actual events
Films shot in Lithuania
HBO original programming
Peabody Award-winning television programs
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Miniseries winners
Primetime Emmy Award-winning television series
Television series by All3Media
Television set in Tudor England
Works by Tom Hooper |
3995277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Thomas | Robert Thomas | Robert, Rob, Bob, or Bobby Thomas may refer to:
Arts
Robert Thomas (director) (1927–1989), French writer, actor and director
Robert Thomas (sculptor) (1926–1999), Welsh sculptor
Robert Thomas Jr., American jazz percussionist and hand drummer
Robert Thomas, former bassist for the rock band Black Veil Brides
Rob Thomas (musician) (born 1972), lead singer of Matchbox Twenty
Rob Thomas (writer) (born 1965), producer and screenwriter, creator of Veronica Mars
Bobby Thomas (1932–2013), American jazz drummer
Bob Thomas (actor) (born 1965), radio personality, actor, and writer
Bob Thomas, founder member of Silly Wizard
Journalism
Robert Thomas (newspaper proprietor) (1781–1860), founder of the South Australian Register
Robert McG. Thomas Jr. (1939–2000), American journalist
Robert Kyffin Thomas (1851–1910), South Australian newspaper proprietor
Robert Bailey Thomas, American publisher of the Old Farmers Almanac
Bob Thomas (reporter) (1922–2014), American reporter for the AP covering Hollywood
Rob Thomas, American newspaper editor The Capital Times
Politics
Sir Robert Thomas, 1st Baronet (1873–1951), Liberal Member of Parliament in Wales
Sir Robert Thomas, 2nd Baronet (1622–?), MP for Cardiff, 1661–1681
Robert J. Thomas (1945–2014), president and CEO of Nissan in the U.S. and Clinton Administration appointee
Lindsay Thomas (politician) (Robert Lindsay Thomas, born 1943), US Representative from Georgia
Robert R. Thomas (born 1952), Chief Justice of the Illinois Supreme Court, former NFL kicker
Robert Y. Thomas Jr. (1859–1925), US Representative from Kentucky
Bob Thomas (Nevada politician) (1926–2013), American businessman, newspaper columnist, and politician
Bob Thomas (Australian politician) (1954–2016), Western Australian politician
Bob Thomas (Virginia politician) (1977-), Member of the Virginia House of Delegates
Sports
Bob Thomas (running back) (born 1948), American football player
Robert Thomas (fullback) (born 1974), Arena Football League player, formerly of the Dallas Cowboys
Robert Thomas (linebacker) (born 1980), American football player
Robert Thomas (defensive lineman) (born 1991), American football player
Robert Thomas (ice hockey) (born 1999), Canadian ice hockey player
Rob Thomas (rugby league) (born 1990), English rugby league footballer
Robb Thomas (born 1966), American football player
Bob Thomas (rugby union) (1871–1910), Wales international rugby player
Bob Thomas (footballer, born 1919) (1919–1990), English football player
Bob Thomas (Irish footballer), Irish football (soccer) player and manager
Bob Thomas (long jumper) (1939–2016), New Zealand long jumper
Bobby Thomas (cyclist) (1912–2008), American Olympic cyclist
Other
Robert Thomas (Ap Vychan) (1809–1880), known by the bardic name "Ap Vychan", a Welsh Independent minister and poet
Robert K. Thomas (literary scholar) (1918–1998), English professor and academic vice president at BYU
Robert K. Thomas (chemist) (born 1941), physical chemist
Robert M. Thomas (1908–1984), American rubber scientist
Robert George Thomas (1820–1883), draftsman and architect in the British colony of South Australia
Robert Jermain Thomas (1839–1866), Christian missionary in Korea
Rob Thomas (scientist), South Australian environmental scientist and public servant
Robert Thomas, 18th-century British counterfeiter, see Cragg Coiners
Bob Thomas (programmer), creator of the computer worm Creeper
See also
Rod Thomas (disambiguation)
Roy Thomas (disambiguation) |
3995290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Riddington | Ken Riddington | Ken Riddington (8 May 1922 – 26 December 2014) was an English television producer, who worked predominantly in BBC television drama from the 1970s onwards.
Riddington was born in Leicester. Originally a stage actor, "truly dreadful" according to Riddington himself, he moved to a back stage role managing the Adelphi Theatre from 1950 and then directing the musical Rendezvous at the Comedy Theatre in 1952. Later, he managed the London Palladium and Palace Theatres in London's West End. After a period as a BBC television floor manager in the early 1970s, he became a producer. His first project as a producer to gain recognition was the 10 part serial adaptation of Anna Karenina (1977).
Subsequently Riddington produced several high-profile television series and serials, including A Horseman Riding By (1978), Tenko (1981), To Serve Them All My Days (1981), The Citadel (1983), Diana (1984), The House of Eliott (1991) and Andrew Davies's adaptations of Michael Dobbs' House of Cards trilogy — House of Cards (1990), To Play the King (1993) and The Final Cut (1995). Riddington was involved with several other projects scripted by Davies, including A Very Peculiar Practice (1986–88), a black comedy set in a university medical centre.
For a time during the 1980s, he was the acting Head of Series & Serials in the BBC drama department, before returning to front-line producing work. Ending his period at the BBC at the age of 75, he and his wife Liz Riddington enjoyed twelve years of retirement before Ken moved to a London nursing home, where he was treated for dementia.
Riddington died on 26 December 2014.
References
External links
1922 births
2014 deaths
BBC television producers
English television producers |
3995292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Gray | Tom Gray | Tom Gray (born February 1, 1941 in Chicago, Illinois) is a bluegrass musician widely considered one of the best bass players in the genre. He is probably best known for his bass playing with The Country Gentlemen and The Seldom Scene. In 1996, as a member of The Country Gentlemen, he was inducted into the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Honor.
Discography
As a member of The Country Gentlemen
1961: Folk Songs & Bluegrass (Folkways)
1962: Bluegrass at Carnegie Hall (Starday)
1963: On the Road (Folkways)
1963: Hootenanny (Design)
1963: Folk Session Inside (Design)
1964: Nashville Jail (Copper Creek) released 1990
1989: Classic Country Gents Reunion (Sugar Hill)
As a member of The Seldom Scene
1972: Act I (Rebel)
1973: Act 2 (Rebel)
1973: Act III (Rebel)
1974: Old Train (Rebel)
1975: Live at The Cellar Door (Rebel)
1976: The New Seldom Scene Album (Rebel)
1978: Baptizing (Rebel)
1979: Act Four (Sugar Hill)
1981: After Midnight (Sugar Hill)
1983: At the Scene (Sugar Hill)
1985: Blue Ridge (Sugar Hill) with Jonathan Edwards
1986: 15th Anniversary Celebration (Sugar Hill)
2014: Long Time...Seldom Scene (Smithsonian Folkways)
Also appears on
1968: Emerson and Waldron - New Shades of Grass (Rebel)
1972: Mike Auldridge - Dobro (Takoma)
1973: Jim Eanes and the New World Bluegrass Band - The New World Of Bluegrass (Folly)
1974: Mike Auldridge - Blues And Blue Grass (Takoma)
1974: Charlie Cline - Country Dobro (Adelphi)
1974: The Country Grass - Livin' Free (Rebel)
1975: Bill Clifton - Going Back To Dixie (Bear Family)
1975: Mike O'Roark and the Free Born Men - Pickin' With Feelin''' (King Bluegrass)
1975: Tony Rice - California Autumn (Rebel)
1975: Ricky Skaggs - That's It (Rebel)
1976: Bill Keith - Something Auld, Something Newgrass, Something Borrowed, Something Bluegrass (Rounder)
1976: Bill Clifton And Red Rector - Another Happy Day (County)
1977: Jimmy Arnold - Guitar (Rebel)
1977: Bryan Bowers - The View From Home (Flying Fish)
1977: Jaime Brockett - North Mountain Velvet (Adelphi)
1978: Jerry Stuart and the Green Valley Ramblers- Rocky Run (County)
1978: Fred Geiger - Fred Geiger (Ridge Runner)
1980: Bryan Bowers - Home, Home On The Road (Flying Fish)
1980: The Ladies Choice Bluegrass Band - First Choice (Boot)
1980: Peter Rowan - Medicine Trail (Flying Fish)
1980: John Starling - Long Time Gone (Sugar Hill)
1982: Mike Auldridge - Eight String Swing (Sugar Hill)
1983: John McCutcheon - Howjadoo (Rounder)
1983: Phil Rosenthal - A Matter of Time (Sierra Records)
1988: Paul Adkins and the Borderline Band - Lay It On The Line (Old Homestead)
1989: Bill Emerson and Pete Goble - Dixie In My Eye (Webco)
2007: John Starling and Carolina Star - Slidin' Home's (Rebel)
References
External links
1941 births
Living people
American bluegrass musicians
American double-bassists
Male double-bassists
The Country Gentlemen members
Slap bassists (double bass)
21st-century double-bassists
The Seldom Scene members |
3995298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahanni%20Butte | Nahanni Butte | Nahanni Butte ( ; Slavey language: Tthenáágó "strong rock") is a "Designated Authority" in the Dehcho Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. The community is located at the confluence of the Liard and South Nahanni Rivers in the southwestern part of the NWT.
Although it was not normally accessible by road, a winter road was constructed yearly until an all-season road was completed in October 2010 as far as the Liard River. Access from there is by river taxi in summer and ice road in winter; there are no plans for a vehicle ferry.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Nahanni Butte had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
In 2016, there were 80 First Nations people and 40 people speak a Slavey language.
First Nations
The Dene of the community are represented by the Nahɂą Dehé Dene Band and belong to the Dehcho First Nations.
See also
Nahanni Butte Airport
Nahanni Butte Water Aerodrome
References
External links
Communities in the Dehcho Region
Dene communities
Road-inaccessible communities of the Northwest Territories |
3995300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%20at%20the%201960%20Summer%20Olympics | Canada at the 1960 Summer Olympics | Canada competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy. 85 competitors, 74 men and 11 women, took part in 77 events in 14 sports.
Medalists
Silver
Donald Arnold, Walter D'Hondt, Nelson Kuhn, John Lecky, Kenneth Loomer, Bill McKerlich, Archibald MacKinnon, Glenn Mervyn, and Sohen Biln — Rowing, Men's Eight with Coxswain
Athletics
Boxing
Canoeing
Cycling
Two cyclists represented Canada in 1960.
Individual road race
Luigi Bartesaghi
Alessandro Messina
Diving
Equestrian
Fencing
One fencer represented Canada in 1960.
Men's foil
Carl Schwende
Gymnastics
Rowing
Canada had 15 male rowers participate in three out of seven rowing events in 1960.
Men's coxless pair
Lorne Loomer
Keith Donald
Men's coxless four
Robert Adams
Clayton Brown
Chris Leach
Franklin Zielski
Men's eight
Donald Arnold
Walter D'Hondt
Nelson Kuhn
John Lecky
David Anderson
Archibald MacKinnon
Bill McKerlich
Glen Mervyn
Sohen Biln
Sailing
Shooting
Seven shooters represented Canada in 1960.
25 m pistol
Garfield McMahon
Godfrey Brunner
50 m pistol
Garfield McMahon
Godfrey Brunner
300 m rifle, three positions
Edson Warner
Evald Gering
50 m rifle, three positions
Evald Gering
Gil Boa
50 m rifle, prone
Gil Boa
Edson Warner
Trap
Gilbert Henderson
William Jones
Swimming
Weightlifting
Wrestling
References
Nations at the 1960 Summer Olympics
1960
Summer Olympics |
3995304 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc%20of%20a%20Diver | Arc of a Diver | Arc of a Diver is the second solo studio album by singer/multi-instrumentalist Steve Winwood. Released in 1980, Winwood played all of the instruments on the album.
Featuring his first solo hit, "While You See a Chance" (which peaked at number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States), this was Winwood's breakthrough album as a solo artist. It peaked at number 3 on the Billboard 200 album chart, establishing him as a commercially viable act.
The cover artwork for the album is by Tony Wright. He took inspiration from Jazz by Henri Matisse, notably VIII: Icarus.
Recording
The album was recorded at Winwood's Netherturkdonic Studios, built at his farm in Gloucestershire; he played all the instruments, wrote all the music, and produced and engineered it himself.
Critical reception
Reviewing for The Village Voice in June 1981, Robert Christgau credited Winwood for overdubbing all his self-performed instruments, but still found his brand of "British-international groove" more atmospheric than song-oriented and ultimately "lulling". Robert Palmer was more enthusiastic in The New York Times, saying that Winwood has transformed himself into a "rock traditionalist" with the album. While highlighting "Dust" and the album's title track as "first-rate lyrics", Palmer said that "Winwood's impressive playing and arranging and utterly distinctive vocals make several of his collaborations with Will Jennings, especially the brooding 'Night Train,' almost as memorable." In a retrospective review for AllMusic, William Ruhlmann wrote of the album, "Utterly unencumbered by the baggage of his long years in the music business, Winwood reinvents himself as a completely contemporary artist on this outstanding album, leading off with his best solo song, "While You See a Chance.""
The album was included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die, and was voted number 455 in the third edition (2000) of Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums.
Track listing
All songs written by Steve Winwood and Will Jennings except where noted.
Original release
Side one
"While You See a Chance" – 5:12
"Arc of a Diver" (Winwood, Vivian Stanshall) – 5:28
"Second-Hand Woman" (Winwood, George Fleming) – 3:41
"Slowdown Sundown" – 5:27
Side two
"Spanish Dancer" – 5:58
"Night Train" – 7:51
"Dust" (Winwood, Fleming) – 6:20
2012 Deluxe reissue
Tracks 1–7 on disc one, per the 1980 release, with disc two containing bonus tracks.
"Arc of a Diver" [edited US single version] (Winwood, Stanshall) – 4:16
"Night Train" [instrumental version] – 6:44
"Spanish Dancer" [2010 version] – 6:13
"Arc of a Diver: The Steve Winwood Story" [originally aired on BBC Radio 2] – 56:33
Personnel
Steve Winwood – lead and backing vocals, Prophet-5, Minimoog, Yamaha CS-80, Hammond B3, Steinway piano, Ovation acoustic guitar, Fender Stratocaster electric guitar, Ibanez mandolin, bass, Multimoog (also used for keyboard fretless bass), Hayman and Ludwig drums, Linn LM-1 programming, percussion, producer, engineer, mixing
John "Nobby" Clarke – additional engineer
John Dent – mastering at The Sound Clinic (London, UK)
Tony Wright – artwork
Fin Costello – photography
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Chart singles
References
External links
Arc of a Diver (Adobe Flash) at Radio3Net (streamed copy where licensed)
Steve Winwood albums
1980 albums
Island Records albums
Albums produced by Steve Winwood |
3995308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February%2015%20%28Eastern%20Orthodox%20liturgics%29 | February 15 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) | February 14 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - February 16
All fixed commemorations below are observed on February 28 by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.
For February 15th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on February 2.
Saints
Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy (c. 109)
Martyr Major of Gaza (302)
Venerable Paphnutius, monk, and his daughter St. Euphrosyne, nun, of Alexandria (5th century) (see also: September 25)
Venerable Eusebius, hermit, of Asikha in Syria (5th century)
Saint Theognius, Bishop of Bethelia near Gaza (523)
Pre-Schism Western saints
Saints Faustinus and Jovita, two brothers, belonging to the nobility of Brescia in Italy, zealous preachers of Orthodoxy, beheaded in their native city under Hadrian (2nd century)
Virgin-martyr Agape, in Terni (Teramo) in Italy (c. 273)
Martyr Craton and Companions, converted to Christ by St Valentine, Bishop of Terni, martyred in Rome together with his wife and family (c. 273)
Martyrs Saturninus, Castulus, Magnus and Lucius, who belonged to the flock of St Valentine, Bishop of Terni in Italy (273)
Saint Dochow (Dochau, Dogwyn), founder of a monastery in Cornwall (c. 473)
Saint Georgia, a holy virgin and later anchoress near Clermont in Auvergne in France (c. 500)
Saint Severus, a priest from the Abruzzi in Italy (c. 530)
Saint Quinidius, after living as a hermit in Aix in Provence, he became Bishop of Vaison in France (c. 579)
Saint Farannan, Confessor, a disciple of St Columba at Iona in Scotland (c. 590)
Saint Berach (Barachias, Berachius), disciple of St Kevin and founder of a monastery at Clusin-Coirpte in Connaught (6th century)
Saint Faustus, a disciple of St Benedict at Montecassino in Italy (6th century)
Saint Oswy, King of Northumbria (670)
Saint Decorosus, for thirty years Bishop of Capua in Italy, Confessor (695)
Saint Walfrid (Gualfredo) della Gherardesca (765)
Saints Winaman, Unaman and Sunaman, monks and nephews of St Sigfrid whom they followed to Sweden, martyred by pagans (c. 1040)
Saint Sigfrid of Sweden, a priest and monk, probably at Glastonbury in England, who went to enlighten Sweden, based in Växjö, and converted King Olaf of Sweden (1045)
Saint Druthmar, a monk at Lorsch Abbey, in 1014 he became Abbot of Corvey in Saxony in Germany (1046)
Post-Schism Orthodox saints
Venerable Paphnutius, recluse of the Kiev Caves Monastery (13th century)
Venerable Dalmatius of Siberia, Abbot and founder of the Dormition Monastery (1697) (see also: June 10 - Synaxis of All Saints of Siberia)
New martyr John of Thessaloniki (1776)
Venerable Anthimos (Vagianos) of Chios (1960) (see also: February 2)
New martyrs and confessors
New Hieromartyrs Michael Pyatayev and John Kuminov, Priests of Omsk (1930)
New Hieromartyr Paul (Kozlov), Hieromonk of St. Nilus Hermitage, Tver (1938)
New Hieromartyrs Nicholas Morkovin, Alexis, and Alexis, Priests; and Simeon, Deacon (1938)
Virgin-martyr Sophia (1938)
Other commemorations
Synaxis of the Church of St. John the Theologian at Diaconissa.
Synaxis of the Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius.
Synaxis of Icon of the Mother of God of Dalmatia.
Repose of Blessed Stoina (Euphemia) of Devic Monastery, Serbia (1895)
Repose of Schema-monk Nikodim of Karoulia (1984)
Repose of Monk Marcu (Dumitrescu) of Sihastria (ro), Romania (1999)
Icon gallery
Notes
References
Sources
February 15 / 28. Orthodox Calendar (Pravoslavie.ru).
February 28 / 15. Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Church (A parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow).
February 15. OCA - The Lives of the Saints.
The Autonomous Orthodox Metropolia of Western Europe and the Americas. St. Hilarion Calendar of Saints for the year of our Lord 2004. St. Hilarion Press (Austin, TX). p. 15.
The Fifteenth Day of the Month of February. Orthodoxy in China.
February 15. Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome.
The Roman Martyrology. Transl. by the Archbishop of Baltimore. Last Edition, According to the Copy Printed at Rome in 1914. Revised Edition, with the Imprimatur of His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons. Baltimore: John Murphy Company, 1916. pp. 48-49.
Rev. Richard Stanton. A Menology of England and Wales, or, Brief Memorials of the Ancient British and English Saints Arranged According to the Calendar, Together with the Martyrs of the 16th and 17th Centuries. London: Burns & Oates, 1892. pp. 69-72.
Greek Sources
Great Synaxaristes: 15 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
Συναξαριστής. 15 Φεβρουαρίου. Ecclesia.gr. (H Εκκλησια Τησ Ελλαδοσ).
Russian Sources
28 февраля (15 февраля). Православная Энциклопедия под редакцией Патриарха Московского и всея Руси Кирилла (электронная версия). (Orthodox Encyclopedia - Pravenc.ru).
February in the Eastern Orthodox calendar |
3995309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin%20Breckinridge%20Patterson | Marvin Breckinridge Patterson | Mary Marvin Breckinridge Patterson (October 2, 1905December 11, 2002), was an American photojournalist, cinematographer, and philanthropist. She used her middle name, Marvin, both professionally and personally to distinguish herself from her cousin Mary Breckinridge (founder of the Frontier Nursing Service) and to avoid the prejudice against women that was prevalent at the time.
Family and marriage
Mary Marvin Breckinridge was born on October 2, 1905 in New York City, to John C. Breckinridge, of the prominent Kentucky Breckinridge family, and Isabella Goodrich Breckinridge, daughter of B. F. Goodrich. Her great-grandfather, John C. Breckinridge, was Vice President of the United States under James Buchanan, a Confederate general and Confederate Secretary of War. Her godmother and cousin was Isabella Selmes Greenway, Arizona's first Congresswoman.
While broadcasting for the CBS World News Roundup in Berlin, Marvin met Jefferson Patterson. They married on June 20, 1940.
Education
When she was young, Marvin's family moved around a fair amount, and she attended "twelve schools before graduating from Milton Academy in Milton, Massachusetts" before eventually enrolling at Vassar College in 1923.
While a student at Vassar College, she helped found the National Student Federation of America, which was how she made an acquaintance with Edward R. Murrow. While a member of the National Student Federation, she attended the 1925 International Conference of Students in Copenhagen. Marvin graduated from Vassar College in 1927.
In an alumnae questionnaire from Vassar in 1939, Marvin wrote about her experience in college by denoting that, “I went to Vassar because my family wanted me to and had brought me up in that expectation all my life.” She also mentioned that “For the first time I heard other opinions than those expressed by my parents. I also got the ability to study for myself any subject in which I was interested, and learned how to go about such a study.” Furthermore, while at Vassar, Mary Marvin majored in French, minored in history and even served as president of North (now known as Jewett House) when she was a junior.
After her graduation from Vassar, she was a postgraduate student at the Clarence White School of Photography, University of Berlin, the Catholic University of Lima, and the American University of Cairo.
Career
Mary began taking stills at the age of 9 and by the age of 15 was able develop her own photographs. In 1926, Mary received her first camera for Christmas while still attending Vassar College.
Cinematography
Marvin’s interest in cinematography came about after her cousin suggested that she should study cinematography professionally. After her graduation from school, Marvin began working for her cousin, Mary, in the Frontier Nursing Service. During this time, she made the acclaimed black and white silent film The Forgotten Frontier (1930). The film tells the story of the Frontier Nursing Service, which is a nurse and midwifery health service that was founded by her cousin in the Appalachian mountains of Kentucky. The Forgotten Frontier is one of Marvin's most notable works, as it was named to the National Film Registry in 1996.
Following The Forgotten Frontier, Marvin then produced and directed a piece called She Goes to Vassar, which was meant to showcase what goes on in college, especially for the women, and to also keep alumnae informed after they had graduated. It offered a new perspective and look into women students at all women's universities. This film debuted at the Potomac School on December 19 of 1931.
She also became involved in an amateur film group, called the Metropolitan Movie Club of New York.
Photojournalism
Marvin traveled extensively and published photographs from her world travels in magazines such as Vogue, National Geographic, Look, Life, Town & Country, and Harper's Bazaar, especially a 1932 Africa trip from Cape Town to Cairo.
Broadcasting
During World War II, Marvin was hired by Edward R. Murrow as the first female news broadcaster to report from Europe for the CBS Radio Network. She reported 50 times, from seven European countries, including reports from Berlin, Germany. She became the first woman among the original generation of the CBS reporting staff known as Murrow's Boys. She also was the first woman to head a CBS office when she was put in charge of the network's operations in Amsterdam.
During her time at CBS, Marvin met Edward R. Murrow who accompanied her on many of her assignments. Edward Murrow was also the same individual who encouraged her to speak in a deep voice while broadcasting and hired her as the first female news broadcaster for the CBS World News Roundup which was in Europe. She was one of only four photographers to be within England for the first months of the war. During this time, she traveled to London which is where she photographed the evacuation of English children. Marvin was also in Switzerland in 1939 when the Nazis invaded Poland during World War II. Eventually, around fifty reports were made from seven countries in which Marvin was collaborating and producing.
As a woman, Marvin was generally assigned to apolitical stories relating to lifestyle and culture. However, she still found ways to venture into more serious issues. One of her most famous broadcasts involved describing the official Nazi newspaper Voelkische Beobachter: "The motto of this important official paper is Freedom and Bread. There is still bread." The subtle implication that Germany was no longer free went over the heads of her German censors, and the comment was permitted to be broadcast.
Her career ended when she married U.S. diplomat Jefferson Patterson in June 1940. Patterson was the son of Frank Jefferson Patterson, a founder of the National Cash Register Company. She willingly resigned from CBS, hoping to resume her original career in photojournalism, but was barred from publication by the United States State Department, who claimed that her activities would compromise her husband's work in Berlin. After marriage she served with her husband who had foreign service assignments in Berlin, Belgium, Egypt, the U.N. Special Committee on the Balkans, Greece, and in Uruguay, where he served as United States ambassador.
Philanthropy
After her husband’s death in 1977, Mrs. Patterson began to give away many of her assets. MARPAT, a foundation she created, gave grants to "cultural, environmental, historical, and social service organizations". She served on the boards of several institutions including the Frontier Nursing Service, the Textile Museum, National Symphony Orchestra, Meridian House International, International Student House, the Women’s Committees of the Smithsonian Institution, the Corcoran Gallery of Art, and the International Committee of the Folger Shakespeare Library.
She was a major financial supporter and donated art and her photographs to these organizations and to the Library of Congress, the American News Women’s Club, the Dayton Art Institute, the English-Speaking Union, the Kennedy Center, St. Albans School, the Society of Woman Geographers, the U.S. Capitol Historical Society, the University of Kentucky, Vassar College, WETA-TV, several pro-choice organizations, and many other organizations.
In 1985 she created The MARPAT Foundation, which continues to make grants to museums, galleries, environmental and historical organizations, and to cultural and social service groups within the greater Washington Metropolitan area. Marvin Patterson was also benefactor to IONA Senior Services. which helped provide services for the elderly in Washington.
In 1974 she donated her family estate in York, Maine (now listed on the National Register of Historic Places), to Bowdoin College for use as the Breckinridge Public Affairs Center. In 1983 she donated her and her husband's farm in Maryland, thus creating the Patterson's Archeological District, which includes extensive Native American and American colonial sites.
Honors and accomplishments
In 1929, she became the first female pilot licensed in Maine.
The Forgotten Frontier is one of Mary's most notable works, as it was named to the National Film Registry in 1996. Her diaries which contained plan and ideas for The Forgotten Frontier were archived in the Library of Congress in the Fall of 1929.
She received the Calvert Prize for Conservation in 1984.
In 1987, a study room was dedicated to Mary Breckinridge in the Department of Special Collections at the University of Kentucky. The room now stands as the Breckinridge Research Room in the Special Collections Research Center in the William T. Young Library.
She received honorary doctorates from Bowdoin College and Georgetown University.
She served on boards and committees for the following organizations: The Frontier Nursing Service, the Textile Museum, the National Symphony Orchestra, and the Smithsonian Institution.
Legacy
On December 11, 2002 at the age of ninety-seven, Mary Marvin Breckinridge Patterson died. She died at her Washington home from pneumonia while also having cerebral vascular disease.
Eight years after her passing, the Library of Congress recognized her wartime photojournalism and broadcasts along with seven other female journalists and photographers which included: Clare Booth Luce, Janet Flanner, Dorothea Lange and May Craig. The exhibit that showcased these women’s works was named Women Come to the Front: Journalists, Photographers and Broadcasters During World War II. Many of Marvin's photographs taken while she was in Kentucky in 1937 are considered “classics” and have been shown in many exhibitions.
Footnotes
References
Marvin Breckinridge Patterson - Women Come to the Front (Library of Congress Exhibition) Library of Congress pictures from her World War II career
Jefferson Patterson Park & Museum - History Family history from the park and museum site
York Weekly: Obituaries - Mary Marvin Breckinridge Patterson Extensive obituary
External links
Women Come to the Front, a gallery of Marvin Breckinridge Patterson's photographs and documents related to World War II
Jefferson Patterson papers, 1824-1981, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
American photojournalists
1905 births
2002 deaths
American women photographers
American radio reporters and correspondents
American war correspondents
Vassar College alumni
Breckinridge family
20th-century American photographers
20th-century American women artists
American women radio journalists
Members of the Society of Woman Geographers
Articles containing video clips
20th-century women photographers
Women film pioneers |
3995321 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/102%20Incheon%20Tower | 102 Incheon Tower | The 102 Incheon Tower was a supertall twin tower proposed for construction in Songdo International City, Incheon, South Korea. The design consisted of two 151 floor, supertall skyscrapers connected by three skybridges. The building would have become the tallest twin towers in the world, surpassing the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and one of the tallest buildings in Asia. After the late-2000s recession, the tower was postponed with the possibility of a redesign at a lower height. The height of the tower was reduced from 613 metres to 487 metres while keeping the design the same.
The Skyscraper was designed to represent Songdo City. It would have included offices, residential space, and a hotel. It would have been a Korean landmark upon completion. The complex was due to be located at the US$35 billion New Songdo City, and would have covered over of land, about from the nation's capital, Seoul. Developer Portman Holdings, run by John Portman, signed an agreement with South Korean officials to build the tower. Construction started with groundbreaking on 20 June 2008. Construction halted in 2009. Construction resumed in 2013, but the project was cancelled in 2016.
Floor plans
The following is a breakdown of floors of the original 151 story design:
References
External links
Incheon Towers on SkyscraperPage
Incheon Tower 1
Incheon Tower 2
Incheon Tower complex
Buildings and structures in Incheon
Twin towers
Buildings and structures under construction in South Korea
Songdo International Business District
pt:Incheon Tower |
3995326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20Marie%20River | Jean Marie River | Jean Marie River (Slavey language: Tthek'éhdélį or Tthek'edeli "water flowing over clay") is a "Designated Authority" in the Dehcho Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. The community is located on the Jean Marie River where it joins the Mackenzie River. The community has a small airport, Jean Marie River Airport, and is accessible by charter aircraft throughout the year and by the all-season JMR Access Road from the Mackenzie Highway.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Jean Marie River had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
In 2016, the majority of its population was First Nations. The main languages in the community are Dene Zhatie (South Slavey) and English.
Services
Royal Canadian Mounted Police services are provided through Fort Simpson. There is neither a hospital nor a health centre but a health station, the "Jean Marie Health Cabin", located in Jean Marie River. There is currently no grocery store, but there are accommodations and a visitors centre. Education is provided through the Louie Norwegian School and provides education up to Grade 10.
First Nations
The Dene of the community are represented by the Jean Marie River First Nation and belong to the Dehcho First Nations.
Mackenzie River Flooding
On May 7 2021, the Mackenzie River flooded, damaging 22 of the community's 26 homes and its only school, disabling the only power plant servicing the community, and causing significant diesel spills. Rebuilding had begun by the 9th of June; residents raised objections to the slowness of the authorities' approach, and a lack of guidance in relation to oil spills which had left many homes smelling strongly of diesel.
Gallery
References
External links
Official site
Communities in the Dehcho Region
Dene communities |
3995329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%20Rode | Franc Rode | Franc Rode (or Rodé; born 23 September 1934) is a Slovenian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He is the prefect emeritus of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life, having served as prefect from 2004 to 2011. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 2006.
He was raised to the rank of Cardinal-Priest on 20 June 2016 by Pope Francis while retaining his titular church.
Biography
Early life and religious profession
Franc Rode was born in Rodica near Ljubljana, in Yugoslavia (modern-day Slovenia). In 1945 he and his family sought refuge in Austria and later fled to Argentina in 1948. He entered the Congregation of the Mission, more commonly known as the Vincentians or Lazarists, in Buenos Aires in 1952, making his perpetual profession in 1957. Rode studied at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, and at the Catholic Institute of Paris, from where he obtained his doctorate in theology in 1968. Rode is fluent in Slovene, Spanish, Italian, French, and German.
Pastoral work
Rode was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop André-Jean-François Defebvre CM, on 29 June 1960 in Paris. In 1965, at the request of his superiors, Rode returned to Yugoslavia, where he worked as vice-pastor, director of studies and provincial visitor of the Lazarists, and professor of fundamental theology and Missiology at the Theological Faculty of Ljubljana.
Curial work
In 1978 Rode was made consultor of the Secretariat for Non-Believers in the Roman Curia, being transferred to that dicastery in 1981 and rising to become its Undersecretary in 1982. During this time, he assisted in the organization of some significant dialogue sessions with European Marxists. When Pope John Paul II united the Pontifical Council for Culture and Pontifical Council for Non-Believers in 1993, he appointed Rode Secretary of the new Pontifical Council for Culture. As Secretary, he served as the second-highest official of that dicastery, under Paul Poupard.
Archbishop
On 5 March 1997, Pope John Paul appointed Rode Archbishop of Ljubljana. He received his episcopal consecration on the following 6 April from Archbishop Alojzij Šuštar, with Archbishop Franc Perko and Cardinal Aloysius Ambrozic, Archbishop of Toronto, a fellow ethnic Slovene bishop from the diaspora serving as co-consecrators, in the Cathedral of Ljubljana. Rode successfully guided the negotiations for a new concordat to final approval in 2004.
Cardinal
Rode was created a Cardinal Deacon by Pope Benedict XVI on 24 March 2006.
His motto is a phrase in Old Slovene, "Stati inu obstati" (To Exist and Persevere / To Stand and Withstand), taken from the Catechism of Primož Trubar, which is also inscribed on the Slovenian 1 euro coin. In 2013 he was the first Slovenian in history to participate in a papal conclave.
Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life
Rode returned to the Roman Curia upon his nomination as prefect of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life on 11 February 2004. Pope Benedict XVI later created Rode Cardinal-Deacon of S. Francesco Saverio alla Garbatella in the consistory of 24 March 2006. In January 2011, he retired as the prefect of the Congregation.
Until his 80th birthday Rode was a member of the various offices in the Roman Curia: congregations of Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments; for Bishops; for the Evangelization of Peoples; for Catholic Education; Pontifical Council for Culture and the Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei.
He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the 2013 papal conclave that elected Pope Francis.
Allegations of fatherhood
In August 2012 Slovenian media reported allegations that Rode had fathered a child. Rode denied the allegations and expressed willingness to submit to a DNA test. He also announced lawsuits against the media for alleged breaches of his right to privacy. "After all they've done to me they deserve this," he said. The DNA test proved negative.
References
External links
Franc Rode
1934 births
Living people
People from the Municipality of Domžale
Slovenian emigrants to Argentina
Vincentians
Pontifical Gregorian University alumni
Institut Catholique de Paris alumni
Roman Catholic archbishops of Ljubljana
Slovenian cardinals
20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Slovenia
21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Slovenia
Vincentian bishops
Members of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments
Members of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
Members of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life
Members of the Pontifical Council for Culture
Vincentian cardinals
Cardinals created by Pope Benedict XVI
Members of the Congregation for Bishops
Members of the Congregation for Catholic Education
Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts |
3995331 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotgun%20messenger | Shotgun messenger | In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a shotgun messenger was a private "express messenger" and guard, especially on a stagecoach but also on a train, in charge of overseeing and guarding a valuable private shipment, such as particularly the contents of a strongbox (on a stagecoach) or safe (on a train). The express messenger for stagecoaches typically rode in a seat on top of the coach, on the left next to the driver (who typically sat on the right side, operating the wheel brake with right arm). In the Old West of the 1880s, if a stagecoach had only a driver and no Wells Fargo messenger, this meant the coach carried no strongbox and was thus a less interesting target for "road agents" (bandits).
Wells Fargo Co. express messengers typically carried a short (or sawn-off) 12- or 10-gauge double-barrelled shotgun, loaded with buckshot. This was a most effective weapon in use against pursuing riders. Such weapons were sometimes referred to as "messenger shotguns" or, more commonly, "coach guns" (a name still used today). To some extent these weapons also carried over to use by private guards in trains with strongboxes or safes, where they were again effective.
Like "gunslinger", the actual term "riding shotgun" first appeared in fiction about the Old West, dating back as far as the 1905 book The Sunset Trail by Alfred Henry Lewis. See also "calling shotgun" which dates from use in autos to about 1954, at a time when it was being used in the popular TV series Gunsmoke.
Further reading
When Law Was in the Holster: The Frontier Life of Bob Paul (2012) by John Boessenecker. Bob Paul was one of the most famous shotgun messengers of the Old West.
References
19th-century establishments
20th-century disestablishments
American frontier
Obsolete occupations
Protective service occupations
History of road transport |
3995338 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawnay%20Troof | Hawnay Troof | Hawnay Troof is an American electronic indie band formed in late 2001.
Despite of the band's American punk and electronic background, many elements of pop, dance-punk, electronica, soul, noise music and club. have been incorporated into its sound.
History
Origins
The band began when Vice Cooler and friend posed as a band and performed a guerilla-style set during a show. Despite having played only a handful of shows, he was invited to play similar guerilla-style sets opening for the likes of Quintron and Miss Pussycat, Coachwhips, Glass Candy, Lightning Bolt, Bratmobile, Gravy Train!!!!, and Stereo Total.
Eventually Cooler relocated to Oakland, California and continued to perform. He became friends with Drew Daniel (of Soft Pink Truth and Matmos), Allison Wolfe, and Jenny Hoyston; all of whom would appear later on future live performances and/ or recordings. He signed to Retard Disco who released the 2003 debut Get Up: Resolution Love!. The band toured first shows in Iceland, Australia, New Zealand, and Europe with The Gossip. The "Man On My Back" single was released during the gour, surprising everyone with a harsher, more evolved sound. The band performed in their underwear. The absence of clothing was meant "be this liberating thing for people to see."
Dollar and Deed and Community
Cooler recorded from January to March 2005. Jenny Hoyston was a collaborator. Others who worked on the record were Stereo Total, Barr, and Kori Gardner of Mates Of State and John Dieterich.
Dollar and Deed was released in April 2006. The EP Community followed.
After the 20-month "Dollar and Deed" tour, Hawnay Troof played shows in Egypt, China, and Europe.
Islands Of Ayle
Islands Of Ayle was finished between December 2007 and March 2008. Three of the album's songs, "Front My Hope", "Venus Venus Piper", and "Water" were collaborations between Vice and Bretzel Goring of Stereo Total through email. Many other tracks were created with collaborators via email.
Cooler has said that the goal for Islands Of Ayle was to create a pop record, but that it ended up accidentally "damaged".
The album was mixed Vice Cooler and Greg Saunier and was released on September 9, 2008. The first edition of the CD came with an extra disc of remixes and a limited edition o-card cover.
The album's release came with a world tour opening for Deerhoof, High Places, Telepathe and Matt And Kim, which had the band spanning the same area as the previous 20-month tour over the last four months of 2008.
October marked the release of his free, fan remixed record Remix Projection and also brought Hawnay Troof on its second tour of Australia and New Zealand. This time it was a tour with Peaches and later as a part of Australia's largest traveling electronic festival Parklife. During this time, Peaches started performing randomly with Hawnay Troof as a guest back up singer into December 2008. Shortly after the band surprised the crowd at Austin's Fun Fun Fun Fest with a very memorable set, which including Vice making use of the outside stage by incorporating the ceiling and trees by climbing them throughout his set, and jumping off, working the crowd into a frenzy.
Unlike Dollar And Deed, Islands of Ayle was released to great acclaim. Pitchfork rated it with a 7.5 and described Vice as "[leaving] an impression of a confidence that has moved beyond the ego and into a territory that enables him to get away with just about anything" while Spin Magazine said that the album is "...a bewilderingly awesome musical gumbo. Both confrontational and congregational, Troof's beat-driven, stutter-filled jams will move your feet the way they were meant to move – with wild abandon and reckless intent." Mae Shi and High Places named it as one of the best albums of 2008 while electronic heavyweights Ladytron called it one of their top ten records of the year in Filter Magazine.
Discography
Albums
Get Up! Resolution Love (Retard Disco/ TCWTGA (LP), 2003)
Dollar and Deed (Retard Disco/ Southern, 2006)
Islands Of Ayle (Retard Disco/ Southern, 2008)
Remix Projection (Self Released Free Download, 2008)
EPs and singles
Who Likes Ta? (as Da Hawnway Troof, Retard Disco, 2003)
White Men in Suits EP (Deleted Art, 2004)
Community (Retard Disco, 2005)
"Hollar and See" (Self Released, 2006)
"RMX: 2008" (Self Released, 2008)
Remixes
High Places (Headspins)
No Age (Everybody's Down)
Yacht (It's Coming To Get You)
Jaguar Love (Humans Evolve Into Skyscrapers)
Jaguar Love (My Organ Sounds Like...)
The Ssion (Street Jizz)
Joanna Newsom (Bridges And Balloons)
Barr (Half Of Two Times Two)
Telepathe (Chromes On It)
Simo Soo (Bike City)
Awards
"Connection" as #2 indie video of the year (MTV2, 2008).
"Connection" as #1 video on MTVU (MTVU, 2009).
Trivia
Solange Knowles praised his fashion and music on her Twitter.
Hawnay Troof has been invited to play such countries as Iceland, Egypt, New Zealand and Australia.
Vice Cooler was a guest speaker at the Peaches and John Waters 2005 Christmas show at UCLA.
In 2007, Henry Rollins said on his radio show, Harmony In My Head, that "I have always admired people who are all the way into their work to the point where the separation between the art and the artist disappears. Most never even get close..." when talking about Vice Cooler and Hawnay Troof.
References
External links
Official Myspace
Official website
Retard Disco
Southern Records
American electronic musicians
One-man bands
Retard Disco artists |
3995344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambaa%20K%27e | Sambaa K'e | Sambaa K'e (Slavey language: "place of trout"; formerly Trout Lake) is a "Designated Authority" in the Dehcho Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. The community is located near the Alberta border, east of Fort Liard, on the shore of the lake also known as Sambaa K'e. It has no all-weather road, but can be reached by winter road early in the year or by air (Sambaa K'e Aerodrome) year-round.
On June 21, 2016, the settlement officially changed its name from "Trout Lake" to "Sambaa K'e", its name in the Slavey language, meaning "place of trout".
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Sambaa K’e had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
The majority of its 2016 population (80 people) are First Nations and 45 report South Slavey as a first language.
First Nations
The Dene of the community are represented by the Sambaa K'e First Nation and belong to the Dehcho First Nations.
Services
The community has a small general store and a health centre and no RCMP. Canada Post mail arrives weekly by charter plane. Residents can order books, movies and CDs through the Borrow by Mail program offered by the NWT Public Library Services. There is a small airport, Sambaa K'e Aerodrome, and in the summer Trout Lake Water Aerodrome is in operation.
The community runs the Sambaa K'e Fishing Lodge, an authentic northern fishing experience, in the summer months.
References
External links
Sambaa K'e proposed protected area
Communities in the Dehcho Region
Dene communities
Hudson's Bay Company trading posts
Road-inaccessible communities of the Northwest Territories |
3995357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Grange%2C%20Edinburgh | The Grange, Edinburgh | The Grange (originally St Giles' Grange) is an affluent suburb of Edinburgh, just south of the city centre, with Morningside and Greenhill to the west, Newington to the east, The Meadows park and Marchmont to the north, and Blackford Hill to the south. It is a conservation area characterised by large early Victorian stone-built villas and mansions, often with very large gardens. The Grange was built mainly between 1830 and 1890, and the area represented the idealisation of country living within an urban setting.
The suburb includes streets which are renowned for their pricey properties, and it is home to some of Scotland's richest people, top lawyers and businessmen. Whitehouse Terrace, in the Grange area of the Capital, was named as the priciest postcode in Zoopla's 'Rich List for 2021'.
Character of the Area
The architectural form and green environment of The Grange are attributable to the picturesque movement and characterised by romantic revivalism of the architectural forms that are original and individual in composition. The buildings are complemented by the profusion of mature trees, spacious garden settings, stone boundary walls and green open spaces. A significant level of uniformity is achieved from the use of local building materials, e.g. local grey sandstone in ashlar or coursed rubble with hand carved decoration, Scots slates, timber framed sash and case windows with plate glass.
The Grange was predominantly developed around 1830, when the growing middle class of merchants and professionals in Edinburgh were looking for secluded location where to raise their families. The Grange had the advantages of physical separation from the overcrowded medieval city and offered individual dwellings in a predominantly suburban setting in contrast to the tenements of the Georgian New Town. Houses were built with their own private gardens surrounded by high stone walls; this was in contrast with the communal living of the more central areas. Each house has its individual fashionable style of the Victorian times. The outstanding quality of many of the villas is due to the insistence of the Dick Lauder family, who commissioned the houses, on high architectural standards.
Superiors
There are mentions of 'Sanct-Geill-Grange' in charters of King David and King Edgar, as church lands attached to St. Giles parish church in Edinburgh, the king retaining the superiority. The word grange is common across Britain and normally links to an extensive farm with a central mansionhouse. On 16 June 1376, King Robert II granted the superiority of the barony and lands of St Giles to his eldest son, John, Earl of Carrick, Steward of Scotland. In 1391 the estate was conferred upon the Wardlaw family.
On 29 October 1506, St Giles Grange passed to John Cant, a Burgess of Edinburgh, and his spouse Agnes Carkettle, and in 1517 they granted the use of of land to the nuns of St. Catherine of Siena. On 19 March 1691 a John Cant sold St Giles Grange in its entirety to William Dick. At that time, the previously feued to the nuns was now in the possession of Sir John Napier, the famous inventor of logarithms. When Isabel Dick, the heiress, married Sir Andrew Lauder, 5th Baronet of Fountainhall, in 1731, The Grange passed to him.
Grange House
The original tower house appears to be of a very early date, possibly the 13th century, ornamented with two turrets and a battlemented roof; its position was isolated at the eastern end of the Burgh Muir, which at that time consisted of waste tracts of moorland and morass, stretching out southward as far as the Braid Hills and eastward to St. Leonard's Crags.
The mansion, The Grange House, was enlarged over the centuries, a major restoration being carried out by Sir Thomas Dick Lauder, Bt. On 16 May 1836, Lord Cockburn recorded in his diary: "There was an annular eclipse of the sun yesterday afternoon....it was a beautiful spectacle......I was on the top of the tower at The Grange House, with Sir Thomas Dick Lauder and his family."
After Sir Thomas's death in 1848, the fabric of the house gradually deteriorated, and by the 1930s the cost of maintenance and preservation had become prohibitive. Despite widespread protests, the house was demolished in 1936. Bungalows and other houses were built on part of the site, in what is now Grange Crescent.
Stone wyverns from its gateposts, known locally as the 'Lauder griffins', were re-erected in Grange Loan. One was placed at the entrance to a stretch of Lover's Loan, a centuries-old path which was preserved in a late 19th-century redevelopment and is marked out with high stone walls separating it from the gardens on either side. At one point the path borders the Grange Cemetery, where various well-known people are buried, including Sir Thomas Dick Lauder, Hugh Miller, and Thomas Chalmers.
City expansion
In 1825 Thomas Dick Lauder, the then owner of the Grange, sold off a large area of land for development (the area between the present Dick Place and Grange Road). This linked to a new access road to the east (now called Newington Road). Lauder controlled development of the land through a strong feuing plan and developments required his approval. The original feuing plan included curious plot names such as Little Transylvania and Greater Transylvania (both north of Grange Loan). Grange House remained in a large plot in the centre of Grange Loan.
From the 1840s, The Grange was developed as an early suburb, built gradually upon the lands of The Grange estate — still owned by the Dick Lauder family. The area was originally laid out by the architect David Cousin but then the feuing was altered (1858) and greatly extended southwards (1877, following great success) by the architect Robert Reid Raeburn.
Some of the Victorian villas still retain substantial mature trees and gardens which pre-date the housing. In 1835 Earl Grey (of Reform Bill fame) stayed with Sir Thomas Dick Lauder at The Grange House, and commemorated his visit by planting an oak tree in a conspicuous spot in The Avenue, upon the bank of the north side, not very far from the ivy-clad arch. It was called 'Earl Grey's Oak' and was still healthy in 1898. It is not known if it has survived.
