Split (1)

train · 6.52M rows

id stringlengths 2 8	url stringlengths 31 389	title stringlengths 1 250	text stringlengths 2 355k
5384007	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Carr%20%28education%29	Jim Carr (education)	Jim Carr (born December 20, 1969) is vice president and head of digital media for Standard Media Group LLC, a broadcast and digital media company headquartered in Nashville, Tennessee. Carr was previously vice president of digital media for Media General, Inc., a publicly traded broadcast and digital media company headquartered in Richmond, Virginia. An advocate for digital literacy, Carr serves on the Board of Directors for the Digital Literacy Institute, a non-profit organization that works to bridge the digital divide and promote access to Internet technologies for under-served populations. Life and career During the Tech boom of the 1990s Carr was co-founder and Chief Technologist of TechTrain, Inc.; an Atlanta-based Microsoft partner with technology training centers throughout the Southeastern United States. Carr has been an adjunct instructor, guest lecturer and advisor for a number of academic institutions including Queens College, Guilford College, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, and the College of Charleston. He was also an editor for AOL and Senior Managing Editor of act.com. Working with the Maricopa Community College District from 2003 to 2006, Carr was director of instructional technology & new media and taught business & technology courses at their GateWay campus. In 2007, he was named director of digital media for Belo Corporation's Arizona television group where he oversaw digital operations for 3TV Phoenix and azfamily.com. In 2012 Carr joined Young Broadcasting as vice president of digital media which now operates as Media General, Inc. after a reverse acquisition in November 2013. Carr is a Microsoft Certified Professional, Certified Internet Specialist, and an evangelist for open source software issues. He is a regular contributor to a number of print an online magazines and lectures on popular Web concepts including information architecture, Web usability, search engine optimization, social networking and Internet marketing. In April 2006 Carr was named a Roundtable Scholar by The Roundtable Group, an academic think-tank and speakers bureau. He is active in a number of professional organizations, including the Web Innovator's Group, the Information Architecture Institute, and Arizona Internet Professionals Association. References 1969 births Living people People from Rochester, Michigan Guilford College faculty
5384013	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20State%20Fair	Maryland State Fair	The Maryland State Fair is the annual state fair for the state of Maryland. It is held at the Maryland State Fairgrounds located near the intersection of York and Timonium roads in Timonium. As of 2006, the fair is an 11-day event, customarily beginning in late August and ending around Labor Day. History On Tuesday, September 17, 1878. Grafton Marsh Bosley hosted a series of contests and ball to benefit yellow fever sufferers a his property north of Towson. The following year, 1879, the fair was moved to its current location in Timonium and was held from September 9 through September 12. In 1906, the Lutherville Fair merged with the Pimlico Fair and since then, came to be known as the Maryland State Fair. The fair was suspended from 1943 through 1945 during World War II. In 1999, the fair increased its functionality to 11 days. The New York Times reported that on October 14, 1870, President Rutherford B. Hayes would go to Frederick to attend the "Maryland State Fair." In 1878, after several unsuccessful attempts to establish an ongoing fair at other locations around Baltimore, a group of Maryland businessmen operated a successful fair on a site in Lutherville, Maryland. Despite its success, the Lutherville Fair was short-lived because an extension of the Northern Central Railroad (the former Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad) was being constructed through the middle of the fairgrounds. Their success in Lutherville, however, gave the operators resolve to establish an annual fair, and in December 1878, they incorporated as the Agricultural Society of Baltimore County. The corporation leased a plot of land on the old Baltimore and York Turnpike on what was then known as "the Timonium Estate." The first Fair at its new home was held September 9–12, 1879. The Northern Central Railroad, the reason behind the closure of the Lutherville Fair, was now the primary source of transportation for fairgoers from Baltimore City to the south to the Timonium Fairgrounds during the rest of the century. Other fairgoers walked or rode horses, wagons, carriages, and carts to the fairgrounds using the Turnpike and its southern end of Greenmount Avenue. Later visitors used the old #8 electric street car line of the old United Railway and Electric Company, later after 1935, as the Baltimore Transit Company. After the last street car rode its course down York Road and Greenmount Avenue to Catonsville in 1963, diesel buses brought visitors to the Fair in addition to the thousands of cars parked on acres of lots around the grounds for that last week of summer. Late in the century, The Agricultural Society of Baltimore County faced stiff competition from the nearby Pimlico Fair, also referred to as "the State Fair". Ultimately, the two groups held joint fairs in 1894 and 1897, and in 1906, merged to form one corporation - "the Maryland State Fair and Agricultural Society of Baltimore County, Maryland". Their annual Fair then became known as "The Maryland State Fair". The early years at the Fair saw tents and wooden structures in use to exhibit home arts, farm and garden products, and livestock shows. Plowing and working oxen competitions were some of the popular but few attractions. Races were held at the track, and results were forwarded to interested horsemen at Baltimore and Alexandria, Virginia, by way of carrier pigeon. Food concessions consisted of sandwiches made by the farmers’ wives, and amusements involved sideshows, sack races, and greased pole climbing. The Maryland State Fair grew and prospered, adding many attractions and exhibits, including an airmail delivery at the 1918 Fair. The annual event continued until 1943 when the Fair was interrupted because of the war effort in World War II. The fairgrounds were leased to the U.S. Army for a storage depot and a vehicle repair center. After a three-year suspension, the Fair reopened its gates in 1946. In 1999, the Fair added another day, making the Fair now an 11-day event. In 2020, the fair was restricted to private livestock and other virtual shows due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Timonium Race Track In the 1950s, growth in population and development in increasingly suburban Baltimore County flourished, and certain business interests wanted to purchase the fairgrounds site for industrial development. The majority stockholder of the Corporation for the M.S.F. & A.S. of B.C., which was now the Maryland Jockey Club (which also owned and operated the famous Pimlico Race Course in northwest Baltimore, and home to the Preakness Stakes - one of thoroughbred horse racing's "Triple Crown"), had agreed to sell. In the ensuing controversy, however, a group of agriculturists, business leaders, horsemen, and bankers formed the "Save the Maryland State Fair Committee." The Committee raised over $600,000 to purchase the fairgrounds, ensuring that The Maryland State Fair at Timonium would continue to be Maryland's premiere event at the end of each summer. Another crisis was averted in the 1970s. The organized Maryland racing industry took steps to have the Fair's Thoroughbred racing competition dates transferred to other Maryland tracks in order to re-trench a declining audience, purses and media attention. Fair Directors recognized that such a move would threaten the survival of the Fair. The "Committee of Friends of the Maryland State Fair" was established to strengthen the cooperation between Maryland agriculture and horse breeding interests - a relationship that had been a tradition in the State since the mid-18th century. The Committee was successful in convincing the public and the state legislature in the Maryland General Assembly of the value in keeping Thoroughbred racing a part of the Fair. The Committee also prepared expansion plans for the Fair, which resulted in a $5 million grant from the State of Maryland for building, modernization, and year-round use of the fairgrounds. One of the most famous horses to race at Timonium was the Maryland-bred colt Bee Bee Bee who competed and won here in the fall of 1971, then in May 1972 at Pimlico Race Course, won the second leg of the U.S. Triple Crown series, the Preakness Stakes. Currently the racetrack hosts events during the fair, including the "Alma North Stakes" for fillies and mares and the Taking Risks Stakes. Miss Maryland Agriculture Program The Miss Maryland Agriculture Program (MMAP) has been a feature of the Maryland State Fair since the 1930s. The name of the contest has changed several times throughout the decades. When it began, the winner received the title Miss Timonium Fair, but winners have also been given the title of Farm Queen, and now the winner receives the title of Miss Maryland Agriculture. According to Phyllis McKenzie, the 2012 Miss Maryland Agriculture winner, the program is a, "knowledge contest run through the farm bureau program. [The judges] will be looking for a lot of knowledge in all the diversities of agriculture and the Maryland Farm Bureau throughout their policies and many programs that they offer for farmers and other agriculturalists." Timonium Fairgrounds light rail service In the early 1990s, construction was completed on the Baltimore Light Rail line, serving Cromwell Station near Glen Burnie in Anne Arundel County to the south, downtown Baltimore, and Hunt Valley to the north. The light rail line's Timonium Fairgrounds station is adjacent to the fair's west entrance. It resulted in increasing crowds of visitors arriving by rail in the late 20th and early 21st Centuries, just like a century earlier with the old street cars (of the old United Railways and Electric Company, later the Baltimore Transit Company) and the commuter trains of the old Northern Central Railway. References Maryland State Fair official website Map: Tourist attractions in Baltimore County, Maryland State fairs Annual fairs Maryland culture Horse racing venues in Maryland Timonium, Maryland 1878 establishments in Maryland Festivals established in 1878
5384030	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas%20Sports%20Hall%20of%20Fame	Kansas Sports Hall of Fame	The Kansas Sports Hall of Fame is a museum located in Wichita, dedicated to preserving the history of sports in the state of Kansas. The museum provides exhibits, archives, facilities, services, and activities to honor those individuals and teams whose achievements in sports brought distinction to themselves, to their communities and to the entire state of Kansas. History The Hall of Fame was founded in 1961 as part of the Kansas Centennial Celebration. The museum has had a number of homes over the years, and is now located in Wichita, at 238 N. Mead. Funding for operating expenses is provided in part by donations, admissions, gift shop sales, and special events. The museum is not only a family attraction, it is also a facility for entertaining. The Hall can be used for special events, receptions, and conferences in a variety of settings. In June 2009 the museum announced the creation of the Kansas Sports Museum, located at The Chisholm Trail Center in Newton, Kansas. The Hall of Fame also announced that it would be moving from its current location at 238 N. Mead to the Wichita Boathouse as part of a cost-saving measure through an agreement with Bill Koch, whose 1992 America's Cup winning yacht America³ is on display there. The new museum in Newton will occupy in the Chisholm Trail Center, 601 SE 36th St. (I-135 Exit 28). It will house exhibits and memorabilia the hall of fame won’t have room for after it moves to its new location at the Wichita Boathouse. The Museum in Old Town Wichita is currently closed while the moving and renovation processes are taking place. What to see Basketball Kansas is called the "Cradle of Basketball." Basketball’s inventor, James Naismith, the namesake of the Basketball Hall of Fame is featured prominently in this area of the museum. Legendary coaches such as Phog Allen, Adolph Rupp, Dean Smith, Ralph Miller, Ted Owens, Eddie Sutton, Jack Hartman, Tex Winter, Gene Keady, Jack Gardner, Dutch Lonborg, John McLendon, Ralph Nolan, Bill Morse, Ron Slaymaker, Bob Chipman, and Walt Shublom are also showcased. On display NBA and NCAA Basketball jerseys, balls, trophies, plaques and highlights of Kansas high school basketball. It also features displays of the prep dynasties of Dwight, McPherson, Newton, Wichita South, and Wyandotte are prominent as well as recognition of Bishop Miege and Little River Girls basketball dominance. The museum also has photos and memorabilia from women basketball stars like Lynette Woodard, Jackie Stiles, Kendra Wecker, Nicole Ohlde, Laurie Koehn, Billie Moore, and Marian Washington. Football Jerseys, helmets, balls, All-American awards and certificates won by Kansans John Hadl, Lynn Dickey, Nolan Cromwell also by Pro Football Hall of Famers Gale Sayers, John Riggins, Barry Sanders, and Mike McCormack are located in this gallery. The Governor's Cup, given annually to the winner of the Kansas State University vs. University of Kansas game is on display. A tribute to K-State's national prominence under Coach Bill Snyder features a photo collection and memorabilia of the Wildcats dynasty. There is a memorial to honor the lives of Wichita State University football players killed in the tragic WSU plane crash of October 1970. Kansas' small college football history includes Pittsburg State's national dominance under coaches Carnie Smith, Dennis Franchione, and Chuck Broyles, Bethany College Coach Ted Kessinger, Coffeyville Community College Coach Dick Foster. Kansas' colorful high school football exhibits include items from perennial state powers Kapaun Mt. Carmel, Lawrence, Midway-Denton, Pittsburg-Colgan, Smith Center, Conway Springs and feature Kansas prep stars like DeAngelo Evans of Wichita Collegiate, Shannon Kruger of Silver Lake, John Riggins of Centralia and Hall of Fame coaches Eddie Kriwiel and Al Woolard. Baseball Some of baseball's legendary Kansas stars such as Baseball Hall of Famers Walter Johnson, Joe Tinker and Fred Clarke are presented in the baseball gallery. Photos and memorabilia of the great Wichita State Shocker program under Coach Gene Stephenson with stars like Joe Carter, Darren Dreifort, and Mike Pelfrey are surrounded by vintage photos and memorabilia including autographed pieces by Johnson, Babe Ruth, Mickey Mantle, Mel Ott and countless others. Kansas City Royals longtime standout player George Brett was inducted in 2017. The Coleman Company/Johnny Bench Award, given annually to the Collegiate Catcher of the Year by the Wichita Sports Commission is also on display here at the Kansas Sports Hall of Fame as are items from numerous Kansas baseball icons including: Hap Dumont, Elden Auker, Bill Russell, Ralph Houk, Gene Mauch, Daryl Spencer, and Murry Dickson. Track and Field The track and field gallery shows off Kansas's reputation as one of the nation's leading producers of track and Olympic stars . Two Olympic gold medals are on display as well as shoes worn by world record holders Jim Ryun, Wes Santee, Al Oerter, Glenn Cunningham, and Thane Baker. Olympic champions Billy Mills, Bill Nieder, Maurice Greene, John Kuck, Catherine Fox, Peter Mehringer and Kenny Harrison – and others, are prominently presented. There is also a high jump bar set at 7’ 4 ½”, the Kansas high school record set by Brad Speer of Wichita East in 1984 on display, and hundreds of photos of Kansas high school and college standouts. Inductees As of 2017 there are 273 individuals who have been named to the hall of fame, and the class of 2018 added 11 more for a total of 286. New members are inducted each fall. A partial list of Hall-of-Famers includes: Johnny Adams Mike Ahearn Lucius Allen Phog Allen Elden Auker Thane Baker Ernie Barrett Bill Bates Jim Bausch Mike Bell Rolando Blackman Michael Bishop Bob Boozer Bob Brannum George Brett Chuck Broyles Kurt Budke Antoine Carr Joe Carter Wilt Chamberlain Jim Colbert Nolan Cromwell Glenn Cunningham Darren Daulton Lynn Dickey Bobby Douglass Fred Etchen Mike Evans Jack Gardner Martin Gramatica Steve Grogan Bill Guthridge John Hadl Bill Hargiss Jack Hartman Jim Helmer Ralph Houk David Jaynes Walter Johnson Ewing Kauffman Al Kelley Bob Kenney John Kuck Lon Kruger Bill Lienhard Emil Liston Cleo Littleton Clyde Lovellette Danny Manning Harold Manning Xavier McDaniel Ralph Miller Billy Mills Brian Moorman Margaret Murdock Willie Murrell James Naismith Bill Nieder Al Oerter Nicole Ohlde John Outland Ted Owens Paul Pierce John Riggins Adolph Rupp Jim Ryun Ernie Quigley Barry Sanders Archie San Romani Gale Sayers Walter Shublom Wayne Simien Bill Snyder David Snyder Gary Spani Bud Stallworth Dave Stallworth Eddie Sutton Bill Tidwell Tom Watson Garfield Weede Fran Welch Jess Willard Tex Winter Lynette Woodard References External links All-sports halls of fame State sports halls of fame in the United States Halls of fame in Kansas Sports museums in Kansas Sports in Wichita, Kansas Museums in Wichita, Kansas Awards established in 1961 1961 establishments in Kansas
5384060	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trubchevsk%20Cathedral	Trubchevsk Cathedral	The Trinity Cathedral in Trubchevsk, Russia, was built in the 18th century on a hill rising above the river Desna. It incorporates the foundations of an earlier church, built in the beginning of the 16th century by the Princes Troubetzkoy, and it subsequently became the site of their family tomb. The present cathedral was built at the end of the 18th century over the old building. The belfry was added at the beginning of the 19th century. Excavations in 1971 under the cathedral have revealed a rock temple of the 12th century. External links Modern views Photograph at Nature Picture Library Churches in Bryansk Oblast Russian Orthodox cathedrals in Russia 18th-century Eastern Orthodox church buildings
5384061	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20A.%20Callahan	Donald A. Callahan	Donald Alphonse Callahan (September 8, 1876 – October 26, 1951) was a mining industry leader and Republican politician from Idaho. Early life, education, and career Born and raised in Galena, Illinois, Callahan had little access to education in his youth; he entered high school at the age of twenty and graduated sixteen months later. He then read law in a law office in that city for three years to gain admission to the bar in Illinois. He worked as a deputy to a federal court clerk in Freeport, Illinois, where he was also the local supervisor of the 1910 United States Census, and then entered the practice of law in Chicago. In 1918, he moved to Wallace, Idaho. Political activities and mining industry leadership Callahan served in both chambers of the Idaho Legislature. He was a member of the Idaho House of Representatives from 1921 to 1922 and a member of the Idaho Senate from 1923 to 1934. During his senate service, he chaired the senate finance committee for two terms. He was the 1938 Republican nominee for the United States Senate seat in Idaho. He was narrowly defeated by Democratic Congressman D. Worth Clark. Callahan was "a prominent figure in the nation's mining industry", having been president of Callahan Consolidated Mining, and of the Eastern Lead company, and having "frequently acted as spokesman for district mine operators before congressional committees". In 1936, he was chairman of the Northwest Mining association. Personal life and death A Roman Catholic, he died in a Los Angeles hospital at the age of 76, having had a heart attack while attending an American Mining Congress convention in that city. He was survived by his wife and one daughter. References Sources Political Graveyard article on Callahan 1876 births People from Shoshone County, Idaho Idaho lawyers Idaho Republicans Members of the Idaho House of Representatives Idaho state senators Place of birth missing People from Galena, Illinois 1951 deaths
5384062	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catrap	Catrap	Catrap, known as Pitman in Japan, is a puzzle-platform game developed for the Sharp MZ-700 computer in 1985 and released by Asmik for the Nintendo Game Boy in 1990. The Game Boy version was rereleased on the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console in October 2011. Destructoid credits the game with using a time-rewind mechanic before games like Blinx, Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time, and Braid. The word Catrap refers to the frequent number of times the player is trapped and needs to reverse their movements and the two anthropomorphic cats the player must manoeuvre to advance through the levels. Gameplay Catrap is a puzzle game. The player directs the avatar, an anthropomorphic cat, to navigate a room while clearing obstacles and kicking monsters and ghosts off the screen. Once the player has knocked all of the enemies off the screen, they advance to the next level. Advancement grows difficult for the player as increasingly intricate obstacles are presented to complicate the process of overcoming all of the monsters and ghosts. The game encourages trial and error. A player may try one combination of manoeuvres by moving the obstacle in one direction, then they may find themselves trapped. The player can hit the 'A'-button to reverse their movements and try again in a different way until they find the solution that enables them to access all of the enemies and knock them off the screen. Trial and error make up a large portion of the game. Players can also create their own mazes. There are 100 levels for the player to clear, each one more difficult than the last with more room for error and typically take longer to complete. The first level involves no obstacles with one monster on the opposite side of the screen to knock off; the last level involves a blockade of boulders and a conundrum of ladders for the player to move and navigate to clear several floating ghosts, the most difficult level with the smallest margin for error. Development and release The game concept was originally created in 1985 on a MZ-700 home computer by Yutaka Isokawa. The BASIC listing of the game was published in the August 1985 issue of the magazine "Oh!MZ Publications" as type-in program. The popularity of the game caused it to be picked up for Game Boy conversion in 1990. In the Game Boy version there is a nod to the MZ-700 version, the layout of round 77 is a big M and Z. In 2004 it was released for I-mode mobile phones as Pitmania and Pitmania 2, with graphics more similar to the original MZ700 game. Pitmania 1 Infinite was released in 2007, which had improved and more colorful graphics. A version was released for the Nintendo 3DS in the 3DS eShop in October 2011. In 2012 the game community restored a faithful as possible Sharp MZ-700 version from the available source code variants. Reception Catrap holds a rating of 8/10 on Nintendo Life and 5/5 on Arcade Spot. References External links GameSpot page for Catrap [Catrap] Yutaka Isokawa website Isokawa's Original HuBasic Source Code scanned from Oh!MZ August 1985 1985 video games Game Boy games Virtual Console games Puzzle-platform games Sharp MZ games Video games featuring female protagonists Commercial video games with freely available source code Video games about cats Video games developed in Japan Virtual Console games for Nintendo 3DS
5384074	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film%20Streams	Film Streams	Film Streams is a nonprofit arts organization in Omaha, Nebraska which oversees two cinemas: the Ruth Sokolof Theater, in North Downtown Omaha, and the historic Dundee Theater, Omaha's longest surviving neighborhood cinema. It receives funding from corporate and individual donors, members, and the government. History Founded by Rachel Jacobson in 2005, Film Streams' mission is to enhance the cultural environment of the Omaha-Council Bluffs area through the presentation and discussion of film as an art form. In July 2007, Film Streams opened the Ruth Sokolof Theater. This new, two-screen cinema in downtown Omaha's North Downtown (NoDo) area, is within a development anchored by internationally acclaimed music label Saddle Creek Records. In February 2016, Film Streams announced that Susie Buffett's Sherwood Foundation had donated the 92-year-old Dundee Theater to the organization. The organization launched a public capital campaign in April 2017 with the intention of renovating and reopening the cinema by 2018. The name "Film Streams" is inspired by Omaha (the word means "above all others on a stream") and the John Cassavetes film, Love Streams. The Ruth Sokolof Theater The Ruth Sokolof Theater has two auditoriums with 35-millimeter platter and reel-to-reel projection capabilities. The larger theater seats 206 and runs first run feature films. The smaller theater seats 96 and shows a selection of classic films, retrospectives, and other films. Film Streams has DVD, Blu-ray, and digital high-definition projection. Films Streams was inspired by joining with Saddle Creek Records, the indie record label based in Omaha, to build a mini-campus in a deserted downtown Omaha area. The block that is home to Film Streams also houses the Saddle Creek headquarters and Slowdown, a rock club the label operates. Ruth Sokolof Film Streams' North Downtown Omaha cinema is named after Ruth Sokolof, née Rosinsky (1925-1982), a well-known educator in Omaha who focused her life on helping children with disabilities. With her husband, Phil, many education-based scholarships are awarded in their name each year to Omaha-area students and educators. The Dundee Theater Film Streams announced plans to renovate and reopen Omaha's longest-running cinema in February 2016. When it reopened, it featured two screens: the historic 300-seat main house and a new 25-seat microcinema. The lobby is occupied by Lola's a neighborhood cafe. Programming Film Streams offers screenings of first-run films and a selection of retrospectives and classic films; education programs, and community development programs. Programming includes: First run films: New American independents, documentaries, and international films making their theatrical premieres in Omaha and the surrounding region. Repertory Series: Classic films, themed series, director retrospectives, and revivals celebrating the history and cultural spectrum of film as art Forever Young Family & Children Series The Met: Live in HD: Presented in collaboration with Opera Omaha Community Collaborations: Collaborative screenings with other nonprofit organizations, using film as a catalyst for important conversations about our community and the world around us. Education: Year-round film-education opportunities for all ages. Daytime screenings for visiting classes: High School curriculum support Student night at the Ruth Sokolof Theater: First Monday of every month free for full-time students Special Programs: Q&As with visiting filmmakers, live musical performances to silent classics, an annual Local Filmmakers Showcase. Feature First held in 2008 at the Holland Performing Arts Center, Film Streams' fundraising galas bring acclaimed filmmakers to Omaha for conversations about their careers and perspectives on the medium. Feature I (2008): Director Alexander Payne in conversation with actor Laura Dern (Sunday, July 13, 2008) Feature II (2009): Director Alexander Payne in conversation with actor Debra Winger (Saturday, September 13, 2009) Feature III (2011): Kurt Andersen in conversation with director Steven Soderbergh with an introduction by director Alexander Payne (Sunday, February 20, 2011) Feature IV (2012): Director Alexander Payne in conversation with actor Jane Fonda (Sunday, July 22, 2012) Feature V (2013): Kurt Andersen in conversation with Nebraska director Alexander Payne and actors Bruce Dern and Will Forte (Sunday, November 24, 2013) Feature VI (2014): Director David O. Russell in conversation with director Alexander Payne Feature VII (2017): Actor Julianne Moore in Conversation with director Alexander Payne Feature VIII (2019): Paul Giamatti in conversation with Alexander Payne Leadership Board of directors Sarah Bay Yale, Chair Clarissa Beyah Esther Brabec Tanya Cook Julie Fritz Jordana Glazer Cindy Heider, Vice Chair Rachel Jacobson, Founder Ashley Kuhn Mike Lebens, Past Chair Dan McCarthy, Treasurer Hillary Nather-Detisch Richard Webb Margot Wickman-Bennett, Secretary Partners Alley Poyner Machietto Architecture See also Omaha, Nebraska: Media and popular culture Saddle Creek Records Slowdown (venue) Dundee–Happy Hollow Historic District References External links Film Streams (official website) Cinemas and movie theaters in Omaha, Nebraska Repertory cinemas Organizations based in Omaha, Nebraska Downtown Omaha, Nebraska Non-profit organizations based in Nebraska 2005 establishments in Nebraska Organizations established in 2005
5384075	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Golden	Peter Golden	Peter Golden may refer to: Peter Allen Golden (born 1953), author Peter Benjamin Golden (born 1941), historian
5384076	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lostock%2C%20Bolton	Lostock, Bolton	Lostock is a residential district of Bolton, Greater Manchester, England, west of Bolton town centre and northwest of Manchester. Historically part of Lancashire, Lostock is bounded by Deane to the southeast, Markland Hill to the northeast, and Middlebrook to the west. Bolton Wanderers' football ground, the University of Bolton Stadium, is in nearby Horwich. After a railway station was built to serve the area in 1852, the area around the station – some east of Lostock Hall – became known as Lostock Junction. This name is still in use, although the station's name has changed to Lostock. History The name derives from Old English hlose a pig and stoc meaning a farm, usually 'stock' or 'Stoke' in place-names, but here referring to a pigsty. Another source suggested that the name is derived from Celtic, llostog meaning beaver, inferring the site of a stream where beavers were found, the reasoning due to the proliferation of Brythonic and Celtic place-names in Lancashire. It has been variously recorded as Lostoc in 1212; Lastok in 1279; Lostok in 1292; Lostoke in 1301 and Lostock and Lostocke in the 16th century. In the Middle Ages Lostock was part of the barony of Manchester. It was subsequently held by Richard de Hulton and passed to the Andertons and the Blundells of Ince. Lostock Hall was an Elizabethan manor house built for the Anderton family in 1563. The hall was demolished in 1824, but the gatehouse remains and is a Grade II* listed building. During World War II, De Havilland aircraft propellers were produced at Lostock. Local government Lostock was a township in the ancient Parish of Bolton le Moors, in the hundred of Salford, in the historic county of Lancashire. In 1837 Lostock joined with other townships (or civil parishes) in the area to form the Bolton Poor Law Union and took joint responsibility for the administration and funding of the Poor Law in that area. In 1866, Lostock became a civil parish, and in 1894 it became part of the Bolton Rural District, which was dissolved in 1898. Under the Bolton, Turton and Westhoughton Extension Act of 1898, Lostock ceased to be a civil parish and became part of the County Borough of Bolton. Lostock is part of the Heaton and Lostock Ward, one of twenty wards in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton. The population of the ward at the 2011 Census was 13,564. The ward has three councillors who are elected for up to four years and represent the Lostock and Heaton areas. Geography Lostock was a hamlet covering 1,364 acres of land 4½ miles west of Bolton. Chew Moor in the southwest was the principal settlement of the township, it was a cluster of cottages housing the landless labourers and tenant farmers. Demography Township population Ward population In 1898, Lostock became part of the Deane-cum-Lostock Ward of the County Borough of Bolton. The ward's boundaries were used as a framework in censuses to enumerate the total population in that area of the county borough. No census took place in 1941 because of the Second World War. In 1974, Lostock became part of the Deane-cum-Heaton Ward of the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton. In the 2001 Census the ward had a population of 16,987. In 2004, electoral ward changes took place which saw the creation of the present Heaton and Lostock Ward. Transport Lostock is located north of junctions 5 and 6 of the M61 motorway. The main roads which run through Lostock are the A58 (Beaumont Road), the A673 (Chorley New Road), and the A6027 (De Havilland Way). Lostock railway station was re-opened in 1988 and is served by Northern who operate services on the Manchester to Preston line. The earlier railway station, then named Lostock Junction, was opened in 1852, but was closed by the Beeching cuts in November 1966. Education Lostock Playschool, established in 1977, is situated in the Lostock Parish Centre which opened in 1992 on Tempest Road. Lostock Primary School is situated on Glengarth Drive. Built in 1974, the school has a maximum of 210 pupils. Bolton Wanderers Free School is a sixth form centre that opened at the Macron Stadium in September 2014. Sport Chew Moor is home to football clubs Tempest United and CMB Sports Club. The youth teams of Ladybridge F.C. moved to the Rumworth area in 2003. See also Anderton baronets Anderton family Lostock Junction Mills References External links Welcome to the villages of Lostock & Chew Moor Lostock Residents Group Photos and information about Lostock British History Online: Lostock GENUKI: Lostock genealogy information GENUKI: Lostock Township Boundaries Map (407 A) Areas of Bolton
5384090	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BME	BME	BME may refer to: Medicine Biomedical engineering Bone marrow examination Music Bachelor of Music Education BME Recordings, a record label founded by Lil Jon Bad Meets Evil, a hip hop duo from Detroit consisting of rappers Royce da 5'9" and Eminem Organic chemistry Methyl tert-butyl ether, an organic solvent 2-Mercaptoethanol, an antioxidant also known as β-mercaptoethanol Transport Beaver, Meade and Englewood Railroad, a railroad in Oklahoma, US, which became a subsidiary of the Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad. Bergisch-Markisch Railway Company (Bergisch-Märkische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft), in 19th-century Germany Broome railway station, National Rail code BME Broome International Airport, IATA code BME Other Best Moonsault Ever, the name of a signature move used by pro-wrestler Christopher Daniels BMEzine, an online magazine devoted to body modification Black and Minority Ethnic, a term commonly used in the UK to describe people of non-white descent Bolsas y Mercados Españoles, owner of Bolsa de Madrid and other Spanish exchanges British Methodist Episcopal Church, Protestant church in Canada Budapest University of Technology and Economics (Budapesti Műszaki és Gazdaságtudományi Egyetem)
5384103	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Joseph%20Mathews	John Joseph Mathews	John Joseph Mathews (November 16, 1894 – June 16, 1979) (Osage) became one of the Osage Nation's most important spokespeople and writers, and served on the Osage Tribal Council during the 1930s. He studied at the University of Oklahoma, Oxford University, and the University of Geneva after serving as a flight instructor during World War I. Mathews' first book was a history, Wah'kon-tah: The Osage and The White Man's Road (1929), which was selected by the Book-of-the-Month Club as their first by an academic press; it became a bestseller. His second book, Sundown (1934) is his most well known, an exploration of the disruption of the people and their society at the time of the oil boom, which also attracted criminal activities by leading whites in the county and state, including murder of Osage. In 1951 Mathews published a biography of E. W. Marland, noted oilman and governor of Oklahoma in the 1930s. His book The Osages: Children of the Middle Waters (1961) was a life work, preserving many collected stories and the oral history of the Osage. In 1996 Mathews was posthumously inducted into the Oklahoma Historians Hall of Fame. The cabin in the Osage Hills where he did much of his writing was acquired about 2014 by the Nature Conservancy of Oklahoma. His gravesite is next to it. Both will be preserved within the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve. Early life and education Mathews was born at Pawhuska, Oklahoma as the only surviving son of five children of William Shirley and Eugenia (Girard) Mathews. His banker father was part Osage, the son of John Allan Mathews, a noted trader, and Sarah Williams, the mixed-race daughter of A-Ci'n-Ga, a full-blood Osage, and "Old Bill" Williams, a noted missionary and later Mountain Man who lived with the Osage. Because the Osage had a patrilineal kinship system, the Mathews descendants were excluded from belonging to one of the tribe's clans, as their Osage ancestry was through the maternal line of A-Ci'-Ga, rather than through a direct male ancestor. Mathews' paternal grandparents had met in Kentucky, where "Old Bill" Williams had sent his daughters for school after his wife A-Ci'n-Ga had died. John Joseph Mathews' mother was Pauline Eugenia Girard, whose family had immigrated from France. The family had an "active interest in Osage culture." The Mathews children were one-eighth Osage by ancestry, as well as Anglo-Scots-Irish and French; they all attended local schools in Pawhuska. John had three sisters and one brother. His brother was killed as a child by a mountain lion that attacked him near their family home. Two of his sisters, Lillian and Marie Mathews, did not marry and lived in the family home at 911 Grandview Avenue in Pawhuska until their deaths. Service in World War I came before college, and John Mathews became a flight instructor and second lieutenant after time in the cavalry. Afterward, he went to the University of Oklahoma, graduating with a degree in geology. He studied (at his own expense) at Oxford University in England, graduating in 1923 with a degree in natural science. He also studied international relations at the University of Geneva and the Graduate Institute of International Studies. In addition, he traveled in Africa before returning to the United States, determined to study the culture and traditions of the Osage. Marriage and family In 1924 in Geneva, Mathews married an American woman, Virginia Winslow Hopper. They first settled in California, where their two children were born: John and Virginia. The couple divorced. Mathews returned to Oklahoma in 1929, where he lived for the rest of his life. Years later, in 1945, he married Elizabeth Hunt. She worked with him on much of his research related to the Osage and their forced migration from Missouri to Oklahoma. He treated her son John Hunt, from her first marriage, as his stepson. Mathews died in 1979 and was buried at his request near the cabin in the Osage Hills where he did much of his writing. He had five surviving great nieces and nephews: Fleur Feighan, William Feighan, Major (U.S. Army, Retired) Howard J. Schellenberg, III; Jeanne (Schellenberg) Hulse, and Maria Schellenberg. Career After his return to Oklahoma in 1929, Mathews began writing in the late 1920s. As a member of the tribe, he had headrights and received money from leases for oil wells, which enabled him to buy land, build a stone cabin, and pursue his writing career. He published his first book, a work of literary non-fiction, Wah'kon-tah: The Osage and The White Man's Road (1932), with the University of Oklahoma Press. This was the first work by an academic press to be selected by the new Book-of-the-Month Club, and with that secondary publication, the book became a bestseller. His most well-known work is Sundown (1934), his only novel. Mathews is described as introducing "the modern American Indian novel", a pattern for future works by Indians. It is marked by its realism, as Mathews wanted to represent the Indian in a way that had not been recognized in European-American cultural stereotypes. The semi-autobiographical work is about Challenge "Chal" Windzer, a young Osage man of mixed-blood ancestry. After leaving home to study at the University of Oklahoma and serve in the military, Chal feels estranged when he returns to his tribal community. He suffers from alienation and hopelessness as his life takes a downward swerve. The novel is set during the turbulence of the oil boom that took place on Osage land in Oklahoma in the early 1920s, which generated great wealth for the many Osage enrolled citizens who had headrights. It depicts the frictions and disruption within the tribal community that accompanied this bonanza of wealth. In addition, it portrayed the swindles and numerous outright murders of Osage during the 1920s, a period they termed the "Reign of Terror", as white opportunists tried to get control of the Osage headrights. (Note: see Osage Indian Murders. Failing to get relief from local law enforcement, the Osage appealed to the federal government for help, as their people were still being killed. Extensive local and corruption has been documented in conspiracies to get control of Osage headrights, involving state many leading whites of the region: ranchers, lawyers, judges, doctors, police, undertakers, and more. Agents of the new Federal Bureau of Investigation were assigned to investigate the murders and successfully prosecuted three men, but many more crimes passed without investigation.) During the 1930s and the Great Depression, when Mathews was still living in his cabin, he was very politically active within the Osage Nation. As the people took advantage of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 and the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act, Mathews helped the Osage Nation restore its self-government. He was elected to the Tribal Council, serving from 1934 to 1942. He helped found the Osage Tribal Museum, which opened in 1938 in Pawhuska, and donated numerous artifacts to it. From 1939 to 1940 Mathews lived and studied in Mexico on a Guggenheim Fellowship. In 1940, Mathews served as the United States representative to the Indians of the Americas Conference at Michoacan, Mexico. Later, Mathews concentrated again on his writing. His work Talking to the Moon (1945) is a retrospective account of the ten years he spent in the "blackjacks" of his homeland, observing nature and reflecting on the influence of the environment on Osage culture. He wrote much of this in the stone cabin that he built in the Osage Hills in 1929. This area is now preserved as part of the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve. The book is a combination of autobiography, philosophical treatise, and observations by an amateur naturalist. Some critics compared it to Henry David Thoreau's Walden. Lee Schweninger noted that Mathews used irony to create distance between the narrator and himself as the subject of autobiographical reflection. He also wrote about himself as a settler, and critiqued European-American culture, while committing actions similar to those of other settlers who disrupted the natural balance. Mathews's Life and Death of an Oilman: The Career of E. W. Marland (1951) was his only biography; it explores the life of a multi-millionaire Oklahoma oilman and politician, who also served as governor of the state in the 1930s. He created a social scandal by marrying his much younger adoptive daughter, Lydie Marland. Based on years of collecting information from tribal elders through the oral tradition, in addition to conducting historical research, Mathews wrote The Osages: Children of the Middle Waters (1961). It has been described as "his magnum opus and a pioneering achievement for both its reliance on the oral tradition and presentation of a particular tribal history from an Indian point of view." His book was the produce of his working with tribal elders to preserve and interpret their common culture. Two books of Mathews have been published posthumously, in efforts to bring his work to a wider audience. Another autobiography, Twenty Thousand Mornings was published in 2012, edited by Susan Kalter. In the 1960s Mathews wrote a number of short stories, some drawing from folk traditions of the Osage and other cultures, including Scotland. Selected stories from these unpublished manuscripts were published in 2015 as Old Three Toes and Other Tales of Survival and Extinction. Mathews told these stories from the point of view of bird and animal protagonists, an act of imagination that decenters human life. Works Wah'kon-tah: The Osage and The White Man's Road (1929) Sundown (1934) Talking to the Moon (1945), Life and Death of an Oilman: The Career of E. W. Marland (1951) The Osages: Children of the Middle Waters (1961) The following were published posthumously: Twenty Thousand Mornings (2011), autobiography, ed. Susan Kalter Old Three Toes and Other Tales of Survival and Extinction (2015), short stories, ed. Susan Kalter Legacy and honors 1996, Mathews was posthumously inducted into the Oklahoma Historians Hall of Fame. In 2017, a biography, John Joseph Mathews: Life of an Osage Writer, by Michael Snyder was published by the University of Oklahoma. The stone cabin where Mathews did much of his writing is in the Osage Hills. The cabin and gravesite were acquired about 2014 by the Nature Conservancy of Oklahoma and added to its Tallgrass Prairie Preserve, which it administers. The cabin and gravesite will be preserved. Notes References , November 2005, Air Force Museum Native American Authors Project, Internet Public Library (accessed 6 March 2008) Fredrick W. Boling, "Tribute to John Joseph Mathews: Osage Writer", Western Writers of America ROUNDUP Magazine, at Frederick Boling's website "John Joseph Mathews", Enotes.com Guy Logsdon, "John Joseph Mathews", Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture Further reading Bob L. Blackburn, "Oklahoma Historians Hall of Fame John Joseph Mathews," The Chronicles of Oklahoma 74 (Fall 1996). Bob Foreman, "Mathews' New Book Will Be Whopper," Tulsa (Oklahoma) Tribune, 3 November 1958. Guy Logsdon, "John Joseph Mathews: A Conversation," Nimrod 16 (Spring/Summer 1972). Michael Snyder, "Friends of the Osages: John Joseph Mathews's 'Wah'Kon-Tah' and Osage-Quaker Cross-Cultural Collaboration," The Chronicles of Oklahoma 88.4 (Winter 2012-11). Michael Snyder, John Joseph Mathews: Life of an Osage Writer, University of Oklahoma Press, 2017, External links Book about Osage writer will be released Thursday John Joseph Mathews, Western American Literature Research 1894 births 1979 deaths People from Pawhuska, Oklahoma Osage people Native American novelists American military personnel of World War I University of Oklahoma alumni 20th-century American novelists American male novelists Alumni of the University of Oxford University of Geneva alumni Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies alumni 20th-century American male writers Alumni of Merton College, Oxford
5384126	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas%20Hofer%20%28composer%29	Andreas Hofer (composer)	Andreas Hofer (ca. 1629 – 25 February 1684) was a German composer of the Baroque period. Hofer was born at Reichenhall. He was a contemporary of Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber, whose predecessor he was in Salzburg in his office of Inspector and Hofkapellmeister, i.e., director of the court orchestra. Like Biber, Hofer was noted for his large-scale polychoral sacred works. It has been suggested that Hofer was the composer of the famous Missa Salisburgensis à 53 voci, which earlier had been attributed to Orazio Benevoli, although it is now accepted that it was the work of Biber. Hofer died at Salzburg. His compositions contain significant roles for instruments like the cornetto, trombone or sackbut and trumpet. Little of his music has been performed or recorded in recent times; several scores, however, have been made available. Compositions Missa Archi Episcopalis à 19: 8 Voci Concertati SSAA/TTBB, 2 Violini, 2 Viole, 2 Cornetti, 2 Trombettae ("Clarini"), 3 Tromboni, Organo con Violone (1668?) Missa valete: SSATB, 2 Violini, 2 Viole, 2 Trombettae, 2 Cornetti, 3 Tromboni, Organo, Violone. Dextera Domini à 17: SATB, SATB, 2 Cornetti, 3 Tromboni, 4 Viole da Braccia, Organo. Fundata est Domus (De Dedicatione) à 12: SSATTB in concerto, SSATTB in ripieno, 2 Violini, 2 Viole, 2 Cornetti, Organo (with opening Sonata). Gaudeamus exultemus à 15: SATB, SATB, 4 Viole da Braccia, 2 Cornetti, 3 Tromboni, Organo. Estote fortes in bello à 15: SATB, SATB, 2 Violini, 2 Cornetti, 3 Tromboni, Organo Dixit Dominus: SATB concertato & ripieno, SATB concertato & ripieno, 2 Violini o 2 Cornetti, 3 Viole o 3 Tromboni, Organo. Magnificat à 17 (with Sonata): SATB, SATB, 4 Viole, 2 Cornetti, 3 Tromboni, Organo. Te Deum laudamus à 23: SATB, SATB, 2 Violini, 2 Viole, 5 Trombettae, Timpani, 2 Cornetti, 3 Tromboni, Organo. Available Salmi e motetti: Laetatus sum, Magdeburg: Edition Walhall, 2008 Salmi e motetti: Nisi Dominus aedificaverit domus, Magdeburg: Edition Walhall, 2007 Salmi e motetti: Cum iucunditate cantemus, Magdeburg: Edition Walhall, 2007 Musikalische Vesper (recording), Kassel: Rainer Kahleyss, P 2007 Salmi e motetti: Laudate pueri Dominum, Magdeburg: Edition Walhall, 2004 Salmi e motetti: Confitebor tibi Domine Salmi e motetti: Nisi Dominus aedificaverit domum, Magdeburg: Edition Walhall 2004 Psalmen und Motetten (1654) / (selection) Lauda Jerusalem Dominum, Magdeburg: Edition Walhall, c 2004, Partitur, Stimmen Nisi Dominus Missa "Valete", Altötting: Alfred Coppenrath, c 1990 Te Deum, Vienna: Universal-Edition, 1980 Psalmi brevi, Vienna : Universal-Edition, 1979 c, 1. ed. See also Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber Pavel Josef Vejvanovský Johann Heinrich Schmelzer Joannes Baptista Dolar Johann Joseph Fux Orazio Benevoli Salzburg Kroměříž Reichenhall Moravia Polychoral Colossal Baroque Cornett Cornettino Natural trumpet Trombone Sackbut References Further reading M. W. Barndt-Webb, Andreas Hofer. His Life and Music. PhD thesis, University of Illinois, 1972. Ernst Hintermaier, Missa Salisburgensis. Neue Erkenntnisse über Entstehung, und Zweckbestimmung, in: Musicologica Austriaca 1 (1977), . Jürg Stenzl, Ernst Hintermaier (ed.), Salzburger Musikgeschichte: vom Mittelalter bis ins 21. Jahrhundert Salzburg-Munich : Pustet 2005, Karl Weinmann, Andreas Hofer. In Archiv für Musikwissenschaft, vol I, 1918. Chris Woodstra, Gerald Brennan, Allen Schrott, All Music Guide to Classical Music: the definitive guide to classical music'' San Francisco, CA : Backbeat Books 2005 External links 1629 births 1684 deaths German Baroque composers German classical composers People from Bad Reichenhall 17th-century classical composers German male classical composers 17th-century male musicians
5384129	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile%20Forces	Mobile Forces	Mobile Forces is a first-person shooter video game developed by Rage Software using the Unreal Engine and published by Majesco Entertainment. The core team of Rage Games who developed Mobile Forces went on to become Realtime Worlds. Gameplay Mobile Forces is a first person shooter game where battles against the opposing team or against other players happen to win matches. Game features two singleplayer modes - Missions and Skirmish. In the former, players are required to excel at a set number of game styles in order to unlock further maps on which to play. Within each next map, bot difficulty level rises up and goes through seven bot skill levels. Skirmish game mode allows to play custom matches. Mobile Forces has eight different game modes: Deathmatch - the goal of this game style is to eliminate players in the map. Team Deathmatch - similar to Deathmatch, only played in teams - Red and Blue. Captains - in this game mode each team gets a captain and it is needed to kill opposing team's leader in order to score a point. Capture the flag - in this game type both teams have to steal each other's flags in order to win. Holdout - this game mode has a resemblance to the King of the Hill style. Specifically, one team is tasked with defending a beacon on a map, which the aggressor team must take within a period of time to win. Detonation - in this game style members of both sides scramble to acquire a keycard located centrally in the map, which must then be taken to a console in the opposing team's base to activate an explosive device to score. Safe Cracker - this game type involves the infiltration of the enemy team's base where it is needed to open the safe and retrieve the loot. After the match attackers and defenders switch between each other. Trailer - the use of vehicles is integral to success in this team game style, requiring players to drive explosive-laden units into the base of their opponents in order to get points. Unlike the games Counter-Strike and Unreal Tournament, Mobile Forces features its own weapon system. On the spawn, the loadout screen is given with a selection of armament and armoury. The more lethal weapons are taken from loadout (e. g. rocket launcher or the heavy machinegun), the less it is left for the life preserving sundries of body armor and adrenaline shots. Full equip tends to have an effect to player's speed of movement (slow movement). The game also introduces a combination of vehicle and FPS gameplay what was the rarity at the time the game was released. Development By the time the studio was set up, Rage team had to make a game, they were uncertain what it will be. The crew made many titles, so they were sure that they will come out with something. The desire was to make a FPS game, so Rage team signed a license for Unreal Engine and started working on Mobile Forces. The reason Rage team chose to work on Unreal Engine was that many good games were created by that time using the software: "We chose to use Unreal Technology because it's a well proven system that many good games have been built on. There are several "proven" systems but none as consistent as Unreal. And we wanted some of that." said Daniel Leyden in the Gamefaction.com interview. The main inspiration was the game Codename Eagle. As it featured a bunch of great implementations in that time, the game wasn't focused on anything else (e.g. single player and multiplayer gameplay, AI) and Rage wanted not to repeat the same mistake (keep the elements in the game balanced). It took 18 months to create the game (started at the end of the year 2000). References External links Official Majesco Entertainment Website 2002 video games First-person shooters Unreal Engine games Video games developed in the United Kingdom Windows games Windows-only games Rage Games games Majesco Entertainment games Multiplayer and single-player video games
3992164	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldest%20people	Oldest people	This is a list of tables of the oldest people in the world in ordinal ranks. To avoid including false or unconfirmed claims of old age, names here are restricted to those people whose ages have been validated by an international body dealing in longevity research, such as the Gerontology Research Group (GRG) or Guinness World Records (GWR), and others who have otherwise been reliably sourced. The longest documented and verified human lifespan is that of Jeanne Calment of France (1875–1997), a woman who lived to age 122 years and 164 days. She supposedly met Vincent van Gogh when she was 12 or 13. She received news media attention in 1985, after turning 110. Calment's claim was investigated and authenticated by Jean-Marie Robine and Dr Michel Allard for the GRG. Her longevity claim was put into question in 2018, but the original assessing team stood by their judgement. As women live longer than men on average, women predominate in combined records. The longest lifespan for a man is that of Jiroemon Kimura of Japan (1897–2013), who lived to age 116 years and 54 days. The oldest currently living person in the world whose age has been validated is -year-old Lucile Randon of France, born 11 February 1904. The world's oldest known currently living man is -year-old Juan Vicente Pérez Mora of Venezuela, born 27 May 1909. Academics have hypothesized the existence of a number of blue zones around the world where people live longer than average. Ten oldest verified people ever Systematic verification of longevity has only been practiced in recent decades and only in certain parts of the world. All ten oldest verified people ever are women. Legend Oldest people Oldest men a Mortensen was born in Denmark. b Gerneth was born in Stettin, then part of the German Empire, now in Poland and renamed Szczecin. c Kristal was born in Maleniec, Końskie County, then part of the Russian Empire, now in Poland. Ten oldest living people Oldest living people All of the world's ten oldest known living people are women. dJuniewicz was born in Krupsko near Lviv, then in Austria-Hungary, now in Ukraine. e Brañas Morera was born in the United States. Oldest living men g Bandang was born in the Raj of Sarawak, then a British protectorate. h Ruisheng was born in the Qing dynasty, now China. Chronological list of the oldest known living person since 1955 This table lists the sequence of the world's oldest known living person from 1955 to present, according to GRG research. Due to the life expectancy difference between sexes, nearly all the oldest living people have been women; a sequence of the oldest living men is provided below the main list. Chronological list of the oldest living man since 1973 This table lists the sequence of the world's oldest known living men from 1973 to present. References Gerontology Oldest organisms Record progressions sv:Lista över världens äldsta människor
3992178	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiantown%2C%20South%20Carolina	Indiantown, South Carolina	Indiantown is an unincorporated community in rural Williamsburg County, South Carolina, United States. Prior to the arrival of Europeans to North America, it was the site of a historic Native American village. The Native American tribes recorded as living in Williamsburg County, South Carolina, were the Wee Tee, the Wee Nee (Winyaw), and the Mingo tribes. Early Scots-Irish immigrants developed a settlement around the Indiantown Presbyterian Church (founded 1757), and some of the local Native Americans converted Christianity. During the American Revolution, the church was burned by the British Lieutenant-Colonel Banastre Tarleton. His act resulted in the citizens giving greater support to his opponent, the Continental General Francis Marion. The Indiantown Church is still the center of the community. A number of Revolutionary soldiers are buried in its church yard. The church purchased the buildings and grounds of the closed Indiantown School, which have been used for athletic and cultural events in the community. It operates a day care center as well. The community no longer has a post office and is mostly within the address of Hemingway, South Carolina. See also Early history of Williamsburg, South Carolina National Register of Historic Places listings in Williamsburg County, South Carolina References Pre-statehood history of South Carolina Unincorporated communities in South Carolina Unincorporated communities in Williamsburg County, South Carolina
5384138	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%20Grabski	Stanisław Grabski	Stanisław Grabski (; 5 April 1871 – 6 May 1949) was a Polish economist and politician associated with the National Democracy political camp. As the top Polish negotiator during the Peace of Riga talks in 1921, Grabski greatly influenced the future of Poland and the Soviet Union. Stanisław Grabski was the brother of Władysław Grabski, another prominent Polish economist and politician who served as prime minister, and of political activist Zofia Kirkor-Kiedroniowa. Biography Stanisław Grabski became a political activist early in his life. In 1890, in Berlin, he edited (The Workers' Gazette). In 1892 he cofounded the Polish Socialist Party (PPS), but in 1901 he detached himself from that political movement to become a member of Roman Dmowski's "nationalist" camp (later known as National Democracy). A member of the National League since 1905, a year later he became one of its leaders. From 1907 he was a member of Dmowski's party, the National-Democratic Party. During World War I Grabski, like Dmowski, supported the idea that Poles should ally with Russia, and later he joined Dmowski's Polish National Committee (Komitet Narodowy Polski) in Paris. From 1919 to 1925, in newly independent Poland (the Second Polish Republic), he was a deputy to the Sejm (the Polish parliament) from the right-wing Popular National Union (Związek Ludowo-Narodowy). During the Polish-Soviet War (1919–1921), he strongly opposed the alliance between Poland and the Ukrainian People's Republic (represented by Symon Petliura). He resigned as chair of the parliamentary commission on foreign relations in protest of this alliance. During the negotiations of the Peace of Riga (1921), he was the most influential Polish negotiator and was largely responsible for their outcome. The peace treaty resulted in partitioning of Ukraine and Belarus between Poland and the Soviet Union. While peace with Soviet Russia had been accomplished, the "federalist" objectives of Józef Piłsudski had thus been defeated. In 1923 and from 1925 to 1926 he was the Minister of Religious Beliefs and Public Education. In that time he further pursued nationalist policies, especially Polonization. He was the architect of the 1924 Lex Grabski, which de facto sought to eliminate the Ukrainian language from Polish schools. These policies resulted in a dramatic increase in Ukrainian private schools and served to alienate Ukrainian youths from Polish authority. In 1926 he was also one of the first Poles to speak on radio, during the Polish Radio inauguration ceremony. He was also one of the principal Polish negotiators for the Concordat of 1925. After Piłsudski's May Coup in 1926 he distanced himself from politics and concentrated on academic research into economics. Before the Second World War, he was a professor at the Lwów University, Dublany Agricultural Academy, and Jagiellonian University. In the aftermath of the Invasion of Poland of 1939, when the Soviet Union joined the German invasion and took control of Eastern Poland (Kresy), Grabski, like many prominent Polish intellectuals, was arrested by the Soviets and imprisoned. In the aftermath of the Sikorski-Mayski Agreement, he was released and moved to London, where he joined the Polish government in exile. He returned to Poland in 1945. Working closely together with Polish communist Wanda Wasilewska, Grabski (who referred to Stalin as "the greatest realist of all") sought to use Stalin to create a compact and ethnically homogenous Poland and helped to design a program for implementing policies to insure an ethnically pure Polish state. He proposed Polish and Ukrainian resettlement plans to Stalin, and traveled to Lviv in order to urge Poles to leave. He became one of the deputies to the president of the quasi-parliament State National Council, until the new Sejm was elected in the 1947 Polish legislative election. Afterwards he returned to his teaching career, becoming a professor at the University of Warsaw. He died in Sulejówek and was buried at Powązki Cemetery in the family grave of the Grabski family. Views Grabski was an outspoken exponent of nationalist ideology in the interwar period. Agreeing with Roman Dmowski on the goal of assimilating the non-Polish population of the Kresy, Grabski differed in his approach. Whereas Dmowski apparently sought to recognize Ukrainians and Belorussians as folk variants of Poles, Grabski's approach was to reduce the non-Polish population to the status of second-class citizens and limiting their contact with the Polish majority. By creating a contrast between an advanced Polish culture and a primitive minority culture Grabski hoped that long term assimilation would be assured. Family In 1895, Grabski married Ludmiła Rożen. The couple had five children – three daughters (Feliksa, Ludmiła, Janina) and two sons (Stanisław and Zbigniew). Stanisław died in 1920 during the Polish-Soviet War. Zbigniew (1907–1943) was a scoutmaster, jailed until 1941 by Soviets, he died as a result of an accident during his military duties. After the death of his wife in 1915, Stanisław Grabski married Zofia Smolikówna in 1916. They had two daughters – Anna (born 1919) and Stanisława (1922–2008). Quotes "We want to base our relationships on love, but there is one kind of love for countrymen and another for aliens. Their percentage among us is definitely too high (...) The foreign element will have to see if it will not be better off elsewhere. Polish land for the Poles!" (1919) "The transformation of the state territory of the Republic into a Polish national territory is a necessary condition of maintaining our frontiers." Works Zarys rozwoju idei społeczno-gospodarczych w Polsce (A sketch of the Development of Socioeconomic Ideas in Poland) (1903) Ekonomia społeczna (Social Economy) (1927–1929) Państwo narodowe (A Nation State) (1929) Ku lepszej Polsce (Toward a Better Poland) (1937) Na nowej drodze dziejowej (On a New Path of History) (1946) Pamiętniki (Memoirs), prepared for print and edited by W. Stankiewicz (1989) References External links Stanisław Grabski, entry in the Polish PWN Encyclopedia 1871 births 1949 deaths People from Łowicz County People from Warsaw Governorate Polish Roman Catholics Polish Socialist Party politicians National-Democratic Party (Poland) politicians Popular National Union politicians Government ministers of Poland Members of the Legislative Sejm of the Second Polish Republic Members of the Sejm of the Second Polish Republic (1922–1927) Members of the State National Council People of the Polish May Coup (pro-government side) Polish economists University of Warsaw faculty Jagiellonian University faculty University of Lviv faculty Commanders with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta Recipients of the Cross of Valour (Poland) Burials at Powązki Cemetery
5384150	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-value%20%28soils%29	R-value (soils)	The R-Value test measures the response of a compacted sample of soil or aggregate to a vertically applied pressure under specific conditions. This test is used by Caltrans for pavement design, replacing the California bearing ratio test. Many other agencies have adopted the California pavement design method, and specify R-Value testing for subgrade soils and road aggregates. The test method states: The R-value of a material is determined when the material is in a state of saturation such that water will be exuded from the compacted test specimen when a 16.8 kN load (2.07 MPa) is applied. Since it is not always possible to prepare a test specimen that will exude water at the specified load, it is necessary to test a series of specimens prepared at different moisture contents. R-Value is used in pavement design, with the thickness of each layer dependent on the R-value of the layer below and the expected level of traffic loading, expressed as a Traffic Index. Details of the pavement design procedure are given in Chapter 600 of the California Highway Design Manual. References Tests in geotechnical laboratories Pavement engineering
5384160	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doffcocker	Doffcocker	Doffcocker is a mostly residential district of Bolton, Greater Manchester, lying about 3½ miles from the town centre on the northwest edge of the suburbs on the lower south facing slopes of the West Pennine Moors. Historically within Lancashire, it is bounded by Markland Hill and Heaton to the south and Halliwell to the east. Coal was mined at Doffcocker Colliery in the 19th century from the thin Mountain Mine (seam) of the lower coal measures. Its most prominent feature is Doffcocker Lodge, a former mill lodge (created in 1874) and now a local nature reserve for wildfowl. The history of the name is not certain but it is believed to be formed from the Celtic dubh meaning dark or black, and cocr meaning a winding stream, giving "dark winding stream", the stream that fed Doffcocker Lodge. Another version is that it was named after a Scotsman who was passing through the area and had to cross the stream. Its waters were exceptionally high following heavy rain, so to keep his stockings (cockers, as they were known in Scotland) dry the man was obliged to "doff" them. A similar version appears in an old book COCKERS, or COGGERS, properly half-boots made of untanned leather, or other stiff materials, and strapped under the shoe; but old stockings without feet, used as gaiters by hedgers and ploughmen, are often so called. Cockers occurs in Bishop Hall's Satires. In Lancashire the word is often used for stockings. There is a small place not far from Bolton, called Doff-Cocker, where, my friend, Mr. Turner, informs me, it used to be the fashion for the country people who came from church or market to pull off their stockings and walk barefoot home. References Bibliography Further reading Doffcocker by W D Billington, published by Halliwell Local History Society, 1991 and 2001, Areas of Bolton
5384164	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer%20Memorial%20Institute	Palmer Memorial Institute	The Alice Freeman Palmer Memorial Institute, better known as Palmer Memorial Institute, was a school for upper class African Americans. It was founded in 1902 by Dr. Charlotte Hawkins Brown at Sedalia, North Carolina near Greensboro. Palmer Memorial Institute was named after Alice Freeman Palmer, former president of Wellesley College and benefactor of Dr. Brown. It became, before its closure in the 1970s, a fully accredited, nationally recognized preparatory school. More than 1,000 African American students attended the school between 1902 and 1970. Bennett College purchased the Palmer campus, but in 1980 it sold of the main campus with major surviving buildings to the American Muslim Mission. The Muslims, who belong to the community which followed, Imam Warith Deen Mohammed; tried to establish a teacher's college but abandoned this project due to the bad condition of the campus. In late 1982, Maria Cole, a niece of Dr. Brown's and widow of late singer Nat King Cole, and friend Marie Gibbs of Greensboro began an effort to obtain recognition of Dr. Brown's social and educational contributions, specifically in regard to Palmer Memorial Institute. Both women, who were former students at Palmer Memorial Institute, sponsored meetings of Palmer alumni and enlisted support for this cause. They also met with North Carolina's Division of Archives and History to explore ideas. Through the assistance of North Carolina Senator Bill Martin, a special bill was passed in the 1983 General Assembly that allowed for planning by Archives and History of the state's first African American state historic site as a memorial to Dr. Brown. In November 1987, the memorial officially opened as a state historic site. In 1994, the Historic Sites Section completed exhaustive, comprehensive research on Brown and the Palmer Institute, and restored or stabilized several other structures. The Palmer Memorial Institute Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. The district encompasses 16 contributing buildings, 2 contributing sites, 3 contributing structures, and 2 contributing objects. They include the Queen Anne style Galen Stone Hall designed by Harry Barton (1876-1937), Charles W. Eliot Hall, and Kimball Hall; Alice Freeman Palmer Building (1922); Congregational Women's Cottage and Carrie M. Stone Cottage designed by Charles C. Hartmann; Rev. John Brice House (c. 1926); Bethany United Church of Christ (1870, c. 1925, c. 1975); and Robert B. Andrew Farm and Store/Post Office. Charlotte Hawkins Brown Museum The restored campus buildings of the Palmer Memorial Institute are now the Charlotte Hawkins Brown Museum, which belongs to the North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources and links Dr. Brown and Palmer Memorial Institute to the larger themes of African American women, education, and social history, with an emphasis on the contributions made by African American citizens to education in North Carolina. The museum's visitor center is located in the Carrie M. Stone Teachers' Cottage (1948), and features exhibits about Dr. Charlotte Hawkins Brown, the Institute and African American education in North Carolina. There is also a video about the school. Visitors can tour Dr. Brown's residence, known as Canary Cottage, which has been furnished to reflect the 1940s and 1950s, when the school was at its peak. Several dormitories, the dining hall, bell tower, teahouse and several teachers' cottage can also be seen. See also Wilhelmina Marguerita Crosson, school president from 1952 to 1966 References External links Charlotte Hawkins Brown Museum - located at the site of the Palmer Memorial Institute African-American history of North Carolina African-American upper class Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina Colonial Revival architecture in North Carolina North Carolina State Historic Sites Buildings and structures in Guilford County, North Carolina Protected areas of Guilford County, North Carolina National Register of Historic Places in Guilford County, North Carolina 1902 establishments in North Carolina
5384175	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido%20Hoheisel	Guido Hoheisel	Guido Karl Heinrich Hoheisel (14 July 1894 – 11 October 1968) was a German mathematician and professor of mathematics at the University of Cologne. Academic life He did his PhD in 1920 from the University of Berlin under the supervision of Erhard Schmidt. During World War II Hoheisel was required to teach classes simultaneously at three universities, in Cologne, Bonn, and Münster. His doctoral students include Arnold Schönhage. Hoheisel contributed to the journal Deutsche Mathematik. Selected results Hoheisel is known for a result on gaps between prime numbers: He proved that if π(x) denotes the prime-counting function, then there exists a constant θ < 1 such that π(x + xθ) − π(x) ~ xθ/log(x), as x tends to infinity, implying that if pn denotes the n-th prime number then pn+1 − pn < pnθ, for all sufficiently large n. He showed that one may take θ = 32999/33000 = 1 - 0.000(03), with (03) denoting periodic repetition. Selected works Gewöhnliche Differentialgleichungen 1926; 2nd edition 1930; 7th edition 1965 Partielle Differentialgleichungen 1928; 3rd edition 1953 Aufgabensammlung zu den gewöhnlichen und partiellen Differentialgleichungen 1933 Integralgleichungen 1936; revised and expanded 2nd edition 1963 Existenz von Eigenwerten und Vollständigkeitskriterium 1943 Integral equations translated by A. Mary Tropper [1968, c1967] References 20th-century German mathematicians 1968 deaths 1894 births
5384176	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon-tailed%20fantail	Cinnamon-tailed fantail	The cinnamon-tailed fantail (Rhipidura fuscorufa) is a fantail restricted to the Banda Sea Islands of Indonesia. References External links BirdLife Species Factsheet cinnamon-tailed fantail Birds of Wallacea cinnamon-tailed fantail cinnamon-tailed fantail
5384178	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-value	R-value	R-value or rvalue may refer to: R-value (insulation) in building engineering, the efficiency of insulation of a house R-value (soils) in geotechnical engineering, the stability of soils and aggregates for pavement construction R-factor (crystallography), a measure of the agreement between the crystallographic model and the diffraction data R0 or R number, the basic reproduction number in epidemiology In computer science, a pure value which cannot be assigned to In statistics, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, or simply correlation coefficient In solid mechanics, the Lankford coefficient See also L-value (disambiguation) R rating (disambiguation) R-factor, a plasmid that codes for antibiotic resistance
5384181	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaheen%20Sheik	Shaheen Sheik	Shaheen Sheik (born June 17, 1975) is an American, singer, song-writer, producer, dancer and an actor based in Los Angeles, California. Her musical work spans several genres, including rock/pop, electronic and chill-out music. She grew up in Cleveland and Los Angeles, but traces her roots to Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India. Early years Shaheen Sheik was born in Cleveland, Ohio to Iqbal Sheik, a psychiatrist, and Sharfudheen Sheik, a mechanical engineer. She also has an older brother, Zafar Sheik, a physician in Warren, Ohio. When she was a teenager, Sheik's family moved to Orange County, California. As a child, Sheik was a studied classical dancer and later in life began studying vocal, guitar and sarod. She received her B.A. in Anthropology from the University of California, Berkeley and then studied law at the University of Virginia School of Law. Career In 2000, after graduating from law school, Sheik worked full-time on her musical career. She credits her learning to become a singer and performer with a weekly residency at San Francisco's Lush Lounge. Soon after, Sheik moved to Los Angeles and began making the open mic circuit with contemporaries, Catherine Feeny, Alexi Murdoch and Joe Purdy. In 2003, Sheik released her first album, Live from Santosha, in 2003, featuring performances from her live shows at Los Angeles' Genghis Cohen. Later that same year, Sheik released her first studio EP, "In Your Love." Her first full-length album, Rock Candy, was released in May 2005, with her single "Wildflower World" being featured on MTV Desi. The album was later picked up by Times Music India. During a tour in Mumbai, Sheik was recognized as being "compared to Sheryl Crow and Shawn Colvin" by Express India. In 2008, Sheik released her second album Revolution, a world electronic album and departure from the guitar driven Rock Candy. When discussing Revolution, Sheik has stated that being a trained dancer taught her the connection between rhythm and emotion and that her second album focused on that connection. After releasing Revolution, Sheik met Swedish producer, SoulAvenue, on MySpace. In 2008, SoulAvenue remixed Wildflower World (Wild Orchid Mix), which was included on Chillbar: Vol. 1. SoulAvenue then remixed Sheik's Revolution track, "Here We Go," which George V Records placed on Buddha Bar XII, mixed by DJ Ravin. On their third collaboration, Sheik and SoulAvenue's co-wrote "One By One", which was included on Buddha Bar XIII, again mixed by DJ Ravin. SoulAvenue and Sheik continue their collaborations to date, with tracks included on Buddha Bar XIV (2012), Buddha Bar XV (2013), Buddha Bar Greatest Hits (2019) and Buddha Bar Summer of Chill (2020). Dance Sheik is a classically trained Bharatanatyam dancer and studied under Malathi Iyengar, artistic director of Rangoli Dance Company. In 2005, 2006, and 2008, Sheik received Lestor Horton Dance Award nominations for her performances in 'Ragamalika Varnam,' 'Kodhai's Dream', and Jatiswaram ('Kodhai's Dream'). The Los Angeles Times described Sheik's portrayal of Krishna in 'Kodhai's Dream' as "commanding" and her duet with fellow company dancer, Lakshmi Iyengar, as "a breathtaking finale." On October 11, 2016, Shaheen founded Amala Collectiv, a Bharatanatyam dance school and performing arts collective committed to the South Asian Arts diaspora. Acting Sheik played Anisha Kishore in the film "Looking for Comedy in the Muslim World." Personal life In 2007, Sheik married real estate developer, Harpal Sadhal. She gave birth to their daughter in 2010 and their son in 2012. Discography Albums Live From Santosha (2003) In Your Love (EP) (2003) Rock Candy (2005) Revolution (May 1, 2008) Compilations "Wildflower World (Wild Orchid Mix)" – Chillbar Volume 1 (2008) "Here We Go (SoulAvenue Erhu Blues Mix)" – Buddha Bar Volume 12 (2010) SoulAvenue featuring Shaheen Sheik "One by One" – Buddha Bar Volume 13 (2011) SoulAvenue featuring Shaheen Sheik "Different (SoulAvenue's Boddhisatva Blues)" – Buddha Bar Volume 14 (2012) Shaheen Sheik and SoulAvenue "Lullaby for Samiyah" – Buddha Bar Volume 15 (2013) SoulAvenue featuring Shaheen Sheik "One by One" - Buddha Bar Greatest Hits (2019) SoulAvenue featuring Shaheen Sheik "Refugee" - Buddha Bar Summer of Chill (2020) References External links Shaheen Sheik's website Shaheen Sheik's myspace A Tune of Her Own, Nirali Magazine, September 2004 Screen India Interview Living people American people of Tamil descent American women singer-songwriters Indian women singer-songwriters Indian singer-songwriters Tamil singers 1975 births Singers from Los Angeles University of California, Berkeley alumni University of Virginia School of Law alumni 21st-century American singers 21st-century American women singers Singer-songwriters from California
3992189	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOLO-TV	KOLO-TV	KOLO-TV (channel 8) is a television station in Reno, Nevada, United States, affiliated with ABC and The CW Plus. It is owned by Gray Television alongside Incline Village–licensed low-power Telemundo affiliate KXNV-LD (channel 26). The two stations share studios on Ampere Drive in Reno; KOLO-TV's transmitter is located on Slide Mountain between SR 431 and I-580/US 395/ALT in unincorporated Washoe County. History KOLO hit the airwaves September 23, 1953 as KZTV. It was the second station in Nevada, following KLAS-TV in Las Vegas (which went on air two months earlier) and the first in northern Nevada. It had hoped to be the first in Nevada, but a carpenters' strike delayed sign-on. It carried programming from all four networks, but was a primary CBS affiliate; despite this, none of the soap operas it cleared during the 1950s came from CBS. Its founding owner, Donald W. Reynolds of the Donrey Media Group (now Stephens Media LLC) originally sought an affiliation with NBC. However, NBC balked; noting the fact that Reno had only 97 television sets at the time, network officials asked, "Who would be stupid enough to put a television station in Reno, Nevada?" CBS was far more responsive to Reynolds' offer. At the time channel 8 signed on, Reno was the smallest city in the country with a television station. The station also carried programs from the short-lived Paramount Television Network; KZTV was one of that network's strongest affiliates, airing Paramount programs such as Time for Beany, Bandstand Revue, and Hollywood Wrestling. It also aired a large amount of local programming, much of it live. Its freewheeling production style earned it the nickname "Crazy TV." In 1956, Reynolds bought KOLO radio (AM 920, now KIHM) and changed channel 8's call letters to the present KOLO-TV. The KZTV call letters now reside on the CBS affiliate in Corpus Christi, Texas. Four years later, KOLO-AM-TV got sister stations in Las Vegas when it bought KORK-AM-FM-TV as part of Donrey's purchase of the Las Vegas Review-Journal. The station originally broadcast from a short tower at its studios on Fifth Street. However, its signal was marginal at best even in areas close to Reno; Reynolds couldn't get a picture at his home on Lake Tahoe. As a solution, channel 8 built its current tower atop Slide Mountain. It was initially thought to be difficult to maintain, given the heavy snow and high winds that are common on the mountain during the winter. In those days, the FCC required engineers to be at the transmitter site at all times. To that end, one of the engineers asked his father, who worked for U.S. Steel, to build a transmitter building designed like storage tanks for oil companies. It had a cupola on top for the microwave, and had interior walls and flooring to accommodate living quarters for the engineers. The transmitter building remains in use today. Also around this time, the station began building translator after translator across its vast coverage area, which now stretched across a large swath of northern Nevada and northeastern California. The Fifth Street studio burned down during a fire in a closet. The station was off the air until it moved to a new temporary studio on Vassar Street and Terminal Way. The current facility on Ampere Drive came online in 1979. It lost DuMont when the network ceased operations in 1955. It also lost NBC to KCRL-TV (now KRNV-DT) when it started in 1962, and ABC to KTVN when that station started operations in 1967. KOLO and KTVN swapped affiliations in 1972. KOLO also carried Sesame Street for several years, until September 29, 1983, when Reno got a PBS station of its own (KNPB). Donrey sold KOLO-TV to Smith Broadcasting in 2001. In 2002, KOLO-TV was sold to current owner Gray Television. The analog signal of KOLO-TV went off the air at 12:30 p.m. on January 12, 2009, so that the station could complete work on the transmitter on Slide Mountain in order to move the digital signal back to Channel 8. Programming Syndicated programming In addition to the ABC network schedule, syndicated programs seen on KOLO-TV include Live with Kelly and Ryan, Rachael Ray, Jeopardy!, and Wheel of Fortune, among others. News operation KOLO-TV produces the only midday newscast that runs from 11:00 a.m.–12:00 p.m. while also airing ABC World News Tonight at 6:00 p.m., instead at 5:30 or 6:30 p.m. KTVN also airs their network newscast at 6:00 p.m. while KRNV-DT is the only station to air its network newscast at 5:30 p.m. Other newscasts include a 2½-hour long Good Morning Reno that runs from 4:30-7:00 a.m. and KOLO 8 News NOW at 4:30, 5:00, 5:30, 6:30 and 11:00 p.m. The 4:30 a.m. newscast debuted on October 13, 2014 to compete with KTVN and as of 2018, KRNV is the only station to not have a 4:30 a.m. newscast. On April 20, 2015, KOLO-TV became the first station to offer a 4:30 p.m. newscast in the market after Dr. Oz was moved to an hour-long 2:00 p.m. time slot after The Queen Latifah Show was canceled and Jeopardy! was added as a rerun for the 4:00 p.m. time slot. KTVN has since added local news at 4:00 and 4:30 p.m., the latter of which competes against KOLO-TV at 4:30 p.m. and KRNV-DT at 4:00 p.m. Notable former on-air staff Marc Brown – Former anchor (now at KABC-TV in Los Angeles) Jean Casarez – Former weekend anchor Sean Cronin – Former chief meteorologist Pete Giddings – Former chief meteorologist Peter Laufer – Former reporter Vicky Nguyen – Former investigative reporter Brian Sussman – Former meteorologist Rene Syler – Former weekend anchor Henry Wofford – Former weekend sports anchor Technical information Subchannels The station's digital signal is multiplexed: Analog-to-digital conversion KOLO-TV shut down its analog signal, over VHF channel 8, on June 12, 2009, the official date in which full-power television stations in the United States transitioned from analog to digital broadcasts under federal mandate. The station's digital signal relocated from its pre-transition VHF channel 9 to channel 8. Translators References External links ABC network affiliates MeTV affiliates Circle (TV network) affiliates Gray Television Television channels and stations established in 1953 1953 establishments in Nevada OLO-TV
3992203	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsus%20in%20uno%2C%20falsus%20in%20omnibus	Falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus	Falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus is a Latin maxim meaning "false in one thing, false in everything." At common law, it is the legal principle that a witness who testifies falsely about one matter is not credible to testify about any matter. Although many common law jurisdictions have rejected a categorical application of the rule, the doctrine has survived in some American courts. Origins The origins of the doctrine of falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus in the common law have been traced as far back as the Stuart Treason Trials in the late seventeenth century. However, the widespread acceptance of the principle in seventeenth century English courts suggests that the doctrine has much earlier roots. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the principle functioned as a mandatory presumption that a witness was unreliable if they previously lied while offering testimony. By the early nineteenth century, English courts began instructing juries that they may presume a witness who testified falsely was unreliable, but such a presumption was not mandatory. In 1809, Lord Ellenborough rejected a categorical application of the rule, stating that "though a person may be proved on his own shewing, or by other evidence, to have foresworn himself as to a particular fact; it does not follow that he can never afterwards feel the obligation of an oath." Although some American courts disfavor the mandatory application of the doctrine, others continue to uphold a mandatory presumption of unreliability for witnesses that have previously testified falsely. Contemporary usage Today, many jurisdictions have abandoned the principle as a formal rule of evidence and instead apply the rule as a "permissible inference that the jury may or may not draw." However, some courts continue to apply the doctrine to discredit witnesses that have previously offered false testimony. In 2013, for example, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that in immigration cases, a court may "use an adverse credibility finding on one claim to support an adverse finding on another claim." Likewise, at the O.J. Simpson murder trial, Judge Lance Ito applied the doctrine to instruct the jury that "[a] witness who is willfully false in one material part of his or her testimony is to be distrusted in others." Criticisms of the doctrine Many legal scholars have criticized the continued use of the doctrine of falsus in uno to discredit a witness' entire testimony. For example, Judge Richard Posner once remarked that falsus in uno was a "discredited doctrine" based on "primitive psychology." This assertion was not made in relation to fraudulent documentation or a “material” inconsistency; rather, it was based on what the court characterizes as “innocent mistakes, trivial inconsistencies, and harmless exaggerations” by the applicant during his testimony before an immigration judge. Indeed, later in the Kadia opinion, the court concedes that inconsistencies of less than material importance can[NOT] be relevant to the assessment of veracity. Specifically, the court stated that “the mistakes that witnesses make in all innocence must be distinguished from slips that, whether or not they go to the core of the witness's testimony, show that the witness is a liar.” Judge Posner argued that because witnesses "are prone to fudge, to fumble, to misspeak, to misstate, to exaggerate," few trials would reach a judgment if "any such pratfall warranted disbelieving a witness's entire testimony." Additionally, evidence scholar John Henry Wigmore was an outspoken critic of the doctrine. In his Treatise on the Anglo-American System of Evidence in Trials at Common Law, he wrote: See also Roman law Common law Evidence References Common law Legal rules with Latin names Testimony
3992204	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920%20Greek%20legislative%20election	1920 Greek legislative election	Parliamentary elections were held in Greece on Sunday, 14 November 1920, or 1 November 1920 old style. They were possibly the most crucial elections in the modern history of Greece, influencing not only the few years afterwards, including the Greek defeat by Kemal Atatürk's reformed Turkish Land Forces in 1922, but setting the stage for Greece's political landscape for most of the rest of the 20th century. It had been nearly five years since the last elections, a period during which all democratic procedures were suspended due to the National Schism, when Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos announced that elections would take place on 25 October. However, after the unexpected death of King Alexander, who had assumed the throne after the exile of his father, King Constantine I, the elections were postponed until 14 November. Venizelos believed a victory for his Liberal Party was all but certain because of his diplomatic and military successes against the Ottoman Empire. However, the results were a disaster for him. Although his Liberal Party received just over 50% of the vote, it won only 118 of the 369 seats in the Hellenic Parliament, with the United Opposition – an alliance of the People's Party, Conservative Party, Reform Party and others – winning 251 of the 369 seats. Venizelos also failed to win a seat. Humiliated and disappointed by the outcome of the election, Venizelos left the country for France, also leaving his Liberal Party without an obvious successor. Results The Liberals' defeat was considered to have been caused by the electoral system, the opposition having a highly esteemed leader in Dimitrios Gounaris and managing to turn the elections into a referendum on the exiled King Constantine I, who was still popular especially in Old Greece. It was also thought that voters were tired after almost a decade of wars and division were tempted by the United Opposition promise to secure peace with the Turks and bring troops home. References Greece Legislative election 1920s in Greek politics Parliamentary elections in Greece Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) Eleftherios Venizelos History of Greece (1909–1924) Greece Legl
3992211	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clutton%2C%20Somerset	Clutton, Somerset	Clutton is a village and civil parish on the eastern edge of the affluent Chew Valley, close to the Cam Brook river, in the Bath and North East Somerset Council area, within the ceremonial county of Somerset, and straddles both the A37 and A39. It is located from Bristol and Bath, and from Wells. Nearby are the villages of Temple Cloud, High Littleton and Chelwood. The town of Midsomer Norton is away. The parish, which includes the hamlets of Clutton Hill and Northend has a population of 1,602. History Highbury Hill is the site of the earthwork remains of an Iron Age univallate hillfort. It occupies an area of woodland at the end of a narrow ridge. It is a Scheduled Ancient Monument. The site lies in an area of woodland at the south eastern end of a narrow ridge with steep slopes around it. There is a outer bank which is long with a shallow wide ditch. Some Roman silver coins were found at the site in the late 18th century. Clutton was called Clutone in the 1086 Domesday Book meaning 'A rocky hill enclosure' from the Old English cludig and tun, but there also is an obscure Celtic word cluttya meaning a 'hen's roost'. The parish was part of the hundred of Chew. There is a long history of coal mining in the village and the surrounding Somerset coalfield, but the mines are no longer working. The mines around Clutton were owned by the Earl of Warwick, who also owned sawmills, quarries, brickworks and agricultural interests. The Earl and his wife, Daisy Greville took a keen interest in the welfare of their miners and built Maynard Terrace a unique row of terrace houses at the edge of the village. The village formerly had a station on the Bristol and North Somerset Railway. Governance The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, such as the village hall or community centre, playing fields and playgrounds, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also of interest to the council. Along with Stanton Drew and Chelwood, Clutton is part of the Clutton ward, which is represented by one councillor on the unitary authority of Bath and North East Somerset which was created in 1996, as established by the Local Government Act 1992. It provides a single tier of local government with responsibility for almost all local government functions within its area including local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection, recycling, cemeteries, crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism. It is also responsible for education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, trading standards, waste disposal and strategic planning, although fire, police and ambulance services are provided jointly with other authorities through the Avon Fire and Rescue Service, Avon and Somerset Constabulary and the Great Western Ambulance Service. Bath and North East Somerset's area covers part of the ceremonial county of Somerset but it is administered independently of the non-metropolitan county. Its administrative headquarters is in Bath. Between 1 April 1974 and 1 April 1996, it was the Wansdyke District and the City of Bath of the county of Avon. Before 1974 that the parish was part of the Clutton Rural District. An electoral ward of the same name exists. Although Clutton is the most populous area of the ward it stretches north westerly to Stanton Drew. The total population of this ward taken at the 2011 census was 2,537. The parish is represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom as part of North East Somerset. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. It was also part of the South West England constituency of the European Parliament, prior to Britain leaving the European Union in January 2020, which elected seven MEPs using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation. Demographics According to the 2001 Census the Clutton ward (which includes Stanton Drew and Chelwood) had 1,290 residents, living in 483 households, with an average age of 40.3 years. Of these 72% of residents describing their health as 'good', 22% of 16- to 74-year-olds had no qualifications; and the area had an unemployment rate of 2.2% of all economically active people aged 16–74. In the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2004, it was ranked at 24,527 out of 32,482 wards in England, where 1 was the most deprived LSOA and 32,482 the least deprived. Church The parish church is dedicated to St Augustine of Hippo. It dates from around 1190, but has had several major restorations. The tower is made of red sandstone with diagonal buttresses ending in pinnacles and probably dates from 1726. The tower contains two bells dating from 1734, made by Thomas Bilbie of the Bilbie family. The church is a Grade II* listed building () Two railed tomb enclosures within the Broadribb family plot are also listed as Grade II, () as are a group of three Broadribb and Purnell monuments. () The church is currently under a small amount of renovation. Other Grade II listed buildings In popular culture The television series Robin of Sherwood was partly filmed nearby in the Greyfield Woods. Notable people Amy Woodman (born 1 November 1984), English National Long-jump champion in 2011 and 2012; English indoor long jump champion 2011; USA National Collegiate Champion (NCCA) – Long jump 2011. Woodman lived in Clutton from the age of two years. Maisie Williams (born 15 April 1997), English actress known for Game of Thrones. Williams attended Clutton Primary School. References External links Clutton Village website Model of Clutton Station Clutton Poor Law Union and Workhouse Map of Clutton circa 1900 Somerset coalfield Civil parishes in Somerset Villages in Bath and North East Somerset
5384183	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admission%20to%20practice%20law	Admission to practice law	An admission to practice law is acquired when a lawyer receives a license to practice law. In jurisdictions with two types of lawyer, as with barristers and solicitors, barristers must gain admission to the bar whereas for solicitors there are distinct practising certificates. Becoming a lawyer is a widely varied process around the world. Common to all jurisdictions are requirements of age and competence; some jurisdictions also require documentation of citizenship or immigration status. However, the most varied requirements are those surrounding the preparation for the license, whether it includes obtaining a law degree, passing an exam, or serving in an apprenticeship. In English, admission is also called a law license. Basic requirements vary from country to country, as described below. In some jurisdictions, after admission the lawyer needs to maintain a current practising certificate to be permitted to offer services to the public. Africa The African Union comprises all 55 countries on the Continent of Africa. However, the qualifications for each nation can vary widely between them, with foreign educated lawyers having the most difficulty in obtaining residency. Algeria Those wishing to obtain a law degree must have Algerian nationality, be at least 23 years old, possess at least a bachelor's degree in law or equivalent degree in Islamic law, have a certificate of competency for the legal profession, and enjoy full political and civil rights without any convictions for a crime of dishonesty. Angola Angolan nationals and foreigners who wish to practice law must complete a law degree from an Angolan university and then take the National Exam for Admission to Advocacy. The regulations that establish that citizens admitted to the study of individuals accept foreign countries, on an equal basis, Angolan graduates. The Order of Attorneys of Angola is an organization of lawyers and responsible for the regulation of the legal profession in the country. Botswana Botswana requires a Bachelor of Laws degree to practice law. The Bachelor of Laws degree is earned through a five-year undergraduate program, with the fifth year as an internship. After completing a Bachelor of Laws program, applicants may practice law. A bar exam is not required. Egypt To earn a law license, applicants must have Egyptian nationality, full civil capacity, not have any disciplinary findings against them, and be of good conduct and reputation. They are required to earn a law degree from an Egyptian university or a degree from a foreign university which is considered equivalent under Egyptian law, pass a medical examination to ensure fitness for the practice of the profession, and pay the registration fees and annual subscriptions required by law. After an applicant obtains a law degree, he or she must then undertake two years of practical training as a trainee lawyer and plead a minimum of 25 cases. Following the completion of the training period, the applicant must obtain the recommendation of the president of the lowest court and members of the local bar association to be admitted as a lawyer. Ethiopia A law license requires a diploma in law from a legally recognized educational institution and passing an examination for the relevant license. The Regions of Ethiopia and the Ethiopian federal government all issue their own licenses for the practice of law. Gabon Gabon requires candidates to hold a law degree and complete a one-year internship under the supervision of a lawyer who has been licensed to practice law for at least five years. After completing the internship, the candidate must then petition the President of the Bar Association for a second one-year internship. At the end of the second internship, the candidate may petition the Bar Council to be enrolled as a lawyer. Ghana The General Legal Council is responsible for issuing licenses to practice law. Applicants must be of good character and have satisfactorily completed a course in law which meets its requirements at a school of law or other place of instruction it recognizes, or be qualified in practicing law in a country with a sufficiently analogous legal system. They must also practice for at least six months in the chambers of a lawyer who has been working in the profession for not less than seven years. Law licenses must be renewed annually. Those admitted to practice law in Ghana become members of the Ghana Bar Association. Kenya Governance Legal practice in Kenya is governed by the Advocates Act, Chapter 16 of the Laws of Kenya. Only lawyers admitted to the Bar, known as Advocates of the High Court of Kenya, have the right of audience before Kenyan courts. To be an advocate, (which is concurrent with being a member of the Law Society of Kenya) one must first complete a law degree from a recognised university in the Commonwealth, then attend the Kenya School of Law for a postgraduate Diploma in Legal Practice for training in more practical legal subjects such as conveyancing and evidence, and complete a mandatory six-month articles of pupillage under a lawyer of five years' standing. Petition Upon completion of the requisite academic and practical training, one must 'petition' the chief justice of the judiciary for admission to the bar by filing the requisite documents, including the petition in a prescribed format under the Advocates Act and an accompanying affidavit, a certificate of completion of pupillage and two certificates of moral fitness by practising lawyers of five years' standing, one of which must be from the petitioner's supervisor in chambers (referred to as 'pupil master'), and pay a fee. The petition is addressed to both the registrar of the High Court on behalf of the chief justice and the secretary/CEO of the Law Society of Kenya, and upon approval by the Council of the Law Society, one is 'called to the bar'. The call is made in open court by taking an oath before the chief justice, who pronounces the admission. Usually, several lawyers are admitted to the bar at the same session. Practice renewal An annual fee for a 'practising certificate' must be paid to the Law Society of Kenya, although the certificate is issued by the Court Registrar. Non-payment renders one ineligible to appear before courts. Lawyers who do not wish to appear before courts need not take out a certificate, but in practice most lawyers do so as it is generally required by most employers, since only advocates can sign any documents in such capacity. Advocates who wish to administer oaths—usually in affidavit format—must apply to the Chief Justice to be appointed Commissioners for Oaths, whereas those who wish to perform functions similar to notaries public in the United Kingdom must have been advocates for five years, and formally apply to be a notary public to the Chief Justice through the Court Registrar. To appear before the Supreme Court, one must be an advocate of seven years' standing. Madagascar To become an advocate (advocat), an individual must obtain a master's degree in law or equivalent degree and a Certificate of Aptitude for the Legal Profession, after which three years of further legal training, which can be extended by another two years, are required. Lawyers must re-register annually. Morocco To be registered as an advocate, an individual must be a Moroccan national or national of a country which has an agreement with Morocco which grants nationals of both countries reciprocal rights to practice law, be at least 21 years of age, enjoy full civil capacity, possess a bachelor's degree in law from a Moroccan law school or equivalent certificate from a recognized university, obtain a certificate of eligibility to practice law, have no convictions, never have been declared bankrupt, and not have been linked to the management of public institutions for a certain amount of time. Applicants must then pass the bar exam conducted by the Ministry of Justice and practice as a trainee lawyer for two years. Namibia Namibia has a detailed act that fully delineates the requisites to be a Legal Practitioner. Aspiring lawyers must hold a law degree from the University of Namibia or equivalent qualification from a university outside the country recognized by the Namibian government, obtain a certificate from the Board of Legal Education stating that the trainee lawyer has undergone practical legal training, and pass the Legal Practitioners' Qualifying Examination. Niger Admission to the Niger Bar requires a master's degree in law, passing the entry exam, completing a Certificate of Professional Practice and a one-year internship, or a two-year internship for those who do not have a Certificate of Professional Practice. At the end of the internship, the trainee lawyer is given a certificate of completion after their supervisor gives a reasoned opinion, and is eligible to register for the Niger Bar. Nigeria One has to complete a five-year LLB program in an accredited university in Nigeria or abroad, then a compulsory one-year program (bar 2) at the Nigerian Law School. International students do a preliminary course (bar 1) before doing the compulsory one-year program. During the law school program, students do compulsory court attachment and chamber attachment before graduation. After obtaining a law degree, aspiring lawyers must pass the examination at the Nigerian Law School. Those who pass are then called to the Nigerian Bar by the Nigerian Body of Benchers and enroll as a legal practitioner before the Supreme Court of Nigeria. Rwanda Holders of a Rwandan law license must be nationals of Rwanda, hold at least a bachelor's degree in law or equivalent degree, have a certificate from the Institute of Legal Practice and Development or an equivalent, and pass the bar exam. Applicants must also not have been sentenced to a prison term equal to or exceeding six months. Sudan Individuals who apply to become advocates in Sudan must possess Sudanese nationality, be at least 21 years of age and of good character, possess an LLB degree from a recognized educational institution, and pass the Legal Professing exam, which is managed by the Advocates Admissions Committee, unless granted an exemption from doing so. Successful applicants must complete a one-year traineeship, then pass an interview with the Bar Admission Committee before being admitted. Licenses must be renewed annually. Tunisia To practice as an advocate in Tunisia, individuals must be registered in the table of advocats. Registration requires a person to have held Tunisian nationality for at least five years, to be a resident of Tunisia, be between 20 and 50 years of age, have no criminal record, never to have been declared bankrupt, and have fulfilled all national service requirements. Candidates must hold a certificate of aptitude for the legal profession from the Higher Institute of the Legal Profession unless they hold the title of Professor of Law from a Tunisian or foreign university, in which case they may gain an exemption from this requirement. Newly qualified lawyers must spend a year as a trainee lawyer, during which time they can only plead before lower courts. After one year, they may apply to be fully certified as a lawyer. Uganda To be admitted as an advocate, an individual must be a Ugandan national or resident, possess a Bachelor of Laws degree from a Ugandan university or an educational institution from any other country with a common law legal system and recognized by the Law Council, and obtain a postgraduate diploma in legal practice from the Law Development Centre. Candidates must then apply to be recognized as lawyers by the Law Council, which will issue an advocate's license if satisfied that the applicant is eligible and is a fit and proper person to be an advocate. Advocate's licenses must be renewed annually. Zimbabwe To be admitted to practice law, one must complete an LLB degree from the