Within the area lies the campus of the Astley Ainslie Hospital. This large area of ground was gifted as a hospital in 1921 as part of the will of John Ainslie.
The grounds of the Carlton Cricket Club is the last vestige of the major open space which used to surround Grange House.
Grange Cemetery
This was laid out in 1847 by the Edinburgh architect David Bryce and is more rectilinear in layout than its predecessors, Warriston Cemetery and Dean Cemetery. It was original entitled the Southern Edinburgh Cemetery.
It includes a very interesting "Egyptian portal" to the land of the dead for the wife of a William Stuart (died 1868) on the north wall, by the sculptor Robert Thomson. Sculptures by William Birnie Rhind (Dr. James Cappie) and Henry Snell Gamley (David Menzies) can also be found. There are also multiple ornate Celtic crosses, mainly by Stewart McGlashan. The graves of Isabella Russell and Margaret McNicoll were designed by Robert Lorimer in 1904. Other notable graves include:
John Brown Abercromby (1843–1929), artist
Harry Burrows Acton (1908–1974)
Prof David Laird Adams
Sir Andrew Agnew, 7th Baronet
Thomas Croxen Archer (1817–1885) botanist
Rev William Arnot
Rev David Arnot DD minister of St Giles Cathedral
Sir William James and Sir James Gardiner Baird, 7th and 8th Baronets of Saughton Hall
Very Rev John Baillie, Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, 1943–44
Sir Andrew Balfour, physician (grave vandalised)
James Bannerman (theologian) and his son William Burney Bannerman and his wife Helen Bannerman
John Bartholomew, Sr. and John Bartholomew Jr., mapmakers
John Begg, architect
Alexander Montgomerie Bell, lawyer
Henry McGrady Bell (1880–1958) traveller, diplomat and author
Sir Robert Duncan Bell (1878–1935) senior civil servant in the Indian Raj
George Bertram, engineer and paper-maker
Benjamin Blyth, engineer
Robert Henry Bow FRSE (1827–1909) photographic pioneer and civil engineer
Hugh Wylie Brown FRSE, actuary
Very Rev John Brown, Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1916 (his memorial also marks 4 sons lost in WWI)
George Washington Browne, architect
Viscount Bryce, politician
James Bryce (geologist) and his son John Annan Bryce, MP for Inverness Burghs
William Moir Bryce LLD (1842–1919) antiquarian
Rev James Buchanan
Rev Dr Thomas Burns (1853-1938) founder of the Thomas Burns Homes
Sir John Alexander Calder
Edward Calvert (architect)
Hugh Cameron RSA (1835-1918) artist
James Roderick Johnston Cameron, author, President of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh
Rev W. J. Cameron (d.1990) twice Moderator of the General Assembly to the Free Church of Scotland
Dr John Henry Campbell, monument by John Hutchison RSA
John Irvine Carswell FRSE engineer
Dr Thomas Chalmers
Elizabeth Chantrelle (née Dyer) murdered by her husband Eugene Chantrelle
Dugald Christie (missionary)
Very Rev Dr Patrick Clason (1789–1867) Moderator of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland 1848–49
Rev Prof G. N. M. Collins twice Moderator of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland
Robin Cook, Labour Foreign Secretary
Prof W. M. Court-Brown (1918–1968) radiologist and medical author
Alexander Cowan papermaker and philanthropist, with his son James, Lord Provost of Edinburgh and MP for Edinburgh
Sir John Cowan LLD (1844-1929) steel merchant and his son Andrew Wallace Cowan FRSA and missionary daughter Agnes Marshall Cowan holder of the first Scottish female professorship
Sir Robert Cranston
Rear Admiral Octavius Cumberland (1813–1877)
Rev Prof William Cunningham
Walter Scott Dalgleish (1834–1897) author
Prof Andrew B. Davidson
William Soltau Davidson (1846–1924) pioneer of refrigerated shipping
Lt Col Lewis Merson Davies, geologist and anti-evolutionist
The Dick Lauder baronets
William Kirk Dickson and his son, Rear Admiral Robert Kirk Dickson
Alexander Graham Donald FRSE FSA FFA (d.1941) actuary
Greta Douglas (1891–1982) artist
Morrell Draper FRSE, Australian-born toxicologist
Rev Dr Robert James Drummond, Moderator of the General Assembly of the UF Church in 1918
Rev Alexander Duff (missionary)
Rev Prof John Duncan (theologian)
Rev Patrick Fairbairn
Prof Kenneth Fearon (1960–2016) cancer specialist
Prof Robert McNair Ferguson LLD (1829–1912) mathematician
Rev Thomas Finlayson
Robert Flockhart (1778–1857) street preacher
Rev William Galbraith (mathematician)
Rev James Gall astronomer and founder of Carrubbers Close Mission
William Galloway (architectural historian) (1830–897) early conservation architect and historian
Dr Jessie Gellatly MD (1882-1935) one of Britain's first female doctors
Archibald H. R. Goldie, FRSE, meteorologist
Giles Alexander Esme Gordon
Sir James Gowans (memorial of his own design)
General James Hope Grant
Alan William Greenwood FRSE, zoologist
David Grieve FRSE PRPSE, geologist
Edward Graham Guest (d. 1962) of McVities Guest
John William Gulland MP and his nephew, John Masson Gulland FRS FRSE, chemist
William Maxwell Gunn LLD (1795–1851) author
Dr Thomas Guthrie
Robert Halliday Gunning, surgeon and philanthropist
Henry Haig (engraver) (1795–1848)
Rev William Hanna (1808–1882)
Canon Edward Joseph Hannan, co-founder of Hibernian Football Club
Admiral John Hay (1804–1899)
George Henderson (architect) (1846–1905)
John Henderson (architect) (1804–1862)
Prof William Henderson (physician and homeopath)
Robert Herdman RSA, Victorian artist
Rev William Maxwell Hetherington (stone carved by John Rhind)
William Ballantyne Hodgson
William Hole (artist)... (buried in the ground of James Lindsay WS)
The Home baronets, John (1872–1938, 12th Baronet of Blackadder) and David George (1904–1992, 13th Baronet of Blackadder)
John Hutchison (sculptor)
Lady Isabel Emslie Hutton (1887–1960) physician
Prof Ainsley Iggo FRS (1924–2012)
David Irving (librarian)
James Jamieson (dentist) FRSE
Alexander Keith Johnston (1804–1871) geographer (also memorialising his son of the same name, an African explorer).
Christian Isobel Johnstone (1781–1857) author, journalist and feminist
General Sir Gordon Jolly KCIE (1886–1962)
Prof Arthur Berriedale Keith
David Kennedy (1825–1886) Scottish singer (subject of a monument at the foot of Calton Hill) plus his daughter Marjory Kennedy-Fraser
Major Allan Ker VC (1883–1958) WW1 Victoria Cross recipient (memorialised on grave of Robert Darling Ker WS)
William Joseph Kinloch-Anderson (1846–1901) founder of the kilt-making company which bears his name
John Kinross (architect)
Thomas Knox (1818–1879) bronze portrait by Alexander Rhind
Thomas Dick Lauder, author and landowner
Prof Simon Somerville Laurie, educator
Robert Lawson FRSE, physician (1846–1896)
Rev Prof Robert Lee DD FRSE theologian (sculpted by John Hutchison)
William Lennie (1779–1852) grammarian
Rev Mary Levison DD (1923-2011) (née Mary Irene Lusk), first ordained female minister in the Church of Scotland
Prof David Liston
David Fowler Lowe FRSE LLD (1843-1924, Headmaster of George Heriot's School
Lt David Lyell, Royal Scots (d. 1915) survivor of the Gretna Rail Disaster who was killed two months later at Gallipoli (memorial only)
Major General William McBean VC (1818-1878) winner of the Victoria Cross at the Siege of Lucknow
Sir George McCrae (politician) (1860–1928)
Very Rev William J. G. McDonald (1924–2015) Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1989, presenter on radio's Thought for the Day
Very Rev James MacGregor DD (1834–1910) Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland 1891
Very Rev Mackintosh MacKay (1793–1873) Moderator of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland in 1849 (memorial only - buried in Duddingston Kirkyard)
Lieutenant General Colin Mackenzie, (1806–1881), Scottish officer in the Indian Army
Paul MacKenzie (physician) (1919–2015) soldier and sportsman
James MacKillop, MP
Meta Maclean, author
John Macleod (theologian)
Charles Maclaren, founder and editor of the Scotsman newspaper
Very Rev Thomas McLauchlan (1815–1886) Moderator of the General Assembly of the church of Scotland in 1876
Hector C. Macpherson FRSE author and journalist
Sir Alexander Charles Gibson Maitland
John Maitland (accountant) (1803 - 1865) Accountant to the Court of Session and Disruption Worthy
Charles Alexander Malcolm, historian and author
Rev Prof William Manson, theologian
Hugh Marshall FRS FRSE (1868–1913) chemist
Rev Dr Hugh Martin, theologian
David Masson historian and his daughters Rosaline Masson and Flora Masson
David Mekie, geographer and his son, Prof D. E. C. Mekie OBE FRSE surgeon
Memorial to Wiliam Babington Melville, killed in the Manipur Massacre of 1891
Duncan Menzies (1837–1910) architect and engineer
John Millar, Lord Craighill (1817–1888)
Hugh Miller (pioneer geologist) and his son Hugh Miller FRSE
Prof James Miller FRSE (1812–1864)
Rev Dr William Milligan (1821–1893)
William Beatton Moonie (1883-1961) composer
Sir Henry Moncrieff, 2nd Baron Moncrieff, with a sculpture of his wife "Minna" on the stone
Robert Morham, architect
John Muir (indologist)
Sir Andrew Mure (1826–1909) judge
Duncan Napier, herbalist
James Napier (chemist)
Thomas Nelson (publisher) and his son Thomas Nelson (1822-1892)
John Pringle Nichol, astronomer, and his wife Elizabeth Pease Nichol
Rev Dr Maxwell Nicholson DD, author, minister of Tron Kirk and then St Stephen's
Prof James Nicol, geologist
Very Rev Prof Thomas Nicol DD, theological author, Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland 1914
Frederick Niecks, musical scholar
John Nisbet, artist, with his 3 wives
Pollock Sinclair Nisbet, artist
Robert Buchan Nisbet, artist
Rev Prof John Cochrane O'Neill (1930–2003) theological author
Thomas Oliver, co-founder of Oliver & Boyd
Emily Rosaline Orme (1835–1915)
George Ann Panton FRSE (1842–1903), actuary, botanist and geologist, Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Sir Edward Parrott politician
Robert Paterson (1825–1889) architect
Waller Hugh Paton RSA, artist
Very Rev David Paul DD LLD FLS, Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1915
Very Rev Adam Philip Moderator of the General Assembly of the United Free Church of Scotland in 1921.
Sir Robert William Philip, pioneer of tuberculosis, younger brother of Adam Philip
Very Rev K. M. Phin (1816–1888) Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland 1877
James Ramage, artist (1824–1887)
James Reed, engineer FRSE engineer
Very Rev George T. H. Reid MC DD (1910–1990) Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1973
Rev Prof Alexander Macdonald Renwick DD, theological author, Moderator of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland in 1931
John Thomas Rochead, architect of the Wallace Monument
Rev Dr Charles Rogers DD LLD, minister and author
Sir Hugh Arthur Rose and his son, Sir Hugh Rose (owners of Rose's lime juice)
Lt Gen James Kerr Ross (1792–1872) wounded at the Battle of Waterloo
Frederick Schenck, lithographer
Dr Robert Edmund Scoresby-Jackson FRSE physician and biographer
Sir Thomas Drummond Shiels MP
Sir Alexander Russell Simpson and his sons, Prof James Young Simpson (scientist) and Dr George Freeland Barbour Simpson
Dr David Skae (1814–1873) psychiatrist
Sir William Lowrie Sleigh, Lord Provost of Edinburgh 1923–6
Prof George Smeaton
George Smith (1833-1919) colonial educator and writer on Indian matters
George Smith RSA (1870-1934) artist
Very Rev Prof Thomas Smith (1817–1906) missionary, mathematician, Moderator of the Free Church 1891–92
Dr James Spence (1812–1882) President of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh
Robert Cunningham Graham Spiers FRSE (1797–1847) Sheriff of Edinburgh (on the grave he is called "Graham Speirs")
The sculptor brothers David Watson Stevenson and William Grant Stevenson buried together
Dr Norman Lang Stevenson (1875–1967) cricketer and 1908 Olympic Bronze Medallist for Scotland at field hockey
Jane Taylor and her daughter Mary Jane Pritchard, both poisoned in 1865 by Edward William Pritchard
Rev William King Tweedie DD (1803-1864) religious author and his son, Major General William Tweedie of the Sepoy mutiny
James Thin (1824-1915) founder of a renowned Edinburgh bookshop
Surgeon Major General Peter Stephenson Turnbull (1836–1921)
Andrew Usher
Sir John Usher, Baronet
Major General Thomas Valiant (1784–1845) (memorial only)
Cecil Voge FRSE (1898–1978) chemist
Sir George Warrender of Lochend, 6th Baronet (after whom the Warrender section of Marchmont is named)
George Mackie Watson (1860–1948) architect
Rev Robert Boog Watson (1823–1910), scientist
David Monro Westland, architect/engineer (creator of the North Bridge)
Prof Charles Richard Whittaker FRSE (1879–1967) anatomist
Dr Dionysius Wielobycki (1813–1882) early homeopathic doctor
Harry Martin Willsher, author
Robert Wilson architect of the Edinburgh Board Schools
Robert Wilson (1871–1928) editor of the Edinburgh Evening News and donor of the Wilson Cup
Sir James Lawton Wingate (artist)
Sir Alexander Kemp Wright (1859–1933), banker co-founder of the National Savings movement
Prof David F. Wright (1937–2008), historian
Robert Stodart Wyld LLD (1808–1893) historian
Robert Young (biblical scholar)
There are war graves of 40 Commonwealth service personnel of both World Wars and a communal grave for the nuns of St Margaret's Convent.
Notable residents
Residents of the suburb have included the author J.K. Rowling and the former CEO of RBS, Fred Goodwin. Goodwin relocated from The Grange after the vandalism to which his property there was subjected but has since returned after his wife's throwing him out of their family home in Colinton due to revelations of his marital infidelity.
Oil tycoon Sir Bill Gammell, an old school friend of Tony Blair and who had George W Bush as a wedding guest, purchased property in The Grange.
Other notable residents of The Grange include writers Alexander McCall Smith, Ian Rankin, and D. M. Macalister (1832–1909) who was a renowned minister of the Free Church of Scotland and served as Moderator of the General Assembly in 1902–03. In 1900 he was living at 32 Mansionhouse Road.
Max Born, Nobel Laureate and former Tait Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh lived at 84 Grange Loan. Born came to Edinburgh in 1936. He stayed until his retirement in 1952. He is recognised as one of the founders of the field of quantum mechanics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954 for fundamental research in quantum mechanics.
Marc-André Raffalovich (11 September 1864 – 14 February 1934) was a wealthy French poet, writer and defender of homosexuality, best known today for his patronage of the arts and for his lifelong relationship with the poet John Gray. Raffalovich lived at 9 Whitehouse Terrace, and his most important supporter and romantic partner John Gray also lived nearby. The two remained together until Raffalovich's sudden death in 1934. A devastated Gray died exactly four months later. Raffalovich's exposition of the view that a homosexual orientation is both natural and morally neutral was a notable contribution to the late 19th century literature on the subject.
Francis H. Underwood was an American editor and writer. He was the founder and first associate editor of The Atlantic Monthly in 1857 while still working as a publisher's assistant. He lived at 35 Mansionhouse Road.
William Henry Goold (15 December 1815 – 29 June 1897) was a Scottish minister of both the Reformed Presbyterian Church and the Free Church of Scotland who served as Moderator of the General Assembly of the Free Church 1877–78. He lived at 28 Mansionhouse Road.
David Patrick (writer) FRSE LLD (1849[1] – 22 March 1914) was a Scottish writer and editor. He edited Chambers's Encyclopaedia from 1888 to 1892,[1] Chambers's Biographical Dictionary in 1897 and Chambers's Cyclopaedia of English Literature with F. H. Groome from 1901 to 1903. He lived at 20 Mansionhouse Road.
George Smeaton (1814–1889) was a 19th-century Scottish theologian and Greek scholar. He lived at 13 South Mansionhouse Road.
John Duns (minister) FRSE (1820–1909) was Professor of Natural Science at New College, Edinburgh. He was a prolific author on both scientific and religious topics. He lived at 4 North Mansionhouse Road.
Thomas Smith (missionary) (8 July 1817 – 26 May 1906) was a Scottish missionary and mathematician who was instrumental in establishing India's zenana missions in 1854. He served as Moderator of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland 1891–92. He lived at 10 Mansionhouse Road.
Frederick Hallard FRSE PRSSA (11 May 1821 – 12 January 1882) was a Scottish advocate and legal author. He served as senior Sheriff-Substitute for Midlothian 1855 to 1882 and was Director of the Edinburgh Philosophical Institution and President of the Royal Scottish Society of Arts. He lived at 7 Whitehouse Terrace.
Dame Elizabeth Blackadder (1931 – 2021), artist and printmaker, lived in Fountainhall Road with her husband John Houston from the 1950s until her death in 2021.
In popular culture
The Grange was also a principal filming location during the production of the BBC Three comedy drama Pramface which starred Scarlett Alice Johnson and Sean Michael Verey in the lead roles. The Grange features extensively in the showpiece but is appropriated in order to pose as an upmarket North London suburb due to its appearance similarities for the sake of plot integration.
Notes
References
Stewart-Smith, J; The Grange of St Giles, Edinburgh, 1898, is possibly the best history of The Grange extant.
External links
Bartholomew's Chronological map of Edinburgh (1919)
Grange Association
Edinburgh University Gazetteer article on The Grange
Areas of Edinburgh |
3995361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppy%20chow%20%28snack%29 | Puppy chow (snack) | Puppy chow, more commonly known as Muddy Buddies and also typically known as monkey munch, muddy buddies, muddy munch, reindeer chow, or doggy bag, is the name for a homemade candy made in the United States. The recipe's name and ingredients can differ depending on the version, but most recipes will typically include cereal, melted chocolate, peanut butter (or other nut butters), and powdered sugar. Nut free versions can be made using nut butter alternatives, like Notnuts or sun butter. Cereals used in the recipes are usually Chex and/or Crispix. The true origins of the candy are not known.
Many tend to make the candy during special events such as holidays and gaming. It is a popular candy to make for children and adults alike.
General Mills has made their own version of the candy, which they began selling under the name of Muddy Buddies in 2010, and it has been popular under that name in certain parts of the country since at least the 1980s.
References
Snack foods
Cuisine of the Midwestern United States
Christmas food |
3995362 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Gibson | Fort Gibson | Fort Gibson is a historic military site next to the modern city of Fort Gibson, in Muskogee County Oklahoma. It guarded the American frontier in Indian Territory from 1824 to 1888. When it was constructed, the fort was farther west than any other military post in the United States. It formed part of the north–south chain of forts that was intended to maintain peace on the frontier of the American West and to protect the southwestern border of the Louisiana Purchase. The fort succeeded in its peacekeeping mission for more than 50 years, as no massacres or battles occurred there.
The site is now managed by the Oklahoma Historical Society as the Fort Gibson Historical Site and is a National Historic Landmark.
Building the fort
Colonel Matthew Arbuckle commanded the 7th Infantry Regiment (United States) from Fort Smith, Arkansas. He moved some of his troops to establish Cantonment Gibson on 21 April 1824 on the Grand River (Oklahoma) just above its confluence with the Arkansas River. This was part of a series of forts which the United States established to protect its western border and the extensive Louisiana Purchase. The US Army named the fort for Colonel (later General) George Gibson, Commissary General of Subsistence. The post surgeon began taking meteorological observations in 1824, and the fort provided the earliest known weather records in Oklahoma. Colonel Arbuckle also established Fort Towson in southern Indian Territory. In the early years, troops constructed a stockade, barracks, other facilities, and roads. They also settled strife between the indigenous Osage Nation, which had been in the area since the seventeenth century, and the earliest bands of western Cherokee settlers.
Indian removal
Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830, which led to a new mission for Cantonment Gibson. The Army designated the cantonment as Fort Gibson in 1832, reflecting its change from a temporary outpost to a semi-permanent garrison. Soldiers at Fort Gibson increasingly dealt with Indians removed from the eastern states to Indian Territory. These newcomers complained about hostility from the Osage Nation and other Plains Indian tribes indigenous to the region. Montfort Stokes, former governor of North Carolina, convened a commission at Fort Gibson to address these problems, and troops at the fort supported its work. The American author Washington Irving accompanied troops exploring the southern Plains west of Fort Gibson in 1832. This excursion and another journey in 1833 both failed to find any significant nomadic Indian tribes, but Washington Irving wrote A Tour of the Prairies in 1835 from his experiences.
General Henry Leavenworth in 1834 led the First Dragoon Expedition on a peace mission to the west, and finally established contact with the nomadic Indian tribes. The artist George Catlin traveled with the dragoons and made numerous studies. General Leavenworth died during the march, and Colonel Henry Dodge replaced him in command. The expedition finally established contact and negotiated the first treaty with the Indian tribes. Debilitating fevers struck and killed many men on this expedition, posing more of a danger than the Native Americans. A West Point officer assigned to the fort said the men felt that expeditions to the Plains in the 1830s were "a veritable death sentence." During these years, the soldiers at Fort Gibson built roads, provisioned incoming American Indians removed from the eastern states, and worked to maintain peace among antagonistic tribes and factions, including the indigenous Osage Nation and the Cherokee Nation, a people removed from the American South to the Indian Territory.
During the Texas Revolution against the weak Mexican government, the Army sent most of the troops stationed at Fort Gibson to the Texas border region. Their absence weakened the military power and pacification capacity at Fort Gibson, but the reduced garrison maintained stability in the region.
At the height of Indian removal in the 1830s, the garrison at Fort Gibson ranked as the largest in the nation. Notable American soldiers stationed at (or at least visiting) Fort Gibson include Stephen W. Kearny, Robert E. Lee, and Zachary Taylor. The Army stationed Jefferson Davis, later president of the Confederate States of America, and more than 100 other West Point cadets at the fort. The Army also assigned Nathan Boone, son of the famous explorer Daniel Boone, to the post. After leaving Tennessee, Sam Houston owned a trading post in the area; he later moved to Texas.
At a bitterly contentious meeting at Fort Gibson in 1836, the majority faction of the Muscogee (Creek) reluctantly accepted the existing tribal government under the leadership of Chilly McIntosh, son of William McIntosh, and his faction. Colonel Arbuckle tried to prevent intratribal strife within the Cherokee, but Chief John Ross and his followers refused to acknowledge the government that earlier "Old Settlers" had established in Indian Territory. After suing for peace in the Florida Seminole Wars against the United States Army, many of the Seminole arrived in Indian Territory "bitter and dispirited." Officials at Fort Gibson prevented bloodshed and disunity among them.
Pacification and first abandonment
When Colonel Arbuckle left Fort Gibson in 1841, he reported that despite the arrival of 40,000 eastern Native Americans of decidedly unfriendly disposition, "I have maintained peace on this frontier and at no period have the Whites on our border or the Red people of this frontier been in a more perfect state of quiet and Security than they enjoy now." The removed Native American nations gradually lost their desire for American military protection.
Among the traders who operated at Fort Gibson was John Allan Mathews, who was the husband of the half-Osage Sarah Williams, daughter of William S. Williams.
In the 1850s, the Cherokee complained about the liquor and brothels at Fort Gibson. They tried to prevent the sale of alcohol to their people. The Cherokee ultimately urged Congress to close Fort Gibson, and the War Department heeded their request. On May 7, 1857, Brevet Lt. General Winfield Scott issued General Orders No. 6. to abandon the Fort for the first time. The Cherokee nation received the deed to the property and improvements, and established the village of Kee-too-wah on the site. It became a center of traditionalists and eventually an independently federally recognized tribe of Cherokee.
American Civil War
During the American Civil War, Union troops occasionally occupied the post. During the summer of 1862, Union soldiers repulsed a Confederate invasion of Indian Territory. They left the fort and withdrew to Kansas. In April 1863, Colonel William A. Phillips of the Indian Home Guard (Union Indian Brigade) reoccupied Fort Gibson and kept it in Union hands throughout the remainder of the war. The Army briefly renamed the post Fort Blunt in honor of Brigadier General James G. Blunt, commander of the Department of Kansas. The fort dominated the junction between the Arkansas River and Texas Road, but Confederates never attacked the fort, though an attack on the fort's nearby livestock grew to a heavy encounter in the battle of Fort Gibson. Its troops under General Blunt marched southward in July 1863 and won the Battle of Honey Springs, the most important in Indian Territory.
In the summer of 1864, a steamboat came up the Arkansas River with a thousand barrels of flour and 15 tons of bacon to resupply Union troops at Fort Gibson. Cherokee Gen. Stand Watie, largely cut off from the rest of the Confederacy, didn't want to sink the boat. He wanted to capture it, along with the food and other supplies on board. The ensuing battle is the only naval battle to have been fought in Oklahoma/Indian Territory History.
After the American Civil War, the US Army retained Fort Gibson. American soldiers ultimately established enduring peace with the Indian tribes of the southern Plains only after 1870, but forts farther west increasingly took on the duties of securing that peace. For more than 50 years, Fort Gibson had kept peace in its area. The Army transferred most troops elsewhere in 1871, leaving only a detachment responsible for provisions in a quartermaster depot.
Cavalry mission
In 1872 the Tenth Cavalry reoccupied Fort Gibson. Soon after, workers were sent to the area to build the Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad from Baxter Springs, the first "cow town," in Kansas, to the Red River crossing at Colbert's Ferry, Indian Territory, along the Texas border. This would improve transportation of cattle and beef to the east as well as shipping of goods from that area to the West. The cavalry from Fort Gibson was used to police the camps of local workers. Soldiers tried to manage threats from outlaws, white encroachment on Indian lands, intra-tribal disputes, and other issues. The size of the garrison varied with the workload.
The Kansas and Arkansas Valley Railway built track through the area in 1888, and the town of Fort Gibson, Oklahoma began to develop. In the summer of 1890, the Army abandoned Fort Gibson for the last time. Troops occasionally camped at the site when unrest brought them to the town of Fort Gibson, which took the name of the fort. After the military permanently departed, the civilian town expanded into the former military grounds of the fort.
Historic site
The Works Project Administration of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration in the 1930s reconstructed some or all buildings at the fort, as part of historic preservation and construction work that the government sponsored during the Great Depression. In 1960 the National Park Service designated Fort Gibson as a National Historic Landmark.
The old fort was located in present Muskogee County, Oklahoma. It is located at Lee and Ash Streets in Fort Gibson, Oklahoma. The Oklahoma Historical Society operates the site, which includes a reconstruction of the early log fort, original buildings from the 1840s through 1870s, and the Commissary Visitor Center, which has museum exhibits about the history of the fort. The site hosts special living history events and programs.
Fort Gibson National Cemetery lies a few miles away.
See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Oklahoma
National Register of Historic Places listings in Muskogee County, Oklahoma
References
Foreman, Grant. "The Centennial of Fort Gibson", Chronicles of Oklahoma 2:2 (June 1924) 119-128 (accessed December 15, 2006).
Wright, Murial H.; George H. Shirk; Kenny A. Franks. Mark of Heritage. Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Historical Society, 1976.
Further reading
Brad Agnew, Fort Gibson: Terminal on the Trail of Tears (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980).
Grant Foreman, Fort Gibson: A Brief History (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1936). *Richard C. Rohrs, "Fort Gibson: Forgotten Glory," in Early Military Forts and Posts in Oklahoma, ed. Odie B. Faulk, Kenny A. Franks, and Paul F. Lambert (Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Historical Society, 1978).
Robert W. Frazer, Forts of the West: Military Forts and Presidios, and Posts Commonly Called Forts, West of the Mississippi River to 1898 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1965).
External links
Fort Gibson Historic Site info, photos and video on TravelOK.com, Official travel and tourism website for the State of Oklahoma
Fort Gibson Historical Site, Oklahoma History
Brad Agnew, "Fort Gibson", Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
Oklahoma Digital Maps: Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory
Native American history of Oklahoma
Gibson
Indian Territory in the American Civil War
National Historic Landmarks in Oklahoma
Government buildings completed in 1824
Infrastructure completed in 1824
Military and war museums in Oklahoma
Museums in Muskogee County, Oklahoma
Open-air museums in Oklahoma
Closed installations of the United States Army
Indian Territory
Oklahoma Historical Society
1824 establishments in the United States
Works Progress Administration in Oklahoma
National Register of Historic Places in Muskogee County, Oklahoma |
3995363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport%20apron | Airport apron | The airport apron, apron, flight line, ramp, or tarmac is the area of an airport where aircraft are parked, unloaded or loaded, refueled, boarded, or maintained. Although the use of the apron is covered by regulations, such as lighting on vehicles, it is typically more accessible to users than the runway or taxiway. However, the apron is not usually open to the general public and a permit may be required to gain access. An apron's designated areas for aircraft parking are called aircraft stands.
By extension, the term apron is also used to identify the air traffic control position responsible for coordinating movement on this surface at busier airports. When the aerodrome control tower does not have control over the apron, the use of the apron may be controlled by an apron management service (apron control or apron advisory) to provide coordination between the users. Apron control allocates aircraft parking stands (gates) and communicates this information to tower or ground control and to airline handling agents; it also authorises vehicle movements where they could conflict with taxiing aircraft such as outside of painted road markings. The authority responsible for the aprons is also responsible for relaying to ATC information about the apron conditions such as water, snow, construction or maintenance works on or adjacent to the apron, temporary hazards such as birds or parked vehicles, systems failure etc. Procedures should be established for a coordinated information provision between the aircraft, vehicle, apron control unit and ATC to facilitate the orderly transition of aircraft between the apron management unit and the aerodrome control tower.
The apron is designated by the ICAO as not being part of the maneuvering area but included in the movement area. Aircraft stand taxilanes (providing access to aircraft stands) and apron taxiways (taxi routes across the apron) are located on the apron. All vehicles, aircraft and people using the apron are referred to as apron traffic.
Other terms
Flight line
The US military typically refers to the apron area as the flight line.
Tarmac
Some in the general public and news media refer to the apron at airports as the tarmac even though most of these areas are paved with concrete, not tarmac. Specific materials used include asphalt concrete (which itself is often inexactly called "tarmac," adding to the confusion), porous friction course, and Portland cement concrete.
Ramp
In the United States, the word ramp is an older term for an area where pre-flight activities were done; an apron was any area for parking and maintenance. Passenger gates are the main feature of a terminal ramp. The word apron is the ICAO and FAA terminology (the word ramp is not), so the word ramp is not used with this meaning outside the US, Canada, the Maldives, and the Philippines. IATA cites ramp as an equivalent term to apron. For seaplanes, a ramp is used to access the apron from the water.
See also
Pavement Classification Number (PCN)
Hardstand
References
External links
Challenges to airport ramp and runway debris control
Airport infrastructure |
3995374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Gratiot | Fort Gratiot | Fort Gratiot was an American stockade fort in Fort Gratiot, Michigan, in Saint Clair County, Michigan. The former location of the fort was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
History
The Army constructed Fort Gratiot in 1814 as an outpost to guard the juncture of the Saint Clair River and Lake Huron. The fort took the name of the engineer supervising its construction, Charles Gratiot. Soldiers occupied Fort Gratiot until 1822 and then abandoned the fort. Lucius Lyon built Fort Gratiot Light north of Fort Gratiot in 1825–1829.
The Army then returned from 1828, and rebuilt the fort to a somewhat smaller size than the original, also building some timber-framed structures on the site, including a hospital and officer's quarters. The site was used intermittently until 1879.
The Army abandoned Fort Gratiot in 1879. It was not entirely shut down until 1895.
Pine Grove Park occupies part of the fort site. The timber-framed hospital and officers quarters were moved multiple times within the fort, finally being placed in the western section, along what is now St. Claire Street. In the 1980s, archaeological work determined the age of the structures, and in 2000–02, the Port Huron Museum acquired both homes and moved them to a lot in Lighthouse Park, where the Fort Gratiot Lighthouse is located. Restoration began in 2012.
Description
The original fort was constructed entirely of wood. Logs formed the base, with piled earth and upright timbers forming a stockade. The fort was approximately 165 wide feet by 495 feet long. It likely had a two-story blockhouse.
Gallery
References
External links
Fort Gratiot Lighthouse
American Forts, East, Michigan, Fort Gratiot
fortgratiot.us
Gratiot
Gratiot
Buildings and structures in St. Clair County, Michigan
Military history of Michigan
Pre-statehood history of Michigan
1814 establishments in Michigan Territory |
3995375 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aretha%20Arrives | Aretha Arrives | Aretha Arrives is the eleventh studio album by American singer Aretha Franklin, released on August 4, 1967, by Atlantic Records. Its first single release was "Baby I Love You", a million-selling Gold 45 which hit #1 R&B and #4 on the Billboard Hot 100, followed by her cover version of The Rolling Stones' "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" in 1968. This was her second album for Atlantic. The sessions for the album were delayed because Franklin shattered her elbow in an accident during a Southern tour. She decided she was ready to record before her doctor thought she was ready. While she still did not have full mobility, she provided piano accompaniment on the slower songs and played with her left hand only on "You Are My Sunshine".
Reception
After its release, Rolling Stone stated: "...neither the sophistication nor the subtlety of the musicians involved gets in the way of the basic primitivism of Aretha's music. The best cuts on the record hit with tremendous immediacy and force, and do so in an entirely artistic way. The only hang-ups are the occasional reliance on unnecessary gimmicks, and the weakness of some of the material."
In 2004, Q ranked the album at number 1 in its list of "20 Forgettable Follow-Ups to Big Albums".
Track listing
Personnel
Aretha Franklin – vocals, piano
Jimmy Johnson, Joe South – guitar
Tommy Cogbill – bass guitar
Roger Hawkins – drums
Teddy Sommer – vibraphone
Spooner Oldham, Truman Thomas – piano, organ, electric piano
Charles Chalmers, King Curtis – tenor saxophone
Tony Studd – bass trombone
Melvin Lastie – trumpet
Gene Orloff – director of string section
The Sweet Inspirations – background vocals on "Ain't Nobody"
Aretha, Carolyn and Erma Franklin – background vocals on "You Are My Sunshine", "96 Tears", "That's Life" and "Baby I Love You"
Ralph Burns - string and French horn arrangements
Arif Mardin, Tom Dowd - recording engineer, arrangements
See also
List of number-one R&B albums of 1967 (U.S.)
References
Tracks and Personnel are from the LP liner notes.
1967 albums
Aretha Franklin albums
Albums produced by Jerry Wexler
Atlantic Records albums
Rhino Records albums |
3995382 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Mitchell | Fort Mitchell | Fort Mitchell may refer to:
Fort Mitchell, Alabama
Fort Mitchell, Kentucky
Fort Mitchell, Nebraska, an Army fort in service from 1864 to 1867, near present-day Scottsbluff, Nebraska
Fort Mitchell (South Carolina), an American Civil War fortification and historic site
Fort Mitchell, Virginia, an unincorporated community
Fort Mitchell Historic Site, archaeological site and park at the site of a fort of the same name
See also
Fort Mitchel (disambiguation) |
3995387 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-large | At-large | At-large is a description for members of a governing body who are elected or appointed to represent a whole membership or population (notably a city, county, state, province, nation, club or association), rather than a subset. In multi-hierarchical bodies the term rarely extends to a tier beneath the highest division. A contrast is implied, with certain electoral districts or narrower divisions. It can be given to the associated territory, if any, to denote its undivided nature, in a specific context. Unambiguous synonymous are the prefixes of cross-, all- or whole-, such as cross-membership, or all-state.
The term is used as a suffix referring to specific members (such as the U.S. congressional Representative/the Member/Rep. for Wyoming at large). It figures as a generic prefix of its subject matter (such as Wyoming is an at-large U.S. congressional district, at present). It is commonly used when making or highlighting a direct contrast with subdivided equivalents that may be past or present, or seen in exotic comparators. If fairly applied it indicates that the described zone has no further subsets used for the same representative purpose. A fair exception is a nil-exceptions arrangement of overlapping tiers (resembling or being district and regional representatives, one set of which is at large) for return to the very same chamber, and consequent issue of multiple ballots for plural voting to every voter. This avoids plural voting competing with single voting in the jurisdiction, an inherent different level of democratic power.
Examples of a democratic power disparity were found in a small number of states at certain U.S. Congresses, between 1853 and 1967, and in the old lower houses of United Kingdom and Ireland, whereby certain voters could vote for (and lobby) at-large (whole-state/County) and district(-based) representatives to them, giving zones of plural voting and thus representation contrasting with zones, for the same national assembly, of single voting and representation. In 1964 the U.S. Supreme Court banned such plural voting for the US Congress (thus banning at-large, whole-state congressional districts which overlap state subdivision congressional districts).
Universal principles apply regardless whether election(s) are for an at-large member, or not.
a single seat/position/representative: entails a single-winner voting system;
a panel/slate/group of seats/positions/representatives: involves another system. It is usually proportional representation (whether in "pure" party-list form, as a party-list proportional tier of a mixed-member or parallel voting system, or STV leading forms), Single non-transferable vote (basic single-choice, multi-member), or block (basic multi-choice, multi-member) voting.
Canada
Some municipalities in Canada elect part or all of their city councils at-large. The form of municipal election is widespread in small towns to avoid "them and us" cultural dissociation of dividing them into wards. Notable larger instances are, from west to east:
The main cities of British Columbia: Vancouver, Victoria, Surrey and Richmond (all councillors, at-large. They adopt specialist spokesman, executive or committee roles).
St. Albert, Alberta and almost all other municipalities in Alberta (excepting Wood Buffalo and Edmonton) (all councillors at-large)
Portage la Prairie, Manitoba (all councillors at-large)
North Bay, Ontario (all councillors at-large)
Thunder Bay, Ontario (seven councillors elected to wards, five councillors elected at-large)
Timmins, Ontario (four rural wards with one councillor each, one urban ward with four at-large councillors)
The three territories: Yukon, Nunavut and the Northwest Territories are federally served in the Parliament of Canada by one at-large Member of Parliament and Senator each. These have high apportionment but are ethnically diverse and of exceptional size. Provinces are divided to make up the other 335 electoral districts (ridings or comtés). The latter are combined into large regions to select the other 102 senators.
Israel
In Israel, elections for the Knesset (the national parliament) are conducted on an at-large basis by proportional representation from party lists. Election of municipal and town (but not regional) councils are on the same basis.
Netherlands
In the Netherlands, elections for the House of Representatives (the lower house of the States-General, the national parliament) are conducted on an at-large basis by proportional representation from party lists.
Philippines
This manner of election applies to the Senate. All voters can cast twelve votes to refresh half of the senate, namely twelve senators, from a longer list of candidates. The simple tally determines the winners (plurality-at-large voting).
The legislatures of the provinces elect one member to the House of Representatives resulting in their prestige of being those who represent "sole districts". Likewise, the Sangguniang Kabataan (Youth Councils), Sangguniang Barangay (Village Councils), Sangguniang Bayan (Municipal Councils) and some Sangguniang Panlungsod (City Councils) elect the other members. It follows each such true or quasi-local government unit does not in the purest sense elect members at-large when analysing their geography as each member co-exists with the others who have territorial overlap, as representing greater or lower-rank districts. The members are in law chosen by the public directly or indirectly. City Council-elected and Sangguniang Panlalawigan (Provincial Board)-elected members are elected such that the city or province may be split into as much as seven districts, then each elects at least two members.
United States
Article One of the United States Constitution provides for direct election of members of the House of Representatives. A congressional act passed in 1967, , dictates that representatives must be elected from geographical districts and that these must be single-member districts. Indeed it confirms when the state has a single representative, that will be a representative at-large.
U.S. House of Representatives
States as at-large congressional districts
Alaska
Delaware
Montana (Until 2022 when it will add another district in the 2022 election)
North Dakota
South Dakota
Vermont
Wyoming
Former at-large congressional districts
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Non-voting at-large congressional districts
American Samoa
American Virgin Islands
District of Columbia
Guam
Puerto Rico
Northern Mariana Islands
Former non-voting at-large congressional districts
Alabama Territory
Alaska Territory
Arizona Territory
Colorado Territory
Dakota Territory
Florida Territory
Hawaii Territory
Idaho Territory
Illinois Territory
Indiana Territory
Iowa Territory
Kansas Territory
Mississippi Territory
Missouri Territory
Montana Territory
Nevada Territory
New Mexico Territory
Northwest Territory
Oklahoma Territory
Oregon Territory
Orleans Territory
Philippines
Southwest Territory
Utah Territory
Washington Territory
Wisconsin Territory
Wyoming Territory
Simultaneous at-large and sub-state-size congressional districts
This is a table of every such instance. It shows the situation applied to a small, varying group of states in three periods. The 33rd Congress began in 1853; it ended two years later. The 38th began in 1863; the 50th ended in 1889. The 53rd began in 1893; the 89th ended in January, 1967, the final such period. This was due to the 1964 case of Reynolds v. Sims: the United States Supreme Court determined that the general basis of apportionment must be "one person, one vote."
State elections
As of 2021, ten U.S. states have at least one legislative chamber which uses multi-winner at-large districts:
Arizona House of Representatives (for all representatives in all sessions)
New Jersey General Assembly (for all representatives in all sessions)
South Dakota House of Representatives (for all representatives in all sessions)
Washington House of Representatives (for all representatives in all sessions)
Maryland House of Delegates (allowed by law even when not used)
Idaho House of Representatives (allowed by law even when not used)
North Dakota House of Representatives (allowed by law even when not used)
Vermont Senate and Vermont House of Representatives (allowed by law even when not used)
West Virginia Senate and West Virginia House of Delegates (allowed by law even when not used; will switch to all-single-winner districts for both chambers in 2022)
New Hampshire House of Representatives (allowed by law even when not used; uses floterial districts which can geographically overlap each other)
In the 1980s, Florida, Hawaii, Illinois, South Carolina, and Virginia all moved entirely from multi-winner districts in either chamber, followed by Alaska, Georgia, and Indiana in the 1990s. After the 2010 United States redistricting cycle, Nevada eliminated their two remaining multi-member senate districts and implemented single-winner districts in both houses. In 2018, West Virginia passed a law switching all remaining multi-winner House of Delegates seats to single-winner districts following the 2020 United States Census.
Local elections
Since passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and lessening of some historic barriers to voter registration and voting, legal challenges have been made based on at-large election schemes at the county or city level, including in school board elections, in numerous jurisdictions where minorities had been effectively excluded from representation on local councils or boards. An example is Charleston County, South Carolina, which was sued in 2001 and reached a settlement in 2004. Its county commission changed to nine members elected from single-member districts; in 2015 they included six white Republicans and three African-American Democrats, where the black minority makes up more than one-third of the population.
In another instance, in 2013 Fayette County, Georgia, which had an estimated 70% white majority and 20% black minority, was ordered by a federal district court to develop single-member districts for election of members to its county council and its school board. Due to at-large voting, African Americans had been unable to elect any candidate of their choice to either of these boards for decades. Such local election systems have become subject to litigation, since enabling more representative elections can create entry points for minorities and women into the political system, as well as providing more representative government. In the late 1980s, several major cities in Tennessee reached settlement in court cases to adopt single-member districts in order to enable minorities to elect candidates of their choice to city councils; they had previously been excluded by at-large voting favoring the majority population. By 2015, voters in two of these cities had elected women mayors who had gotten their start in being elected to the city council from single-member districts.
The town of Islip, New York was sued by four residents in 2018 for violating the Voting Rights Act by maintaining a discriminatory at-large council system. One-third of Islip's population is Hispanic, but only one person of color has ever been elected to a town seat. As part of the settlement reached in 2020, the at-large system will be abolished and replaced by four council districts by 2023.
Some states have laws which further discourage the use of at-large districts. For example, the California Voting Rights Act removes one of the criteria required for a successful federal Voting Rights Act challenge, thus resulting in hundreds of cities, school districts, and special districts to move to single member area-based elections.
Some jurisdictions have kept at-large city councils and boards. The solution adopted by Cambridge, Massachusetts is to elect council officials via proportional representation for all seats.
See also
General ticket
Plural district
United States Statutes at Large
References
Further reading
External links
U.S. House of Representatives: House History
United States congressional districts
Constituencies
Elections |
3995396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air1 | Air1 | Air1 is an American Christian radio network. Owned by the Educational Media Foundation (EMF), it primarily broadcasts contemporary worship music, and is a sister to the EMF's K-Love network.
History
In 1986, KLRD began broadcasting Christian Hit/Rock music from Yucaipa, California, and went by the on-air moniker K-LORD. In 1994, KXRD was started as a sister station to KLRD. In 1995, K-LORD changed its name to "Air1" and began broadcasting via satellite from St. Helens, Oregon.
In 1999, Air1 joined with EMF Broadcasting, and finally in 2002, it moved its headquarters to Rocklin, California. Air1 makes use of broadcast translators to spread the signal across much of the country. As of December 2017, the network lists 123 full powered radio stations and 125 translators of various power levels reaching 43 states.
Air1 began as a Christian rock-formatted radio network with the tagline "The Positive Alternative". Over time, the network evolved into a broad Christian CHR presentation, with the slogan "Positive Hits".
In October 2018, Air1 named Mandy Young, the network's assistant PD and morning co-host, as its new head program director. On January 1, 2019, Air1 re-launched with a focus on contemporary worship music—with the majority of its music now focusing on songs from church worship bands such as Elevation Worship, Hillsong Worship, and Vertical Worship (although some conventional Christian Contemporary content also remains on the playlist).
List of stations
On-air staff
Current staff
As of January 1, 2019, the on-air staff of Air1 includes morning drive hosts Dan and Michelle (coming from KYMX/Sacramento), program director Mandy Young in middays, “Cj & Lauren Lee” (Cj and Lauren Lee) in afternoon drive, and Ashton+Careth in evenings.
Former staff
Eric Calhoun and Heather Shelley hosted Air1's morning show from April 2015 to November 2018.
Sean Copeland was formerly part of the Sean and Mandy show, which was discontinued on September 29, 2011. Copeland moved to the morning show on Indianapolis adult contemporary station WYXB.
Coppelia Acevedo formerly occupied the midday time slot, and moved to Houston station KSBJ.
Brant Hansen filled the afternoon time slot from 2011 to 2014. He resigned to work with nonprofit Cure International and launch The Brant Hansen Show, a podcast that is syndicated on many Christian radio stations.
Eric Allen co-hosted the "Eric and Mandy Show" in the mornings until February 2015; his co-host Mandy stated he was moving on to "bigger & better things". As of 2015, Eric is working for Cure International as their Radio Marketing Manager.
Brenda Price hosted a mid-day time slot until May 5, 2015, when Air1 stated Brenda was no longer a part of Air1's DJ lineup. No reason was given for her sudden departure.
Rahny Taylor worked as a program director and on-air host at Air1 and K-Love from November 2013 to August 2016. He departed to host a morning show on WRNW in Milwaukee.
References
External links
American radio networks
Air1 radio stations
Contemporary Christian radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1986
1986 establishments in California |
3995406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behchok%C7%AB%CC%80 | Behchokǫ̀ | Behchokǫ̀ ([bɛ́ht͡ʃʰókʰõ̀] or [bɛ́ht͡sʰókʰõ̀]; ) (from the Tłı̨chǫ meaning "Behcho's place"), officially the Tłı̨chǫ Community Government of Behchokǫ̀, is a community in the North Slave Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. Behchokǫ̀ is located on the Yellowknife Highway (Great Slave Highway), on the northwest tip of Great Slave Lake, approximately northwest of Yellowknife.