University of Zimbabwe or Midlands State University, register with the Law Society of Zimbabwe and receive a practicing certificate, and be enrolled on the register of the Supreme Court of Zimbabwe. Practicing certificates from the Law Society of Zimbabwe must be renewed annually. Holders of degrees from outside Zimbabwe must have obtained them from designated institutions and take an exam. Americas In U.S. English, admission to the bar is also commonly known as obtaining one's "law license" ("licence" in Canadian English). Anguilla Admission to practice in Anguilla is regulated by the Legal Profession Act 2016. To be admitted in Anguilla a person first needs to be admitted in either England & Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland, or have received a Certificate of Legal Education from the Council of Legal Education of the West Indies. Further the applicant needs to be either (a) a Belonger of Anguilla, (b) resident in Anguilla, or (c) a citizen of certain specified Caribbean countries. Argentina In Argentina, prospective lawyers must complete an undergraduate law degree (Abogado, which lasts five to six years depending on the university), and then become a member of one of the jurisdictional associations. Bahamas Under the laws of the Bahamas, only a Bahamian national can normally be admitted as a lawyer. However, there is an exception for special admissions to allow senior barristers who have specialist expertise to be admitted to conduct a single case. Bolivia Bolivia requires candidates to complete a law degree at a Bolivian law faculty, which takes 9-10 semesters, and then submit a graduate certificate and certificate of good civil standing to the Ministry of Justice. Brazil Brazil requires an undergraduate law degree (Bachelor in law, in Portuguese Bacharelado em Direito, which lasts five years) and the passing of the bar examination. British Virgin Islands A person may be admitted as a barrister or solicitor in the British Virgin Islands either by being admitted as a lawyer in the United Kingdom, or by attending one of the three regional law schools (Hugh Wooding Law School, Norman Manley Law School or Eugene Dupuch Law School). In 2015 the British Virgin Islands passed the Legal Profession Act 2015. Although the new admission rules under the Act have not yet been brought into force, once it does so graduates from regional law schools will still be eligible for admission but will have to undertake a period of one years' pupillage; and lawyers from the United Kingdom will only be eligible for admission if they have five years' post-qualification experience. The new regime will also allow senior foreign lawyers to be admitted temporarily just for a single case. Canada Canadian applicants to the bar must obtain admission (referred to as the "call to the bar") to one of the provincial or territorial Law Societies in the various jurisdictions of Canada. As an example, in order to sit for the bar exam, the Law Society of British Columbia requires that a student complete an undergraduate degree in any discipline (B.A. of four years), and an undergraduate law degree (LL.B. and/or B.C.L., three to four years) or Juris Doctor (three years). The applicant must complete an apprenticeship referred to as "articling" (nine to fifteen months depending on the jurisdiction and nature of the articling process). Cayman Islands A person may be admitted as an attorney-at-law in the Cayman Islands by one of three routes. A newly qualified person may qualify by either holding a bachelor of laws degree from the Cayman Islands Law School or an equivalent institution or a non-law degree together with the Common Professional Examination/Graduate Diploma in Law, and then completing the 9-month Professional Practise Course ("PPC"), followed by eighteen months as an articled clerk within a law firm. Under the Legal Practitioners (Students) Regulations (2012 Revision) only Caymanians or persons that hold Cayman Status or as otherwise approved by the Cayman Islands Cabinet may undertake the PPC. Lawyers who are already qualified to practice in the United Kingdom, Jamaica or another approved Commonwealth jurisdiction may be admitted under the Legal Practitioners Law (2015 Revision) provided that they are in good standing in their jurisdiction of admission and can demonstrate residence in the Cayman Islands for at least a year (usually by holding a valid work permit for that period of time). Lastly, lawyers who are admitted in another jurisdiction and who only wish to be temporarily admitted in the Cayman Islands for the purposes of appearing in a single case (usually Queen's Counsel from London) may be temporarily admitted. All attorneys are required to hold a current practicing certificate to practice law, but the Cayman Islands is slightly unusual that if an Attorney ceases to hold a practicing certificate for two years they are struck off the roll. Chile Chile requires a law degree (Licenciado en Ciencias Jurídicas: five years, and to approve a degree exam comprising all studied civil and procedural law that usually can takes one or two years more). It's required also a six-month apprenticeship to finally be able to oath in Supreme Court as a lawyer. Ecuador Ecuador requires a law degree from a university in Ecuador recognized by the Secretary of Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation. Candidates must then complete a Pre-Professional Practice Program in a given public institution, totalling at least 500 hours of study. They must then register with the Lawyers' Forum of the Judicial Council. Guatemala To be admitted as a lawyer in Guatemala, it is necessary to hold a certificate of competence issued by the Supreme Court of Justice, which is available to those who are Guatemalan nationals and have obtained a law degree from a recognized university. Those practicing law must also register with the College of Attorneys and Notaries. Mexico Lawyers in Mexico are required to complete a law degree (Licenciado en Derecho, a five-year program), and obtain a practice certificate (cedula professional) from the Bureau of Professions of the Ministry of Education (Dirección General de Profesiones), which officially certifies the license by virtue of the law degree. Peru Lawyers (Abogados) in Peru must be members of a local bar association, which requires an undergraduate law degree (Bachiller en Derecho, a six-year program) and a diploma (Titulo de Abogado), the latter requiring one year of apprenticeship and passing of the bar exam. United States Regulation of the legal profession is a power reserved to the states pursuant to the Tenth Amendment to the US Constitution. Each state, territory and the District of Columbia has its own rules. Unlike many other countries, US jurisdictions do not license legal practitioners as solicitors and barristers, but all licensed attorneys are qualified to practice as both. All jurisdictions require applicants to pass a moral character evaluation and to pass an ethics examination, which some states administer as part of their bar examinations. Most require applicants to achieve a particular score on the Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination. All jurisdictions except Wisconsin and New Hampshire require successful completion of a bar exam for admission. Diploma privilege is available in those states for graduates of certain law schools whose degree programmes meet certain requirements. Educational requirements vary but most states require a baccalaureate degree (with any major concentration, or in general studies), followed by a professional doctorate in law - specifically a Juris Doctor or Doctor of Jurisprudence degree from a law school accredited by the American Bar Association. Some states, such as New York, permit persons with an accredited foreign law degree of comparable duration to join the state bar so long as their education is in the common law. A very small number of states accept US law degrees from unaccredited law schools. At least one state, California, requires no general degree and no law degree. It is technically possible to become an attorney in California by completing two years of college coursework, or the equivalent as demonstrated by examination and to meet the legal education requirement by studying law diligently in a lawyer's office or judge's chambers for not less than 864 hours over not less than four years. Hours spent as an employee of an attorney or judge do not count as "study." A few other states also allow their legal education requirement to be met by study under supervision of an attorney or judge in a practice known as reading law, excluding employment. Some states allow applicants to gain their legal education by studying in a law office combined with some period of time in law school. Very few people pursue these options. Asia Bangladesh Practicing law requires admission to the Bangladesh Bar Council. In order to do so, candidates must be citizens of Bangladesh, be a minimum of 21 years old, and obtain a law degree. They must pass the Bar Council Examination to be allowed to practice law. Bhutan Bhutan requires a bachelor's degree in law followed by a bar exam. Candidates must also not have criminal records and not be declared bankrupt by a court. Cambodia Cambodia requires a Bachelor of Law or equivalent law degree, certificate of Lawyer's Professional Skill from the Center for the Training of the Legal Profession, and no misdemeanor or felony record, as well as no disciplinary sanction or administrative penalty. Unless granted an exemption, prospective lawyers must then spend a year as a trainee lawyer, either in a training program conducted by the Bar Association or by working as an associate in a law firm. Following the training period, the Bar Council will make a decision whether or not to register the prospective lawyer with the Bar Association based on whether or not the trainee fulfilled the requirements and a report on the trainee's supervising lawyer. If the Bar Council decides that the trainee does not have sufficient competence, it can order a period of additional training not to exceed one year. Applicants who satisfy the Bar Council that they are of sufficient competence are registered with the Bar Association and are allowed to practice law. China In China, one must first obtain a recognized law degree (a bachelor's, master's, or doctoral degree) or have at least three years of work experience in certain legal institutions. Those aspiring to be allowed to practice law must also have a record of good behavior. Applicants must then pass the National Unified Legal Professional Qualification Examination. They must also complete a one-year apprenticeship before being granted a license to practice law. Hong Kong The special administrative region of Hong Kong makes a distinction between barristers and solicitors. Admission to either profession requires a law degree (either the four-year LL.B. or the two-year Juris Doctor) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Laws (which requires nine months). The apprenticeship to become a barrister is only one year, while a solicitor must apprentice for two years. Foreign lawyers (from any jurisdiction) may be admitted as solicitors by passing the Overseas Qualified Lawyers Examination and satisfying a three months residence requirement. Foreign lawyers may also be admitted as barristers by passing the Barristers Qualification Examination. India In India, prospective lawyers must complete an undergraduate law degree after 12 years of schooling and obtain an honours law degree, (actually a double degree) where the course is a five-year course. The first undergraduate foundational and generic degree, (usually B.A.Law but in some cases Bachelor of General Laws/Bachelor of Socio-Legal Studies etc.) is awarded after three years of study, and the professional law degree called the LL.B. (honours) degree, which has a substantial component of practical training, is earned after two years of further legal studies. Alternatively any graduate with a bachelor's degree in any subject (obtained after 15 years of education, i.e. after graduation), can enroll for a second graduate degree in law of a three-year course (LL.B. degree). The 5-year LL.B. (honours) degree and the 3-year LL.B. degree are the only qualifying professional degrees recognized for entering the legal profession in India. Law graduates in India are not entitled to call themselves advocates and can not appear in courts even if they call themselves lawyers. India requires all law graduates, intending to enter the profession of practising law as advocates, to first enroll themselves on the Roll of Advocates of any State Bar Council (regional authorities under the overall authority of the Bar Council of India) and to pass the All India Bar Examination (AIBE) conducted by the Bar Council of India which is the institution regulating the profession of legal practice. It is mandatory for all law school graduates to qualify in the All India Bar Examination, without which they cannot be admitted to practice in courts and may not refer to themselves as advocates. After being enrolled by one of the State Bar Councils and clearing the All India Bar Examination, a law graduate's name is entered on the Roll of Advocates maintained by their State Bar Council and is issued a Certificate of Practice. After this, they are entitled to call themselves advocates and can appear in court representing clients. All advocates in India, irrespective of which State Bar Council they are registered to, have the right to practice in all High Courts and their Subordinate Courts and Tribunals throughout India under Section 30 of the Advocates Act. However, to practise Law before the Supreme Court of India, Advocates must first appear for and qualify in the Supreme Court Advocate on Record Examination conducted by the Supreme Court. Indonesia There is no distinction between barrister and solicitor in Indonesia. Instead, an admitted person to the bar to practice law is called an advocate (advokat), who is licensed to provide legal services both before or outside the court. To be an Indonesian advocate, one needs to be appointed by Peradi (Indonesian Advocates Association) and take an oath in an open proceeding before the high court having a jurisdiction over the prospective advocate. As an advocate, one is allowed to practice law all over Indonesia. Before appointed as an advocate, there are requirements which must be met which are listed under Article 3 paragraph 1 of the Indonesian Law No. 18 of 2003 on Advocate. The prospective advocate should be an Indonesian citizen, domiciled in Indonesia, is not a civil servant nor a state official, at least 25 years old, holds a bachelor's degree in law and has completed the special education for advocates arranged by Peradi, passed the bar exam organised by Peradi, has completed an internship in a law office for a continuous period of 2 years, has never been penalised for a criminal offense which is subject to an imprisonment of 5 years or more, and well behaved, honest, could act fairly and has a high integrity. Iran Iran requires an undergraduate law degree (LL.B., which is a four-year program). After obtaining a law degree, the candidate must pass the bar exam. The Bar Exam in Iran is administered by two different and completely separate bodies. One is the Bar Association of every province—all of which are under the auspices of the country's syndicate of the bars of the country. The other one is administered by the Judicial System of Iran subject to Article 187 of the country's economic, social and cultural development plan. The exam is highly competitive and only a certain number of top applicants are admitted annually. After a candidate completes a law degree and passes the bar exam, they are admitted to the bar as a "Trainee at Law". After admission to the bar, an 18-month apprenticeship begins which is highly regulated under the auspices of Bar Syndicate Rules and supervision of an assigned First Degree Attorney. Trainees or apprentices must attend designated courts for designated weeks to hear cases and write case summaries. A logbook signed by the judge on the bench has to certify their weekly attendance. By the end of the eighteenth month, they are eligible to apply to take the Final Bar Exam by submitting their case summaries, the logbook and a research work pre-approved by the Bar. It is noteworthy, however, that during these 18 months, Trainees are eligible to have a limited practice of law under the supervision of their supervising Attorney. This practice does not include Supreme Court eligible cases and certain criminal and civil cases. Candidates will be tested on Civil law, Civil Procedure, Criminal law, Criminal Procedure, Commercial Law, Notary (including rules pertaining Official Documents, Land & Real Estate registrations and regulations etc.). Each exam takes two days, a day on oral examination in front of a judge or an attorney, and a day of essay examination, in which they will be tested on hypothetical cases submitted to them. Successful applicants will be honored with the title of "First Degree Attorney", after they take the oath and can practice in all courts of the country including the Supreme Court. Those who fail must redo the program in full or in part before re-taking the Final Bar Exam. Israel Israel requires an undergraduate law degree from an educational institution recognized by the Law Faculty of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Applicants must then pass a series of examinations on eight separate areas of law. After these exams, the applicant must serve as an articled clerk for twelve months, at least 36 hours a week, 25 of which must be worked before 2:00 PM on that day. After serving their articles, applicants must pass the final examinations on nine subjects of law and court procedure, which consist of a written examination followed by an oral examination before three judges. Those who pass are eligible for admittance to the Israel Bar Association. Residence in Israel is a precondition for admittance. Lawyers moving to Israel from abroad without an Israeli law degree must have at least two years of practical legal experience as an attorney or judge in their country of origin. If an applicant does not have two years of experience in his or her home country, the foreign law degree must be recognized by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The applicant must also complete a Hebrew proficiency exam followed by the battery of exams and internship requirements listed above. Those who have at least five years of practical legal experience abroad and began serving their articles within ten years of their arrival in Israel are exempt from the final examinations. Japan Japan requires the passing of the national bar exam, a 12-month training program which incorporates additional coursework and field training as apprentices to judges, prosecutors, and law offices, and passing the graduation examination of the training program. To sit for the bar exam, applicants must have the degree of juris doctor or have passed the preliminary bar exam. The training program is conducted by the Legal Research and Training Institute of the Supreme Court of Japan. During the program, future prosecutors and judges are handpicked and trained for the role. In Japan, an attorney () must be a member of one of the local bar associations which are organised into national bar association (). Jordan The Jordanian Bar Association requires both academic, practical and oral exams for admission to the bar. The probationer must hold a bachelor's degree or equivalent in Law. The Bar Association requires a minimum of two years of training under supervision of an Attorney. However, if a post-graduate degree in law is attained, a reduction to one year of training is possible. The Bar grants the probationer, at different stages of his training, special rights of audience to appear before specific courts. The probationer may submit a written request, at any stage of his training, to be enrolled in the written exams that the Bar holds 4 times a year. If he/she attains an exam mark of (15/25) or higher, then the probationer will progress to the oral exam conducted by a legal committee elected from a combination of judges, professors and senior lawyers. If he/she passes the oral exam, then they are required to submit a research paper. Each probationer must research a legal subject, submit a written paper, and discuss his/her findings before the committee. If he/she passes, the probationer must undertake an oath before the Minister of Justice, the conclusion of which grants him entry to the Bar. The process requires, on average, around two-and-a-half years to satisfy the Bar Association's requirements to practice law. However, it should be mentioned that only Jordanians may petition the Bar Association to practice law. Kazakhstan Lawyers in Kazakhstan must complete an undergraduate law degree. The legal education system includes both law courses in secondary schools (colleges) and higher education institutions (universities, academies, institutes). After completing a degree, aspiring lawyers must then pass a special qualifying examination to enter the profession. Lebanon Lebanon requires a Lebanese bachelor's degree in law in order to be able to apply to one of two Bar Associations. Upon acceptance, a three-year internship is required at the office of an attorney-at-law, after which the candidate will be subject to oral and written examinations. Lawyers in Lebanon should be Lebanese for at least 10 years. Malaysia Malaysia requires advocates and solicitors to be admitted to the Malaysian Bar. The prerequisite is either a Bachelor of Laws (Hons) degree (an LL.B (Hons)., which requires four years of study) from the local law faculties or a call as a Barrister in the UK or a Certificate in Legal Practice, which is a post-graduate qualification on procedural law equivalent to a master's degree and taking approximately nine months to complete, and a nine-month pupillage. Advocates and Solicitors are entitled to appear before the courts and/or perform solicitors' work, as the legal profession in Malaysia is fused without any distinction between barristers and solicitors. The East Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak have their own sets of criteria for admission to their own respective law societies. Nepal Nepal requires lawyers to complete a bachelor's degree in law and then pass an exam conducted by the Nepal Bar Council to obtain a legal practitioner's license. Pakistan Lawyers in Pakistan are called Advocates. To enjoy rights of audience in the Courts in Pakistan, a prospective lawyer/advocate must obtain a 5-year B.A. LL.B. degree or a Bachelor's or equivalent degree followed by a LL.B. of three years. The latter route is no longer offered and no admission at a Pakistani university on or after January 1, 2019, shall be recognized by the Pakistan Bar Council or a Provincial Bar Council for admission to the bar. The degree has to be obtained from a recognized Pakistani university or from a recognized university in a common law country. All legal education in Pakistan is taught in the English language. After the required academic qualifications a prospective lawyer/advocate must undertake six months training under a senior lawyer (High Courts Lawyer) (called Pupillage/ Apprenticeship/ Intern-ship /Training) at the conclusion of which, they have to take a Bar exam consisting of multiple choice question paper (or in some cases a professional exam) and an interview with a committee of lawyers presided by Judge of concerned High Court. After that the respective Provincial Bar Council may grant him or her the rights of audience in the lower courts (i.e. courts lower than the High Court). An advocate enrolled with Provincial Bar Council can practice only in his province. He /she will earn right of audience in the High Courts after a further two years of practice in lower courts, at the end of which (in some Provincial Bar Council's) the advocate has to sit another professional exam and an interview with a judge of a High Court. After a further 10 years' practice in the High Courts, the candidate has to sit another professional exam and an interview with a judge of the Supreme Court to be given the rights of audience in the Supreme Court of Pakistan. The exams are usually conducted to ensure that the quality of lawyers being produced is maintained to a certain level. The interview is then another opportunity for a senior judge and members of the provincial Bar Council to meet the candidate and see if he or she is fit to be admitted as an advocate of the lower courts/ High Courts or the Supreme Court. Philippines To practice law in the Philippines, one must have fulfilled the non-academic and academic requirements. For non-academic requirements, one must be a Filipino, be at least 21 years old, be a resident of the Philippines, and have the moral and other non-academic qualifications needed. In terms of academic requirements, one must have obtained an undergraduate degree (with major, focus or concentration in any of the subjects of history, economics, political science, logic, English or Spanish), has obtained a Juris Doctor degree (or Bachelor of Laws before 2019) from a law school recognized by the Secretary of Education. They must have also taken and passed (75% general average, with no subject falling below 50%) the Bar Exam, taken the Attorney's Oath before the Supreme Court, signed the Roll of Attorneys, remain in good standing with the Integrated Bar of the Philippines, and continually participate in Mandatory Continuing Legal Education. Saudi Arabia The practice of law requires an applicant to hold a degree from a Sharia college, Bachelor of Law degree from a Saudi university, an equivalent of any of these degrees from abroad, or a postgraduate diploma in legal studies from the Saudi Institute of Public Administration. Three years of practical legal work experience are then required unless the applicant holds a master's degree in Sharia or law or is a graduate of a Sharia college with a postgraduate degree in law, in which case only one year of legal work experience is required. Those holding a doctorate in either of these fields are exempt from the work experience requirement entirely. Those who practice law must also be of good conduct and not have been subject to a Hudud or any other punishment which impugns integrity for the past five years, and must be residents of Saudi Arabia. To be allowed to practice law, applicants must fulfill the educational and work requirements, then sign a declaration confirming that they were not subjected to a Hudud or any other criminal penalty impugning their integrity within the past five years and are residents of the country. Singapore Persons seeking admission to the Singapore Bar must obtain an approved law degree through completing a course of study of at least three academic years leading to that degree as a full-time internal candidate from an approved university. The degree is typically an LL.B. or an LL.B. (honours), depending on the university, or a J.D. (from one of only four approved US universities or Singapore Management University and Singapore University of Social Sciences). They are then required to sit for the Singapore Bar Examinations, which is divided into Part A (for overseas graduates from approved overseas universities only) and Part B (a five-month practical course, compulsory for both local and overseas graduates). They are further required to complete a six-month Practice Training Contract before they can be called to the Bar as Advocates and Solicitors of the Supreme Court of Singapore. Advocates and Solicitors are entitled to appear before courts or perform solicitors' work, as the legal profession in Singapore is fused without any distinction between barristers and solicitors. South Korea In South Korea, one can be admitted to practice law by passing the exam called 변호사시험 (officially translated as "Bar Examination") which requires prior completion of three-year law school course with the degree of Juris Doctor. This law school system is similar to system of United States. However, before year 2018, there was an nation-wide system to train lawyers for 2 years, including judge, prosecutor and attorney at law. This old training institution was called as 사법연수원 (officially translated as "Judicial Research and Training Institute", JRTI)', which is now acting mainly as institution to train junior judges and court officials in South Korea. Entering JRTI required passing a special exam on jurisprudence. Its name was 사법시험 (officially translated as "Judicial Examination") which required taking a little part of course in LL.B. or any other equivalent degree. Sri Lanka Sri Lanka requires an attorney to be admitted and enrolled as an Attorney-at-Law of the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka to practice law. In order to become an attorney, candidates must graduate from the Sri Lanka Law College, which typically takes three years and involves three examinations. For those who possess a law degree from a foreign university recognized by the Council of Legal Education, the entrance exam may be waived. Candidates who have a bachelor's degree in law from the University of Colombo, Open University of Sri Lanka, University of Jaffna, and University of Peradeniya are exempt from all lectures and only need to take the final examination. Those qualified as a barrister in England and Wales, Scotland, and Ireland are exempt from most lectures. After graduation, candidates must then go through a practical training course and a six-month apprenticeship under an attorney of at least eight years before applying for membership in the Bar Association of Sri Lanka. Taiwan Taiwan requires an undergraduate law degree, which takes four years. Afterwards, students must pass the Attorney Qualification Examination. Graduates must then complete a six-month internship with certified institutions before receiving a license to practice law from the Ministry of Justice. Attorneys must join a bar association before being allowed to practice law. Thailand Under the Thailand Lawyers Act B.E. 2528 (1985), litigators (barristers) who practice before the courts in Thailand must obtain a "Lawyer's License" issued by the Lawyers Council of Thailand. Legal counsels (solicitors) who do not practice before the courts are not regulated and therefore are not subject to regulatory oversight of the Lawyers Council of Thailand. Law graduates who perform corporate and commercial legal services either in law firms or in-house are not required to obtain a Lawyer's License nor are they required to register with any regulatory body. To obtain a Lawyer's License, with the right to appear in court, an individual must have the following qualifications: (i) be a Thai national; (ii) be at least 20 years of age; (iii) be a graduate with either a bachelor's degree or an associate degree in Law or an equivalent Certificate in Law from an educational institution accredited by the Lawyers' Council of Thailand; (iv) not be a person of indecent behavior or delinquent morals or a person whose conduct is indicative of dishonesty; (v) not have been imprisoned by a final judgment; (vi) not have been bankrupt by a final judgment; (vii) not having an ailment which is contagious and repugnant to the public; (viii) not being physically disabled or mentally infirmed which may cause professional incompetence; (ix) not be a government official or a local government official with permanent salary and position; (x) take a training course offered by the Lawyers Council of Thailand (normally one month of theoretical training and at least six months of practical training); (xi) pass the Thai Law Society examinations (Sapa Tanai Kwam); (xii) enroll with the Thai Bar Association (Regulation of Lawyers Council on Lawyer's Training B.E. 2529 (AD 1986)). Candidates who have been an apprentice in a law firm for over a year and have passed an examination specified by the Board of Governors of the Lawyers Council of Thailand may be exempted from the period of practical training. The lawyer's licence is valid for two years but can be valid for lifetime for a fee (s.39 of the Thailand Lawyers Act). Lawyers who wish to obtain the title barrister-at-law which entitle the holder to take further examinations to become a judge or a public prosecutor, may take a further one- year course offered by the Thai Bar Association United Arab Emirates A local lawyer must be registered on the Roll of Practicing Advocates, which requires the candidate to be a UAE national, at least 21 years old, have full civil capacity, have good character and reputation, not have been subjected to criminal or disciplinary actions arising from a breach of honor or trust, have a degree in law or Islamic law from an accredited educational institution, and have carried out at least one year of continuous practical legal training. UAE lawyers are qualified to practice throughout the country but each Emirate may make it a condition that a lawyer must have an office there in order to practice law. Emirate maintains further requirements for local lawyers. Individual foreign nationals wishing to practice law may gain an exception to the nationality requirement if they fulfill the age, civil capacity, and character requirements, have fifteen years of experience working in the legal field, must be a resident of the UAE, and must practice through a bureau of a national lawyer registered on the Roll of Practicing Advocates. Foreign law firms may carry out legal activities in the UAE subject to the regulatory requirements of the individual Emirate where they are present. Vietnam Prospective lawyers must complete a Bachelor of Law degree. Vietnamese law schools typically offer 4-year law programs. After obtaining their bachelor's degree, they must complete one year of professional legal training at the Judicial Academy under the Ministry of Justice and pass an exam. After obtaining a certificate from the Judicial Academy, law graduates must undergo a one-year traineeship with a law firm or law office, and must register the traineeship with the bar association of the locality where the law firm or law office is located. After completing the traineeship, the trainee must pass a bar examination conducted by the Vietnam Bar Federation. Upon passing the bar examination, the trainee lawyer must file for an application for a certificate of legal practice from the Ministry of Justice. Upon being granted a certificate, registration to a local bar association is required. The bar association which the trainee joins will then request that the Vietnam Bar Federation issue a lawyer card, which fully qualifies the trainee to practice law. Europe Among European Union members, the Diplomas Directive (Directive no. 89/48/EEC) states that those who have obtained a license or diploma in one state can pursue the profession in another state. Thus, it is not difficult for a law degree in one jurisdiction to be used as a qualifying degree in another jurisdiction within the European Union. In addition, European Union Directive 98/5/EC provides three main methods for a foreign lawyer to be integrated into the legal profession in another member state. Through the aforementioned process of 89/48/EEC, a lawyer's foreign diploma can be recognized in another member state, in addition to passing an aptitude test. Alternatively, actively practicing the law of the host state for a period of three years provides a pathway for bar admission in the host country. The three-year period can be shortened by fulfilling other requirements. Albania Albanian advocates should be members of the Albanian Bar Association (). To be admitted to the bar, a candidate must complete a law degree, complete an internship with a practicing advocate lasting a minimum of one year and receive a positive evaluation, complete the initial training program at the School of Advocacy, and pass the Advocate's Qualifying Exam. Andorra In Andorra, advocates should be members of the local bar association (). Austria In Austria, an attorney ("Rechtsanwalt" in German) must meet the following requirements: hold a law degree, complete a three-year apprenticeship in a law firm as a trainee lawyer ("Rechtsanwaltsanwärter"), complete a seven-month clerkship at court, complete the required amount of training seminars (42 sessions), pass the bar exam. Furthermore, trainee lawyers may only register as attorneys after they have accumulated a total of five years of professional experience (including the apprenticeship and the clerkship). Austrian advocates should be members of one of a local bar associations which are organised into national bar association (). Belarus In Belarus, advocate (barrister) must be a member of one of a local bar associations which are organised into national bar association (). Belgium In Belgium, a prospective lawyer ("advocaat" in Dutch, "avocat"/"avocat" in French) must meet following requirements: hold a master's degree in law (which requires two years of study and the Bachelor in Law which requires three years of study) or hold a PhD in Law taking the pledge in a court of appeal, a three-year apprenticeship (Flemish prospective lawyers have to do 15 cases of pro bono during these 3 years), the CAPA (French, 'Certificat d'aptitude à la profession d'avocat') course of study, pass the final bar exam. During the three-year apprenticeship the prospective lawyer is equivalent to a licensed lawyer, and can for instance issue legal opinions and directly represent clients before all courts (except for the Supreme Court). Bulgaria The Highest Counsil of Advocates () regulates the profession of a lawyer in Bulgaria. Croatia All attorneys in Croatia have to be members of the Croatian Bar Association () as well as members of local bar associations (mandatory membership). The membership requires completion of the one-cycle five-year master's degree, the Bar Examination in the Republic of Croatia (which can be accessed after at least 18 months of apprenticeship), and at least three years of experience in a law office or in judicial bodies (or five years of experience on legal jobs outside judiciary), the time before Bar Examination included. Czech Republic A person must meet the following conditions in order to be admitted to practice law in the Czech Republic: full capacity Master's degree in law acquired at a Czech law school or analogous education acquired at a foreign university, if such an education is officially acknowledged as equivalent by an international treaty, by which the Czech Republic is bound, or if a particular enactment acknowledges such a foreign education, or if it is acknowledged due to its content and extent from the point of view of knowledge and skill as sufficient for practicing law by the Advocacy Enactment at least three years of legal apprenticeship personal integrity (absence of conviction for deliberate crime) absence of disciplinary punishment of prohibition of law practice (if a person was already a law practitioner) absence of being stricken from the list of law practitioners because of personal bankruptcy absence of labour engagement or officiary engagement, except of engagement: to the Bar Association or to similar organisation in other EU state to a law practitioner or to a legal personality established in order to provide legal services to a university as a lecturer as a scientific worker of Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic passing the bar exam taking the pledge Czech advocates should be members of the Czech bar association (). Denmark In Denmark, to use the title of advokat one must complete an LL.B. (three years of study) and an LL.M. (which awards the academic title of Candidata Juris, and requires two years of study), followed by a three-year apprenticeship, one year as an assistant lawyer, and an exam which has a moot court element. Danish advocates should be members of the Danish bar association (). Estonia In Estonia, anyone may call themselves a lawyer and practice law. However, the title of advocate is restricted by law to members of the Estonian Bar Association (). To join the Estonian Bar Association, candidates must obtain master's degree in law and pass the bar examination. Finland Until 2013, anyone could in principle practice law in Finland, not just qualified lawyers. However, after the entry into force of the Licensed Legal Counsel Act (715/2011) on January 1, 2013, only attorneys that are members of the bar association () and who may use the title asianajaja, or licensed legal counsel may represent clients in court. To become a licensed legal counsel requires the completion of a legal education consisting of a Bachelor of Laws degree (or oikeusnotaari, which usually takes three years to complete) and a Master of Laws degree (or oikeustieteen maisteri), which usually takes one to two years to complete, and a traineeship of a minimum of one year in either Courts or in law firms. After the traineeship is completed successfully, the district court awards the title of varatuomari (VT) or those who do not do a traineeship in Court can apply to be licensed legal counsel, which is in practice the basic qualification to practice law. To be admitted to the Finnish bar association, the same legal education requirement as for licensed legal counsel applies, but the traineeship requirement is four years and one has to pass a bar exam (Asianajotutkinto, "Advocates Exam") which also requires the demonstration of practical skills. In-house counsel are not allowed to be members of the bar, but can be licensed legal counsel. Also foreign attorneys can practice in Finland as in-house counsel, without being licensed in Finland, but are not allowed to represent clients in Courts Graduates holding a foreign LLB degree may be able to convert to Finnish law by taking additional undergraduate (oikeusnotaari) modules worth 50+ credits while pursuing their LLM studies at a Finnish university. France To become a French lawyer, an "avocat" (male) or "avocate" (female), one must: obtain an undergraduate degree (three years for a "licence") and complete a first year of Masters of Laws (diplôme de maîtrise en droit), so a total of 4 years of study at university take the exam to enter one of the CRFPA (Centres Régional de Formation à la Profession d'Avocat) where one completes an eighteen-month course and obtains an award of the requisite Certificat d'aptitude à la profession d'avocat (CAPA). However, those with degrees from another country may become a licensed attorney with a French bar by passing an exam. Depending on one's qualifications, a non-French attorney can take the Article 97, 98, 99, or 100 exam. Each of these exams has different requirements. French advocates should be members of one of a local bar associations which are organised into national bar association (). French "juristes" (in-house counsels) do not need to hold the Certificat d'aptitude à la profession d'avocat (CAPA). Georgia It is not necessary to have a license to practice law in Georgia. In order to provide legal support, advice and services to clients, one must complete an undergraduate degree in law (four years of study) and a postgraduate degree in law, which is awarded by the state examination commission and requires one year of study. However, only the members of the Georgian Bar Association (ადვოკატები) are permitted to appear in court. Germany In Germany, a lawyer (Rechtsanwalt) must be a member of one of a local bar associations which are organised into national bar association (). Membership in the local bar association requires the candidate to have passed two state examinations, or staatsexamen, in law. Academic stage At present, qualifying law studies do not carry a Bachelor or Master award but are instead concluded by state examinations (in contrast to university examinations). The rationale lies in the national interest of upholding the quality and comparability of legal training. The First State Exam (Erstes Staatsexamen or Erste juristische Prüfung) is usually taken after four-and-a-half years of undergraduate law study. A university degree (Dipl.-jur. or Magister Jur.) may be granted by the university after completion of the exam, but this depends on the individual university's practice. Some prominent universities like the Law School of the University of Heidelberg do not grant a university degree after completion of the exam. Vocational stage The First State Exam is followed by a two-year practical phase (Referendariat) sponsored by the local Court of Appeal (Oberlandesgericht). This is characterised by part-time studies alongside full-time work and includes work placements at various institutions, including courts of law, criminal prosecution services, in-house legal teams in the public sector and private practice law firms. Upon completion of this two-year training period, a trainee is automatically registered for the Second State Exam (Zweites Staatsexamen or Assessorprüfung). Foreign law degrees do not generally enable the holder to enter the vocational stage of legal training in Germany. Holders of a foreign law degree must pass a Section 112a equivalent means assessment (Gleichwertigkeitsprüfung nach § 112a DRiG) before they can be admitted to a German legal traineeship. Admission After successful completion of the second state exam, admission to the bar is completed, and the individual may apply to be licensed to practice as a lawyer or be employed by the state as a judge or state prosecutor. Qualified lawyers holding an admission in another country may join a German local bar association if they have practiced law for several years; this is subject to individual examination. Greece Greece requires that a lawyer (δικηγόρος) be a member of one of a local bar associations which are organised into national bar association (). Requirements include an undergraduate law degree, which lasts at least four years, an eighteen-month apprenticeship, and the passing of the bar examination. Candidates should normally be under thirty-five years of age. Hungary The Hungarian Bar Association () is a public body and the national organization of attorneys, which has an independent administrative apparatus and budget. The regional bar associations are the members of the Hungarian Bar Association. The process is similar in scope to that of the German system, in that there is a dual-bar exam and practicum process. After a first degree in law, which is usually approximately 5 years, a student must pass the first level exam. Then, the apprentice must clerk or practice within a law practice for three years. Of which, one year may be substituted with further Ph.D. studies. However, they apprentice must then pass a series of 4 oral and written exams within certain subject to officially be admitted to their districts bar and practice law. Iceland Icelandic Bar Association () regulates the profession of a lawyer in Iceland. Ireland Following the English tradition, Ireland has both barristers and solicitors. To become a solicitor, one must complete an undergraduate degree or pass the Preliminary Examination. One must then pass the Final Examination, complete a two-year apprenticeship, and finish the concurrent Professional Practice Courses. To become a barrister, one must complete an undergraduate law degree (BCL, which lasts three years or LL.B. which last four years) or the Kings Inns Diploma in Legal Studies which lasts two years, obtain the Degree of Barrister-at-Law from the Honorable Society of King's Inns (), and finish a one-year pupillage (known as devilling). Italy Italy mandates membership in an Italian bar association, which requires completion of an undergraduate law degree (Laurea in Scienze Giuridiche, three years), a graduate law degree (Laurea Specialistica in Giurisprudenza (a two-year program which confers the title of Dottore Magistrale in Giurisprudenza), or simply the one-cycle five-year master's degree (Laurea a ciclo unico Magistrale in Giurisprudenza)), an 18-month apprenticeship, and passing of the professional exam. There is a National Bar Association () representing the profession of avvocato at the national level in Italy. However, the structure of the Italian profession is decentralised, with the local bar associations (Consiglio dell'Ordini degli Avvocati) holding most of the regulatory powers. The Consiglio Nazionale Forense deals with disciplinary policy for the profession; it is responsible for the Code of Conduct and will hear appeals from disciplinary decisions of the local bar associations. There are more than 165 Local Bar Associations in Italy which correspond to the number of court districts in the country. Each local bar deals with the admission, supervision, training and disciplining of its members as well as maintaining the register of avvocati. All avvocati must be registered with their local bar in order to practise in Italy. Exercise of the profession of avvocato without being duly qualified and registered with the Local Bar Association is a criminal offence under Italian Law. Kosovo Kosovar law distinguishes between "domestic lawyers," who must be citizens of Kosovo, and "foreign lawyers," who have an active license in a recognized jurisdiction and are admitted to practice in Kosovo under certain conditions. Domestic lawyers must pass the bar exam. To sit for the bar exam, one must be a citizen of Kosovo, have a four-year bachelor in law or a master's in law, and complete a legal internship. The internship requirement is met after a one-year work as a trainee at the courts or a lawyer's office. Otherwise, the candidate should show two years of law-related experience with foreign or domestic organizations. Foreign lawyers must have been licensed for at least five years in a U.S. or EU jurisdiction or in a country that permits Kosovo lawyers to practice under the same condition. They pass an abridged test administered by the Kosovo Bar and pay relatively higher fees than their domestic counterparts. Latvia In Latvia, anyone may call themselves a lawyer (jurist) and practice law, even without a law degree. However, advocate is a protected title and only members of the Latvian Bar Association () may call themselves advocates and own an advocate's office. To be admitted into the Latvian Bar Association, one must obtain a master's degree in law and pass the bar examination. Liechtenstein Admission to practice as a lawyer in Liechtenstein is governed by the Rechtsanwaltsgesetz (RAG). The Liechtenstein Bar Association () is responsible for all bar admissions, as of January 1, 2014. One is eligible to become a licensed lawyer (Rechtsanwalt) upon completion of a Master, Licentiate (Lizenziat), or Magister of Law degree at an Austrian or Swiss university, according to Art. 5 RAG. Lithuania Lithuanian advocates must be members of the Lithuanian Bar Association (). Admittance to the Lithuanian Bar Association requires a law degree followed by at least five years of work experience in the legal field, including two years as an advocate's assistant. Candidates must pass the qualification exam for lawyers and the bar exam. A person who has ten years of experience working as a judge or ten years of experience working as a prosecutor outside Lithuania or holds a doctoral degree in law is exempt from the qualification exam and only needs to pass the bar exam. Luxembourg Lawyers must register with a bar association in Luxembourg (). Admission to a bar association has character, language, citizenship requirements. Applicants must also complete an apprenticeship or aptitude test, depending on the list to which one wants to register. Malta Malta's legal practice is fused and legal practice is regulated by the Chamber of Advocates (). Licence to practice law is granted by way of a warrant issued on completion of the Doctorate of Laws (LLD) programme from Malta University (or a comparable international programme) and an admission exam in English and Maltese. Lawyers holding rights to practice in other jurisdictions can apply for an exemption from local practice prohibitions allowing them to offer services under their foreign title though permission is issued by discretion and requires three years' local legal practice and a comparable licence elsewhere. Moldova Moldova requires an undergraduate law degree and passage of the state examination. The Bar Association of Moldova () regulates the profession of a lawyer in Moldova. Monaco In Monaco, advocates should be members of the local bar association (). Montenegro Montenegro Bar Association () regulates the profession of a lawyer in Montenegro. Netherlands In the Netherlands, to be a licensed lawyer (Advocaat), one must complete an undergraduate law degree (Bacheloropleiding or LL.B., which is three years of study), the master of law degree (doctorandus in law before implementation of the Bologna Process and conferring the meester title, which is a one-year LL.M. program), and a three-year apprenticeship. Only holders of a law degree with civiel effect (i.e. a qualifying law degree) are admitted to regulated legal professions (juridische togaberoepen). Qualifying law degrees in the Netherlands must cover the four foundations of legal knowledge: Dutch private law, Dutch criminal law, Dutch constitutional law and international/European law. Dutch advocates should be members of the Netherlands bar association (). North Macedonia In North Macedonia, advocates should be members of the local bar association (). Norway Lawyers (advokat) have to be licensed in Norway. To become licensed by the authorities, one must provided an LL.M (master of law)(before 2008- cand. jur.-- candidatus juris) and two years' practice as assisting lawyer (advokatfullmektig), two years' practice as a police prosecutor (politiadvokat or politifullmektig) or deputy judge (dommerfullmektig) and some minor formalities. In addition, one must pass the permanent lawyer's bar exam in order to obtain full access to the profession. Whilst the earlier cand. juris was normally a 6-year degree, the LL.M. is a 5-year degree. Membership of the bar association () is optional. Poland In Poland, a lawyer (adwokat or radca prawny) must complete a magister's degree in law (which lasts five years) and be admitted to the Polish Bar Council (). There are several ways to gain admission to the bar, including: three years of training followed by the bar exam; five years of legal professional experience followed by the bar exam; a Ph.D. in law followed by either the bar exam or 3 years of legal professional experience; or possession of high academic qualifications in legal sciences (e.g., habilitated doctor or professor). Once admitted to the bar association of one occupation, a lawyer can move to another occupation with little hassle. Portugal In order to register as a lawyer (advogado) in Portugal with the Bar Association (), one must have a law degree, complete an 18-month legal traineeship, and pass the bar exam. Romania The Romanian National Union of Bar Associations () regulates the profession of a lawyer (avocat) in Romania. A graduate of a Romanian law school with a bachelor's degree must pass the bar exam to obtain the status of a probationary lawyer. After practicing law under the supervision of another lawyer for two years as a trainee lawyer, one can pass the permanent lawyer's bar exam to obtain full access to the profession. Law No. 51/1995 provides paths for lawyers already educated or admitted in another EU member state to work as lawyers in Romania. Russia It is not necessary to have a license to practice law in Russia as a legal consultant, but only the members of the advocate's chambers (Russian bar associations) are permitted to appear in court on criminal matters (other person can be a defence counsel in criminal proceeding along with an advocate but not in lieu him) and to practice before Constitutional Court (leaving aside persons having academic degree of candidate or doctor in juridical sciences who also can represent parties in constitutional proceeding). To become an advocate a person should pass special qualification exam. To sit for the exam, one must have a higher legal education and also two years of experience in legal work after graduation or a training program in a law firm after graduation. Specialist degree in law is the most commonly awarded academic degree in Russian jurisprudence, but after Russia's accession to the Bologna process only bachelor of laws and master of laws academic degrees are available in Russian institutions of higher education. An examination is administered by the qualifications commission of an advocate's chamber. The exam is both written and oral, but the main test is oral. The written exam takes place in the form of computer testing and includes issues of the professional conduct of advocate and advocate's professional responsibility. After successfully passing of the written exam the candidates are allowed to take the oral exam. As part of the oral exam, the candidate must demonstrate his knowledge in various bodies of law and solve some mimic a real-life legal tasks. The candidate who does not pass the qualification exam can try to pass it again after 1 year only. The qualifications commission is composed of seven advocates, two judges, two representatives of the regional legislature, and two representatives of the Ministry of Justice. After successful passing the qualification exam a candidate should take the oath of advocate. From the moment of taking the oath, he becomes an advocate and a member of the advocate's chamber of the relevant federal subject of Russia. Advocate's chamber sends relevant information to the territorial subdivision of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation, which includes the new advocate in the register of advocates of the relevant federal subject of Russia and issues to him an advocate's certificate, which is the only official document confirming the status of an advocate, on the basis of this information. The status of an advocate is granted for an indefinite period and is not limited by any age. There is only 1 advocate's chamber in each federal subject of Russia. Each advocate can be the member of only 1 advocate's chamber and can be listed in the register of advocates of the relevant federal subject of Russia only. In case of relocation to another region, the advocate ceases to be a member of the advocate's chamber and should be excluded from register of advocates at the old place of residence (advocate's certificate should be returned to the subdivision of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation, which issued it), and after that he becomes a member of the advocate's chamber and is included in the register of advocates at the new place of residence (where he receive new advocate's certificate) without any exams. Each advocate can carry out his professional activity throughout Russia, regardless of membership in particular regional advocate's chamber and regardless of particular regional register where he is listed in. Advocates carry out their professional activity individually (advocate's cabinet) or as the member of advocate's juridical person (collegium of advocates, advocate's bureau). Advocate can open own cabinet after at least 3 years legal practice in collegium or bureau. An advocate, who has opened own cabinet, can not be the member of any advocate's juridical person, and an advocate, who is the member of one advocate's juridical person, can not be the member of any other advocate's juridical person. Advocate is obliged to report to advocate's chamber any changes in his membership in a collegium or a bureau and, equally, opening and closing a cabinet. Advocate's chambers are professional associations of advocates, which are based on mandatory membership of advocates. All regional advocate's chambers are mandatory members of Federal Chamber of Advocates of Russian Federation (), which is professional association at the federal level. In Russia, foreign Advocates can advise on the legislation of their countries; they should register in the special register maintained by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation to obtain the right to carry out this activity. Foreign advocate can in addition become Russian advocate. There are two possible paths for that. The first possibility is to become Russian advocate on the same basis as Russian citizens (i.e. through higher legal education in one of Russian universities, two years of experience in legal work in Russia after graduation or a training program in Russian law firm after graduation, successful passing the qualification exam). Since Russia's WTO Accession the second possibility is available: foreign advocate can just pass special qualification exam to become Russian advocate. San Marino Upon possession of a four-year bachelor's degree in law from the University of the Republic of San Marino or a recognized foreign university, one must pass an examination for membership into the bar association (Ordine degli avvocati e notai). Furthermore, one must possess all civil rights, reside in San Marino, and be a citizen of San Marino or an eligible country. Serbia Article 6 of the "Law about Lawyers" ("Zakon o advokaturi") establishes the requirements to become a lawyer in Serbia. A prospective lawyer must have a law degree from a Serbian or recognized foreign university. Then, the lawyer must practice law at least 2 years within a law firm, and pass the Serbian bar exam. Health and character requirements apply. One must also be a citizen of Serbia. However, according to Article 14 of the law, a foreign citizen admitted to practice law in his home country can also be entered on the registry of lawyers. Serbian advocates should be members of one of a local bar associations which are organised into national bar association (). Slovakia In Slovakia, one must first possess a master's degree in law or a foreign equivalent to become a lawyer. A training period between three and five years is also necessary. In addition to fulfilling character requirements and passing the bar exam, the applicant must take an oath. Upon fulfilling the aforementioned criteria, the applicant will be admitted to practice law by the Slovak Bar Association (). Some of these requirements can be waived for a person who is a university professor in law, has passed other Slovak legal examinations, or is admitted as a lawyer in another EU country. Slovenia To practice law, one must be admitted to the Slovenian Bar Association (), which regulates the legal profession in Slovenia. To be admitted, one must complete a master's degree in law, pass the state legal exam, and have four years of work experience in the legal field. Spain In Spain, a lawyer uses the title of Abogado(male) or Abogada(female), and must be a member of one of a local bar associations which are organised into national bar association (). Membership requirements for all bar associations are the same. There are 3 requirements: 1. An undergraduate course in Law. (4 Years). 2. A Master's degree in "Abogacía". (3 Terms including internship). 3. Pass an Examination. Sweden In Sweden, there is no monopoly on the practice of law. Anyone may call themselves a legal advisor (jurist), open a legal office, and practice law regardless of training or experience. Litigants are not required to employ qualified counsel, and anyone may appear before any court representing themselves or another person. However, the title of advokat is reserved by law for members of the Swedish Bar Association (), and in practice advokats act as defense counsel in the vast majority of criminal cases. The title in effect serves as a quality label for those offering legal services. Membership in the bar association requires an LL.M. degree (juristexamen, which lasts four and a half years); three years of legal work which must be in a law office (either an established firm or one's own firm), and the passing of an oral examination. Switzerland In Switzerland, lawyers must complete a Bachelor of Law (BLaw, which lasts 3 years), a Master of Law (MLaw, which lasts three terms), a one- to two-year traineeship (depending on the Canton), and pass the bar examination. Turkey In Turkey, lawyers (avukat in Turkish) must have a bachelor's degree in law from a Turkish university or pass the exams required by Turkish law faculties if they graduated from a foreign university, register to a local bar and the Turkish Bars Association, and complete one year of internship. Foreign citizens may have a degree from a Turkish faculty of law but only Turkish citizens may practice law in Turkey. Ukraine The Ukrainian National Bar Association () regulates the legal profession in Ukraine. In order to be admitted to the bar with the title of advokat (адвокат), one must have a law degree, two years of legal experience, completed legal traineeship, and passed the bar exam. Knowledge of the Ukrainian language is obligatory. A foreign-qualified lawyer may be listed on the United Register of Advocates of Ukraine, and hence practice law in Ukraine, if he or she applies through a regional bar association. United Kingdom The United Kingdom comprises three distinct legal jurisdictions: English law in England and Wales Northern Ireland law in Northern Ireland Scots law in Scotland As such, admission to practice law requires different qualifications in each country of the UK. England and Wales In England and Wales, different qualifications are required to become a solicitor or a barrister, both of whom are lawyers, with different rights of audience in the courts. Most lawyers are solicitors, dealing directly with clients, while barristers are specialist advocates, instructed by solicitors. For both professions, one must either obtain an undergraduate law degree (LL.B., which typically lasts three years), or complete the Common Professional Examination/Graduate Diploma in Law (which lasts one year after completing an undergraduate degree). Future barristers must also complete the Bar Professional Training Course (formerly Bar Vocational Course), followed by a year of vocational training known as a pupillage and be a member of one of the four prestigious Inns of Court. Potential solicitors are required to complete the Legal Practice Course, which lasts one year, then a two-year apprenticeship under a training contract, during which the trainee solicitor has to complete a Professional Skills Course. Chartered Legal Executives (formerly known as Fellows of CILEx) undertake a series of training courses and are required to pass qualifications relevant to the area of practice in which they intend to specialise. The first stage for the full vocational route to qualifying is called the CILEx Level 3 Professional Diploma in Law and Practice and is set at the equivalent to A-level law. The second and final qualifications are equivalent to an honours degree course - the CILEx Level 6 Diploma in Law and Practice. Trainees will often work at the same time as studying in order to acquire practical skills. The courses can be undertaken at a college, university or through an open learning programme. The courses are open to graduates and non-graduates. Chartered Legal Executives qualify after completing their CILEX training followed by a minimum of three years' qualifying employment. Chartered Legal Executives may do a wide range of legal work although, like solicitors, they generally specialise in one area. After completing their academic training, trainee Legal Executives often occupy paralegal roles to satisfy the three-year vocational stage of qualifying as Chartered Legal Executives. Northern Ireland Northern Irish barristers are members of the Bar of Northern Ireland. The Bar of Northern Ireland and the General Council of the Bar of Northern Ireland are governed by the Constitution adopted on the 5 October 1983. Scotland In Scotland, a lawyer normally studies for an LL.B. in Scots law; as an undergraduate first degree this takes three years for an ordinary degree or four years as an honours degree. The LL.B. can be taken as a graduate entry degree which takes two years. The process of admission to practice law then depends on whether a lawyer wishes to become a solicitor or an advocate. Admission to practice as a solicitor is regulated by the Law Society of Scotland, with solicitors having to study for a one-year Diploma in Professional Legal Practice and then complete a traineeship in a law firm. Solicitors have rights of audience before the sheriff courts and justice of the peace courts. Admission to practice as an advocate, having rights of audience before the Court of Session and the High Court of Justiciary, is regulated by the Faculty of Advocates. The Faculty of Advocates exercises this authority under the Act of Sederunt (Regulation of Advocates) 2011, which delegates the responsibility from the Court of Session. An Act of Sederunt is a form of subordinate legislation passed by the Court of Session, and the powers to regulate admission to practice as an advocate is set by Section 120 of the Legal Services (Scotland) Act 2010, which states: Prospective advocates (called devils or intrants) will complete a period of training in a solicitor's office, a period of devilling, and then must pass an assessment under the Faculty's Scheme of Assessment for Devils. The Faculty publishes detailed regulations as required by the Act of Sederunt, which lay out all of the requirements for prospective Advocates. Oceania Australia In Australia, prospective lawyers must complete an undergraduate LL.B. or graduate JD or a Diploma in Law and complete the practical training requirement which is met by completing an approved practical legal training course or articles of clerkship. Admission to practice is a matter for each State. However, a person holding a practising certificate in any Australian jurisdiction is entitled to practise from time to time in another Australian jurisdiction without gaining admission in that jurisdiction. New Zealand practitioners may apply for admission pursuant to Trans-Tasman Mutual Recognition Act 1997 (Cth). New South Wales A person is admitted as a legal practitioner after completing the required academic and practical training requirements. These matters are dealt with in the Legal Profession Act 2004. The applicant applies to the Legal Profession Admission Board who assesses applications (both local and foreign), and is ultimately admitted as a lawyer by the Supreme Court of New South Wales (s31 of the Legal profession Act 2004). After admission, a person is then entitled to apply for a practising certificate from the Law Society of New South Wales (if they wish to practice as a solicitor), or the NSW Bar Association (if they wish to practice as a barrister). The practising certificate requires the payment of fees, insurance and a contribution to the fidelity fund (which compensates clients in some circumstances). For a solicitor to work independently with unrestricted certificate, solicitor must practice with another solicitor for two years who has held unrestricted certificate for ten years. Restrictions are shown on the certificate. To practice in Federal Court a solicitor must apply to court for a certificate and for a solicitor or barrister to appear in WCC in NSW they must be accredited by WIRO. Victoria Under the Legal Profession Act 2004 (Vic), an individual may practise law, as a legal practitioner, in the state of Victoria if he or she has been admitted to the legal profession in any Australian jurisdiction and holds a current local or interstate practising certificate. Furthermore, the Legal Profession (Admission) Rules 2008 (Vic) replace articles of clerkship with supervised workplace training and make changes to the process of admission to practice. Under these new rules, upon completion of an approved training course and attainment of an accredited law degree, a law graduate needs to complete either a Practical Legal Training (PLT) program or Supervised Workplace Training (SWT) to be admitted to practise law in Victoria. Fiji Fiji requires a Bachelor of Law degree (four years of study) as well as the successful completion of either a Professional Diploma in Legal Practice from the University of the South Pacific or a Graduate Diploma in Legal Practice from the University of Fiji, or an equivalent law degree and bar admission course from abroad. Anyone admitted as a barrister or solicitor or their equivalent in a Commonwealth country may be admitted to practice law in Fiji so long as the applicant is a Commonwealth citizen, has resided in Fiji for at least three months, and has sufficient legal experience to satisfy the Chief Justice. New Zealand New Zealand requires an undergraduate law degree (LL.B., which lasts four years), and completion of the Professional Legal Studies Course (which lasts five months). Australian lawyers can apply for mutual recognition if they're admitted, for admission to the courts as a lawyer in New Zealand. See also Bar (law) Lawyer Practice of law Disbarment Practising certificate References Professional certification in law Practice of law
5384210	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagamboy	Gagamboy	Gagamboy is a 2004 Filipino superhero comedy film directed by Erik Matti and starring Vhong Navarro. It is similar to the Spider-Man films, with a mutated spider that causes Gagamboy to gain his superpowers. Plot Junie (Navarro), is an ice cream vendor, who sells ice cream to children and adults alike. After his shift, he is in a predicament with a rival vendor, Dodoy (Jay Manalo). Their manager, angered by their actions, demotes Junie to a warehouse guard. Dodoy celebrates, only to be demoted too, working a different shift to Junie. Junie goes home in a bad mood, until he sees the love of his life, Liana (Aubrey Miles). After dinner, Junie is ready to sleep, to start a new job the next day. While working, Junie accidentally swallows a spider which has been exposed to a chemical spill, thus giving him web slinging abilities, and becoming "Gagamboy"(Spiderboy). After his shift, Dodoy comes in to work and leaves a sandwich unprotected. A cockroach exposed to the same spill as the spider slips into his sandwich, and as he eats it, he collapses, only to regain consciousness as a large cockroach. He hires two henchmen, and calls himself "Ipisman" (Cockroachman). Junie and Dodoy both try to win Liana's love. Dodoy practically gives up, only to return as Cockroachman, to kidnap Liana to lure Spiderboy to his lair. There, he plans to finish off Spiderboy, but the tables turn and Dodoy is destroyed. Cast Vhong Navarro as Junie/Spiderboy/Gagamboy Jay Manalo as Dodoy/Cockroachman/Ipisman Aubrey Miles as Liana Long Mejia as Barangay Captain Bearwin Meily as Assistant Barangay Captain Rene Boy "Ate Glow" Facunla as Gloring Mon Confiado as Snatcher Release The film was shown at the 2004 Hong Kong International Film Festival. Critical reception Despite its low production qualities, the film received general praise due to its use of humor, especially in parodying other tokusatsu and superhero films. As a result, the film is well known in the Chinese kuso community. Box office The film opened on January 1, 2004, as a part of the 2003 Metro Manila Film Festival. The film opened seventh in the box office, earning 18 million in its first week, and eventually earning 27 million in its theatrical run. References External links 2004 films Philippine films Philippine science fiction action films Philippine science fantasy films Philippine comedy films 2000s science fiction films Regal Entertainment films
5384211	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussau%20fantail	Mussau fantail	The Mussau fantail (Rhipidura matthiae) or Matthias fantail, is a fantail which is endemic to Mussau Island in the St. Matthias Islands of Papua New Guinea. References External links BirdLife Species Factsheet Rhipidura Birds of the Bismarck Archipelago Birds described in 1902
5384217	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Hawley	Jack Hawley	John Thomas Hawley (June 16, 1920 – December 20, 1999) was an attorney and Republican politician from Idaho. Hawley was the 1962 nominee for the United States Senate seat, winning the June primary over but was defeated by Democratic incumbent Frank Church Prior to his Senate run, Hawley served in the state legislature as a one-term member of the Idaho House He was also the First Assistant U.S. Attorney for Idaho, a graduate of the University of Idaho in Moscow, a World War II combat veteran, and the grandson of Gov. James H. Hawley. Hawley graduated high school from St. Teresa's Academy in Boise, attended the College of Idaho in Caldwell, and was a member of Beta Theta Pi After a battle with leukemia, Hawley died at age 79 in 1999 at his home Election result References 1920 births 1999 deaths Idaho lawyers Idaho Republicans Members of the Idaho House of Representatives 20th-century American lawyers 20th-century American politicians University of Idaho alumni American military personnel of World War II Deaths from leukemia Deaths from cancer in Idaho
3992212	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutiny%20on%20the%20Bounty%20%281935%20film%29	Mutiny on the Bounty (1935 film)	Mutiny on the Bounty is a 1935 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer drama film directed by Frank Lloyd and starring Charles Laughton and Clark Gable, based on the 1932 Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall novel Mutiny on the Bounty. Despite historical inaccuracies, the film was a huge box office success, becoming the highest-grossing film of 1935 and one of MGM's biggest hits of the 1930s. The film received a leading eight nominations at the 8th Academy Awards, winning only Best Picture. Plot One night in Portsmouth, England in 1787, a press gang breaks into a local tavern and presses all of the men drinking there into naval service. One of the men enquires as to what ship they will sail on, and the press gang leader informs him that it is . Upon inquiring as to who the captain is, another man is told the captain is William Bligh (Charles Laughton) and attempts to escape, as Bligh is a brutal tyrant who routinely administers harsh punishment to officers and crew alike who lack discipline, cause any infraction on board the ship, or defy his authority in any manner. The Bounty leaves England several days later on a two-year voyage over the Pacific Ocean. Fletcher Christian (Clark Gable), the ship's lieutenant, is a formidable yet compassionate man who disapproves of Bligh's treatment of the crew. Roger Byam (Franchot Tone) is an idealistic midshipman who is divided between his loyalty to Bligh, owing to his family's naval tradition, and his friendship with Christian. During the voyage, the enmity between Christian and Bligh grows after Christian openly challenges Bligh's unjust practices aboard the ship. When the ship arrives at the island of Tahiti, where the crew acquires breadfruit plants to take to the West Indies, Bligh punishes Christian by refusing to let him leave the ship during their stay. Byam, meanwhile, sets up residency on the island and lives with the island chief, Hitihiti (William Bambridge), and his daughter, Tehani (Movita Castaneda), and he compiles an English dictionary of the Tahitian language. Hitihiti persuades Bligh to allow Christian a day pass on the island. Bligh agrees, but quickly repeals the pass out of spite. Christian disregards the order and spends his day off the ship romancing a Tahitian girl, Maimiti (Mamo Clark). Christian promises her he will be back someday. After leaving Tahiti, the crew begins to talk of mutiny after Bligh's harsh discipline leads to the death of the ship's beloved surgeon, Mr. Bacchus (Dudley Digges), and Bligh severely cuts water rationing to the crew in favor of providing more water for the breadfruit plants. Christian, although initially opposing the idea, decides he can no longer tolerate Bligh's brutality when he witnesses crew members shackled in iron chains, and he approves the mutiny. The crew raids the weapons cabinet and seizes the ship. Bligh and his loyalists are cast into a boat and set adrift at sea with a map and rations to ensure their survival. Due to Bligh's steady leadership, they are able to find their way back to land. Meanwhile, Christian orders that Bounty return to Tahiti. Byam, who was in his cabin during the mutiny, disapproves of what Christian has done and decides the two can no longer be friends. Months later, Byam is married to Tehani, and Christian has married Maimiti and has a child with her, while the rest of the crew are enjoying their freedom on the island. After a long estrangement, Byam and Christian reconcile their friendship. However, when the British ship HMS Pandora is spotted approaching, Byam and Christian decide they must part ways. Byam and several crew members remain on the island for the ship to take them back to England, while Christian leads the remaining crew, his wife, and several Tahitian men and women back on board Bounty in search of a new island on which to seek refuge. Byam boards Pandora and, much to his surprise, discovers that Bligh is the captain. Bligh, who suspects that Byam was complicit in the mutiny, has him imprisoned for the remainder of the journey across the sea. Back in England, Byam is court-martialed and found guilty of mutiny. Before the court condemns him, Byam speaks of Bligh's cruel, dehumanising conduct aboard Bounty. Due to the intervention of his friend Sir Joseph Banks (Henry Stephenson) and Lord Hood (David Torrence), Byam is pardoned by King George III and allowed to resume his naval career at sea. Meanwhile, Christian has found Pitcairn, an uninhabited yet sustainable island that he believes will provide adequate refuge from the reach of the Royal Navy. After Bounty crashes on the rocks, Christian orders her to be burned. Cast Charles Laughton as Captain Bligh Clark Gable as Fletcher Christian Franchot Tone as Byam Herbert Mundin as Smith Eddie Quillan as Ellison Dudley Digges as Bacchus Donald Crisp as Burkitt Henry Stephenson as Sir Joseph Banks Francis Lister as Capt. Nelson Spring Byington as Mrs. Byam Movita Castaneda as Tehani (as Movita) Mamo Clark as Maimiti (as Mamo) Byron Russell as Quintal David Torrence as Lord Hood John Harrington as Mr. Purcell Douglas Walton as Stewart Ian Wolfe as Maggs DeWitt Jennings as Fryer Ivan F. Simpson as Morgan (as Ivan Simpson) Vernon Downing as Hayward Bill Bambridge as Hitihiti (as William Bambridge) Marion Clayton as Mary Ellison Stanley Fields as Muspratt Wallis Clark as Morrison Crauford Kent as Lt. Edwards (as Craufurd Kent) Pat Flaherty as Churchill Alec Craig as McCoy Hal LeSueur as Millard Harry Allen as Wherryman (uncredited) Dick Winslow as Tinkler Charles Irwin as Thompson Historical accuracy The movie contains several historical inaccuracies. Captain Bligh was never on board , nor was he present at the trial of the mutineers who stayed on Tahiti. At the time, he was halfway around the world on a second voyage for breadfruit plants. Fletcher Christian's father had died many years before Christian's travels on board Bounty, whereas the film shows the elder Christian at the trial. The movie was always presented as an adaptation of the Nordhoff and Hall trilogy, which already differed from the actual story of the mutiny. Bligh is initially depicted as a brutal, sadistic disciplinarian, only becoming more sympathetic during the voyage to Timor. Particular episodes include a keelhauling and flogging a dead man. Neither of these happened. Keelhauling was used rarely, if at all, and had been abandoned long before Bligh's time. Indeed, the meticulous record of Bountys log reveals that the flogging rate was lower than the average for that time. Prior to the mutiny, Bounty had only two deaths. One seaman, James Valentine, died of an ill-defined respiratory illness; logs indicate he was "seized with a violent hollow Cough and spit much." And the ship's surgeon, Thomas Huggan, apparently died of complications due to his chronic alcoholism, not as a result of abuse by Bligh. In fact, Bligh had threatened to seize and impound Huggan's alcohol stocks on account of him regularly being intoxicated while on duty, a threat Bligh eventually carried out. Huggan's constant drunkenness left Bligh little choice but to oversee key health issues himself. Notably, the crew had been examined constantly for scurvy, and Bligh -- his expertise in this matter developed under Captain James Cook -- had detected no verified signs of the illness at any time. Likewise, the film shows the mutineers taking over the ship only after killing several loyal crewmen, when in fact none died (although one crewman came very close to shooting Bligh until stopped by Christian). Lastly, Christian is shown being inspired to take over the ship after several crewmen have unjustly been put into irons by Bligh; this is fictional. In the final scene of the film, Christian gives a rousing speech to his fellow mutineers, speaking of creating a perfect society of free men on Pitcairn, away from Bligh and the navy. The reality was very different as mutineers enslaved Tahitian men. For historical accuracy, Clark Gable reluctantly had to shave off his moustache because the sailors in the Royal Navy in the 18th century had to be clean-shaven. Midshipman Roger Byam was based on a real person, Midshipman Peter Heywood, who is not listed in the novel or motion picture. Just as the fictional Byam is pardoned at the end of the film, the real-life Peter Heywood was pardoned for his part in the mutiny. MGM trailers in 1935 made an error calling Midshipman Byam an ensign. Mutineer Thomas Ellison is depicted as being allowed to see his wife before his execution. There is no record to indicate that the real Ellison was married, and in any case, a consolation visit of this type never would have been permitted in real life. Production Filming locations French Polynesia Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios – 10202 W. Washington Blvd., Culver City, California, USA (studio) Monterey Bay, Monterey, California, USA Monterey Harbor, Monterey, California, USA Sailing Ship Restaurant, Pier 42, The Embarcadero, San Francisco, California, USA (ship "Ellen" as "The Bounty") San Miguel Island, California, USA Santa Barbara Channel, Channel Islands, California, USA Santa Catalina Island, Channel Islands, California, USA South Beach Harbor, South Beach, San Francisco, California, USA (ship "Ellen" as "The Bounty") South Pacific, Pacific Ocean Tahiti, French Polynesia James Cagney (then on a hiatus from Warner Bros. during a contract dispute) and future stars David Niven and Dick Haymes were uncredited extras in the movie. Cagney is clearly visible toward the beginning of the film. He was sailing his boat near where the film was shooting near Catalina Island; director Frank Lloyd was an old friend of his, and Cagney asked him if he could play a small part in the film, saying, jokingly, "I need the money". Lloyd had Cagney dressed in a crewman's clothes and put him in the background of a few scenes. Charles Laughton, who had a severe self-image complex concerning his weight and unattractive looks, suffered horribly in comparing himself to the handsome, masculine Clark Gable. Laughton would constantly watch his own walk, gestures, and face, making sure not to let his complex be projected. Ship A British merchant navy officer recalled in his memoirs seeing the fore and aft-rigged schooner Commodore II being broken up in Cape Town in 1945, having suffered severe gale damage, and that this was the ship that had been re-rigged for the film. Reception Contemporary reviews were enthusiastic. Andre Sennwald of The New York Times wrote, "Grim, brutal, sturdily romantic, made out of horror and desperate courage, it is as savagely exciting and rousingly dramatic a photoplay as has come out of Hollywood in recent years. The Nordhoff-Hall trilogy was, of course, born to be filmed, and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer has given it the kind of production a great story deserves." The Hollywood Reporter raved that it was "one of the greatest films of all time", with "the epic sweep of the sea itself." Variety called it "Hollywood at its very best. The story certainly could not have been presented as powerfully through any other medium." Film Daily wrote, "This is one of the most important productions since the inception of talking pictures. It is grim, gripping and pictorially perfect." John Mosher of The New Yorker declared that the filmmakers had "done a good, solid, fine job" and wrote that Laughton's performance as Captain Bligh "may not be exactly the image of the original brute, but it's a Laughton masterpiece." Mutiny on the Bounty topped the annual Film Daily poll of 523 critics as the best film of 1936 (it was released too late in the year to appear on the 1935 ballot). Rotten Tomatoes reports a 93% approval rating based on 42 reviews, with a weighted average of 8.50/10. The site's consensus reads: "The historical inaccuracies in this high-seas adventure are more than offset by its timeless themes, larger-than-life performances from Clark Gable and Charles Laughton, and Frank Lloyd's superb direction". Box office According to MGM records the film earned $2,250,000 in the US and Canada and $2,210,000 elsewhere resulting in a profit of $909,000. It was the 3rd most popular film at the British box office in 1935–36. Awards and honors Academy Awards This film is, as of 2021, the last Best Picture winner to win in no other category (following The Broadway Melody and Grand Hotel). It is the only film to have three Best Actor nominations. As a result of this, a Best Supporting Actor category was created for the Oscars, beginning with the following year's awards ceremony. Other honors American Film Institute recognition AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies #86 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains: Captain Bligh, Villain #19 Cancelled sequels In 1940 Frank Lloyd was reported as wanting to make a film about the life of Captain Bligh starring Spencer Tracy or Charles Laughton, at Universal. It was never made. In 1945, it was reported that MGM would make a sequel with Gable, Christian of the Bounty. It would be based on a novel by Charles Nordhoff about Christian's romantic adventures in England and South America following the colonization of Pitcairn Island and would be produced by Carey Wilson. It was never made. Other film versions A 1962 three-hour-plus widescreen Technicolor remake, starring Marlon Brando as Fletcher Christian and Trevor Howard as Capt. Bligh, was a disaster both critically and financially at the time. Nonetheless, the remake was nominated for a Best Picture Oscar. In 1984, Mel Gibson played Christian opposite Anthony Hopkins as Bligh in a film (based not upon the Nordhoff-Hall novels but on an historical work by Richard Hough) called The Bounty. This latest version, which gives a far more sympathetic view of Bligh, is considered to be the closest to historical events. The 1935 version was itself not the first film account of the mutiny. In 1933 an Australian film entitled In the Wake of the Bounty, with the then-unknown Errol Flynn as Fletcher Christian, was released, but was not successful and received few bookings outside Australia. Flynn noted in his autobiography that whenever he mentioned that he'd played Christian in an Australian version of Mutiny on the Bounty two years before Gable, no one ever believed him. There was also an even earlier film, the 1916 Australian–New Zealand film, The Mutiny on the Bounty directed by Raymond Longford. Parodies Friz Freleng's cartoon Mutiny on the Bunny casts Yosemite Sam (called Shanghai Sam) as a foul-tempered skipper who shanghais Bugs Bunny, only to see Bugs rebel. Also, in one scene in Freleng's earlier Buccaneer Bunny, Bugs dresses up as Capt. Bligh (including a visual and vocal impression of Charles Laughton) and barks out orders to Sam (called Seagoin' Sam). The 1967 Lost in Space episode "Mutiny in Space" features Ronald Long imitating Charles Laughton in the role of spaceship captain "Admiral Zahrk." Morecambe and Wise performed a sketch with Arthur Lowe (who played Captain Mainwaring in Dad's Army) as Captain Bligh. At the end of the sketch it is announced Bligh has some loyal crewmen who turn out to be other cast members of Dad's Army. "Holidays at Home", a 1978 episode of It Ain't Half Hot Mum, includes a dream sequence where the sitcom's cast enact scenes from the film. The Simpsons episode "The Wettest Stories Ever Told" features the family telling stories set on ships. The second segment is a parody on Mutiny on the Bounty and casts Principal Skinner as Capt. Bligh, brutalizing the crew members (played by Bart, Milhouse, Martin, Nelson, Jimbo, Dolph and Kearney). References External links Southseascinema.org Mutiny on the Bounty at Virtual History 1935 films American historical films Best Picture Academy Award winners Films based on American novels 1930s adventure drama films 1930s historical films American adventure drama films American epic films Military courtroom films Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films 1930s English-language films Films about HMS Bounty Films about capital punishment Films directed by Frank Lloyd Films produced by Irving Thalberg Films shot in French Polynesia Films shot in California Films with screenplays by Jules Furthman Films scored by Herbert Stothart Seafaring films based on actual events Seafaring films Films set on ships Films about the Royal Navy
3992233	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-Momo	AK-Momo	AK-Momo are a musical duo from Stockholm, Sweden. They met through mutual friends at a bar in central Stockholm. Olsson invited Malmborg to his studio for a visit. The group consists of Anna Karin ('AK') von Malmborg (vocals, Optigan and whistling) and Mattias Olsson (Optigan, Mellotron and Orchestron). The band formed in July 2003 and recorded the basis for their debut album Return to NY in six afternoons writing two songs every time. The music is based around the sounds in the Roth Händle studio. After the initial six afternoons, Olsson recorded additional overdubs with the Mellotrons, Optigans and Orchestrons and mixed the album. They have been compared to Portishead for their use of vintage synth instruments (and most undoubtedly for letting their inner John Barry (composer) out of the proverbial cage), Kate Bush for the vocals and Felt Mountain era Goldfrapp. Studio albums AK-Momo (2004) References External links Roth-Handle website Swedish musical groups
3992236	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election%20Commission%20of%20Malaysia	Election Commission of Malaysia	The Election Commission of Malaysia (), abbreviated SPR or EC, is a commission set up for ensuring fair and equitable operations in undertaking the elections in Malaysia. Its establishment is mandated by executive order of the former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad. The agency falls under the purview of the Prime Minister's Department. History The Election Commission (EC) was formed on 4 September 1957, under Article 114 of the Constitution of Malaysia, which empowers it to conduct elections for the Dewan Rakyat and state legislative bodies. At its establishment, the EC only consisted of a chairman and two members – Datuk Dr Mustafa Albakri Hassan together with Lee Ewe Boon and Ditt Singh. A secretariat was also set up to fulfil the commission's functions and carry out its decisions, with a secretary made the chief administrator. The first EC secretary was H. Cassidy. After the formation of Malaysia in 1963 and the inclusion of Sabah and Sarawak, another member was added to represent the two states on a rotation basis. Datuk Abang Marzuki Nor from Sarawak was the first such member appointed. An amendment to Article 114 made in 1981 provided for the new post of a deputy chairman, and Abdul Rahman Abdul Hassan was the first to hold this position. Today, the EC has a chairman, a deputy chairman and five members, all appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong after consulting the Conference of Rulers. Constitutional mandate Under Article 114, the Commission is empowered to "conduct elections to the House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat, the lower house of Parliament) and the Legislative Assemblies of the States". Under the Constitution of the independent Federation of Malaya, the Commission comprised one Chairman and two members, but after Malaya merged with North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore to form Malaysia, the Commission's membership was expanded by constitutional amendment to provide for an additional member from Sabah or Sarawak. A 1981 amendment to the Constitution added another member and created the post of Deputy Chairman. The Commission has the power to delimit constituencies, revise the electoral roll of registered voters, and regulate the manner in which elections are conducted. Although the Constitution does not refer to the Commission as being a body independent from influence by the government or otherwise, constitutional scholars have generally considered the Constitution as intending to protect the independence of the Commission. Among other things, commissioners are protected by tenure, and may only be removed through the same procedure as a judge of the Supreme Court. The terms of remuneration of a commissioner cannot be altered to his disadvantage after he has been appointed. Members of the Commission are appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King), who must consult with the Conference of Rulers and appoint a Commission which has the confidence of the public. Although the Constitution does not expressly require consultation with the Prime Minister in this regard, it has been argued that under Article 40 of the Constitution, the King cannot act on his own discretion unless explicitly stated; in all other cases, he must acquiesce to the advice of the Prime Minister, and as such the appointments to the Commission are made with the advice of the Prime Minister. Members of the Commission retire at the age of 65. Functions Apart from regulating elections, the EC's duties include reviewing the boundaries of parliamentary and state constituencies, holding by-elections and carrying out registration exercises. It also collects information on newly developed areas to ensure a fair representation of voters in each constituency, promotes awareness on how important it is to vote and revises the electoral roll by deleting the names of those who are dead or have been disqualified. On polling day, EC members and officers will be stationed at polling centre nationwide to oversee the process. Controversies The EC has been accused of being half-hearted in electoral reforms and in 2012, the chairperson and the deputy chairperson was accused to be members of the ruling party. Both individuals admitted to may have been members at some point, but the deputy chairperson later retracted the admission and denounced it as an attempt to besmirch the EC. During the 14th Malaysia General Election on 9 May 2018, EC was accused of allowing gross gerrymandering and malapportionment practices by the incumbent government. It was also reprimanded as the ballot counting process was the longest in Malaysia's history, with the results still being streamed in after 4 a.m. the following day (10 May 2018, GMT +8:00). EC has also been accused of making the election day on a weekday rather a weekend. It currently denies that it tried to stop overseas Malaysians to vote. Members of the Election Commission Current list as of March 2021 List of chairmen of the Election Commission Notes and references Mohamed-Rela-Appointment External links Official website Federal ministries, departments and agencies of Malaysia Government agencies established in 1957 1957 establishments in Malaya Elections in Malaysia Malaysia Prime Minister's Department (Malaysia)
5384233	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta%20Braxton%20Baker	Augusta Braxton Baker	Augusta Braxton Baker (April 1, 1911 – February 23, 1998) was an American librarian and storyteller. She was known for her contributions to children's literature, especially regarding the portrayal of black Americans in works for children. Early life and education Augusta Braxton Baker was born on April 1, 1911, in Baltimore, Maryland. Both of her parents were schoolteachers, who instilled in her a love of reading. During the day while her parents worked, her grandmother, Augusta Fax (from whom she received her name) cared for her and told her stories. Baker delighted in these stories, carrying her love for them throughout her life. She learned to read before starting elementary school, later enrolling in the (racially segregated) black high school where her father taught, and graduating at the age of 16. Baker then entered the University of Pittsburgh, where she both met and married James Baker by the end of her sophomore year. Relocating with her husband to New York, Baker sought to transfer to Albany Teacher’s College (now the State University of New York at Albany), only to be met with racial opposition from the college. Eleanor Roosevelt, the wife of Franklin Roosevelt (who was then the Governor of New York), was on the board of the Albany Interracial Council (now the Albany Urban League). Mrs. Roosevelt heavily advocated for Baker’s transfer. Though the college did not want to admit blacks, they also did not want to oppose the governor's wife, and Baker was admitted. While there, she aimed toward a different career and wrote, "I discovered I loved books, but I didn't love teaching." She completed her education there, earning a B.A. degree in education in 1933 and a B.S. in library science in 1934. She became the first African-American to earn a master's degree in librarianship from the college. Professional career After graduation, Baker taught for a few years, until she was hired in 1937 as the children's librarian at the New York Public Library's 135th Street Branch (now the Countee Cullen Regional Branch) in Harlem. Moore applied three times before the head of children’s services, Anne Carroll Moore, took a personal interest in her application. Moore later berated the director of the library for not passing along the application, as she was interested in anyone who showed an affinity for children's work In 1939, the branch began an effort to find and collect children's literature that portrayed black people as something other than "servile buffoons," speaking in a rude dialect, and other such stereotypes. This collection, founded by Baker as the James Weldon Johnson Memorial Collection of Children's Books, led to the publication of the first of a number of bibliographies of books for and about black children. Baker furthered this project by encouraging authors, illustrators, and publishers to produce, as well as libraries to acquire, books depicting blacks in a favorable light. In 1953, she was appointed Storytelling Specialist and Assistant Coordinator of Children's Services. Not long after that, she became Coordinator of Children's Services in 1961, becoming the first African-American librarian in an administrative position in the New York Public Library (NYPL). In this role, she oversaw children's programs in the entire NYPL system and set policies for them. During this time, Baker also figured prominently in the American Library Association's Children's Services Division (now the Association for Library Service to Children), having served as its president. Additionally, she chaired the committee that awarded the Newbery Medal and the Caldecott Medal. Furthermore, Baker influenced many children's authors and illustrators—such as Maurice Sendak, Madeleine L'Engle, Ezra Jack Keats, and John Steptoe—while in this position. She also worked as a consultant for the then newly created children's television series Sesame Street. In 1946, she published an extensive bibliography of titles relating to the black experience titled Books about Negro Life for Children. In a 1943 article, Baker stated her criteria for selection. The books included should be ones "that give an unbiased, accurate, well rounded picture of Negro life in all parts of the world." The lists and the standards were freely distributed from 135th Street Branch in Harlem. Many librarians, editors, and authors of the time used the lists in conjunction with their own work. In 1971, it was retitled The Black Experience in Children's Books, and its criteria played an important part in bringing awareness about harmful stereotypes in Helen Bannerman's The Story of Little Black Sambo. In 1974, Baker retired from the New York Public Library. However, in 1980, she returned to librarianship to assume the newly created Storyteller-in-Residence position at the University of South Carolina; this was also the first such position in any American university at the time. She remained there until her second retirement in 1994. During her time there, Baker cowrote a book entitled Storytelling: Art and Technique with colleague Ellin Green, which was published in 1987. Death and continued legacy After a long illness, Baker died at the age of 86 on February 23, 1998. Her legacy has remained even today, particularly through the "Baker’s Dozen: A Celebration of Stories" annual storytelling festival. Sponsored by the University of South Carolina College of Information and Communications and the Richland County Public Library, this festival originated in 1987 during Baker’s time at the University, and is celebrated still to this day. The College of Information and Communications also created an endowed chair bearing Baker's name in 2011. In 2019, Dr. Nicole A. Cooke was appointed the Augusta Baker Endowment Chair. When asked: "What do you tell your students when you conduct your workshops?" Baker stated: "I tell them what I've always said. Let the story tell itself, and if it is a good story and you have prepared it well, you do not need all the extras – the costumes, the histrionics, the high drama. Children of all ages do want to hear stories. Select well, prepare well, and then go forth, stand tall, and just tell." Her legacy also continues through the Augusta Baker Collection of Children's Literature and Folklore at the University of South Carolina. The collection, donated by her son, James H. Baker III, contains over 1,600 children's books, including materials from her personal and working library, as well as papers, illustrations, and anthologies of folktales Baker used during her career. Awards and honors First recipient of the E.P. Dutton-John Macrae Award (1953) Parents Magazine Medal Award (1966) ALA Grolier Award (1968) Women's National Book Association, Constance Lindsay Skinner Award (1971) Clarence Day Award (1975) Honorary ALA Membership (1975) Honorary Doctorate from St. John's University (1980) Catholic Library Association's Regina Medal (1981) Honorary Doctorate from the University of South Carolina (1986) Second recipient of ALSC Distinguished Service Award (1993) Bibliography From Janice M. Del Negro, former Editor of The Bulletin for Children's Books: Baker, Augusta. 1955. Talking tree; fairy tales from 15 lands. Illus. by Johannes Troyer. Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott. Courlander, Harold. 1956. Uncle Bouqui, folk tales from Haiti; from Uncle Bouqui of Haiti. Read by Augusta Baker. Sound recording. Washington, DC: Folkways Records. Baker, Augusta. 1957. Books about Negro life for children. New York, NY: New York Public Library. Baker, Augusta, ed. 1960. Golden lynx, and other tales. Illus. by Johannes Troyer. Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott. Baker, Augusta, ed. 1960. Young years; best loved stories and poems for little children. New York, NY: Parents' Magazine Educational Press; Home Library Press. Baker, Augusta. 1961. Books about Negro life for children. New York, NY: New York Public Library. Baker, Augusta. 1963. Books about Negro life for children. New York, NY: New York Public Library. Baker, Augusta. 1963. Young years library. New York, NY: Parents' Magazine Educational Press. Baker, Augusta, et al. 1966. Come hither!: papers on children's literature and librarianship. Los Angeles, CA: Yeasayers Press. Baker, Augusta. 1967. Aids to choosing books for children. New York, NY: Children's Book Council. Rollins, Charlemae Hill. 1967. We build together; a reader's guide to Negro life and literature for elementary and high school use. With contributions from Augusta Baker, et al. Champaign, IL: National Council of Teachers of English. Baker, Augusta, ed. 1971. Black experience in children's books. Cover design by Ezra Jack Keats. New York, NY: New York Public Library. Baker, Augusta. 1975. Storytelling. Cassette recording. New York, Children's Book Council. Baker, Augusta and Ellin Greene. 1977. Storytelling: art and technique. New York, NY: R. R. Bowker. Baker, Augusta and Ellin Greene. 1987. Storytelling: art and technique, 2nd ed. New York, NY: R. R. Bowker. Green, Ellin. 1996. Storytelling: art and technique. With a foreword by Augusta Baker. New York, NY: R. R. Bowker. References External links The Augusta Baker Collection of African-American Children's Literature & Folklore 1911 births 1998 deaths 20th-century African-American women 20th-century African-American writers 20th-century American women writers 20th-century American writers African-American librarians African-American women musicians African-American women writers American librarians American storytellers American women academics American women librarians New York Public Library people University at Albany, SUNY alumni University of Pittsburgh alumni University of South Carolina faculty Women storytellers Writers from Baltimore Writers from New York (state)