History
The north arm of Great Slave Lake is the traditional territory of the Tłı̨chǫ (Dogrib), a northern Dene (formerly called Athapaskan) group. Explorer Samuel Hearne was the first European to encounter Dogrib-speaking people while crossing the lands north of Great Slave Lake in 1772. Later, in 1789, trader Alexander Mackenzie traveled by canoe very close to their territory while trading with the Yellowknives, another First Nations peoples, along the north arm of the big lake.
The first trading post in this region was at the entrance of Yellowknife Bay, established in 1789 by the North West Company, a post known as Old Fort Providence. It was established for the benefit of both the Yellowknives and Dogrib Dene but it was not a significant trading centre and closed in 1823. Dogrib Dene were then required to enter into trade with Hudson's Bay Company posts on the south side of Great Slave Lake at Fort Resolution at the mouth of the Slave River. Historically, the Dogrib and the Yellowknives Dene have quarrelled. By the 1830s, Edzo, the Dogrib leader and Akaitcho, the Yellowknives leader, made peace. Afterwards, the Dogrib's returned to their traditional hunting grounds.
Fort Rae was first established on a prominent peninsula on the north shore of the north arm of Great Slave Lake in 1852 as a wintering provision post for the Hudson's Bay Company. It was named for Scotsman explorer John Rae, who was among the explorers looking for remains of Sir John Franklin's expedition in the Arctic. It became an important trading post for the Dogrib Dene. In the early 20th century, free traders penetrated a monopoly previously held by the HBC. Ed Nagle and Jack Hislop opened a new trading post at the very northern tip of the north arm where Marian Lake connects to Great Slave Lake. As this location was much closer to many of the Dene families living on the land, it became the area of choice for trade. The HBC abandoned the old Fort Rae and set up a post next to Hislop and Nagle.
As the community grew alongside increased services such as a mission-run hospital and church, the government viewed the topography of Fort Rae as unsuitable for expansion. In the 1950s there was concern about runoff from animal and human wastes contaminating sources of drinking water, and the government proposed constructing a new settlement on more favourable terrain. The community became known as Edzo and was located on the west side of the Frank Channel opposite Fort Rae a drive away. Most of the Dene families refused to move from their community so that Rae () and Edzo () (Rae-Edzo) became two separate communities although administered together.
The name Rae-Edzo was changed 4 August 2005 to Behchokǫ̀. The biggest names in Tłı̨chǫ history are Edzo, Bruneau, and Monfwi. All men were Dogrib chiefs at important periods in their cultural history; Edzo signed the peace pact with the Yellowknives Dene in the 1820s, Jimmy Bruneau was a long-standing chief in the 20th century, and Monfwi signed Treaty 11 with the Canadian Government in 1921 and created the Tłı̨chǫ annual assembly in 1932.
Before 2005, the community was unincorporated, and most local governance was provided by a First Nations band government, Dog Rib Rae First Nation. Under the terms of the Tłı̨chǫ Agreement, most responsibilities of Dog Rib Rae have been transferred to the Behchokǫ̀ Community Government. However, the First Nation is still recognized by the federal government for Indian Act enrollment.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Behchokò had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
According to the 2016 Census the Indigenous population was made up of 1,695 First Nations and 50 Métis people.
First Nations
One of the four Tłı̨chǫ communities, it is the largest Dene community in Canada. Behchokǫ̀ was the site of the signing of the Tłı̨chǫ land claim agreement that brought about the Tlicho Government.
Transportation
The main street within Behchokǫ̀ is Donda Tili, which connects to the Yellowknife Highway and then to either Yellowknife or south to Fort Providence and southern Canada. Three ice roads are available during winter to connect to Gamètì, Wekweètì and Whatì to the north and west.
The closest major public airport is Yellowknife Airport via an hour drive east. Nearby Rae/Edzo Airport is a private airport.
Services
Religious
Tlicho Baptist Church
St Michael's Catholic Church
Community
Elizabeth Mackenzie Elementary School in Rae (K-6)
Chief Jimmy Bruneau School in Edzo (K-12)
Kǫ̀ Gocho Complex - new recreation centre
Behchokǫ̀ Cultural Centre - community centre
Tłı̨chǫ Friendship Centre
Businesses
Tli Cho Hotel - catering to tourist and visitors
Northern Store and Gas Bar
F & C Services - convenience store and stop for Frontier Coachlines
Hyway3 Bus Charters and Freight Services - connects to Edmonton and other parts of the NWT
Trappers Hideaway Restaurant
Rabesca Resources Ltd - outfitters
Government
Tłı̨chǫ Government Main Office
N.W.T. Housing Corporation - public housing
Municipal Services - sewage, water, public works
Fire Department - volunteer service with two fire stations located in nearby Rae and Edzo
Policing - local Royal Canadian Mounted Police detachment
EMS - located at Mary Adele Bishop Health Centre with one ambulance
Medical
There is no hospital in town; the nearest is Stanton Territorial Hospital in Yellowknife and only basic health services are provided by Mary Adele Bishop Health Centre. The local dental clinic is private and there is a Mental Health and Addictions Services centre.
Housing issues
Behchokǫ̀ has been facing a long term and chronic housing crisis due to multiple issues: insufficient funding for affordable units, disrepair of existing housing stock and inability of many living in public housing to pay rent.
See also
List of municipalities in the Northwest Territories
Further reading
Northwest Territories, and BHP Billiton Diamonds Inc. Communities and Diamonds Socio-Economic Impacts in the Communities of: Behchokǫ̀, Gameti, Whati, Wekweeti, Detah, Ndilo, Lutsel Kʼe, and Yellowknife : 2005 Annual Report of the Government of the Northwest Territories Under the BHP Billiton, Diavik and De Beers Socio-Economic Agreements. [Yellowknife]: Govt. of the Northwest Territories, 2006.
References
External links
Communities in the North Slave Region
Tłı̨chǫ community governments in the Northwest Territories
Dene communities |
3995410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Ripley | Fort Ripley | Fort Ripley may refer to:
Fort Ripley (South Carolina), Charleston, South Carolina, now the site of the Fort Ripley Shoal Light
Fort Ripley (Minnesota fort), now known as Camp Ripley, Minnesota
Fort Ripley, Minnesota, a town
See also
Ripley (disambiguation) |
3995416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Caughie | John Caughie | John Caughie is a British academic, specialising in film and television studies. Professor of Film and Television Studies at the University of Glasgow, his books include Theories of Authorship, A Companion to British and Irish Cinema and Television Drama: Realism, Modernism, and British Culture. He is on the editorial board of the British film and television journal, Screen, and is a Council member of the Arts and Humanities Research Council, U.K.
References
1944 births
Living people
Academics of the University of Glasgow
British writers |
3995417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February%2016%20%28Eastern%20Orthodox%20liturgics%29 | February 16 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) | ·
February 15 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - February 17
All fixed commemorations below are observed on March 1 (February 29 on leap years) by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.
For February 16th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on February 3.
Saints
Hieromartyrs Pamphilus of Caesarea, Priest, and 11 companions, at Caesarea in Palaestina (c. 307-309):
Valens, Deacon, and Martyrs Paul, Seleucus, Porphyrius, Julian, Theodulus, Elias, Jeremiah, Isaiah, Samuel, and Daniel.
Saint Maruthas of Martyropolis, Bishop of Sophene and Martyropolis (422), and the Martyrs of Persia (4th century), whose relics rest in Martyropolis.
Saint Flavian I of Antioch, Archbishop of Antioch (404) (see also: September 27)
Saint Flavian the Confessor, Archbishop of Constantinople (449)
Venerable Flavian the Hermit, monastic and Wonderworker.
Saint Mary the New, of Byzia in Thrace (9th century)
Pre-Schism Western saints
Saint Onesimus, of the Seventy Apostles (c. 68) (see also: February 15)
Saint Honestus (Honestus of Nîmes), a disciple of Saturninus of Toulouse, who preached the Gospel in Spain (270)
Saint Faustinus of Brescia, Bishop of Brescia and Confessor (381)
Hieromartyr Tanco of Verden, Bishop of Verden (815)
Post-Schism Orthodox saints
New Monk-martyr Romanus of Karpenision and Kapsokalyvia, Mount Athos, at Constantinople (1694) (see also January 5)
Saint Basil Gryaznov of Pavlovo-Posadsky (1869)
Saint Macarius (Nevsky), Metropolitan of Moscow, Apostle to the Altai (1926)
Saint Nicholas of Japan, Archbishop and Equal-to-the-Apostles (1912) (New Calender date see also: February 3)
New martyrs and confessors
New Hieromartyr Peter Lagov, Priest (1931)
New Hieromartyr Elias Chetverukhin, Priest, of Moscow (1934)
New Hieromartyr Paul, Priest (1938)
Other commemorations
Translation of the relics of Virgin-martyr Juliana of Nicomedia (304) (see also December 21)
Synaxis of the 'Cypriot' Icon of the Theotokos.
Icon gallery
Notes
References
Sources
February 16 / March 1. Orthodox Calendar (Pravoslavie.ru).
March 1 / February 16. Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Church (A parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow).
February 16. OCA - The Lives of the Saints.
The Autonomous Orthodox Metropolia of Western Europe and the Americas. St. Hilarion Calendar of Saints for the year of our Lord 2004. St. Hilarion Press (Austin, TX). p. 15.
The Sixteenth Day Day of the Month of February. Orthodoxy in China.
February 16. Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome.
The Roman Martyrology. Transl. by the Archbishop of Baltimore. Last Edition, According to the Copy Printed at Rome in 1914. Revised Edition, with the Imprimatur of His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons. Baltimore: John Murphy Company, 1916. pp. 49-50.
Rev. Richard Stanton. A Menology of England and Wales, or, Brief Memorials of the Ancient British and English Saints Arranged According to the Calendar, Together with the Martyrs of the 16th and 17th Centuries. London: Burns & Oates, 1892. p. 72.
Greek Sources
Great Synaxaristes: 16 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
Συναξαριστής. 16 Φεβρουαρίου. Ecclesia.gr. (H Εκκλησια Τησ Ελλαδοσ).
Russian Sources
1 марта (16 февраля). Православная Энциклопедия под редакцией Патриарха Московского и всея Руси Кирилла (электронная версия). (Orthodox Encyclopedia - Pravenc.ru).
February in the Eastern Orthodox calendar |
3995419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDC%2065C51 | WDC 65C51 | The CMOS W65C51 Asynchronous Communications Interface Adapter (ACIA) provides an easily implemented, program controlled interface between microprocessor based systems and serial communication data sets and modems. It is produced by Western Design Center (WDC) and is a drop-in replacement for the MOS Technology 6551.
The ACIA has an internal baud rate generator, eliminating the need for multiple component support circuits. The transmitter rate can be selected under program control to be 1 of 15 different rates from 50 to 19,200 bits per second, or at 1/16 times an external clock rate. The receiver rate may be selected under program control to be either the Transmitter rate or at 1/16 times the external clock rate. The ACIA has programmable word lengths of 5, 6, 7 or 8 bits; even, odd or no parity 1, 1½ or 2 stop bits.
The ACIA is designed for maximum programmed control from the microprocessor (MPU) to simplify hardware implementation. Three separate registers permit an MPU to easily select the W65C51 operating modes, data checking parameters and determine operational status.
The command register controls parity, receiver echo mode, transmitter interrupt control, the state of the RTS line, receiver interrupt control and the state of the DTR line.
The control register controls the number of stop bits, the word length, receiver clock source and transmit/receive rate.
The status register indicates the status of the IRQ, DSR and DCD lines, transmitter and receiver data Registers, and overrun, framing and parity error conditions.
Transmitter and receiver data Registers are used for temporary data storage by the transmit and receiver circuits, each able to hold one byte.
Known bugs
The N version datasheet has a note regarding the Transmitter Data Register Empty flag:
"The W65C51N loads the Transmitter Data Register (TDR) and Transmitter Shift Register (TSR) at the same time. A delay should be used to insure that the shift register is empty before the TDR/TSR is reloaded. This feature of the W65C51N works different from earlier 6551 designs."
This means the TDRE flag cannot be relied on for flow control.
The S version datasheet has removed this note.
It has been reported that some W65C51 chips have the TDRE flag stuck high
References
External links
W65C51S Datasheet
W65C51N Datasheet
Input/output integrated circuits |
3995423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Lake%20House%20%28film%29 | The Lake House (film) | The Lake House is a 2006 American fantasy romance drama film written by David Auburn and directed by Alejandro Agresti. A remake of the South Korean motion picture Il Mare (2000), it stars Keanu Reeves and Sandra Bullock, who last appeared together in the 1994 action thriller film Speed. The film revolves around an architect (Reeves) living in 2004 and a doctor (Bullock) living in 2006 who meet via letters left in the mailbox of a lake house where they both lived at separate points in time. They carry on a two-year correspondence while remaining separated by the time difference.
Plot
In 2006, Dr. Kate Forster is leaving a lake house that she has been renting near Chicago. Kate leaves a note in the mailbox asking the next tenant to forward her mail, adding that the paint-embedded pawprints on the path leading to the house were already there when she arrived.
Two years earlier, in 2004, Alex Wyler, an architect, arrives at the lake house and finds Kate's letter in the mailbox. The house is neglected, with no sign of paw prints anywhere. During the subsequent restoration of the house, a dog runs through Alex's paint and leaves fresh paw prints right where Kate said they would be. Baffled, Alex writes back, placing the letter in the mailbox, asking how Kate knew about the paw prints since the house was unoccupied until he arrived. The dog, Jack, then becomes owned by both Kate and Alex within their places in time. On Valentine's Day 2006, Kate witnesses a traffic accident near Daley Plaza and tries to save the male victim, unsuccessfully. She impulsively drives back to the lake house, finds Alex's letter, and writes back.
Alex and Kate continue passing messages to each other via the mailbox, and each watches its flag go up and down as the message leaves and the reply arrives as they wait at the mailbox. They cautiously look around each time the flag changes, hoping to somehow spot the other. It is in vain as they are alone at the mailbox. They then discover that they are living exactly two years apart. Their correspondence takes them through several events, including Alex finding a book, Jane Austen's Persuasion, at a railway station where Kate said she would have lost it, and Alex taking Kate on a walking tour of his favorite places in Chicago via an annotated map that he leaves in the mailbox. Alex eventually meets Kate at her then boyfriend's party; however, he doesn't mention their exchange of letters because it has not happened to Kate yet. When Alex writes to present-time Kate about their encounter, she replies that she remembers the meeting as a vague memory, wondering why Alex didn't say anything more to her younger self. Alex writes in response that this is their first "fight".
As Alex and Kate continue to write to each other, they decide to try to meet again. Alex makes a reservation at the Il Mare restaurant – two years into Alex's future, but only a day away for Kate. Kate goes to the restaurant but Alex fails to show. Heartbroken, Kate asks Alex not to write to her again, recounting the accident earlier that day. Both Alex and Kate leave the lake house, continuing on with their separate lives.
On Valentine's Day 2006 for Alex, Valentine's Day 2008 for Kate, he returns to the lake house after something about the day triggers a memory. Meanwhile, Kate goes to an architect to review the renovation plans for a house she wants to buy. A drawing of the lake house on the conference room wall catches her attention and upon asking, Henry Wyler informs her the artist was his brother, Alex, and Kate realizes that this was the same Alex with whom she had been corresponding. She also learns that Alex was killed in a traffic accident exactly two years ago to the day and realizes why he never showed up for their date – he was the man who died in Daley Plaza.
Rushing to the lake house, Kate frantically writes a letter telling Alex she loves him, but begs him not to try to find her if he loves her back. Wait two years, she says, and come to the lake house instead. Meanwhile, in 2006, Alex has gone to Daley Plaza to look for Kate. He stands across the street from the plaza, and just as it seems he is about to cross, he reaches into his pocket to look at a note from Kate.
At the lake house, Kate drops to her knees sobbing, fearing that she has arrived too late to stop Alex. After a long pause, the mailbox flag finally lowers; Alex has picked up her note before going to Daley Plaza. Not long afterwards, a familiar mint-green truck pulls up. She walks forward smiling as the driver, clad in jeans and a familiar tan jacket, approaches. She and Alex kiss and walk toward the lake house.
Cast
Keanu Reeves as Alex Wyler, a young architect who designs suburban condominiums. He has a strained relationship with his father Simon, a renowned but egocentric architect. Alex moves into the lake house even though he hates it and its impractical design.
Sandra Bullock as Dr. Kate Forster, a physician who starts a new job at the Chicago hospital. She is the former tenant of the lake house. Her boyfriend is Morgan, whom she subsequently becomes engaged to and then breaks up with.
Christopher Plummer as Simon Wyler, Alex's estranged, narcissistic father. He is a famous Chicago architect and the original designer of the Lake House.
Ebon Moss-Bachrach as Henry Wyler, Alex's brother. He eventually opens his own architectural firm, Visionary Vanguard Associates.
Shohreh Aghdashloo as Dr. Anna Klyczynski, Kate's older boss, mentor, and friend.
Dylan Walsh as Morgan Price, Kate's boyfriend turned fiancé. He is pushy and persistent, and tends to make decisions for Kate. She eventually breaks up with him.
Willeke van Ammelrooy as Mrs. Forster, Kate's mother and confidante.
Lynn Collins as Mona, Alex's assistant who is romantically interested in him. He is indifferent to her constant advances.
Production
Filmed and set in Chicago, production began in March 2005. The lake house itself was built on what is called Maple Lake, located within the Maple Lake Forest Preserve off of 95th Street in the southwest suburb of Chicago: Willow Springs. The house was actually built on dry land and then flooded to appear that it was in the lake. After filming, the house was required to be removed, and a simple fishing dock was put in its place. The downtown scenes are in The Loop. The scenes where Kate and Morgan go to Henry's office, and Kate's dramatic exit down the stairs, were filmed at the Chicago Architecture Foundation. The scene where Henry and Alex talk on the street after being in their father's office was filmed on the 400 block of South Michigan Ave, in front of the Fine Arts Building and the Auditorium Theater. The scene where Alex and Simon converse in Simon's home was filmed at the Prairie Avenue Bookshop, an architectural bookstore in Chicago which closed in 2009. Other filming locations include Aurora, Illinois (now the Madison Park community) and Riverside, Illinois, a suburb west of Chicago that is known for its historic houses, and several Frank Lloyd Wright buildings. The railway station in the movie is the real station of Riverside, and the bridge that Alex crosses while chasing Jack is called the "Swinging Bridge"; it crosses the Des Plaines River. The scene where Kate gets stood-up is in Millennium Park at the Park Grill. The bar scene in the Loop where Kate is seen sitting on the barstool, speaking with the woman at the wooden bar, is the real "Millers Pub" located at 134 S Wabash Ave, Chicago, IL 60603.
Music
An original motion picture soundtrack featuring songs used in the film, as well as a selection of original score cues composed and produced by Rachel Portman, was released digitally and in physical format on June 20, 2006, through Lakeshore Records in the United States. The score was orchestrated by Jeff Atmajian, with David Snell as conductor, and features strings, piano, guitar, and cello in its instrumentation. Recording and mixing was handled by Chris Dibble—with assistance from Jeremy Murphy—in London, with the former taking place at Air Studios in Lyndhurst, and the latter at Lansdowne Recording Studios.
Several other songs appeared in the film, but were not included on the soundtrack:
"I Wish You Love" – Rosemary Clooney
"There Will Never Be Another You" – Rosemary Clooney
"Pink Moon" – Nick Drake
"La noyée" – Carla Bruni
"Sentimental Tattoo" – Jukebox Junkies
"Chiamami Adesso" – Paolo Conte
"When It Rains" – Brad Mehldau
"Young at Heart" – Brad Mehldau
"Almost Like Being In Love" – Gerry Mulligan
"O Pato" – Stan Getz
"A Man and A Woman" – Sir Julian
"Bitter" – Meshell Ndegeocello
"Somewhere Only We Know" by Keane was used in the film's teaser trailer, theatrical trailer, and TV spot.
Reception
Reviewing for AllMusic, Thom Jurek wrote that Portman "nails it once more" with her use of "elegiac strings and impressionistic piano" to match the "soft" seasonal scenes and "subdued tones in the film's frames", the "relatively low-key performances" of both leads, and the "languid changes" of the plot, noting that the theme of longing present in the film "is used as an almost painterly device to hold the music inside". He further stated, "There is an ache in this music, proposed by the notion of absence rather than sheer loneliness. Something is missing, and Portman's score brings back this feeling again and again". Jurek cited the composer's "use of space in allowing a cello to unravel in the lyric line" on "Pawprints" and "Il Mare" as a "beautiful device for revelation".
Brian McVicker of Soundtrack.Net also gave the album a favourable review and rated it 3.5 out of 5 stars, writing that the "song[s] and score work well in conjunction with each other, keeping a consistent tone from start to finish". He described the first five tracks as "winning, pleasant, low key offerings" and Portman's score as "an understated but lovely and engaging effort".
Release
Box office
In its opening weekend, the film grossed $13.6 million and ranked fourth in the United States box office. By October 1, 2006, it had grossed $52,330,111 in the US and $114,830,111 worldwide.
Critical response
The Lake House received mixed, but mostly negative, reviews from critics. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 35% based on reviews from 156 critics, with a weighted average score of 5.01/10. The site's critical consensus states: "The plot of The Lake House is a little too convoluted, and the film fails to pull off the sweeping romance it aims for." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 52 out of 100 based on 34 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
Roger Ebert gave the film its most positive review—he rated it 3.5 out of 4 stars—and felt that it succeeded despite being based on the impossible paradoxes established in the plot, saying that what he responded to was "its fundamental romantic impulse [that] makes us hope these two people will meet somehow". Addressing the film's logical inconsistencies, Ebert said he was not "bothered in the slightest" as "[a] time travel story works on emotional, not temporal, logic". He praised Bullock and Reeves in their respective roles, noting that a "great deal depends on the personalities involved", and called both "enormously likeable". The New York Timess A. O. Scott described the film as "wondrously illogical" and "completely preposterous, [but] not without charm". Echoing similar sentiments to Ebert, he noted that the film falls apart if "approach[ed] with a rational, skeptical mind", but felt that Auburn's script and Agresti's direction "smoothly handled" the "contrivances of the plot". He also expressed appreciation for the film's aesthetic, commenting that it was "elegant without being terribly showy, with a connoisseur's eye for Chicago's architectural glories". Scott concluded that overall the film is "a showcase for its stars, who seem gratifyingly comfortable in their own skin and delighted to be in each other's company again".
Conversely, Claudia Puig, writing for USA Today, said that The Lake House was "one of the more befuddling movies of recent years", and felt its premise "ma[de] no sense, no matter how you turn it around in your head. It attempts to be a romance, a time-traveling mystery and a meditation on loneliness. It doesn't succeed at any of the three". She further called it a "melodramatic romance" that "moves at a glacial pace" while also "tak[ing] itself too seriously", and concluded by saying that "Even if we suspend disbelief completely, The Lake House is unconvincing, unsatisfying and unmoving". Puig did acknowledge the chemistry between Reeves and Bullock, but noted that their moments together in the film were rare. Stax of IGN described the film as a "terminally slow, talky and surprisingly uneventful affair" that "never capitalizes on the magic that brings Kate and Alex together". He criticized the "contrived 'beat the clock' element" in the plot that "allow[ed] the characters to cheat fate", but failed to prove to the audience why they love each other and how they "complete" one another, as well as Reeves' monotonous cadence throughout the film, and said Bullock's acting was "disenchanted, almost blase...[f]or a woman supposedly deeply in love with a man she can't have". He did concede there were "a few fleeting moments of levity where the film comes alive", but felt things were "so turgid and lethargically paced that even the leads seem bored most of the time", ultimately declaring the film "boring" and "devoid of passion". He gave it a 2.5 out of 5 stars rating, which the site later revised to a 5/10 score.
The OC Registers David Germain called the film a "tear-jerker whose convolutions elicit more chuckles than tears" and said it "would have been nice" if the DVD had included "commentary from the filmmakers so someone could explain the ridiculous lapses in logic" in response to its containing seven deleted scenes.
Accolades
The film received a nomination for Choice Liplock (between Bullock and Reeves) at the 2006 Teen Choice Awards and won.
Home media
The Lake House was released on DVD, Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD on September 26, 2006 by Warner Home Video. It was the first film to be simultaneously released on all three formats on the same day, and Warner became the first studio to issue a title in this manner. The single-disc DVD was initially available for region 1 territories only, in both widescreen and full-screen editions with 480i resolution—a region 2 compatible version was later released on October 9. Special features included deleted scenes, outtakes, and the film's theatrical trailer. The Blu-ray edition was a region-free single-disc release, with 1080i resolution and the same extras as its DVD counterpart.
Notes
References
External links
2006 films
2006 romantic drama films
2000s romantic fantasy films
American films
English-language films
American remakes of South Korean films
American romantic drama films
American romantic fantasy films
Films set in 2004
Films set in 2005
Films set in 2006
Films set in 2007
Films set in 2008
Films set in Chicago
Films set on lakes
Films about time travel
Films directed by Alejandro Agresti
Films scored by Rachel Portman
Films shot in Chicago
Village Roadshow Pictures films
Magic realism films
Prediction in popular culture
Films set in Wisconsin
Films produced by Roy Lee
Vertigo Entertainment films |
3995429 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung%20Tower%20Palace | Samsung Tower Palace | The Samsung Tower Palace is a group of seven towers, lettered A-G. They are located in Dogok-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul and South Korea. They range from 42–72 floors, all built between 2002 and 2004, and all used as luxury residential complexes. Tower Palace "G", which is 73 floors and 264 metres (866 feet) high, was the tallest building in Korea since 2004 but was surpassed by the Northeast Asia Trade Tower in 2009. Its shape is formed by three oval lobes joined together.
The builders of the Tower Palace installed high-tech security measures. Card keys issued to residents are required at all entrances and elevators. Each residence's entrance is accessed by either a key code or fingerprint identification.
Much within the buildings is highly automated. Everything from lighting, curtains, home networks and even washing machines can be pre-set to perform certain actions at a defined time or when a mode is activated from the control panels. The entire home can be controlled through the owner's mobile phone.
A helipad is located on the roof of all buildings.
Tower Palace One
The first four skyscrapers (Tower A, Tower B, Tower C and Tower D) are collectively known as Tower Palace One. The tallest of the three, Tower B, stands at and Towers A and C are tall.
References
External links
Emporis.com - Tower Palace One, Tower B
Emporis.com - Tower Palace One, Tower B
Emporis.com - Tower Palace One, Tower B
Tower Palace
Tower Palace
Buildings and structures in Gangnam District
Skyscrapers in Seoul
Buildings and structures completed in 2004
2002 establishments in South Korea
Residential skyscrapers in South Korea |
3995431 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Supply%20%28Oklahoma%29 | Fort Supply (Oklahoma) | Fort Supply (originally Camp Supply) was a United States Army post established on November 18, 1868, in Indian Territory to protect the Southern Plains. It was located just east of present-day Fort Supply, Oklahoma, in what was then the Cherokee Outlet.
History
Fort Supply was originally established as "Camp of Supply" on November 18, 1868 in support of General Philip Sheridan's winter campaign against the Southern Plains Indians. It was from Camp Supply that George Armstrong Custer led the Seventh United States Cavalry south to the banks of the Washita River to destroy the village of the Cheyenne Indian chief Black Kettle in what became known as the Battle of the Washita. Later, the camp served to protect the Cheyenne and Arapaho reservations, under the Darlington Agency, from incursions by whites. Camp Supply was renamed Fort Supply in 1878 following its role in the Red River War of 1874-1875.
By 1880 the Indian Wars on the Southern Plains were nearly over and the fort was in bad repair. Army officers in the Department of Missouri recommended its abandonment. Philip Sheridan, by then General of the Army, objected and worked to establish the Fort Supply Military Reservation giving permanence to the fort and an accompanying reserve of 36 square miles.
Fort Supply was officially closed September 1894 following the opening of the Cherokee Outlet to settlement. One of the last missions troops from Fort Supply performed was bringing to end the violence of the Enid-Pond Creek Railroad War during the summer of 1894. Troops from Fort Reno and U.S. Marshal E.D. Dix and his deputies had been unable to quell the wrecking of trains, destruction of tracks, and demolition of trestles by residents from both communities. On February 26, 1895, the last remaining troops turned over operation of the old fort to the Department of the Interior.
In 1908 Oklahoma's first insane asylum was established at the old post and which is now called the Western State Psychiatric Center. In 1988, the state legislature designated the remaining buildings at the old fort as the Fort Supply Historic District. Shortly afterwards the William S. Key Correctional Center was opened at the site.
The Fort Supply Historic District was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 (#71000675).
Fort Supply Historic Site
The Oklahoma Historical Society operates a visitor center and is restoring five of the original structures. The visitor center features exhibits about the history of Fort Supply and northwest Oklahoma. The buildings that are being preserved and restored to their original appearance are the 1874 Ordnance Sergeant's Quarters and 1882 Civilian Employee Quarters, which are picket-style log buildings, the frame-style 1878 Commanding Officer's Quarters and duplex 1882 Officers' Quarters, and the brick 1892 Guard House. The Guard House features exhibits of artifacts and photographs.
The site also features replicas of the 1869 stockade, an army supply wagon, a mountain howitzer, and a Cheyenne tipi.
Footnotes
Bibliography
Carriker, Robert C. Fort Supply, Indian Territory: Frontier Outpost on the Plains. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990.
Kappler, Charles (Editor). "Appendix II; Miscellaneous letters and documents pertaining to Executive orders establishing Indian reserves; Indian Territory—Fort Supply Military Reserve. Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1902. 1:1047 (accessed October 9, 2006).
External links
Fort Supply on TravelOK.com - Official travel and tourism website for the State of Oklahoma
Santa Fe Trail Research Site
Oklahoma Digital Maps: Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory
Pre-statehood history of Oklahoma
Supply
Military and war museums in Oklahoma
Museums in Woodward County, Oklahoma
Indian Territory
Oklahoma Historical Society
Supply
1868 establishments in Indian Territory
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Oklahoma
National Register of Historic Places in Woodward County, Oklahoma |
3995440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Thomas | Fort Thomas | Fort Thomas may refer to a place in the United States:
Fort Thomas, Arizona, an unincorporated community
Fort Thomas, Kentucky, a city
See also
Fort Thomas, Tangasseri, a ruined fortification in Kerala, India |
3995448 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansing%20Bagnall | Lansing Bagnall | Lansing Bagnall, later known as Lansing Linde, was a British forklift truck manufacturer based in Kingsclere Road, Basingstoke, England. The company was known for the invention of the reach truck. Later, it was merged into Linde Material Handling which is now part of KION Group.
History
The business was started as a company office in 1920 when W G Bagnall arrived in London as a representative of Lansing company of Michigan.
In 1930, the parent company, Lansing, ceased manufacturing operations, so Bagnall took the charge and incorporated the company in 1937 as Lansing Bagnall and Company Limited in Isleworth,London.
The company was bought out of bankruptcy in 1943 by Emmanuel Kaye and John R Sharp and renamed after themselves as J E Shay Ltd. At that time, the company made petrol and electric, industrial and station platform tractors. Later, the company went on to produce forklift trucks.
Operating as Lansing Bagnall and Shay's in 1946.
The company's first factory in Basingstoke was opened, in March 1949.
In 1976, Lansing Bagnall acquired the successful private forklift truck manufacturer Henley Forklift, which had been founded in 1966 and developed through the early 1970s, earning three Queen's Awards for export achievement.
Lansing Bagnall was acquired by Linde AG in 1989 now operates under the Linde Lansing brand name. In September 2006, Linde announced their intention to float or sell the materials handling business that included Linde Lansing.
References
External links
British companies established in 1937
1920 establishments in the United Kingdom
Forklift truck manufacturers
1989 mergers and acquisitions
Companies based in Basingstoke |
5388934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20paintings%20by%20Paul%20Gauguin | List of paintings by Paul Gauguin | This is an incomplete list of paintings by the French painter Paul Gauguin.
Overview
Paul Gauguin (1848–1903) was a leading 19th-century Post-Impressionist artist, painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramist and writer. His bold experimentation with color directly influenced modern art in the 20th century while his expression of the inherent meaning of the subjects in his paintings, under the influence of the cloisonnist style, paved the way to Primitivism and the return to the pastoral. He was also an influential proponent of wood engraving and woodcuts as art forms.
Timeline
1873–1884 Family life in Paris
1884 Family life in Rouen
1884 Family life in Copenhagen
1885 Dieppe, Paris
1886–1887 Artist's colony, Pont Aven, Brittany
1887 Trip to Martinique
1888 Pont Aven
1888 Staying with Van Gogh in Arles, Provençal
1889 Pont Aven
1891–1893 Trip to Tahiti
1894 Pont Aven
1895–1901 Living in Tahiti
1901–1903 Living at Hiva Oa, Marquesas Islands
List
Titles in French and English were not necessarily given by Gauguin. Titles in Tahitian are those written on the paintings. Click on the image for more information about the painting.
Column WIN indicates the Wildenstein Index Number (W. Georges/Daniel) and/or the Gabriele Mandel Sugana Index Number (S.)
1873–1885 (Paris, Rouen, Copenhagen)
1885–1886 (Dieppe, Paris)
1886-1891 (Brittany, Martinique, Provençal)
1891–1893 (Tahiti, Brittany)
1896–1903 (Tahiti, Marquesas Islands)
References
External links
Gauguin |
5388940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farther%20India | Farther India | Farther India, or Ultraindia, is an old term, now rarely used, for Southeast Asia, seen in colonial days from Europe as the part of the Far East beyond the Indian subcontinent, but south of China.
It refers to Indochina (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar (aka Burma), Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand (former Siam), and Vietnam) and the Malay states (Brunei, East Malaysia and Singapore), but usually not including East Timor or the Philippines; these neighbouring predominantly Malay states usually belong to the wider East Indies (which includes all of the above as well as the Indian subcontinent).
Other uses
Farther India is also a title of a book written by Sir Hugh Clifford.
See also
ASEAN
Greater India
Sources and references
External links
A.N. Ram, Historical Perspectives
Southeast Asia
History of geography
Historical regions |
5388950 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%20Jung%20Christian%20University | Chang Jung Christian University | Chang Jung Christian University (CJCU; ) is a privately funded, research-intensive, Presbyterian, co-educational university located in Gueiren District, Tainan, Taiwan. Chang Jung means everlasting glory in Mandarin.
History
The university was founded in 1993.
Academic profile
Chang Jung Christian University (CJCU) is a private university located in southern Taiwan. In association with the Presbyterian beliefs, CJCU is committed in developing the God-given gifts and abilities of each student with love, respect, and service. Even though the university was founded in 1993, our vision began more than a hundred years ago, in 1885, with the founding of the first Western-methodology high school in Taiwan, Chang Jung Senior High School.
There are currently 54 bachelors programs, 17 masters programs, and 1 doctoral program.
Organization
A president heads the university, which is divided into the following colleges:
College of Management
College of Health Science
College of Humanities and Social Sciences
School of Information and Design
School of Theology
College of Continuing Education
International College of Practice and Education for the Environment
School of Safety and Health Sciences
College of Fine Arts
School of Liberal Arts Education
Transportation
The university is accessible within walking distance South of Chang Jung Christian University Station of the Taiwan Railway Administration.
See also
List of universities in Taiwan
References
External links
Chang Jung Christian University
Location in Tainan
Campus map
1993 establishments in Taiwan
Association of Christian Universities and Colleges in Asia
Presbyterianism in Taiwan
Educational institutions established in 1993
Presbyterian universities and colleges
Universities and colleges in Taiwan
Universities and colleges in Tainan
Comprehensive universities in Taiwan |
5388963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape%20of%20Things%20to%20Come%20%28Max%20Frost%20and%20the%20Troopers%20album%29 | Shape of Things to Come (Max Frost and the Troopers album) | Shape of Things to Come is the first and only album released by Max Frost and the Troopers. It was produced in 1968 by Mike Curb, Ed Beram, and Harley Hatcher (engineer) and directed by Rick Stephens for Sidewalk Productions and released on Tower Records.
The back cover of the album contains the following quotation:
"All things that have gone before are but the bleak, cold grayness of the early dawn... listen! Beyond the far edge of the world, the first yellow rays of sunlight are flooding toward us like the tide. Youth everywhere is ready to awake. Man stands poised to spring up from the Earth and thrust himself out, out, laughing, to stake a bright new homeland amid the stars!"
-- Angus Scrimm (Puket '83)
A brief review in Billboard highlighted several tracks and suggested that the album would be a commercial success like the single, which peaked at 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 on September 28, 1968.
Shape of Things to Come was re-released by Captain High in 2014 with bonus tracks.
Track listing
Side one
"Shape of Things to Come" (Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil) – 1:55
"Lonely Man" (Paul Wibier) – 2:32
"Shine It On" (Wibier) – 2:29
"It's Wrong" (Barney Hector and Wibier) – 2:12
"Captain Hassel" (Dale Beckner, Hector, Stewart Martin, Gary McClain, and Wibier) – 2:21
Side two
"Fifty Two Per Cent" (Mann and Weil) – 2:41
"Try to Make Up Your Mind" (Wibier) – 1:55
"Let Your Mind Run Free" (Wibier) – 2:31
"She Lied" (Beckner and Martin) – 2:36
"A Change Is Gonna Come" (Beckner and Wibier) – 2:38
Bonus tracks on 2014 re-release from Captain High
"Love to Be Your Man"– 2:12
"Free Lovin'"– 2:19
"Psychedelic Senate"– 2:16
"Fourteen or Fight"– 2:48
"Wild in the Streets"– 2:45
"Listen to the Music"– 2:50
"Sally LeRoy"– 2:40
"Shelly in Camp"– 1:41
"Paxton Quigley's Had the Course"– 2:00
Personnel
Max Frost and the Troopers
Paul Wibier
Technical personnel
Eddie Beram– production
Mike Curb– production
The Edric Agency– supervision
Harley Hatcher– engineering, production
Drew Struzan– cover
References
External links
1968 debut albums
Albums produced by Mike Curb
Albums with cover art by Drew Struzan
Max Frost and the Troopers albums
Tower Records albums |
5388964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Kompong%20Speu | Battle of Kompong Speu | The Battle of Kompong Speu began on June 12, 1970 when the combined forces of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) and the Khmer National Armed Forces (FANK) fought to recapture the provincial capital of Kampong Speu. The town was captured by People's Army of Vietnam forces on 13 June but was retaken by ARVN/FANK forces on 16 June.
References
Conflicts in 1970
1970 in Cambodia
Military history of Cambodia
Battles and operations of the Vietnam War in 1970
Kompong Speu |
5388972 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%20Thomas%20%26%20Uber%20Cup | 2004 Thomas & Uber Cup | The 2004 Thomas & Uber Cup was held from 7 May to 16 May 2004 in Jakarta, Indonesia. It was the 23rd edition of World Men's Team Badminton Championships, Thomas Cup and 20th edition of World Women's Team Badminton Championships, Uber Cup.
After a 12-year drought China finally lifted their fifth title of Thomas Cup and also won their ninth title of Uber Cup.
Host city selection
Indonesia, Japan, and the United States are the countries to submit a bid for hosting the event. Indonesia was selected as host during IBF council meeting in Birmingham.
Teams
The following nations from 5 continents, shown by region, qualified for the 2004 Thomas & Uber Cup. Of the 16 nations, defending champions of Uber Cup, China, and host nation as well as defending champion of Thomas Cup, Indonesia and its Uber Cup team qualified automatically and did not play the qualification round.
Thomas & Uber Cup
China
Denmark
Germany
Indonesia
Japan
Malaysia
Korea
South Africa
Thomas Cup
England
Thailand
New Zealand
United States
Uber Cup
Australia
Canada
Chinese Taipei
Netherlands
Thomas Cup
Group stage
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Knockout stage
Final round
Uber Cup
Group stage
Group W
Group X
Group Y
Group Z
Knockout stage
Final round
References
External links
Thomas Cup
Uber Cup
Thomas Uber Cup
Thomas & Uber Cup
T
Badminton tournaments in Indonesia |
5388986 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%20Katembula | Jordan Katembula | Jordan Katembula (born 1978) known professionally as JK, is a Zambian singer, songwriter and record producer. He is regarded as one of the pioneers of Zambian music and the R&B genre in Zambia.
Early life
Born in 1978 in Ndola, Zambia, He attended his junior school at Chilengwa Basic School in Ndola and he completed his secondary education at Lubuto Secondary School. At the age of eight he identified himself as a musician among his friends.
Music career
1997-2000:Early Years
JK begun his music journey in 1997 when he first recorded a demo at savoy hotel in Ndola with a band known as the ukwa band. In order to accomplish his childhood dream of been a musician, Jk relocated to Lusaka were the grass seemed greener. Within a short while he met rapper MC Wabwino and later featured on his (MC Wabwino) popular album Yamene Yamene album. In 1999 he joined a group called New Age where he was lead vocalist. Before long, in 2000 he left the group and decided to become a sole artist. because of his unblemished voice he was featured on a number of songs including Shatel's hit song naitopela of the Chikondi album.
2001-2003:The Rise
In 2001 Jk he released his own debut album, the self-titled [JK]. In 2002, J.K. received a Ngoma Award as well as a KORA Award nomination. He also performed in London and South Africa. Furthermore he received great support from the public.
J.K.'s second album, the 14-track Helena, was released in 2003. On one track, he performed a duet with renowned Oliver Mutukudzi, a Zimbabwean musician. This album's style varies from upbeat dance raps, ragga, to slow ballads. On No Pressure, he collaborated on one song with Hugh Masekela from South Africa.
In 2010, Katembula released another album, Kapiripiri, titled after the single "Kapiripiri". It features Salma Doldia, a female Zambian artist. The album was produced by Digital X, a Lusaka based studio. The "Kapilipili" music video received air play on MTVbase and channel-O.
In 2014 he released a song titled "Telemundo loving" which aired on channel O and all local TV stations in Zambia. Some of his music videos are available on YouTube
Discography
Studio albums
JK - 2001
Helena - 2003
Balapembela - 2006
Akapilipili - 2010
Telemundo Loving - 2014
References
21st-century Zambian male singers
Living people
1978 births
People from Lusaka |
5388988 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like%20a%20Hurricane%20%28song%29 | Like a Hurricane (song) | "Like a Hurricane" is a song written by Neil Young in 1975 and first released on the album American Stars 'n Bars in 1977.
History
There is a story that Young wrote the song in July 1975 with the help of his friend and La Honda neighbor Taylor Phelps in the back of his DeSoto Suburban, during a time when Young was unable to sing because of an operation on his vocal cords. Driven by Young's trademark fierce guitars, the song became a landmark of the 'electric side' of his concerts. The song has been played on nearly every tour Young has done since its release. It has also appeared on the compilations Decade and Greatest Hits and on the live albums Live Rust, Weld, Unplugged (this rendition is played almost entirely on a pump organ) and Way Down in the Rust Bucket.
An edited version of "Like a Hurricane" was released as a single on August 8, 1977, with "Hold Back the Tears" as B-side.
Composition
The melody of Like a Hurricane was inspired by Del Shannon's 1961 song Runaway.
Reception
Cash Box said that "the melodies are carried by Young's voice and guitar, all brought into focus against a distant landscape of multi-layered string effects."
Cover versions
Recorded for music release:
Roxy Music released their live version of the song, recorded at the Glasgow Apollo in 1982, on the 1983 EP The High Road and the live LP Heart Still Beating.
The song was also covered by The Mission on their second single "Garden of Delight". It was later included on the album The First Chapter (a compilation of their first singles) and Ever After - Live.
Jay Farrar, backed by country-rock band Canyon, covered this song on his live album Stone, Steel, & Bright Lights.
Heather Nova recorded the song at a 1995 concert in Hiroshima, released on import-only CDs Maybe An Angel (Japan) and Truth & Bone (Germany).
Jeff Healey covered the song on his 2008 album Mess of Blues.
The Coal Porters covered the song on the 2010 album Durango.
Adam Sandler covered the song on the 2009 album Covered, A Revolution in Sound, of Warner Brothers artists performing cover songs. He also performed the song on the Late Show with David Letterman, to promote the release.
Jason Isbell and The 400 Unit covered the song on the 2012 album Live From Alabama.
New Orleans singer Theresa Andersson sings it in the 2006 film New Orleans Music in Exile.
In 2018, Pony Boy (the recording pseudonym of Los Angeles singer-songwriter Marchelle Bradanini) covered the song on a split 7-inch single with Australian singer Emma Swift, on which both musicians covered Neil Young songs.
Personnel
Neil Young – lead guitar and lead vocals
Frank "Poncho" Sampedro – Stringman synthesizer and background vocals
Billy Talbot – bass guitar and background vocals
Ralph Molina – drums and background vocals
See also
The Unplugged Collection, Volume One
References
External links
Like a Hurricane (Adobe Flash) at MySpace (streamed copy where licensed)
1975 songs
1977 singles
Neil Young songs
Reprise Records singles
Songs written by Neil Young
Roxy Music songs
Song recordings produced by David Briggs (record producer)
Song recordings produced by Neil Young
Crazy Horse (band) songs |
5388992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behnke | Behnke | Behnke is a surname originating from west Prussia and the western part of Pomerania, which is now modern north west Poland and north east Germany.
People
Albert R. Behnke (1903–1992), American physician
Bev Behnke, American curler
Elmer Behnke (1929–2018), American basketball player
Gerhard Behnke (1910–1962), German Wehrmacht officer
Gunther Behnke (born 1963), retired German basketball player
Heinrich Behnke (1898–1979), German mathematician
Heinrich Behnke (Medal of Honor) (1882–1952), United States Navy seaman who received the Medal of Honor
Heinz Behnke (1919–2002), German Wehrmacht officer
Julia Behnke (born 1993), German handball player
Robert E. Behnke (1932–1999), Democratic assemblyman
Robert J. Behnke (1929–2013), American fisheries biologist
Stephen H. Behnke, former Director of Ethics Office of the American Psychological
See also
Benke
Behncke
Benkei
Low German surnames |
5389001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council%20of%20Castile | Council of Castile | The Council of Castile (), known earlier as the Royal Council (), was a ruling body and key part of the domestic government of the Crown of Castile, second only to the monarch himself. It was established under Queen Isabella I in 1480 as the chief body dealing with administrative and judicial matters of the realm. With the 1516 ascension of King Charles I (later Holy Roman Emperor Charles V) to the throne of both Castile and Aragon, the Royal Council came to be known as the Council of Castile because Charles was king of many dominions other than Castile, while the Council retained responsibility only over Castile.
During periods in which there was no monarch, an absent monarch, or an incompetent monarch, the Royal Council would rule as a regency council in his place. The Council weakened in the 19th century, where it was abolished and re-established several times before being dissolved permanently.
History
Origins
The earliest form of the Royal Council was created at the end of the fourteenth century in 1385 by King John after the disaster at the Battle of Aljubarrota. It consisted of 12 members, four from each of the clergy, the cities, and the nobility. In 1442 the nobility increased its influence on the council, adding many nobles as titular members of the council. Sixty became the new number of members.
Under the Catholic Monarchs: Centralization
This council was rather ineffective and the Catholic Monarchs, King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I, sought to change it in their drive to centralize the country and bring it more firmly in line with national interests rather than the nobles. In 1480, they passed the Act of Resumption at the Cortes of Toledo. This act would allow Ferdinand and Isabella to directly appoint bureaucrats, rather than letting the independent and erratic nobles rule. The Royal Council would control both a royal army and manage tax disputes, which would place nobles more securely under the control of the Crown.
The new composition of the reformed Council was a president, a treasurer, a church prelate, three caballeros (often minor nobility), and between eight and ten letrados (lawyers or jurists). These were Council's chief duties:
To advise the Crown on matters of appointments, both military and civil
Until the creation of the Council of the Indies, to supervise works, projects, expeditions, and colonizations commissioned by the Castilian government, in the Old World and New World (Requerimiento)
To offer consideration of and judgment to the Crown regarding the conferring of pensions, emoluments, and sundry favors
To serve as the supreme court of justice of the Kingdom of Castile
To have all members of the Council sign all legal documents that in any way effected the working of the Crown, including detailed, day-to-day governmental decisions
In order to prevent it from falling under control of the great noble houses, as had happened with the original royal council, non-appointed nobles were allowed to attend Council meetings but were given no vote. The result of this meant that the council, and its bureaucracy, was composed chiefly of "new men": the minor nobility, townsmen, and civilian magistrates.
After Queen Isabella's death in 1504, the Royal Council began to grow corrupt and influenced by the nobility once more. King Philip I was an ineffective ruler who only reigned two years; after him, the government theoretically fell to Ferdinand and Isabella's daughter, Queen Joanna I of Castile, and her six-year-old son Charles of Ghent, the future Emperor Charles V. Joanna was considered incompetent, and Charles too young. Archbishop Cisneros ruled a brief time as regent, but was undercut by noble schemes and spent much of his time simply trying to hold together the national government.
Cisneros was then replaced by Joanna's father King Ferdinand II, whose claim to rule Castile with his wife's death was rather weak, but no other plausible choice than his being regent existed. Ferdinand was often an absent ruler of Castile, living in Aragon, and the Royal Council managed his affairs. During this period, it became even more corrupt and ineffectual. Nobles illegally expanded their domains by force, sending soldiers to "claim" land that was owned by the royal government or free peasants. The council, corrupt and bribed, usually ignored these incidents, allowing nobles to freely enrich themselves at the cost of justice and the national government.
Charles I of Habsburg: Revolt and reform
After Ferdinand's death in 1516, Cisneros served as regent again for a brief time more, and then Charles I was crowned king now that he was of age. However, the young king was at the time almost completely controlled by Flemish advisors such as William de Croÿ, sieur de Chièvres, and he did not undertake any efforts to change the Council at first. Additionally, Charles' new government levied high taxes and demands on Castile, with its ambitions over all Europe. Charles was the King, becoming Charles V Holy Roman Emperor in 1519, of one of the largest empires, the Spanish Empire, in European and world history - "The empire on which the sun never sets." The Bishop of Badajoz, Ruiz de la Mota, was an influential member of the Royal Council and declared to the Cortes of Corunna that Castile was to be the empire's "treasury and sword."
When Charles left Spain in 1520, the Revolt of the Comuneros broke out against royal government. Much of their complaints were against the Council—representatives of Valladolid's radical parishes were unanimous in a statement blaming the council's "bad government" for the kingdom's troubles. The Royal Council would lead the royalist forces against the rebels in Charles' absence. Charles left as regent the Dutch Cardinal Adrian of Utrecht, by most accounts a decent ruler saddled with a difficult situation. Much of the Royal Council agitated for vigorous punishment against the rebels, such as its hated president, Antonio de Rojas. These early reprisals would backfire, and intensified the revolt's spread.
Eventually, the rebels were defeated, but Charles (who had also matured and distanced himself from his earlier advisers) realized that the Council direly needed reform. Charles embarked upon a vigorous program to change the nature of the council, dismissing the unpopular Antonio de Rojas and replacing him with Juan de Tavera, the Archbishop of Santiago. He also added three new councilors, Juan Manuel, Pedro de Medina, and Martín Vázquez, and generally sought to replace nobles with gentry and educated lawyers. More importantly, Charles changed the council's functions. The Royal Council would no longer deal with the vast majority of civil law disputes and cases, allowing them to focus on administration instead. Judicial complaints and appeals would now be dealt with by a new and expanded judiciary, the audiencias. With the reputation of the Council restored, the quality of its appointees rose.
During this period, the Royal Council became known as the Council of Castile, to reflect that the council's power extended only over Castile and not the whole empire. With the growth of Spain's overseas conquests, and the prodding of Charles' grand-counselor and close friend Mercurino Guttinara, the Council of Castile expanded and split.
Between the years 1522–1524, the Council of Castile reorganized the government of the Kingdom of Navarre, dismissing its viceroy, the Duke of Nájera. A Council of Finance (Hacienda) was created, and, on 1 August, the Council of the Indies () was split from the Council of Castile.
Thirty years later, in 1555, the Council of Italy was formed, yet another offspring of the Council of Castile. Guttinara also saw the establishment of the Consejo de la Cámara de Castilla, composed of three or four trusted members of the Council who had power to deal with unpopular or secret issues.
Post Charles I: Prominence and decline
The Royal Council came to prominence again during the minority of Charles II of Spain from 1665 to 1675–1677 in which his mother, Mariana of Austria, acted as regent. After Philip V of Spain became the first Bourbon king in 1700, the Nueva Planta decrees approved between 1707 and 1716 abolished the autonomy of the former Crown of Aragon and centralised power in Madrid. The council also played a prominent role under Charles III and Charles IV of Spain, before being abolished in 1812 by the Cortes of Cádiz. Restored in 1814 by Ferdinand VII of Spain, it was finally dissolved in 1834 by Isabel II.
References
Bibliography
Government of Spain
History of Castile |
5389036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomiech%C3%B3wek | Pomiechówek | Pomiechówek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pomiechówek, within Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies on the Wkra river, approximately north-east of Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki and north-west of Warsaw.
References
External links
Jewish Community in Pomiechówek on Virtual Shtetl
Villages in Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki County |
3995452 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20at%20the%202002%20Winter%20Olympics | United States at the 2002 Winter Olympics | The United States was the host nation for the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah.
These Games were by far the best home Winter Games for the United States, earning 34 total medals, nearly triple their best previous hauls at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, California, and the 1932 Winter Olympics and 1980 Winter Olympics, both in Lake Placid, New York and the most a host country has won at a single Winter Olympics.
The United States also tied Norway at the 1994 Winter Olympics for most gold medals a host country has won at a Winter Olympics, with 10. Canada broke this record during the 2010 Winter Olympics.
The Olympics were held only months after September 11, 2001. During the opening ceremonies, Jacques Rogge, presiding over his first Olympics as IOC president, told the American athletes that the world was gathered in their country and that their country was overcoming the "horrific tragedy" of that day and stands united with them in promoting the IOC's ideals.
Medalists
The following U.S. competitors won medals at the games. In the by discipline sections below, medalists' names are bolded.
| width="78%" align="left" valign="top" |
| width=22% align=left valign=top |
Alpine skiing
Men
Women
Biathlon
Men
Women
Bobsleigh
Men
Women
Cross-country skiing
Distance
Men
Women
Sprint
Men
Women
Curling
Summary
Men's tournament
Team
Superior CC, Superior
Skip: Tim Somerville
Third: Mike Schneeberger
Second: Myles Brundidge
Lead: John Gordon
Alternate: Donald Barcombe, Jr.
Round robin
Top four teams advanced to semi-finals.
Draw 1
February 11, 9:00
Draw 4
February 13, 9:00
Draw 6
February 14, 14:00
Draw 9
February 16, 14:00
Draw 12
February 18, 14:00
Draw 2
February 11, 19:00
Draw 5
February 13, 19:00
Draw 7
February 15, 9:00
Draw 11
February 17, 19:00
Women's tournament
Team
Bemidji CC, Bemidji
Skip: Kari Erickson
Third: Debbie McCormick
Second: Stacey Liapis
Lead: Ann Swisshelm
Alternate: Joni Cotten
Round robin
Top four teams advanced to semi-finals.
Draw 2
February 12, 9:00
Draw 4
February 13, 14:00
Draw 6
February 14, 19:00
Draw 9
February 16, 19:00
Draw 11
February 18, 9:00
Draw 3
February 12, 19:00
Draw 5
February 14, 9:00
Draw 8
February 16, 9:00
Draw 10
February 17, 14:00
Semifinal
February 20, 9:00
Bronze Medal Game
February 21, 9:00
Figure skating
Individual
Mixed
Freestyle skiing
Men
Women
Ice hockey
Summary
Men's Tournament
Team roster
Tony Amonte
Tom Barrasso
Chris Chelios
Adam Deadmarsh
Chris Drury
Mike Dunham
Bill Guerin
Phil Housley
Brett Hull
John LeClair
Brian Leetch
Aaron Miller
Mike Modano
Tom Poti
Brian Rafalski
Mike Richter
Jeremy Roenick
Brian Rolston
Gary Suter
Keith Tkachuk
Doug Weight
Mike York
Scott Young
First round
All times are local (UTC-7).
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Gold medal game
Women's tournament
Team roster
Chris Bailey
Laurie Baker
Karyn Bye
Julie Chu
Natalie Darwitz
Sara DeCosta
Tricia Dunn-Luoma
Cammi Granato
Courtney Kennedy
Andrea Kilbourne
Katie King
Shelley Looney
Sue Merz
A.J. Mleczko
Tara Mounsey
Jenny Schmidgall-Potter
Angela Ruggiero
Sarah Tueting
Lyndsay Wall
Krissy Wendell
Preliminary round
Top two teams (shaded) advanced to semifinals.
All times are local (UTC-7).
Semifinal
Gold medal game
Luge
Men
Women
Nordic combined
Short track speed skating
Men
Women
Skeleton
Ski jumping
Snowboarding
Halfpipe
Men
Women
Parallel
Men
Women
Speed skating
Men
Women
See also
United States at the 2002 Winter Paralympics
Notes and references
Notes
References
Nations at the 2002 Winter Olympics
2002
Olympics |
3995453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Thompson | Fort Thompson | Fort Thompson may refer to:
Fort Thompson, South Dakota
Fort Thompson, Columbia Department, which later became the City of Kamloops
Fort Thompson, Florida, a military post during the Second Seminole War along the Caloosahatchee River |
3995458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20White | Fort White | Fort White may refer to:
Fort White, Burma, a small military station built by the British Army
Fort White, Eastern Cape, established in 1835 as a base for the British army
Fort White, Florida |
3995460 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal%20Rubin | Neal Rubin | Neal Rubin (born 1955) is an American cartoonist and writer. He is currently a columnist for The Detroit Free Press and writes the nationally syndicated comic strip Gil Thorp. He previously spent 15 years as a feature writer and columnist for the Detroit Free Press but left to write for The Detroit News. He previously wrote features for the Las Vegas Review-Journal and was a sports writer for the Las Vegas Sun and the Greeley Tribune. After 22 years at The Detroit News, he returned to the Detroit Free Press on April 17, 2022.
He was born in Southern California and grew up in California and Colorado. He attended the University of Northern Colorado and later earned a graduate degree from Michigan State University. He has lived in Michigan since 1984.
He has been the author of the Gil Thorp comic strip since 2004, and is the third author in the strip's 50+-year history.
Rubin appears as himself in the 2007 Elmore Leonard novel Up in Honey's Room. He had a small speaking role (credited as Neal Anthony Rubin) as a reporter in the 2011 movie The Ides of March, starring George Clooney and Ryan Gosling.
He lives with his wife and two sons in Farmington Hills, Michigan.
External links
Columnists page for The Detroit News (including Neal Rubin)
References
1955 births
Living people
American columnists
Detroit Free Press people
The Detroit News people
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists |
3995464 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Winnebago | Fort Winnebago | Fort Winnebago was a 19th-century fortification of the United States Army located on a hill overlooking the eastern end of the portage between the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers east of present-day Portage, Wisconsin. It was the middle one of three fortifications along the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway that also included Fort Howard in Green Bay, Wisconsin and Fort Crawford in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. Fort Winnebago was constructed in 1828 as part of an effort to maintain peace between white settlers and the region's Native American tribes following the Winnebago War of 1827. The fort's location was chosen not only because of its proximity to the site of Red Bird's surrender in the Winnebago War, but also because of the strategic importance of the portage on the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway, a heavily traveled connection between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River. Fort Winnebago's location near the portage allowed it to regulate transportation between the lakes and the Mississippi.
With the exception of the participation of troops from the fort in the 1832 Black Hawk War, Fort Winnebago was not involved in any combat operations during its occupation by the U.S. Army. Instead, the garrison, which from 1829 to 1831 included Lt. Jefferson Davis (later President of the Confederate States of America), was put to work in building a military road between Portage and Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, and assisting with the relocation of the Ho-Chunk Nation from Wisconsin to Minnesota during the 1840s. In 1845, the absence of any real threat to peace in the region prompted the abandonment of the fort. Nine years later the site was sold into private hands, and in 1856 a fire destroyed much of the fort.
Fort Winnebago Surgeons Quarters
Today, all that remain intact are the fort's surgeon's and officers' quarters. This structure now operates as the Fort Winnebago Surgeon's Quarters, a historic house museum operated by the Wisconsin Society Daughters of the American Revolution, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
The museum's grounds also include Garrison School, a one-room schoolhouse used from 1850-1960 and furnished to appear as in the 1850s.
Indian Agency House
The Fort Winnebago Old Indian Agency House, is the only known Indian Agency still located on its original location. Known as the Historic Indian Agency House, it is also an original structure associated with the fort. It was erected in 1832 by the U.S. Government as a residence and office for Indian sub-Agent John Kinzie, who served as a liaison between the local Ho Chunk (also known as Winnebago) Nation and the U.S. Government. It has been operated as a museum since 1932 by The National Society of the Colonial Dames of America in the State of Wisconsin. The Historic Indian Agency House is listed as nationally significant on the Register of Historic Places and is open to the public for visitation May 15 through October 15 each year.
References
External links
Fort Winnebago Historical Site
Fort Winnebago Surgeons' Quarters - Wisconsin Society Daughters of the American Revolution
Historic Indian Agency House
Historic American Landscapes Survey in Wisconsin
Winnebago
Museums in Columbia County, Wisconsin
Pre-statehood history of Wisconsin
Historic house museums in Wisconsin
Military and war museums in Wisconsin
Medical museums in the United States
Education museums in the United States
Portage, Wisconsin
Winnebago
National Register of Historic Places in Columbia County, Wisconsin
1828 establishments in Michigan Territory
Fox–Wisconsin Waterway
Black Hawk War forts |
3995470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiautschou%20dollar | Kiautschou dollar | The dollar was a currency issued by Germany for use in its protectorate of Kiautschou, an area around the city of Tsingtau. The dollar was equal to the Chinese yuan and was divided into 100 cents. Banknotes were issued between 1907 and 1914, with coins issued in 1909. Banknotes denominated in tael were also issued in 1914.
See also
Deutsch-Asiatische Bank
References
Modern obsolete currencies |
3995472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Wright | Fort Wright | Fort Wright may refer to:
Fort Wright, Kentucky, a city in Kenton County, Kentucky
Fort Wright (Tennessee), a Civil War fortification in Randolph, Tennessee
Fort Wright (California), a fort in northwestern California near Covelo, California
Fort H. G. Wright, a former U.S. military installation on Fishers Island, New York
Fort George Wright, a former U.S. military installation near Spokane, Washington |
3995475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20sclerosis | Nuclear sclerosis | Nuclear sclerosis is an age-related change in the density of the crystalline lens nucleus that occurs in all older animals. It is caused by compression of older lens fibers in the nucleus by new fiber formation. The denser construction of the nucleus causes it to scatter light. Although nuclear sclerosis may describe a type of early cataract in human medicine, in veterinary medicine the term is also known as lenticular sclerosis and describes a bluish-grey haziness at the nucleus that usually does not affect vision, except for unusually dense cases. Immature senile cataract has to be differentiated with nuclear sclerosis while making its diagnosis.
Veterinary Medicine
In veterinary practice, nuclear sclerosis is a consistent finding in dogs greater than six years old. Nuclear sclerosis appears as a bilateral bluish-grey haziness at the nucleus, or center of the lens, caused by an increase in the refractive index of that part of the lens due to its increased density. It is often confused with cataracts. The condition is differentiated from a cataract by its appearance and by shining a penlight into the eye. With nuclear sclerosis, a reflection from the tapetum will be seen, while a cataract will block reflection.
There is no treatment for this condition currently.
References
External links
Images
Dog diseases
Eye diseases
Medical signs |
5389069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddington%2C%20Queensland | Paddington, Queensland | Paddington is an inner suburb in the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. In the , Paddington had a population of 8,562 people.
Paddington is located west of the Brisbane CBD. As is common with other suburbs in the area, Paddington is located on a number of steep ridges and hills. It was settled in the 1860s. Many original and distinctive Queenslander homes can be found in the suburb. Houses are frequently built on stumps, owing to the steep nature of their blocks. Between 2005 and 2010, the median house price has risen over 50% to $1,125,000.
Paddington includes the neighbourhood of Rosalie, which has its centre at the junction of Baroona Road and Nash Street () and was a separate suburb until 1975.
Geography
Paddington lies in a valley in the foothills of Mount Coot-tha The area is extremely hilly with many peaks and gullies. Most of the retail is located along the ridgetops which contain the main roads of Given Terrace and Latrobe Terrace. Given Terrace commences near Suncorp Stadium and rises to the west (colloquially referred to as "lower Paddington"). At the junction of Latrobe Terrace and Given Terrace, Given Terrace turns south-west downhill towards Rosalie on the left while on the right there is a steep drop to a gully which then rises again to the Red Hill ridge. The Latrobe Terrace is colloquially known as "upper Paddington" with the road sticking to the ridgetop with gentle slopes on either side until moving uphill towards the suburb of Bardon.
The suburb is predominantly residential, on small blocks of land by Queensland standards, with many workers cottages and Queenslander-style homes with corrugated iron roofs. Paddington includes the small locality of Rosalie. The suburb of Petrie Terrace lies to the east.
Ithaca Creek, which now largely exists in the suburb of Red Hill, runs down from the Taylor Mountain Range and Paddington originally developed around a series of water holes that ran from the Creek to the Brisbane River.
History
The wooded slopes and ridges were home to the Turrbal, known by British settlers as the Duke of York's clan. In the early days Aborigines camped in Armstrong's Paddock on what is now Armstrong Terrace and also on the former Paddington Tram Depot on Enoggera Terrace.
British settlement
British settlement in Paddington commenced in the 1850s and the area was known as "Ti-Tree Flats" as the first residents moved there to cultivate gardens on the flats and to cut timber. The first sale of land occurred in 1859 with the sale of fifty-five lots. The name Paddington comes from the name of the farm of Mr B, Clay who named his farm after his London birthplace of Paddington. The Paddington farm was sold and subdivided in 1864.
Petrie Terrace State School opened in March 1868 with separate sections for boys and girls. In 1875 the school was split into Petrie Terrace Boys State School and Petrie Terrace Girls and Infants State School. In 1953 there was another re-arrangement resulting in Petrie Terrace Infants State School for the younger children and Petrie Terrace State School for the older children. In 1960 Petrie Terrace Infants State School closed and the Infants were transferred to Petrie Terrace State School.
A Primitive Methodist Church opened at 244 Given Terrace circa June 1877. In 1906, a new church building was erected on the site at 238 Given Terrace with the old church building moved to one side to become the church hall. The 1906 church was burned down in 1996. Some brick fencing from the church remains on the site, now occupied by modern commercial buildings.
Development was slow as the steep slopes created challenges for the emerging public transport and even architecture. In 1879 a horse bus was introduced and by the 1880s hill-top mansions and workers cottages in the gullies had been built.
Paddington was in the local government area of Ithaca Division from 1879 to 1887, then Shire of Ithaca from 1887 to 1903, and then Town of Ithaca from 1903 to 1925, after which Ithaca was amalgamated into the present City of Brisbane.
The Morris family owned and operated the boot and footwear factory on the corner of Hale and Caxton Streets from the 1880s until it was sold in the 1960s. The second factory building was built in 1930 and the F.T Morris Footwear company employed up to 180 workers and could make 630 pairs of boots and shoes a day. The company was sold in the 1960s to Dixon & Sons and while the business continued to make a profit for a while bit eventually could not compete with cheaper imports and nylon and canvas mass-produced shoes. The factory closed in 1973. The second factory building in Caxton Street was reopened in 1976 as the "Spaghetti Emporium" restaurant, complete with a giant boot on the roof. In the 1980s, the building became the nightclub "Brisbane Underground" but it was demolished for the controversial Hale Street city by-pass in 1990.
At one stage gold was found near the old Paddington Cemetery and shafts were sunk.
The Brisbane Tramways Company, a private enterprise formed in 1895, introduced the first electric trams to Brisbane in mid-1897. Following lobbying by the Ithaca Shire Council, a tramway was extended along Musgrave Road to Red Hill, and a line was laid along Caxton Street and Given Terrace as far as Latrobe Terrace in 1898. By 1906-7 electric trams ran along Caxton Street and the Paddington line was extended until it reached Bardon in 1937. The Red Hill line was extended to Ashgrove in 1924. The tramways substation was erected in 1929–30 at the corner of Latrobe and Enoggera Terraces.
In 1898 the Roman Catholic Archbishop Robert Dunne purchased land on the corner of Given Terrace and Fernberg Road, Rosalie (), to build a Catholic church called Sacred Heart at a cost of £500. It was part of the parish of Red Hill and Father Hegarty, parish priest of Red Hill, celebrated the first Mass.
The 1900s
The spread of the tramways network was a catalyst for residential development in the western suburbs. It was during the first decade of the 20th century that Ithaca experienced a housing and population boom which was largely attributable to the expansion of the tramways through the area.
Sacred Heart Parish School was opened in 1906 in a building beside the church and was operated by the Sisters of Mercy. It closed on 12 November 1995 due to the changing demographics of the area reducing the number of children wanting Catholic education.
In the 1910s the Ithaca Town Council embarked on a programme of civic improvements which included the establishment of Lang Park (1917), the Ithaca Swimming Pool (1917), and the Ithaca Children's Playground (1918) and associated formation of roads, tree planting, construction of embankment gardens, small reserves and street gardens throughout the suburbs of Red Hill, Kelvin Grove, Paddington, Rosalie, Bardon, and parts of Milton. Because of the hilly terrain, many of the new streets were divided, leaving embankments which the Ithaca Town Council considered were cheaper to plant and beautify than to cut down. This approach placed the Council at the forefront of street beautification projects in the Brisbane metropolitan area and Australia and led to numerous requests for advice in civic landscaping from other councils, interstate as well as within Queensland. At the second Australian Town Planning Conference and Exhibition, held in Brisbane in July–August 1918, the Ithaca Town Council exhibited photographs showing treatment of ugly cuttings and street improvements which beautify the street and at the same time solve practical difficulties. The Ithaca Embankments on mid Latrobe Terrace are a good example of the same.
On 25 February 1922, Sir Matthew Nathan, the Governor of Queensland unveiled the Ithaca War Memorial () to commemorate local people who had died in World War I.
Prior to 1925 the suburb was administered by the Ithaca Town Council. In that year the council was amalgamated with 24 other councils to form the Brisbane City Council.
In 1927 the water tower at Garfield Terrace was opened. At the opening the President said it had always been the aim of the Water Board to afford facilities to provide a full water supply to all residents on elevated land. For a time the area was referred to as Paddington Heights, supposedly to differentiate it from the more traditional working class Paddington.
Archbishop James Duhig wanted to establish a monastery and school in Rosalie for the Marist Brothers. On 29 July 1928 the foundation stone was laid by B. Catteneo at a site opposite the church on Fernberg Road (). Building work was completed in time for Marist Brothers College Rosalie to open on 28 January 1929 with an initial enrolment of 135 boys. The school was officially opened on 20 February 1929 by Archbishop Duhig. The monastery was also used as a boarding school until 1940. On Sunday 6 June 1948 the foundation stone for the new Brothers school building was laid by Duhg accompanied by Éamon de Valera, who was travelling around Australia to speak and associate with the many Irish immigrants who had made Australia their home, at the end of his term of office of Taoiseach (Prime Minister) of Ireland. De Valera's visit was controversial given his role in the Irish War of Independence against the British Government and there was reluctance to hold civic receptions in his honour. Nonetheless, a crowd of nearly 2.000 people attended the laying of the foundation stone including the Labor Premier of Queensland (and staunch Catholic and local resident) Ned Hanlon and the Works Minister, Bill Power. At the ceremony at Rosalie, de Valera said "...the new school was part of the evidence of the magnificent works of charity and community effort that he had seen in every capital of the Commonwealth." On 2 October 1949 Duhig formally opened the new school building which had cost £35,000. The school closed in 2008 despite considerable protests from families currently and formerly associated with the school. The school buildings are now used as the Lavalla Centre, a conference and meeting facility.
In the early 1960s Lord Mayor Clem Jones of the Labor Party embarked on an ambitious programme to "sewer" Brisbane and within five years all the residences were sewered. Occasionally "outhouses" can still be seen in back yards. Following on from that over the next 10 years or so bitumen was laid to the sides of all roads. Bitumen used to extend to curbs only on the main roads. The 1960s saw the first steps of inner Brisbane moving away from a "country" town to an urban city.
Until December 1968 electric trams, operated first by the Brisbane Tramways Company and later the Brisbane City Council, operated along all four main thoroughfares in the suburb. A tram depot (garage) was located on Latrobe Terrace between 1915 and 1962, when it was destroyed in one of Brisbane's largest fires. The cause of the Paddington tram depot fire is not known however arson and public corruption has been rumoured for years. Sixty-five of Brisbane's trams were destroyed which was a large proportion of its fleet. After the fire Old Dreadnought trams were pressed into service, and eight replacement (Phoenix) trams were built, but Lord Mayor Clem Jones began to close lines almost immediately. The destruction of the depot is generally seen as the beginning of the end for Brisbane's tram system, providing the justification for the subsequent closure of four tram routes, the gradual encroachment of bus operation on other tram routes with the final closure of the tram system occurring on 13 April 1969.
The 1970s reflected the new ethnic mix in Paddington and though still a working class area many Italian restaurants opened in the area as did various "fish and chip" shops, delicatessens, and tailors. Though hardly cosmopolitan by Melbourne and Sydney standards, Paddington along with New Farm and West End, was at the forefront of exposing traditional Brisbane residents to cuisines and cultures from around the world.
The 1974 Brisbane flood which ravaged much of Brisbane largely left Paddington proper alone. The main roads and shops of Paddington were on the ridge tops and it was only the houses in the gullies and dips that were affected. The same cannot be said of the Rosalie area or that part of Paddington near Milton where flood waters affected most properties, at some points reaching roof lines.
In 1975 the suburb of Rosalie was merged into Paddington with Rosalie being accorded neighbourhood status within Rosalie.
Paddington was one of the first suburbs in Brisbane to undergo "gentrification" in the mid-1980s. Accommodation prices rose sharply as younger white collar workers moved closer to the CBD as factories, and factory workers, were relocated to the outer suburbs. As a result, there was much development in the area. The old Paddington Hotel in Given Terrace was demolished and an American style "tavern" was built in its place, whilst across the road the Paddington movie theatre was demolished in 1981 and a shopping arcade, "The Paddington Centre", was built on its site. On Latrobe Terrace the basic brick functional "Paddington Central" shopping centre (formerly the Paddington Tram Depot) was demolished and a more modern shopping centre was built.
The Hale Street Inner City Bypass North-West Ring Road effectively split Petrie Terrace from Paddington and Red Hill and upset the local community greatly. What was a suburban street became a 4 lane main road. In the process a number of houses were resumed by the State government who already had been criticized for a lack of community consultation. To make matters worse the residents of the area were elderly or workers and otherwise people without a political voice. Some of those whose houses were to be resumed refused to be evicted and were forcibly ejected by the Queensland Police. The only local benefit was that when the development occurred, land, previously unallocated state land, was given to the adjoining playground.
The 2000s
At the turn of century again there was a substantial local opposition to the Queensland Governments proposed redevelopment of Lang Park. The park was widely perceived to be adequate for the Rugby League games it held however the Labor Party State government and the Lang Park Trustees had other ideas of turning it into a modern large scale money making venue. The State government sold the idea, rather disingenuously, as an upgrade to the "home of the working mans game Rugby League in Queensland". Local opposition to the redevelopment was concerned with the lack of car parking at the venue, remote access to public transport as well as difficulties the suburb would have in dealing with the increased numbers of crowds. Vocal opponents frequently referred to the Brisbane Exhibition Grounds in the nearby Bowen Hills as being more suitable, with all the transport infrastructure already there and the already proven ability to deal with large crowds every Exhibition week. The issue threatened to be an election issue and though Labor was returned in the area and locally it is significant to note that Labor locally lost a substantial number of votes which were picked up by the local Greens party candidate who ran on a "no stadium" platform. With little public consultation the project went ahead and was renamed "Suncorp Stadium" after the chief money sponsor. Ultimately though the venue is an "eyesore" the surrounds are better maintained and neater than that of the previous Lang Park. Ironically, though crowd movement on event days is still a problem, the rugby league crowds are not greatly larger than before leading to the need for other sports to be played there including soccer and rugby union.
In the , the population of Paddington was 7,987, 52.2% female and 47.8% male. The median age of the Paddington population was 32 years of age, 5 years below the Australian median. 73.6% of people living in Paddington were born in Australia, compared to the national average of 69.8%; the next most common countries of birth were England 4.5%, New Zealand 3.5%, Ireland 1.1%, United States of America 1%, South Africa 0.9%. 86% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 1.3% Italian, 0.8% German, 0.8% French, 0.8% Spanish, 0.5% Mandarin.
In the , Paddington had a population of 8,562 people.
Culture
Prior to the late 1980s many factories circled the Brisbane CBD which had very little residential accommodation. Accordingly, the suburbs of Paddington, Red Hill, Milton, New Farm, Spring Hill, Fortitude Valley were considered "inner city" suburbs and housed many workers families as well as seasonal workers who worked in those factories. The relatively cheap housing also meant that new migrants, itinerants, students, artists, and disenfranchised Aboriginals lived in the area.
Accordingly, Paddington was traditionally working class mainly made of Australians, old Irish Catholic Australians, indigenous aboriginal people and new waves of Catholics migrants. The first Catholic migrants were the Irish and then the Italians, Croatians, Polish and Hungarians came in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s.
The high proportion of Catholics in the area during those years is attested to by the fact that there are seven Catholic churches, one boys Catholic High school (threatened with closure), two girls Catholic high schools, four primary Catholic schools (one defunct), and various Catholic halls and refectories all within a three-mile radius.
Similarly the Catholic migrants had their clubs nearby with the Polish club in the neighbouring suburb of Milton, the Italian club a suburb away in Newmarket and the Croatian club formerly in Roma Street in the Brisbane CBD and then Fortitude Valley before securing premises at Morningside and then building a club and soccer fields at Rocklea.
Today the sons and daughters of immigrant families are a continuing presence in the Paddington area as many of the commercial and residential premises are owned by the "new" migrant families that settled in the area.
The low cost of the area also meant that young people and students moved to the area and brought their own "do it yourself" entertainment with them. By 1976 various members of the punk band "The Saints" lived in a share house in Petrie Terrace and even created a club there, "Club 76". It was Bailey's sister who rented the terrace house on the corner of Petrie Terrace and Milton Road, near the Windmill Café in Petrie Terrace. Bailey moved into the basement and, when his sister moved out, Hay and Wegener ( of "The Saints") moved in. The band would frequently play parties there when no other venues were available, until the storefront was smashed in by an unhappy neighbour. Undaunted, the band nailed boards up and splashed "Club 76″ across the front of the place. Though in reality the club was a room in the house where they lived and was constantly harassed by police, and closed down by the Health department when it was found to have only one toilet. In January 1977 the Saints celebrated the release of the album and the cover picture (and subsequent video clip) was taken down the road from Club '76 in an abandoned terrace house.
With the influx of young people into the area there was a resurgence of popularity in the area as an entertainment precinct. The Paddington Tavern became a well known drinking spot for younger people. The Paddington Workers Club has at various times been used as a live band venue as has the Caxton Street Hall while the Paddington Centre upstairs housed the famous night clubs, Café Neon and Viva and the old boot factory on Caxton Street housed the "Spaghetti Emporium" restaurant and then the "Underground" night club before being demolished.
The Caxton Street Hall (which since has been the Velvet Cigar strip club and is now Lefty's Old Time Music Hall) was also a notorious live venue which hosted gigs by "The Saints", "The Go-Betweens", "The X-Men", "Died Pretty", "Xero", The Black Assassins, les Bon Bons, Razar and others as did the Lang Park Leagues Club. The general mood of the time was captured by The Saints in their song "Brisbane (Security City)"(1978).
Police had been wary and aggressive towards the local Brisbane punks for some time and had employed their "baton" first ask questions later attitude on many occasions. The Queensland Police Service was a tight knit unit under the right wing Conservative State government who had been in power since 1957 and were largely seen to be the front line troops enforcing the government's conservative views on religion, social policy and public behaviour.
The Caxton Street Hall was a natural target for plainclothes police and undercover operatives. The hall (then known as the Baroona Hall) had since its inception in the 1890s been a community centre with a largely working class association including being used by the suffrage movement, the anti World War I movement, as a meeting place for strike organisation, an Australian Labor Party meeting place and a co-operative community welfare centre. By the 1970s it was serving as a venue of the burgeoning civil liberties movement and in 1976 the Baroona Legal Service (the Caxton Street legal Service after 1980) was established, much to the chagrin of the police, to provide free legal advice for people who could not afford it otherwise. It was there that the young people and elderly sought advice. At night the hall became a venue for local punks and local independent radio station 4ZZZ to put on concerts. Local Brisbane punks however because of the stifling and oppressive political climate were more politicized than punks in other States.
The most notorious gig at the Caxton was on 30 November 1979 following a gig by local punk band "The Sharks". As the crowd came out onto the footpath, police waded in and began arresting patrons. 12 teenagers were arrested and assaulted on the footpath and back and at the police watch house.
In the 2000s, prices for housing continue to rise in the area; however many of the traditional residents of the area still reside there giving the area a colourful mix of young urbanites and older retired working people.
Transport
By road: the main thoroughfares of Paddington are Given, Latrobe and Enoggera Terraces. Most shops are located on Given and Latrobe Terraces.
By bus: Buses operated by Brisbane Transport continue to serve the suburb. And in conditions free of traffic congestion a bus trip from the Brisbane CBD takes around ten minutes to upper Paddington.
Attractions
Nightlife and entertainment
Largely due to Paddington's proximity to the Brisbane CBD, tertiary institutions as the University of Queensland (in St Lucia), Kelvin Grove campus of the Queensland University of Technology (in Kelvin Grove), the Queensland University of Technology itself (in the Brisbane CBD), the Red Hill TAFE (in Red Hill), as well as housing suitable for "share-housing" (older wooden houses with multiple small rooms) and the general culture of the area (former working class and multicultural) many young people, especially students, live in the area.
As a result, there are a number of night clubs on Given Terrace including the Paddington Tavern, and many smaller bars that change owners on a regular basis. The Paddington Tavern also plays hosts to the "Sit Down Comedy Club" which over the years has hosted Arj Barker, Carl Barron, Dave Hughes, Eric Bana, Jimeoin, Judith Lucy, Kitty Flanagan, Lano and Woodley, Mick Molloy, Rodney Rude, Ross Noble, Shane Bourne, Steady Eddy, Tripod, The Umbilical Brothers and Wil Anderson amongst many others.
Paddington was one of the first, if not the first, suburbs to be gentrified, and developed a coffee culture in the 1980s which is still significant and vibrant today. Similarly, being an area with a large migrant population in the 1960s and 1970s, there are many restaurants in the area. Most of these coffee houses, small bars, eateries and restaurants are located along the Given Terrace and Latrobe Terrace that run through Paddington.
Similarly, there are many art galleries in the area and many artists as well as musicians and budding writers live in the area.
Traditional institutions like the Union Cooperative Society Ltd incorporating the Paddington Workers Club and the Brisbane Workers Community Centre exist. It is a member-owned organisation that aims to improve the social and economic well-being of its members and their community and was formed in 1965 to protect the incomes of workers from rising prices by providing goods and services at the lowest possible cost. While the Cooperative has largely moved out of retail there is still a small bar which doubles as a live venue but otherwise it is now a financial organisation that cares for members' financial interests.
Senior citizens are catered for by the Brisbane West Senior Citizens Club at 132 Latrobe Terrace which host activities and respite services for senior citizens.
The Centre for Multicultural Pastoral Care at 333 Given Terrace which was originally established in 1949 and provides pastoral care for post World War II immigrants from traditionally Catholic countries.
The nearby Brisbane Arts Theatre at 210 Petrie Terrace is a theatre company that has been producing plays for over 60 years.
The smaller localities of Rosalie and Torwood also has a thriving restaurant, café, and gourmet culture along Baroona Road which also hosts an annual Cheese Festival and where art house cinema can be viewed at the Blue Room Cinebar.
Shopping
Many houses along Given Terrace and Latrobe Terrace were converted into small shops in the 1980s and accordingly Paddington has a vibrant shopping scene for speciality shops of all types including fashion (clothes, shoes, male and female), food (chocolate, cheese, alcohol and organic), home wares ( bathroom supplies and hardware) and entertainment ( new and secondhand book stores, picture framing, video stores) and is largely devoid of the larger "chain" shops.
A thriving antique, second hand and opportunity shop scene exists in the area with the Paddington Antique Centre being the centrepiece. The Paddington Antique Centre is in the former Paddington Plaza Theatre located on Latrobe Terrace. The building has at various times been a movie theatre, dance hall and storage facility. It accommodates over 50 antique dealers trading under the one banner. The centre attracts many collectors both interstate and overseas.
The Union Cooperative Society building on the corner of Given and Latrobe Terraces was originally home to a grocery and petrol co-operative that provided lower cost household goods, groceries and petrol to its members. The building still houses the Workers' social club and is a hub of locally owned small businesses such as Chercher La Femme, Biome Eco Stores and Cocoon Petit Living and Simpatico restaurant.
Paddington Central on Latrobe Terrace, situated on the site of a former shopping complex which was originally the site of the Paddington Tram Station is the largest shopping complex in Paddington and contains a supermarket, a number of cafes, Il Posto Italian Restaurant as well as Paddington Medical Centre and Travel Clinic, a local family owned pharmacy Paddington Central Pharmacy and other speciality shops.
Outdoor
There a number of small parks in the area including the Neal Macrossan Park on Caroline Street (also known as Ithaca Playground) which also incorporates Paddington Skate Park and Tennis Courts and the adjacent Ithaca public pool on lower Caxton Street. The site has aesthetic significance as a public open space with extremely large Moreton Bay fig trees which line lower Caxton Street and Moreton Street and are significant landmark elements. The playground comprises three buildings along the northern boundary, adjacent to the kindergarten; a tennis court in the north eastern along Caroline Street; a skate bowl, known as Father Perry Place on the eastern side of the swimming pool; a large oval on the western side of the swimming pool and terraced playground space in the central area. The three buildings at the Neal Macrossan Playground are a large public hall facing Moreton Street, a small former free library to the east of this, and abutting this on the eastern side is a covered play area. A locomotive was added to the playground on 20 March 1973 but this was removed in 1995.
A larger multiuse park, Gregory Park, is located on Baroona Road near the Rosalie café precinct.
There is a fallen soldiers Memorial Park on the corner of Latrobe Terrace and Enoggera Terrace and a small park named after the former tram workers of the area, "Trammies Corner" on the corner of Latrobe Terrace and Prince Street.
The Suncorp Stadium (formerly known as Lang Park) is located on Castlemaine Street in Milton but fronts lower Caxton Street and hosts a number of sporting events. The Old Stadium, Lang Park, was the official home of Brisbane Rugby League, the defunct South Queensland Crushers, and then finally when Brisbane sponsored a national Rugby League club it became the home the "Brisbane Broncos". The old stadium was torn down in 2001 and te new stadium was built which hosts Brisbane Broncos Rugby league games, Rugby Union international test games, Brisbane Roar soccer games, as well as a number of other sporting and music one-offs.
Worship
There are a number of churches in Paddington proper including two Catholic and one Presbyterian Church. The Catholic parish of Jubilee has its parish headquarters on Given Terrace. The churches are located at:
Sacred Heart Catholic Church, 355 Given Terrace, Paddington.
St Thomas More Catholic Church, 111 Hale Street, Petrie Terrace, with mass in Italian.
Enoggera Presbyterian Church Building, 100 Enoggera Terrace, Paddington.
There are a further three Catholic churches in adjoining suburbs, a number of small Catholic Chapels, an Anglican church (in Milton, based at St Francis College on the historic Bishopbourne site), a Baptist church, and a Uniting Church. The nearest cemetery is the nearby Brisbane General Cemetery at Toowong (locally known as Toowong Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Brisbane though it is largely closed.
Nearby
Paddington adjoins the suburbs of:
Auchenflower, which is home to The Wesley Hospital a private hospital located near the Auchenflower train station and Auchenflower Stadium (also known as NAB Stadium), previously known as The Auchendome, a basketball centre.
Petrie Terrace, which is home to the upper Caxton street hotels, restaurants and shops
Red Hill, which is the home of the Broncos football club, Ithaca campus of Brisbane North Institute of TAFE, the Ithaca Bowls club and a State primary School;
Milton, which has Suncorp Stadium (also known as Lang Park), the Park Road café and restaurant precinct, and the Milton railway station;
Bardon which backs onto the Mt Cootha native reserve and has the Wests Rugby League Club, Bardon Junior Soccer Club, the Bardon Bowls Club, Brisbane Irish Rugby Football Club, and the West Brisbane Cricket Club. Local schools include one Catholic Primary School, two State Primary Schools and a Catholic Girls High School
Ashgrove (at the "sub-suburb" Jubilee end of Ashgrove) which has shopping complexes, parks and Catholic boys' and girls' high schools.
Education
Petrie Terrace State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 40 Moreton Street (). It is nestled below St Brigid's Church, Red Hill and behind the fig trees near the Ithaca Swimming Pool. In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 234 students with 20 teachers (15 full-time equivalent) and 18 non-teaching staff (9 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.
Schools in nearby suburbs also supply primary education to children in Paddington, including Ithaca Creek State School to the north in Bardon, Rainworth State School also in Bardon to the west, and Milton State School in Milton to the south.
There are no secondary schools in Paddington. The nearest secondary school is Kelvin Grove State College in Kelvin Grove.
There is a C&K childcare on Charlotte Street. There are also several nearby kindergartens including three Lady Gowrie Centres in Spring Hill. There is a Lady Gowrie day care centre and kindergarten on Enoggera Terrace, Red Hill, Kindy Patch Paddington, also on Enoggera Terrace behind a church, Chatterbox Long Day Care, which offers a Qld Govt approved Kindergarten program and is located on Guthrie Street and another in Elizabeth St, Rosalie. Avenues Child Care and Kindergarten and others are cropping up in the local area as well as a result of a focus by the federal government on early years education. From 2013 to Dec, 2019, the Federal Government has subsidised primary teachers wishing to/willing to transition to Early Years Education and Care.
Architecture
Brisbane has a lower inner city population density than Australia's two largest cities, Sydney and Melbourne. The lower population density reflects the fact that most of Brisbane's housing stock formerly consisted of detached houses. Early legislation decreed a minimum size for residential blocks resulting in few terrace houses being constructed. The high density housing that did exist came in the form of miniature Queenslander-style houses which resemble the much larger traditional styles but are sometimes only 1/4 the size. Commonly they were called "workers cottages". Many of the residences in the area are still the original and distinctive workers cottages, which are frequently built on stumps owing to the steep nature of their blocks. Most of the blocks are 16 perch (405 square metres) in size though 24 perch (607 square metres) and 32 perch (809 square metres) are common though typical to all blocks the houses tend to be at the front of the block close to the street. There has been a tendency, mainly by real estate agents for selling purposes to label these houses "Queenslanders" and though they do exist in the area the vast majority of houses are the small wooded 2 or 3 bedroom "workers cottages" with front verandas. These houses are all wood as the material was cheap in south east Queensland. The houses usually had "hopper" windows, high ceilings, vertical internal "VJ" wall boards and wooden floors covered in linoleum floor covering. They were usually on wooden stumps with wooden vertical palings between the stumps. The height of the stumps, and how high off the ground the house was depended not so much on utilising the underneath of the house area but rather on the angle of the block or how likely the area was to flood. The houses were also raised to allow air to circulate freely underneath thereby reducing the internal temperature of the house in the summer months. Roofs were traditionally of corrugated iron.
There was a tendency to enclose the verandas in the 1940s and 1950s and create "sun rooms" or "sleep outs" so the family could have more internal living space. These modifications were usually made with fibro which was popular and affordable at the time (though if there was enough money wood was used) with windows in the vertical louver style.
The other noticeable influence on the local architecture came with the influx of southern European migrants, mainly Italians and Croatians in the 1950s and 1960s. These migrants brought trade skills with them from Europe, mainly brick laying, plastering or steel work. It became the norm for migrants to "convert' and update the workers cottages for their needs. Hopper windows were replaced with casement windows, internal "VJ" wall boards were covered with masonite, wood parquetry replaced the linoleum, wooden stumps were replaced with concrete stumps, the underneath of the house was enclosed with besser blocks, air blocks, or brick work whilst allowing a garage for a car, common areas underneath and around the house were concreted, and wooden hand rails were replaced with steel handrails in a number of designs popular in the early 1960s. There has been a tendency to "revert" these renovations to the more traditional cottage design though many examples of this unofficial architectural style still exist and have a charm in themselves which refers to a distinct era of development.
Subsequent to the mini housing boom of the 1980s, there was a flurry of activity in the area with many of the larger 32 perch blocks of land being sub-divided into two 16 perch blocks and residences in the workers cottage style being made on the new land.
Recent housing renovations trends have been to "lift" and build in underneath or more commonly extend off the back into the back yard to give more living space popular with families today. The increased "internal" living space means that the "big back yard" concept has virtually disappeared.
Multi residence accommodations (such as apartment blocks) are relative newcomers to Brisbane, with few such blocks built before 1970. Perhaps because of the trade skills of the new migrants though there were a number of "6 pack" brick apartment blocks made in the 70s and 80s.
Heritage listings
Paddington has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
14 Caroline Street: Neal Macrossan Playground
50 Elizabeth Street: Rosalie RSL Hall
57 Elizabeth Street: Rosalie Community Kindergarten and Preschool
Enoggera Terrace: Ithaca War Memorial
140 Enoggera Terrace: former Ithaca Fire Station
150 Enoggera Terrace: Paddington Tramways Substation
Fernberg Road: Marist Brothers College Rosalie Buildings
23 Fernberg Road: Lucerne
170 Fernberg Road: Government House
16 Garfield Drive: Paddington Water Tower
34 Howard Street: Glenworth
50 Howard Street: Boondah
90 Howard Street: Baroona
16 Latrobe Terrace: Foresters' Hall
163-169 Latrobe Terrace: Paddington Antiques Centre
Notable buildings
The majority of notable non-residential buildings exist in the area, notably along Caxton Street, Given Terrace, Latrobe Terrace and Enoggera Terrace.
Given Terrace
The Paddington Tavern at 186 Given Terrace, which is a modern tavern built on the site of the old Paddington Hotel which was demolished in the early 1980s
The Hanlon shops at 216-228 Given Terrace, which are "terraced" styled shops with accommodation above formerly owned by the family of Pat Hanlon, who was the brother to Premier Ned Hanlon. The building was originally constructed in the 1880s and has been modified since however the original structure is still visible.
The old Uniting Church at 234-244 Given Terrace was sold to private interests in the 1980s and burnt down in 1996 after development proposals were rejected by the Brisbane City Council (a fate that was to befall the Red Hill Roller Skating rink). The wooden building was built in 1906 to accommodate the new congregation of the merged local Wesleyan and Primitive Methodist churches. The building was designed specifically for the triangular block and the new commercial and residential building largely reflects the shape of the original building. The only remaining feature of the Church are the brick retaining walls facing Given Terrace.
The old Sheard's Bakery at 265 – 267 Given Terrace. Constructed around 1888 it was a bakery for many years before being sold and converted into a shop and then restaurant.