3992245	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shama%20Zaidi	Shama Zaidi	Shama Zaidi (born 25 September 1938) is an Indian screenplay writer, costume designer, art director, theatre person, art critic, and documentary film maker. She is married to director M. S. Sathyu. Shama Zaidi Was Honored with Lifetime Achievement Award at ICA - International Cultural Artifact Film Festival in 2021. Background Shama Zaidi is the daughter of Bashir Hussain Zaidi, a politician and educationist, and his wife Qudsia Zaidi. Her mother Qudsia was an associate of Habib Tanvir, the communist ideologue and theatre personality. Shama was the only daughter of the couple and she has two brothers. Both her parents were closely associated with the "progressive" communist movement in India, and Shama grew up in a strongly left-wing environment. She was educated at Woodstock School, Mussoorie, and then at Miranda House, New Delhi. She has a bachelor's degree in English from Delhi University, and a diploma in stage design from the Slade School of Art, London. She is praised for her excellent screen writing in T.V serial "Bharat Ek Khoj" . Career Journalism Art critic for The Statesman, The Patriot and Shankar's Weekly, New Delhi. Written numerous articles on film, theatre, and television for Cinema Vision, Cinema in India, etc., and other journals and newspapers. Theatre Zaidi became interested in costume design while in school at Woodstock, Mussoorie, which had extensive theatre activities. Also due to the influence of her mother Qudsia Zaidi, who started the Hindustani Theatre in the late 1950s with Habib Tanvir and other friends. In her college days at Miranda House she started helping out with the stage productions there, apart from taking an active interest in Hindustani Theatre. After her B.A., Shama went to Slade School of Art, London, for a one-year course in stage and costume design. She then worked in Germany at the Frankfurt Municipal Theatre as an apprentice and for some time as an observer in the Berliner Ensemble. (Apprentice in stage, film and TV design to Herr Hein Heckroth, Frankfurt am Main, West Germany. Herr Heckroth was the designer of Red Shoes Hoffman's Tales, etc.) She returned to Delhi in 1961 and designed costumes for Hindustani Theatre before shifting to Bombay in 1965 where she worked as Writer, Designer, Performer and Director for Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA), Mumbai. Since 1980 she has designed more for films and television than theatre. She worked as a writer, director, costume designer or art director for the following stage productions – Stage productions Chou En-lai, a historical costume pageant at Lodi Gardens, New Delhi Hindustani Theatre Shakuntala (1958) – Costume Design Mitti ki Gaadi (1958)- Costume Design & Artiste Khalid Ki Khala (1958)- Costume Design & Artiste Mudrarakshas (1962) – Direction & Costume Design Sufaid Kundali (1963) – Costume Design & Artiste Mera Naam Trufaldeen (1964)- Adaptation & Costume Design Indian People's Theatre Association, Mumbai She had been associated with the IPTA's Inter collegiate Drama Competition since 1972 as a jury member. Translated/adapted over a dozen plays into Hindustani from various languages. Cinema She has written scripts/dialogues for documentaries and feature films with Satyajit Ray, Shyam Benegal, M. S. Sathyu and others. She has also worked as Costume Designer and Art Director. Filmography Charandas Chor (1975) (The Thief Charandas) Direction Shyam Benegal; Screenplay Shama Zaidi Based on Habib Tanvir's retelling of a famous Rajasthani folk tale. Songs were by Habib Tanvir and most of the dialogues were improvised by the folk artistes. Garam Hawa (Hot Winds) 1974 / Colour / 136min / Urdu Direction M S Sathyu; Screenplay Shama Zaidi & Kaifi Azmi; Costume Design Shama Zaidi Based on a short story by Ismat Chugtai, which she expanded into a film treatment. Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay (shared with Kaifi Azmi). Manthan (The Churning) 1976 / Colour / 134min / Hindi Direction Shyam Benegal; Art direction Shama Zaidi Shatranj Ke Khilari शतरंज के खिलाड़ी (Chess Players) 1977 / Hindi Direction Satyajit Ray; Costume Design Shama Zaidi Also assisted Ray with research on the background material and translated dialogues with Javed Siddiqi for the Indian characters in Urdu. Kanneshwara Rama (The Legendary Outlaw) 1977 / Colour / 137min / Kannada & Hindi Direction M S Sathyu; Script Shama Zaidi Based on the exploits of a legendary dacoit of the Malnad region in Karnataka. Bhumika (The Role) 1977 / Colour / 142min / Hindi Direction Shyam Benegal; Art direction Shama Zaidi Based on the biography of Hansa Wadkar, a star of the Marathi folk theatre and cinema of the 1940s. Umrao Jaan (The Courtesan) Colour / Hindi Direction Muzaffar Ali; Script Shama Zaidi & Javed Siddiqi Based on a 19th-century Urdu novel. Chakra (The Wheel) 1980 / Colour / 140min / Hindi Direction Robin (Rabindra) Dharmraja; Script & Dialogues Shama Zaidi & Javed Siddiqi Based on the novel by Jaywant Dalvi. Bara/Sookha (Famine) 1981 / Colour / 140min / Kannada & Hindi Direction M S Sathyu; Screenplay & Dialogues Shama Zaidi & Javed Siddiqi Based on a short novel by U R Ananthamurthy. Aarohan (The Ascent) 1982 Direction Shyam Benegal; Script Shama Zaidi Based on a famous land dispute case. Mandi (The Marketplace) 1983 / Colour / 160min / Hindi Direction Shyam Benegal; Script & Screenplay Shama Zaidi, Shyam Benegal & Satyadev Dubey Kahan Kahan Se Guzar Gaya (The Paths I Have Trod) 1985 / Colour / Hindi Direction M S Sathyu; Original Screenplay Shama Zaidi Susman (The Essence) 1986 / Colour / 140min / Hindi Direction Shyam Benegal; Screenplay Shama Zaidi Original screenplay on the Ikat handloom weavers of Andhra. Trikaal (Past, Present, Future) 1986 Direction Shyam Benegal; Screenplay Shama Zaidi & Shyam Benegal Based on an idea by Shyam Benegal. Antarnaad (The Inner Voice) 1993 Direction Shyam Benegal; Screenplay Shama Zaidi & Sunil Shanbag An original screenplay based on the Swadhyaya socio-religious movement founded by Pandurang Shastri Athavale. Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda (The Seventh Horse of the Sun) 1994 Direction Shyam Benegal; Screenplay Shama Zaidi A puzzle screenplay based on the novel by Dharamvir Bharati. Mammo 1995 Direction Shyam Benegal; Screenplay Shama Zaidi & Khalid Mohamed The Making of the Mahatma 1996 Direction Shyam Benegal; Script Shama Zaidi, Shyam Benegal & Fatima Meer An Indo-South African co production on Mahatma Gandhi's life in South Africa. Sardari Begum 1997 / Colour / 123min / Urdu Direction Shyam Benegal; Screenplay Shama Zaidi & Khalid Mohamed Nishant Art direction Shama Zaidi Mrigtrishna Costume Design Shama Zaidi Haribhari 2000 / Colour / Hindi Direction Shyam Benegal; Script & Dialogues Shama Zaidi A film on women's empowerment made for the Ministry of Family Welfare. Zubeidaa 2001/ Colour / Hindi Direction Shyam Benegal; Additional screenplay and dialogues Shama Zaidi Netaji 2002-04/ Colour/Hindi-English Direction Shyam Benegal; Script and Dialogues Shama Zaidi & Atul Tiwari A film on the last years of Subhas Chandra Bose for Sahara Entertainment Chamki Chameli 2005-2006/ Colour/ Hindi Direction Shyam Benegal; Screenplay and dialogues Shama Zaidi & Atul Tiwari A film inspired by the 19th-century novella "Carmen" by Prosper Mérimée Mujib: The Making of a Nation 2020-22/ Colour/Bengali Direction Shyam Benegal; Script and Dialogues Shama Zaidi & Atul Tiwari A film on the life of Bangabandhu Short films References External links Garam Hawa 1938 births Living people Indian Muslims Indian women screenwriters Indian art directors Indian costume designers 20th-century Indian women artists People from Rampur, Uttar Pradesh Filmfare Awards winners Delhi University alumni Alumni of the Slade School of Fine Art Indian People's Theatre Association people Indian scenic designers Women artists from Uttar Pradesh Indian women journalists Indian women designers 20th-century Indian designers Hindi screenwriters 21st-century Indian designers 21st-century Indian women artists Screenwriters from Uttar Pradesh Women graphic designers Twelvers Indian Shia Muslims
3992248	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%20Over	Do Over	Do Over is an American fantasy sitcom television series created by Kenny Schwartz and Rick Wiener about a man who gets a chance to relive his childhood. The series, which was originally broadcast on The WB from September 19 to December 5, 2002, and it stars Penn Badgley. Synopsis The series begins showing an adult Joel Larsen as a single, depressed paper salesman disappointed with how his life turned out. Joel missed a lot of opportunities; his once-popular sister is now a drug-addict, his idealistic best friend sold out, and his mother ran off and left his father an unhealthy, bitter man. However, a shock from defibrillation paddles sends Joel back to 1981 as his 14-year-old self. He wakes up in his teenage body, but with all his adult memories from 2002 intact. He eventually accepts this new reality, although he tells no one except his best friend, Pat. Blessed with adult wisdom, though hampered by adolescent urges, Joel sets out to right the wrongs that he knows will befall him and his family. Joel is forced to readjust to the culture of the early 1980s, to junior high, and the trials and tribulations of adolescence. He is forced to relive certain moments of his life, but is always determined to improve the outcome. A running gag in the show is Joel's creative mother coming up with a "new" invention (fanny pack, Lunchables, post-its, etc.) which is usually ridiculed by the father, who instead wants to invest in items such as asbestos tile, Betamax cassettes, or electric typewriters. Some episodes show Joel using his knowledge of the future for personal gain: investing in Intel stock, palming off 1990s song hits as his own, befriending a future billionaire, etc. However, the situations never work out according to plan and Joel usually ends up realizing he needs to use this opportunity to help himself, his family and friends take different paths. The final episode of the series shows Joel convincing his father to invest in one of his mother's inventions, which to Joel's surprise is the one invention that doesn't exist in the future. It ends with Joel and his family toasting the future. Cast Penn Badgley as Joel Larsen Tom Everett Scott as the voice of adult Joel Larsen Angela Goethals as Cheryl Larsen, Joel's sister Josh Wise as Pat Brody, Joel's best friend Natasha Melnick as Isabelle Meyers, Joel's other close friend Michael Milhoan as Bill Larsen, Joel's dad Gigi Rice as Karen Larsen, Joel's mom Theme song The theme song was Do It Over by the Go-Go's. It was usually prefaced by an introductory statement by adult Joel Larson. Episodes Reception and cancellation The show originally aired on The WB in 2002. It was scheduled on Thursdays at 8:30 EST. Unfortunately, the show was pitted against CBS's Survivor and NBC's Scrubs. Although the show had a devoted fan base, it suffered from low ratings and was cancelled after showing eleven of fifteen episodes. The entire series, including the final four episodes, aired on Channel 4 in Great Britain in September 2008. Awards and nominations References External links 2000s American single-camera sitcoms 2000s American teen sitcoms 2002 American television series debuts 2002 American television series endings English-language television shows American fantasy television series American time travel television series Television series about teenagers Television series by CBS Studios Television shows set in Massachusetts The WB original programming Television series set in 1981 2000s American time travel television series
5384242	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter%20Oud	Pieter Oud	Pieter Jacobus Oud (5 December 1886 – 12 August 1968) was a Dutch politician of the defunct Free-thinking Democratic League (VDB) party and later co-founder of the Labour Party (PvdA) and the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and historian. He was granted the honorary title of Minister of State on 9 November 1963. Oud attended the Barlaeus Gymnasium in Amsterdam from May 1889 until June 1904, and applied at the Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences in June 1904, majoring in civil law notary and obtaining a Bachelor of Civil Law degree in July 1907. Oud took several curses in accounting from a certified teacher in Gorinchem from July 1907 until April 1909. Oud worked as civil servant for the Ministry of Finance from May 1909 until June 1917 for the department of Budgetary Affairs from May 1909 until September 1911 and as a tax collector for the Fiscal Information and Investigation Service (FIOD) on Texel from September 1911 until February 1914 and in Ommen from February 1914 until June 1917. Oud applied at the University of Amsterdam in April 1912 for a postgraduate education in Law, graduating with an Master of Laws degree in February 1914. After the Battle of the Frontiers, Oud was conscripted in the Regiment Infanterie Oranje Gelderland of the Royal Netherlands Army, serving as a Sergeant from August 1914 until November 1916. Oud was elected as a Member of the House of Representatives in the 1917 general election, taking office on 28 June 1917. Oud also worked as editor-in-chief of the party newspaper De Vrijzinnig-Democraat from 15 May 1919 until 26 May 1933. After the 1933 election, Oud was appointed as Minister of Finance in the second Colijn cabinet, taking office on 26 May 1933. After the Leader of the Free-thinking Democratic League Henri Marchant retired after 19 years he endorsed Oud as his successor. Marchant stepping down on 18 May 1935 and was succeeded by Oud. The second Colijn cabinet fell on 23 July 1935 and was replaced by the third Colijn cabinet, with Oud continuing to serve as Minister of Finance, taking office on 31 July 1935. Following the 1937 election, Oud returned to the House of Representatives, taking office on 8 June 1937, but asked Dolf Joekes to remain as Parliamentary leader of the Free-thinking Democratic League in the House of Representatives until 20 September 1937. The third Colijn cabinet was replaced by the fourth Colijn cabinet on 24 June 1937. In October 1938 Oud was nominated as Mayor of Rotterdam, and he announced his resignation as Leader and Parliamentary leader, endorsing his long-serving deputy Dolf Joekes as his successor. Oud resigned Leader and Parliamentary leader the day he was installed as Mayor, taking office on 15 October 1938. On 14 May 1940 the Luftwaffe destroyed almost the entire historic city centre of Rotterdam during the German invasion, leading the Dutch government to capitulate the next day. On 10 October 1941 Oud resigned in protest against the German occupation and was briefly detained in the Ilag Sint-Michielsgestel in the summer of 1942. During the rest of the German occupation Oud wrote dozens of books on history and politics. Following the end of World War II, Oud was again appointed as Mayor of Rotterdam, taking office on 7 May 1945. On 9 February 1946 the Free-thinking Democratic League (VDB), the Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP) and the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) chose to merge to form the Labour Party (PvdA). Oud was one of its co-founders, but left the party a year later, after which he and several other former members of the Free-thinking Democratic League formed the rump party Committee-Oud in February 1947. On 24 January 1948 the Committee-Oud and the Freedom Party (PvdV) chose to merge to form the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). Oud became the first Leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy. For the 1948 election, Oud was the lijsttrekker (lead candidate) of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy. The party had six seats in the House of House of Representatives previously held by the Freedom Party and won two additional seats, now having eight seats in the House of Representatives. Oud again returned as a Member of the House of Representatives and became the party's first Parliamentary leader on 27 July 1948. The following cabinet formation resulted in a coalition agreement between the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, the Catholic People's Party (KVP), the Labour Party and the Christian Historical Union (CHU) which formed the Drees–Van Schaik cabinet, with Oud opting to remain in the House of Representatives instead of filling a ministerial post. Oud also served as Chairman of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy from 8 April 1949 until 9 November 1963. Oud served continuously as Leader and Parliamentary leader for the next 15 years and was lijsttrekker for the elections of 1952, 1956 and 1959. In January 1963, Oud announced his retirement from national politics, stating that he would not stand for the 1963 election. Shortly after the election, on 16 May 1963, Oud stepped down as Leader and Parliamentary leader, and was succeeded as Leader by Edzo Toxopeus and as Parliamentary leader by Roelof Zegering Hadders until Edzo Toxopeus took over as Parliamentary leader on 2 July 1963 but retained his seat in the House of Representatives and continued to serve as a backbencher until the end of the parliamentary term on 5 June 1963. Following the end of his active political career, Oud occupied numerous seats as a corporate director and nonprofit director for supervisory boards in the business and industry world and for supervisory boards for several international non-governmental organisations and research institutes (Royal Dutch Shell, Philips, Van Lanschot, Netherlands Atlantic Association, Carnegie Foundation and the Royal Netherlands Historical Society) and served on several state commissions on behalf of the government. Life Life before politics Oud came from a middle-class family. His father traded in tobacco, wine, and later stocks, and served as alderman in Purmerend. Oud attended HBS in Amsterdam, graduating in 1904. He continued to study to become notary between 1904 and 1907. During this time he had become member of the board of the League of Freethinking Propaganda Associations, the freethinking liberal youth organisation. He took a private courses in registration in Gorinchem between 1907 and 1909. Between 1909 and 1911 he was civil servant within the ministry of Finance responsible for registration and government possessions. In 1911 he became a tax collector on Texel. In 1912 he took his matriculation in order to study law at the University of Amsterdam. He combined his work as tax collector with his study of law. In the same year he married Johanna Cornelia Fischer, from this marriage they got one son. In 1914 he became tax collector in Ommen. Meanwhile, he was mobilised as Sergeant of the seventh regiment infantry, which was stationed near Amsterdam between 1914 and 1916. Between 1915 and 1919 he was member of the national board of the VDB. He graduated in 1917 on basis of a disputation. Political life For the VDB Oud was elected in 1917 election for the VDB, the last election with runoff voting. He defeated Staalman of the left-wing Christian Democratic Party in the second round in the district of Den Helder. He retained his legal position as tax collector, but was given a leave for undetermined time. He was even promoted to inspector of finances in 1921, while on leave. In the 1918 election Oud stood for elections again, and was elected with 5,000 preference votes, mainly from the former district of Den Helder. While MP, Oud also served as secretary of the VDB national board and editor of the De Vrijzinnige Democraat, the party's magazine. In parliament Oud took a particular interest in military matters and education, and served as the party's finance spokesperson. As MP he served as member of the Committee on the Navy between 1923 and 1933 and the Committee on the Army since 1925. He was chairman of the association for the promotion of public education "People's Education" for many years. After the 1933 election, Oud was appointed Minister of Finance in the second cabinet led by Hendrik Colijn. As minister, he was responsible for a large scale operation of budget cuts, during a time of economic crisis. In 1935 he proposed the Bezuigingswet 1935 ("Budget Cut Act 1935"), which involved many budget cuts and financial reorganisations: salaries of civil servants were cut, the old age pensions were financed in a different way and for budgetary reasons, soldiers were to become civil servants after a certain period. Although his proposals lead to a political crisis, they were nonetheless carried by parliament. In the same year, after Henri Marchant left the VDB following a scandal, Oud succeeded him as political leader of the VDB. Oud led the VDB in the 1937 election and returned to the House of Representatives as chair of the parliamentary party. He also served as chair for the committee on government expenditure. In Rotterdam He left the House of Representatives in 1938 to become mayor of Rotterdam. As mayor he also served in the College of Curators of the University of Rotterdam and as chair of the Association of Dutch Municipalities. After he stepped down in 1952 he became honorary chairman of that association. In 1939 he was elected into the States-Provincial of South Holland. In August 1939 he was offered the position of Minister of Finance in the cabinet of Dirk Jan de Geer, but declined. Controversially, Oud did not resign after the German invasion of 1940, although he was not a member of the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands (NSB). During his period as mayor, he was involved in the reconstruction of the centre of Rotterdam which was destroyed by the German bombings. He was heavily criticised by Dutch politicians for cooperating too much with the NSB, while the NSB criticised him for being uncooperative. In the spring of 1941 he was brutally harassed by members of the NSB, twelve party-members invaded the City Hall, gagged Oud, adorned him with Freemason-like symbols and made pictures of him. In the autumn of 1941 he resigned as mayor and he stood down as member of the States Provincial. He was succeeded by Frederik Ernst Müller. In the summer of 1942 he was briefly held in Sint-Michielsgestel, where many prominent Dutch politicians were held captive. During the war Oud kept far from the resistance movement and instead committed himself to writing several books on parliamentary history. Meanwhile, he kept close contact with important people from the business and the political world of Rotterdam. In 1945, after the liberation of the Netherlands, he returned to Rotterdam as mayor, although he was also asked to become mayor of Amsterdam, and he was officially re-appointed in 1946. In the same year the VDB merged with the social democratic SDAP and the left-wing Christian CDU to form the Labour Party. Oud was one of the co-founders of this party and served on the party's board between 1946 and 1947. Meanwhile, he served on many government, business, international and civil society committees, he chaired the government committee for municipal finances between 1946 and 1954, he was member of the board of trustees of the banker Staal, he was member of the pension council of the Dutch Reformed Church since 1946 and he served as chair of the International Union of Municipalities and Local Governments between 1948 and 1954. For the VVD On 3 October 1947, Oud sent a letter to the board of the PvdA announcing his resignation as a member. The reason he gave for the split was that the PvdA was moving too much into socialist waters, instead of being committed to progressive politics. The fact that he was refused a position on the party list for the Senate is generally seen as the political reason for Oud's split. Oud never felt at home in the new social democratic party. He immediately founded the Committee of Preparation of the Foundation of a Democratic People's Party, which prepared the foundation of the VVD. He negotiated the merger of the remnants of the old VDB with the newly founded Freedom Party. On 24 January 1948 he became one of the founding members of the liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy, together with Dirk Stikker and Henk Korthals, and served in its first national board as vice-chair. In 1948 he was elected to the House of Representatives for the VVD, and became chair of its parliamentary party, combining this position with the position of chair of the party's organisation. In parliament he mainly spoke on issues of administrative and constitutional law. He was a very influential member of parliament. When the law concerning the decolonisation of Indonesia, a very controversial issue, was voted on, the two-thirds majority was only reached because an amendment proposed by Oud ensured the support of the VVD. In 1950-51 Oud came into conflict with the VVD's Minister of Foreign Affairs, Stikker, over the policy concerning Netherlands New Guinea. Between 1950 and 1953 he was a member of the Government Committee Van Schaik, which prepared a constitutional change. In 1952 he did not seek to be reappointed as Rotterdam's mayor, and instead became extraordinary professor of Constitutional Administrative law at the University of Rotterdam, which he remained until 1957. Between 1953 and 1963 he was chair of the Justice Committee of the House of Representatives. As such, he was heavily involved in the preparation of many laws, and served as chair on the committees preparing the laws on the provinces, the police, archives, patents and many more. In 1959 he came into conflict with Harm van Riel, the chair of the VVD's parliamentary party in the Senate, because Van Riel wanted to become minister, but Oud denied him this. In the last years of his period in the House of Representatives, Oud was the eldest member of the House and on many times functioned as Speaker, such as when a new Speaker was elected. Before the 1963 election Oud announced that he would not continue as MP; he was succeeded by the Minister of the Interior Edzo Toxopeus. In the same year, he was appointed as Minister of State, an honorary title. Life after politics After 1963, Oud retired from Dutch political life. He was only asked upon at times of great crisis. In 1966 he was member of the committee that advised the government on the ministerial responsibility towards members of the royal house, together with Willem Drees. In the same year, he co-authored a book on a new constitution. When Oud died in 1968, his family wanted to announce his death after the burial. His general practitioner did not know this, and told a patient that evening that Oud had died that afternoon. The father of this patient happened to be a journalist for the socialist paper Het Vrije Volk, which published a large In Memoriam the next morning. Bibliography "Om de Democratie" (1929; "For Democracy") "Het jongste verleden: Parlementaire geschiedenis van Nederland, 1918-1940" (1946; The recent past: parliamentary history of the Netherlands, 1918-194-) "Honderd jaren: Hoofdzaken der Nederlandsche staatkundige geschiedenis, 1840-1940" (1946; One hundred years, Important matters of the Dutch political history 1840-1940) "Het constitutionele recht van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden" (1947–1953; The constitutional law of the Kingdom of the Netherlands) "Proeve van een Grondwet (1966; Attempt at a constitution) Quotes Oud was respected for his memory. During debates he could make remarks like: "You're saying this now, but eight years ago you said something totally different." When asked whether the VVD would cooperate with the PvdA the coalition in a new government he showed his aversion to the party he had been a member of for one year like this: "Normal people don't cooperate with alcoholics in fighting alcoholism?" Trivia Jacobus Oud, a famous Dutch architect, was his brother. Oud was a respected voice in parliament, not only because he spoke with a soft high pitched voice, but also because he was the House's conscience when it came to constitutional issues and administrative laws. Oud was a lifelong member of the freethinking Protestant broadcasting organisation, VPRO. Decorations References External links Official Mr. P.J. (Pieter) Oud Parlement & Politiek \|- 1886 births 1968 deaths Chairmen of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy Commanders of the Order of the Netherlands Lion Dutch corporate directors Van Lanschot Kempen people Dutch fiscal jurists Dutch legal scholars Dutch magazine editors Dutch members of the Dutch Reformed Church Dutch nonprofit directors Dutch nonprofit executives Dutch people of World War II Dutch political party founders Dutch political philosophers Dutch prisoners of war in World War II Dutch publishers (people) Dutch public administration scholars Dutch scholars of constitutional law Erasmus University Rotterdam faculty Free-thinking Democratic League politicians Governmental studies academics Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Belgium) Grand Crosses of the Order of the House of Orange Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau Labour Party (Netherlands) politicians Leaders of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy Mayors of Rotterdam Members of the House of Representatives (Netherlands) Members of the Provincial Council of South Holland Ministers of Finance of the Netherlands Ministers of State (Netherlands) Public historians People from Purmerend People's Party for Freedom and Democracy politicians Scholars of administrative law Tax collectors University of Amsterdam alumni Vice Chairmen of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy World War II civilian prisoners World War II prisoners of war held by Germany Writers about globalization Writers from Rotterdam 20th-century Dutch businesspeople 20th-century Dutch civil servants 20th-century Dutch historians 20th-century Dutch jurists 20th-century Dutch male writers 20th-century Dutch military personnel 20th-century Dutch politicians
3992252	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conopophaga	Conopophaga	Conopophaga is a genus of birds in the gnateater family. Its members are found in forest and woodland in South America. Habitat and range Gnateaters are birds found in the undergrowth of forest, woodland, and bamboo stands, with most species in the Amazon Basin, the Atlantic Forest, and the East Andean slopes. All are associated with dense thickets. While they are always found near the ground, seldom rising more than 1.5 m up, they also seldom travel or spend much time on the ground itself (though they do feed there; see diet). They are round, short-tailed, and long-legged birds, about in length. They are quite upright when standing. They are sexually dimorphic, with various shades of brown, rufous, olive, white, grey and black being the dominating colours. Most Conopophaga species have a white tuft behind the eye. Diet Gnateaters are insectivorous as the group name implies. They feed mostly using two methods; one is to perch above the forest floor until prey is spotted, then lunge down to the ground to snatch it; having landed on the ground to snatch a prey item, it will not remain on the forest floor for more than a couple of seconds. The second method used by gnateaters is to glean insects directly from the foliage, trunks, and branches of low vegetation. Typical prey items include spiders, caterpillars, insect larvae, grasshoppers and beetles; individuals of some species have also been observed eating fruit, and in one case a frog. Species list References Rice, Nathan H. (2005b): Further Evidence for Paraphyly of the Formicariidae (Passeriformes). Condor 107(4): 910–915. [English with Spanish abstract] PDF fulltext Whitney, B.M. (2003) Family Conopophagidae (Gnateaters) pp 732–748 in del Hoyo J., Elliott A. & Christie D.A. (2003) Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 8. Broadbills to Tapaculos Lynx Edicions, Barcelona Bird genera Taxa named by Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot
3992259	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cimelice	Čimelice	Čimelice is a municipality and village in Písek District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,000 inhabitants. Administrative parts The village of Krsice is an administrative part of Čimelice. Geography In the municipality there are several large ponds: Bisingrovský, Lipšice, Nerestec, Stejskal, Valný and Zástava. Small ponds of Kostelák and Pivovarský are in the centre of Čimelice. The Skalice River (a tributary of the Otava) flows through the municipality. Transport Čimelice lies along the R4 Expressway, which connects the South Bohemian Region with Prague. In the municipality there is a railway station on the Písek–Zdice line. Sights The most notable landmarks are the Church of Holy Trinity and the Čimelice Castle, built in 1728–1730, with its English park. References External links Villages in Písek District
3992287	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury%20Anthems	Glastonbury Anthems	Glastonbury Anthems is a DVD featuring live performances from the Glastonbury Festival from 1994 to 2004. The performances on the DVD were voted for by fans on the official festival website. Extras include A Visit to the Glastonbury Greenfields, Glastonbury by Air, a 1995 interview with Michael and Jean Eavis, a photo gallery and footage from the 1971 film Glastonbury Fayre Producer: Ben Challis. Co-producer: Caroline McGee. Executive producers for EMI: Stefan Demetriou and Jo Brooks. Executive producers for the BBC: Mark Cooper and Alison Howe. Artwork Alex Creedy. Festival Organisers Michael Eavis & Emily Eavis. Mastered and authored at Abbey Road Studios. Directors: Gavin Taylor (1994, 1995) Janet Fraser Crook (1997-2004), Declan Lowney (1994-2004) & Phil Heyes (2004). A Visit To The Glastonbury Greenfields directed and Produced by Dorian Williams. Released by EMI. Performances Franz Ferdinand, "The Dark of the Matinée" (2004) Travis, "Driftwood" (2000) Faithless, "We Come 1" (2002) Manic Street Preachers, "A Design for Life" (1999) Moby, "Why Does My Heart Feel So Bad" (2000) Robbie Williams, "Angels" (1998) Supergrass, "Pumping On Your Stereo" (2003) Ash, "Shining Light" (2002) The Levellers, "One Way" (1994) Primal Scream, "Rocks" (2003) Elastica, "Connection" (1995) The Chemical Brothers, "Hey Boy Hey Girl" (2000) Basement Jaxx, "Good Luck" (2004) Coldplay, "Yellow" (2002) Fun Lovin' Criminals, "Scooby Snacks" (1999) The Prodigy, "Breathe" (1997) Blur, "This Is a Low" (1994) Placebo, "The Crawl" (1998) Radiohead, "Karma Police" (1997) Paul McCartney, "Hey Jude" (2004) See also Glastonbury (film) Glastonbury Fayre (film) Glastonbury the Movie External links Official Glastonbury Festival website US website Glastonbury Festival 2005 films British documentary films Documentary films about music festivals 2000s documentary films British films
3992290	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disquiet	Disquiet	Disquiet may refer to: Disquiet (Strugatsky novel), a 1965 sci-fi novel by Boris and Arkady Strugatsky Disquiet (Leigh novel), a 2008 novel by Julia Leigh Disquiet (Therapy? album), a 2015 album by Irish rock band Therapy? Disquiet, a webzine about ambient electronic music edited by Marc Weidenbaum
3992291	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigrid%20Hunke	Sigrid Hunke	Sigrid Hunke (26 April 1913, Kiel – 15 June 1999) was a German author. She is known for her work in the field of religious studies. Biography Sigrid Hunke was born in Kiel, Germany on 26 April 1913, the daughter of the publisher (1879-1953) and Hildegard Lau (1879-1944). Her mother was the daughter of engineer Thies Peter Lau (1844-1933) and Walewska Berta Anna Artelt (1856-1943). She had two sisters, including Waltraud Hunke. Sigrid Hunke received her PhD in religious studies from the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Berlin in 1941. Her tutor was Ludwig Ferdinand Clauss, who later became associated with the ideology of the Neue Rechte. Hunke joined the "Germanischer Wissenschaftseinsatz", the German Sciences Service of the SS, the organization established by Heinrich Himmler to oversee the Germanization of Northern Europe. Her job was to research racial psychology. After 1957, she went to Morocco and stayed two years in Tangier (Tanja), after which she returned to Bonn. Hunke was a pagan Unitarian. She was also known for her claims of Muslim influence over Western values. In her book, "Allahs Sonne über dem Abendland" (1960; "Allah's sun over the Occident") she asserts that "the influence exerted by the Arabs on the West was the first step in freeing Europe from Christianity." The scholar Sylvain Gouguenheim includes a lengthy description of her work in an appendix to his book Aristote au Mont-Saint-Michel under the heading “The Legacy of Sigrid Hunke”. He refers to her book on Islam and Europe, Allahs Sonne über dem Abendland, in this way: “This text, which extols the superiority of Islam over Christianity, is the work of a Nazi intellectual. At its origin lies the political commitment of the author, who joined the NSDAP (the German National Socialist Party) on May 1, 1937 and was an active member of the Berlin section of the National Socialist Student Association (Nationalsozialistischer Studentenbund) from 1938 onwards.” References Further reading 1913 births 1999 deaths Writers from Kiel SS personnel People from the Province of Schleswig-Holstein 20th-century German women writers German Modern Pagans Modern Pagan writers
3992302	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Romans%20in%20Britain	The Romans in Britain	The Romans in Britain is a 1980 stage play by Howard Brenton that comments upon imperialism and the abuse of power. It was the subject of a private prosecution (brought by the conservative moral campaigner, Mrs Mary Whitehouse) for gross indecency. A cast of thirty actors play sixty roles. Stage history The play was first staged at the National Theatre in London on 16 October 1980. In 1982 it became the focus of an unsuccessful private prosecution by Christian morality campaigner Mary Whitehouse against the play's director Michael Bogdanov relating to the on-stage depiction of homosexual rape. This prosecution was defeated when Whitehouse's solicitor, Graham Ross-Cornes, the chief witness against Bogdanov, revealed under cross-examination that he had been sitting at the very back of the theatre when he saw what was claimed to be a penis. The prosecution withdrew after lead defence counsel Jeremy Hutchinson QC demonstrated that Ross-Cornes could have witnessed the actor's thumb protruding from his fist. The case was ended after the Attorney-General entered a nolle prosequi. Actor-director Samuel West revived the play in 2006 at the Crucible Theatre, Sheffield, starring Tom Mannion as Julius Caesar and Dan Stevens as Marban the Druid. See also Royal National Theatre References Bibliography Howard Brenton, The Romans in Britain (London: Eyre Methuen, 1980) External links Look Back in Anger The Guardian, January 2006, feature article. Review round-up about the 2006 Sheffield production From the archive, 19 March 1982: The Romans in Britain obscenity trial dropped From The Guardian British plays 1980 plays 1982 in the United Kingdom Rape in fiction
3992322	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Ashram%20Movement	Christian Ashram Movement	The Christian Ashram Movement (not to be confused with the United Christian Ashram movement) is a movement within Christianity in India that embraces Vedanta and the teachings of the East, attempting to combine the Christian faith with the Hindu ashram model and Christian monasticism with the Hindu sannyasa tradition. Origin and spread The "father" of the Christian Ashram movement was 17th-century Italian Jesuit priest Roberto de Nobili, a Christian missionary to India who decided to overcome the cultural obstacles to his mission by adopting the various forms of a Hindu sannyāsi. He was followed in this – more than two centuries later – by Brahmabandhab Upadhyay, who was not a foreign missionary but an Indian Bengali Brahmin who converted to Catholicism. His writings publicized several ideas in the movement, including the identification of the Saccidananda with the Christian Holy Trinity, an identification coined by Keshub Chandra Sen in 1882. He also founded an ashram Kasthalic Matha, although it didn't last long. In the footsteps of Upadhyay and Sen (second half of the 20th century) came French priest Jules Monchanin (who was later to adopt the name Parma Arupi Anananda), and French Benedictine monk Henri le Saux (who was later to adopt the name Abhishiktananda), the co-founders of Saccidananda Ashram (also called Shantivanam) an ashram founded in 1950 at Tannirpalli in Tiruchirapalli District and still surviving into the 21st century. Upadhyay was also an influence upon Bede Griffiths., who co-founded Kurisumala Ashram with Belgian trappist Francis Mahieu and who took over leadership of Saccidananda Ashram after Monchanin's death and Le Saux's decision to leave for his hermitage. In the late seventeenth, early eighteenth, century, P. Charles François Dolu and Jean-Venance Bouchet designed Catholic ceremonies that integrated Hindu traditions. Bouchet became a noted scholar of Hinduism and adopted Hindu dress, ascetic practices, and even vegetarianism. Many other Christian ashrams now exist in India. By 2004, there were at least 50 of them, including: Saccidananda Ashram (aforementioned), Kurisumala Ashram (aforementioned), Christukula Ashram (located in Tirupattur and also founded by Ernest Forrester Paton and S. Jesudasan, but by Anglicans rather than Roman Catholics, in the 1930s), Christa Prema Seva Ashram (located in Shivajinagar (near Pune) and founded in 1927 by Anglican John "Jack" Winslow), Jyotiniketan Ashram (in Bareilly), and Christi Panti Ashram (in Varanasi). Other ashrams founded by the movement include Sat Tal Ashram (founded by Methodist E. Stanley Jones) and Nava Jeeva Ashram, Founded by Pradhan Acharya John Thannickal in Bangalore. Whilst Saccidananda and others were founded by Catholics, with some 80 Catholic ashrams existing by 2005, Christa Prema Seva and Christukula were the first two of the (surviving) Protestant ashrams. Backed by the experience of a multisecular monastic tradition the Catholic ashrams have proven more successful than the Protestant. In addition to their greater number, the continuance of Saccidananda Ashram under Bede Griffiths contrasts strikingly with the problems that Protestant ashrams have had under second-generation leadership, as exemplified by the faltering of Christa Prema Seva Ashram (and indeed by the Protestant ashram founded in 1917 by N. V. Tilak at Satra, possibly the very first Protestant ashram, which collapsed upon his death in 1919). Stanley Samartha reported in 1980 that the movement had "almost dried up". Conflicts The movement has not been without interreligious friction. Although there was dialogue between Hinduism and Christianity in general in the 1960s, this broke down as few were willing to engage in common meditation or social work practice. The Christian Ashram Movement, specifically, came under attack from some factions of Hinduism, as can be witnessed from a series of letters exchanged between Bede Griffiths and Swami Devananda — more on which can be found in Catholic Ashrams . Such criticism from (some) Hindus has been severe; but criticism has also been levelled from the Christian side, where conservative groups within the Catholic Church have regarded the Hindu influences upon Christian ashrams with some suspicion. The view of Indians as a whole appears to be that the Christian ashram movement is mainly "for foreigners"; however the view remains that the movement, at least the Catholic side, will continue in existence and provide (in the words of one commentator quoted by George Soares-Prabhu in 1994) "an important point of contact for dialogue with Hinduism". The Second Vatican Council, in its Declaration on Non-Christian Religions, said that "the Church rejects nothing that is true and holy in these religions". In Christian sannyasa, Hindu holy texts such as the Mahabharata and the Puranas are considered to be gifts from God. Brother John Martin Sahajananda summarizes this Roman Catholic teaching as, "All the sacred scriptures are a gift of God to humanity.". References Sources used Further reading Christian movements Christian mysticism Christianity in India Vedanta Christian and Hindu interfaith dialogue
5384246	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Henry%20Longford	Joseph Henry Longford	Joseph Henry Longford (25 June 1849 in Dublin – 12 May 1925 in London) was a British consular official in the British Japan Consular Service from 24 February 1869 until 15 August 1902. He was Consul in Formosa (1895–97) after the First Sino-Japanese War and at Nagasaki (1897–1902). After retiring from the service he became the first Professor of Japanese at King's College London until 1916, and then an emeritus professor of the University of London. He was awarded a D.Litt. by his alma mater, Queen's University of Belfast in 1919. Although not in the front rank of British Japanologists in the 19th century occupied by Ernest Satow, Basil Hall Chamberlain, William George Aston and arguably Frederick Victor Dickins, he did make a notable contribution in the field of early Japanese studies. Japanophile Longford laboured long and hard to produce several readable and compendious books on Japan and as a member of the Japan Society of London was a strong supporter of maintaining good Anglo-Japanese relations. He realised that Britain held Hong Kong and Singapore only as long as the Japanese allowed her to do so, and urged the importance of studying Japan on British readers. Books 1877 -- The Penal Code of Japan 1907 -- Japan (Living Races of Mankind) 1910 -- 'The Regeneration of Japan', in Cambridge Modern History, vol. 12 (1910) 1910 -- The Story of Old Japan 1911 -- The Story of Korea 1911 -- Japan of the Japanese. New York: C. Scribner's sons. OCLC 2971290 1913 -- The Evolution of New Japan 1915 -- Japan (Spirit of the Allied Nations) 1920 -- Japan (Harmsworth Encyclopedia) 1923 -- Japan (Nations of Today) See also Ernest Mason Satow John Harington Gubbins Thomas Blake Glover - a friend of Longford William George Aston Anglo-Japanese relations References 'Joseph Henry Longford (1849–1925), Consul and Scholar' by Ian Ruxton, Ch. 31, Britain and Japan: Biographical Portraits, Volume VI, ed. Hugh Cortazzi 2007, pp. 307–314, The Correspondence of Sir Ernest Satow, British Minister in Japan (1895–1900), Volume One, from the Satow Papers held at The National Archives, Kew, London. published in full for researchers with notes by Ian Ruxton, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Lulu Press Inc., July 2005. (This book contains many letters from Longford to Sir Ernest Satow.) British consuls Academics of King's College London Alumni of Queen's University Belfast British expatriates in Japan 1849 births 1925 deaths British Japanologists
3992325	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Kelly%20%28ice%20hockey%29	Chris Kelly (ice hockey)	Christopher Kelly (born November 11, 1980) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player and current assistant coach for the Boston Bruins. Kelly played for the Ottawa Senators, Boston Bruins and Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was a member of the Bruins' 2011 Stanley Cup-winning team. He won gold with Team Canada at the 2017 Spengler Cup. In the 2018 Winter Olympics, Kelly represented Canada as captain of the men's ice hockey team, leading the team to a bronze medal. Playing career Amateur Kelly was born in Toronto and grew up one hour east of the city in Bowmanville. He started playing in the Clarington Recreational Hockey League and with the Clarington Toros AA program. He played in the 1994 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Toronto Marlboros minor ice hockey team. For one year, he played for the OHA Jr. A. hockey with the Aurora Tigers. Kelly was then selected in the fourth round, 56th overall, by the Ontario Hockey League (OHL)'s London Knights in the 1997 OHL Priority Selection. At the major junior level, Kelly played for both the Knights and the Sudbury Wolves. In 1998–99, he scored 36 goals, his career-high scoring mark in the OHL. He also played for the Team Orr in the mid-season at the CHL Top Prospects Game. In the OHL playoffs, he scored nine goals and 26 points in 25 games as the Knights reached the OHL Final. Professional Ottawa Senators Kelly was drafted 94th overall by the Ottawa Senators in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft. He spent one year in the American Hockey League (AHL) with the Grand Rapids Griffins and three seasons in the same league with the Binghamton Senators. He also played with the Muskegon Fury (of the UHL) for four games (recovering from an injury). In 2004–05, he had finished fifth in the AHL in plus-minus with +30. He also finished fifth on Binghamton with 60 points, as the team finished fourth overall in the League. When he was a professional rookie in 2001–02, he helped the Griffins finish fourth in the AHL. In his two final seasons in Binghamton, Kelly served as team captain. Kelly made his NHL debut on February 5, 2004, in a match against the Toronto Maple Leafs, one of four games he appeared in with Ottawa during 2003–04. In his rookie season of 2005–06, he became a regular in Ottawa's line-up, appearing in all of the team's 82 games and registering 30 points whilst playing in a checking role. The following season, he was a member of the Senators team that advanced to the 2007 Stanley Cup Finals. On July 31, 2007, he re-signed with the Senators to a one-year contract worth $1.263 million. Kelly was set to become an unrestricted free agent on July 1, 2008, but again re-signed with the Senators on a four-year contract extension worth $8.5 million on June 20, 2008. Boston Bruins As part of a rebuilding process undertaken by the Senators as the 2010–11 season was concluding, Kelly was traded to the Boston Bruins on February 15, 2011, for a second-round draft pick in 2011; Ottawa later used the pick to select forward Shane Prince. Kelly and the Boston Bruins won the Stanley Cup, defeating the Vancouver Canucks. On April 12, 2012, Kelly scored the game-winning goal in overtime in Game 1 of the Eastern Conference Quarterfinal series against the Washington Capitals; the Bruins ultimately lost the series in seven games. A pending unrestricted free agent as the 2011–12 season wrapped up, Kelly was rumoured to be returning to the Senators, though he ended up re-signing with the Bruins on June 11, 2012, agreeing to a four-year, $12 million contract. The deal, however, was quickly rejected by the NHL due to what then-Bruins General Manager Peter Chiarelli referred to as "payroll tagging issues." Kelly stayed with the Bruins, and played in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals. As the 2013–14 season began on October 3, 2013, with a home game against the Tampa Bay Lightning, Kelly had his first-ever chance at a penalty shot in his NHL career in the first period of the game; he converted the penalty shot, scoring the first Bruins goal of the season against goaltender Anders Lindbäck while the Bruins were in a short-handed situation en route to an eventual 3–1 home victory. The goal marked the first time in NHL history that a team scored its first goal of the season via a penalty shot. In his sixth year with the Bruins in the 2015–16 season, and in the final year of his contract, Kelly began the campaign leading the Bruins penalty-kill. Kelly scored 2 goals in 11 games before on November 3, 2015, he buckled his left leg on the ice and broke his left femur in a game against the Dallas Stars. He was announced to have undergone surgery the following day and was scheduled to have a 6-8 month recovery period, which effectively ruled him out for the season. Return to Ottawa As a free agent following his recovery from his broken leg with the Bruins, Kelly signed a one-year contract to return to the Ottawa Senators on July 7, 2016. In the 2016–17 season, Kelly appeared in all 82 games for the club, scoring 12 points. Later career and Anaheim Ducks At the conclusion of his contract, Kelly was not re-signed by the Senators, making him an unrestricted free agent. Unsigned over the summer, the Edmonton Oilers signed Kelly to a professional tryout on September 9, 2017. Kelly attended the Oilers training camp and pre-season and remained with the club to start the 2017–18 season. Despite practicing with the team, Kelly was not offered a contract with the Oilers and on November 24, 2017, he returned within the Senators organization by signing a professional tryout deal with new AHL affiliate, the Belleville Senators. On January 9, 2018, following his performance with Team Canada at the Spengler Cup, Kelly was re-signed to a professional tryout agreement with the Belleville Senators. At the conclusion of the Olympics, Kelly returned to the NHL in agreeing to a one-year, $1.25 million contract for the remainder of the season with the Anaheim Ducks on February 25, 2018. He appeared in just 12 games to play out the regular season, posting two assists. Coaching career On September 4, 2018, Kelly was hired by the Senators as a development coach, effectively ending his playing career. Kelly joined former Senators' teammate Shean Donovan in overseeing and supporting the development of prospects throughout the Ottawa system. On August 13, 2021, Kelly was hired as an assistant coach by the Boston Bruins. International play Spengler Cup On December 20, 2017, Kelly was released from his professional tryout agreement with the Belleville Senators to join Team Canada for the 2017 Spengler Cup, which they won. He rejoined the Senators immediately following the tournament. Olympics On January 11, 2018, Kelly was named to Team Canada for the 2018 Winter Olympics. He was named team captain on February 8, 2018. Kelly, and Team Canada won the bronze medal, defeating the Czech Republic 6–4. Personal life Kelly married during the summer of 2008 in Mexico. He met his wife Krissy Broderick while attending Saunders Secondary School as a member of the London Knights as a teenager. Broderick now teaches elementary school in Ottawa. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs International References External links Chris Kelly's biography at NHLPA.com 1980 births Anaheim Ducks players Belleville Senators players Binghamton Senators players Boston Bruins players Canadian expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland Canadian ice hockey forwards Grand Rapids Griffins players Ice hockey people from Ontario Ice hockey players at the 2018 Winter Olympics Living people London Knights players Medalists at the 2018 Winter Olympics Muskegon Fury players Olympic bronze medalists for Canada Olympic ice hockey players of Canada Olympic medalists in ice hockey Ottawa Senators draft picks Ottawa Senators players Sportspeople from Clarington Sportspeople from Toronto Stanley Cup champions Sudbury Wolves players Toronto Marlboros players
3992341	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case%20mix%20index	Case mix index	Case mix index (CMI) within health care and medicine, is a relative value assigned to a diagnosis-related group of patients in a medical care environment. The CMI value is used in determining the allocation of resources to care for and/or treat the patients in the group. Resource Use Groups Patients are classified into groups having the same condition (based on main and secondary diagnosis, procedures, age), complexity (comorbidity) and needs. These groups are known as Diagnosis Related Groups (DRG), or Resource Use Groups (RUG). Each DRG has a relative average value assigned to it that indicates the amount of resources required to treat patients in the group, as compared to all the other diagnosis-related groups within the system. The relative average value assigned to each group is its CMI. Hospital CMI The CMI of a hospital reflects the diversity, clinical complexity and the needs for resources in the population of all the patients in the hospital. The CMI value of a hospital can be used to adjust the average cost per patient (or per day) for a given hospital relative to the adjusted average cost for other hospitals by dividing the average cost per patient (or day) by the hospital's calculated CMI. The adjusted average cost per patient would reflect the charges reported for the types of cases treated in that year. If a hospital has a CMI greater than 1.00, their adjusted cost per patient or per day will be lower and conversely if a hospital has a CMI less than 1.00, their adjusted cost will be higher. Example: A link to the 2011 spreadsheet of the CMI for all US providers is located here An analysis of that file shows that there are 3619 hospital records. The number of cases for the hospitals ranges from a low of 1 to a high of 36,282 cases at Florida Hospital in Orlando, FL (Medicare ID 100007). That hospital has a Case Mix Index of 1.57. The mean number of cases across all the hospitals in the database is 3,098 with a standard deviation of 3,102. As far as the Case Mix Index, the average is 1.37 with a minimum of .58 and a max of 3.73 and a standard deviation of 0.31. See also Diagnosis-related group References Medical manuals Medicare and Medicaid (United States)
5384260	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldon%20Bargewell	Eldon Bargewell	Major General Eldon Arthur Bargewell (August 13, 1947 – April 29, 2019) was a United States Army General officer. He served as commander of the U.S. Army's Delta Force unit. Early life and education Bargewell was born in Hoquiam, Washington and graduated from Hoquiam High School in 1965, enlisting in the U.S. Army in 1967. He completed the Special Forces Qualification Course in 1968. During the Vietnam War Bargewell was accepted into MACV-SOG where he served at the "Command And Control North (CCN)" Forward Operating Base 4 at Da Nang and served as Non-Commissioned Officer Team Leader for Reconnaissance Team "Viper" (all CCN teams were named for states or snakes). While serving with CCN, Bargewell earned the Distinguished Service Cross in September 1971 for his actions in combat in saving his team and getting them to safety. Career Bargewell graduated from Officer candidate School and received his commission in 1973. In addition, he completed a Bachelor of Science degree in resource management at Troy State University. Bargewell's first assignment was as a member of the 2nd Battalion 75th Ranger Regiment at Fort Lewis, Washington, where he later served as rifle platoon leader and executive officer. As a captain, Bargewell was assigned as Rifle Company Commander with 2nd Battalion, 47th Infantry. In 1981 Bargewell volunteered for and completed a specialized selection and operator training course for assignment to Delta Force where he would serve as Operations Officer, Squadron Executive Officer, Troop commander, Squadron Commander (twice), Deputy Commander and unit commander from July 1996 to July 1998. While in Delta Force Bargewell participated in Operation Acid Gambit during the invasion of Panama, including the daring rescue of American citizen Kurt Muse from the Modelo prison. After the successful extraction of the hostage the MH-6 Little Bird transporting Muse as well as several Operators crashed behind enemy lines wounding many of them; however they managed to seek cover in the city until they were recovered by an APC. He commanded a Delta Force Squadron (A Squadron) during Operation Desert Storm in western Iraq. In 1998 Bargewell became Commanding General of Special Operations Command Europe, followed by assistant chief of staff for SFOR military operations in Sarajevo. Bargewell returned to the continental United States and served as director of the center of operations, plans, and policies of United States Special Operations Command. In 2005, Bargewell became Director of Strategic Operations at Multinational Force Iraq. While serving as the Operations Officer Bargewell pursued an outside administrative investigation as to how knowledge of the Haditha incident in Iraq passed up the Marine chain of command and whether or not any commanders lied in their reports. The informal investigation, pursuant to Army regulation AR 15-6, began on March 19, 2006 and was expected to examine how servicemembers and their commanders were trained in the rules of engagement. The completed report was sent to Army Lt. Gen. Peter W. Chiarelli, the second-ranked US commander in Iraq, on the morning of June 15, 2006. This was separate from a criminal investigation being conducted by the Naval Criminal Investigative Service. Distinguished Service Cross Citation: The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 9, 1918 (amended by act of July 25, 1963), takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross to Staff Sergeant Eldon A. Bargewell, United States Army, for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations involving conflict with an armed hostile force in the Republic of Vietnam, while serving with Command and Control (North), Task Force 1, Studies and Observations Group, 5th Special Forces Group (Airborne), 1st Special Forces, attached to U.S. Army Vietnam Training Advisory Group (TF1AE), U.S. Army Vietnam Training Support Headquarters. Staff Sergeant Bargewell distinguished himself on 27 September 1971 while serving as a member of a long range reconnaissance team operating deep in enemy territory. On that date, his team came under attack by an estimated 75 to 100 man enemy force. Staff Sergeant Bargewell suffered multiple fragmentation wounds from an exploding B-40 rocket in the initial assault, but despite the serious wounds, placed a deadly volume of machine gun fire on the enemy line. As the enemy advanced, he succeeded in breaking the assault and forced them to withdraw with numerous casualties. When the enemy regrouped, they resumed their assault on the beleaguered team, placing a heavy volume of small arms and automatic weapons fire on Staff Sergeant Bargewell's sector of the defensive perimeter. Again he exposed himself to the enemy fire in order to hold his position and prevent the enemy from overrunning the small team. After breaking the enemy assault, the team withdrew to a nearby guard. At the landing zone, Staff sergeant Bargewell refused medical treatment in order to defend a sector of the perimeter, and insured the safe extraction of his team. Staff Sergeant Bargewell's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty were in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the United States Army. Death Bargewell died near his home at the age of 71. Awards and decorations Bargewell was inducted into the U.S. Army Ranger Hall of Fame in 2011. References External links "House to Look Into Probe of Pendleton Marines" by Tony Perry, LA Times 1947 births 2019 deaths United States Army generals Members of the United States Army Special Forces Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States) Recipients of the Legion of Merit United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War United States Army personnel of the Gulf War People from Hoquiam, Washington Military personnel from Washington (state) Delta Force United States Army Rangers Accidental deaths in Alabama
5384274	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon-Rae%20Fletcher	Jon-Rae Fletcher	Jon-Rae Fletcher is a Canadian singer-songwriter. He has recorded both as a solo artist and with a back-up band, The River. Background Fletcher grew up in Kelowna, British Columbia, where as the son of a minister, he sang in his church's choir. Eventual musical developments included his discovery of Kurt Cobain and the formation of his own garage band. Jon-Rae later moved and founded the original River band with a collective of Vancouver friends, but disbanded the group when he moved east. The River was reformed with like-minded Toronto musicians in 2003, and they grew into a popular cult band with an ever-expanding audience. Combining country, gospel, rock, and soul, Jon-Rae & The River created a unique blend of music, sometimes complemented by an on-stage choir. In 2006, Exclaim! labeled Fletcher "one of Toronto’s most captivating front-men, thanks to his impassioned performances and his glorious alt-gospel songs. Fuelled by alcohol and a fervent belief in the songs they're playing." Their critically acclaimed album Knows What You Need was released in 2006, but the band broke up soon afterward. Fletcher moved back out west, settling in Brentwood Bay, British Columbia. He released the full length Oh, Maria on (weewerk) in 2009 and toured to promote the album with a new band lineup. Several of his former backing musicians in The River later re-emerged with the alternative country band One Hundred Dollars. Discography Now Then (2000), Deerandbird Records Then Again (2001), Deerandbird Records The Road (2003), Hive-Fi Recordings Just A Closer Walk (2004), Blocks Recording Club Jon-Rae Fletcher & The River, Live Series (2005), Deerandbird Records Old Songs for the New Town (2005), Permafrost Records Knows What You Need (2006), We Are Busy Bodies Oh, Maria (2009), Weewerk References Canadian guitarists Canadian rock singers Canadian country singer-songwriters Living people Musicians from Kelowna Year of birth missing (living people) Canadian male guitarists Canadian male singer-songwriters
3992347	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25th%20Marine%20Regiment%20%28United%20States%29	25th Marine Regiment (United States)	The 25th Marine Regiment (25th Marines) is one of two infantry regiments in the 4th Marine Division of the United States Marine Corps. From its headquarters in Fort Devens, Massachusetts, the regiment commands fifteen training centers in nine states throughout the Northeast. These units consist of approximately 3,500 reserve and active duty Marines and are located from Maine to Delaware, West Virginia and as far west as Ohio. The 25th Marines is primarily a cold weather regiment and frequently trains in northern Norway. Mission Prepare for employment as a regiment tasked to plan and conduct combat operations in order to locate, close with, and destroy the enemy by fire and maneuver, or to repel his assault by close combat. The reserve mission is to provide trained and qualified units and individuals to augment, reinforce, or reconstitute the active component of the Marine Corps in time of war, national emergency, and such other times as the national security may require. Current units The regiment comprises three infantry battalions and a headquarters company. The regiment also has a support company that provides one anti armor section to every infantry battalion in the 4th Marine Division. Anti-Tank Training Company - Broken Arrow, Oklahoma Headquarters Company - Fort Devens, Massachusetts 1st Battalion, 25th Marines (1/25) - Fort Devens, Massachusetts 2nd Battalion, 25th Marines (2/25) - Garden City, New York 3rd Battalion, 25th Marines (3/25) - Brook Park, Ohio 1st Battalion, 24th Marines (1/24) - Detroit, Michigan History The 25th Marines was activated on 1 May 1943, at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina and was initially composed of Marines from throughout the Northeast. The regiment was subsequently assigned to the 4th Marine Division for service in World War II. Initially located at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California, the regiment was ordered to the Pacific Theater in January 1944 and participated in the Battle of Kwajalein, Saipan, Battle of Tinian and the Battle of Iwo Jima. D-day Iwo found 1/25 the assault Battalion on blue 1, 3/25 was the assault battalion on blue 2 and 2/25 was the reserve for blue beaches. Transports to target were: - 1/25; - 2/25; and -3/25. The regiment won two Presidential Unit Citations for its participation in these battles. The 25th Marines returned to Camp Pendleton at the end of the war and on 10 November 1945 the regiment was deactivated. On 1 July 1962, 16 ½ years after its colors had been folded following its service in World War II, the 4th Marine Division was reactivated as a reserve division. This reactivation included all three battalions of the 25th Marines. Reserve Marines of the regiment have served alongside their regular counterparts in training exercises throughout the world. In February 1991 the entire regiment was activated for Operation Desert Storm. Although, only 1st Battalion deployed into Southwest Asia and participated in the 1st Marine Division's initial breach of Iraqi defenses, the regimental headquarters, 2nd and 3rd Battalions mobilized in support of other operational requirements. In January 2002 the regimental headquarters Company and 2nd Battalion, 25th Marines moved to Camp Lejeune, North Carolina in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Noble Eagle. Subsequently, Headquarters Company and 2nd Battalion, 25th Marines were deactivated in January 2003. Since 2003 the regiment has routinely deployed infantry battalions, advisor teams, and Military Transition Teams to Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Horn of Africa in support of the Global War on Terror. Concurrently, the regiment actively participates in numerous bilateral and multilateral theater engagement operations throughout the globe. Regimental Commanders Colonel Richard H. Schubert (1 May 1943 – 27 July 1943) Colonel Samuel C. Cumming (28 July 1943 – 10 April 1944) Colonel Merton J. Batchelder (11 April 1944 – 31 October 1944) Colonel John R. Lanigan (1 November 1944 - October 1945) Colonel William W. Davies (October 1945 – 10 November 1945) Notable former members Drew Carey, game show host, actor, comedian and Seattle Sounders FC part owner. Harry O'Neill, served in Weapons Company during World War II Wilbur F. Simlik, served with Company L, 3rd Battalion on Iwo Jima; later Major General, USMC Mayor Jondavid R. Longo, served with Company K, 3rd Battalion in Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan See also List of United States Marine Corps regiments Organization of the United States Marine Corps Notes References Bibliography Web 25th Marine Regiment's official website 4th Marine Division (United States) Military units and formations in Massachusetts Military units and formations established in 1943 Infantry25 Infantry units and formations of the United States Marine Corps
5384294	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20L.%20Smith%20%28politician%29	Robert L. Smith (politician)	Robert L. Smith (born May 1931) was a Republican politician from Idaho. Smith was the 1974 Republican nominee for the United States Senate seat in Idaho. He was defeated by Democratic incumbent Frank Church. References Living people Idaho Republicans 1931 births
3992352	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FN%20Model%201910	FN Model 1910	The FN Model 1910 is a blowback-operated, semi-automatic pistol designed by John Browning and manufactured by Fabrique Nationale of Belgium. Development The FN Model 1910, also known as the Browning model 1910, was a departure for Browning. Before, his designs were produced by both FN in Europe and Colt Firearms in the United States. Since Colt did not want to produce it, Browning chose to patent and produce this design in Europe only. Introduced in 1910, this pistol used a novel operating spring location surrounding the barrel. This location became the standard in such future weapons as the Walther PPK and Russian Makarov. It incorporated the standard Browning striker-firing mechanism and a grip safety along with a magazine safety and an external safety lever (known as the "triple safety") in a compact package. Offered in both .380 ACP (6-round magazine) and .32 ACP (7-round magazine) calibres, it remained in production until 1983. It is possible to switch calibres by changing only the barrel. However, FN never offered packages containing a single pistol with both calibre barrels. Variants A variant of the Model 1910 was known variously as the Model 1922 or 1910/22. This was a larger model with a longer barrel (113 mm), slide extension, and a longer grip frame to accommodate an extra two rounds. This model was aimed at military and police contracts and many examples were produced for various agencies. The FN Model 1910 was initially designed for the Kingdom of Serbia. In 1913, a purchase order for 235, Model 1910 semi automatic pistols was made by the Serbian National Army. The purchase was made for the 1st and 2nd Timok infantry divisions of the first army. 1910/1922 pistols went on to see extensive service in World War Two, and continued to be manufactured by the Germans after their occupation of Belgium and seizure of the FN factory. These examples carry Nazi production stamps, and most have simple chequered wood grips instead of the earlier horn or plastic grips bearing the FN logo. The FN Model 1922 was also used by the following countries: Yugoslavia (60,000 Automatski pistolj (Brauning) 9mm M.22 between 1923 and 1930), The Netherlands, Greece, Turkey, Romania, France, Finland, Denmark, and West Germany in the post war period. While the Model 1910 was widely sold on both civilian and military markets, the Model 1922 was considered specifically a military and police pistol, with FN offering it to individual civilians only by special order. In 1955, the Browning Arms Company introduced the Model 1910 pistol for the American market as the Model 1955. Made in Belgium, this model was virtually identical to the European model except for the markings and grips. Importation ceased in 1968 due to the passage of stricter gun-control laws in the U.S. Another version, the Model 1971, featured a longer barrel and slide (similar in length to the Model 1922, but with a one-piece slide), adjustable sights, a finger-rest magazine, and enlarged "target" grips. These features were intended to comply with the Gun Control Act of 1968 which had halted import of the Model 1955. The or Hamada Type Automatic handgun was a semi-automatic pistol developed in 1941 for use by the Empire of Japan during World War II. Developed by Bunji Hamada, the pistol took its basic design from the Model 1910 Browning. Production occurred at the Japanese Firearms Manufacturing Company, with only minor changes made as the war progressed. Incidents An FN M1910, serial number 19074, chambered in .380 ACP was the handgun used by Gavrilo Princip to assassinate Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914, the act that precipitated the First World War. Numerous previous sources erroneously cited the FN Model 1900 in .32 calibre as being the weapon Princip used. This has led to confusion over the calibre of the pistol actually used. Paul Doumer, President of France, was assassinated by Russian emigre Paul Gorguloff on 6 May 1932 with a Model 1910 in .32 ACP. The pistol is now in the Musée des Collections Historiques de la Préfecture de Police. A Model 1910 was also allegedly used to assassinate Huey Long, governor of Louisiana, on 5 September 1935. During the world wars, the FN 1910 was used by the militaries of Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Finland, Japan (private orders for Japanese officers), and by Peru and Venezuela postwar. Hannie Schaft used a model M1922 during her assassinations as part of the Dutch communist resistance against Nazi occupation of the Netherlands. Notes References Modern Firearms - Handguns - Browning 1910, 1922 and 380 Vojta, Jira T. in AutoMag, Volume XXXII, Issue 10, January 2000, pp. 231–233. Henrotin, Gerard - FN Browning pistols 1910 & 1922 - HLebooks.com, 2006. Unblinking Eye - FN Model 1910 External links Voorschrift Pistool F.N. Kal. 9 m.m. en 7.65 m.m. (Dutch manual for the FN (Fabrique Nationale) Modèle 1922 and the FN M1906 (M1905) Vest pocket pistol) FN pistol model 1910 (infographic tech. drawing) Early semi-automatic pistols Model 1910 Simple blowback firearms Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1910 .32 ACP semi-automatic pistols .380 ACP semi-automatic pistols
5384303	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier%20Challenger%20850	Bombardier Challenger 850	The Bombardier Challenger 800 is the largest super-midsize business jet that was built by Bombardier Aerospace. It is based on Bombardier's 50-seat Bombardier CRJ200 LR. The Challenger 850 is the updated version, produced from 2006 to 2015. Design and development The Challenger 850 is derived from the Bombardier CRJ200 airliner. It is capable of accommodating 12–16 passengers. The Challenger 850 jet has a transcontinental range and a high-speed cruise of Mach 0.80. The Challenger 850 was first manufactured in 1996 as the Challenger SE (Special Edition) and rebranded in 2006 as the Challenger 850. Production ended in 2012 following completion of 71 deliveries. Specifications {{Aircraft specs \|ref=Bombardier website \|prime units?=met \|crew=2 + 1 \|capacity=up to 16 \|length m=26.77 \|span m=21.21 \|height m=6.22 \|wing area sqm=48.35 \|wing area sqft= \|wing area note= \|swept area sqm= \|swept area sqft= \|swept area note= \|volume m3= \|volume ft3= \|volume note= \|aspect ratio= \|airfoil= \|empty weight kg=15,440 \|empty weight note= Maximum ramp weight: Maximum takeoff weight: Maximum landing weight: Maximum zero fuel weight: Typical basic operating weight: Maximum usable fuel weight: Maximum payload (D-E): Payload – full fuel (A-E-F): Fuel with maximum payload (A-D): \|eng1 number=2 \|eng1 name=General Electric CF34-3B1 \|eng1 type=turbofan engines \|eng1 kn=38.84 \|eng1 note= for take=off in ISA + 8°C (73°F) \|max speed mach=(Vmo) 0.850 \|cruise speed kmh=819 \|cruise speed note= High-speed cruise: M0.80 / Long-range cruise speed: M0.74 / \|range km=5,206 \|range note=at M 0.74 (Theoretical range with NBAA IFR Reserves, ISA, 8 pax/2 crew. Actual range will be affected by speed, weather, selected options and other factors.) \|ceiling m=12,500 \|more performance= Balanced field length (SL, ISA, MTOW): 6,305 ft (1,922 m) Landing distance (SL, ISA, MLW): 2,910 ft (887 m) Noise Level:' Flyover: 78.8, Approach: 92.1, Lateral: 82.4 (EPNdB) \|avionics= Rockwell Collins Pro Line 4 six-screen EFIS Two-Screen EICAS Dual FMS 4200 Dual GPS Dual IRS Dual DME/ Dual ADF Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System (EGPWS) Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS II) }} See also References External links Bombardier Challenger 850 homepage Bombardier launches corporate shuttles from Aviation Challenger 850 1990s Canadian business aircraft Twinjets T-tail aircraft Aircraft first flown in 2006
5384313	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch%20Hunt%20%28novel%29	Witch Hunt (novel)	Witch Hunt is a 1993 crime novel by Ian Rankin, under the pseudonym "Jack Harvey". It is the first novel he wrote under this name. Plot summary A fishing boat sinks in the English Channel in the middle of the night, and the evidence points to murder. Ex-MI5 operative Dominic Elder comes out of retirement to help investigate the explosion of the boat, as it appears that his long-time obsession, a female assassin known as "Witch", may be responsible. Using the boat to get to England from France, Witch left a subtle trail of clues to announce her arrival and to warn off Elder. But that is the least of Special Branch's worries, if Elder's well-honed intuition is correct. He has seen her work before and knows her to be a resourceful enemy, who always seems a step ahead of the authorities. With an imminent summit of world leaders to be held in London, Witch's target seems obvious. Young Michael Barclay's thoroughness leads him onto Witch's trail, with the help of his liaison in the French police, Dominique Herault. Apart from her language help and guidance around Paris, Michael is sexually attracted to her. The team of detectives and MI5 agents, and the terrorist, play cat-and-mouse with each other in Scotland, England, France, and even briefly visit a former associate of Witch in prison in Germany. 1993 British novels Thriller novels Novels by Ian Rankin Works published under a pseudonym Headline Publishing Group books
3992357	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leszek%20Moczulski	Leszek Moczulski	Robert Leszek Moczulski (, born 7 June 1930) is a Polish historian and politician, a member of various organizations, first supporting then supposedly opposing the communist regime in the People's Republic of Poland while dividing the opposition movement. Leszek Moczulski was born on 7 June 1930 in Warsaw. Shortly after the war and the Communist take-over of power in Poland, Moczulski became involved in various communist organizations. In 1947 he became a member of the Association of Fighting Youth and the following year he became the member of the Polish Workers' Party and the ZMP youth organization. Then since 1950 young Moczulski was a member of the Polish United Workers' Party (PUWP). In 1951 he graduated from the Academy of Political Studies, a school of cadres for the communist regime. The following year he graduated also from the faculties of Law and Journalism at the Warsaw University. He completed his education in 1958 by graduating from the faculty of history at the same university. About that time he started to work as a journalist for various Warsaw-based newspapers and weeklies, among them the Życie Warszawy, Dookoła Świata and Stolica weekly. As a historian, Moczulski focused mostly on modern history of Poland, including the history of the Polish Defensive War. Initially, according to the Polish lustration court, a secret informer of the Służba Bezpieczeństwa secret political police, in late 1970s Moczulski most probably broke up (or just the opposite) with the regime and started working for various anti-communist associations. He was one of the inspirers of the creation and the spokesperson of the Movement for Defense of Human and Civic Rights. Conflicted with the rest of the members, he tried to break it up by forming a ZINO faction, which was however unsuccessful. Finally, on 1 September 1979 Moczulski announced the creation of the Confederation of Independent Poland. As a politician, Moczulski referred to the rightist wing of the pre-war Sanacja and the supporters of Józef Piłsudski. In his political works he focused mostly on economical aspect of the possible transformation of Communist planned economy into free market economy. Among the most notable of his actions of the 1980s was a memorandum of February 1985, in which he urged the governments of United Kingdom and the United States to fulfill the promises of the Yalta Conference of 1945 and organise free elections in Poland. For such actions, Moczulski was arrested several times and held in prisons as a political prisoner. After the Round Table Talks and the peaceful transfer of power from the communist regime to the democratic authorities, Moczulski distanced himself from the agreement and openly criticised the idea of gruba kreska, instead supporting an idea of decommunization, a concept coined after the post-World War II de-nazification of Nazi Germany. He also stayed off the Solidarity movement. He failed to gain enough support in the Kraków-Podgórze constituency for his candidacy to the Sejm in the Contract elections of 1989. The following year he took part in the presidential elections scoring 2.50% of votes. In the Polish parliamentary elections of 1991 he became a member of the parliament. He held his post in the elections of 1993. During his membership, he was a president of various commissions, including the commissions responsible for foreign policies, for support of Polonia, as well as the commission working on the project of the new constitution. Moczulski also took part in the presidential election of 1995, though he withdrew his candidacy. In 1992, during the last days of the government of Jan Olszewski, Moczulski was accused by Antoni Macierewicz of being one of the secret agents of the Służba Bezpieczeństwa (SB), a communist secret police. In 1997, after the Lustration Act took place, Moczulski himself asked the lustration tribunal to investigate the matter. However, contrary to his official stance, he was found guilty of hiding his collaboration with the SB during the period 1969-1977, which ended his political career. Note According to the Polish Lustration Act, all candidates to the Sejm, Senate or government are to announce whether they collaborated with secret services of the communist regime of Poland. The declaration is then printed on all official lists of candidates. References 1930 births Living people Writers from Warsaw 20th-century Polish historians Polish male non-fiction writers Members of the Polish Sejm 1991–1993 Members of the Polish Sejm 1993–1997 Candidates in the 1990 Polish presidential election University of Warsaw alumni
3992362	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Hinkel	Hans Hinkel	Hans Hinkel (22 June 1901 – 8 February 1960) was a German journalist and ministerial official in Nazi Germany. He studied at the University of Bonn, where he was a member of the academic fencing fraternity Sugambria. Hinkel had served in the Freikorps and joined the NSDAP in 1921. From 1930 to 1932 he was the editor of the Völkischer Beobachter in Berlin. After the Nazis seized power in 1933, he became Reich Organization Leader of the Militant League for German Culture (Kampfbund für Deutsche Kultur or KfdK) and manager of the Reich Culture Chamber (Reichskulturkammer). Background From 1935, Hinkel was responsible as a special commissioner for "cultural particulars" at the Reich Ministry for the People's Enlightenment and Propaganda. In this function, Hinkel, an SS officer and member of the Blood Order, was responsible for Anti-Semitic issues and particularly for the removal of Jews ("Entjudung") from cultural undertakings. Hans Hinkel was, for instance, the driving force behind the pressure brought to bear on the popular actor Joachim Gottschalk to get him to separate from his Jewish wife. In late 1942, Hans Hinkel took over the leadership of the film department at the Reich Ministry for the People's Enlightenment and Propaganda. Hinkel also organized test screenings of films before propaganda experts, institutions, and authorities. Testing propaganda films for their effectiveness was an ongoing business. Since Anti-Semitic film propaganda touched on one of Nazism's core issues, these test screenings served at the same time as a way to commit the whole propaganda apparatus to a common, radical line. As Reich Culture Governor, Hinkel's work consisted of, among other things, approving events staged by the Cultural Federation of German Jews (Kulturbund Deutscher Juden) on a case-by-case basis. Hinkel thereby saw to it that this Federation was sealed off from non-Jewish artists' contributions. The Federation was dissolved in 1942. In March 1944, Hans Hinkel was appointed National Film Superintendent (Reichsfilmintendant). In this capacity he took steps to ensure that during the final phase of the war more half of the members of the German feature industry fulfilled their duty to serve in the German army and the militia (Volkssturm). In 1945 he was interned by the Allies and in 1947 he was handed over to Poland to face charges for his involvement in theft of Polish cultural properties. After the deportation from Poland into the Federal Republic of Germany 1952 Hinkel was never held responsible for his acts. Hinkel's works, published under the titles Manual of the National Cultural Chamber and Jew Quarter of Europe were placed in the Soviet zone of occupation on the list of prohibited literature. See also List of Nazi Party leaders and officials References External links 1901 births 1960 deaths People from Worms, Germany People from Rhenish Hesse Nazi Party politicians Militant League for German Culture members Nazi Party officials Holocaust perpetrators Nazi propaganda SS-Gruppenführer 20th-century Freikorps personnel Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany
5384314	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serrasalmidae	Serrasalmidae	The Serrasalmidae (serrasalmids) are a family of characiform fishes, recently elevated to family status. It includes more than 90 species. The name means "serrated salmon family", which refers to the serrated keel running along the belly of these fish. Fish classified as Serrasalmidae are also known by these common names: pacu, piranha, and silver dollar. These common names generally designate differing dental characteristics and feeding habits. Description Serrasalmids are medium- to large-sized characiform fishes that reach about long, generally characterized by a deep, laterally compressed body with a series of midventral abdominal spines or scutes, and a long dorsal fin (over 16 rays). Most species also possess an anteriorly directed spine just before the dorsal fin extending from a supraneural bone; exceptions include members of the genera Colossoma, Piaractus, and Mylossoma. Most serrasalmids have about 60 chromosomes, ranging from 54 to 62.Metynnis has 62 chromosomes, as does Catoprion, Pristobrycon striolatus, and Pygopristis. Distribution Serrasalmids inhabit all major and some minor Atlantic river systems in South America east of the Andes, but have been introduced to other areas. Species range from about 10°N latitude south to about 35°S latitude. Ecology The diets of the various serrasalmid fishes include seeds, fruits, leaves, and various invertebrate and vertebrate prey, as well as fish flesh, scales, and fins. To emphasize the diversity of diets, authors commonly highlight the fruit- and leaf-eating pacus and the highly carnivorous piranhas. Most in the family other than piranhas are primarily herbivorous. In contrast, piranhas have been long believed to be strict carnivores. Many species change diets depending on age and resource availability. The primarily carnivorous piranha group comprises the genera Catoprion, Pristobrycon, Pygocentrus, Pygopristis and Serrasalmus, but based on phylogeny also the mainly herbivorous (although with omnivorous tendencies) Metynnis. The remaining primarily herbivorous species can be divided into two groups based on ecology and, to some extent, phylogeny: Colossoma, Mylossoma and Piaractus are mainly found in relatively slow-moving waters, and feed extensively on fruits, nuts and seeds, playing an important role as seed dispersers. Mylesinus, Myleus, Ossubtus, Tometes and Utiaritichthys are found in fast-flowing sections of rivers, and mainly feed on aquatic plants, especially Podostemaceae. Myloplus mostly feed on plant material and some of its species are phylogenetically related with the previous group, but this genus includes species of both slow and fast-flowing waters. Taxonomy The Serrasalmidae were recently classified as a subfamily of the Characidae. Their relationship to other characiforms has yet to be determined. The taxonomy and systematics of piranhas and their relatives are complicated and much remains unsettled. Consequently, both species identification and phylogenetic placement of many taxa are problematic. However, the ongoing classification of these fish is difficult and often contentious, with ichthyologists basing ranks according to characteristics that may overlap irregularly (see Cladistics). Ultimately, classifications can be rather arbitrary. Despite this, the Serrasalmidae are relatively well understood, and agreement is wide on the genera and species included. Fossil record The fossil record, particularly for piranhas, is relatively sparse. Most known fossils are from the Miocene, although a few unidentified forms are considered Paleocene and two reportedly date to as early as the Late Cretaceous. Fossils of a living species of Colossoma from the Miocene have been described, suggesting a very conservative history for a specialized herbivorous fish. All serrasalmine genera had originated by the middle Miocene, with the possible exception of three of the four piranha genera (Pygocentrus, Pristobrycon, and Serrasalmus). Relationship to humans Many serrasalmids are in demand as aquarium ornamentals, and several pacus, such as Piaractus and Colossoma, are economically important to commercial fisheries and aquaculture. Piranhas are generally less valued, although they are commonly consumed by subsistence fishers and frequently sold for food in local market's. A few piranha species occasionally appear in the aquarium trade, and, in recent decades, dried specimens have been marketed as tourist souvenirs. Piranhas occasionally bite and sometimes injure bathers and swimmers, but serious attacks are rare and the threat to humans has been exaggerated. However, piranhas are a considerable nuisance to commercial and sport fishers because they steal bait, mutilate catch, damage nets and other gear, and may bite when handled. References Fish of South America Extant Miocene first appearances Ray-finned fish families ka:პირანიასებრნი
5384318	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Webster%20%28writer%29	Sam Webster (writer)	Sam Webster is an American writer, Thelemite, a member of the Golden Dawn tradition, and Bishop Tau Ty of Ecclesia Gnostica Universalis, as well as an initiate of Wicca. Webster holds a Master of Divinity degree from the Starr King School for the Ministry at the Graduate Theological Union in Berkeley, California. He advocates open source religion—the use of the open source paradigm in the field of spirituality. He has written a number of articles and essays on occult and pagan topics, publishing both online and in periodicals including Green Egg, Mezlim, Gnosis and PanGaea. Many of his essays on Pagan Dharma and Thelema have been made available online. In 2001, he was one of a number of Neopagans interviewed in Modern Pagans - An Investigation of Contemporary Pagan Ritual, a feature article in the counter-cultural journal RE/Search. He has founded or cofounded several occult and Pagan organizations, including the Chthonic-Ouranian OTO (1985) and the Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn (2002). Webster's book Tantric Thelema was published in January 2010. Writings Constellation, 1984. Abyss and Back, 1988. A metaphor is something like a bucket, 1988. What's Crowley got to do with Thelema, Anyway?, 1988. The Rite of the Milk of the Stars, 1990. "The Spell of Ra-Hoor-Khuit" in Mezlim, Beltane 1990. "The House of Khabs" in Mezlim, Samhain, 1991. The Star Child, 1991. Process in the Symbolic Re-Creation of the World, 1992. Rite of Passage Structure in the Japanese Accession Ceremonies, 1992. Changing Society through Ritual, 1993. What is Polytheism and how I became Polytheistic, 1993. "Working Polytheism" in Gnosis #28, Spring 1993.Home The World as Lover Working, 1993. "Structural Implications in the Sepherot", 1994. "Pagan Dharma" in Gnosis #39, Spring, 1996.Home The Bones of Sex and Spirit, 1996. "Why I call Myself Pagan", 1999 in Reclaiming Quarterly The Spiral Dance - History and Traditions "Pagan Dharma 2" in PanGaea, 1999. A Thelemic Ganachakra, 2001. (see Ganachakra) Entering the Buddhadharma, 2002.OSOGD: Library: Entering the Buddhadharma Preliminary notes towards an understanding of the Neophyte Hall in the Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn., 2002.OSOGD: Library: Y Documents: Understanding the Neophyte Hall Towards a General Theory of Divination, 2002. The Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn Ritual, Magick & How Pagans will Save the World, 2004. The Pagan Agenda, 2005. Tantric Thelema, Concrescent Press (2010) Notes Sources Further reading Brooks, Andrew. Beltane Keynote Speaker Urges Pagan Revival in The Oberlin Review, April 21, 2006. Magliocco, Sabina. Witching Culture: Folklore and Neo-Paganism in America. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004. Vale, V. and John Sulak (2001). Modern Pagans. San Francisco: Re/Search Publications. External links Sam Webster: Initiate of the Mysteries Chthonic Auranian Templars of Thelema Ecclesia Gnostica Universalis Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn Living people American occult writers American Thelemites American Wiccans Ceremonial magicians Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn Starr King School for the Ministry alumni Year of birth missing (living people)
5384319	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont%2C%20Prince%20Edward%20Island	Belmont, Prince Edward Island	Belmont (pop. 150) is a Canadian rural farming community located in the larger community of Lot 16 in central Prince County, Prince Edward Island. Lot 16 is actually three communities: Belmont, Central, and Southwest Lot 16, and is one of the last communities on Prince Edward Island to continue using their lot designation from the original Island survey by Samuel Holland in the 18th century. The community is situated at the southwestern shore of Malpeque Bay and its primary industry is agriculture, notably dairy and beef cattle, as well as potato and grain crops. Author Lucy Maud Montgomery taught at the Belmont School during the early 20th century. This one room schoolhouse now resides at Avonlea Village in Cavendish, PEI. Residents of Belmont are largely of English, Scottish, Irish, and French ancestry, with recent immigrants from other backgrounds. Belmont is also home to Belmont Provincial Park, a day-use park located at Winchester Cape, jutting into the bottom of Malpeque Bay alongside the Grand River, a salt-water estuary of Malpeque Bay. Lobster, mussels and oysters are fished along the coast of Belmont, but Belmont is not home to a harbour or wharf. The only public building in Belmont is its only church, the Belmont United Baptist Church, which maintains a cemetery about 1 km away. References Communities in Prince County, Prince Edward Island
5384325	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Shaddai%20%28song%29	El Shaddai (song)	"El Shaddai" (sometimes styled "El-Shaddai") is a contemporary Christian music song. It was written by Michael Card and John Thompson, using direct quotes from scripture as their inspiration, and recorded by Card on his 1981 debut album, Legacy. However, the best known version of the song was by singer Amy Grant, whose rendition was recorded in 1982 on her platinum-certified album Age to Age. The title comes from a Judaic name of God, usually translated as "God Almighty" (see El Shaddai). Approximately half the lyrics of the chorus are in the Hebrew language, which is rather unusual for a contemporary Christian song. The recording was in the style of a performance ballad, but the song was subsequently published in some hymnbooks and is occasionally sung congregationally. The song was a hit single for Grant, reaching the top ten of the Christian radio chart. "El Shaddai" won "Song of the Year" and Card won "Songwriter of the Year" at the 1983 GMA Dove Awards. It was also named one of the "Songs of the Century" by the RIAA in 2001. Grant has recorded at least three different studio versions and one partial version: The original Age to Age version is primarily performed on piano, with harp and string accompaniment. Drums do not appear in this version until the climactic third chorus. This is the version used on most compilations. Grant also incorporated a portion of the song (similar to the Age to Age rendition, but slightly more uptempo) into her Ageless Medley promo release. The medley was named for the Age to Age album, which in turn took its name from the lyrics of "El Shaddai". Before releasing her album Behind the Eyes in 1997, Grant released a CD single of "Takes a Little Time"; the B-side was a newly recorded version of "El Shaddai". This version is notable for the prominent violin accompaniment used throughout the recording. This recording has never been made available on any album or compilation. Grant recorded another new version of the song for her 2005 album Rock of Ages...Hymns and Faith. This version is more in a light pop style, with acoustic guitar and drums throughout, and features harmony vocals and acoustic guitar solo by Grant's husband, Vince Gill. This version is included in the WOW Worship: Aqua compilation, and Grant's 2015 compilation album Be Still and Know... Hymns & Faith. "El Shaddai" has been covered by many contemporary Christian and gospel recording artists, including Pat Boone, Winans Phase 2, and Eden's Bridge. Michael Card re-recorded the song for his 1994 compilation, Joy in the Journey. There also exist translated versions which combine Hebrew with other languages. Lyrics Michael Card's original lyrics included a line "Though the Jews just couldn't see/ What Messiah ought to be"; Amy Grant changed this to "Though the people couldn't see/ What Messiah ought to be." Most covers incorporate Grant's change, and even Card uses "though the people failed to see...". Translation of Hebrew lyrics El Shaddai (אל שׁדי) is most often translated as "God Almighty". El-Elyon na Adonai (אל עליון נא אדני) is a combination of two names for God, meaning "God Most High, please my Lord". (The 'ai' in 'Adonai' is a possessive.) Na (נא) is a particle of entreaty, translated "please" or "I/we beseech thee", or left untranslated. Erkamka na Adonai is based on Psalm 18:1 (except for the "na," which is added) Erḥamkha (ארחמך) Adonai, "I love you, my Lord." Psalm 18:1 is the only place that the Hebrew Bible uses this verb for love in the Qal stem; this is normally an Aramaic usage. Hebrew uses this verb in the Pi'el stem in the context of compassion rather than love. Possibly - most likely - "kan-naw" is from Exodus 34:14 meaning "jealous" - for you shall not worship any other god, for the LORD, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God... For more information on the translation, see Names of God in Judaism, El Shaddai, El (god), and Elyon. Charts Music sample See also Dove Award for Song of the Year Dove Award for Songwriter of the Year References El Shaddai El Shaddai 1982 songs Myrrh Records singles Song recordings produced by Brown Bannister
3992363	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutiny%20on%20the%20Bounty%20%281962%20film%29	Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)	Mutiny on the Bounty is a 1962 American Technicolor epic historical drama film released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, directed by Lewis Milestone and starring Marlon Brando, Trevor Howard, and Richard Harris. The screenplay was written by Charles Lederer (with uncredited input from Eric Ambler, William L. Driscoll, Borden Chase, John Gay, and Ben Hecht), based on the novel Mutiny on the Bounty by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall. Bronisław Kaper composed the score. The film tells a fictionalized story of the real-life mutiny led by Fletcher Christian against William Bligh, captain of HMAV Bounty, in 1789. It is the second American film to be based on the novel, the first being Mutiny on the Bounty (1935), also produced by MGM. Mutiny on the Bounty was the first motion picture filmed in the Ultra Panavision 70 widescreen process. It was partly shot on location in the South Pacific. Panned by critics, the film was a box office flop, losing more than $6 million (equivalent to $ million in ). Plot In the year 1787, the Bounty sets sail from Britain for Tahiti under the command of Captain William Bligh (Trevor Howard). His mission is to collect a shipload of breadfruit saplings and transport them to Jamaica. The government hopes the plants will thrive and provide a cheap source of food for the slaves. The voyage gets off to a difficult start with the discovery that some cheese is missing. Seaman John Mills (Richard Harris) accuses Bligh, the true pilferer, and Bligh has Mills brutally flogged for showing contempt to his superior officer, to the disgust of his patrician second-in-command, First Lieutenant Fletcher Christian (Marlon Brando). The tone for the months to come is set by Bligh's ominous pronouncement: "Cruelty with a purpose is not cruelty, it is efficiency." Aristocrat Christian is deeply offended by his ambitious captain. Bligh tries to reach Tahiti sooner by attempting the shorter westbound route around Cape Horn, a navigational nightmare. The strategy fails and the Bounty backtracks eastward, costing the mission much precious time. Singlemindedly, Bligh makes up the lost time by pushing the crew harder and cutting their rations. When the Bounty reaches her destination, the crew revels in the easygoing life of the tropical paradise – and in the free-love philosophies of the Tahitian women. Christian himself is smitten with Maimiti (Tarita Teriipaia), daughter of the Tahitian king. Bligh's agitation is further fueled by the fact that the dormancy period of the breadfruit means more months of delay until the plants can be potted. As departure day nears, three men, including seaman Mills, attempt to desert but are caught by Christian and clapped in irons by Bligh. On the voyage to Jamaica, Bligh attempts to bring back twice the number of breadfruit plants to atone for his tardiness, and must reduce the water rations of the crew to water the extra plants. One member of the crew falls from the rigging to his death while attempting to retrieve the drinking ladle. Another assaults Bligh over conditions on the ship and is fatally keelhauled. Mills taunts Christian after each death, trying to egg him on to challenge Bligh. When a crewman becomes gravely ill from drinking seawater, Christian attempts to give him fresh water, in violation of the Captain's orders. Bligh strikes Christian when he ignores his second order to stop. In response, Christian strikes Bligh. Bligh informs Christian that he will hang for his actions when they reach port. With nothing left to lose, Christian takes command of the ship and sets Bligh and the loyalist members of the crew adrift in the longboat with navigational equipment, telling them to make for a local island. Bligh decides instead to cross much of the Pacific in order to reach British authorities sooner. He returns to Britain with remarkable speed. The military court exonerates Bligh of any misdeeds and recommends an expedition to arrest the mutineers and put them on trial, but it also comes to the conclusion that the appointment of Bligh as captain of the Bounty was wrong. In the meantime, Christian sails back to Tahiti to pick up supplies and the girlfriends of the crew. Then they go on to remote Pitcairn Island—which is marked incorrectly on the charts—to hide from the wrath of the Royal Navy. However, once on Pitcairn, Christian decides that it is their duty to return to Britain and testify to Bligh's wrongdoing, and he asks his men to sail with him. To prevent this possibility, the men set the ship on fire and Christian is fatally burned while trying to save it. Cast Marlon Brando as 1st Lt. Fletcher Christian Trevor Howard as Capt. William Bligh Richard Harris as Seaman John Mills Hugh Griffith as Seaman Alexander Smith Richard Haydn as Horticulturalist William Brown Tarita Teriipaia as Princess Maimiti Matahiarii Tama as Chief Hitihiti Percy Herbert as Seaman Matthew Quintal Duncan Lamont as John Williams Gordon Jackson as Seaman Edward Birkett Chips Rafferty as Seaman Michael Byrne Noel Purcell as Helmsman William McCoy Ashley Cowan as Samuel Mack Eddie Byrne as John Fryer (Sailing Master) Tim Seely as Midshipman Edward 'Ned' Young Frank Silvera as Minarii Henry Daniell as British chief court-martial admiral (uncredited) Torin Thatcher as British officer Staines (uncredited) Development Following the success of 1935's Mutiny on the Bounty, director Frank Lloyd announced plans in 1940 to make a sequel that focused on Captain Bligh in later life, to star Spencer Tracy or Charles Laughton. No film resulted. In 1945 Casey Wilson wrote a script for Christian of the Bounty, which was to star Clark Gable as Fletcher Christian and focus on Christian's life on Pitcairn Island. This was never filmed. In the 1950s, MGM remade a number of their earlier successes in color and widescreen formats, including Scaramouche and The Prisoner of Zenda. They decided to remake Mutiny on the Bounty, and in 1958 the studio announced that Aaron Rosenberg would produce the film. Marlon Brando was mentioned as a possible star. Eric Ambler was signed to write a script, at $5,000 a week. It was supposed to combine material from the Nordhoff and Hall novels Mutiny on the Bounty and Pitcairn Island. MGM also owned the rights to a third book, Men Against the Sea, which dealt with Bligh's boat voyage after the mutiny. In 1959, Paramount announced that it would make a rival Bounty film, to be written and directed by James Clavell and called The Mutineers. It would focus on the fate of the Mutineers on Pitcairn Island. However, this project did not proceed. Marlon Brando eventually signed with MGM, at a fee of $500,000 plus 10% of the profits. Carol Reed was hired to direct. In order to take full advantage of Technicolor and the widescreen format (shooting in MGM Camera 65), the production was to be filmed on location in Tahiti, with cinematographer Robert Surtees. The film was set to begin shooting on October 15, 1960. It was nicknamed "MGM's Ben Hur of 1961." Brando wrote in his memoirs that he was offered the lead in Lawrence of Arabia around the same time but chose the Bounty because he preferred to go to Tahiti, a place that had long fascinated him, rather than film six months in the desert. "Lean was a very good director, but he took so long to make a movie that I would have dried up in the desert like a puddle of water", wrote Brando. Script Rosenberg said the film would focus more on the fate of the crew after the mutiny, with Captain Bligh only in a minor role and the mutiny dealt with in flashback. "It was Brando's idea", said Rosenberg. "And he was right. It has always been fascinating to wonder what happened to the mutineers afterwards." "The mood after the mutiny must be one of hope", said Reed. "The men hope to live a different sort of life, a life without suffering, without brutality. They hope for a life without sick ambitions, without the pettiness of personal success. They dream of a new life where nobody is trying to outdo the next person." Ambler says his brief was to make Fletcher Christian's part as interesting as Bligh's. MGM executives were unhappy with Ambler's script, although the writer estimated he did 14 drafts. John Gay was signed to write a version in July 1960. Eventually, William Driscoll, Borden Chase (writing in August 1960), Howard Clewes and Charles Lederer would all write scripts. According to one report, Ambler did the first third of the film, about the journey, Driscoll did the second, about life on Tahiti, while Chase did the third, about the mutiny and afterwards. Gay wrote the narration. Then Lederer was brought on before filming was to begin. Cast In July 1960, Peter Finch signed to play Bligh. However, by August the role had gone to Trevor Howard. Brando personally selected a local Tahitian, Tarita, to play his love interest. They married in 1962 and divorced in 1972. Shooting A working replica of the Bounty was built in Nova Scotia at a cost of $750,000 and was sailed to Tahiti. It took nine months to make rather than the scheduled six and arrived after filming had started. Shooting was supposed to begin in October 1960, however delays in the scripting and construction of the ship meant it did not begin until November. More than 150 cast and crew arrived in Tahiti, and MGM took over 200 hotel rooms. Shooting began on November 28. Filming was difficult, in part because the script was being rewritten and Brando was reportedly ad-libbing much of his part. Costs were also high due to the remote location. Despite the ongoing changes to the script and the production's financial and logistical problems, Brando later wrote about how much he enjoyed the island and his interactions with its native people: In January 1961, after three months of filming, Reed flew back from location with an "undisclosed ailment". Reportedly, his departure was due to bouts with gallstones and heat stroke, although other reports stated that Reed was instead unhappy over differences with the direction of the story. By that time, the rainy season had started, so filming halted and the unit returned to Hollywood. MGM then demanded that Reed finish the film within 100 days, but the director said he needed 139. The studio fired him. Brando claims in his memoirs that MGM fired Reed because he wanted to make Bligh the hero. Lewis Milestone Reed was replaced by Lewis Milestone, in what would be his last stint directing a theatrical film. "Reed was used to making his own pictures", said Milestone. "He was not used to producer, studio and star interference. But those of us who have been around Hollywood are like alley cats. We know this style. We know how to survive." Milestone later said "I felt it would be an easy assignment because they'd been on it for months and there surely couldn't be much left to do." However, he says he found that they had only shot one seven-minute scene, where Trevor Howard issues instructions about obtaining breadfruit. Filming resumed in March 1961 at MGM studios. Milestone said that for his first two weeks on the film "Brando behaved himself and I got a lot of stuff done", such as the arrival of the Bounty at Tahiti. The director says he "got on beautifully with" the British actors. "They were real human beings and I had a lot of fun." Milestone says "the trouble started" after the first two weeks. He summarised the cause: "The producer made a number of promises to Marlon Brando which he couldn't keep. It was an impossible situation because, right or wrong, the man simply took charge of everything. You had the option of sitting and watching him or turning your back on him. Neither the producers nor I could do anything about it." The unit returned to Tahiti in April 1961. Filming was plagued by bad weather and script problems. Richard Harris clashed with Brando, and Brando was frequently late to set and difficult while filming. "Marlon did not have approval of the story", said Milestone. "But he did have approval of himself. If Brando did not like something, he would just stand in front of the camera and not act. He thought only of himself. At the same time, he was right in many things that he wanted. He is too cerebral to play the part of Mr. Christian the way Clark Gable played it." Milestone said the script was constantly being rewritten by Charles Lederer on set, with input from Rosenberg, Sol Siegel and Joseph Vogel, as well as Brando. Milestone said Lederer would often work on the script with Brando in the morning, and shooting would not start until the afternoon. Milestone said "you had the option of shooting it, but since Marlon Brando was going to supervise it anyway, I waited until someone yelled 'camera' and went off to sit down somewhere and read the paper." The film ended up costing $10 million more than originally expected. Adding to the turmoil of the production's woes, a Tahitian was killed while filming a canoe sequence. "I have been in this business a few days but I never saw anything like this", said Milestone. "It was like being in a hurricane on a rudderless ship without a captain. I thought when I took the job that it would be a nice trip. By the time it was finished, I felt as though I had been shanghaied." "The big trouble was lack of guts by management at Metro", said Milestone. "Lack of vision. When they realised there was so much trouble with the script they should have stopped the whole damn production. If they did not like Marlon's behavior they should have told him that he must do as they wished or else they should have taken him out of the picture. But they just did not have the guts." Shooting was ultimately finished by October 1961. Post-production In May 1962, work was still being done on the script and the film. The studio was unhappy with the ending. A number of writers, including Brando, pitched ideas. Eventually, Billy Wilder suggested the ending that was shot. Milestone refused to direct it, so George Seaton shot Christian's death scene in August 1962. The Saturday Evening Post ran an article about the making of the film which Brando felt disparaged him. He sued them for $5 million. He got MGM president Joseph Vogel to speak in support of his suit; the tactic backfired and was later used against Vogel when he resigned, not long after the release of the film. Reception Critical response Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote: "There's much that is eye-filling and gripping as pure spectacle", but criticized Marlon Brando for making Fletcher Christian "more a dandy than a formidable ship's officer ... one feels the performance is intended either as a travesty or a lark." Variety called the film "often overwhelmingly spectacular" and "generally superior" to the 1935 version, adding, "Brando in many ways is giving the finest performance of his career." Brendan Gill of The New Yorker wrote that the screenwriter and directors "haven't failed, but a genuine success has been beyond their grasp. One reason for this is that they've received no help from Marlon Brando, who plays Fletcher Christian as a sort of seagoing Hamlet. Since what Fletcher Christian has to say is so much less interesting than what Hamlet has to say, Mr. Brando's tortured scowlings seem thoroughly out of place. Indeed, we tend to sympathize with the wicked Captain Bligh, well played by Trevor Howard. No wonder he behaved badly, with that highborn young fop provoking him at every turn!" Richard L. Coe of The Washington Post called the film an "unquestionably handsome spectacular" that "teeters headlong into absurdity" in its third hour, summarizing: "It would seem that the mutiny occurred only because the hero blew his top and is egotistically disturbed because he did so." The Monthly Film Bulletin of the UK criticized Brando for an "outrageously phony upper-class English accent" and the direction for "looking suspiciously like a multiple hack job." Time wrote that the film "wanders through the hoarse platitudes of witless optimism until at last it is swamped with sentimental bilge." The film holds a rating of 70% on review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes based on 20 reviews, with an average score of 6.5/10. The film's horrible and nightmarish production, Brando's notorious behavior, the immense backlash against Brando by the press for his behavior, the overwhelmingly negative reviews aimed directly at Brando's performance in the film, and the film's disastrous performance at the box office destroyed Brando's film acting career and star power, which was only revived with the release of The Godfather ten years later. Milestone said later he thought Brando's performance was "horrible". Box office The film was the fifth highest-grossing film of 1962 grossing $13,680,000 domestically, earning $7.4 million in US theatrical rentals. However it needed to make $30 million to recoup its budget of $19 million. This meant the film was a box office flop. Awards and nominations Honors The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists: 2005: AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated Home media Ford paid a record $2.3 million for the television rights for one screening in the United States. The film was shown on ABC on Sunday, September 24, 1967, which included a restored prologue and epilogue, cut from release prints of the film before its roadshow premiere, wherein HMS Briton comes across the uncharted island in 1814, and its crew encounters Brown as the only surviving member of the Bounty mutineers (who eventually killed each other out of hate), along with surviving Tahiti islanders, and although Brown is willing to return and face the consequences of their actions, Captain Staines (played by Torin Thatcher) informs him that it is no longer necessary, as the Articles of War had been changed 10 years prior. These pieces were included as bonus features on the film's DVD release in 2006. Comic book adaption Gold Key: Mutiny on the Bounty (February 1963) Legacy Marlon Brando fell in love with Tahiti and in 1966 acquired a 99-year lease on the Tetiaroa atoll. He married Tarita Teriipaia on August 10, 1962. They had two children: Teihotu Brando (born 1963) and Tarita Cheyenne Brando (1970–1995). Brando and Teriipaia divorced in July 1972. See also List of American films of 1962 Bounty (1960 ship) References Notes External links Mutiny on the Bounty at South Seas Cinema 1962 films 1960s historical drama films American epic films Remakes of American films American historical drama films English-language films Films about HMS Bounty Films adapted into comics Films based on American novels Films directed by Lewis Milestone Films scored by Bronisław Kaper Films set in the 18th century Films shot in Bora Bora Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films Military courtroom films Films with screenplays by Charles Lederer Sea adventure films Seafaring films Films set on ships Films about mutinies