The Kookaburra Café at 280 Given Terrace. Built around 1888 the building stands on land once owned by a person using the name Louis Le Gould who claimed he was the son of a French General who was Aide-de-camp to Napoleon Bonaparte. Le Gould was a licensed surveyor who was an unsuccessful candidate for alderman in November 1863, a local newspaper calling him pseudo-Gallic, lacking honor and reputable conduct.
The former Paddington Post Office on 293 Given Terrace at the corner of Latrobe Terrace, is a classic example of a Type T15 Federation Timber design, built in 1900. These commercial buildings feature a gable in the facade, including vent; veranda / porch with near flat roof, columns span the front with a balustrade around the porch and a large lantern vent centrally place in the roof.
The Sisters of Mercy Sacred Heart Convent at 327 Given Terrace, Paddington built in 1917. The building is representative of the Federation Queen Anne style in the timber detailing and asymmetrical façade. It is a good typical of the design of convents throughout Australia, which were built as prominent and substantial buildings, and were designed with the chapel within, often expressed as a projecting bay. The convent was designed by the architect T. R. Hall who designed other buildings for the Catholic Church including Our Lady of Victories, Bowen Hills, in partnership with GG Prentice. Hall designed other prominent buildings during this partnership, including the city hall, McDonnell and East building and the travel centre of New South Wales. The building is in private ownership though is heritage listed.
The Sacred Heart Church, Rosalie, at 358 Given Terrace, is a large Catholic church which was opened on 16 June 1918 and designed by prominent architect G. M. Addison. The church has a single-manual mechanical action organ was originally installed by J. W. Walker & Sons of London in 1885 and it is fully enclosed. It suffered damage by fire in 1942. In 1982 restoration was undertaken by H. W. Jarrott of Brisbane. The building is heritage listed
The old Ashton butchers building at 7-9 Latrobe Terrace (now a private business). Originally built in 1888 it housed Ashton's Butchers until the 1910s when it was taken over by the government and became the State Butchery.
Foresters' Hall, at 16 Latrobe Terrace (now a St Vincent de Paul "Vinnies" opportunity Shop). This timber hall was built between June and September in 1888 for the Trustees of Court Foresters' Hope, number 6535 of the Ancient Order of Foresters' Friendly Society, United Brisbane District and demonstrates a way of life during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries when friendly societies, which provided a welfare service by means of mutual aid, were a prominent and expanding part of Queensland society. The friendly societies came to Australia as part of the British philosophy of self-help and mutual aid which became prevalent during the industrial revolution. The building is also of interest for its legacy as part of the 1880s development boom which transformed Paddington from a semi-rural area into a commuter suburb of Brisbane. The Paddington Foresters' Hall had a seating capacity of 320 people and provided a thriving community service to the growing population of Paddington as a hall which could be let to the public for meetings including local Rechabites, the Salvation Army, the Ithaca Ratepayers Association, the Women's Christian Charity and the Theodore Unmack Society of Masons, the local Labour Party. In 1996, the hall was purchased by the present owners and Vinnies, an opportunity shop run by the Order of St Vincent de Paul, is there now.
The former Salvation Army Hall at 29 Latrobe Terrace (now Endeavour Opportunity Shop). The hall was built in 1897 and the "Army" played a vital role in providing relief during the various depressions. Its presence in the area reflects the former working class area of the suburb. The building was sold to private owners in the 1970s.
The former Paddington Plaza Theatre on 153 – 171 Latrobe Terrace (now the Paddington Antique Centre) is a traditional example of the 1930s movie house. It is a large and imposing timber building with rendered brickwork at either end and an awning which protrudes from the facade. The roof is gabled and constructed of corrugated iron. The building has been little modified internally and the main area is a large rectangular space with a vaulted plaster ceiling. The building is important in illustrating the pattern of development of suburban cinemas in Brisbane, and in illustrating the evolution of cinemas in Queensland, during the interwar years of the 20th century. It is important also in illustrating the pattern of development of the Paddington district. The building was erected circa 1929 by Brisbane contractor John Hutchinson [later J Hutchinson & Sons] for Greater Brisbane Motion Pictures Ltd and probably designed by Brisbane architect Richard Gailey jnr, the Plaza is a rare early 20th century 'atmospheric' theatre in Queensland. This ceiling was painted a vibrant blue and stars used to twinkle and backlit clouds and a moon moved across the sky on tracks. The blue paint is still apparent and some of the clouds still exist as does the proscenium which is constructed of plaster and features ornate plaster work. The term "atmospheric" denotes a picture theatre with an interior décor that simulated an exotic outdoor setting. Atmospheric cinemas were popularised in Australia in the late 1920s and early 1930s after the architect for Sydney-based Union Theatres, Henry White, travelled to the United States to study picture theatre design. Shortly after construction commenced, the Hutchinson family acquired both the building and the land, commencing a long association with the theatre. In 1929 the Plaza Theatre faced strong competition from at least two rival picture shows in the Paddington-Red Hill district: Stephens New Paddington Theatre on Given Terrace [c1924] (which was demolished in the early 1980s to make the Paddington Centre) and Red Hill Picture Pops on Enoggera Terrace [c1920] (which became the Red Hill Roller Skating rink and "mysteriously" burnt down following a development proposal in the early 2000s). Although the Plaza was by no means the first picture theatre in the Paddington district, it was the most ornate, erected in a third wave of picture theatre construction which swept Brisbane suburbs in the late 1920s and 1930s. The picture theatre was open seven days a week, with serials shown on Monday and Tuesday nights, films and newsreels on other nights, and a matinee programme on Sunday afternoons. On Saturdays, trams reputedly would stop outside the theatre at opening time and wait until the film finished to take patrons home again. Popular films attracted audiences of around 1200, for the movies appealed to all ages. A special soundproofed glass room, called the 'cry room', was provided for young mothers and their babies. The Plaza theatre also hosted dances and balls mainly for the local school of Marist Brothers Rosalie. The theatre operated successfully until television was introduced to Brisbane in the late 1950s, by which time Plaza audiences were reduced to 20-30 patrons per screening ( though the auditorium in 1960 contained seating for 932 persons). In 1961 the Plaza Theatre ceased to operate as a cinema and a level floor was installed and the building was used for indoor basketball until a court case instigated by a neighbour who complained of the noise. The plaza remained mostly vacant until 1974 and was sold in 1977. It now houses an antiques retailing centre. The shops fronting Latrobe Terrace are still occupied by a variety of tenants, and the complex is still the focus of a small nodal shopping centre. The Plaza Theatre (Paddington Antique Centre) complex now includes a series of small retail shops on either side of the foyer entrance.
The Ithaca Embankments on Latrobe Terrace below the Ithaca War memorial on first blush appear to be nothing more than a cut away into the side of a hill. They however are important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of the Ithaca Town Council's early 20th century street beautification projects, being some of the best surviving examples, and provide important surviving evidence of stone retaining wall and edging techniques practised by Brisbane's public landscape gardeners in the early 20th century, which were influential on civic landscaping throughout Queensland and Australia.
Enoggera Terrace
Ithaca Presbyterian Church, 100 Enoggera Terrace, Paddington, built in 1928 and of the Interwar Gothic style with the use of simple Gothic details such as the pointed entrance arch and simple tracery to the windows and entrance. The building is heritage listed.
The distinctive Paddington Substation at 150 Enoggera Terrace erected in 1929-30 during a period of tramways expansion which followed the Brisbane City Council's 1925 acquisition of the tramways system from the Brisbane Tramways Trust. It was erected on Cook's Hill, along the Paddington line, on land which was formerly part of the adjacent Ithaca Fire Station. The function of the Paddington substation, was to assist the Petrie Terrace substation (erected 1927–28) in providing a better distribution of power to the increased western suburbs tram services from the powerhouse at New Farm. The Paddington substation, constructed of bricks and structural steel from the old Countess Street power house which closed in mid-1928, was the first of his substation designs to incorporate a parapet wall, flat roof and exterior render. The substation commenced operation on 11 August 1930 and remained in service until the phasing out of Brisbane's trams in the late 1960s. In 1969 the Paddington line was closed, the substation's electrical equipment was removed, and the building became a storage depot and subsequently an art space and art centre.
The former Ithaca Fire Station, at 140 Enoggera Terrace, constructed in two stages, 1918–19 and 1928, is an excellent example of "between the wars" Queensland civic architecture. The place is an integral member of an historic group on Cook's Hill which includes the adjacent Ithaca War Memorial and Park, The Paddington Substation, and Ithaca Embankments. The brigade was formed in 1918 by the merger of the Ithaca and Milton Volunteer Fire Brigades, and provided the inner western suburbs with a permanent fire fighting force of four, with six auxiliary staff. It was closed down in the early 1980s.
The Ithaca War Memorial located on a parcel of land sandwiched between Enoggera and Latrobe Terraces on Cooks Hill and erected circa 1922. The memorial at Ithaca demonstrates the principal characteristics of a commemorative structure erected as an enduring record of a major historical event but also is rare as an early example of the clock tower type of memorial in the Brisbane area. The memorial provides evidence of an era of widespread Australian patriotism and nationalism, particularly during and following the First World War and memorial services are still held there every year on Anzac day. The stone memorial honours the 130 local men who died on active service during the First World War. The small park surrounding the memorial also has special associations with landscape gardener Alexander Jolly as one of the few remaining examples of his work, and with monumental masonry firm AH Thurlow. Much of the impetus for the work came from Ithaca Town Council's landscape gardener, Alexander Jolly, (father of the first Mayor of Greater Brisbane, William Jolly), who was a horticultural enthusiast and whose lifetime of gardening experience transformed the Ithaca townscape in the period c1915-25. Some of Jolly's more prominent projects included the rockeries along Musgrave and Waterworks Roads; the landscaping of Cook's Hill; and the Ithaca War Memorial garden, which, after his death, was named Alexander Jolly Park, in memory of one of the most esteemed men in the district, and as a unique tribute to the pick and shovel. Only small sections of the Waterworks Road rockeries remain, and most of the Cook's Hill garden was destroyed when the Paddington Tramways Substation was erected in 1929–30.
Others
Government House at 168 Fernberg Road in upper Paddington and is the official residence of the governor of Queensland and has been since 1911. The main house, built in 1865 and originally known as Fernberg there were extensive additions in the 1880s. The building is the only remaining substantial residence and villa estate, of almost original proportions, in Brisbane from the 1860s and with the later additions is regarded among the finest examples of a Victorian Italianate villa in Brisbane. The building was originally built by businessman Johann Christian Heussler who is believed to have given his home "Fernberg" a name of German origin that meant "distant mountain". The property was sold to businessmen George and Nathan Cohen in 1878 and then to various other businessmen before finally being bought by the State Government in 1911.
The Marist Brothers Monastery, Fernberg Road, Rosalie. The building is heritage listed.
Paddington Water Tower at 16 Garfield Drive (on what is known as Archibald's Hill) is an elevated reinforced concrete water tank on Paddington's highest point which can be seen from miles around. It is probably the only one of its type in Queensland being a reinforced concrete tank elevated on concrete columns. The tank's height from the highest point is 70 feet (21.34 metres) and the tank has a capacity of 100,000 gallons (.38 megalitre) though it is not in use at present. It is important in demonstrating a phase in the history of Brisbane's water supply and the technological difficulties of providing reticulated water to elevated sites. It was constructed for a cost of £12,000 and completed in 1927.
The La Boite building which formerly housed the "La Boite Theatre Group" at Hale Street, Milton. The building was Australia's first purpose-built, 200 seat theatre in the round (designed by architect Blair Wilson). The award-winning "modernist" building became an iconic and much loved Brisbane theatrical landmark. The La Boite officially opened on Sunday 4 June 1972 and hosted many plays, both mainstream and controversial before relocating in 2003 to the more sterile State sponsored Kelvin Grove Village. The building is occupied by Evans Harch builders.
Notable residents
Ned Hanlon (1887–1952) – railway worker, grocer and Premier of Queensland 1946–1952 was born in Paddington.
Hector Hogan (1931–1960), sprinter and Olympic medallist was educated at Marist Brothers Rosalie
Terry Lewis – former disgraced Queensland Commissioner of Police lived in Paddington prior to his incarceration on corruption charges
Barry Maranta (educator, businessman, sports management, co-founder of the Australian-based Brisbane Broncos rugby league team) was educated at Marist Brothers Rosalie
Warren Moon (Australian Footballer, soccer player, plays in the Scottish Football first division) was educated at Marist Brothers Rosalie
Sir Arthur Morgan (1856–1916), newspaper proprietor and "progressive" Premier of Queensland 1903–1906 lived in Paddington at the time of his death.
Sir Kenneth Morris (1903–1978), army officer, shoe/boot manufacturer, liberal/conservative politician, deputy premier of Queensland 1957–1962 was born in Paddington.
Gordon Olive (1916-1987)- Australian fighter ace in the Battle of Britain, World War II
Stan Pilecki (1947)(Australian Team Rugby Union Captain 1970s–1980s) was educated at Marist Brothers Rosalie
Santo Santoro (1956)(former Liberal Party Senator) was educated at Marist Brothers Rosalie
Bull Tillney, WW2 veteran and POW lived next door (oral history J. Campbell)
The band The End lived in Paddington and played at the Caxton Street Hall in 1981, before transforming into the band Died Pretty.
Paul Piticco, music and hospitality entrepreneur, grew up in the suburb and attended Petrie Terrace State School.
Errol O'Neill (1945 - 2016) playwright, actor, writer, director, dramaturg and producer, specialising in the creation of new work for the theatre lived in Glanmire Street, Paddington for many years
Cultural references
Caxton Street is mentioned in the song "Brisbane (Security City)" by The Saints, from their 1978 album Prehistoric Sounds.
"THE PADDO BOYS - A baby boomer's journey through the Seventies" (Zeus Publications, 2017) by Peter Coman is a memoir, in part, about growing up in the Paddington working class milieu of the 1960s and 1970s. Peter Coman was raised in Paddington and went to school at Marist Brothers Rosalie.
Nick Earls’ 1996 novel "Zigzag Street" takes place around Brisbane's inner west - Red Hill, Paddington and Milton. Local references are frequent and specific.
References
Further reading
Heritage Trail: Latrobe and Given Terraces, Paddington, Series No 10, 2nd Edition, Brisbane City Council, 1995.
Padd, Paddo, Paddington, Dawn Buckberry (ed), Paddington History Group, 1999
The History of the Sacred Heart Parish Rosalie 1898–1998, Ellen Ries, Private Publication, 1998
Radical Brisbane: An Unruly History, Raymond Evans & Carole Ferrier (eds), The Vulgar Press, 2004
External links
Suburbs of the City of Brisbane |
5389070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazzaj | Blazzaj | Blazzaj is a Romanian acid jazz band founded in 1996 by Eddie Neumann and Florin Barbu as FunkinLeFree. Since August 1998, the band is known as Blazzaj. The band's name backwards spells "Jazz Alb" (Romanian for "White Jazz").
Current members
Tavi Horvath - Vocal (1998–present)
Gabriel Almasi - Guitar/Electronics (2015–present)
Petrică Ionuțescu - Trumpet/Keyboards (1998–present)
Uțu Pascu - Bass (2002–present)
Vali Potra - Drums (1996–present)
Sergiu Catana - Percussion (2015–present)
Past members
Cristina Păduraru - Vocal, Flute (2004–2007)
Eddie Neumann - Vocal, Saxofon (1996–2003)
Horia Crisovan - Guitar (1998–2015)
Florin Barbu - Bass (1996–2002)
Sasi Vuscan - Guitar (1996–1998)
Discography
1998 - Blazzaj!
2003 - Macadam
External links
Blazzaj Official Site
Official MySpace
Romanian dance musical groups
Acid jazz ensembles |
3995476 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farasan%20Islands | Farasan Islands | The Farasan Islands (; transliterated: ) are a small group of coral islands approximately 40 km off the coast of Jizan in the Red Sea, belonging to Saudi Arabia.
The government provides free ferry rides twice a day to Farasan Islands from Jizan Port. The largest island of the archipelago is Farasan Island; others include Sajid Island and Zufaf Island. The islands are a popular tourist destination. In recent years the Saudi government has tried to increase the tourism quality and worth (as part of a larger tourism drive in the country) of the Islands in order to attract even more visitors.
History
In the 1st century AD, the islands were known as Portus Ferresanus. A Latin inscription dating from 144 AD has been found on the island which attests to the construction of a Roman garrison. It is believed that the islands may have been attached to the province of Arabia Felix, before being transferred to Aegyptus some time before 144 AD. If this is correct, it would make the Farasan Islands the farthest Roman outpost, being nearly 4000 km from Rome itself.
In 1900, the Imperial German Navy struck a deal with the Ottoman Empire that allowed them to establish a coaling station on the islands to support their ships operating in the Red Sea. The German Empire planned on eventually acquiring the islands but the project was dropped in 1902 because the coal depot remained unused and the Ottoman Empire refused to transfer it.
Climate
The climate in the Farasan archipelago is characterised by a long hot season (April–October) and a short mild one (November–March). In the long dry period high temperatures are usually dominant. The mean annual temperature is 30 C. Furthermore, the mean relative humidity in winter ranges from 70% to 80% and in summer between 65% and 78%. The highest rainfall occurs in April and the precipitation is generally unpredictable in the southern part of Red Sea.
Nature
The Farasan Island Marine Sanctuary is a protected area. It is home to the Arabian gazelle, and, in winter, migratory birds from Europe. Oceanic animals include manta rays, whale sharks, and several species of sea turtles including endangered and critically endangered green and hawksbill turtles, dugongs, and several species of dolphins and whales with occasional visits by others such as orcas.
Economy
After a French engineer investigated petroleum seeps on the islands in 1912, a 75-year concession was granted to the Red Sea oilfields. At the time, the Farasan Islands supported a small fishing industry.
Tourism and fishing also play a role in the economy. Farasan Island is connected to Jezan port by ferry.
See also
Greater Yemen
References
External links
Saudi Aramco World: Dreaming of Farasan
Farasan Island, a diver's paradise, Splendid Arabia: A travel site with photos and routes
Archipelagoes of the Indian Ocean
Islands of the Red Sea
Islands of Saudi Arabia
Jizan Province
Protected areas of Jazan Region |
3995506 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farasan | Farasan | Farasan may refer to:
Farasan Islands - archipelago in the Red Sea
Farasan Island - largest island of the archipelago
Farasan - largest city of the archipelago |
5389086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna%20Reid | Susanna Reid | Susanna Reid (born ) is an English television presenter and journalist. She was a co-presenter of BBC Breakfast from 2003 until 2014 alongside Bill Turnbull and Charlie Stayt. In 2013, she finished as a runner-up on the eleventh series of Strictly Come Dancing. Since 2014, Reid has been the lead presenter of the ITV Breakfast programme Good Morning Britain alongside Ben Shephard, Kate Garraway and formerly Piers Morgan. She also presented Sunday Morning Live on BBC One from 2010 to 2011.
Early life and education
The youngest of three children, Reid was born in Croydon, South London. She was educated at the independent Croham Hurst School, from 1975 to 1981, followed by the independent Croydon High School (1981–87) and St Paul's Girls' School (1987–89) in London. Her parents separated and divorced when she was aged 9. Her father was a management consultant, her mother was a nurse. Reid appeared as an actress while an adolescent, in a stage production of Agatha Christie's Spider's Web (1982) with Shirley Anne Field, and then alongside Peter Barkworth and Harriet Walter in The Price (1985) on Channel 4.
Reid studied Politics and Philosophy at the University of Bristol (1989–92), where she was editor of Epigram, the student newspaper, and then trained as a journalist at Cardiff University's Centre for Journalism, earning a Postgraduate Diploma in Broadcast Journalism.
Career
Reid began her career at BBC Radio Bristol and then became a reporter for Radio 5 Live, as well as a producer. She then joined BBC News 24, where she spent two years as a reporter. When the 23:00 presenter did not arrive one night, Reid became a stand-in presenter for an hour (while three months pregnant with her first child), which turned into a permanent position.
Reid was one of the main presenters on BBC Breakfast, presenting with Bill Turnbull on Mondays, Tuesdays and Wednesdays and previously presenting with Charlie Stayt on Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays. She held that role from 2012, when she replaced lead presenter Sian Williams. In 2010, Reid stepped down from presenting Breakfast on Saturdays and Sundays to take a role on a new programme Sunday Morning Live. As of the final episode of the first series on 21 November 2010, she resumed her weekend presenting duties on BBC Breakfast within 2 weeks.
Reid was also previously the regular newsreader during the headlines on The Andrew Marr Show. On 16 May 2010, she stood in briefly for Andrew Marr for the Sunday newspaper review, when he arrived late for the programme after interviewing the new Prime Minister David Cameron. Reid handed back to Marr following the paper review. Reid presented the main show for the first time on 10 March 2013 following Marr's extended absence after suffering a stroke in January 2013. On 22 February 2009, Reid presented the BBC's live coverage of the 2009 Oscars from Los Angeles and also presented coverage of the 2010 Oscars on 7 March.
On 31 December 2013, Reid presented the New Year Live programme on BBC One.
In February 2014, it was reported that ITV were attempting to recruit Reid for their new breakfast programme, with a £1 million salary. Reid had previously rejected claims of moving to ITV in December 2013, during her Strictly Come Dancing stint, saying she would "bleed BBC" if cut open. On 3 March 2014, the BBC confirmed Reid's move to ITV to front rival breakfast programme Good Morning Britain, which replaced its former breakfast show Daybreak. She co-hosts the show alongside rotating male presenters Monday-Wednesday and with Ben Shephard every Thursday. She hosts the show from 6 am to 9 am.
On 19 December 2014, Reid appeared on a special Text Santa episode of Tipping Point with fellow Good Morning Britain presenters. In 2017, Reid co-presented Save Money: Good Food alongside Matt Tebbutt.
In October 2018, Reid appeared as a cameo in Hollyoaks.
In July 2020, Reid appeared on Celebrity Gogglebox alongside barrister and TV judge Robert Rinder.
On 3 May 2022, Reid interviewed Prime Minister Boris Johnson live on Good Morning Britain.
Awards
In March 2014, the Television and Radio Industries Club named Reid Newsreader of the Year at their annual awards, the week after it was announced she would join ITV. In 2015, she again won the same award. In 2015, she also received an Honorary Fellowship from her alma mater, Cardiff University.
Personal life
Reid separated from partner, former sports correspondent Dominic Cotton in 2014 after 16 years together. Reid lives in South London with her three children. Reid is a supporter of Crystal Palace, visiting the club's Selhurst Park ground with her dance partner while taking part in Strictly Come Dancing, in 2013. In November 2018, Reid revealed that she was in a relationship with Crystal Palace chairman Steve Parish. However it was announced in April 2019 that the relationship had ended.
Reid is a pescetarian, something she used to discuss occasionally with chef James Martin when commenting on the dishes on Saturday Kitchen. In 2015, she said she suffers "very mild tinnitus".
Charity work
Reid is a regular contributor to Media Trust, a charity linking other charities to the media industry, and has hosted events for the Myotubular Trust and Voluntary Arts England. In 1998, just before she became a reporter for Breakfast News, she worked for three months in Sri Lanka as a voluntary media consultant for a charity which counsels victims of the civil war and operates orphanages and social development programmes.
On 22 April 2012, Reid took part in the London Marathon, raising money for Sport Relief, completing the course in just over five hours.
Filmography
Television
Film
Honours
Scholastic
Chancellor, visitor, governor, rector and fellowships
References
External links
Living people
Alumni of Cardiff University
Alumni of the University of Bristol
BBC newsreaders and journalists
English television presenters
ITV Breakfast presenters and reporters
People educated at Croham Hurst School
People educated at Croydon High School
People from Croydon
Year of birth missing (living people) |
5389096 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child%20cannibalism | Child cannibalism | Child cannibalism or fetal cannibalism is the act of eating a child or fetus.
Ritual practice accusations
Modern cases
China
The performance artist Zhu Yu claimed that he prepared, cooked and ate real human bodies, including fetuses, as an artistic performance. The performance was called Eating People, and he claimed it was to protest against cannibalism. It was intended as "shock art". The Chinese Ministry of Culture cited a menace to social order and the spiritual health of the Chinese people, banned exhibitions involving culture, animal abuse, corpses, and overt violence and sexuality and Zhu Yu was prosecuted for his deeds.
Snopes and other urban legend sites have said the "fetus" used by Zhu Yu was most likely constructed from a duck's body and a doll head. Other images from another art exhibit were falsely circulated along with Zhu Yu's photographs and claimed to be evidence of fetus soup.
Critics see the propagation of these rumors as a form of blood libel, or accusing one's enemy of eating children, and accuse countries of using this as a political lever.
Korea
Capsule pills purported to be filled with human baby flesh in the form of powder were seized by South Koreans from ethnic Koreans living in China, who had tried to smuggle them into South Korea and consume the capsules themselves or distribute them to other ethnic Korean citizens of China living in South Korea. Experts later suggested that the pills had actually been made of newborn placenta for the documented practice of human placentophagy.
Satire
Jonathan Swift's 1729 satiric article "A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland from Being a Burden to Their Parents or Country, and for Making Them Beneficial to the Public" proposed the utilization of an economic system based on poor people selling their children to be eaten, claiming that this would benefit the economy, family values, and general happiness of Ireland. The target of Swift's satire is the rationalism of modern economics, and the growth of rationalistic modes of thinking at the expense of more traditional human values.
See also
Albert Fish
Child sacrifice
Filial cannibalism
Human placentophagy
Saturn Devouring His Son
Traditional Chinese medicines derived from the human body
References
External links
Photos in South-Korean newspaper
Italian Asian article
Urban legends website
LJ News
Cannibalism
Child murder |
5389102 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slingerlands%2C%20New%20York | Slingerlands, New York | Slingerlands is a hamlet in the town of Bethlehem, Albany County, New York, United States. It is located immediately west of Delmar and near the New Scotland town-line and south of the Albany city-limits, and is thus a suburb of Albany. The Slingerlands ZIP Code (12159) includes parts of the towns of New Scotland and Guilderland.
History
The history of Slingerlands begins in 1850 when the Albany, Rensselaerville, and Schoharie Plank Road Company was established by the state to construct a plank road from Albany, through Slingerlands, to Gallupville in Schoharie County. In 1854, the state authorized the company to abandon or sell portions and to turn other sections (including that part in Slingerlands) into a turnpike and charge tolls. The post office was originally called Normanskill and was built in 1852 with William H. Slingerland as the first post master. In 1863, the Albany and Susquehanna Railroad was built through Slingerlands with a station established here as well. William H. Slingerland was the surveyor of the road, and since his route came in $600,000 less than a previous survey the company named the station here Slingerlands in his honor. In 1870, the post office also took the name Slingerlands. After having been in the rear of a grocery store for a hundred years it moved to the Tollgate Building in 1953, until the 1990s when a newer larger location was built near the Price Chopper Plaza. In 1989, the New Scotland post office was closed and the 400 residents it served were transferred to Slingerlands' ZIP Code.
New Scotland Road through Slingerlands was labeled as part of New York State Route 85 in the 1930 renumbering of state highways. In 1968, the Slingerlands Bypass was constructed as a two-lane extension of the Crosstown Connection, a limited-access highway in the city of Albany; Route 85 was then routed onto this highway. The original plan was to connect with the Delmar Bypass near New York State Route 85A, thereby bypassing Slingerlands, it and the Delmar Bypass were never finished due to a lack of funding. In 1987, the developer of the Juniper Fields sub-division agreed to build for the town a 1,700 foot extension of the Delmar Bypass to Van Dyke Avenue, and the developer of Delmar Village agreed to build a 2,750 foot extension of Fisher Boulevard to Delaware Avenue, this then left only a 6,000 foot extension of the Delmar Bypass to complete a full loop around Delmar and Slingerlands. At the time it was still the long-term goal of the town to extend both bypasses themselves to their original meeting point near Route 85A. In 2007, the existing Slingerlands Bypass was reconstructed from two to four lanes and the highway was extended behind the Price Chopper Plaza to meet New Scotland Road over Le Grange Road opposite Cherry Avenue Extension. Each intersection, four in all, were converted to two-lane roundabouts.
The Slingerlands Homeowners Association was founded in 1972 and is the oldest neighborhood association in the town of Bethlehem. The neighborhood group had become moribund by the late 1980s, but was reactivated by controversy over a new shopping center and succeeded in having the shopping center, today the Price Chopper Plaza, scaled back by almost half.
In 1987, Slingerlands was the site of filming for some scenes in the movie Ironweed, which starred Jack Nicholson, based on the book of the same name written by William Kennedy. Scenes were filmed of a recreated 1930s era steam locomotive and the Dillenbeck House at 1511 New Scotland Road (built in 1876).
The Slingerlands Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012. Also listed are the House at 698 Kenwood Avenue, LeGrange Farmstead, and Albert Slingerlands House.
Geography
Slingerlands is situated along New Scotland Road (New York State Route 85) from the Albany city-limits south and west to Fisher Boulevard near the New Scotland town-line; and along Kenwood Avenue east from NY 85 to Adrianca Lane.
Location
Demographics
The population of Slingerlands ZIP code, which is larger geographically than the hamlet itself is 7,646.
Architecture
Slingerlands is predominately residential, with commercial properties mostly along New Scotland Road from the Albany city-line south to the intersection with Kenwood Avenue. Many historic homes and buildings from the 1800s still stand in the heart of the hamlet, many of which are associated with the founding family of the Slingerland's, such as the Dillenback House built by Albert Slingerland. The oldest house in the hamlet is that of John Albert Slingerland, and Albert I. Slingerland built the Slingerlands Community Methodist Church in 1872. The Old Slingerlands Schoolhouse built in 1908 has been converted into apartments.
Much of the newer residential construction has been built in a style to imitate that of the historic house-styles, such as Greek Revival, Federal, Victorian, and Colonial. A house in Slingerlands built in 1922 was once the official residence for the president of the University at Albany, SUNY. Among the relatively new, yet still historic, is a 1929 cottage built from a kit bought from the Sears, Roebuck catalogue.
Education
Slingerlands is a part of the Bethlehem Central School District (BCS) and the children attend Slingerlands Elementary School for kindergarten through fifth grade; and Bethlehem Central Middle School and Bethlehem Central High School for sixth through twelfth.
References
External links
Bethlehem, New York
Hamlets in New York (state)
Hamlets in Albany County, New York |
5389139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awidnik%20County | Świdnik County |
Świdnik County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest city is Świdnik, which lies east of the regional capital Lublin. The only other town in the county is Piaski, lying south-east of Świdnik.
The county covers an area of . As of 2019, its total population is 71,897, including a population of 39,217 in Świdnik, 2,553 in Piaski, and a rural population of 30,127.
Neighbouring counties
Świdnik County is bordered by Łęczna County to the north-east, Chełm County to the east, Krasnystaw County to the south-east, and Lublin County and the city of Lublin to the west.
Administrative division
The county is subdivided into five gminas (one urban, one urban-rural and three rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.
References
External links
Statystyczne Vademecum Samorządowca 2016
Land counties of Lublin Voivodeship |
3995512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco%20de%20As%C3%ADs%2C%20Duke%20of%20C%C3%A1diz | Francisco de Asís, Duke of Cádiz | Francisco de Asís, Duke of Cádiz (Francisco de Asís María Fernando de Borbón; 13 May 1822 – 17 April 1902), sometimes anglicised Francis of Assisi, was the king consort of Queen Isabella II of Spain from their marriage on 10 October 1846 until Isabella was overthrown on 30 September 1868.
Family
Francis was born at Aranjuez, Spain, the second son (first to survive infancy) of Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain, and of his wife (and niece), Princess Luisa Carlotta of the Two Sicilies. He was named after Saint Francis of Assisi.
Marriage and children
Francis married Isabella, his double first cousin, on 10 October 1846.
Twelve children were born during the marriage, of whom five reached adulthood:
Infanta María Isabel (1851–1931): married her mother's and father's first cousin Prince Gaetan, Count of Girgenti.
Alfonso XII of Spain (1857–1885).
Infanta María del Pilar (1861–1879).
Infanta María de la Paz (1862–1946): married her paternal first cousin Prince Louis Ferdinand of Bavaria.
Infanta María Eulalia (1864–1958): married her maternal first cousin Don Antonio de Orléans y Borbón, Infante of Spain, Duke of Galliera.
Later life
Starting in 1864, Francisco de Asís acted as president of the Spanish Privy Council (Consejo del Reino).
In 1868 he went into exile with his wife in France and adopted the incognito title of Count of Moratalla. On 25 June 1870, Isabella abdicated in favour of their son, Alfonso XII—whom the 1874 restoration placed on the throne. By then, Francisco de Asís and Isabella had amicably separated and, with time, became good friends.
In 1881 Francisco de Asís took up residence at the château of Épinay-sur-Seine (currently the city hall). He died there in 1902. His wife Isabella and two of his daughters, Isabel and Eulalia, were present at his deathbed.
Honours
Ancestry
References
Bibliography
Bergamini, John D. The Spanish Bourbons: The History of a Tenacious Dynasty. New York: Putnam, 1974.
|-
|-
House of Bourbon (Spain)
1822 births
1902 deaths
Kings consort
Spanish royal consorts
Dukes of Cádiz
Spanish captain generals
Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain
Collars of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial |
3995516 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig%20Nova | Craig Nova | Craig Nova is an American novelist and author of fourteen novels.
His writing has appeared in Esquire, The Paris Review, The New York Times Magazine, and Men's Journal, among others. His short story, "The Prince," won an O.Henry Award. His first novel, "Turkey Hash", won the prestigious Harper-Saxton Award. Nova received an Award in Literature from the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters and received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1997.
His fourteen novels thus far are somewhat thematically linked. The first two novels, written in the 1970s, were basically coming of age or bildungsroman novels. The next three, his third, fourth and fifth books (The Good Son, The Congressman's Daughter and Tornado Alley) are often thought of as his Passion Trilogy, sharing similar structures (each novel is broken up into different "books"; each novel is narrated in the first person by a variety of characters, male and female). And the books share similar geography, with stories that either take place largely in the East (as it does in "The Congressman's Daughter"), or which begin on the East coast and gradually move West. "The Good Son" starts out in the East (Ohio), New York and in New England (Vermont, etc.), where Nova lived for over three decades, and its denouement takes place in both the West (Washington) and East, New York. "Tornado Alley", The last book in the Passion Trilogy moves the action from the East coast (Pennsylvania) across country to the West coast, in California, where the majority of Nova's story about passion, adultery and unrequited love plays out. In each book, a serious conflict arises between parent and child, or man and wife (or both), usually due to one or both of them being in love (complicated triangles were part of Nova's well-written bag of tricks during this era of his career). This Passion Trilogy may well prove to be Nova's personal masterpiece. In its unerring ability to capture Americans of all classes (lower, middle and upper) and the struggles for power that take place every day (between father and son, father and daughter, husband and wife, etc.), and its uncanny ability to capture the voices of characters feminine and masculine, the three novels and writing therein are reminiscent of the best work of Booth Tarkington. A book critic for the Seattle Times was moved to write, "I see them as the all-American prose equivalent to Beethoven's Symphonies Nos. 3, 5 and 7. ...there's a genuinely classical grandeur to Nova's tales of erotic derailment and titanic family conflict." Nova's next three novels, his seventh, eighth and ninth books ("Trombone", "The Book of Dreams", and "The Universal Donor"), are linked geographically, with all of the action taking place on the West coast, largely in California, where Nova was born and raised. As a child, he played with the daughter of Jane Mansfield and as a teenager, raced against Steve McQueen. His Hollywood childhood was put to good use in his California trilogy of novels that taken on relationships the various people (lovers, fathers, friends and others) wrapped up in movie-making and con games, with the lines between both often being blurred. In his three most recent novels ("Wetware", "Cruisers", and "The Informer"), Nova has moved into the genre of crime and mystery fiction, taking cues and borrowing tropes from writers like William Gibson ("Wetware"), James M. Cain ("Cruisers") and Graham Greene ("The Informer").
In 2005 he was named Class of 1949 Distinguished Professor in the Humanities at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Nova was a judge on the fiction panel of the 2006 National Book Awards.
He lives in North Carolina.
Bibliography
Novels
Turkey Hash (1972)
The Geek (1975)
Incandescence (1979)
The Good Son (1982)
The Congressman's Daughter (1986)
Tornado Alley (1989)
Trombone (1992)
The Book of Dreams (1994)
The Universal Donor (1997)
Wetware (2002)
Cruisers (2004)
The Informer (2010)
The Constant Heart (2012)
All The Dead Yale Men (2013)
Double Solitaire: A Novel (2021)
Autobiography
Brook Trout and the Writing Life (1999)
External links
Official website of Craig Nova
Craig Nova's Blog, "The Writing Life"
Craig Nova's faculty webpage at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro
2004 interview with Craig Nova by Salon.com
2004 audio interview with Craig Nova by John Walters on New Hampshire Public Radio
2004 audio interview with Craig Nova by Michael Silverblatt on KCRW's Bookworm
1994 audio interview with Craig Nova by Michael Silverblatt on KCRW's Bookworm
Craig Nova's books at Random House
Craig Nova listed as a judge of the 2006 National Book Awards
1982 review of Craig Nova's novel The Good Son in The New York Times by author John Irving
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
Living people
Novelists from North Carolina
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Year of birth missing (living people) |
3995524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81utselk%27e | Łutselk'e | Łutselkʼe (, Dëne Sųłıné Yatıé: ; "place of the ", the cisco, a type of small fish), also spelt Łutsel Kʼe, is a "designated authority" in the North Slave Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. The community is located on the south shore near the eastern end of Great Slave Lake and until 1 July 1992, it was known as Snowdrift, as the community lies near the mouth of the Snowdrift River.
History
Łutselkʼe is a First Nation community and the area was traditionally occupied by the Chipewyan Dene In 1925 the Hudson's Bay Company opened a post followed by the Roman Catholic Church. A school opened in 1960. There is a proposal ongoing for Thaidene Nene National Park Reserve, with an area of , which has the support of the community.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Lutselk'e had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
In the 2016 Census the majority of the population, 270 people, were First Nations, 10 people were Métis and 10 were Inuit. The main languages in the community are Denesuline and English.
In 2016, 115 people said they spoke an Indigenous languages as their mother tongue. Of these 115 people, 105 spoke Dene (Chipewyan or Denesuline), 5 spoke Dogrib or Tłı̨chǫ and 5 spoke North Slavey or Hare. Another 5 people gave a Chinese language as their mother tongue. A total of 295 knew English and another 5 knew both English and French.
Services
There is a two-person Royal Canadian Mounted Police detachment and health centre with two nurses in the community. There is a single grocery store, the Lutselk'e Co-op, a post office and nine lodges / outfitters in the area. Education in the community is provided by the Lutsel Kʼe Dene School, which offers a comprehensive K-12 program. Additionally, there is also a community learning centre run by Aurora College.
Although not accessible by road there is an airport, Lutselk'e Airport, with scheduled services from Yellowknife and an annual sealift is provided by the territorial government's ships from Hay River in the summer. Lutselk'e Water Aerodrome is available in the summer months when the lake is clear of ice.
First Nations
Łutsel Kʼe is represented by the Łutsël K'é Dene First Nation and are part of the Akaitcho Territory Government.
References
Further reading
Barnes, F.Q. Snowdrift Map-Area, District of Mackenzie, Northwest Territories (Preliminary Report). Geological Survey of Canada paper, 51–6. Ottawa, Ont: GSC, 1951.
Bielawski, E. The Desecration of Nánúlá Kúé Impact of Taltson Hydroelectric Development on Dene Sonline. [s.l.]: Łutsel Kʼe Dene First Nation, 1993.
Canada, and M. M. Dillom Limited. Final Report Environmental Assessment Studies, Northern Canada Power Commission Facilities at Snowdrift, Repulse Bay and Grise Fiord, Northwest Territories. Edmonton, Alta: Environment Canada, 1978.
Chambers, Cynthia Maude. Damaged and Needing Help Violence and Abuse in Aboriginal Families in Yellowknife and Lutsel Kʼe. [S.l.]: Lutra Associates, 1993.
Northwest Territories, and BHP Billiton Diamonds Inc. Communities and Diamonds Socio-Economic Impacts in the Communities of: Behchoko, Gameti, Whati, Wekweeti, Detah, Ndilo, Lutsel Kʼe, and Yellowknife : 2005 Annual Report of the Government of the Northwest Territories Under the BHP Billiton, Diavik and De Beers Socio-Economic Agreements. [Yellowknife]: Govt. of the Northwest Territories, 2006.
Parlee, Brenda, Evelyn Marlowe, Lutsel Kʼe Dene First Nation. Traditional Knowledge on Community Health Community-Based Monitoring. Yellowknife: West Kitikmeot/Slave Study Society, 1998.
Shinpo, Mitsuru, and Cyntha Struthers. A Preliminary Report Prepared for the Snowdrift Indian Band. Waterloo, Ont: St. Jerome's College, University of Waterloo, 1990.
Weitzner, Viviane. Dealing Full Force Lutsel Kʼe Dene First Nation's Experience Negotiating with Mining Companies. Ottawa, Ont: North-South Institute, 2006.
External links
Communities in the North Slave Region
Dene communities
Road-inaccessible communities of the Northwest Territories |
3995541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February%2017%20%28Eastern%20Orthodox%20liturgics%29 | February 17 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics) | February 16 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - February 18
All fixed commemorations below are observed on March 2 (March 1 on leap years) by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.
For February 17th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on February 4.
Saints
Saint Mariamne, Equal to the Apostles, sister of Apostle Philip (1st century)
Saint Auxibius of Soli, Bishop of Soli in Cyprus (102)
Martyrs Donatus, Romulus, Secundian, and 86 Companions, at Concordia (Portogruaro), near Venice (304)
Great-martyr Theodore the Tyro (c. 306)
Martyr Theodoulos, at Caesarea Palestina (308)
Saint Mesrop Mashtots of Armenia (440)
Holy Emperor Marcian (457) and St. Pulcheria, his wife (453)
Venerable Martyr Theocteristus, Abbot of Pelekete monastery near Prusa (8th century) (see also: November 10 and February 28)
Pre-Schism Western saints
Martyrs Faustinus and Companions, a group of forty-five martyrs honoured in Rome.
Saint Lommán of Trim (Luman), a nephew of St Patrick and the first Bishop of Trim in Meath in Ireland (c. 450)
Saint Habet-Deus, Bishop of Luna in Tuscany in Italy, probably martyred by the Arian Vandals (c. 500)
Saint Fortchern, Bishop of Trim in Ireland, he later lived as a hermit (6th century)
Saint Guevrock (Gueroc; Kerric), Abbot of Loc-Kirec, he also helped St Paul of Léon (6th century)
Saint Fintan of Clonenagh, a disciple of St Columba, he led the life of a hermit in Clonenagh in Leix in Ireland, Confessor (603)
Saint Finan of Lindisfarne, Bishop of Lindisfarne (661)
Saint Silvinus of Auchy, enlightener of the area near Thérouanne, then a monastic in the Benedictine abbey of Auchy-les-Moines (fr) (c. 718)
Post-Schism Orthodox saints
St. Euxiphius I, Bishop and Wonderworker, listed in some synaxaria as one of the "300 Allemagne Saints" in Cyprus (late 12th century) (see also: September 17)
Venerable Theodore the Silent, of the Kiev Caves Monastery (13th century)
Venerable Theodosius, monastic founder at Mt. Kelifarevo (1363), and his disciple St. Romanus (c. 1370), of Turnovo, Bulgaria.
New Martyr Michael Mavroeidis of Adrianopolis (1490)
Saint Hermogenes of Moscow, Patriarch and Wonderworker of Moscow and all Russia (1612)
New Martyr Theodore of Byzantium, at Mytilene (1795)
New Hieromartyr Theodore of Adjara, Hieromonk, at Mt. Athos (1822)
Venerable Barnabas, Elder of Gethsemane Skete, of St. Sergius Lavra (1906)
Saint Nicholas Planas, Priest, of Athens (1932) (see also: March 2 - Greek)
New Hieromartyr Joseph Zograph of Dionysiou, Hieromonk, at Mt. Athos (1819)
New martyrs and confessors
New Hieromartyr Paul Kosminkov, Archpriest, of Lystsevo, Moscow (1938)
New Hieromartyr Michael Nikologorsky, Priest (1938)
Martyr Anna Chetverikov (1940) (see also: February 18)
Other commemorations
Uncovering of the relics (867-869) of Martyr Menas the Most Eloquent, of Alexandria (ca. 313)
Weeping "Tikhvin" Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos, at the Kozak Skete of St. Elias on Mt. Athos.
Repose of Elder Agapitus of the Kiev Caves (1887)
Repose of Schemamonk John (Shova) of Kolitsou Skete, Mt. Athos (2009)
Icon gallery
Notes
References
Sources
February 17 / March 2. Orthodox Calendar (pravoslavie.ru).
March 2 / February 17. Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Church (A parish of the Patriarchate of Moscow).
February 17. OCA - The Lives of the Saints.
The Autonomous Orthodox Metropolia of Western Europe and the Americas. St. Hilarion Calendar of Saints for the year of our Lord 2004. St. Hilarion Press (Austin, TX). pp. 15-16.
The Seventeenth Day of the Month of February. Orthodoxy in China.
February 17. Latin Saints of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Rome.
The Roman Martyrology. Transl. by the Archbishop of Baltimore. Last Edition, According to the Copy Printed at Rome in 1914. Revised Edition, with the Imprimatur of His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons. Baltimore: John Murphy Company, 1916. pp. 50-51.
Rev. Richard Stanton. A Menology of England and Wales, or, Brief Memorials of the Ancient British and English Saints Arranged According to the Calendar, Together with the Martyrs of the 16th and 17th Centuries. London: Burns & Oates, 1892. pp. 72-74.
Greek Sources
Great Synaxaristes: 17 Φεβρουαρίου. Μεγασ Συναξαριστησ.
Συναξαριστής. 17 Φεβρουαρίου. ecclesia.gr. (H Εκκλησια Τησ Ελλαδοσ).
Russian Sources
2 марта (17 февраля). Православная Энциклопедия под редакцией Патриарха Московского и всея Руси Кирилла (электронная версия). (Orthodox Encyclopedia - Pravenc.ru).
17 февраля (ст.ст.) 2 марта 2014 (нов. ст.). Русская Православная Церковь Отдел внешних церковных связей.
February in the Eastern Orthodox calendar |
3995544 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowlerton | Fowlerton | Fowlerton can refer to a place in the United States:
Fowlerton, Indiana
Fowlerton, Texas |
3995550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowlerville | Fowlerville | Fowlerville may refer to:
Fowlerville, Michigan, a village in Livingston County, Michigan, United States
Fowlerville, Erie County, New York, a hamlet in Erie County, New York, United States
Fowlerville, Livingston County, New York, a hamlet and census-designated place in Livingston County, New York, United States
Fowlerville, Sullivan County, New York, a hamlet in Sullivan County, New York, United States
Fowlersville, New York, a similarly named hamlet in Lewis County, New York, United States
Fowlersville, Pennsylvania, a similarly named place in Columbia County, Pennsylvania, United States |
3995556 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Slapshot | Operation Slapshot | Operation Slapshot is the code name of an undercover police operation, spearheaded by New Jersey state police, against an illegal nationwide gambling ring.
Details
The operation was made public on February 6, 2006. Rick Tocchet, an assistant coach for the Phoenix Coyotes, a team in the National Hockey League, and Janet Jones, the wife of ice hockey and NHL great Wayne Gretzky, were among those under investigation or indicted with charges pertaining to the operation. Also under investigation was suspended state trooper James Harney, who was allegedly Tocchet's partner in the operation.
The investigation also referred to the possibility of an NHL team owner, half a dozen active NHL players, and other coaches and team staff members being involved in this investigation. As of February 8, 2006, two more names were mentioned as people implicated by law enforcement officials: San Jose Sharks center Jeremy Roenick, and Toronto Maple Leafs center Travis Green.
The ring was said to allegedly have ties to the Bruno-Scarfo crime family, which has a base of operations in and around Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and southern New Jersey.
Pleas and sentences
On August 3, 2006, former New Jersey state trooper James Harney pleaded guilty to conspiracy, promoting gambling and official misconduct, and promised to help authorities with their case against Tocchet and others. Harney said that he and Tocchet were 50–50 partners in the betting ring. Harney was sentenced to six years in prison on August 3, 2007.
On December 1, 2006, James Ulmer, 41, of Swedesboro, New Jersey pleaded guilty to conspiracy and promoting gambling, and agreed to cooperate with authorities.
On May 25, 2007, Tocchet, who is known to be a “nice guy” pleaded guilty to conspiracy and promoting gambling and was placed on probation for two years for his role in Operation Slapshot, and avoided jail time. He was allowed to return to active duty in February, provided he refrains from gambling in any way in the future. He must also submit himself to NHL-NHLPA doctors to see if he has an issue with compulsive gambling.
References
2005–06 NHL season
Sports betting scandals
Ice hockey controversies |
3995562 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina%20%28Greek%20singer%29 | Sabrina (Greek singer) | Sabrina (), born as Alexandra Tserkanou (), is a Greek pop singer who was born on 29 September 1969 in Bulawayo, Rhodesia (today Zimbabwe) to Greek parents.
Career
Sabrina took piano and voice lessons from an early age. She made her debut in 1992 with the album Stin Aggalia Mou Ela. In her next two albums Eleftheri and Ego tha Ime Ego, she tried her skills at composing; she follows with three additional releases Geitonies tou Feggariou, Epikindino Paihnidi, and Ipopsies. In 1994, she teamed up with Costas Charitodiplomenos to compose Ftes. The song is entered in the OGAE Song Contest and won, bringing the trophy for the first time to Greece.
In 2000, she released the album Boom Boom and in 2002 the album Breakfast Time. In 2003, she participated in the Greek national final for Eurovision with the song Camera -a dance anthem- and ranked 3rd in the public choice. She first released a re-release of Breakfast Time along with the single Camera and also released her next studio album Agori Mou. In 2004 she returned with a more dance-pop orientated record called Se Vlepo. 2006 saw Sabrina return to a more traditional Greek sound with her eleventh studio album I Agapi Pote Den Pethainei. In 2007 she released her twelfth and last studio album thus far Yperparagogi. Sabrina promoted the record with appearances on television. It's also her only record to be available through iTunes.
In 2013, a new song called Apomythopoieisai was posted on YouTube.
In her career Sabrina has gradually performed at many of the most famous nightclubs in Greece.
Personal life
Sabrina was married with Panagiotis Liadelis from 2004 to 2008. The couple has one son.
Discography
Studio albums
Stin Aggalia Mou Ela (1992)
Eleftheri (1993)
Ego Tha Eimai Edo (1994)
Stis Geitonies Tou Feggariou (1995)
Feggaria Kathreftes (1996)
Epikindino Paihnidi (1997)
Iposies (1998)
Boom Boom (2000)
Breakfast Time (2002)
Agori Mou (2003)
Camera (2003)
Se Vlepo (2004)
I Agapi Pote Den Pethainei (2006)
Yperparagogi (2007)
Compilation albums
Htypokardia Tou '60 (1988)
Single&EPs
Apomythopoieisai (2013)
Ti Travame Kai Meis Oi Horeutries (2016)
Duets
"Phones" (with Costas Charitodiplomenos) (1996)
"Den Boro" (ft. Stamatis Gonidis) (1997)
"Achoristes" (with Effie Sarri) (2000)
"Tha 'Thela Na Imouna Tragoudi" (featuring Dimos Beke) (2002)
Ehoun Skasei Ap' Tin Zilia (with Petros Imvrios) (2007)
"Oti Thes Me Kaneis" (feat. Stathis Kios) (2017)
"S'Eho Eroteutei" (ft. Costas Charitodiplomenos) (2021)
References
Living people
21st-century Greek women singers
Greek laïko singers
20th-century Greek women singers
Zimbabwean emigrants to Greece
1969 births
People from Bulawayo |
3995570 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Pendry | John Pendry | Sir John Brian Pendry, (born 4 July 1943) is an English theoretical physicist known for his research into refractive indices and creation of the first practical "Invisibility Cloak". He is a professor of theoretical solid state physics at Imperial College London where he was head of the department of physics (1998–2001) and principal of the faculty of physical sciences (2001–2002). He is an honorary fellow of Downing College, Cambridge, (where he was an undergraduate) and an IEEE fellow. He received the Kavli Prize in Nanoscience "for transformative contributions to the field of nano-optics that have broken long-held beliefs about the limitations of the resolution limits of optical microscopy and imaging.", together with Stefan Hell, and Thomas Ebbesen, in 2014.
Education
Pendry was educated at Downing College, Cambridge, graduating with a Master of Arts degree in Natural Sciences and a PhD in 1969.
Career
John Pendry was born in Manchester, where his father was an oil representative, and took a degree in Natural Sciences at the University of Cambridge after which he was appointed as a research fellow at Downing College, Cambridge, between 1969 and 1975. He spent time at Bell Labs in 1972-3 and was head of the theory group at the SERC Daresbury Laboratory from 1975 to 1981, when he was appointed to the chair in theoretical physics at Imperial College, London, where he stayed for the rest of his career. Preferring administration to teaching, he was Dean of the Royal College of Science from 1993–6, head of the Physics Department from 1998–2001 and Principal of the Faculty of Physical Sciences 2001–2. He has authored over 300 research papers and encouraged many experimental initiatives.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1984 and in 2004 he was knighted in the Birthday Honours. In 2008, an issue of Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter was dedicated to him in honour of his 65th birthday.
He is married to Pat, a mathematician he met at Cambridge who became a tax inspector. They have no children. His hobbies include playing the piano.
Research
Pendry has authored or co-authored a wide range of articles and several books.
Pendry's research career started with his PhD, which was concerned with Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), a technique for examining the surface of materials which had been discovered in the twenties but which waited for Pendry's method of computing the results to become practical. His supervisor, Volker Heine observed that Pendry "is one of the few research students that I have had who did things independently that I could never have done myself". At Bell Labs, Pendry worked with Patrick Lee in photoelectron spectroscopy to develop the first quantitative theory of EXAFS, for which he was awarded the Dirac Prize in 1996.
Pendry noticed that the problem of photoemission was similar to his work on LEED and this was important as the synchrotron at Daresbury was just coming online. As head of the theory group there he published his theory of angle-resolved photoemission which remains the standard model in the field. These methods enabled the band structure of electrons in solids and at surfaces to be determined to unprecedented accuracy and in 1980 he proposed the technique of inverse photoemission which is now widely used for probing unoccupied electron states.
Whilst maintaining his position as the UK's leading theoretical surface physicist, at Imperial he began to study the behaviour of electrons in disordered media and derived a complete solution of the general scattering problem in one dimension and advanced techniques for studying higher dimensions, which are relevant to conductivity of bio-molecules. In 1994 he published his first papers on photonic band structures enabling the interaction of light with metallic systems to be discovered. This led to his invention of the idea of metamaterials.
Perfect lens
An article in Physical Review Letters in 2000 which extended work done by Russian scientist Victor Veselago and suggested a simple method of creating a lens whose focus was theoretically perfect, has become his most cited paper. Initially, it had many critics who could not believe that such a short article could present such a radical idea. However his ideas were confirmed experimentally and the notion of the superlens has revolutionised nanoscale optics.
Invisibility cloak
In 2006 he came up with the idea of bending light in such a way that it could form a container around an object which effectively makes the object invisible and produced a paper with David R. Smith of Duke University who demonstrated the idea at the frequency of microwaves. This idea, commonly known as the Invisibility cloak, has stimulated much recent work in the field of metamaterials. In 2009 he and Stefan Maier received a large grant from the Leverhulme Trust to develop the ideas of perfect lens and invisibility cloak in the optical range of light.
Awards and honours
In 2019, Pendry won the SPIE Mozi Award "in recognition of his eminent contributions to the development of perfect lens"
In 2016, Sir John Pendry was awarded the Dan David Prize.
In 2014, he was a co-recipient of the Kavli Prize in Nanoscience, awarded by the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, with Stefan Hell of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, and Thomas Ebbesen of the University of Strasbourg.
In 2013, he won the Institute of Physics Isaac Newton Medal.
In 1994, he was a recipient of the BVC Medal and Prize, awarded by the British Vacuum Council.
References
External links
John Pendry video: The birth and promise of metamaterials (SPIE Newsroom, October 2011)
1943 births
Living people
People educated at Ashton-under-Lyne Grammar School
Alumni of Downing College, Cambridge
Knights Bachelor
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellow Members of the IEEE
English physicists
Academics of Imperial College London
Fellows of the Institute of Physics
Metamaterials scientists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
UNESCO Niels Bohr Medal recipients
Deans of the Royal College of Science
Condensed matter physicists
Kavli Prize laureates in Nanoscience
Optical physicists |
3995579 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Mitchell%20%28journalist%29 | Chris Mitchell (journalist) | Christopher John Mitchell is an Australian journalist. He was the editor-in-chief of The Australian from 2002 to 2015.
Journalism career
In 1973 Mitchell began his career as a 17-year-old cadet on the former afternoon Brisbane tabloid, The Telegraph. After working at the Townsville Bulletin, The Daily Telegraph and The Australian Financial Review, he joined The Australian in 1984. He turned down a dentistry scholarship to pursue a career in newspapers.
In 1992, aged 35, Mitchell was appointed editor of The Australian. In 1995 he became editor-in-chief of Queensland Newspapers. In the role, he had editorial oversight of The Cairns Post, Townsville Bulletin and Gold Coast Bulletin.
In 2002 he returned to The Australian as editor-in-chief. Mitchell retired from the position in December 2015.
Prior to his retirement, Mitchell had completed 42 years as a journalist with 24 of those years as an editor. Rupert Murdoch praised his contributions as News Corporation's longest serving editor worldwide.
In 2016, a book of Mitchell's memoirs entitled Making Headlines was published by Melbourne University Press. Speaking at its launch, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull described the book as containing "a crisp plain English account of the dynamics of politics and the media in Australia".
Controversy
In 1996, the newspaper Mitchell edited at the time, The Courier-Mail, claimed that the prominent Australian historian Manning Clark had been awarded the Order of Lenin. This claim was later shown to be false.
Climate change
Mitchell was named by academic Clive Hamilton as one of Australia's "Dirty Dozen", a list people he believed to be "doing the most to block action on climate change in Australia". He featured in editions of the list published in 2006, 2009 and 2014. In 2010, Mitchell claimed that he had been defamed by academic Julie Posetti in a series of tweets she posted from a journalism conference claiming that reporter Asa Wahlquist had said Mitchell controlled election coverage of climate change issues. Posetti refused to apologise when tapes of the conference seemed to back her version of events.
In 2017, Mitchell wrote an opinion piece entitled "Climate hysteria hits 'peak stupid' in hurricane season".
Other roles
he is an Ambassador for the Australian Indigenous Education Foundation.
Awards and recognition
In the 2019 Australia Day Honours Mitchell was made an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) for "distinguished service to the print media through senior editorial roles, as a journalist, and to Indigenous education programs".
References
Further reading
"Rating The Australians election coverage, Crikey, 14 October 2004
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Australian journalists
Australian monarchists
The Australian journalists
Officers of the Order of Australia |
3995596 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerts%20for%20the%20People%20of%20Kampuchea%20%28album%29 | Concerts for the People of Kampuchea (album) | Concerts for the People of Kampuchea is a double album credited to Various Artists and released in March 1981. It contains live performances by Wings, the Who, Queen, Elvis Costello, Pretenders, the Clash, the Specials and other artists from the Concerts for the People of Kampuchea, held at London's Hammersmith Odeon in December 1979 to raise money for the victims of war-torn Cambodia.
History
The album starts with four songs from the Who (culled from a 3-hour set list) and finishes with three songs from Wings and three from the all-star line-up called Rockestra. A selection of the best performances from the concerts was compiled and released as a film, Concert for Kampuchea.
Rockestra was a Paul McCartney-led supergroup of at least thirty English rockers. The credited list appears at the bottom of the back cover of the LP. The name was first given to an assemblage of famous rock stars that were brought together by McCartney for the final Wings album, 1979's Back to the Egg. The supergroup – which consisted of Wings, John Paul Jones and John Bonham of Led Zeppelin, David Gilmour from Pink Floyd, Ronnie Lane of the Faces, Kenney Jones and Pete Townshend of the Who, and Hank Marvin of the Shadows – recorded two McCartney compositions, the instrumental "Rockestra Theme" and "So Glad to See You Here".
Then, McCartney and Kurt Waldheim re-assembled Rockestra for a series of benefit concerts for the people of Cambodia (also known as Kampuchea), suffering from the reign of Pol Pot. This time, Rockestra consisted of, among others, Wings, John Paul Jones, Bonham, Robert Plant, Rockpile, James Honeyman-Scott and Townshend. Hank Marvin was not available and Gilmour for tax reasons had to decline, as he was with the rest of Pink Floyd in Los Angeles, California, where they were in the midst of rehearsing for an upcoming concert tour for the just released Pink Floyd album The Wall.
Despite the all-star lineup and charting within the Top 40, it remains one of McCartney's few projects to never receive a remaster or a CD release.
Album track listing
"Baba O'Riley" (Pete Townshend) – 5:12
"Sister Disco" (Townshend) – 5:16
"Behind Blue Eyes" (Townshend) – 3:46
"See Me, Feel Me" (Townshend) – 5:49
Tracks 1–4 performed by the Who
"The Wait" (Chrissie Hynde, Pete Farndon) – 3:28
"Precious" (Hynde) – 3:23
"Tattooed Love Boys" (Hynde) – 3:18
Tracks 5–7 performed by Pretenders
"The Imposter" (Elvis Costello) – 2:10
Performed by Elvis Costello & the Attractions
"Crawling from the Wreckage" (Graham Parker) – 3:02
Performed by Rockpile
"Little Sister" (Doc Pomus, Mort Shuman) – 3:33
Performed by Rockpile with Robert Plant
"Now I'm Here" (Brian May) – 6:49
Performed by Queen
"Armagideon Time" (Bennett) – 4:15
Performed by the Clash
"Hit Me With Your Rhythm Stick" (Ian Dury, Chaz Jankel) – 4:30
Performed by Ian Dury & the Blockheads
"Monkey Man" (Toots Hibbert) – 2:26
Performed by the Specials
"Got to Get You into My Life" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney) – 2:57
"Every Night" (McCartney) – 4:17
"Coming Up" (McCartney) – 4:08
Tracks 15–17 performed by Wings
"Lucille" (Albert Collins, Richard Penniman) – 3:03
"Let It Be" (Lennon, McCartney) – 4:12
"Rockestra Theme" (McCartney) – 2:30
Tracks 18–20 performed by Rockestra
Rockestra's personnel
Piano: Paul McCartney
Keyboards: Linda McCartney, Tony Ashton, Gary Brooker
Guitars: Denny Laine, Laurence Juber, James Honeyman-Scott, Dave Edmunds, Billy Bremner, Pete Townshend, Hank Marvin, David Gilmour
Bass: Paul McCartney, Bruce Thomas, Ronnie Lane, John Paul Jones
Drums, Percussion: Steve Holley, Kenney Jones, Tony Carr, Morris Pert, Speedy Acquaye, John Bonham
Horns: Howie Casey, Steve Howard, Thaddeus Richard, Tony Dorsey
Vocals: Paul McCartney, Linda McCartney, John Paul Jones, Ronnie Lane, Bruce Thomas, Robert Plant
Charts
Album
Album track
References
The Pretenders live albums
Queen (band) live albums
Paul McCartney and Wings albums
Albums produced by Chris Thomas (record producer)
The Who live albums
Elvis Costello live albums
The Clash live albums
1981 live albums
The Specials live albums
Atlantic Records live albums |
3995598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind%20%28journal%29 | Mind (journal) | Mind is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Mind Association. Having previously published exclusively philosophy in the analytic tradition, it now "aims to take quality to be the sole criterion of publication, with no area of philosophy, no style of philosophy, and no school of philosophy excluded." Its institutional home is shared between the University of Oxford and University College London. It is considered an important resource for studying philosophy.
History and profile
The journal was established in 1876 by the Scottish philosopher Alexander Bain (University of Aberdeen) with his colleague and former student George Croom Robertson (University College London) as editor-in-chief. With the death of Robertson in 1891, George Stout took over the editorship and began a 'New Series'. Early on, the journal was dedicated to the question of whether psychology could be a legitimate natural science. In the first issue, Robertson wrote:
Throughout the 20th century, the journal was leading in the publishing of analytic philosophy. In 2015, under the auspices of its new editors-in-chief Lucy O'Brien (University College London) and Adrian William Moore (University of Oxford), it started accepting papers from all styles and schools of philosophy.
Many famous essays have been published in Mind by such figures as Charles Darwin, J. M. E. McTaggart and Noam Chomsky. Three of the most famous, arguably, are Lewis Carroll's "What the Tortoise Said to Achilles" (1895), Bertrand Russell's "On Denoting" (1905), and Alan Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" (1950), in which he first proposed the Turing test.
Editors-in-chief
The following persons have been editors-in-chief:
1876–1891: George Croom Robertson
1891–1920: George Frederic Stout
1921–1947: George Edward Moore
1947–1972: Gilbert Ryle
1972–1984: David Hamlyn
1984–1990: Simon Blackburn
1990–2000: Mark Sainsbury
2000–2005: Michael Martin
2005–2015: Thomas Baldwin
2015–present: Adrian William Moore and Lucy O'Brien
Notable articles
Late 19th century
"A Biographical Sketch of an Infant" (1877) – Charles Darwin
"What is an Emotion?" (1884) – William James
"What the Tortoise Said to Achilles" (1895) – Lewis Carroll
Early 20th century
"The Refutation of Idealism" (1903) – G. E. Moore
"On Denoting" (1905) – Bertrand Russell
"The Unreality of Time" (1908) – J. M. E. McTaggart
"Does Moral Philosophy Rest on a Mistake?" (1912) – H. A. Prichard
Mid 20th century
"The Emotive Meaning of Ethical Terms" (1937) – Charles Leslie Stevenson
"Studies in the Logic of Confirmation" (1945) – Carl G. Hempel
"The Contrary-to-Fact Conditional" (1946) – Roderick M. Chisholm
"Computing Machinery and Intelligence" (1950) – Alan Turing
"On Referring" (1950) – P. F. Strawson (online)
"Deontic Logic" (1951) – G. H. von Wright
"The Identity of Indiscernibles" (1952) – Max Black
"Evil and Omnipotence" (1955) – J. L. Mackie
"Proper Names" (1958) – John Searle
Late 20th century
"On the Sense and Reference of a Proper Name" (1977) – John McDowell
"Fodor's Guide to Mental Representation" (1985) – Jerry Fodor
"The Humean Theory of Motivation" (1987) – Michael Smith
"Can We Solve the Mind–Body Problem?" (1989) – Colin McGinn
"Conscious Experience" (1993) – Fred Dretske
"Language and Nature" (1995) – Noam Chomsky
See also
List of philosophy journals
The Monist
References
External links
Access to 1876–1922 volumes
Philosophy journals
English-language journals
Publications established in 1876
Quarterly journals
Oxford University Press academic journals
Academic journals associated with learned and professional societies
1876 establishments in Scotland |
3995617 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trampe%20bicycle%20lift | Trampe bicycle lift | The Trampe bicycle lift () is a bicycle lift in Trondheim, Norway, invented and installed in 1993 by Jarle Wanwik.
In 2013 it was upgraded and rebranded under the name Cyclocable by Skirail, part of the Poma group.
Usage
Use of the Trampe bicycle lift is free. When using the lift, the right foot is placed on the starting point (the left foot stays on the bicycle pedal). After pushing the start button, the user is pushed forward and a footplate emerges. A common mistake among tourists and other first-time users is that they don't keep their right leg outstretched and their body tilted forward. This makes it hard to maintain balance on the footplate, and can result in falling off.
In the summer months, Trampe is used extensively by both commuting inhabitants of Trondheim as well as tourists.
References
Gallery
External links
Video of the lift in operation on YouTube
Norwegian inventions
Cycling in Norway
Transport in Trondheim
Elevators
Individual elevators
1993 establishments in Norway |
3995631 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gam%C3%A8ti | Gamèti | Gamètì (; formerly known as Rae Lakes until 4 August 2005), officially the Tłı̨chǫ Community Government of Gamètì is a community in the North Slave Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. Gamètì, according to the Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre means "rabbit-net lake". 'Gamè' means 'rabbit', and 'tì' means lake, or water. It is one of the four Tłı̨chǫ communities which form part of the Tlicho Government.
History
The area is within the traditional territory of the Tłı̨chǫ (Dogrib) First Nations and was a popular hunting camp prior to permanent settlement. In the 1960s, Dene elders around Behchokǫ̀ decided to return to the land and establish traditional camps in the bush. Gamètì was established during this time, although in more recent years it too has become a modern community with essential services of its own. The community was officially known as Rae Lakes until August 4, 2005.
Before 2005, the community was unincorporated, and local governance was provided by a First Nations band government, Gameti First Nation. Under the terms of the Tłı̨chǫ Agreement, most responsibilities of Gamètì have been transferred to a new Gamètì Community Government. However, the First Nation is still recognized by the federal government for Indian Act enrollment.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Gamètì had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
According to the 2016 Census there were 270 Indigenous people, of which all were First Nations. Local languages are Dogrib (Tłı̨chǫ) some Slavey and English.
Services
The community, which is served by the Gamètì/Rae Lakes Airport, does not have all-weather road access, but an ice road is sometimes built in the winter. There is a daycare in the Gamètì and the Jean Wetrade School that provides education up to grade 12, along with a community learning centre. Other services include a post office, a two-member RCMP detachment, a health centre, with one nurse and the Rae Lakes General Store.
Climate
Gamètì has a subarctic climate (Dfc) with the average high throughout the year averaging below the freezing point. Due to it being below the tree line it has relatively warm but short summers.
See also
List of municipalities in the Northwest Territories
References
Further reading
Northwest Territories, and BHP Billiton Diamonds Inc. Communities and Diamonds Socio-Economic Impacts in the Communities of: Behchoko, Gameti, Whati, Wekweeti, Detah, Ndilo, Lutsel K'e, and Yellowknife : 2005 Annual Report of the Government of the Northwest Territories Under the BHP Billiton, Diavik and De Beers Socio-Economic Agreements. [Yellowknife]: Govt. of the Northwest Territories, 2006.
External links
Gamètì
Communities in the North Slave Region
Tłı̨chǫ community governments in the Northwest Territories
Dene communities
Road-inaccessible communities of the Northwest Territories |
3995633 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20discontinued%20Volkswagen%20Group%20petrol%20engines | List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines | The spark-ignition petrol (gasoline) engines listed below were formerly used by various marques of automobiles and commercial vehicles of the German automotive concern, Volkswagen Group, and also in Volkswagen Industrial Motor applications, but are now discontinued. All listed engines operate on the four-stroke cycle, and unless stated otherwise, use a wet sump lubrication system, and are water-cooled.
Since the Volkswagen Group is European, official internal combustion engine performance ratings are published using the International System of Units (commonly abbreviated "SI"), a modern form of the metric system of figures. Motor vehicle engines will have been tested by a Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN) accredited testing facility, to either the original 80/1269/ EEC, or the later 1999/99/EC standards. The standard initial measuring unit for establishing the rated motive power output is the kilowatt (kW); and in their official literature, the power rating may be published in either kW or metric horsepower (abbreviated PS in Wikipedia, from the German Pferdestärke), or both, and may also include conversions to imperial units such as the horsepower (hp) or brake horsepower (bhp). (Conversions: one PS ≈ 735.5 watts (W), ≈ 0.98632 hp (SAE)). In case of conflict, the metric power figure of kilowatts (kW) will be stated as the primary figure of reference. For the turning force generated by the engine, the Newton metre (Nm) will be the reference figure of torque. Furthermore, in accordance with European automotive traditions, engines shall be listed in the following ascending order of preference:
Number of cylinders,
engine displacement (in litres),
engine configuration, and
Rated motive power output (in kilowatts).
The petrol engines which Volkswagen Group is currently manufacturing and installing in today's vehicles can be found in the list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines article.
Air-cooled petrols
The Volkswagen air-cooled engine was introduced in 1935 in Germany, produced in factories all over the world, and the last complete engine was produced in December 2005, Its production was ceased by anti-pollution laws and the last engine was produced in São Bernardo do Campo. Its air-cooled, four-cylinder, boxer configuration was unusual in its day for a production automobile, but has gone on to power millions of vehicles around the world, being considered one of the most reliable automotive engines of all eras.
Water-cooled 'boxer' petrols
The Volkswagen wasserboxer was a horizontally opposed or 'boxer' water-cooled four cylinder petrol engine. It was introduced in 1982, and was produced for ten years, ending in 1992. The wasserboxer was only used in the Volkswagen Type 2 (T3) (T3 Transporter / Caravelle / Vanagon / T25).
Four cylinder EA111 petrols
The EA111 series of internal combustion engines was initially developed by Audi under Ludwig Kraus leadership and introduced in the mid-1970s in the Audi 50, and shortly after in the original Volkswagen Polo. It is a series of water-cooled inline three- and inline four-cylinder petrol and diesel engines, in a variety of displacement sizes. This overhead camshaft engine features a crossflow cylinder head design, and directly driven auxiliary units. The exhaust side is in driving direction, closest to the front of the vehicle.
0.8 R4 25kW
identification parts code prefix: 052; engine ID code: HE
engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.10:1 – oversquare/short-stroke, 195.8 cc per cylinder
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, each with two concentric valve springs, sliding-finger cam followers, timing belt-driven single overhead camshaft (SOHC)
fuel system, aspiration 31 PIC or 34 PIC-5 single-barrel downdraft carburettor; cast alloy intake manifold, cast iron exhaust manifold
DIN-rated motive power & torque output
application Volkswagen Polo (01/76-07/78 – Sweden only)
0.9 R4 29kW
identification parts code prefix: 052; engine ID code: HA
engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.18:1 – oversquare/short-stroke, 224.8 cc per cylinder
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, each with two concentric valve springs, sliding-finger cam followers, timing belt-driven single overhead camshaft (SOHC)
fuel system, aspiration 31 PIC or 34 PIC-5 single-barrel downdraft carburettor; cast alloy intake manifold, cast iron exhaust manifold
DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 5,200 rpm; at 3,200 rpm
applications Volkswagen Polo (04/75-09/81), Volkswagen Derby (04/75-09/81)
1.0 R4 37kW (Škoda)
This engine was originally developed by Škoda Auto, before the company was acquired by Volkswagen Group, and is therefore NOT an EA111 engine. However, this engine was used in some VWs after the takeover.
identification parts code prefix: 047.D, engine ID codes: AHT, AQV (EU3), ARV (EU2)
engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore: , stroke: 61.2, stroke ratio: 1.18:1, 249.05 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 10:1
cylinder block & crankcase cast aluminium alloy; three main bearings, cast iron cylinder liners, duplex chain-driven camshaft
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, 8 valves total, overhead valve (OHV) with pushrods and rocker shaft
aspiration cast aluminium alloy intake manifold, cast iron exhaust manifold, underfloor catalytic converter
fuel system common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors
DIN-rated motive power & torque output ,
applications SEAT Arosa (AHT: 11/98-02/00), Škoda Fabia (AQV/ARV: 10/00-08/02), Volkswagen Lupo
1.0 R4 16v 51kW
This engine entered production in November 1996, after supplies of the Ford-built 1.0 had dried up. It was called the AT-1000 by Volkswagen do Brasil.
identification parts code prefix: 036, engine ID codes: AST (Brazil), AVZ
engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.95:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 249.7 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 10.8:1
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four valves per cylinder, 16 valves total, bucket tappets, timing belt-driven double overhead camshafts (DOHC)
aspiration plastic intake manifold, cast iron exhaust manifold
fuel system common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; Total Flex Gasoline or Ethanol on Brazilian AST variant
DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 5750 rpm; at 4250 rpm
applications SEAT Ibiza (AVZ: 05/00-05/02, AST: 06/00-05/02), SEAT Cordoba (AVZ: 05/00-08/02, AST: 06/00-08/02), Volkswagen Gol
1.0 R4 16v Turbo 82kW
engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore: , stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.95:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 249.8 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 8.5:1
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four valves per cylinder, double overhead camshafts (DOHC), intake variable valve timing
aspiration Garrett GT12 turbocharger, intercooler
fuel system & engine management multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; Bosch Motronic ME 3.8.3 engine control unit
DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 5,500 rpm; at 4,500 rpm
applications Volkswagen Gol, Volkswagen Parati
1.05 R4 33-37kW
identification parts code prefix: 030, engine ID codes: GL, HZ, AAK, AAU, ACM, AEV, WVGS
engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore: , stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.27:1 – oversquare/short-stroke, 260.7 cc per cylinder
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, 8 valves total, two concentric valve springs per valve, bucket tappets, belt-driven forged or cast steel single overhead camshaft (SOHC)
fuel system & engine management Pierburg 1B3 or Weber 32 TLA/32 TL carburettor, later with throttle body-sited electronic single-point fuel injection (SPI) and Bosch Mono-Jetronic or Mono-Motronic engine control unit
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs – carburettor
— GL
at 5,600rpm — ACM
— HZ
DIN-rated motive power * torque outputs – SPI
at 5,200 rpm; at 2,800 rpm — AAK, AAU, ACM, AEV
applications Volkswagen Polo (GL: 08/81-10/86, HZ: 08/85-01/92, AAK: 01/90-07/90, AAU: 10/90-07/94, ACM: 02/92-12/92, AEV: 10/94-06/96), Volkswagen Derby (GL: 10/81-11/84), Volkswagen Golf (HZ: 05/85-10/91), Volkswagen Jetta (HZ: 08/86-10/91, AAK: 01/90-07/90), SEAT Ibiza Mk2 (02/93-06/96), Trabant 1.1 (WVGS: 1990–1991)
1.1 R4 37-44kW
engine ID codes HB, HC, HD
engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore: , stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.97:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 273.2 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 8.2:1 (HB); 9.7:1 (HB8); 9.3:1 (HC)
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, single overhead camshaft (SOHC)
fuel system Solex carburettor
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs
HB: at 5,200 rpm; at 2,800 rpm
HD:
HC:
applications Audi 50, Volkswagen Golf Mk1, Volkswagen Polo Mk1, Volkswagen Derby
This engine weighs in at only including the clutch but not the gearbox.
1.3 I4 40-50kW (Škoda)
This engine was originally developed by Škoda Auto, before the company was acquired by Volkswagen Group, and is therefore NOT an EA111 engine. However, this engine was used in some Škodas after the takeover.
OHV, engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (I4); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.05:1 – oversquare/short-stroke, 322.3 cc per cylinder
cylinder block & crankcase cast aluminium alloy, three main bearings, duplex chain-driven camshaft
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy, two valves per cylinder with twin valve springs, overhead valve (OHV) with pushrods and rocker shaft
fuel system & engine management
Pierburg 2E-E Ecotronic dual-barrel carburettor controlled by ECU
Pierburg 2E3 dual-barrel carburettor
Jikov 28–30 LEKR dual-barrel carburettor that derived from above Pierburg 2E3
Bosch electronic single-point fuel injection (SPI), Bosch Mono-Motronic engine control unit
Siemens Simos 2P multi-point fuelinjection
rated motive power & torque output (see Škoda Favorit article for detailed variations)
135 – at 5,000 rpm; at 3,000–3,250 rpm
135B – at 5,000 rpm; at 3,000–3,250 rpm (from 1993, SPI with catalytic converter)
135M – at 4,500 rpm; at 2500 rpm (from 1996, MPI with catalytic converter)
136 – at 5,000 rpm; at 3,000–3,750 rpm
136B – at 5,500 rpm; at 3,000–3,750 rpm (from 1993, SPI with catalytic converter)
136M – at 5,000 rpm; at 2600 rpm (from 1996, MPI with catalytic converter)
applications Škoda Favorit 135, Škoda Favorit 136, Škoda Felicia. Later, 1.4 8V engine, that derived from this engine was used in Škoda Octavia and Škoda Fabia.
1.3 R4 40-55kW
engine ID codes 2G, 3F, AAV, FY, FZ, GK, GT, HH, HJ, HK, HW, MH, MN, NU, NZ
engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke (mm): 75.0 x 72.0, 318.0 cc per cylinder
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, single overhead camshaft (SOHC)
fuel system & engine management Pierburg 2E3 carburettor, later with electronic single-point fuel injection (SPI) and Bosch L-Jetronic or Mono-Motronic engine control unit
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs
at 5200 rpm; at 2800 rpm (carb.)
at 5000 rpm; at 3000 rpm (SPI)
at 5900 rpm; at 3200 rpm (MPI, or 'GT')
applications Volkswagen Polo, Volkswagen Golf, Audi 80 B2
1.3 R4 40kW
engine ID codes ADX
engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke (mm): 76.5 x 70.6, 324.5 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 9.5:1
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, single overhead camshaft (SOHC)
fuel system & engine management electronic single-point fuel injection (SPI), Bosch Mono-Jetronic engine control unit
DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 5,200 rpm; at 2,800 rpm
applications Volkswagen Polo, Volkswagen Golf
1.3 R4 G40 85kW
engine ID codes MM, PY
engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke (mm): 75.0 x 72.0, 318.0 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 8.0:1
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft, cast pistons with increased size gudgeon pins
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy with post-production heat treatment; two valves per cylinder with two concentric valve springs, belt-driven forged steel single overhead camshaft (SOHC)
aspiration dual V belt-driven G-Lader scroll-type supercharger with 40 mm diameter inlet, side-mounted intercooler
fuel system & engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; Bosch Digifant engine control unit
DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 5500 rpm; at 3500 rpm
application Volkswagen Polo Mk2 GT G40 (08/86-07/94)
1.4 R4 44kW
engine displacement & engine configuration / inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke (mm): 75.0 x 78.7 / 79.14, 347.7 / 349.5 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 8.8:1
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, single overhead camshaft (SOHC)
fuel system & engine management electronic single-point fuel injection (SPI) and Bosch Mono-Jetronic engine control unit, later multi-point electronic indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors (MPI)
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs
at 5,200 rpm; at 2,800 rpm
at 4,700 rpm; at 2,800 rpm
applications Volkswagen Polo, Volkswagen Golf
1.4 R4 44kW
engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke (mm): 76.5 x 75.6 (1.01 ratio), 347.5 cc per cylinder
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, single overhead camshaft (SOHC)
fuel system multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors (MPI)
DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 4,700 rpm; at 2,800 rpm
applications Volkswagen Polo, Volkswagen Golf
1.4 I4 44-50kW (Škoda)
This engine was originally developed by Škoda Auto, before the company was acquired by Volkswagen Group, and is therefore NOT an EA111 engine. However, this engine was used in some Škodas after the takeover.
engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (I4); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.97:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 349.2 cc per cylinder
cylinder block & crankcase cast aluminium alloy; three main bearings, duplex chain-driven camshaft
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, overhead valve (OHV) with pushrods and rocker shaft
fuel system & engine management multi-point indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs
at 5,000 rpm; at 2,600 rpm — AZE, AZF
at 4,500 rpm; at 2,500 rpm — AMD
at 5,000 rpm; at 2,500 rpm — AQW, AME, ATZ
applications Škoda Fabia Mk1, Škoda Octavia Mk1
1.4 R4 FSI 63-77kW
engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke (mm): 76.5 x 75.6 (1.01 ratio), 347.5 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 12.0:1
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four valves per cylinder, double overhead camshafts (DOHC)
fuel system common rail electronic multi-point Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI) homogeneous direct petrol injection, up to 110 bar high-pressure fuel pump, stratified-charge combustion at partial load
aspiration two-position tumble flap in the intake manifold controlling the turbulence
exhaust up to 35% exhaust gas recirculation, NOx storage-type catalytic converter
engine management Bosch Motronic MED 7
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes & applications
at 5,000 rpm; at 3,750 rpm — AXU: Volkswagen Polo Mk4
at 5,200 rpm; at 3,750 rpm — BKG, BLN: Volkswagen Golf Mk5 (−05/05)
at 6,200 rpm; at 4,250 rpm — ARR: Volkswagen Lupo
1.4 R4
identification parts code prefix: 030, ID codes: ABD, AEX
engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.01:1 – 'square engine', 347.5 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 10.5:1
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, 8 valves total, low-friction roller finger cam followers, timing belt-driven single overhead camshaft (SOHC)
fuel system electronic fuel injection
DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 4,800–5,000 rpm; at 2,750 rpm
applications Audi A2, Volkswagen Fox, Volkswagen Golf Mk3, Volkswagen Type 2 (T2) in Brazil, SEAT Ibiza, Volkswagen Polo Mk3
reference
1.4 R4 16v
identification parts code prefix: 036
engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.01:1 – 'square engine', 347.5 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 10.5:1
cylinder block & crankcase cast aluminium alloy; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four valves per cylinder, 16 valves total, double overhead camshafts (DOHC)
fuel system multi-point electronic indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes
at 5,000 rpm; at 3,300 rpm — AHW, AXP, AKQ, APE, AUA, BCA, BBY, BKY
at 5,000 rpm; at 3,800 rpm — BUD, CGGA
at 5,000 rpm; at 3,800 rpm — BXW, CGGB
at 6,000 rpm; at 4,400 rpm — AFH, AFK, AUB, BBZ (discontinued)
applications Audi A2, SEAT Ibiza, SEAT Córdoba, SEAT León Mk1 (1M), SEAT Altea, SEAT Toledo, Škoda Fabia, Škoda Octavia II, Škoda Octavia II Tour (CGGA), Škoda Octavia II FL (CGGA), Škoda Roomster (BXW: 05/06->2011,CGGB:2011–>), Volkswagen Lupo, Volkswagen Polo, Volkswagen Golf, Volkswagen Bora, Volkswagen Jetta, Volkswagen New Beetle
1.6 R4 48-55kW
engine ID codes 496, 1F, AEE, AEA, ABU, ALM
engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke (mm): 76.5 x 86.9 (0.88 ratio), 399.5 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 9.8:1
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, 8 valves total, single overhead camshaft (SOHC)
fuel system & engine management
SPI: electronic single-point fuel injection (SPI), Bosch Mono-Jetronic engine control unit
MPI: multi-point electronic indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors (MPI), Magneti Marelli 1AV engine control unit
EWG-rated motive power & torque output, ID code & application
— 496: Volkswagen Industrial Motor (12/77-01/84)
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs
SPI: at 5,200 rpm; at 2,800–3,400 rpm – AEA
SPI: at 5,200 rpm; at 3,400 rpm – ABU
MPI: at 4,500 rpm; at 3,500 rpm – AEE, ALM
applications Volkswagen Polo Mk3, Volkswagen Golf Mk3, Volkswagen Passat B3, SEAT Ibiza Mk2, SEAT Toledo Mk1, Škoda Felicia, Škoda Octavia Mk1
1.6 R4 FSI 81-85kW
engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke (mm): 76.5 x 86.9 (0.88 ratio), 399.5 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 12.0:1
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four valves per cylinder, belt-driven and BLF chain driven(camshaft) double overhead camshafts (DOHC)
fuel system common rail electronic multi-point Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI) homogeneous direct petrol injection, up to 110 bar high-pressure fuel pump, stratified-charge combustion at partial load
aspiration cast aluminium alloy intake manifold, two-position tumble flap controlling the turbulence
exhaust up to 35% exhaust gas recirculation, NOx storage-type catalytic converter
engine management Bosch Motronic MED 7
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes & applications
at 5,800 rpm; at 4,400 rpm — BAD: Audi A2, Volkswagen Golf Mk4, Volkswagen Bora, Volkswagen Jetta Mk4
at 6,000 rpm; at 4,000 rpm — BAG, BLF, BLP: Audi A3 Mk2, Škoda Octavia Mk2, Volkswagen Golf Mk5, Volkswagen Jetta Mk5, Volkswagen Eos, Volkswagen Touran, Volkswagen Passat B6
reference
1.6 R4 16v 88-92kW (GTI)
engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke (mm): 76.5 x 86.9 (0.88 ratio), 399.5 cc per cylinder
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four valves per cylinder, double overhead camshafts (DOHC)
fuel system & engine management multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; Bosch Motronic engine control unit
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes
at 6,200 rpm; at 4,000 rpm — AJV
at 6,500 rpm; at 3,300 rpm — ARC, AVY
applications Volkswagen Polo GTI, Volkswagen Lupo GTI, Volkswagen GX3
1.8 R4 G60 118-154kW
engine ID codes 1H, PG
engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.94:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 445.2 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 8.0:1
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft, cast pistons with increased size gudgeon pins
cylinder head & valvetrain
cast aluminium alloy with post-production heat treatment; sodium-cooled exhaust valves, automatic hydraulic valve clearance compensation, belt-driven forged steel single overhead camshaft (SOHC)
8v: two valves per cylinder each with two concentric valve springs, 8 valves total
16v: four valves per cylinder each with two concentric valve springs, 16 valves total
aspiration dual V belt-driven G-Lader scroll-type supercharger with 60 mm diameter inlet and electronically controlled boost regulation, side-mounted intercooler (SMIC), front-mounted intercooler (FMIC) on 16v variant
fuel system & engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; Bosch Digifant engine control unit, knock sensor
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, applications
8v: at 5,800 rpm; at 4,000 rpm — VW Golf Mk2 G60 (08/88-07/89), VW Passat G60 (08/88-07/93), VW Corrado G60 (09/88-07/93)
16v: at 6,300 rpm — VW Golf Mk2 Limited 4WD (this version was a 'homologation special', and does not appear in any official parts catalogues)
reference
Four cylinder EA827/EA113 petrols
The EA827 engine series was initially developed by Audi under Ludwig Kraus leadership.