5384334	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa%20Open	Okinawa Open	The Asia Japan Okinawa Open was a men's professional golf tournament that was co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour and the Japan Golf Tour. It was played each December from 2002 to 2005 and counted as the first official money event of the following season for both tours, that is for example the 2005 event was part of the 2006 season. The prize fund was US$830,000 each of the first two years. Tournament hosts Winners Earlier tournament An earlier Okinawa Open was played at Awase Meadows golf course from 1961 until 1972. 1972 Chen Chien-chin 1971 Hung Fa 1970 Hiroshi Nomiyama 1969 Chang Tung-chan 1968 Frank Kadota 1967 Chen Chien-chin 1966 Hsu Sheng-san 1965 Bick Long 1964 Finegan Higa 1963 Kuo Chie Hsiung 1962 Kuo Chie Hsiung 1961 Horace Meredith References External links Coverage on the Japan Golf Tour's official site (2003–2006) Defunct golf tournaments in Japan Former Asian Tour events Former Japan Golf Tour events Sports competitions in Okinawa Prefecture Recurring sporting events established in 2002 Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2005
3992376	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%AD%C5%BEov%C3%A1	Čížová	Čížová is a municipality and village in Písek District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,300 inhabitants. Čížová is situated northwest from Písek. Administrative parts Villages of Borečnice, Bošovice, Krašovice, Nová Ves, Topělec and Zlivice are administrative parts of Čížová. Transport Čížová has a train station on the railroad Písek–Zdice. Sights The main landmark is the Church of Saint James the Great with the Chapel of Saint Barbara, which is situated on a hill above Čížová. The church is surrounded by a cemetery on which stays a historical bell tower. There is also several buildings and farms in the Baroque architecture. References External links Villages in Písek District
3992393	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoyan%20Danev	Stoyan Danev	Stoyan Petrov Danev () (28 January 1858, in Şumnu, Ottoman Empire (today Shumen) – 30 July 1949) was a leading Bulgarian liberal politician and twice Prime Minister. A legal graduate of both the University of Heidelberg and the University of Paris, Danev served in a number of Ministerial roles, including Foreign Minister, and became known as a strong supporter of Imperial Russia. During Danev's first period of Prime Minister (which began on 4 January 1902) the question of the Macedonians came to the fore. A group known as the Macedonian Supreme Committee had been established in Sofia by Trayko Kitanchev which aimed to reclaim Macedonian land from the Ottoman Empire. In 1902 the group launched an uprising in the Struma River region, although it was put down and Danev, under advice from Russia, outlawed the movement. His reign was dogged by Macedonia from then until 1903 when he was removed from office due to fear of an all out Macedonian uprising, as well as his opposition to the warlike Macedonian bands who enjoyed some popular support in Bulgaria, and replaced by General Racho Petrov. Danev went on to serve in a number of moderate coalition governments and was a signatory of the Treaty of London. When it became clear that Tsar Ferdinand did not intend honouring the treaty Danev was chosen to succeed Ivan Evstratiev Geshov as Prime Minister, although his second ministry proved brief. He was Minister of Finance from 1916 to 1920. Longevity At the age of , Danev was the oldest Prime Minister in the history of Bulgaria. References 1858 births 1949 deaths Chairpersons of the National Assembly of Bulgaria People from Shumen Prime Ministers of Bulgaria Finance ministers of Bulgaria Heidelberg University alumni University of Paris alumni Bulgarian people of the Balkan Wars Bulgarian expatriates in France Bulgarian expatriates in Germany
5384362	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halliwell%2C%20Greater%20Manchester	Halliwell, Greater Manchester	Halliwell is predominantly a residential area of Bolton, Greater Manchester, England. It gives its name to an electoral ward of the wider Metropolitan Borough of Bolton. The population of this ward taken at the 2011 census was 13,929. Halliwell lies about to the north west of Bolton town centre and is bounded by Tonge Moor to the east and Heaton to the south west. Smithills Hall to the north is within the ancient township. It lies on the lower south facing slopes of the West Pennine Moors. Historically a part of Lancashire, Halliwell once formed an autonomous township in the ancient parish of Deane. Traces of this ancient history still remain. Boundary Street marks the old boundary between Halliwell and the parish of Bolton le Moors, and a modern wall along Gladstone Street also marks this former boundary. The old building on Halliwell Road, much modernised, at the end of the wall, is the former toll house. Halliwell derives its name from the holy well, an ancient spring which used to exist at the northern end of the township off Smithills Croft Road. In Old English it was recorded as halig wella (i.e. holy well). Over the centuries the name has been spelled as Haliwalle (1220), Haliwell (1243), Harywal (1273), and Halewell (1277–8). In Deane Parish Church registers it was spelled Halliwoe and Hollowell. The parish church of St Peter's was consecrated in 1840. Halliwell had a football team, Halliwell F.C., who were one of the strongest teams in the area. They played at a ground known as Holy Harbour which is now buried under modern housing between Arnold Street, Hughes Street and Cloister Street. The houses are social housing and the landlord is Irwell Valley, they were built in 1998 / 1998. The two new builds on the Holy Harbour land are known as Rusheylea Close and Newlea Close. See also St Thomas' Church, Halliwell St Margaret's Church, Halliwell References External links Information about Halliwell Areas of Bolton Holy wells in England Former civil parishes in Greater Manchester
3992399	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmie%20Chanika	Emmie Chanika	Emmie Takomana Chanika (born 26 May 1956) is a Malawian human rights activist. A trained registered nurse, Chanika began working in 1992 as human rights groups started to form and agitate for political change in Malawi which at the time suffered under the dictatorship of Hastings Kamuzu Banda. Emmie Chanika then founded the Civil Liberties Committee (CILIC), which was established in February 1992 as the first human rights organisation in Malawi. Emmie Chanika has been its executive director ever since. Under the banner of CILIC Emmie Chanika has been actively involved in the 1993 Referendum and the 1994 general election Civic Education which led to major democratic change and the end of Hasting Kamuzu Banda's dictatorship in Malawi. Although a trained registered nurse, Emmie Chanika continued to educate herself and among other qualifications obtained her Master of Science degree in Strategic Planning in 2007. In 1995 the first democratic President of Malawi, Bakili Muluzi appointed Chanika to sit on the Mwanza Murders Commission, where former State President Hastings Kamuzu Banda, his right-hand man John Tembo, and confidante Ms. Cecelia Kadzamira were accused of masterminding the assassination of three cabinet ministers and a member of parliament. In the years that followed Emmie Chanika has been a fierce fighter for women and children's rights in a country where male domination is the norm. In the face of intimidation, threats and even physical violence she has been a voice for the oppressed women and children. Many women and children in distress have found their way to the CILIC offices in Blantyre and have received counselling, legal aid and professional advice. Besides promoting democratic values and addressing politically motivated violence Emmie Chanika has also been a pioneer of prison reform in Malawi. In May 2003, she joined other women's rights activists in denouncing Malawi President Bakili Muluzi's habit of publicly making sexist comments against women. "It is sad to note the president insults women in the presence of his wife, the clergy and leaders of the Muslim society," said Chanika. Emmie Chanika continues to be one of the most courageous and influential human rights activists in Malawi and has also been one of the founding members of the human rights consultative forum HRCC. In the 2011 political crisis in Malawi which saw many Malawian taking to the street in anger with president Bingu Wa Mutharika's oppressive policies Emmie Chanika has take a moderate stance. She has been calling for calm and for dialogue rather than confrontation. This stance has prompted accusations that she is now on the payroll of the Malawi government. Nevertheless, these accusations appear unfounded as Emmie Chanika has continued to be vocal in her criticism of the Malawi government. Emmie Chanika disclosed in a recent interview that her organisation CILIC has almost folded because since HIVOS stopped funding CILIC in 2008 it has not received any support from international donors. It appears that CILIC has also been undermined by the government and new civil society organisations who compete for access to donor funds. In spite of lack of funding Emmie Chanika is still an active human rights activists and has recently spoken out strongly on the issue of unscrupulous clergy and traditional religious experts labelling children, the handicapped and the elderly as witches. Besides having authored and co-authored numerous documents and research reports, Emmie Chanika authored a book on Violence against Women and co-authored two books with medical historian and researcher, Dr. Adamson Sinjani Muula of the University of Malawi, College of Medicine. Their best seller is Malawi Lost Decade 1994-2004, all published by MontfortMedia, Balaka. References External links Audio interviews with Emmie Chanika, from Voice of America Child sexual assaults irk women activists, from NewsFromAfrica.org CILIC information, from Research & Teaching, Human Rights, Gender Issues & Democracy in Southern Africa. Living people Malawian human rights activists Malawian women in politics 1956 births
3992405	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittaron%28planet%29	Sagittaron(planet)	{{safesubst:#invoke:RfD\|\|\|month = April \|day = 15 \|year = 2022 \|time = 20:11 \|timestamp = 20220415201138 \|content= REDIRECT Battlestar Galactica }}
5384366	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKeown	McKeown	McKeown and MacKeown are Irish surnames originating both from the Irish Mac Eoghain ("Son of Eoghan") and Mac Eoin ("Son of Eoin"), which are pronounced identically: /mək ˈow ən/ or "McOwen". The surnames are associated with the Mac Eoin Bissett family. A family who arrived in the Irish Glens of Antrim in the 13th century AD with John Bissett. The family settled in the region with other Anglo-Norman families, marrying into local Gaelic families, adopting the Gaelic culture, laws, language and finding themselves totally assimilated into Irish life. It has been suggested that within Northern Ireland's borders there are McKeowns that have a totally separate historical lineage, immigrating to Ireland with Ulster-Scotch planters, settling there during the great plantations. This claim is difficult to substantiate, due to poor church or state records during the plantation period. However, the lack of frequency of the name "McKeown" (and its variants) within earlier Scottish census records does not appear to suggest any evidence of a separate Scottish planter family. There are at least three common ways to pronounce the name. The name is commonly pronounced "Mick-Yone" within Ireland itself, however across the globe a whole range of slightly different pronunciations can now be found. /mɪk ˈjoʊn/ "Mick Yone" /mə ˈkjuən/ "Mick You-En" /mə ˈkiən/ "Mick Key-En" People Bob McKeown, Canadian reporter Charles McKeown, British actor and writer Ciaran McKeown (1943–2019), Northern Ireland peace activist Bishop Donal McKeown Catholic Auxiliary Bishop of Down and Connor Erin McKeown, American singer Gary McKeown, British footballer (retired) Greg McKeown (author), leadership consultant and writer Greg McKeown, American soccer player (retired) James McKeown, Irish football player Jim McKeown (soccer), American soccer player Jim McKeown (racing driver), Australian racing driver Jimeoin McKeown, Irish-Australian comedian and actor John McKeown, Scottish singer Joseph McKeown, British photographer Kaylee McKeown, Australian swimmer Laurence McKeown, Provisional Irish Republican Army member Les McKeown (1955–2021), Scottish singer, former member of the Bay City Rollers M. Margaret McKeown, judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit Max McKeown, British management author Nick McKeown, Professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Stanford University Paul McKeown, Scottish intelligence and analytics expert Sean McKeown, American Herpetologist Susan McKeown, Irish-American singer Taylor McKeown, Australian swimmer Thomas McKeown, British physician and historian Thomas McKeown, Scottish footballer (Celtic, Blackburn Rovers, Scotland) Tom D. McKeown, American politician (US Representative from Oklahoma) See also McCune (surname) McCunn MacEwen English-language surnames Scottish surnames Surnames of Irish origin Anglicised Irish-language surnames Patronymic surnames Surnames from given names
5384371	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed%20Haris%20Ahmed	Syed Haris Ahmed	Syed Haris Ahmed (born 1984) is a naturalized American citizen born in Pakistan who was convicted on June 9, 2009 of conspiring to provide material support to terrorism in the United States and abroad. His trial was a bench trial. He was sentenced in 2009 to 13 years in prison, to be followed by 30 years of supervised release. At the time of his arrest (on March 23, 2006), he was an undergraduate at the Georgia Institute of Technology, majoring in mechanical engineering. Life Ahmed's family immigrated from Pakistan to the United States when he was about 12 years old, settling in the Atlanta, Georgia area. He became a U.S. citizen in 2003. His father, Syed Riaz Ahmed, is a faculty member at North Georgia College & State University. Arrest In March 2005, Ahmed traveled along with Ehsanul Islam Sadequee to Toronto, Ontario, Canada aboard a Greyhound bus to meet with Fahim Ahmad, Jahmaal James and another youth with whom they had spoken online about their mutual interpretation of Islam and jihad. Although the five had discussed hypothetical scenarios in which North America would be attacked, government documents noted there was "no imminent danger". Police informant Mubin Shaikh later stated that he believed the two Americans had been asking whether they would be able to hide in Canada if they were to carry out attacks in the United States. Witnesses later testified that Sadequee and Ahmed might have been inspired by a 2005 film, Paradise Now, about two Palestinian friends being trained to carry out a suicide bombing in Israel. Ahmed was further alleged to have traveled to Pakistan in late 2005 in an attempt to meet with members of the terrorist organization, Lashkar-e-Taiba. On March 23, 2006, Ahmed and Sadequee were arrested after recording so called "casing videos" of "significant commercial buildings". They were charged with providing material support to a terrorist group, and pleaded not guilty. After several men were arrested in Toronto in June 2006 on charges of terrorism, Ahmed and Sadequee were identified as a co-conspirators and both were indicted on July 19, 2006 (this indictment superseding the original one) for conspiring to provide material support to terrorists and conspiring to provide support to a designated foreign terrorist organization, Lashkar-e-Taiba ("Army of the Righteous"). Initially, all documents in the case were sealed at the joint request of the government and the defense, but the indictment was later unsealed at the government's request. During five interviews in March, 2006, Ahmed made a number of self-incriminating statements. Ahmed also led the agents who interviewed him to his parents' home and surrendered the camera that was used for the recordings. At the bail hearing for Sadequee, prosecutors alleged that Ahmed and Sadequee traveled to Washington, D.C. to make "casing videos" of the United States Capitol building, the World Bank, a Masonic temple, and a fuel depot, and that Sadequee then sent the video to now-imprisoned London propagandist Younis Tsouli, better known by his online pseudonym Irhabi007 ("terrorist 007"). Tsouli later confirmed that the pair were the source of the recordings. In August, 2008, US Magistrate Gerrilyn Brill ruled Ahmed's interrogation statements admissible for trial despite defense assertions that the statements were the result of coercion and deception. Brill wrote that Ahmed was "intelligent and had been interviewed by law enforcement twice before", and, therefore, "there is nothing . . . to suggest that his will was critically affected by the agents' various appeals to his Muslim beliefs and there is nothing inherently coercive about such tactics." Although Ahmed had referred to the videos and the discussions with other Muslims as "stupid", he had admitted to the interviewing agents that the recordings could have been used in planning terrorist acts. Ahmed and Sadequee were reindicted by a federal grand jury in December, 2008. Both men were again charged with conspiring to provide material support to terrorists, including trying to join Lashkar-e-Taiba in 2005. According to the new indictment, the videos were passed to another convicted British terrorist, Aabid Hussain Khan, on whose computer they were found subsequent to his own arrest. References External links United States of America against Ehsanul Islam Sadequee, Affidavit in support of arrest warrant by Michael Scherck, March 28, 2006 A portrait of terrorist suspects, June 5, 2006 Living people 2006 Ontario terrorism plot American people imprisoned on charges of terrorism 1984 births Pakistani emigrants to the United States Pakistani Islamists
5384378	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooked%20Man	Crooked Man	Crooked Man may refer to: Film and television The Crooked Man (2003 film), a 2003 British television movie starring Ross Kemp "The Crooked Man", an episode of The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes television series The Crooked Man, an episode of the animated show Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century "The Crooked Man", an episode of the television series The Adventures of Ellery Queen The Crooked Man, the main villain in the Netflix web television series Raising Dion Literature "The Crooked Man", an alternate title of "The Adventure of the Crooked Man", a Sherlock Holmes short story A Crooked Man, a novel by Christopher Lehmann-Haupt "The Crooked Man", a Melinda Snodgrass short story in the anthology Card Sharks "The Crooked Man", a Charles Beaumont short story Music "The Crooked Man", a song from Western Approaches (album) "Crooked Man", a song by Show of Hands from the album As You Were Other uses The Crooked Man, a limited series from Hellboy: The Crooked Man and Others Crooked Man, a 2011 international stand-up tour by Tommy Tiernan The Crooked Man and The Crooked Cat, a 2013 Hidden Object computer game created by Blue Tea Games See also There Was a Crooked Man (disambiguation)
5384388	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teuffenthal	Teuffenthal	Teuffenthal is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. History Teuffenthal is first mentioned in 1344 as Toeffental. The land around the modern village and what ever settlements were there belonged to the Herrschaft of Heimberg in the 13th century. The Heimberg's were under the authority of the Counts of Kyburg. On 11 November 1382, Rudolf II von Kyburg, attempted unsuccessfully to attack Solothurn. His attack started the Burgdorferkrieg (also Kyburgerkrieg) with the Old Swiss Confederacy. Bern used the war to expand north into the Aargau and south into the Oberland. After the Kyburg defeat, as part of the peace treaty, Bern bought the city of Thun and all its surrounding lands including Teuffenthal. Under Bernese rule, the small farming village was part of the distant parish of Hilterfingen until 1928 when it joined the parish of Buchen. In 1935 Teuffenthal became an independent parish. In 1989 a school was founded in the municipality, however in 2008 it closed and the students traveled to the school in Buchen for their education. Traditionally the rural, agrarian village raised crops and livestock on the valley floor, summered livestock in alpine meadows and cut timber. Agriculture still remains a major part of the local economy. In 2005 a total of 62% of all jobs in the municipality were in agriculture. Geography Teuffenthal has an area of . As of the 2004/06 survey, a total of or 46.8% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 50.3% is forested. Of rest of the municipality or 3.1% is settled (buildings or roads), or 0.7% is either rivers or lakes. Between the 1981 and 2004/06 surveys the settled area increased from to , an increase of 55.56%. From the same survey, housing and buildings made up 2.0% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.1%. A total of 48.6% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.8% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 2.0% is used for growing crops and 38.2% is pasturage and 6.0% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water. It lies in the valley of the river Zulg on the north flank of Blueme mountain, some eastward of the district capital Thun. The municipality has no direct center, but consists of isolated hamlets and scattered farm settlements. On 31 December 2009 Amtsbezirk Thun, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Verwaltungskreis Thun. Coat of arms The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Or a Pall Gules. Demographics Teuffenthal has a population () of . , 2.5% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Between the last 2 years (2010-2012) the population changed at a rate of -6.4%. Migration accounted for -6.4%, while births and deaths accounted for -0.6%. Most of the population () speaks German (190 or 96.4%) as their first language, Serbo-Croatian is the second most common (4 or 2.0%) and English is the third (2 or 1.0%). , the population was 48.8% male and 51.2% female. The population was made up of 82 Swiss men (47.7% of the population) and 2 (1.2%) non-Swiss men. There were 86 Swiss women (50.0%) and 2 (1.2%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 85 or about 43.1% were born in Teuffenthal and lived there in 2000. There were 89 or 45.2% who were born in the same canton, while 13 or 6.6% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 9 or 4.6% were born outside of Switzerland. , children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 23.0% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 56.5% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 20.5%. , there were 84 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 99 married individuals, 8 widows or widowers and 6 individuals who are divorced. , there were 25 households that consist of only one person and 8 households with five or more people. , a total of 67 apartments (85.9% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 4 apartments (5.1%) were seasonally occupied and 7 apartments (9.0%) were empty. In 2012, single family homes made up 30.0% of the total housing in the municipality. The historical population is given in the following chart: Economy , Teuffenthal had an unemployment rate of 0.61%. , there were a total of 74 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 43 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 21 businesses involved in this sector. The secondary sector employs 8 people and there were 6 businesses in this sector. The tertiary sector employs 24 people, with 6 businesses in this sector. There were 94 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 37.2% of the workforce. there were a total of 53 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 26, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 6 of which 4 or (66.7%) were in manufacturing and 2 (33.3%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 21. In the tertiary sector; 18 or 85.7% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 3 or 14.3% were in education. , there were 20 workers who commuted into the municipality and 40 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.0 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. A total of 54 workers (73.0% of the 74 total workers in the municipality) both lived and worked in Teuffenthal. Of the working population, 3.2% used public transportation to get to work, and 41.5% used a private car. The local and cantonal tax rate in Teuffenthal is one of the lowest in the canton. In 2012 the average local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident, with two children, of Teuffenthal making 150,000 CHF was 12.4%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 18.6%. For comparison, the average rate for the entire canton in 2011, was 14.2% and 22.0%, while the nationwide average was 12.3% and 21.1% respectively. In 2010 there were a total of 58 tax payers in the municipality. Of that total, 15 made over 75,000 CHF per year. There was one person who made between 15,000 and 20,000 per year. The average income of the over 75,000 CHF group in Teuffenthal was 107,753 CHF, while the average across all of Switzerland was 131,244 CHF. In 2011 a total of 3.7% of the population received direct financial assistance from the government. Politics In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 62.3% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland (EDU) (10.9%), the Social Democratic Party (SP) (7.3%) and the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) (6.3%). In the federal election, a total of 85 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 61.2%. Religion From the , 150 or 76.1% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 8 or 4.1% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 17 individuals (or about 8.63% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 person who was Buddhist. 16 (or about 8.12% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 5 individuals (or about 2.54% of the population) did not answer the question. Education In Teuffenthal about 56.2% of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 8.6% have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 11 who had completed some form of tertiary schooling listed in the census, 81.8% were Swiss men, 18.2% were Swiss women. , there were a total of 36 students attending any school in the municipality. Of those, 30 both lived and attended school in the municipality, while 6 students came from another municipality. During the same year, 12 residents attended schools outside the municipality. References External links Official website Municipalities of the canton of Bern
3992406	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952%20in%20Canadian%20football	1952 in Canadian football	The Toronto Argonauts faced the Edmonton Eskimos in the Grey Cup. Although the Argos would hold on to win the game and their 10th Grey Cup championship, an Argo would not sip from the silver mug again until 1983. Events in Canadian football in 1952 The Canadian Rugby Union received television revenue for the first time when it was paid $7,500 by CBC for the rights to televise the Grey Cup game. CBLT Toronto was the only station to carry the game live. The WIFU increased their games to 16 per team. Regular season Final regular season standings Note: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, PF = Points For, PA = Points Against, Pts = Points Bold text means that they have clinched the playoffs. Winnipeg has a bye and will play in the WIFU Finals. The last three Windsor Royals games were canceled, leading to an uneven number of games played. The Royals stopped competing in the ORFU after this season. Grey Cup playoffs Note: All dates in 1952 SEMI-FINALS Edmonton won the total-point series by 42–38. The Eskimos will play the Winnipeg Blue Bombers in the WIFU Finals. FINALS Edmonton wins the best of three series 2–1. The Eskimos will advance to the Grey Cup game. Sarnia won the total-point series by 65–19. The Imperials will play the Toronto Argonauts in the Grey Cup Semi-Final. Toronto wins the best of three series 2–1. The Argonauts will play the Sarnia Imperials in the Grey Cup Semi-Final. Grey Cup Semi-Final The Toronto Argonauts will advance to the Grey Cup game. Playoff Bracket Grey Cup Championship Note: WIFU Semi-Final, as well as Eastern Playoff dates are not confirmed, however since [1] the regular season ended October 18 in the West, and November 8 in the East, and [2] WIFU Final dates, as well as Grey Cup date are accurate, it is reasonable to assume the above dates are accurate. 1952 Eastern (Interprovincial Rugby Football Union) All-Stars NOTE: During this time most players played both ways, so the All-Star selections do not distinguish between some offensive and defensive positions. QB – Bill Mackrides, Hamilton Tiger-Cats RB – Hal Waggoner, Hamilton Tiger-Cats RB – Ulysses Curtis, Toronto Argonauts RB – Gene Roberts, Ottawa Rough Riders E – Red O'Quinn, Montreal Alouettes E – Al Bruno, Toronto Argonauts FW – Bob Simpson, Ottawa Rough Riders C – Red Ettinger, Toronto Argonauts G – Eddie Bevan, Hamilton Tiger-Cats G – Vince Scott, Hamilton Tiger-Cats T – Jim Staton, Montreal Alouettes T – Vince Mazza, Hamilton Tiger-Cats 1952 Western (Western Interprovincial Football Union) All-Stars NOTE: During this time most players played both ways, so the All-Star selections do not distinguish between some offensive and defensive positions. 1st Team QB – Jack Jacobs, Winnipeg Blue Bombers HB – Tom Casey, Winnipeg Blue Bombers HB – Rollie Miles, Edmonton Eskimos FB – Johnny Bright, Calgary Stampeders E – Rollin Prather, Edmonton Eskimos E – Bob Shaw, Calgary Stampeders FW – Bud Korchak, Winnipeg Blue Bombers C – Bill Blackburn, Calgary Stampeders G – Mario DeMarco, Edmonton Eskimos G – Jim McPherson, Winnipeg Blue Bombers T – Dick Huffman, Winnipeg Blue Bombers T – Buddy Tinsley, Winnipeg Blue Bombers 2nd Team QB – Frank Filchock, Edmonton Eskimos QB – Claude Arnold, Edmonton Eskimos HB – Pete Thodos, Calgary Stampeders HB – Normie Kwong, Edmonton Eskimos FB – Rob McAllister, Saskatchewan Roughriders E – Paul Salata, Calgary Stampeders E – Joe Aguirre, Edmonton Eskimos E – Holland Alphin, Saskatchewan Roughriders FW – Butch Avinger, Saskatchewan Roughriders G – Harry Langford, Calgary Stampeders G – Dean Bandiera, Winnipeg Blue Bombers T – Martin Ruby, Saskatchewan Roughriders 1952 Ontario Rugby Football Union All-Stars NOTE: During this time most players played both ways, so the All-Star selections do not distinguish between some offensive and defensive positions. QB – Jack McKelvie, Sarnia Imperials HB – John Pont, Toronto Balmy Beach Beachers HB – Archie McAffer, Sarnia Imperials HB – John Duchene, Sarnia Imperials E – Fred Smale, Toronto Balmy Beach Beachers E – Jack Glendenning, Sarnia Imperials FW – John Florence, Sarnia Imperials C – Bruce Mattingly, Sarnia Imperials G – Bob O'Ree, Toronto Balmy Beach Beachers G – Wally McIntosh, Sarnia Imperials T – Oatten Fisher, Toronto Balmy Beach Beachers T – Maurice Dorocke, Sarnia Imperials T – Lloyd "Dutch" Davey, Sarnia Imperials 1952 Canadian Football Awards Jeff Russel Memorial Trophy (IRFU MVP) – Vince Mazza (OT), Hamilton Tiger-Cats Jeff Nicklin Memorial Trophy (WIFU MVP) - Jack Jacobs (QB), Winnipeg Blue Bombers Gruen Trophy (IRFU Rookie of the Year) - John Fedosoff (RB), Toronto Argonauts Dr. Beattie Martin Trophy (WIFU Rookie of the Year) - Lorne Benson (FB), Winnipeg Blue Bombers Imperial Oil Trophy (ORFU MVP) - John Pont - Toronto Balmy Beach Beachers References Canadian Football League seasons
5384393	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubi%C5%A1nja	Ljubišnja	Ljubišnja () is a Dinaric mountain range of Montenegro, conventionally referred to as the highland of Montenegro, represents a major natural feature of the country alongside Tara Canyon, Draga Canyon and Montenegro. Geography It is situated in the extreme northwest of Montenegro, close to the Republika Srpska. The mountain rises between the rivers Ćehotina and Tara and borders on the massif of Durmitor. Maximum altitude is at the Dernečišta peak, while the lowest elevation is at valley Sandića Ubo in the Tara Canyon on the west, and to the east in the valley of Ćehotina river. The Ljubišnja mountain area is characterised by temperate mountainous coniferous forests, alpine meadows and pastures, cultivated fields, numerous ponds and springs. Widespread alpenrose the distinctive emblem of the village scattered on the plateau of Ljubišnja. Picea forests dominate to alpine levels and temperate shrubs such as mountain pine, and alpenrose are widespread. The area occupies . Gallery See also Pljevlja Gradac, Pljevlja Ćehotina Tara (Drina) Đurđevića Tara Bridge Čelebići (Foča) Foča References Literature Sources Geography of Montenegro Pljevlja Dinaric Alps Mountain ranges of Montenegro Tourism in Montenegro
3992418	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundisburgh	Grundisburgh	Grundisburgh is a village of 1,584 residents situated in the English county of Suffolk. It is in the East Suffolk district, six north-east from Ipswich and north-west of Woodbridge located on the B1079. Flowing through the village are the rivers Lark and Gull. The finding of Ipswich and Thetford-type pottery suggests that there was settlement in the Middle Saxon era. The village is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as "Grundesbur", "Grundesburg", "Grundesburh" or "Grundesburc". Grundisburgh is pronounced "Gruns-bruh". The village has a primary school, a Church of England church and a Baptist chapel as well as one pub, The Dog. The Grundisburgh and District News is a newspaper which is published by volunteers every three months and provides news for Grundisburgh and the surrounding villages and hamlets. There are two fords in the village. The village is the setting for the novel A Wicked Deed by Susanna Gregory. Grundisburgh Primary School is a medium-sized school with 131 pupils at the time of the last Ofsted inspection. It is located in a modern building in Alice Driver Road which was built in 1989 after spending 115 years at the Old School next to St Mary's Church. The Old School building has now been converted into affordable housing, which was opened by John Gummer MP in July 1994. Meaning The name "Grundisburgh" is an Old English formation, referring to a burh or fortified place. The Burh in this case is an Iron Age fort with the remains of a rectangular Roman fort enclosure surrounding the church of St Botolph at the adjacent village of Burgh, which stands on an acclivity overlooking the valley in which Grundisburgh lies. Ekwall considered that "Grund" was probably the former name of the place, derived from the Old English word grund meaning foundation, referring to the footings of the Roman walls. Grundisburgh would then mean "the Burgh at Grund". Alternatively grund might simply mean land, or the lower-lying ground, giving the sense of "Burgh-in-the-valley", i.e. "that part of (the settlement of) Burgh which is in the valley bottom". One further possibility, considered less likely, is that Grund was a personal name and appears in the possessive form, signifying Grund's Burgh. A further useful description of the history of the area is recounted by Norman Scarfe. Governance An electoral ward of the same name stretches south to Kesgrave with a total population of 2,306. Notable natives and residents Bartholomew Gosnold (1571–1607), explorer and colonist instrumental in the settlement of Virginia, and namer of Martha's Vineyard and Cape Cod, was born in Grundisburgh. George William Lyttelton, teacher of classics and English literature at Eton Alice Driver, one of the 16th C. Ipswich Martyrs who was burnt at the stake for her Protestant beliefs in 1558. Sir Charles Blois, 1st Baronet, Tory Member of Parliament for Ipswich & Dunwich Notable buildings There are 27 listed buildings in Grundisburgh, including one Grade I and one Grade II* building. Basts, just to the east of the church, is a Tudor building, built around 1520 by salter Thomas Awall. The father of his wife, Alice, was the master cook to Edward IV and Henry VII. St Mary's Church is the largest place of worship in the village and is of the Church of England denomination. The existence of the church is recorded in 1254. The earliest parts of St Mary's Church, which is a Grade I listed building, date from approximately 1300 but it was enlarged in the 15th century with the addition of a clerestory. Within the church itself is a fine Suffolk hammerbeam roof and a mural of St Christopher dating from the 14th century, which is the largest of its type in the county. The second expansion of the church came in 1527 when Thomas Awall built - or renovated - the Lady Chapel. A distinctive feature of the church is the 18th-century brick tower built between 1731 and 1732 at the bequest of Robert Thinge, who has a commemorative plaque within the tower. The Tower also is the home of the Millennium Time Capsule that was sealed into the wall in 2000. Three towers have been planned for Grundisburgh church: the original 14th-century flint tower, the current 18th-century tower, and a 19th-century plan to clad the brickwork in flint and raise a spire on top of it. Grundisburgh Baptist Chapel was built in 1798 and is one of the earliest dissenting religious buildings in the area. It is situated on the edge of the village and has been widely refurbished over the last few years. This included replacing the historic wooden pews with seats. Post Mill Gardens marks the location of a post mill built in 1807 which worked until 1930 when the remains were made part of a house. Another mill, a miniature smock mill, stood a short distance north-west of the post mill from c.1885 until its demolition in about 1957. References External links Grundisburgh Parish Council Grundisburgh News - local volunteer newspaper Suffolk Churches Villages in Suffolk Civil parishes in Suffolk
5384400	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/409%20Tactical%20Fighter%20Squadron	409 Tactical Fighter Squadron	409 Tactical Fighter Squadron (French: ) is a unit of the Royal Canadian Air Force. The squadron operates the CF-18 Hornet from CFB Cold Lake in Alberta, Canada. History The cross-bow in front of the dark cloak represents a weapon used under cover of darkness to denote the squadron's original role as a night fighter squadron. The badge was officially approved in March 1944. Second World War No. 409 Nighthawk Squadron was formed at RAF Digby in June 1941 for night operations with Boulton-Paul Defiants, moving in July to RAF Coleby Grange, where, in August, Beaufighter IIf aircraft arrived, allowing detachments to be maintained elsewhere. Two victories were claimed during the early days of the squadron's existence, but in June 1942 Beaufighter Mark VI aircraft were received, and a greater degree of success was achieved. In February 1943 a move was made to Acklington, with detachments maintained in at least four other locations. In December a return to Coleby Grange was made, with the various detachments continuing their separate existences. Little was seen during the year, but in March 1944 the squadron moved to Hunsdon, converting to the Mosquito Mk XII and joined No. 85 Group of the Second Tactical Air Force. Intruder and offensive patrols commenced, and much action was seen over the Normandy beachhead in June; 11 victories were claimed during this month. After some action against V-1 Flying Bombs, operations over Europe recommenced, and late in August the unit moved to Carpiquet in France, the first night fighters to be based on the mainland. By mid-October, the squadron had settled in the Lille area, where it was to remain until April 1945. On 19 April, a move was made to the Rhine in Germany, and from here the unit was able to claim six victories in a single night. Shortly after this the war ended with the total victories at claimed. The squadron's code letters during this period were KP. Cold War Re-established at RCAF Station Comox on 1 November 1954 providing air defence for Canada's west coast as part of NORAD. Initially equipped with the Canadian designed Avro CF-100 they converted to the CF-101 Voodoo in 1962. The squadron transferred to CFB Cold Lake in 1984 to convert to the CF-18 and then deployed to CFB Baden-Soellingen as part of Canada's NATO commitment. The squadron was then disbanded in 1991 with the withdrawal of Canadian Forces from Europe. Operations The squadron was briefly reformed back at Comox as a Combat Support Squadron (without aircraft) but was disbanded again. 409 Tactical Fighter Squadron was re-formed from the consolidation of 416 and 441 Tactical Fighter Squadrons on 6 July 2006 at CFB Cold Lake. Battle honours Defence of Britain 1941–44 Fortress Europe 1942–44 Normandy 1944 France and Germany 1944–45 Rhine 1945 Aircraft Boulton Paul Defiant Bristol Beaufighter de Havilland Mosquito Avro CF-100 Canuck Canadair (Lockheed) CT-33 Silver Star McDonnell Douglas CF-101 Voodoo McDonnell Douglas CF-18 Hornet References External links Canadian Forces aircraft squadrons Royal Canadian Air Force squadrons
5384408	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Einstein%20of%20Sex	The Einstein of Sex	The Einstein of Sex (also known as: The Einstein of Sex - Life and Work of Dr. M. Hirschfeld, German title: Der Einstein des Sex) is a 1999 German film directed by Rosa von Praunheim. The film was shown at the Berlin International Film Festival and at the São Paulo International Film Festival in 2000, among others. Plot Rosa von Praunheim portrays a historical personality. Magnus Hirschfeld made a name for himself as a co-founder of sexology and a pioneer of the gay movement. In his Institut für Sexualwissenschaft in Berlin he fights for the impunity of homosexuality. In the 1930s he even gave lectures in the USA, but the Nazis condemned his educational work. His own homosexuality keeps getting him into trouble, too. When Hirschfeld finally went into exile in France, the Nazis destroyed his institute in Berlin. Awards 1999: Nomination for the Golden Leopard at the Locarno Festival Reception The German magazine Spiegel wrote: "Rapid rise and early suffering, political furor and private disaster, told in a pleasingly conventional way against the political background of the Weimar Republic - a cinematic poetry album of upright feelings." Notes External links 1999 films 1990s biographical films 1999 LGBT-related films German biographical films Films directed by Rosa von Praunheim German films Magnus Hirschfeld Films set in Berlin Gay-related_films Transgender-related films Films set in the 1890s Films set in the 1900s Films set in the 1910s Films set in the 1920s Films set in the 1930s Biographical films about physicians German LGBT-related films Biographical films about LGBT people
5384419	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njego%C5%A1%20Mountain	Njegoš Mountain	Njegoš (Montenegrin Cyrillic \| Његош; ) is a mountain in Montenegro. This mountain is 1,725 meters high. It is east to northeast from Bileća, a town about northwest from Nikšić. The bigger part of this mountain is in vegetation, while the northern end is mostly barren. The Petrović-Njegoš dynasty received its second name after this mountain. Mountains of Montenegro Petrović-Njegoš dynasty
5384427	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basseterre%20Valley	Basseterre Valley	The Basseterre Valley is a low-lying valley on the island of Saint Kitts, surrounded by the Canada Hills and Olivees Mountain. It contains Basseterre, the capital of Saint Kitts and Nevis. The valley has two rivers or ghauts named Westbourne Ghaut and College Ghaut. The Basseterre Valley was occupied in 1627 by the French and populated. Now, Basseterre has suburbs such as Greenlands, Bird Rock, Taylor's Range and others. The valley has a harbour called Port Zante. It is reclaimed land from the sea. Port Zante is under more construction to be a state-of-the-art port facility, duty-free shopping malls, restaurants, and maybe a hotel. References Landforms of Saint Kitts and Nevis
5384429	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel%20Bich	Marcel Bich	Marcel Louis Michel Antoine Bich, baron Bich (; 29 July 1914 – 30 May 1994) was an Italian-born, French manufacturer and co-founder of Bic, the world's leading producer of ballpoint pens, lighters, and razors. Early years Bich was born in Turin, Italy on 29 July 1914 to Aimé-Mario Bich (1882–1955) and Marie Muffat de Saint-Amour de Chanaz (1886–1967). His family moved to Spain and then to France where Bich was naturalised as a French citizen in 1932 and later studied law at the University of Paris. He served in the French Air Force at the outset of World War II. The Bich family originated at Châtillon, and earlier in the Valtournenche valley, in the Aosta Valley. King Charles Albert of Sardinia granted Emmanuel Bich, mayor of Aosta, the title of baron in 1841. That man's grandson, the father of Marcel Bich, Aimé-Mario Bich, was an engineer who moved to France after failing to gain commercial success in Italy. Business success In 1944, Marcel Bich and his partner, Édouard Buffard, bought an empty factory in the Paris suburb of Clichy, where they began the production of inexpensive pen holders and pencil cases. Bich was originally a skeptic of ballpoint pens, which at the time were unreliable and leaked. In 1946, however, by observing the channel made by the wheel of his wheelbarrow in the ground, he understood the interest of the ballpoint pen. Just as the wheel made transporting items easier, the ball could allow the hand to be free from the constraints of the pen nib and make writing more fluid. Marcel Bich bought the patent for the ballpoint pen for US $2 million from Hungarian László Bíró who had been producing such pens since 1943 in Argentina. Using Swiss watchmaking tools, he devised a manufacturing process that produced stainless-steel balls for the tip of the pen, and the Bic Cristal ballpoint pen became his first product in 1950. The Bic Cristal ballpoint pen went on to become a worldwide best-seller, and the design remains mostly unchanged today. Bich formed Société Bic in 1953. Bich partnered with poster designer Raymond Savignac to create the company’s advertisements, who created the Bic Boy that later became part of the company’s official logo. Bic won the first French Oscar for advertising, sponsored the Tour de France, and became an essential item and a household name. Between 1950 and the 1970s, Bic expanded globally, into Italy, the Netherlands, Austria, Switzerland and Spain, followed by South America and North America. In 1973, Bic introduced a disposable pocket lighter that could provide 3,000 lights before wearing out. In 1975, the brand released the one-piece polystyrene razor, the first single-piece disposable razor with an integrated blade and a lightweight plastic handle. The company formed by Bich still exists as the Société Bic Group and is listed on the Paris Stock Exchange and majority-owned by his family. Bich stepped down as Chairman of Societe Bic in 1993. He was succeeded by his son, Bruno, who served as Chairman for 25 years, 15 of which also as CEO. Marcel’s grandson Gonzalve Bich has been CEO since 2018. Yacht racing and sailing Bich was a keen sailor. He funded four campaigns to compete in the trials to select a challenger for the America's Cup in 1970, 1974, 1977 and 1980, and was inducted, posthumously, into the America's Cup Hall of Fame in 1998. Personal Bich was one of three children, he had a sister Marie Thérèse Louise Antoinette Léandra Bich (1913–1970) and brother Albert Bich (1916–1989). He was married to Louise Chamussy in 1937. After her death in 1950 he went on to marry Jacqueline de Dufourq (1911–2007, divorced) and, in 1956, Laurence Courier de Mère (1932–). He had 11 children. Death He died on 30 May 1994 in Paris, aged 79. His first wife, Louise Chamussy, died in 1950. He was survived by his wife, Laurence Courier de Mere, 11 children and several grandchildren and great-grandchildren. References External links BIC Corporate History Obituary, The Independent 1914 births 1994 deaths 20th-century French businesspeople 1970 America's Cup sailors French male sailors (sport) Italian emigrants to France University of Paris alumni 1974 America's Cup sailors 1977 America's Cup sailors 1980 America's Cup sailors French Air Force personnel of World War II