1.0 R4 37kW
identification parts code prefix: 030, ID codes: AER, ALD, ALL, ANV, ATE, AUC
engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.95:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 249.7 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 10.8:1
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron (cast aluminium alloy – AER/ALL); five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, 8 valves total, initially: bucket tappets (AER/ALL) – later: low-friction roller rocker arms with automatic hydraulic clearance compensation (ALD/ANV/ATE/AUC), timing-belt-driven single overhead camshaft (SOHC)
aspiration plastic intake manifold, cast iron exhaust manifold – AUC with integrated starter/primary catalytic converter, underfloor main catalytic converter, exhaust gas recirculation on AUC
fuel system & engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; initially: Bosch Digifant engine control unit (ECU) (AER/ALL/ATE) – later: Bosch Motronic MP 9.0 electronic engine control unit (ALD/ANV/AUC)
EWG-rated motive power & torque output, application, ID codes
— Volkswagen Industrial Motor (AER: 02/99-05/00, ATE: 06/00->)
DIN-rated motive power & torque output
at 5,000 rpm; at 3,000–3,600 rpm — (discontinued)
applications SEAT Arosa (AER: 02/97-09/99, ALL: 08/97-05/99, ALD/ANV: 07/99-07/00, AUC: 07/00-06/04), SEAT Ibiza Mk2 (AER: 09/96-06/99, ANV: 08/99-07/00, ALD: 08/99-05/02, AUC: 07/00-05/02), SEAT Cordoba (AER: 06/97-06/99, ANV: 08/99-07/00, ALD: 08/99-08/02, AUC: 07/00-08/02), Volkswagen Lupo (AER/ALL/ANV/ALD/AUC: 11/98-05/05) (?), Volkswagen Polo Mk3 (AER: 09/96-12/99, ANV/ALD/AUC: 01/00-12/01) (?)
reference
1.6 R4 74-75kW
identification parts code prefix: 06B, ID code: AHP (75 kW)
engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.05:1 – oversquare/short-stroke, 398.8 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 10.3:1
cylinder block & crankcase aluminium alloy aluminium alloy; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, single overhead camshaft (SOHC)
fuel system & engine management
multi-point electronic indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; Bosch ME 7 electronic engine control unit (ECU)
electronic indirect injection Total Flex gasoline, LPG and/or ethanol (Brazil)
ARM with Simos (by Siemens) ecu
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes
at 5,800 rpm; at 3,500 rpm — AFT, AKS (discontinued)
at 6,300 rpm; at 3,500 rpm — ABB (discontinued)
at 5,800 rpm; at 4,400 rpm — AEK (10/94-12/95) – Golf, Vento, Passat
at 5,300 rpm; at 3,800 rpm — ANA, ARM, ADP, AHL (discontinued)
at 5,600 rpm; at 3,800 rpm — AEH, AKL, APF, AUR, AWH (discontinued)
at 5,600 rpm; at 3,800 rpm — ALZ, AVU, AYD, BFQ, BFS, BGU, BSE, BSF, CCS, CHG, CMX (discontinued)
applications
Audi: Audi A3 Mk1 & Mk2 (AEH: 09/96-06/01, AKL: 08/97-06/03, APF: 06/99-08/00, AVU: 05/00-04/02, BFQ: 05/02-06/03, BGU: 05/03-05/05, BSE/BSF: 06/05-03/13, CCSA: 12/07-03/13, CMXA: 05/08-03/13), Audi 80 (ABB: 08/90-05/93), Audi A4 B5, B6 & B7 (ADP: 11/94-10/96, AHL: 10/96-07/99, ANA: 08/98-06/00, ARM: 08/98-10/91, ALZ: 06/00-06/08), Audi 100 (ABB: 03/92-07/93)
SEAT: SEAT Ibiza Mk2 (AFT: 09/95-06/99, AKL: 06/99-05/02, AEH: 01/00-05/02, APF: 03/00-10/00, AUR: 07/00-05/02), SEAT Córdoba Mk1 (AFT: 09/95-06/99, AKL: 06/99-08/02, AEH: 01/00-08/02, APF: 03/00-10/00, AUR: 07/00-08/02), SEAT León Mk1 & Mk2 (AEH: 08/99-10/05, AKL: 11/99-10/05, BFQ: 10/05-06/06, BSE/BSF: 07/05-12/12, CCSA: 07/05-12/12, CHGA: 12/09-12/12, CMXA: 05/10-12/12), SEAT Altea (BGU: 03/04-05/05, BSE/BSF: 05/05-06/13, CCSA: 12/07-06/13, CHGA: 09/09-07/15, CMXA: 05/10-06/13), SEAT Toledo Mk1, Mk2 & Mk3 (AFT, AKS: 09/96-03/99, AKL: 10/98-07/04, AEH: 11/98-07/04, BGU: 02/04-03/06, BSE/BSF: 05/05-05/09, CCSA: 12/07-05/09), SEAT Exeo (ALZ: 03/09-09/10)
Škoda: Škoda Octavia Mk1 & Mk2 (AEH: 12/97-12/07, AKL: 08/98-12/07, AVU: 08/00-04/02, BFQ: 04/02-12/10, BGU: 05/04-05/05, BSE/BSF: 05/05-06/13, CCSA: 11/07-06/13, CHGA: 08/09-11/12, CMXA: 11/08-06/13)
VW/VWCV: Volkswagen Polo Mk3 (AFT: 12/95-08/99, AEH/AKL: 10/99-09/01, APF: 03/00-10/00, AUR: 07/99-09/01), Volkswagen Golf Mk3 (AFT: 07/95-10/00, AKS: 04/97-10/00), Volkswagen Golf Mk4 (AKL: 10/97-05/04, AEH: 01/98-05/04, APF: 05/99-04/01, AVU: 09/99-04/02), Volkswagen Golf Mk5 (BFQ: 05/02-06/06, BGU: 01/04-07/07, BSE/BSF: 05/05-12/13, CCSA: 11/07-12/08), Volkswagen Golf Mk6 (CCSA: 01/09-12/13, CHGA: 03/09-12/13, CMXA: 10/08-12/13), Volkswagen Vento (AFT: 01/96-12/97, AKS: 04/97-12/97), Volkswagen Bora (AKL: 08/98-05/05, AEH: 09/98-05/05, APF: 05/99-09/00, AVU: 09/99-04/02, BFQ: 05/02-05/05), Volkswagen Jetta (74kW AHP: 05/98-01/02, BGU: 05/04-05/05, BSE/BSF: 08/05->, CCSA: 01/08-10/10), Volkswagen Touran (BGU: 07/03-05/05, BSE/BSF: 06/05-05/10), Volkswagen New Beetle (AWH: 11/99-10/00, AYD: 06/00-07/05, BFS: 06/02-09/10), VW Passat B4, B5 & B6 (AFT: 12/95-12/96, ADP: 01/97-10/97, AHL: 10/96-08/00, ARM: 01/99-08/00, ANA: 07/99-08/00, ALZ: 10/00-05/05, BSE/BSF: 05/05-11/10), Volkswagen Caddy Mk3 (BGU: 04/04-05/05, BSE/BSF: 06/05-05/15, CHGA: 05/11-05/15) Volkswagen Citi Mk1, Volkswagen VeloCITI, Volkswagen Citi Life
1.8 R4 50-74kW
identification parts code prefix: ???
engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.94:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 445.2 cc per cylinder
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, bucket tappets, single overhead camshaft (SOHC)
fuel system Pierburg 2E2 carburettor
EWG-rated motive power & torque output, ID code & application
— 262: Volkswagen Industrial Motor (06/83-03/94)
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes
at 5,000 rpm; at 2,500 rpm — AAM, ANN, DD
at 5,200 rpm; at 3,000 rpm — RP
at 5,500 rpm; at 2,500 rpm — ABS, ADZ, ANP, ACC, ADD
at 5,400 rpm; at 3,000 rpm — 1P
at 5,200 rpm; at 3,800 rpm — AYJ
applications Audi 80, Audi 100, SEAT Ibiza Mk2, SEAT Córdoba Mk1, SEAT Toledo Mk1, Volkswagen Golf Mk2, Volkswagen Golf Mk3, Volkswagen Golf Mk3.5 Cabriolet, Volkswagen Golf Mk3 Variant, Volkswagen Vento, VW Jetta Mk2, VW Jetta Mk3, VW Passat B2, VW Passat B3, VW Passat B4, Volkswagen Santana 2000
1.8 R4 16V 102kW
engine ID code PL, KR
engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.94:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 445.2 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 10:1
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft, cast pistons
cylinder head & valvetrain
cast aluminium alloy with post-production heat treatment; sodium-cooled exhaust valves, automatic hydraulic clearance compensation, timing-belt-driven forged steel double overhead camshafts (DOHC)
16v: multi-valve|four valves per cylinder each with two concentric valve springs, 16 valves total
aspiration normal
fuel system & engine management Bosch K-Jetronic
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, applications
16v: VW Golf, VW Passat B3, VW Scirocco Mk2 16V
reference: Golf/Corrado/Passat Owners Handbooks
1.8 R4 82kW
identification parts code prefix: ???, ID code: DZ
engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore: , stroke:
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron, five main bearings
cylinder head & valvetrain aluminium alloy, two valves per cylinder, bucket tappets, single overhead camshaft (SOHC)
fuel system multi-point electronic indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors
DIN-rated motive power & torque output
applications Audi 80 (01/83-12/91), Audi 90 (08/89-12/91), Audi Coupé B2/B3 (08/86-07/91)
1.8 R4 20v 92kW
This is a naturally aspirated version of the 1.8 R4 20vT.
identification parts code prefix: ???, ID codes: AGN, APG, ADR, ARG, APT, AVV
engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore: , stroke:
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron, five main bearings
cylinder head & valvetrain aluminium alloy, five valves per cylinder, bucket tappets, double overhead camshafts (DOHC)
fuel system & engine management multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors, 95 RON/ROZ unleaded; Bosch Motronic ME 7.5 electronic engine control unit
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs
at 5,800 rpm; at 3,500 rpm
at 6,000 rpm; at 4,200 rpm
at 5,800 rpm; at 3,950 rpm
applications Audi A3 (AGN: 09/96-08/00, APG: 11/99-06/03), Audi A4 (ADR: 11/94-04/99, ARG: 07/98-11/01, APT: 02/99-09/01, AVV: 06/00-09/01), Audi Cabriolet (ADR: 04/97-08/00), Audi A6 (ADR: 10/95-11/97), SEAT León (AGN: 11/99-12/03, APG: 06/00-10/05), SEAT Toledo (AGN: 10/98-12/03, APG: 06/00-07/04), Škoda Octavia (AGN: 10/96-1999), Volkswagen Passat (ADR: 12/96-01/99, APT: 01/99-08/00, ARG: 02/99-08/00), Volkswagen Golf Mk4 (AGN: 10/97-11/00), Volkswagen Bora (AGN: 02/99-10/00)
2.0 R4 16v 100-110kW
identification parts code prefix: ???, ID codes: ABF, 9A
engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore: , stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.89:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 496.0 cc per cylinder
cylinder block & crankcase CG25 grey cast iron, five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft, forged steel connecting rods
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy, multi-valve|four valves per cylinder, 16 valves total, double overhead camshafts (DOHC)
aspiration cast aluminium alloy intake manifold
engine management Siemens 5WP4 304 (Golf & Ibiza) CIS-E, or Bosch Motronic, or Digifant (ABF) engine control units
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs
9A: at 5,800 rpm; at 3,500 rpm (CIS-E & Motronic)
ABF: at 6,000rpm; at 4,800 rpm
applications SEAT Ibiza Mk2 GTi16V. (later Cupra), SEAT Ibiza Mk3 Sport, Volkswagen Passat B3 SEAT Toledo, Volkswagen Vento, Volkswagen Golf Mk3 GTI16V and Volkswagen Jetta GLi 16V to 1992
2.0 R4 20v 96kW
identification parts code prefix: 06B, ID code: ALT
engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore: , stroke:
cylinder block & crankcase cast aluminium alloy, five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft, contra-rotating balancer shaft, forged steel connecting rods
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy, five valves per cylinder, 20 valves total, bucket tappets, double overhead camshafts (DOHC), continuous intake camshaft adjustment
aspiration two-position variable cast aluminium alloy intake manifold
fuel system & engine management multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors, 95 RON/ROZ unleaded; Bosch Motronic electronic engine control unit (ECU)
DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 5,700 rpm; at 3,300 rpm
applications Audi A4 (12/00-06/08), Audi A6 (06/01-01/05), Volkswagen Passat (11/01-05/05)
2.0 R4 16v FSI (EA113)
identification parts code prefix: 06D, ID code: AXW, BPG, BWT (North America)
engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.89:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 496.1 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 11.5:1
cylinder block & crankcase AlSi aluminium alloy; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four valves per cylinder, 16 valves total, low-friction roller finger cam followers, double overhead camshaft (DOHC), continuously adjustable intake camshaft
aspiration variable intake manifold and dual-branch front pipe
fuel system common rail Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI), single-piston high-pressure injection pump, air-guided homogeneous combustion process, stratified lean-burn operation with excess air at part load
DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 6,000 rpm; at 3,500 rpm
applications VW Golf Mk5, VW Jetta, VW Passat, Audi A3, Audi A4, Škoda Octavia, SEAT León, SEAT Toledo, SEAT Altea
reference
Four cylinder LT/MWM petrols
2.0 R4 52-55kW (EA831)
This engine was designed by Audi for sole use in the Volkswagen LT. Other versions of this engine were installed in cars as diverse as the Porsche 924 and the AMC Gremlin.
identification parts code prefix: 046, ID codes: CL, CH
engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.02:1 – 'square engine', 496.0 cc per cylinder, compression ratios: CL – 7.0:1, CH – 8.3:1
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft, cast alloy oil sump
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder each with two concentric valve springs, 8 valves total, screw-adjustable bucket tappets, timing-belt-driven single overhead camshaft (SOHC)
fuel system 35 PDSIT 28 mm or 1B1 single-barrel carburettor, 85 RON petrol, 80 RON for CL
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes
CL: at 4,300 rpm; at 2,400
CH: at 4,300 rpm; at 2,400
application Volkswagen LT (CH: 04/75-11/82, CL: 05/76-??/??)
2.3 R4 105kW
identification parts code prefix: 00A, ID code: AGL Mercedes-Benz M111 engine
engine displacement & engine configuration inline-four engine (R4/I4); bore: stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.03:1, 573.7 cc per cylinder, viscous cooling fan
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, 8 valves total, bucket tappets, duplex roller chain-driven double overhead camshafts (DOHC)
aspiration cast aluminium alloy intake manifold with separate throttle valve body, cast iron exhaust manifold; exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)
fuel system, ignition system & engine management fuel tank sited electric fuel pump, multi-point electronic indirect fuel injection with four intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; two dual-output ignition coils, electronic engine control unit (ECU)
DIN-rated motive power & torque output
application Volkswagen LT (05/96-11/01)
Five cylinder petrols
1.9 R5 74-85kW
identification parts code prefix: 035
engine displacement & engine configuration , inline five engine (R5/I5); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.03:1 – oversquare/short-stroke, 384.2 cc per cylinder
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron, very small run in aluminium; six main bearings, pressed steel oil sump
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, each with two concentric valve springs, 10 valves total, shim-adjustable bucket tappets, timing-belt-driven single overhead camshaft (SOHC)
fuel system Keihin carburettor
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes
— WH
— WN
applications Audi 80 (WN: 08/81-07/83), Audi Coupé (WN: 10/80-07/83), Audi 100 (WH: 08/80-07/84), Volkswagen Passat (WN: 01/81-07/83), VW Santana (WN: 01/81-07/83)
2.0 R5 81-118kW
identification parts code prefix: 034/035
engine displacement & engine configuration , inline five engine (R5/I5); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.05:1 – oversquare/short-stroke, 398.8 cc per cylinder
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; six main bearings, pressed steel oil sump
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy
10v: two valves per cylinder, each with two concentric valve springs, 10 valves in total, shim-adjustable bucket tappets, timing-belt-driven single overhead camshaft (SOHC)
20v: four valves per cylinder, each with two concentric valve springs, 20 valves in total, bucket tappets, timing belt & simplex roller chain hybrid-driven double overhead camshafts (DOHC)
aspiration – 4v cast alloy intake manifold, tubular-branch exhaust manifold
fuel system
10v: Bosch K/KE-Jetronic multi-point indirect fuel injection with five intake manifold-sited fuel injectors
20v: electronic sequential multi-point indirect fuel injection with five intake manifold-sited fuel injectors
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes
10v: — JL (Japan)
10v: — SK, SL
10v: — HP, JS, KP, PS, RT
20v: — NM
applications Audi 80 (JS: 08/82-07/84, HP: 08/83-07/84, JL: 08/83-07/84), Audi 90 (HP/JL/JS: 10/84-03/87, SK: 02/86-03/87, PS: 04/87-12/91, NM: 01/88-12/91), Audi 100 (KP: 08/84-12/87, RT: 01/88-12/90, SL: 02/86-12/87), Audi Coupé (HP/JS: 08/83-07/86, JL: 08/83-07/88, SK: 02/86-07/86, NM: 08/90-07/91), Volkswagen Passat (JS: 08/83-03/88, HP: 08/83-07/88)
2.1 R5 79-85kW
identification parts code prefix: 035
engine displacement & engine configuration , inline five engine (R5/I5); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.92:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 428.9 cc per cylinder
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; six main bearings, pressed steel oil sump
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, each with two concentric valve springs, 10 valves total, shim-adjustable bucket tappets, timing-belt-driven single overhead camshaft (SOHC)
fuel system Bosch K/KE-Jetronic multi-point indirect fuel injection with five intake manifold-sited fuel injectors
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs
— WE (Australia, Japan, Sweden)
— WE, KM (Japan)
applications Audi 80 (WE-79/85 kW: 08/81-07/83), Audi Coupé (WE-79 kW: 08/81-07/82, KM: 08/82-07/83), Audi 100 (WE-79/85 kW: 03/77-07/82), Volkswagen Passat (WE: 01/81-07/83)
2.2/2.23 R5 79-101kW
identification parts code prefix: 034
engine displacement & engine configuration , inline five engine (R5/I5); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.94:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 445.2 cc per cylinder
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; six main bearings, pressed steel oil sump
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, each with two concentric valve springs, 10 valves total, shim-adjustable bucket tappets, timing-belt-driven single overhead camshaft (SOHC)
fuel system multi-point K/KE-jetronic indirect fuel injection with five intake manifold-sited fuel injectors
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes
— WU
— KZ, WB
— KX, PX
— JT
— KE, KF, KL
— KV
— HY, KK, PR, WC, WG, WK
— HX, KU
applications Audi 80 (KK/KL: 08/82-07/84), Audi 90 (KV: 06/84-12/91, HY: 06/84-03/87, KX: 01/85-03/87, JT: 08/85-03/87), Audi Coupé (KE: 08/81-07/84, KL: 08/82-07/84, HY: 08/84-07/88, KV: 08/84-07/91, KX: 01/85-07/88, JT: 08/85-12/87), Audi 100 (WG: 08/76-07/80, WC: 08/76-07/84, WB: 04/78-07/84, KF/WU: 08/82-07/84, KZ: 08/84-09/86, HX: 08/84-12/87, KU: 08/84-12/90, PX: 08/85-07/86, PR: 08/89-12/90), Audi C2 200 (WK: 10/79-09/82, WC: 10/79-07/84, KU: 08/84-07/85), Volkswagen Passat (HY: 08/84-07/88, KV: 01/85-03/88, KX: 08/85-03/88, JT: 08/85-07/88)
2.2/2.23 R5T 100-147kW
identification parts code prefix: 034/035
engine displacement & engine configuration , inline five engine (R5/I5); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.94:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 445.2 cc per cylinder, oil cooler
cylinder block & crankcase
grey cast iron; six main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft, pressed steel or cast aluminium alloy oil sump
WR: cast aluminium alloy
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, each with two concentric valve springs, 10 valves total, initially: shim-adjustable bucket tappets – later: one-piece bucket tappets, timing-belt-driven single overhead camshaft (SOHC)
aspiration water-cooled KKK turbocharger with remote wastegate, intercooler, cast iron exhaust manifold
fuel system multi-point electronic indirect fuel injection with five intake manifold-sited fuel injectors
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes
— KH
— WX
— MC
— KJ, WJ, WS
— JY, KG
— 2B
— GV, MB, WR, 1B
applications Audi Quattro (GV/WR: 07/80-07/87, MB/WX: 08/87-07/89), Audi 100 (MC: 03/86-12/90), Audi C2 200 5t/Audi C3 200 turbo (WJ: 10/79-09/82, WS: 08/80-12/81, KJ: 08/81-09/82, KH: 08/83-07/85, JY: 08/83-01/87, KG: 08/83-12/87, MC: 01/85-11/90, 1B/2B: 02/88-11/90)
2.2 R5 20vT 162-225kW
identification parts code prefix: 034
engine displacement & engine configuration , inline five engine (R5/I5); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.94:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 445.2 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 9.30:1, oil cooler
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron, alloy for KW; six main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft, cast aluminium alloy oil sump
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four valves per cylinder, each with two concentric valve springs, 20 valves in total, initially: shim-adjustable bucket tappets – later: one-piece bucket tappets, timing belt & simplex roller chain hybrid-driven double overhead camshafts (DOHC)
aspiration water-cooled turbocharger with remote wastegate, intercooler, tubular-branch exhaust manifold
fuel system & engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with five intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; Bosch Motronic electronic engine control unit (ECU)
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs
— RR, 3B
at 5,900 rpm; at 1,950 rpm — AAN, ABY
— KW
applications Audi Sport Quattro (KW: 05/84-07/87), Audi Quattro (RR: 08/89-07/91), Audi C3 200 quattro (3B: 03/89-11/90), Audi S2 (3B: 09/90-09/92, ABY: 10/92-05/95), Audi C4 S4 (AAN: 08/91-07/94), Audi C4 S6 (AAN: 06/94-07/97)
2.2 R5 20v T 232kW (RS2)
, this engine generates the second highest specific power output of all (even current) Volkswagen Group engines. With its output, that gives this engine a specific power output of per litre displacement.
identification parts code prefix: 034, engine ID code: ADU
engine displacement & engine configuration , inline-five engine (R5/I5); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: :1 – undersquare/long-stroke, per cylinder, compression ratio: 9.0:1, oil cooler
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; six main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft, cast aluminium alloy oil sump
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; 4 valves per cylinder each with two concentric valve springs, 20 valves in total, one-piece bucket tappets, toothed belt and simplex chain-driven (hybrid system) double overhead camshafts (DOHC)
aspiration water-cooled turbocharger, front-mounted intercooler (FMIC), tubular-branch exhaust manifold
fuel system, ignition system & engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with five intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; two LAZ pre-power output stage control units and five single spark ignition coils with Bosch spark plugs; Bosch Motronic electronic engine control unit (ECU), powered by PORSCHE
DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 6,500 rpm; at 3,000 rpm
application Audi RS2 Avant (03/94-07/95)
2.3 NG 98-125kW
identification parts code prefix: 034 (054: AAR)
engine displacement & engine configuration , inline five engine (R5/I5); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.95:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 461.9 cc per cylinder
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; six main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft, pressed steel or cast aluminium alloy oil sump
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy
10v: two valves per cylinder, each with two concentric valve springs, 10 valves in total, bucket tappets, timing-belt-driven single overhead camshaft (SOHC), compression ratio: 10.1:1
20v: four valves per cylinder, each with two concentric valve springs, 20 valves in total, bucket tappets, timing belt & simplex roller chain hybrid-driven double overhead camshafts (DOHC), compression ratio: 10.3:1
aspiration dual-barrel throttle valve, two-piece (one-piece on 20v) cast alloy intake manifold, two-piece cast iron exhaust manifold
fuel system & engine management
10v: Bosch KE-Jetronic multi-point indirect fuel injection with five intake manifold-sited fuel injectors
20v: common rail multi-point electronic indirect fuel injection with five intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; 'MPI' electronic engine control unit (ECU)
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes
10v: at 5,500 rpm; at 3,500 rpm — NG, AAR
10v: — NF Audi 100 Avant Duo
20v: at 6,200 rpm — 7A
applications Audi 80 (NG: 09/91-11/94), Audi 90 (NG: 04/87-12/91, 7A: 06/88-12/91), Audi Coupé (NG: 08/86-07/94, 7A: 11/88-07/91), Audi Cabriolet (NG: 06/91-07/94), Audi 100 (NF: 08/86-12/90, AAR: 12/90-07/94), Audi A6 (AAR: 06/94-06/96)
2.3 VR5 110-125kW
This engine was sometimes badged as a "V5".
identification parts code prefix: 071/066
engine displacement & engine configuration VR5 engine; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.90:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 464.8 cc per cylinder
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; six main bearings
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy
10v: two unequal-length valves per cylinder, each with two concentric valve springs, 10 valves in total, roller chain relay-driven double overhead camshafts (DOHC)
20v: four unequal-length valves per cylinder, 20 valves in total, roller finger cam follower, self-adjusting hydraulic tappets, simplex roller chain relay-driven double overhead camshaft (DOHC) with ECU-controlled variable valve timing for both inlet and exhaust valves, compression ratio: 10.8:1
aspiration plastic variable intake manifold, tubular exhaust manifold
fuel system & engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with five intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; 'MPI' electronic engine control unit (ECU)
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes
10v: at 6,000 rpm; at 3,200 rpm — AGZ
20v: at 6,200 rpm; at 3,300 rpm — AQN, AZX
applications SEAT Toledo (AGZ: 10/98-11/00, AQN: 09/00-11/03), Volkswagen Golf (AGZ: 10/97-02/01, AQN: 09/00-05/06), Volkswagen Bora (AGZ: 09/98-02/01, AQN: 09/00-05/05), Volkswagen New Beetle (AQN: 10/00->), Volkswagen Passat (AGZ: 09/97-08/00, AZX: 01/01-05/05)
2.5 R5 75-85kW
engine displacement & engine configuration , inline five engine (R5/I5); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.85:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 492.1 cc per cylinder
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; six main bearings
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder each with two concentric valve springs, 10 valves total, belt-driven single overhead camshaft (SOHC)
fuel system & engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with five intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; Digifant electronic engine control unit (ECU) with Bosch distributor
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes
— AXL
— AAF, ACU, AEN, AEU
at 4,500 rpm; at 2,400 rpm — AET, APL, AVT
applications Volkswagen Transporter (AAF: 09/90-12/93, ACU: 01/94-10/96, AEN: 05/95-12/95, AET: 08/96-06/03, AEU: 08/96-06/03, APL: 05/99-12/99, AVT: 12/99-06/03, AXL: 04/01-06/03), Volkswagen California (AAF: 09/90-07/93, ACU: 08/93-10/96, AEU: 08/96-04/02, AET: 08/96-09/03, APL: 05/99-12/99, AVT: 12/99-04/02, AXL: 04/01-06/03)
2.5 R5 20v (EA855; Americas/Mid. East)
This engine was only used in the North American, South American, and is being used in Middle Eastern markets, as the replacement for the inline-four naturally aspirated 2.0-litre 8v.
This engine was replaced by the GEN3 EA888 I4 in North America.
identification parts code prefix: 07K
engine displacement & engine configuration inline five engine (R5/I5); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.89:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 496.1 cc per cylinder
cylinder block & crankcase GJL250 grey cast iron; two-part sump, 6-bolt cast or die-forged steel crankshaft with six steel main bearings, water-cooled oil cooler
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four valves per cylinder, 20 valves total, low-friction roller finger cam followers with automatic hydraulic valve clearance compensation, chain-driven (relay method, using two simplex roller chains) double overhead camshaft (DOHC), variable intake valve timing
aspiration Plastic intake manifold, single throttle body with electronically controlled 'drive by wire' throttle butterfly valve
fuel system multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with five intake manifold-sited fuel injectors
ignition system & engine management five individual direct-acting single spark coils with longlife spark plugs, Bosch Motronic engine control unit (ECU), secondary air injection during cold start phase to reduce emissions, single knock sensor
exhaust system one-piece cast iron 5-into-1 exhaust manifold, ceramic catalytic converter, two heated oxygen sensors (three when equipped with California emissions) for permanent lambda control
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes
at 5,000 rpm; at 3,750 rpm — January 2005 (BGP/BGQ/BPR/BPS)
at 5,700 rpm; at 4,250 rpm — from May 2007 (CBT/CBU)
applications
BGP/BGQ/BPR/BPS: Volkswagen Jetta (2005–2007), Volkswagen New Beetle (2006–2011), Volkswagen Rabbit (Golf Mk5) (2006–2007).
CBT/CBU: Volkswagen Beetle (A5) (2012–2014), Volkswagen Golf Mk6 (2010–2014), Volkswagen Jetta (2008–2013), Volkswagen Passat (2012–2014), in the middle east in Volkswagen Passat (till date), Volkswagen Rabbit (2008–2009).
Six cylinder petrols
2.4 R6 66-70kW
identification parts code prefix: 073
engine displacement & engine configuration inline six engine (R6/I6); bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.89:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 397.1 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: ??.?:1
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; seven main bearings, die-forged steel crossplane crankshaft, pressed steel oil sump
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder each with two concentric valve springs, timing-belt-driven single overhead camshaft (SOHC) directly acting on shim-adjustable bucket tappet valve lifters
aspiration cast aluminium alloy intake manifold (two-part on fuel injected variant), two cast iron exhaust manifolds
fuel system
DL: 2B6 or 2E3 dual-barrel carburettor
1E: Digifant fuel injection with six manifold-sited fuel injectors and one common rail fuel rail
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes
at ?,??? rpm — DL
at ?,??? rpm — 1E (with exhaust catalytic converter)
application Volkswagen LT (DL: 08/82-07/92, 1E: 08/88-12/95)
2.4 V6 30v 100-125kW
identification parts code prefix: 077, 078; ID code: AMM, ALF, AML, AFM, APS, AGA, AJG, ALW, AMM, APC, APZ, ARJ, ARN, ASM, BDV
engine displacement & engine configuration 90° V6; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.05:1 – oversquare/short-stroke, 398.8 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 10.5:1
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder heads & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; five valves per cylinder, 30 valves total, double overhead camshafts
fuel system & engine management multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with six intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; Bosch Motronic electronic engine control unit (ECU); 95 RON/ROZ(91 AKI) EuroPremium (regular) unleaded recommended for optimum performance and fuel economy
DIN-rated motive power & torque output, ID codes
at 6,000 rpm; at 3,200 rpm — ALW, ARN, ASM
at 6,000 rpm; at 3,200 rpm — AFM
at 6,000 rpm; at 3,200 rpm — APC
at 6,000 rpm; at 3,200 rpm — ALG, AJG, AMM, APZ
at 6,000 rpm; at 3,200 rpm — AGA, AML, ALF, APS, ARJ
at 6,000 rpm; at 3,200 rpm — BDV
applications Audi Cabriolet, Audi A6 Audi A4
2.4 V6 24v 130kW
This 2.4 V6 is a smaller version of the all-alloy 3.2 V6 FSI – without the variable intake manifold and the FSI direct injection.
identification parts code prefix: ???; ID code: BDW
engine displacement & engine configuration 90° V6; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.05:1 – oversquare/short-stroke, 398.8 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 11.3:1
cylinder block & crankcase homogeneous monobloc low-pressure gravity die casting hypereutectic 'Alusil' aluminium-silicon alloy (AlSi17Cu4Mg) with a closed-deck design, mechanically stripped hard silicon crystal integral liners, honed under simulated mechanical stress; die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder heads & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four valves per cylinder, 24 valves total, simplex chain-driven double overhead camshafts, continuously variable valve timing system both for intake and exhaust
fuel system & engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with six intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; Bosch Motronic ME 7.X electronic engine control unit (ECU)
exhaust system two ceramic catalytic converters
DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 6,000 rpm (15.5 m/s piston speed); at 3,000–5,000 rpm; (MEP)
application Audi A6 (04/04-09/08)
references
2.6 V6 102-110kW
identification parts code prefix: ???
engine displacement & engine configuration 90° V6; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.02:1 – 'square engine', 433.0 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 10.3:1
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; four main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder heads & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder each with two concentric valve springs, 12 valves total, timing-belt-driven single overhead camshaft
aspiration cast aluminium alloy intake manifold, two-stage dual-barrel throttle valve
fuel system, ignition system & engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with six intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; one LAZ pre-power output stage control unit and one 6-way ignition coil with longlife spark plugs; Bosch 'MPFI' electronic engine control unit (ECU); 95 RON/ROZ(91 AKI) EuroPremium (regular) unleaded recommended for optimum performance and fuel economy
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes
— ACZ, Chinese market
at 5,750 rpm; at 3,000 rpm — ABC
applications Audi 80 (ABC: 07/92-07/95), Audi Coupé (ABC: 08/92-12/95), Audi Cabriolet (ABC: 01/94-08/00), Audi 100 (ABC: 03/92-07/94), Audi A4 (ABC: 11/94-07/98), Audi A6 (ABC: 06/94-10/97)
notes
2.7 V6 30v T 169-195kW
identification parts code prefix: 078
engine displacement & engine configuration 90° V6; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.94:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 445.2 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 9.0–9.9:1
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; four main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder heads & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; five valves per cylinder, 30 valves total, timing belt and simplex chain-driven (hybrid system) double overhead camshafts
aspiration 'biturbo': two parallel turbochargers (one per cylinder bank), two side-mounted intercoolers
fuel system, ignition system & engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with six intake manifold-sited Siemens fuel injectors; six individual spark coils; Bosch Motronic ME 7.1 electronic engine control unit (ECU); 98 RON/ROZ(93 AKI) EuroSuperPlus (premium) unleaded recommended for maximum performance and fuel economy
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, applications, ID codes
at 5,800 rpm; at 1,750 rpm — Audi C5 A6 (AJK)
at 5,800 rpm; at 1,800 rpm — Audi C5 A6 allroad (ARE, BEL, BES)
at 5,800 rpm; at 1,800 rpm — Audi B5 S4 (APB North American market)
at 5,800 rpm; at 1,850 rpm — Audi B5 S4 (AGB, AZB)
2.7 V6 30v T 280kW (B5 RS4)
Based on the Audi B5 S4 2.7 V6 biturbo, this engine was tuned by Cosworth Technology (now MAHLE Powertrain), and featured enlarged intake and exhaust ports on the cylinder heads, two uprated parallel turbochargers, and two side-mounted intercoolers (SMICs), together with new induction and exhaust systems, and a re-calibrated engine management system. Due to the high performance nature of the vehicle, it was also fitted with a multi-baffled two-section oil sump to help prevent oil starvation during high g-force manoeuvres.
, this engine generates the highest specific power output of all (even current) Volkswagen Group engines. With its output, that gives this engine a specific power output of per litre displacement.
identification parts code prefix: ???; ID codes: ASJ (EU2 compliant), AZR (EU3 compliant)
engine displacement & engine configuration 90° V6; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.94:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 445.2 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 9.0–9.2:1
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; four main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder heads & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; five valves per cylinder, 30 valves total, timing belt and simplex roller chain-driven (hybrid system) double overhead camshafts
aspiration 'biturbo': two parallel turbochargers (one per cylinder bank), two side-mounted intercoolers (SMICs)
fuel system, ignition system & engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with six intake manifold-sited fuel Siemens fuel injectors, six individual spark coils, Bosch Motronic ME 7.1 electronic engine control unit (ECU); 98 RON/ROZ(93 AKI) EuroSuperPlus (premium) unleaded recommended for maximum performance and fuel economy
DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 7,000 rpm; at 2,500–6,000 rpm
application Audi B5 RS4 (ASJ: 06/00-10/00, AZR: 11/00-09/01)
notes
2.8 V6 128kW
identification parts code prefix: ???; ID codes: AAH, AFC
engine displacement & engine configuration 90° V6; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.95:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 461.9 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 10.3:1 (AFC 10.0:1)
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; four main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft, two-part cast aluminium alloy oil sump
cylinder heads & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder each with two concentric valve springs (AFC has a single valve spring design), 12 valves total, self-adjusting hydraulic valve-play compensation, timing-belt-driven single overhead camshafts
aspiration hot-film mass airflow meter (MAF), two-stage dual-barrel throttle valve, two-part cast aluminium alloy variable length intake manifold (380 mm short path, 780 mm long path)
fuel system, ignition system & engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with six intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; one LAZ pre-power output stage control unit and one 6-way ignition coil with longlife spark plugs; Bosch 'MMS' MPI electronic engine control unit (ECU) with cylinder selective knock control; 95 RON/ROZ(91 AKI) EuroPremium (regular) unleaded recommended for optimum performance and fuel economy
DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 5,500 rpm; at 3,000 rpm; redline: 6,700 rpm
updates from AAH to AFC
Valvetrain differences between original AAH design and later AFC design include
1) AFC camshaft provides different valve timing and is lighter. 2) AFC use single valve springs with less mass. 3) AFC inlet and exhaust valves have a smaller stem diameter with revised stem oil seals.
The AFC engine had a revised lubrication circuit and oil pan assembly, constructional detail includes
1) AFCs use a larger oil filter. 2) AFC engine oil cooler has a larger cross-sectional area. 3) AFC engines oil pressure relief valve is integrated into a cover assembly. 4) AFC engines oil pickup is integrated into the upper section of the oil sump, with a revised lower oil sump gasket.
applications Audi 80 / Audi 90 (AAH: 09/91-07/95 {North America: 01/92-05/95, AFC: 07/93-07/95}), Audi Coupé (AAH: 08/91-12/95), Audi Cabriolet (AAH: 11/92-08/00 {North America: 11/93-07/94, AFC: 08/94-07/98}), Audi 100 (AAH: 12/90-07/94 {North America: 10/91-07/94}), Audi A4 (AAH: 11/94-07/97 {North America: 06/94-07/95, AFC: 07/95-07/97}), Audi A6 (AAH: 06/94-10/97 {North America: 06/94-07/95}, AFC: 08/94-06/95 {North America: 08/94-10/97}), Audi A8 (AAH: 06/94-03/96)
references
2.8 VR6 103-130kW
identification parts code prefix: 021
engine displacement & engine configuration 15° VR6 engine; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.90:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 465.3 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 10.5:1
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; seven main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, 12 valves total, double overhead camshafts (DOHC)
fuel system & engine management multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with six intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; Bosch Motronic M2.7/M2.9/M3.8.1 ME 7.1 electronic engine control unit (ECU); 98 RON/ROZ(95 AKI) EuroPremium (regular) unleaded recommended for optimum performance and fuel economy
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes
— AES VW Eurovan (05/96-05/00 – North America only)
at 5,800 rpm; at 4,200 rpm — AAA
— AFP
applications Volkswagen Corrado, Volkswagen Golf Mk3, Volkswagen Golf Mk4, Volkswagen Jetta (AAA, AFP), Volkswagen Passat (AAA), Volkswagen Sharan, Volkswagen Transporter (T4)
Awards
was placed in the 1995 annual list of Ward's 10 Best Engines
2.8 V6 30v 137-142kW
identification parts code prefix: 078; ID code: ACK, AGE, AHA, ALG, AMX, APR, AQD, ATQ, ATX, BBG
engine displacement & engine configuration 90° V6; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.95:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 461.9 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 10.1:1 (AGE, ATX, BBG); 10.3:1 (ALG, AMX), 10.6:1 (ACK, AHA, APR, AQD, ATQ)
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; four main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder heads & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; five valves per cylinder, 30 valves total, timing belt and simplex roller chain-driven (hybrid system) double overhead camshafts
aspiration cast aluminium alloy two-position variable intake manifold
fuel system & engine management multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with six intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; Bosch Motronic electronic engine control unit (ECU); 98 RON/ROZ(93 AKI) EuroSuperPlus (premium) unleaded recommended for optimum performance and fuel economy (ACK, AHA, ALG, AMX, APR, AQD, ATQ); 95 RON/ROZ(91 AKI) EuroPremium (regular) unleaded allowed (AGE, ATX, BBG)
DIN-rated motive power & torque output, ID codes
at 6,000 rpm; at 3,200 rpm — AGE
at 6,000 rpm; at 3,200 rpm — ATX, BBG
at 6,000 rpm; at 3,200 rpm — ALG, AMX
at 6,000 rpm; at 3,200 rpm — ACK, AHA, APR, AQD, ATQ
applications Audi B5 A4 (03/96-12/98), Audi A6 (10/95-01/99), Audi D2 A8 (07/95-01/99), VW Passat B5 & B5.5 (1997–2005)
notes
2.8 VR6 24v 147-150kW
identification parts code prefix: 022; ID codes: AQP, AUE, AXK (USA), AYL, BDE, BDF (USA)
engine displacement & engine configuration 15° VR6; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.90:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 465.3 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 10.7:1
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; seven main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four unequal-length valves per cylinder, 24 valves total, double overhead camshafts (DOHC)
fuel system & engine management multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with six intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; Bosch Motronic ME 7.1 electronic engine control unit (ECU); 95 RON/ROZ(91 AKI) EuroPremium (regular) unleaded recommended for optimum performance and fuel economy
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes
— BDF, USA-only, Jetta (10/01-06/04), Golf (03/02->)
at 6,200 rpm; at 2,400–5,500 rpm — AXK, USA-only VW Eurovan (05/00-06/03)
at 6,200 rpm; at 3,400 rpm
applications Volkswagen Golf Mk4 (AUE: 01/00-04/01), VW Bora (AUE: 03/00-04/01), SEAT León 1M Cupra 4 (AUE: 10/00-07/01, BDE: 06/01-04/04), SEAT Alhambra (AUE: 06/00-04/02, AYL: 06/00->), Volkswagen Sharan (AYL: 04/00-05/08)
notes
2.9 VR6 140kW
identification parts code prefix: 021; ID codes: ABV
engine displacement & engine configuration 2.9 litre 15° VR6; bore x stroke (mm): 82.0 x 90.3
cylinder block & crankcase grey cast iron; seven main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder head & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; two valves per cylinder, 12 valves total, duplex chain-driven double overhead camshafts (DOHC)
fuel system & engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with six intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; Bosch Motronic M 2.9 electronic engine control unit (ECU); 98 RON/ROZ(95 AKI) EuroPremium (regular) unleaded recommended for optimum performance and fuel economy
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, applications
— VW Passat B4 VR6 (10/94-12/96)
at 5,800 rpm; at 4,200 rpm — Volkswagen Corrado VR6 (08/91-07/95), VW Golf Mk3 VR6 (10/94-12/97)
notes
Eight cylinder petrols
All Volkswagen Group V8 and W8 petrol engines are constructed from a lightweight, cast aluminium alloy cylinder block (crankcase) and cylinder heads. They all use multi-valve technology, with the valves being operated by two overhead camshafts per cylinder bank (sometimes referred to as 'quad cam'). All functions of engine control are carried out by varying types of Robert Bosch GmbH Motronic electronic engine control units. They are all longitudinally front-mounted, and the V8 engines listed below were for a long time only used in cars bearing the Audi marque, but latterly being installed in Volkswagen Passenger Cars flagship Volkswagen Phaeton.
3.6 V8 32v 184kW
identification parts code prefix: 077, ID code: PT
engine displacement & engine configuration 90° V8; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.94:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 445.2 cc per cylinder; compression ratio: 10.6:1
cylinder block & crankcase cast aluminium alloy; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder heads & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four valves per cylinder, 32 valves total, timing belt and simplex chain-driven (hybrid system) double overhead camshafts
fuel system, ignition system, engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with eight intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; twin Hitachi ignition coils (one per cylinder bank) with Bosch longlife spark plugs, Bosch Motronic electronic engine control unit (ECU); 95 RON/ROZ(91 AKI) EuroPremium (regular) unleaded recommended for optimum performance and fuel economy
DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 5,800 rpm; at 4,000 rpm
application Audi V8 (10/88-11/93)
reference
3.7 V8 32v 169kW
identification parts code prefix: 077, ID codes: AEW, AKJ
engine displacement & engine configuration 90° V8; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.03:1 – oversquare/short-stroke, 462.1 cc per cylinder; compression ratio: 10.8:1
cylinder block & crankcase cast aluminium alloy; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder heads & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four valves per cylinder, 32 valves total, timing belt and simplex chain-driven (hybrid system) double overhead camshafts
fuel system, ignition system, engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with eight intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; twin LAZ pre-power output stage control units (one per cylinder bank) and eight single spark ignition coils with Bosch longlife spark plugs, Bosch Motronic electronic engine control unit (ECU); 95 RON/ROZ(91 AKI) EuroPremium (regular) unleaded recommended for optimum performance and fuel economy
DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 5,500 rpm; at 2,700 rpm
application Audi D2 A8 (AEW: 07/95-12/98, AKJ: 06/97-12/98)
reference
3.7 V8 40v 191-206kW
identification parts code prefix: 077
engine displacement & engine configuration 90° V8; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.03:1 – oversquare/short-stroke, 462.1 cc per cylinder; compression ratio: 11.0:1 (BFL: 11.3:1)
cylinder block & crankcase cast aluminium alloy; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder heads & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; five valves per cylinder, 40 valves total, low friction roller rocker fingers, timing belt and simplex chain-driven (hybrid system) hollow double overhead camshafts, variable inlet camshaft timing
aspiration 3-stage variable composite intake manifold
fuel system, ignition system, engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with eight intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; eight single spark ignition coils with Bosch longlife spark plugs, Bosch Motronic electronic engine control unit (ECU); 95 RON/ROZ(91 AKI) EuroPremium (regular) unleaded recommended for optimum performance and fuel economy
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes
at 6,000 rpm; at 3,250 rpm — AQG, AKC
at 6,000 rpm; at 3,750 rpm — BFL
applications Audi D2 A8 (AQG: 10/98-02/01, AKC: 05/00-09/02), Audi D3 A8 (BFL: 11/02-05/06)
references
4.0 WR8 32v 202kW
The 'W8' badged engine is an eight-cylinder W engine of four banks of two cylinders, formed by joining two 15° VR4 engines, placed on a single crankshaft, with each cylinder 'double-bank' now at a 72° vee-angle.
identification parts code prefix: 07D, ID codes: BDN (09/01-09/04), BDP (05/02-09/04)
engine displacement & engine configuration 72° WR8 engine; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.93:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 499.87 cc per cylinder, compression ratio: 10.8:1
cylinder block & crankcase cast aluminium alloy with two-part cast aluminium alloy oil sump; five main bearings; die-forged steel crankshaft with split crankpins; Lanchester principle balance shafts one above the other, counter-rotating at twice the crankshaft speed, symmetric to the middle of the crankshaft, upper one driven by a toothed belt
cylinder heads & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four unequal-length valves per cylinder, 32 valves total, low-friction roller finger cam followers with automatic hydraulic valve clearance compensation, simplex roller chain-driven (relay method, using three chains) double overhead camshafts, continuous vane-adjustable variable valve timing for intake and exhaust camshafts with up to 52° variance inlet camshafts and 22° for exhaust camshafts
aspiration hot-film air mass meter, single throttle body with electronically controlled Bosch 'E-Gas' 'drive by wire' throttle butterfly valve, four-part two-channel cast aluminium resonance intake manifold
fuel system, ignition system, engine management two linked common rail fuel distributor rails, multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with eight intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; centrally positioned NGK longlife spark plugs, mapped direct ignition with eight individual direct-acting single spark coils; Bosch Motronic ME electronic engine control unit (ECU), cylinder-selective knock control via four knock sensors, permanent lambda control; 95 RON/ROZ(91 AKI) EuroSuperPlus (premium) unleaded recommended for maximum performance and fuel economy
exhaust system vacuum-operated secondary air injection pump for direct injection into exhaust ports to assist cold start operation, one cast iron exhaust manifold per cylinder bank with integrated ceramic catalytic converter per cylinder bank, four heated oxygen sensors monitoring pre- and post catalyst exhaust gasses, EU4 compliant
dimensions mass: , length: length, width: , height:
DIN-rated motive power & torque output at 6,000 rpm; at 2,750 rpm ( MEP); max. engine speed: 6,400 rpm (19.2 m/s)
application Volkswagen Passat B5.5 W8 4motion
references
Awards
was voted 'best technical innovation', and awarded the "Golden Pegasus" by "Za ruljom" at the Moscow Motor Show
4.2 V8 32v 206-250kW
identification parts code prefix: 0215
engine displacement & engine configuration 90° V8; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.91:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 521.5 cc per cylinder; compression ratio: 10.3:1 (ABH: 10.8:1)
cylinder block & crankcase cast aluminium alloy; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder heads & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four valves per cylinder, 32 valves total, timing belt and simplex chain-driven (hybrid system) double overhead camshafts
fuel system, ignition system, engine management common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with eight intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; Bosch Motronic electronic engine control unit (ECU); 98 RON/ROZ(93 AKI) EuroSuperPlus (premium) unleaded recommended for maximum performance and fuel economy
dimensions mass: depending on variant
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes
at 5,800 rpm; at 4,000 rpm — ABH
at 5,900 rpm; at 4,000 rpm — AEC
at 6,000 rpm; at 3,000 rpm — ABZ, AKG, ARS, ASG
at 6,600 rpm; at 3,500 rpm — AHK
at 6,600 rpm; at 3,500 rpm — AHC, AKH, AQJ
applications Audi V8 (ABH: 08/91-11/99), Audi C4 S4 (ABH: 10/92-07/94), Audi C4 S6 (AEC: 09/94-10/97), Audi C5 A6 (ARS: 04/99-05/01, ASG: 06/00-01/05), Audi D2 A8 (ABZ: 06/94-05/99, AKG: 06/97-12/98), Audi C4 S6 Plus (AHK: 06/96-10/97), Audi C5 S6 (AQJ: 09/99-05/01), Audi D2 S8 (AHC: 09/96-12/98, AKH: 08/97-12/98)
reference
4.2 V8 40v 220-265kW
identification parts code prefix: 077
engine displacement & engine configuration 90° V8; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.91:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 521.5 cc per cylinder; compression ratio: 11.0:1
cylinder block & crankcase cast aluminium alloy; five main bearings, die-forged steel crankshaft
cylinder heads & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; five valves per cylinder, 40 valves total, timing belt and simplex chain-driven (hybrid system) double overhead camshafts
fuel system, ignition system, engine management two linked common rail fuel distributor rails, multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with eight intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; Bosch Motronic electronic engine control unit (ECU); 98 RON/ROZ(93 AKI) EuroSuperPlus (premium) unleaded recommended for maximum performance and fuel economy
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes
at 6,200 rpm; at 3,000 rpm — ARS, ASG
at 6,200 rpm; at 3,000 rpm — AUX, AWN
at 7,000 rpm; at 3,400 rpm — AQJ, ANK
at 7,000 rpm; at 3,400 rpm — AQH, AVP, AYS, BCS
applications Audi C5 A6 (ARS: 99-00, ASG: 00-04), Audi D2 A8 (AUX: 99-01, AWN: 01-02), Audi C5 S6 (AQJ: 99-01, ANK: 01-04), Audi D2 S8 (AQH: 05/99-02/01, AVP: 09/00-09/02, {Japan only – BCS: 09/00-02/01, AYS: 02/01-09/02})
4.2 V8 40v T 331-353kW (C5 RS6)
Based on the existing 4.2 V8 from the Audi C5 S6, this engine was tuned with the assistance of VW Group subsidiary Cosworth Technology (now MAHLE Powertrain), and featured two parallel turbochargers, known as 'biturbo', with two side-mounted intercoolers (SMICs). Enlarged and modified intake and exhaust ports on the new five valve cylinder heads, together with new induction and dual branch exhaust systems, a re-calibrated Motronic engine management system, revised cooling system, and decorative carbon fibre engine covers complete the upgrade.
The initial variant of this engine generates a specific power output of per litre displacement, and the 'RS6 Plus' variant gives per litre.
identification parts code prefix: 077.A
engine displacement & engine configuration 90° V8; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.91:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 521.5 cc per cylinder; compression ratio: 9.8:1, two oil coolers – oil:water and oil:air, two or three (dependent on target market) coolant radiators
cylinder block & crankcase cast aluminium alloy; five main bearings, die-forged steel crossplane crankshaft with shared crankpins, two-part oil sump – upper: baffled cast alloy, lower: pressed steel, simplex roller chain driven oil pump
cylinder heads & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; five valves per cylinder (three inlet, and two sodium-cooled exhaust valves), 40 valves total, low-friction roller-bearing finger cam followers with automatic hydraulic valve clearance compensation, timing belt and simplex roller chain-driven (hybrid system) hollow-tube double overhead camshafts (the crankshaft-driven timing belt operates both exhaust camshafts, which in turn individually chain-drive the inlet camshafts), variable inlet camshaft timing
aspiration two carbon fibre-cased siamesed air filters, two hot-film air mass meters, cast alloy intake manifold with Bosch 'E-Gas' drive by wire electronic throttle control valve, 'biturbo' – two fast-acting turbochargers (one per cylinder bank) with vacuum-actuated excess pressure control, two all-alloy side-mounted intercoolers (SMICs) optimised to prevent pressure loss
fuel system, ignition system, engine management fuel tank sited electric low pressure fuel lift pump, underfloor electric high pressure relay fuel pump, common rail multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with eight intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; eight individual single-spark ignition coils, NGK longlife spark plugs; Bosch Motronic ME 7.1.1 electronic engine control unit (ECU); 98 RON/ROZ(93 AKI) EuroSuperPlus (premium) unleaded recommended for maximum performance and fuel economy
exhaust system dual-branch exhaust pipes with metallic-element catalytic converters and secondary air injection, four lambda sensors, European EU3 emissions standard
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs, ID codes & applications
at 5,700–6,400 rpm; at 1,950–5,600 rpm — BCY: Audi C5 RS6 (07/02-09/04)
at 6,000–6,400 rpm; at 1,950–6,000 rpm — BRV: Audi C5 RS6 Plus (04/04-09/04)
references
Ten cylinder petrols
5.0 V10 40v (Lamborghini)
Only the third engine developed by Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A., and the first since Lamborghini was acquired by AUDI AG, this engine shares many technologies with other Audi-developed engines, although it is not directly based on any existing designs. It is constructed in two distinct stages: all components within the cylinder block and crankcase are built up at the Audi Hungaria Motor Kft. factory in Győr, with final assembly being completed at Sant'Agata Bolognese.
engine displacement & engine configuration 90° V10 engine; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 0.89:1 – undersquare/long-stroke, 496.1 cc per cylinder; compression ratio: 11.5:1; dry sump lubrication system
cylinder block & crankcase cast aluminium alloy with integrated liners with eutectic alloy; cylinder bore spacing; die-forged steel crankshaft with split crankpins (to create even 72 deg firing interval with the 90 deg vee-angle)
cylinder heads & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four valves per cylinder, 40 valves total, low-friction roller finger cam followers with automatic hydraulic valve clearance compensation, chain driven double overhead camshafts, continuously variable valve timing system both for intake and exhaust
aspiration two air filters, two hot-film air mass meters, two cast alloy throttle bodies each with electronically controlled 'drive by wire' throttle butterfly valves, cast magnesium alloy variable geometry and resonance intake manifold
fuel system two linked common rail fuel distributor rails, multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with ten intake manifold-sited fuel injectors
ignition system & engine management mapped direct ignition with centrally mounted spark plugs and ten individual direct-acting single spark coils; two Lamborghini LIE electronic engine control units (ECUs) working on the 'master and slave' concept due to the high revving nature of the engine
exhaust system five-into-one exhaust manifolds for each cylinder bank
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs
at 7,800 rpm; at 4,500 rpm (80% available from 1,500 rpm) — 2003–2005
at 8,000 rpm; at 4,250 rpm — SE, Spyder, and 2006-on
at 8,000 rpm; at 4,250 rpm — Superleggera
application Lamborghini Gallardo
references
Twelve cylinder petrols
6.2/6.5 V12 48v (Lamborghini)
This was a legacy engine, an original 3.5 litre version was developed nearly 50 years before the takeover of Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. by the German Volkswagen Group subsidiary AUDI AG. The current 6.2 and 6.5 litre versions can trace their lineage to the original. The final model to use this was the Murciélago, which was released during the current VW Group ownership, developed with help from Audi.
engine configuration 60° V12 engine; dry sump lubrication system
engine displacement etc.
6.2: ; bore x stroke: , stroke ratio: 1.00:1 – 'square engine', 516.0 cc per cylinder; compression ratio: 11.6:1
6.5: ; bore x stroke: (stroke ratio: 0.99:1 – 'square engine'); 541.3 cc per cylinder; compression ratio: 11.8:1
cylinder block & crankcase cast aluminium alloy
cylinder heads & valvetrain cast aluminium alloy; four valves per cylinder, 48 valves total, double overhead camshafts
aspiration two air filters, four cast alloy throttle bodies each with Magneti Marelli electronically controlled 'drive by wire' throttle butterfly valves, cast magnesium alloy intake manifold
fuel system & ignition system two linked common rail fuel distributor rails, multi-point electronic sequential indirect fuel injection with twelve intake manifold-sited fuel injectors; centrally positioned spark plugs, mapped direct ignition with 12 individual direct-acting single spark coils
exhaust system two 3-branch exhaust manifolds per cylinder bank, connected to dual-inlet catalytic converters, heated oxygen (lambda) sensors monitoring pre- and post-catalyst exhaust gasses
DIN-rated motive power & torque outputs
6.2: at 7500 rpm; and at 5500 rpm
6.5: at 7500 rpm; and at 5200 rpm
6.5: — Reventón
applications 2004 Lamborghini Murciélago LP640 Coupé and Roadster, Lamborghini Reventón
reference German press release: auto katalog 2006
See also
list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines (current)
list of Volkswagen Group diesel engines (current)
list of discontinued Volkswagen Group diesel engines
list of North American Volkswagen engines
Wasserboxer
VR6 engine
G-Lader
G60 – for detailed development info and progression of forced induction in Volkswagen Group engines
Turbocharged Direct Injection (TDI)
Suction Diesel Injection (SDI)
BlueMotion
list of Volkswagen Group platforms
list of Volkswagen Group factories
References
External links
VolkswagenAG.com – Volkswagen Group corporate website
Chemnitz (Germany) – engine plant Mobility and Sustainability
Kassel (Germany) – engine plant Mobility and Sustainability
Salzgitter (Germany) – engine plant Mobility and Sustainability
Polkowice (Poland) – engine plant Mobility and Sustainability
São Carlos (Brazil) – engine plant Mobility and Sustainability
Shanghai (China) – engine plant Mobility and Sustainability
Audi at a glance – includes information on the Győr engine plant
Gasoline engines by model
Lists of automobile engines
Straight-six engines |
3995646 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khentrul%20Lodro%20Thaye%20Rinpoche | Khentrul Lodro Thaye Rinpoche | Khentrul Lodrö Thayé Rinpoche (Khentrul Rinpoche) is the abbot of Mardo Tashi Choling in Eastern Tibet, where he established a retreat center and shedra, a formal Buddhist monastic college, under the direct guidance of his teacher, Khenchen Jigmed Phuntsok Rinpoche. He directs the education and spiritual practice of three hundred monks, seventy advanced-degree candidates, sixty children, and twenty full-time retreatants. Khentrul Rinpoche obtained Khenpo degrees directly from Khenchen Jigme Phuntsok Rinpoche at Larung Gar, from Katog Moktsa Rinpoche at Katog Monastery and from Kyabje Penor Rinpoche at Namdroling. Nowadays, Khentrul Rinpoche is primarily based in the U.S. where he has established Katog Rithrod Mountain Retreat Center in the Ozark Mountains of northwest Arkansas, as well as dozens of branch centers in different states which he travels to teach at on a yearly basis.
Early life and education
Early life
At the age of seven he began the formal practice of the Dharma by taking monastic ordination as a supportive foundation. He left his home and family when he was a young child to go and live with his maternal uncle, Terton Jigme Dorje, at Katog Mardo Tashi Choling in Tibet.
Education
Khentrul Rinpoche studied and practiced under Khenchen Jigme Phuntsok Rinpoche for over twenty years at Serthar monastery (Larung Gar), at Katog Monastery under Katog Moktsa Rinpoche in Tibet, and with Penor Rinpoche at Namdroling Monastery in India. He earned Khenpo degrees (equivalent to a PhD in Buddhist philosophy) in each of the monasteries directly from the three of these masters.
Recognition
Katog Moktsa Rinpoche formally recognized Khentrul Rinpoche as a reincarnation (tulku) of Katog Drubtobchhenpo Namkha Gyamtso, a mahasiddha of the Katog lineage. An elaborate enthronement ceremony was held for him at Katog Gonpa's mother monastery in 2006 amongst an assembly of monks, lamas, khenpos, and laypersons. Thus, he is called Khentrul—someone who is both a khenpo and a tulku.
He received the entire Nyingt'hig lineage (including Nyingt'hig Yabzhi, Dzod Dun, Ngalso Korsum, Yeshe Lama, and Chetzun Nyingt'hig), as well as thousands of empowerments, scriptural transmissions, and explanations on the pith instructions for Great Perfection practice. In addition, Khentrul Rinpoche received the rarely bestowed oral transmission of Khenpo Ngakchung's Nyingt'hig lineage. From Jigme Phuntsok Rinpoche, Dodrubchen Rinpoche, Penor Rinpoche, and Katok Moktsa Rinpoche, he received all of the empowerments and scriptural transmissions for the Kama and Terma cycles of the Nyingma school.
He was invited to the U.S. by Chagdud Tulku Rinpoche (shortly before his death), primarily to create and teach a shedra program at Rigdzin Ling. He created an annual shedra at Chagdud Rinpoche's Gonpa center at Rigdzin Ling in Junction City, California in 2003. Since then, the Shedra has continued yearly and since 2010 it takes place annually at Katog Rit'hröd Mountain Retreat located in northwest Arkansas.
As a highly respected teacher, Khentrul Rinpoche attracts thousands of students worldwide. The first American practice center was founded in Ashland, Oregon in 2003. He now has multiple practice centers in the U.S. He founded a non-profit organization, Katog Choling, in 2004. In 2007, one hundred and twenty acres were donated to Katog Choling in northwest Arkansas to serve North American students. As of 2018, the land has increased to almost four hundred acres of contiguous properties (including private property purchased by practitioners to do retreat). This includes a large central temple, stupas, a traditional three year retreat center and smaller temple, dorms, other retreat facilities and natural supports for practice, like mountains, cliffs, caves and streams.
Khentrul Rinpoche also travels to teach in various countries and invites various qualified lamas to teach at the Katog Choling (USA) centers including: Katog Getse Rinpoche, Khenchen Tsultrim Lodro Rinpoche, and Kadak Choying Dorje Lingtrul Rinpoche
.
He is known for highly emphasizing the Lojong ('Mind Training') teachings and techniques.
Sources
This article uses GFDL-licensed material from the RangjungYesheWiki article Khentrul Lodro Thaye Rinpoche.
External links
Living people
Nyingma lamas
Rinpoches
Year of birth missing (living people) |
3995662 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moomba%2C%20South%20Australia | Moomba, South Australia | Moomba is a company town located in the Australian state of South Australia within the gazetted locality of Gidgealpa about north of the state capital of Adelaide. It is operated by Santos Limited for the purpose of exploration and processing of natural gas found in and recovered from the Cooper and Eromanga Basins.
There are a number of partners and contractors on the site including Bureau Veritas, O&G Solutions, SGS, Gearhart, Broadspectrum, OneSteel, Origin Energy, Diversified Construction, Halliburton, Baker Hughes, Schlumberger, ProTechnics a Division of Corelab, GPA Engineering, SAGE Automation and Cactus Wellhead.
Geography
Moomba is situated on the Strzelecki Track which runs through northeastern South Australia and into South West Queensland. The settlement is located on a low-lying plain amongst sand dunes at very little height above sea level. Several hundred kilometres to the southwest lies Lake Eyre which is in fact below sea level.
History
Moomba was established in the 1960s and 70s after discovery of gas and oil.
The first commercial gas discovery was made at the Gidgealpa field in 1963.
The first Permian oil discovery was made at the Tirrawarra field in 1970.
The first Jurassic oil discovery was made at the Strzelecki field in 1978.
Gas sales to Adelaide commenced in 1969, and gas sales to Sydney commenced in 1976. Ethane sales to Sydney commenced in 1996
An explosion occurred at the gas plant in January 2004. The explosion made national headlines and caused a costly temporary gas shortage for Santos Ltd.
Population
Santos Ltd employs some 1,201 people who work at Moomba and within the rest of the Cooper Basin (including Ballera in South-West Queensland). All employees work on a fly in-fly out roster basis; there is no permanent resident population in Moomba.
Facilities
Moomba has a sealed airstrip and 'camp' accommodation for its "fly-in, fly-out" residents who are, largely, Santos employees. Scheduled Services are operated by Alliance Airlines, flying passengers daily to and from Adelaide. Members of the public are not able to fly to Moomba; only employees, contractors and authorised visitors are able to visit.
The New South Wales motoring body, NRMA warns travellers of the absence of public facilities at Moomba. It states:
Note that the Moomba plant and field operations are closed to the public and there are no facilities, supplies or accommodation available for travellers.
Natural Resources Extraction
Gas
The Moomba Adelaide Pipeline System (commenced in 1969) runs 832 kilometres to deliver natural gas extracted from Moomba to Adelaide. This same pipeline is also used to deliver gas from Queensland, an arrangement agreed to in 1991 and the project completed in 1993.
A separate 659 kilometre liquids pipeline runs southwest to Port Bonython, South Australia for overseas export.
A similar gas pipeline to Sydney was completed in 1976, stretching over 1,299 kilometres to Wilton Sydney, with an ethane pipeline along the same route to Botany in Sydney completed in 1996.
According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics:
At Moomba the incoming raw gas stream initially has water and carbon dioxide removed. Next the liquids recovery plant extracts the valuable condensate, ethane and LPG from the gas stream. The resultant sales gas is then pipelined to the Sydney and Adelaide markets. The separated gas liquids as well as the stabilised crude oil from oil fields are directed into the liquids pipeline leading to the fractionation plant at Port Bonython on Spencer Gulf.
Due to an expected peak in availability of gas from Moomba's gas fields in 2006, in June 2007 gas pipeline owner Epic Energy announced moves to link the Moomba pipeline to gas resources in southwest Queensland,.
Oil
Significant oil deposits were discovered in Moomba in 1970 and 1978. These are extracted and supplied via pipelines to sales outlets.
Climate
Moomba experiences a mean maximum temperature of in the hottest month of the year, January, with overnight mean minimum temperatures of . July is the coldest month, in winter, with mean maximum temperature and mean minimum temperature. On 12 January 2013, Moomba reached a record maximum temperature of , which is one of the hottest temperatures recorded in South Australia.
Moomba sits just on the edge of a rainfall region that has the lowest average rainfall in Australia (a region encompassing Marree and Lake Eyre). Rainfall is highly erratic, and some years it does not rain at all. However, when it does rain it can be extremely heavy and damaging thunderstorms can occur on a few days each year. Light winter rain can also be experienced, but this is just as infrequent and does not happen every year. The wettest month ever recorded was January 1974, with of rain falling.
See also
List of extreme temperatures in Australia
References
External links
Santos page about Moomba
SAGE Automation
Towns in South Australia
Company towns in Australia
Far North (South Australia)
Places in the unincorporated areas of South Australia |
3995663 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educated%20Horses | Educated Horses | Educated Horses is the third studio album by American musician Rob Zombie, released on March 28, 2006, by Geffen. A streaming "listening party" was held on MP3.com starting March 22, 2006, which caused advance copies to spread throughout P2P software programs. It is the first album to feature guitarist John 5 and drummer Tommy Clufetos, and the last to feature bassist Blasko.
In response to questions about what the album's title means, Rob Zombie said:
"It was a weird kind of phrase, like, that I remembered as something as a kid. You know, my parents, my grandparents, my aunts and uncles, the whole family, were involved in carnival business and, like, circus business, so as a kid, we would get dragged to these things, and we'd have to spend all this time there. And that was just one of the attractions I remember, what they would call the trained animals, you know, educated horses."
Production
Educated Horses can be described as Zombie's most experimental album to date. Writing for Rob Zombie for the first time, John 5 experimented with a number of acoustics, which can be heard on tracks such as "Sawdust in the Blood" and "Death of It All". Yet the album still contains his signature horror tastes. "17 Year Locust" and "The Scorpion Sleeps" were both written about creepy-crawlies.
Rob Zombie has stated that the album had influences from glam rock artists like Slade, T. Rex, and Gary Glitter.
Reception
The album debuted at number five on the U.S. Billboard 200, Zombie's highest chart position since Hellbilly Deluxe, selling about 120,000 copies in its first week. It also debuted at number one on Billboard's Top Rock Albums chart. In its second week it dropped to number fourteen, selling a further 46,720 copies.
The song "The Lords of Salem" was nominated for the Grammy for Best Hard Rock Performance of 2008.
Christian Hoard of Rolling Stone magazine had this to say:
Music videos
Zombie directed music videos for "Foxy Foxy" and "American Witch". Artist and animator David Hartman created two animated music videos, for "American Witch" and "The Lords of Salem".
Track listing
All songs written by Rob Zombie, John 5 and Scott Humphrey unless otherwise noted.
Personnel
Musicians
Rob Zombie – vocals, lyrics
John 5 – guitars, additional bass, background vocals
Blasko – bass, background vocals
Tommy Clufetos – drums, background vocals
Scott Humphrey – additional guitars, additional bass, background vocals
Tommy Lee – additional drums
Josh Freese – additional drums
Audrey Wiechman – background vocals
Production
Scott Humphrey – producer, mixing
Rob Zombie – producer
Tom Baker – mastering
Chris Baseford – engineer
Todd Harapiak – assistant engineer
Will Thompson – assistant engineer
Rob Zombie – art direction, package design, additional photos
Kristin Burns – photos
Drew Fitgerald – art direction
Chart positions
Album
Singles
References
Rob Zombie albums
2006 albums
Geffen Records albums
Albums produced by Rob Zombie
Albums produced by Scott Humphrey |
3995664 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk%20Tomaszewski%20%28poster%20artist%29 | Henryk Tomaszewski (poster artist) | Henryk Tomaszewski (pronounced tom-a-SHEV-ski) (June 10, 1914 – September 11, 2005) was an award-winning poster artist and the "father" of the Polish Poster School.
Biography
Henryk Tomaszewski was born in Warsaw, Poland on June 10, 1914, to a family of musicians.
In 1934, he enrolled in the Warsaw Academy of Fine Arts and graduated in 1939. During World War II and the Nazi occupation of Poland, Tomaszewski earned a living through his painting, drawings, and woodcuts which were later destroyed during the Warsaw Uprising. In 1947, he began creating posters for state-run film distribution agency Central Wynajmu Filmow with fellow designers Tadeusz Trepkowski and Tadeusz Gronowski. Postwar shortages of supplies made Tomaszewski rework film posters and introduced bold colors, abstract shapes, and filmmaking techniques to convey the film's mood rather than rely on portraits of the film's stars. He also created posters for the circus and art exhibitions, among others. His poster designs were animated and witty, leading him to become the "father" of the Polish Poster School in the postwar era influencing international poster designers. His work was also part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1948 Summer Olympics.
He became a professor from 1952 until 1985 at the Warsaw Academy of Fine Arts.
In 1975 Henryk Tomaszewski was granted the title of Honorary Royal Designer for Industry by Royal Society of Arts in London and since 1957 was a member of Alliance Graphique International (AGI).
Tomaszewski was the father of acclaimed contemporary Polish graphic artist Filip Pagowski.
He died on September 11, 2005, in Warsaw, Poland of progressive nerve degeneration.
Major awards
1948 - Five Golds Medals, International Poster Exhibition, Vienna (Austria)
1963 - First Prize, International Biennal of Arts, São Paulo (Brazil)
1965 - Gold Medal, Leipzig (DDR)
1966 - Silver Medal, International Poster Biennal, Warsaw (Poland)
1967 - Gold Medal, National Polish Poster Biennal, Katowice (Poland)
1970 - Gold Medal, International Poster Biennal, Warsaw (Poland)
1975 - Silver Medal, National Polish Poster Biennal, Katowice (Poland)
1975 - HonRDI, Royal Designers for Industry
1979 - First Prize, 3rd Poster Biennale, Lahti (Finland)
1981 - First Prize, International Poster Exhibition, Fort Collins (USA)
1986 - Excellence Award, ICOGRADA
1988 - Silver and gold medals, International Poster Biennal, Warsaw (Poland)
1991 - Bronze Medal, International Poster Triennial, Toyama (Japan)
1994 - Silver Medal, International Poster Triennial, Toyama (Japan)
1994 - Bronze Medal, International Poster Biennal, Warsaw (Poland)
See also
Graphic design
List of graphic designers
List of Polish painters
List of Polish graphic designers
References
External links
Profile of Henryk Tomaszewski at Culture.pl
1914 births
2005 deaths
Polish graphic designers
Polish cartoonists
Polish illustrators
Polish poster artists
Artists from Warsaw
Olympic competitors in art competitions
Recipients of the State Award Badge (Poland) |
3995682 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20Coffee | Chinese Coffee | Chinese Coffee is a 2000 independent film drama, starring Al Pacino and Jerry Orbach. The film was directed by Pacino and written by Ira Lewis, adapted from his play of the same name. Two longtime friends in New York City struggle with their relationship which has become contentious after years of mistrust and resentment over professional and personal failures.
It premiered at the 2000 Telluride Film Festival, and also screened at the 2000 Tribeca Film Festival, where it was introduced by Robert De Niro.
Plot
Harry Levine (Pacino) is a struggling writer barely eking out a living as a doorman—that is, until he is fired. Desperate for money, he pays a visit to his friend Jake Manheim (Orbach), an arts photographer, to collect an old debt. After Jake says he does not have the money, the two engage in an all-night conversation about their respective art, past and present loves, and the directions their lives are heading. The play and film are set in Greenwich Village circa 1982.
Production
Al Pacino directed the 2000 film adaptation of Chinese Coffee, in which he also starred opposite Jerry Orbach. Ira Lewis, who wrote the original play, also penned the screenplay for the film.
The film adaptation was released in New York as part of the Tribeca Film Festival. Shot almost exclusively as a one-to-one conversation between the two main characters, it chronicles friendship, love, loss, and humor of daily life. After years of withholding it, Pacino allowed it to be released on DVD, June 19, 2007 as a part of a three-movie boxed set called Pacino: An Actor's Vision.
Howard Shore reportedly originally composed the score to the film, before Elmer Bernstein was hired to replace him.
Genesis
The screenplay is an adaptation of a two character, one-act play of the same name written by Lewis. Unlike the film, all of the action takes place in Manheim's small Greenwich Village apartment. The film was produced and released thirteen years after Chinese Coffee's initial stage debut. The first fully staged production was an Off-Broadway closed-ended run in August 1987, at the Apple Corps Theatre in New York City. It was produced by Robert Barash, directed by David Margulies, starred Al Pacino as Harry Levine, and Marvin Silbersher as Jacob Manheim.
The play later premiered at the Circle in the Square Theatre on Broadway in 1992, directed by Arvin Brown, with Pacino reprising his role as Harry Levine, and Charles Cioffi now cast as Jacob Manheim.
Film Title
"Chinese Coffee" refers to a scene in which Levine explains to Manheim why he thinks a cup of coffee in Chinatown restaurants is superior to any other because they use the best beans, brewed fresh in Silex glass pots only, and they give you real cream. Chinese Coffee is also a metaphor for the safety that Levine feels when he is in one of these restaurants.
References
External links
Review of Chinese Coffee at Blogcritics
2000 films
American independent films
Films about writers
American films based on plays
Films directed by Al Pacino
Films scored by Elmer Bernstein
Films set in New York City
Films set in the 1980s
Films shot in New York City |
3995692 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Webster%20%28alleged%20witch%29 | Mary Webster (alleged witch) | Mary Webster (fl. 1684) was a resident of colonial New England who was accused of witchcraft and was the target of an attempted lynching by friends of the accuser.
Biography
Early life
Mary Webster born Reeve was born in England. The exact birth year is unknown but it is believed to be around 1624. Accounts of her birthdate ranged from 1617 to 1624. Both her father and her brother were named Thomas Reeve. Her father lived in Springfield, Massachusetts. According to the New England Historical Society, her mother's name was Hannah Rowe Reeve. In 1670, Mary Reeve married William Webster and they settled in the small Puritan town of Hadley, Massachusetts. No records exist of Webster having had any children. He was 53, she was 46.
William and Mary Webster had little money, lived in a small house and sometimes needed help from the town to survive.
Trial and Ongoing Abuse
In 1683, when Mary Webster was approximately 60 years old, she was accused and brought to trial before a jury in Boston "for suspicion of witchcraft" but cleared of charges and found not guilty.
In 1684, Webster was accused verbally by Philip Smith. Smith was a judge, a deacon, and representative of the town of Hadley. He has also been described as a "hypochondriac." He seems to have believed in the real power of witchcraft and that his afflictions were being magically caused by Mary Webster in collaboration with the devil.
While he lay ill, a number of brisk lads tried an experiment upon the old woman. Having dragged her out of her house, they hung her up until she was near dead, let her down, rolled her some time in the snow, and at last buried her in it and there left her, but it happened that she survived and the melancholy man died.
Publicized by the Mathers
Philip Smith's accusations, afflictions, and death were described within a few years in a publication by Cotton Mather Memorable Providences, Relating to Witchcrafts. Mather names Smith but not Mary Webster. Mather describes how some friends of Smith "did three or four times in one night go and give Disturbance to the Woman." Mather claims that it was only during this night of vigilante violence perpetrated against Mary Webster that Smith was able to sleep peacefully. "Upon the whole, it appeared unquestionable that witchcraft had brought a period unto the life of so good a man," Mather concludes.
Cotton Mather's book was published in 1689 only a few years before the infamous witchcraft trials of 1692 and it followed a similar book recently published by his father, Harvard president Increase Mather in 1684. As early as 1681, Increase Mather had met with "ministers in this colony" and begun soliciting far and wide for instances and anecdotes of witchcraft. It is not known to what extent Increase Mather's solicitations (and the implied doctrinal views in support of the real power of witchcraft) may have directly influenced the circumstances in Hadley in 1683-4. According to Thomas Hutchinson, prior to Increase Mather's book, it had been decades since anyone had been executed for witchcraft in New England, despite the occasional slur or spurious accusation.
After the witchcraft trials of 1692, many lamented the parts they had played, such as the famous public confession of Samuel Sewall accepting "blame and shame." In April of 1693, members of the Salem congregation launched a campaign (it would eventually succeed) to ouster their minister Samuel Parris accusing him of holding unorthodox views "Differing from the Opinion of the generality of the Orthodox Ministers of the Country." Though Parris' doctrinal views were contested and arguably unorthodox, they were in line with the views put forward over the previous decade by the Mathers. On October 20, 1690, Parris met with Cotton Mather and other ministers at the Harvard College library, in a newly formed group calling itself the Cambridge Association, to discuss problems with his congregation in Salem.
In the fall of 1693, the Mathers were continuing to push for more witchcraft trials and this inspired a letter writing campaign from Boston wool merchant named Robert Calef. Among other things, Calef criticized them for suggesting "that hanging or chaining" a person can somehow "restore those that were at a distance tormented." Such notions according to Calef, "all tending... to the dishonor of God and the endangering of the well-being of a people."
In spite of mounting criticism, Cotton Mather stuck to the lonely position and reprinted his account of Philip Smith and Mary Webster in 1702, albeit somewhat buried near the end of a very large folio of miscellaneous extracts titled Magnalia Christi Americana. There are small differences in the 1702 reprinting, for instance Mather clarifies that the vigilantes who attacked Mary Webster were "young men" and Mather strikes the previous reference to "one night," instead suggesting the vigilantes attacked her on three or four occasions. Mather adds an emphatic "yea" to further underscore the idea that these were the only occasions during which Smith was able to sleep over a time period that Mather broadens to include "all his illness."
Popular culture
Canadian author Margaret Atwood, who believed Mary to be her ancestor, made Webster the subject of her poem "Half-Hanged Mary", and dedicated her novel The Handmaid's Tale (1985) to her..
Paula Malcomson portrays Mary Webster in episode five of the second season of the Amazon Prime series Lore (TV series).
References
Mather, Cotton Memorable Providences, Relating to Witchcrafts and Possessions: A Faithful Account of many Wonderful and Surprising Things, that have befallen several Bewitched and Possessed Persons in New-England
New England Historical Society "Mary Webster"
External links
Story of Mary Webster
1620s births
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
People from Hadley, Massachusetts
American witchcraft
Kingdom of England emigrants to Massachusetts Bay Colony
Lynching survivors in the United States
People accused of witchcraft |
3995696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtownbutler | Newtownbutler | Newtownbutler or Newtown Butler is a small village in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. It is in the southeast corner of the county, near Lough Erne, the border with County Monaghan, and the town of Clones. It is surrounded by small lakes and bogland. In the 2011 Census it had a population of 989 people.
History
Newtownbutler began to be built as a Plantation village in the early 18th century. It was built within the townland of Aghagay.
The Troubles
There were 13 deaths in and around Newtownbutler during the Troubles.
Amenities
Crom Castle and Estate lie on the shores of Upper Lough Erne, just 3 miles from Newtownbutler. The estate was established in the early 17th century during the Plantation of Ulster. Crom Estate is owned by the Crichton family, Earls of Erne and is leased to the National Trust for public use. The estate covers over of woods, parkland and wetland. Crom Estate is also one of the most important sites in Northern Ireland for bats, with all eight Northern Ireland species recorded on the estate.
The present day Crom Castle was built in 1820 and, although Queen Victoria's reign began in 1837, the building was built in the Victorian style. The castle was designed by the English architect Edward Blore, who was also responsible for sections of Buckingham Palace.
The village currently has two pubs, An Chead Chumann and Mulligans Bar and Lounge which regularly host an array of events and attract crowds in from across the county. The Lanesborough Arms Hotel (formerly Reilly's Bar) was another well known public house in Newwtownbutler that closed in 2004. The traditional bar was removed and transferred to the Ulster American Folk Park in Omagh. The village also has two supermarkets, two takeaways, a butchers, a chemists, a credit union, a church and parish hall, an orange hall, a community centre, GAA grounds and a large community playpark.
People
William Thompson (1733–1799) the first President of the Methodist Conference after Wesley's death was born in Newtownbutler.
Charles Irwin (1824-8 April 1873) was born in Manorhamilton, County Leitrim and was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross. During the Siege of Lucknow on 16 November 1857 at Lucknow, India, Private Irwin showed conspicuous bravery at the assault on the Secundra Bagh when, although severely wounded through the right shoulder, he was one of the first to enter the building under heavy fire. He died on 29 March 1873 at Newtownbutler and is buried in Saint Mark's Churchyard, Magheraveely, County Fermanagh.
Constantine Scollen (4 April 1841 - 8 November 1902) was born just outside the village, on Galloon Island in Lough Erne. He became a famous missionary among the native peoples of North America and actually lived with the people of the Blackfoot Confederacy in Canada for almost a decade. In total he spent over thirty years on the prairies. He died in Dayton, Ohio, in 1902.
Transport
Newtownbutler railway station opened on 26 June 1858 and finally closed on 1 October 1957.
There are plans by Waterways Ireland to restore the nearby Ulster Canal from Lough Erne to Clones.
Demographics
Newtownbutler is classified as a small village or hamlet by the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) (i.e. with population between 500 and 1,000 people). On Census day (27 March 2011) there were 989 people living in Newtownbutler. Of these:
20.9% were aged under 16 years and 13.8% were aged 60 and over
49% of the population were male and 51% were female
81.5% were from a Catholic background; 17% were from a Protestant background and 1.5% were from an Other background
19% indicated that they had a British national identity, 53.5% had an Irish national identity and 27.8% had a Northern Irish national identity.
Sport
Newtownbutler is home to the Newtownbutler First Fermanaghs Gaelic football team. They play at all levels of football in both the men's and women's categories. Their last Fermanagh Senior Championship title came in 2007.
Micky Jones, Garvan Chapman and Francy Brown prove to be a dynamic trio for the Firsts. Knowing each other on a deep level on and off the field this has really paid dividends to the firsts and they were praised by Current manager Patrick Glancy.
Groups
Marching bands
According to the Ulster Bands Forum there are six marching bands operating in Newtownbutler Ward. Four are from Newtownbutler while the other two operate in the nearby village of Magheraveely. The four from Newtownbutler are: Feaugh Pipe Band; Loughkillygreen Accordion Band; Newtownbutler Flute Band; and Wattlebridge Accordion Band. Many people in Newtownbutler support and very much enjoy seeing these bands out as they see them as great for the town and community
Orange Lodges
According to The Grand Orange Lodge of Ireland, Newtownbutler District No.1 is the largest district in County Fermanagh with ten men's lodges and one women's lodge The District covers the wards of Newtownbutler and Rosslea. Five lodges operate within Newtownbutler and its immediate surrounding area. These are: LOL 184 Newtownbutler; LOL 391 Wattlebridge; LOL 854 Loughkillygreen; LOL 1219 Crom Castle; and LOL 1320 Feaugh.
There are also three Royal Black Preceptory lodges operating in the Newtownbutler area. They are: RBP 154 Newtownbutler; RBP 204 Loughkillygreen; RBP 811 Drummully
Other
Newtownbutler Community Development Association,
Newtownbutler Together,
Newtownbutler Comhaltas,
Galloon and Drummully Mothers Union,
NTB Bowling Club,
NTB Badminton Club,
St Marys Youth Club,
Scouts and Girl Guides Clubs (Beavers, Cubs, Rainbows and Brownies),
Matt Fitzpatrick 1916 Society,
NTB Historical Society,
Newtownbutler Playgroup
See also
Market Houses in Northern Ireland
References
External links
Culture Northern Ireland
Villages in County Fermanagh |
3995714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aretha%20Now | Aretha Now | Aretha Now is the thirteenth studio album by American singer Aretha Franklin, released on June 14, 1968, by Atlantic Records. Quickly certified Gold, it eventually reached a million in US sales. It hit No. 3 on Billboard'''s album chart. In 1993, it was reissued on CD through Rhino Records. The album was rated the 133rd best album of the 1960s by Pitchfork''.
Track listing
Information is based on the album’s Liner Notes
Personnel
Information is based on the album’s Liner Notes
Aretha Franklin – lead vocals (all), piano (1-5, 7, 10)
Tommy Cogbill – guitar (1-3, 10), bass guitar (6, 8-9)
Carolyn Franklin – background vocals (6, 8-9)
Roger Hawkins – drums (all)
Jerry Jemmott – bass guitar (1-5, 7, 10)
Jimmy Johnson – guitar (1, 3, 5-6, 8-10)
Spooner Oldham – Hammond organ (1, 5), electric piano (3, 6-7, 10), piano (8)
The Sweet Inspirations – background vocals (all)
Bobby Womack – guitar (6, 8-9)
Horns:
Floyd Newman – baritone saxophone
Willie Bridges – baritone saxophone (1, 3-5, 7, 10)
Charles Chalmers, Andrew Love – tenor saxophone
King Curtis, Seldon Powell – tenor saxophone
Bernie Glow, Wayne Jackson, Melvin Lastie, Joe Newman – trumpet
Haywood Henry – baritone saxophone (6, 8)
Tony Studd – bass trombone
Frank Wess – tenor saxophone, flute
All arrangements by Tom Dowd and Arif Mardin
Tom Dowd – engineering
Charts
Billboard Music Charts (North America)
See also
Album era
List of Billboard number-one R&B albums of the 1960s
References
1968 albums
Aretha Franklin albums
Albums arranged by Arif Mardin
Albums produced by Jerry Wexler
Atlantic Records albums |
5389153 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Koei%20Tecmo%20games | List of Koei Tecmo games | This is a list of video games developed and/or published by Koei Tecmo, one of their internal development houses, or the pre-merger companies Tecmo (formerly known as Tehkan) or Koei. Some games were only published by Tecmo or Koei in a specific region or for a specific platform; these games will only list the publisher relevant to this list (i.e. Tecmo or Koei) and will be notated appropriately. Also, many games have different release dates for different regions, platforms, or re-releases. For the purposes of simplicity, and to ensure easy automated sorting, only the earliest date will listed on this table.
References
Koei Tecmo
Koei Tecmo games |
3995730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques%20Gourde | Jacques Gourde | Jacques Gourde (born January 13, 1964 in Saint-Narcisse-de-Beaurivage, Quebec) is a farmer and the Conservative Member of Parliament for Lotbinière—Chutes-de-la-Chaudière. He was first elected in the 2006 federal election and, on February 7, 2006 was appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food and Minister for the Canadian Wheat Board. Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Public Works and Government Services, for Official Languages and for the Economic Development Agency for the Regions of Quebec.
Gourde has a diploma in farming management and was a producer and exporter of hay in Saint-Narcisse-de-Beaurivage. He is married to Chantal Beaudoin and has five children.
Electoral record
References
External links
1964 births
Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Living people
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Canadian farmers
Canadian Roman Catholics
21st-century Canadian politicians |
5389166 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV%20%26%20EE | MV & EE | MV & EE is a Vermont-based group of musicians focused around partners Matt "MV" Valentine and Erika "EE" Elder. Matt Valentine was in the neo-psychedelic group, The Tower Recordings and has also released music under his own name and the pseudonym, Matthew Dell. While the duo recorded under many different names, including MV & EE Medicine Show and The Bummer Road, most of the records center on both artists and feature a rotating cast of additional musicians. Their style is self-described as "lunar ragas", with many of the lyrics dealing with celestial imagery. They combine Indian raga style composition with Appalachian folk and post-psychedelic electrical experimentalism. They use Western and Eastern acoustic instruments amplified and augmented with effects such as reverb, delay, and flange. Their compositions occasionally feature vocal work from both Elder and Valentine, the latter of which is reminiscent of Neil Young's vocal style.
Discography
Albums
Tonight! One Night Only! MV & EE In Heaven 2001 (Child of Microtones)
Ragantula 2002 (Child of Microtones)
Daybreak Of Cocola & The Plumage Overtones Of Black Patti 2003 (Child of Microtones)
Fantastic String Music 2003 (Child of Microtones)
Moon Jook 2004 (Child of Microtones)
Cosmic Dust & The Electrobeam Hermit Thrush 2004 (Child of Microtones)
Lunar Blues 2004 (Child of Microtones)
The Uranian Ray 2004 (Child of Microtones/Spirit Of Orr)
Ragas & Blues 2004 (IDEA)
Livestock Moon Forms: Rural Ragas Volume One 2005 (Child of Microtones)
The Light Of Cocola Octo Escapes The Golden Dawn Of Blues: Rural Ragas Volume Two 2005 (Child of Microtones)
The Suncatcher Blossoms A Nova And Is So Grateful It Is No Longer Willing To Dark The Sun: Rural Ragas Volume Three 2005 (Child of Microtones)
Zone of Domes 2005 (Child of Microtones)
We Offer You Guru 2005 (Child of Microtones)
Suncatcher Mountain 2006 (Child of Microtones)
Mother of Thousands 2006 (Time-Lag Records)
The Cowboy's Road 2006 (Child of Microtones)
Play Ellas McDaniel's "Who Do You Love" 2006 (Three Lobed Recordings)
Rural Dimensions 2006 (Child of Microtones)
Green Blues 2007 (Ecstatic Peace)
Goodbye Moonface 2007 (Wabana Records)
Mars Delta 2007 (Child of Microtones)
Eye in the Pines 2007 (Child of Microtones)
Ragas of the Culvert: The Ground Ain't Dirty 2007 (Child of Microtones)
Gettin' Gone 2007 (Ecstatic Peace!)
Foxgod in Flight 2008 (Child Of Microtones)
Pray For Less w/ Willie Lane 2008 (Blackest Rainbow)
Total Loss Songs 2008 (Three Lobed Recordings)
MV & EE Meet Snake's Pass & Other Human Conditions 2008 (Singing Knives)
Drone Trailer 2009 (Dicristina Stair)
Barn Nova 2009 (Ecstatic Peace!)
Space Homestead 2012 (Woodist)
Shade Grown 2013 (Blackest Rainbow)
Alpha Lyrae 2014 (self-released)
Singles
Moment Spacing / Bong Judge 2008 (Golden Lab Records)
Old Black Joe / Huna Cosm 2008 (The Great Pop Supplement)
External links
MV & EE page at Ecstatic Peace Records
Ecstatic Peace! artists
Psychedelic folk groups |
5389174 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yegor%20Tolstoy | Yegor Tolstoy | Count Yegor Petrovich Tolstoy ; 19 July 1802 – 12 March 1874) was an Imperial Russian lieutenant-general, senator, and governor of Taganrog, Kaluga, and Penza.
Military career
Son of Pyotr Aleksandrovich Tolstoy, Yegor Tolstoy was born on 9 July 1802 (Old Style) in the Tolstoy family. He received home education and in 1819 enrolled to serve in the Uglitsk regiment. In 1821, he was transferred into the regiment of chasseurs of the Leib Guards. Tolstoy was aide-de-camp to general Alexander von Neidgart, and was stationed in Laibach (Ljubljana) during the Congress, where he was appointed head of the Russian headquarters of the detachment against Piedmont. In 1826, Count Tolstoy participated in the Russo-Persian War, 1826-1828, serving as aide de camp to Mayor-General Prince Aleksandr Sergeyevich Menshikov. On 21 April 1827 Tolstoy was appointed aide de camp to the Emperor Nicholas I of Russia. During the campaign of Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829, he was awarded with an Order of St. George of the 4th degree and the rank of colonel for the action in the siege of Anapa. He was awarded with a golden sword for the restoration of the communication between the main army and the corps of general Loggin Rot in July of the same year; and was wounded in the head during the Siege of Varna.
In 1831, Yegor Tolstoy participated in the military actions against Polish rebels during November Uprising and was awarded with an Order of St. Vladimir of the 3rd degree for the seizure of Warsaw.
Government Work
In 1835 Count Tolstoy received an appointment at the Ministry of Interior and gave his resignation in 1840. In April 1851, he was appointed governor of Kaluga, and on 27 April 1854 - governor-general of the city of Taganrog. Tolstoy held this office until September 1856 and participated in the defense of the city from bombardments and landing operations during the Siege of Taganrog in 1855. On 31 August 1859 he was appointed governor of Penza and on 4 August 1861 – Russian senator. In 1870, Tolstoy was decorated with an Order of St. Alexander Nevsky for the 50 years of service.
Count Yegor Tolstoy died on 12 March 1874.
External links and references
Governor Yegor Petrovich Tolstoy
1802 births
1874 deaths
Counts of the Russian Empire
Imperial Russian Army generals
Russian people of the Crimean War
Politicians of the Russian Empire
Governors of Taganrog
Yegor
Governors of Penza Governorate |
5389180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings%20Meadows%20High%20School | Kings Meadows High School | Kings Meadows High School is a government co-educational comprehensive secondary school located in , a southern suburb of , Tasmania, Australia. Established in 1960, the school caters for approximately 550 students from Years 7 to 12. The school is administered by the Tasmanian Department of Education.
In 2019 student enrolments were 540. The school principal is Maree Pinnington.
The school services the Kings Meadows, Youngtown, and Northern Midlands area.
See also
List of schools in Tasmania
Education in Tasmania
References
External links
Kings Meadows High School
Public high schools in Tasmania
Schools in Launceston, Tasmania
Rock Eisteddfod Challenge participants
Educational institutions established in 1960
1960 establishments in Australia |
3995740 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry%20R.%20Heather | Larry R. Heather | Larry R. Heather (born 1953) is a perennial candidate from Calgary, Alberta, Canada. In addition to running as an independent at all three levels of government, he has run as a Christian Heritage Party of Canada candidate in federal elections and an Alberta Social Credit Party candidate in provincial elections.
Personal life
Heather holds a Bachelor of Religious Education degree from Briercrest Bible College in Saskatchewan, a Bachelor of Arts degree in Religion from Rocky Mountain College, and a Graduate Certificate of Christian Studies from Regent College in Vancouver, British Columbia. A shipper/receiver and audio editor by profession, he was a member and performer in the Canadian Badlands Passion Play Society and a member of the Creation Science Association of Alberta. Heather previously hosted the radio program "Gospel Road" on CHRB in High River. He has lived in the electoral district Calgary-Heritage since 1963. He is a director with the William Aberhart Historical Foundation started by former Alberta Social Credit Speaker of the House, Arthur J. Dixon.
Political career
Heather is best known as an anti-abortion activist. He was briefly detained in 1985 for throwing ketchup on abortion activist Henry Morgentaler, upon the latter's arrival in Calgary on a fundraising tour. He later protested against funding for the Calgary Birth Control Association in 1988, on the grounds that the organization provided abortion counselling. A few months after the Supreme Court of Canada struck down the nation's abortion law, he was quoted as saying, "a woman's womb is the most dangerous place to live in Canada". During a debate over a Calgary abortion clinic in 1991, he described Morgentaler as "a mass murderer who has murdered thousands of unborn babies".
He has also been active in other socially conservative causes. During the 1989 municipal campaign, he described a local gay bar as a "major public health threat" and claimed that condoms in washroom coin machines would result in a "flood of promiscuity". In 2005, he criticized Conservative Party leader Stephen Harper for supporting civil union rights for homosexual couples.
Heather is a member of Cedars of Lebanon Reforestation (CoL), a group which believes that the growth of cedars in Lebanon and Israel will signal the return of the Christian Messiah. He spoke in defense of fellow CoL member Bruce Balfour in 2003, upon the latter's arrest by Lebanese authorities on charges of spying for Israel. The charges were not proven, and Balfour was released.
As of 2007, he was the 2nd vice-president of communication of the Alberta Social Credit Party. Heather is a Conservative Baptist, and for many years was president of Christians Concerned For Life in Calgary. He has also written and performed gospel songs and is a playwright with three produced two-act dramas, including a Messianic Hanukkah Musical Tree of Light.
One of his campaign documents in 2006 featured the headline, "Purge Supreme Court Activist Rulings!", accompanied by the image of a judge smashing his gavel on a husband-and-wife centerpiece. This was a reference to the recent legalization of same-sex marriage in Canada. His campaign website also featured images of aborted fetuses, which are juxtaposed with and likened to images of massacred children in Rwanda.
In October 2007, he entered the campaign for the leadership of the Social Credit Party of Alberta. He lost to Len Skowronski in a vote in Red Deer on November 3, 2007. He ran for public school trustee in Calgary in 2010 and documented that election on his post-election website. Protesting a change in membership standards in the Christian Heritage Party, he ran in his home riding of Calgary Southwest as an independent in 2011.
He was a candidate for Mayor for the 2013 Calgary municipal elections and received 0.7 percent of the popular vote, coming in fifth out of nine candidates. He is a City Hall attender and frequent presenter from the public at both the committee level and Council public hearings.
In the 2015 Alberta provincial election he was a Social Credit candidate in Calgary Elbow against Education Minister incumbent Gordon Dirks.
In the 2015 federal election he ran in the electoral district of Calgary Heritage as an Independent candidate, his sixth time on the ballot against Stephen Harper.
In the 2016 provincial by-election for Calgary-Greenway, he ran as an independent candidate.
On November 7, 2016, Heather was banned from Calgary City Hall for a period of two years due to his behaviour while speaking to council regarding a rezoning issue. Heather opposed all applications for secondary suites, even in communities where he did not live, and was often off-topic while addressing issues. He refused to leave the podium after his 5 minutes of allotted time was up, the same that is granted all speakers, and remained at the podium until he was forced to leave by Calgary Police Service officers.
In 2017, Heather ran for Mayor of Calgary, however his results were lower than his previous attempt. His votes received dropped from 1% total vote down to 0.2%. On December 14, 2017, he also challenged United Conservative Party leader Jason Kenney in the Calgary-Lougheed by-election and came last with 22 votes.
In 2019 Heather ran again, this time provincially. He again finished in last place but managed to more to increase his votes from his previous effort by 32 and increase his percentage of the votes earned by 0.1%.
Heather made a 2nd attempt at public office in 2019 but the results were the same as many of his previous loses. Last place and less than a half a percent of the public vote. In fact this was a step back from his last attempt at Federal office. There he had one of his better outings with 0.9% achieved. This latest lost saw him fall back 0.6% in the popular vote.
Electoral activity
The 1989 municipal results are taken from the Calgary Herald of 17 October 1989, with 38 of 44 polls reporting. The 1992 municipal results are taken from the Calgary Herald of 20 October 1992, with 30 of 50 polls reporting. The 2017 municipal results are taken from the Global News of 17 October 2017, with 266 of 266 polls reporting. The 2019 provincial results are taken from the Alberta Election site 59 of 61 polls reporting.
References
External links
Official website
Alberta candidates for Member of Parliament
Independent candidates in the 1984 Canadian federal election
Independent candidates in the 1988 Canadian federal election
Living people
People from Vulcan County
Alberta Social Credit Party candidates in Alberta provincial elections
Independent candidates in Alberta provincial elections
1953 births
Christian Heritage Party of Canada politicians |
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