5384430	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinsberg	Martinsberg	Martinsberg is a market town in the District Zwettl in the Austrian state of Lower Austria. Geography About 43.1 percent of the municipality is forested. Population References Cities and towns in Zwettl District
5384456	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leder	Leder	The German word Leder means and corresponds to English word leather. As a surname, it may refer to: Johann Heinrich Leder, established the Lichte porcelain (GmbH) in Lichte Thuringia Herbert J. Leder Mimi Leder, film director Philip Leder Nirenberg and Leder experiment, named after him Marc J. Leder, American businessman and Republican donor Stephan Hermlin, born Rudolf Leder Other uses include: Leder, a fictional character in Mother 3. See also Lederer es:Leder
5384459	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lederer	Lederer	Lederer is a surname of German origin, meaning "leatherworker". Notable people with the surname include: Ábrahám Lederer (18271916), Czech-Hungarian educator and writer Andrew J. Lederer (born before 1988), American comedian Eppie Lederer (AKA Esther "Eppie" Pauline Friedman-Lederer AKA Ann Landers, 19182002), American advice columnist Charles Lederer (191076), American film writer and director Charles Lederer (cartoonist) (18561925), American cartoonist Emil Lederer (18821939), German economist Ephraim Lederer (1862–1925), American lawyer Felix Lederer (18771957), Czech musician and conductor Francis Lederer (18992000), Czech actor Franz Lederer (football manager) (born 1963), Austrian football manager George Lederer (1938), American producer and director on Broadway Gordan Lederer (195891), Croatian photographer and cameraman Gretchen Lederer (18911955), German movie actress of the silent era Helen Lederer (born 1954), English comedian, writer and actress Howard Lederer (born 1963), U.S. professional poker player Hugo Lederer (18711940), German sculptor Ivo John Lederer (192998), Croatian-born American diplomatic historian Jerome F. Lederer (19022004), U.S. aviation safety pioneer John Lederer (1644after 1672), German-born doctor and explorer of the Appalachian Mountains Julius Lederer (entomologist) (182170), Austrian entomologist Julius Lederer (businessman) (191799), American business executive and innovator Katy Lederer (born before 1998), U.S. author and poet Klaus Lederer (born 1974), German politician Laura Lederer (born 1951), U.S. government official and anti-trafficking activist Marie Lederer (born 1927), onetime member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives Mark Lederer (born 1976), New England plumber/gas fitter expert and consultant Michael Lederer (born 1956), American novelist, short story writer, poet and playwright Miles W. Lederer (1897 – 1953), American politician Oliver Lederer (born 1978), Austrian footballer and coach Otto Lederer (18861965), Austro-Hungary-born American film actor Paul Lederer (born before 2004), Hungarian-born Australian businessman and association football team owner Pepi Lederer (191035), U.S. actress Raymond F. Lederer (19382008), U.S. Congressman from Pennsylvania's 3rd district Remo Lederer (born 1968), German ski jumper Richard Lederer (born 1938), American author, speaker, and teacher Richard Lederer (musician) (born 1971), Austrian metal musician Serena Lederer (18671943), Hungarian art collector and friend of Gustav Klimt William Lederer (19122009), U.S. naval commander and author William J. Lederer (Pennsylvania politician) (19242008), onetime member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives See also German-language surnames Jewish surnames
5384465	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lederman	Lederman	Lederman or Ledermann is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: D. Ross Lederman (1894-1972), American B-film director Dr. Gilbert "Gil" Lederman, physician, talk radio host, and proponent of radiosurgery, notoriously sued by the estate of George Harrison (for breaching Harrison's privacy and for forcing Harrison to sign a guitar) Harold Lederman (1940–2019), American boxing judge and analyst Jean-Marc Lederman, Belgian music composer Leon Lederman (born 1947), Israeli chess master Leon M. Lederman (1922-2018), Nobel laureate in physics Marty Lederman, Visiting Professor of Law at the Georgetown University Law Center Robert Lederman, television director, e.g., of Star Trek: Voyager (1995) Susan Lederman, Canadian experimental psychologist Walter Ledermann (1911-2009), mathematician William Lederman (1916-1992), Canadian constitutional scholar and the first dean of Queen's University Faculty of Law Jewish surnames Germanic-language surnames Occupational surnames fr:Lederman
5384468	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lederberg	Lederberg	Lederberg is a surname meaning "leather mountain" in German and may refer to: Esther Lederberg (1922-2006), American microbiologist and a pioneer of bacterial genetics Joshua Lederberg (1925-2008), American molecular biologist Victoria Lederberg (1937-2002), American judge, Justice of Rhode Island Supreme Court
5384472	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleeding%20Hearts	Bleeding Hearts	Bleeding Hearts is a 1994 crime novel by Ian Rankin, under the pseudonym "Jack Harvey". It is the second novel he wrote under this name. Plot summary Michael Weston is a professional assassin, but he also suffers from haemophilia. The wealthy father of a girl he killed by mistake years ago has sworn vengeance on the killer, hiring a private detective (Hoffer) to track him down. Rankin has said that he wrote this book under the influence of Martin Amis's novel Money and that Weston was influenced by that novel's protagonist John Self. References 1994 British novels Thriller novels Novels by Ian Rankin Works published under a pseudonym Orion Books books
5384475	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20Lester%20Campbell	Hugh Lester Campbell	Air Marshal Hugh Lester Campbell, CBE, CD (July 13, 1908 – May 25, 1987) was a senior commander in the Royal Canadian Air Force and then a politician for Northwest Territories, Canada. Career Educated at the University of New Brunswick, Campbell was commissioned into the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1931. During World War II, Campbell served as the Director of Air Staff at the RCAF Overseas Headquarters. In his capacity as Director, on one occasion Campbell was inspecting air force units in North Africa when his jeep drove over a mine and Campbell was wounded. Returning to Canada, in January 1944 Campbell was appointed as Assistant to the Chief of the Air Staff at the Royal Canadian Air Force Headquarters in Ottawa. The following April he became Air Member for Personal on promotion to air vice-marshal remaining at Ottawa. In 1952 Campbell was appointed as the first Air Officer Commanding the Canadian Air Division in Europe. He retained this post until 1955 and during his years in command Canada's European commitment to NATO rose to 12 squadrons. From 1955 to 1957 he was the Vice Air Deputy at Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe. He was appointed Chief of the Air Staff in 1957, holding the post until 1962 when he retired. Following his service career Campbell entered politics. He served as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Northwest Territories being appointed to the council to serve as an at-large member three times from 1964 to 1975. He died in Ottawa on May 25, 1987. References Royal Canadian Air Force air marshals of World War II Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories 1908 births 1987 deaths Canadian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Canadian military personnel from New Brunswick
5384502	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20McCreery	Tom McCreery	Thomas Livingston "Tom" McCreery (October 19, 1874 – July 3, 1941) was an outfielder and pitcher in Major League Baseball. He played for the Louisville Colonels (1895–1897), New York Giants (1897–1898), Pittsburgh Pirates (1898–1900), Brooklyn Superbas (1901–1903) and Boston Beaneaters (1903). McCreery was a switch hitter and threw right-handed. McCreery was born in Beaver, Pennsylvania, and debuted with the Louisville Colonels in 1895, primarily as a starting pitcher, and posted a 3–1 record with a shutout. In 1896 McCreery switched to outfield, and he responded with a .351 batting average, 65 runs batted in, 91 runs, 26 stolen bases, a .546 slugging percentage, and led the National League with 21 triples. In 1897, McCreery posted career-highs in runs (91), stolen bases (28), RBI (67), games played (138), and hit .289. On July 12, he hit three inside-the-park home runs, becoming the only player in major league history to hit three inside-homers in a single game. He also played in part of seven seasons with the New York Giants, Pittsburgh Pirates and Brooklyn Superbas, hitting .323 for Pittsburgh in 1899. He played his final major league game with the Boston Beaneaters in 1903. In a nine-season career, McCreery was a .289 hitter with 27 home runs and 388 RBI in 802 games. An alumnus of Georgetown University, McCreery served as the head coach of the University of Pittsburgh's baseball team in 1912. McCreery died in Beaver, Pennsylvania, at the age of 66. See also List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders References External links Baseball Almanac Baseball Reference 1874 births 1941 deaths People from Beaver, Pennsylvania Boston Beaneaters players Brooklyn Superbas players Louisville Colonels players New York Giants (NL) players Pittsburgh Pirates players Major League Baseball outfielders Major League Baseball pitchers 19th-century baseball players Baseball players from Pennsylvania Georgetown University alumni Pittsburgh Panthers baseball coaches Norfolk Clam Eaters players Norfolk Clams players Norfolk Crows players Nashville Seraphs players Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players Indianapolis Indians players Columbus Senators players
5384513	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der%20Prinz%20von%20Homburg%20%28opera%29	Der Prinz von Homburg (opera)	Der Prinz von Homburg (The Prince of Homburg) is a German-language opera in three acts by Hans Werner Henze with a libretto by Ingeborg Bachmann (1926–1973). It was completed in 1958 but premiered on 22 May 1960 in Hamburg. Background The text is based on the 1811 play, Prinz Friedrich von Homburg by Heinrich von Kleist. Frederick Bridgham prepared an English-language translation for the English National Opera/Schott 1996 production in London. The opera shows Henze's strong personal dislike of German militarism. In a 1996 lecture, extracted and translated in the programme to the ENO 1996 production, Henze mentions the Leipzig tradition from Bach to Max Reger, Hermann Grabner and Wolfgang Fortner, the Viennese classical tradition and the Second Viennese School, in particular Beethoven and Arnold Schoenberg, Gustav Mahler and Stravinsky as influences. He describes how he contrasts "the beautiful old harmonies of yesterday" used to represent the Prince's dreamworld with "serially organized military music, with a predominance of fanfare-like fourths and fifths in the twelve-note row" used for the waking world. Performance and recording history There have been at least two multi-national productions of the opera. The premiere production was toured to London in 1962. A revised production by Nikolaus Lehnhoff first seen in the Cuvilliés Theatre, Munich, in 1992 was brought to London by the English National Opera (ENO) in 1996. A DVD of this production, recorded in Munich in 1994 by the Bavarian State Opera, has been released with Wolfgang Sawallisch conducting and with a cast including François le Roux in the title role, as Natalie and William Cochran and Helga Dernesch as the Elector and Electress. Elgar Howarth won a 1997 Laurence Olivier Award for conducting ENO's Die Soldaten / The Prince of Homburg at the London Coliseum. Roles Synopsis The opera is set in Fehrbellin in Brandenburg during the Prusso-Swedish Wars in the seventeenth century, immediately around the Swedish defeat at the battle of Fehrbellin in 1675 Prince Friedrich and Princess Natalie are in love, and she is promised to him by the Elector. Field Marshal Dörfling outlines the plan of battle, but the Prince day-dreams about the princess. During the battle, not having listened to the orders he was given, he attacks prematurely, endangering the outcome by sending his cavalry after retreating Swedes. Nevertheless, the attack is successful. The Elector orders the arrest of the disobedient officer. The Prince is imprisoned, and the Elector is expected to ratify the sentence of death. The Prince appeals through Princess Natalie, but she is told that the Prince must agree with the legitimacy of the sentence. Natalie uses her Dragoons to free the Prince. Meanwhile, the Elector, knowing that he has taught the Prince his lesson, decides to pardon him. Blindfolded, the Prince is led towards his execution, but when the blindfold is removed, the Elector gives him the hand of the Princess. References Further reading "Prinz von Homburg, Der (The Prince of Homburg)", synopsis, roles, Naxos Records Clements, Andrew: "Prinz von Homburg, Der", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy English National Opera: The Prince of Homburg, programme for production 22 June – 5 July 1996. Porter, Andrew, "The Prince of Homburg", The Musical Times, Vol. 103, No. 1435 (September 1962), pp. 604–605. External links Review of the Sawallisch recording German-language operas Operas based on works by Heinrich von Kleist Operas by Hans Werner Henze Operas 1960 operas Operas based on plays Operas set in Germany Opera world premieres at the Hamburg State Opera
5384526	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erengisle%20Suneson%2C%20Earl%20of%20Orkney	Erengisle Suneson, Earl of Orkney	Erengisle Sunesson of Hultboda, jarl of Orkney (died 26 December 1392) was an important Swedish magnate in the 14th century. In his later life, he was known as Jarl Erengisle in Sweden. He was knight, high councillor, and titular (Norwegian) Jarl. Family He was born in a noble family later called Bååt (Old Swedish for boat) originally from Småland, as son of Sune Jonsson, the lawspeaker of Tiohärad, and his first wife Cathrine Henriksdatter Glysing. In 1320, Erengisle's father Sune and uncle Peter obtained the effectively hereditary position of chatelain of Viipuri castle in easternmost coast of Finland by purchasing it from the governor. It was set there by the deposed king Birger of Sweden. Peter and Sune recognized the new king, Magnus IV of Sweden, and received important privileges, which effectively turned their holding of Viipuri as an independent feudal fief, the start of a veritable margraviate (see fief of Viipuri). Life Erengisle possessed immense wealth in several provinces of Sweden. In Viipuri province, his patrimony included Kymenkartano manor, on which spot the later town of Kotka became erected. His chief seat was the medieval castle of Hultaboda (now Hultaby) in Näsby outside of Vetlanda. Also Flishult manor in the same district belonged to him. He was usually a supporter of his king, Magnus VII of Norway and Sweden, although in some instances he was in alliance with king's rivals. The king's Norwegian tasks for him led to his marriage with an unnamed daughter (possibly Agnes) of Maol Íosa, the Jarl of Orkney (including Caithness), and Earl of Strathearn. Because Maol Íosa did not have sons, families of his daughters divided or competed over his inheritance. Erengisle became the Orkney Jarl, although there is little evidence that he ever treated it as anything other than a high title, bringing him prestige over the then titleless Swedish nobility; he doesn't even seem to have ever visited his jarldom. In 1357 Erengisle was among magnates who proclaimed Eric, the eldest son of king Magnus, as king in place of the father. He then led negotiations which resulted in reconciliation between father and son, with them splitting the kingship. The marriage of Haakon VI of Norway to the daughter of Valdemar IV of Denmark, and Eric's sudden death (from The Plague), drastically changed the political dynamic of Scandinavia, leading Erengisle to be ejected from the Jarldom in 1359. The Jarldom lay vacant until Valdamar's death, in 1375. Haakon chose Alexander de l'Ard, a son-in-law of Maol Iosa, but he proved a disappointment, and was ejected after a few months. In 1379 Haakon granted the jarldom to Maol Iosa's (youngest) grandson, Henry Sinclair. Nevertheless, Erengisle continued to use the title of jarl of Orkney until his own death (as evidenced by e.g. his appellation in the text of his last will and testament). Death and will Erengisle died childless, "at a great age", many years later. He was buried in Vadstena monastery church. His last wife, Countess Ingeborg had several children from her first marriage with lord Bengt Turesson of the family of Kraakerum. Erengisle's own nephews and nieces (and sisters) were already dead, without further issue, the last of them, Christina Ulvsdotter of Rickeby, having died in c 1389. His paternal family had only first cousins to continue the line (the Trolle, the Pipa, the Hammersta and the Snakenborg of Flishult presumably were lineages descending from such cousins). His possessions were divided by his last will and testament, the church receiving much. Marriages: Margareta Agnes (Annot), daughter of Maol Íosa, Earl of Strathearn and Jarl of Orkney before 1377 with Ingeborg Magnusdotter of Loholm, close relative of royals (and niece of St.Bridget of Sweden) Coat of arms Erengisle's family's hereditary shield depicted a boat. He thus belonged to the extensive clan of the Bonde. Well-known Bonde magnates, such as High Constable Tord and king Charles VIII, appear to have regarded Erengisle's family as their kinsmen. He belonged to the Haak-Bååt branch of the Bonde clan (the byname Haak was even used of his well-known uncle), mentioned as agnates of the Bonde. Erengisle's close kinsman was also bishop Charles of Linköping, but it is not known how exactly they were related. Also knight Erengisle Jonson 'the younger' (flourished 1335), was their kinsman. His crest depicts, like those of families Bååt and Bonde, a boat. People of medieval Finland Norwegian earls Earls of Orkney 1392 deaths Year of birth unknown
3992427	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo%20Ranieri	Massimo Ranieri	Massimo Ranieri (born Giovanni Calone, 3 May 1951) is an Italian singer, actor, television presenter and director. Biography Early life Ranieri was born in Naples (at Santa Lucia), the fifth of eight children in the family. When he was 10, young Giovanni would sing at restaurants, wedding receptions, etc. He was discovered by a music producer about four years later and was flown to New York to record an EP under the name of Gianni Rock. Singing career Ranieri recorded four songs in 1964: Tanti auguri signora, Se mi aspetti stasera, Non chiudere la porta, and La Prima Volta. None of the records were successful, primarily because young Gianni's voice was changing. Two years later, he would re-emerge under his new stage name, Massimo Ranieri. In 1966, he made his TV debut singing "Bene Mio". A year later, he made another TV appearance singing, "Pietà per chi ti ama". In 1968, he recorded two more songs: "Da Bambino", Ma L'amore cos'è" and "Preghiera". It was not until 1969 when he achieved success and became a teen idol when he sang "O Sole Mio" on live TV. That same year, he had a string of hits: "Rita", "Se bruciasse la citta", "Quando l'amore diventa poesia", "Il mio amore resta sempre", "Rose rosse" and "Zingara". In 1970, "Vent'anni", "Sogno d'amore", "Sei l'amore mio", "Aranjuez Amore Mio", and "Candida". In 1971, Ranieri recorded the songs "Adagio Veneziano", "Via del Conservatorio", and "Io e Te". He represented Italy in the 1971 Eurovision Song Contest in Dublin, Ireland, where he placed 5th with the song "L'Amore E' Un Attimo. " In 1972, he released the songs "Ti Ruberei", "O Surdato 'nnamurato", and "Erba di Casa Mia"; in 1973, "Amo Ancora Lei". He returned to the Eurovision Song Contest that year, in Luxembourg, to represent Italy with "Chi sarà con te", where he placed 13th. In 1974, came the singles "Te Voglio Bene Assaie", "Immagina", and "Per Una Donna". In 1988, he made a comeback to his singing career with the song, "Perdere l'amore", which won the Sanremo Festival, that year. In 1997, he made another comeback with "Ti parlerò d'amore". In February 2007, he started a concert tour of Italy, titled "Canto perché non-so nuotare...da 40 anni" which lasted for more than two years, with more than 500 shows, was made into a CD and a DVD, which went platinum. Acting career In 1970, Ranieri decided to venture into acting. His screen debut, Metello received rave reviews from critics, and won him the David DiDonatello award for best actor for portraying the title character. He co-starred with Anna Magnani in the television film La Sciantosa later that year. In 1974, he filmed Salvo D'Acquisto, where he portrayed a carabiniere who was executed by the Nazis during World War II. When his singing career started to decline in 1975, Massimo concentrated on his acting career, both in the cinema and, most importantly, as a stage actor: he collaborated with the directors Mauro Bolognini, Giuseppe Patroni Griffi, Giorgio de Lullo, Giorgio Strehler and Maurizio Scaparro, performing a wide range of material from modern plays and musicals, to Molière and Shakespeare. In 1996, Ranieri provided the speaking and the singing voice of Quasimodo in the Italian-Language version of Disney's The Hunchback of Notre Dame. He even reprised this role in the sequel. In 2004, he starred in his first French film, a trilogy series called Les Parisiens, where he played a street artist. In 2005, he returned on the stage with the show "Accussì Grande", after a long bout with illness, from which he fully recovered. In 2007, he was in a docu-film called Civico 0, where he played Guilano, a fruit vendor, who becomes homeless after the death of his mother. In 2008, he starred in the film L'Ultimo Pulcinella. In 2009, he played the storyteller in the play, Polvere di Baghdad, directed by Maurizio Scaparro. In 2010, Massimo was featured in Passione, a documentary about the history of music from Naples, Italy, directed by Italian-American actor, John Turturro. In November 2010, he took part in the miniseries remake of the classic play, Filumena Marturano, produced by Italian TV RAI Uno, with Mariangela Melato in the title role. Massimo portrayed Filumena's husband, Domenico Soriano. Other ventures On 16 October 2002, Massimo Ranieri was nominated Goodwill Ambassador of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Personal life Ranieri never married. However, in 1971, he fathered a daughter, Cristiana, out of wedlock with Franca Sebastiani. He didn't have anything to do with the raising of his daughter, saying that he was too young and inexperienced for fatherhood, and that it would be damaging to his career. He was never linked with any other woman thereafter. He didn't have any contact with his daughter until they met when she was about 20 years old. At the start of 2007, he decided to publicly acknowledge his long-estranged daughter, and embraced her for the first time on live TV. It was a tearful reunion between father and daughter. He also became a grandfather in July 2011. Discography 1964 USA tour with Sergio Bruni SINGLE: Lassù qualcuno mi ama/Un ragazzo come me (as Gianni Rock) SINGLE: Preghiera/Una bocca, due occhi e un nome (as Gianni Rock) SINGLE: Se mi aspetti stasera/La prima volta (as Gianni Rock) SINGLE: Tanti auguri señora/Non chiudere la porta (as Gianni Rock) 1966 Scala Reale (later called Canzonissima). He sings "L'amore è una cosa meravigliosa" under the art name Ranieri. SINGLE: L'amore è una cosa meravigliosa/Bene mio (as Ranieri) 1967 He wins the Cantagiro competition of young promises with "Pietà per chi ti ama". SINGLE: Pietà per chi ti ama/No, mamma (as Ranieri) 1968 He participated to the Sanremo song competition with I Giganti with the song "Da bambino" Cantagiro with the song "Preghiera per lei". SINGLE: Da bambino/Ma l'amore cos'è SINGLE: Preghiera per lei/Cento ragazzine SINGLE: Rose rosse/Piangi piangi ragazzo 1969 Sanremo with "Quando l'amore diventa poesia" a duet with Orietta Berti Cantagiro where he won first prize with "Rose rosse" Canzonissima, 2nd place with "Se bruciasse la città" SINGLE: Quando l'amore diventa poesia/Cielo blu SINGLE: Il mio amore resta sempre Teresa/Rose rosse ) SINGLE: Se bruciasse la città/Rita SINGLE: 'O sole mio/Ma l'amore cos'è First LP titled "Massimo Ranieri". Records "Io e te" by Ennio Morricone, the title song from the film 'Metello'. 1970 Canzonissima, 1st prize with ‘Vent'anni' Release of his 2nd LP, titled "Vent'anni". SINGLE: Sei l'amore mio/Fai di me quello che vuoi SINGLE: Le braccia dell'amore/Candida SINGLE: Sogno d'amore/Mio caro amore evanescente e puro SINGLE: Vent'anni/Io non avrò 1971 SINGLE: L'amore è un attimo/A Lucia SINGLE: Io e te/Adagio veneziano SINGLE: Via del Conservatorio/Momento 1972 'O surdato nammurato' show recorded live (and filmed by RAI TV), at the Sistina Theatre, Rome, directed by Vittorio De Sica. LP 'O surdato nammurato' Canzonissima, 1st place with "Erba di casa mia" LP "Erba di casa mia" SINGLE: 'O surdato 'nnammurato/Lacreme napulitane SINGLE: La tua innocenza/Ti ruberei SINGLE: Amore cuore mio/Io di più SINGLE: Erba di casa mia/L'infinito) 1973 Participates again to Eurofestival with "Chi sarà " . LP "Album di famiglia". SINGLE: Chi sarà/Domenica domenica SINGLE: Chiove/Reginella SINGLE: Amo ancora lei/Tu sei bella come il sole 1974 "Napulammore", theatrical musical show directed by Mauro Bolognini at the Teatro Valle in Rome. The show is recorded live and made into an LP, and transmitted by RAI TV Canzonissima, 2nd place with "Per una donna" LP "Per una donna". SINGLE: Immagina/Se tu fossi una rosa SINGLE: 'A tazza 'e cafè/Tu ca nun chiagne SINGLE: Te voglio bene assaie/A serenata 'e Pulicenella *SINGLE: Per una donna/Cara libertà 1975 LP Il meglio di Massimo Ranieri (CGD, 69128; antologia) LP "Meditazione" with arrangements by Eumir Deodato, with pieces from the classical repertoire. "Macchie ‘e culore", at the Teatro Valle, Rome, directed by Mauro Bolognini – recorded live, made into a live LP and a TV show. SINGLE: Si ricomincia/23, rue des lillas 1976 SINGLE: Dal primo momento che ti ho vista/La mia boheme 1978 LP "La faccia del mare" (The face of the sea), dedicated to Homer's Odyssey. SINGLE: La faccia del mare/Odyssea 1981 LP "Passa lu tiempo e lu munno s'avota" 1983 "Barnum", recording of the musical show with music by Cy Coleman 1988 Return to Sanremo Song Festival, 1st prize with "Perdere l'amore" LP "Perdere l'amore" SINGLE: Perdere l'amore/Dove sta il poeta LP of the musical show "Rinaldo in campo". LP "Un giorno bellissimo" where he sings the theme song of TV show "Fantastico-Cinema" 1989 LP "Da bambino a fantastico" (compilation) 1989 LP "Un giorno bellissimo" 1990 LP "Rose rosse" (compilation) 1990 LP "Vent'anni" (compilation) 1992 Sanremo "Ti penso" LP "Ti penso" SINGLE: Ti penso/La notte 1995 Sanremo with "La vestaglia" CD "Ranieri". He becomes artistic director of the City of Sorrento Festival. 1997 Sanremo, with Gianni Togni's ‘Ti parlerò d'amore' CD "Canzoni in corso", a selection of songs by various Italian composers 1999 CD "Hollywood ritratto di un divo" (double CD, from the musical show) 2001 CD "Oggi o dimane" The start of a collaboration with Mauro Pagani and the revisiting of the great classics of Neapolitan song. "Oggi o dimane", theatrical tour of the concert show (his first after 25 years) 2003 CD "Nun è acqua" "Nun è acqua", concert show and tour 2004 CD "Ranieri canta Napoli" (double CD, with the previous two) CD "Les Parisiens", soundtrack of the film trilogy, with music by Francis Lai 2005 CD "Accussì grande", 3rd collaboration with Mauro Pagani "Accussì grande", concert show and tour 2006 CD "Canto perché non so nuotare...da 40 anni"(double CD for his 40 years of singing career) 2007 "Canto perché non so nuotare...da 40 anni!" a nationwide tour which lasted for more than 2 years "Canto perché non so nuotare...da 40 anni!" live DVD which topped the charts for 27 weeks and became platinum in 2009 2008 CD "Gold Edition Massimo Ranieri" a triple album containing a live with Neapolitan songs, the best of the double CD "Canto perché non so nuotare...da 40 anni!" and the CD "Canzoni in Corso" un omaggio ai cantautori contemporanei. 2009 CD "Napoli...Viaggio in Italia" (album) 2011 Sanremo, a talking and singing show of reminiscences with Gianni Morandi (you can find parts of it on YouTube) "Canto perché non so nuotare...da 500 repliche". 500th show "Threepenny Opera" di Bertolt Brecht". Recital: "Chi nun tene coraggio nun se cocca ch' 'e femmene belle". 2012 "Raffaele Viviani varietà" directed by Maurizio Scaparro. 2013 "Canto perché non so nuotare...da 500 repliche". 700th show at the Coliseum Theatre in Turin. CD "Sogno e Son Desto" Live Filmography Films Television Theatre (actor) 1976 – "Napoli: chi resta e chi parte" a show comprised by two one-act plays by Raffaele Viviani ("Caffè di notte e giorno" e "Scalo marittimo") directed by Giuseppe Patroni Griffi and shown at the Spoleto "Festival dei due mondi". "In memoria di una signora amica" a comedy by Giuseppe Patroni Griffi, directed by Mario Ferrero,with Pupella Maggio and Lilla Brignone. 1977 – "The Waltz of the Dogs" by Leonid N. Andreyev, directed by Giuseppe Patroni Griffi, with Romolo Valli. 1978 – "The imaginary invalid" by Molière directed by Giorgio De Lullo. 1979 – "Twelfth Night" by Shakespeare, directed by Giorgio De Lullo, with Monica Guerritore 1980 – "The Good Person of Szechwan" by Bertolt Brecht directed by Giorgio Strehler with Andrea Johansson, Renato De Carmine. At the Teatro Comunale di Milano, and then in a European tour which lasted two years. 1983 – "Barnum", a musical by Mark Bramble directed by Buddy Schwab and Ennio Coltorti, with music by Cy Coleman, with Ottavia Piccolo. 1986 – "Varietà", directed by Maurizio Scaparro, with Marisa Merlini, Galeazzo Benti and Arturo Brachetti. 1987 – "Pulcinella" by Manlio Santanelli (taken from a screenplay by Roberto Rossellini), directed by Maurizio Scaparro. 1988 – "Rinaldo in campo", musical comedy written by Domenico Modugno, directed by Garinei and Giovannini. 1990–91 – "Pulcinella" reprise 1991–92 – "Liolà" by Luigi Pirandello directed by Maurizio Scaparro, with Carlo Croccolo and with original music by Nicola Piovani 1993 – "Teatro Excelsior" directed by Maurizio Scaparro with original music by Antonio Sinagra. 1994 – "L'Île des esclaves" (The Island of Slaves) by Marivaux, directed by Giorgio Strehler, with Pamela Villoresi, Philippe Leroy and Laura Marinoni, music by Fiorenzo Carpi. 1996 – "Le mille e una notte" directed by Maurizio Scaparro, with Laura del Sol. 1998 – "Hollywood-Ritratto di un divo", musical by Gianni Togni e Guido Morra, on the love between John Gilbert and Greta Garbo directed by Giuseppe Patroni Griffi 2000 – "Il Grande Campione", by Maurizio Fabrizio and Guido Morra, directed by Giuseppe Patroni Griffi, the love story between the boxer Marcel Cerdan and Edith Piaf 2007 – He is the narrator voice in "Peter and the Wolf" in a concert with the Solisti Veneti, conducted by Claudio Scimone. 2009 – "Polvere di Baghdad" directed by Maurizio Scaparro, his goodbye production as head of the Theatre Sector of the Venice Biennale. Written by Scaparro, together with the poet Adonis and journalist Massimo Nava, it links today's Baghdad with its mythical status as the locus of the 2001 Nights. Ranieri is a storyteller who, from the distant past, is catapulted into today's ruined city. Directing (Theatre and Opera) 2004 – "Cavalleria Rusticana" opera by Pietro Mascagni and "I Pagliacci" by Ruggero Leoncavallo at the Opera Arena Sferisterio in the city of Macerata. 2005 – "L'Elisir d'amore" opera by Donizetti at the Teatro di San Carlo of Naples. 2006 – "La Traviata" opera by Giuseppe Verdi al Teatro Verdi di Trieste conducted by Daniel Oren. 2007 – "La Traviata" at the Tirana National Opera House and at the Teatro di San Carlo in Naples. 2008 – "La Cenerentola" opera by Gioacchino Rossini at the Teatro Verdi in Teramo "Poveri ma belli" a musical taken from the film by Dino Risi, with music by Gianni Togni. With Bianca Guaccero, Antonello Angiolillo and Michele Carfora. 2009 – "Versi e diversi", a new show written in collaboration with Gualtiero Peirce, at the Ravello Festival. Books 2007 – "Mia madre non-voleva" (with Gualtiero Peirce, published by Rizzoli), autobiography 2021 – "Tutti i sogni ancora in volo" (published by Rizzoli), autobiography Awards 1970 – "David di Donatello" and "Premio Internazionale della Critica" awards for "Metello". 1972 – National prize "I numeri 1", Radio Montecarlo Prize for popularity. 1973 – Telegatto "Vota la voce" (Rank the voice) as Best male singer. 1984 – "Positano Top" award for "Barnum". 1974 – "Gran simpatico" prize . 1987 – Taormina Arte Award. 1999 – Ennio Flaiano Award for the Theatre 2005 – Premio Barocco and the Premio Sirmione Catullo as Artist of the Year Premio Nuova Spoleto per L'Arte e lo Spettacolo. 2008 – De Sica Award for the Theatre, presented by the President of the Republic Mr. Napolitano. "Volere Volare, Il meglio del Made in Italy" award, as public person of the year "La Pigna d'oro" award for his whole career. 2009 – Burlamacco d'Oro". Special Jury Prize of the Festival of Busto Arsizio for the film "L'ultimo Pulcinella" which also was awarded the Best Director prize. Premio Flaiano (2nd time). References FAO Goodwill Ambassador website External links Official homepage Synopsis of "La vela incantata" Review of "Pulcinella" film Polvere di Baghdad Short biography 1951 births Living people Musicians from Naples Italian pop singers Italian male stage actors Italian male film actors Italian male television actors Italian male voice actors Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Italy Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1971 Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1973 Sanremo Music Festival winners David di Donatello winners 20th-century Italian male singers 21st-century Italian male singers 20th-century Italian male actors 21st-century Italian male actors
5384533	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Aguirre	Mike Aguirre	Jules Michael Aguirre (born 1949), more commonly known as Michael Jules Aguirre, was the City Attorney for the City of San Diego, California, from 2004 to 2008. In 2013, he was a candidate for mayor in a special election following Mayor Bob Filner's resignation. He lost to Kevin Faulconer, placing fourth in a field of eleven candidates. Early life Aguirre was born to Julio and Margaret Aguirre. His father was of Spanish and Mexican descent and his mother is of Mexican descent. Early career Aguirre worked as Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Department of Justice and directed a grand jury investigation of pension racketeering. He was then appointed as assistant counsel to the U.S. Senate's Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. After leaving government work, Aguirre set up his own firm specializing in securities fraud. In the 1990s, Aguirre continued his securities practice and his electoral campaigns. In 1990, Aguirre allied with the Chicano Movement to file a successful federal voting rights lawsuit to overturn San Diego’s redistricting. In 1993, Aguirre successfully defended the United Farm Workers Union in Yuma, Arizona, in a case with lettuce grower Bruce Church. Aguirre took over the defense of the case after UFW President Cesar Chavez died following two days of testimony. Aguirre finished the jury trial, which the UFW lost, but he succeeded in getting the case overturned on appeal. In 1996, Aguirre went to court to throw out a 1995 contract between the City of San Diego and the San Diego Chargers football team. In the contract, the city agreed to issue $60 million of bonds to renovate the football team's stadium, and, in a controversial clause, promised to constantly maintain the stadium as a state-of-the-art venue. The city had also agreed to guarantee the sale of 60,000 game tickets at prices to be set by the Chargers. Aguirre’s suit and the ensuing scandal surrounding the maintenance clause compelled the city to renegotiate with the Chargers in 1998. City Attorney Aguirre ran for San Diego City Attorney in 2004, in the midst of a financial crisis and investigations by the Securities and Exchange Commission. Scandal had erupted in the summer of 2003 over a pension deal that municipal employees received between 1996 and 2002. Workers were given increased benefits during this period, but the city did not contribute enough to municipal pension funds to cover the increased benefits. The resulting deficit of some $1.4 billion left the city’s finances in shambles and made it virtually impossible to issue municipal bonds. Aguirre ran as a "clean up the mess" outsider, with support from Democrats in the officially nonpartisan race, and won with 50.4% of the vote. A 2008 Wall Street Journal article praised Aguirre’s efforts to address the City of San Diego's hundreds of millions of dollars of unfunded pension liabilities. In October 2007, the San Diego Union-Tribune reported that during the California wildfires of October 2007, Aguirre had called for an evacuation of the entire City of San Diego. Aguirre was heavily criticized for the idea but said that the paper had distorted his position. Aguirre's claim was that he had written a memo to the San Diego Mayor at the height of the fires, advising that the city should draw up a voluntary evacuation plan in light of federal regulations, the immediate threat of the fire, as well as concerns over weather conditions and air quality. As City Attorney, Aguirre filed a legal action to force a developer to reduce the height of an already constructed office building near an airport. Federal Aviation Administration officials had later determined that the height of the building posed a threat to public safety, even if a city building permit had been issued. In 2009, a California Superior Court judge affirmed the City Attorney's position by determining the developer had no legal right to erect the building to the unsafe height, and the top several stories were ordered to be removed from the building. In 2005, immediately upon taking office, Aguirre attempted unsuccessfully to overturn a city grant of $900 million in pension benefits to police and other city workers, which Aguirre contended had been illegal. Aguirre sued Countrywide Financial in July 2008 over lending practices and convinced a federal multi-district litigation judicial panel to move all Countrywide Financial foreclosure cases to the jurisdiction of the City of San Diego. In 2008, Aguirre ran for a second term as City Attorney but was challenged by several other candidates. The president of the San Diego City Council Scott Peters ran with the backing of city unions, while Superior Court Judge Jan Goldsmith was backed by the Republican political establishment. In the five-candidate nonpartisan primary election in June 2008, Aguirre qualified for the general election by coming in second place after Goldsmith. In the general election on November 4, 2008, Aguirre lost to Goldsmith: 59.5 percent to 40.5 percent. After leaving office After leaving his post as City Attorney, Aguirre returned to private legal practice by forming the law firm of Aguirre Morris & Severson, along with two colleagues from the City Attorney's office: Mia Severson, who had headed the City Attorney's civil litigation division; and Chris Morris, who had headed the City's Criminal Division. Aguirre also started the National Center for Regulatory Reform, which has issued extensive reports on the Market Crash of 2008. Following the resignation of Mayor Bob Filner in August 2013, Aguirre declared his intention to run in the special election for mayor to replace him. In the primary election held November 19, 2013, Aguirre came in a distant fourth with 4.44 percent of the vote, and thus did not advance to the runoff election held in November. In 2014, Aguirre represented a woman named Ruth Hendricks who was challenging the $4.7 billion settlement deal for the failed San Onofre nuclear plant in San Diego County. His questions during the settlement approval process were not addressed. By 2015, his questions about backchannel dealings between regulators and utility companies were being taken more seriously, as criminal investigators seized notes from a secret meeting in Poland where the framework of a San Onofre deal was first discussed. Electoral history References External links Aguirre Morris & Severson LLP San Diego Magazine article (October, 2004) Living people 1949 births American politicians of Mexican descent American politicians of Spanish descent Arizona State University alumni Hispanic and Latino American politicians UC Berkeley School of Law alumni Harvard Kennedy School alumni Politicians from San Diego Lawyers from San Diego California Democrats People from San Diego
5384536	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphanizomenon%20flos-aquae	Aphanizomenon flos-aquae	Aphanizomenon flos-aquae is a brackish and freshwater species of cyanobacteria found around the world, including the Baltic Sea and the Great Lakes. Ecology Aphanizomenon flos-aquae can form dense surface aggregations in freshwater (known as "cyanobacterial blooms"). These blooms occur in areas of high nutrient loading, historical or current. Toxicity Aphanizomenon flos-aquae has both toxic and nontoxic forms. Most sources worldwide are toxic, containing both hepatic and neuroendotoxins. Most cyanobacteria (including Aphanizomenon) produce BMAA, a neurotoxin amino acid implicated in ALS/Parkinsonism. Toxicity of A. flos-aquae has been reported in Canada, Germany and China. Aphanizomenon flos-aquae is known to produce endotoxins, the toxic chemicals released when cells die. Once released (lysed), and ingested, these toxins can damage liver and nerve tissues in mammals. In areas where water quality is not closely monitored, the World Health Organization has assessed toxic algae as a health risk, citing the production of anatoxin-a, saxitoxins, and cylindrospermopsin. Dogs have been reported to have become ill or have fatal reactions after swimming in rivers and lakes containing toxic A. flos-aquae. Microcystin toxin has been found in all 16 samples of A. flos-aquae products sold as food supplements in Germany and Switzerland, originating from Lake Klamath: 10 of 16 samples exceeded the safety value of 1 μg microcystin per gram. University professor Daniel Dietrich warned parents not to let children consume A. flos-aquae products, since children are even more vulnerable to toxic effects, due to lower body weight, and the continuous intake might lead to accumulation of toxins. Dietrich also warned against quackery schemes selling these cyanobacteria as medicine against illnesses such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, causing people to omit their regular drugs. Medical research A Canadian study studying the effect of A. flos-aquae on the immune and endocrine systems, as well as on general blood physiology, found that eating it had a profound effect on natural killer cells (NKCs). A. flos-aquae triggers the movement of 40% of the circulating NKCs from the blood to tissues. As a food supplement Some compressed tablets of powdered A. flos-aquae cyanobacteria (named as "blue green algae") have been sold as food supplements, notably those filtered from Upper Klamath Lake in Oregon. See also Spirulina (dietary supplement) References External links Nostocales
5384545	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamite%20gun	Dynamite gun	A dynamite gun is any of a class of artillery pieces that use compressed air to propel an explosive projectile (such as one containing dynamite). Dynamite guns were in use for a brief period from the 1880s to the beginning of the twentieth century. Because of the instability of early high explosives, it was impractical to fire an explosive-filled shell from a conventional explosive-fired gun. The violent deflagration of the propellant charge and the sudden acceleration of the shell would set off the explosive in the barrel of the weapon. By using compressed air, the dynamite gun was able to accelerate the projectile more gradually through the length of the barrel. Guns for naval use were supplied with air from shipboard compressors. A small model for field use by land forces employed a powder charge to drive a piston down a cylinder, compressing air that was then fed into the gun barrel. This field model was famously used by Theodore Roosevelt's Rough Riders during the Spanish–American War, but had actually been used previously by Cuban insurgents against Spanish forces. The guns fired a relatively lightweight shell; necessarily the guns had a low muzzle velocity, requiring a high angle of fire even at short ranges. This increased the flight time of the shell, resulting in a loss of accuracy. By 1900, the availability of stable high explosives, the longer range of conventional artillery, the gun's mechanical complexity, and its inherent limitations made the dynamite gun obsolete. History The Zalinski dynamite gun The original invention of a gun to fire an explosive charge with compressed air was the work of D. M. Medford of Chicago, Illinois. His prototype was demonstrated in 1883 at Fort Hamilton, New York. Edmund Zalinski, an American artillery officer, saw the demonstration, and over the next few years improved the design, building and demonstrating a series of prototypes. Some of his work took place at Fort Lafayette, New York. The Navy was impressed, and commissioned the construction of a specialized "dynamite gun cruiser." The , launched in 1888, was armed with three fifteen-inch pneumatic guns capable of firing an explosive projectile , and eventually bombarded Cuba in the Spanish–American War. The projectiles were sometimes called "aerial torpedoes". In 1897, an 8.4-inch (210 mm) Zalinski dynamite gun was fitted to the first commissioned US submarine . It was later removed in 1900. From 1894 to 1901, the Army purchased and installed several coastal artillery batteries of 15 inch (381 mm) dynamite guns as part of the coast defense modernization program initiated by the Endicott Board. These could throw an explosive projectile from depending on the weight of the projectile, from . Compressed air at was supplied by a steam-driven compressor. In addition to the guns and their ammunition, the steam boiler, compressor, and other equipment necessary to operate the guns weighed over 200 tons. Among other locations, three guns were installed as Battery Dynamite at Fort Winfield Scott, near the Presidio of San Francisco. In 1904 the batteries were decommissioned, and the guns dismounted and scrapped. A bolt circle for a 15-inch dynamite gun remains near the southwest tip of Fisher's Island, New York on the former site of Fort H. G. Wright. The Sims-Dudley dynamite gun Pneumatic guns for shipboard use, or at fixed coastal fortifications, could rely on a steam-driven gas compressor as an air source. For use by troops in the field, this was impractical. The Dudley-Sims dynamite gun used a smokeless powder charge to compress the air. Beneath the gun barrel was a cylinder into which the powder charge was loaded. When fired, the expanding gas from the smokeless powder compressed the air in the cylinder, which was then fed into the gun barrel, accelerating the explosive projectile. The US Army bought sixteen of these guns. The Sims-Dudley gun weighed about one thousand pounds and had a bore diameter of . Its ammunition was not actually dynamite; the shells were filled with a nitrocellulose-based gelatin, and exploded by either a time or percussion fuze. Each round of ammunition weighed about , of which was the explosive filler. It was cylindrical in shape, with a rounded nose, with twisted vanes on its back to provide spin-stabilization during flight. Roosevelt and his Rough Riders used a Sims-Dudley gun during the siege of Santiago, with mixed results. The gun did work as intended, delivering high-explosive shells on target. Because of its relatively quiet pneumatic operation and smokeless powder charges, it did not betray its presence, and so was not targeted by the Spanish. But it was mechanically unreliable and not very accurate. On balance Roosevelt was not enthusiastic, but found it "more effective than the regular artillery." See also Pneumatic weapon Dale Fort Air gun Spud gun FN 303 Holman Projector Steam cannon References Bibliography Hansen, David M. "Zalinski's Dynamite Gun." Technology and Culture, 25 Apr 1984 External links The Zalinski Dynamite Gun, by Mark Clark American Machine Cannon and Dynamite Guns, by William R. Hamilton Fort Winfield Scott: Battery Dynamite, by Chuck Wofford Library of Congress photo DiGiulian, Tony Navweaps.com Dynamite Guns page Historic marker at site of steam cannon formerly located on Hilton Head Island, SC Pneumatic weapons Pneumatic mortars Naval artillery
5384552	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Great%20Eastern%20%28album%29	The Great Eastern (album)	The Great Eastern is the third studio album by Scottish indie rock band The Delgados. It was released on 17 April 2000 in the United Kingdom on their own Chemikal Underground record label, and later on 9 May 2000 in the United States. The Great Eastern was their first album not to be named after a cycling theme – the title refers to a textile mill in Glasgow, latterly a hostel for the homeless. Reception At the end of 2000, The Great Eastern was included in several publications' lists of the year's best albums, including being named fifth best by Mojo and 28th best by NME. The album was nominated for the 2000 Mercury Prize. In 2008, The Great Eastern was ranked at number 49 on Mojos list of "The 50 Greatest UK Indie Records of All Time". Track listing Personnel Credits for The Great Eastern adapted from album liner notes. The Delgados Stewart Henderson – bass guitar, accordion, autoharp, guitar, handclaps, piano, Rhodes piano, sleigh bells, vocals Emma Pollock – guitar, vocals, handclaps, vibraphone Paul Savage – drums, dulcimer, guitar, Hammond organ, handclaps, keyboards, Korg synthesizer, piano, Rhodes piano, sampler, tubular bells Alun Woodward – guitar, vocals, bowed guitar, dulcimer, e-bow, keyboards, slide guitar, vibraphone The Delgados – writing, brass arrangement, string arrangement, woodwind arrangement Additional musicians Alan Barr – cello, string arrangement Barry Burns – Hammond organ, Korg synthesizer, piano, Rhodes piano Lorne Cowieson – trumpet, flugelhorn, brass arrangement Charlie Cross – viola, violin, string arrangement Graham Flett – double bass Dave Fridmann – cello sampling, weights David Laing – violin Greg Lawson – violin, string arrangement Camille Mason – clarinet, flute, piano, woodwind arrangement Guy Milford – tenor horn Jim Putnam – additional vocals Paul Stone – euphonium, trombone Graeme Wilson – saxophone Production The Delgados – production, recording Tony Doogan – recording Dave Fridmann – mixing, production James Jarvie – "black magic" Chris Renwick – programming Dougie Summers – programming Artwork and design Tony Doogan – camcorder Adam Piggot – artwork, photography Lindsay Savage – cover photography Charts References The Delgados albums 2000 albums Chemikal Underground albums Albums produced by Dave Fridmann Albums recorded at Tarbox Road Studios
5384560	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Adventuress%20of%20Henrietta%20Street	The Adventuress of Henrietta Street	The Adventuress of Henrietta Street is a BBC Books original novel written by Lawrence Miles and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It features the Eighth Doctor, Fitz and Anji. This novel sees the first named appearance of the villain Sabbath, who subsequently appears in many of the following novels. External links The Cloister Library - The Adventuress of Henrietta Street 2001 British novels 2001 science fiction novels Eighth Doctor Adventures Novels by Lawrence Miles The Master (Doctor Who) novels Faction Paradox
3992436	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life%20%28Simply%20Red%20album%29	Life (Simply Red album)	Life is the fifth studio album by British pop and soul band Simply Red, released in 1995. The lead single "Fairground" became their first number 1 hit in the UK. Due to this success, the album also made #1 on the UK album chart. It also included "We're in This Together", the official theme song for Euro '96. This was also the last album to feature band members Fritz McIntyre and Heitor TP. Track listing All songs composed by Mick Hucknall "You Make Me Believe" – 3:51 "So Many People" – 5:19 "Lives and Loves" – 3:21 "Fairground" – 5:33 "Never Never Love" – 4:19 "So Beautiful" – 4:58 "Hillside Avenue" – 4:45 "Remembering the First Time" – 4:43 "Out on the Range" – 6:00 "We're in This Together" – 4:14 2008 Special Edition bonus tracks "Fairground" (Rollo and Sister Bliss Remix) – 9:06 "Remembering the First Time" (Satoshi Tomie Classic 12" Mix) – 8:53 "Never Never Love" (Too Precious Club Radio Mix) – 4:22 "We're in This Together" (Universal Feeling Mix) – 4:15 "You Make Me Believe" (Howie B Mix) – 4:01 Personnel Simply Red Mick Hucknall – lead vocals, backing vocals, guitars, bass, string arrangements Fritz McIntyre – keyboards, backing vocals Ian Kirkham – keyboards, saxophones, EWI Heitor TP – guitars Dee Johnson – backing vocals Guest musicians Andy Wright – keyboards, programming, string arrangements Robbie Shakespeare – bass Bootsy Collins – bass Sly Dunbar – drums, programming Ritchie Stevens – drums Danny Cummings – percussion Hugh Masekela – flugelhorn Umoja Singers Chorale – choir The London Metropolitan Orchestra – strings Caroline Dale – string arrangements and conductor The video for "Never Never Love" featured several women, including British actresses Billie Whitelaw and Stephanie Beacham, and fashion models like Kirsten Owen, for example. Production Producers – Mick Hucknall and Stewart Levine Album Coordinator – Merv Pearson Engineered and Mixed by Roland Herrington and Femi Jiya Assistant Engineers – Jake Davies, Aiden Love, Bernard O'Reilly and Andy Strange. Recorded at Planet 4 Studios (Manchester, England); AIR Studios (London, England); Downtown Studios (Johannesburg, South Africa). Mixed at Whitfield Street Studios (London, England). Mastered by Bernie Grundman at Bernie Grundman Mastering (Hollywood, CA). Art Direction – Mat Cook and Zanna Design – Mat Cook Photography – Zanna Management – Lisa Barbaris, Andy Dodd and Elliot Rashman at So What Arts, Ltd. Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications and sales References Simply Red albums 1995 albums East West Records albums Albums produced by Stewart Levine
5384566	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin%20rocket%20launching%20site	Berlin rocket launching site	Rocket Launch Site Berlin (Raketenflugplatz Berlin) was the launch site of the Space Club (Verein für Raumschiffahrt) in Berlin-Reinickendorf at 52°33' N and 13°18' E directly adjacent to the current site of the Airport Berlin-Tegel in an area that is now Cité Pasteur. It was inaugurated in September 1930, using the site and the buildings of a disused French ammunitions depot which Rudolf Nebel managed to rent from the Prussian war ministry.<ref>Nebel, R. 'Die Narren von Tegel. Düsseldorf: Droste 1972. p 88.</ref> The Space Club used the four-square-kilometer area to develop and test two models of liquid fuel rockets, Mirak and Repulsor''. Many of the rockets failed, but some reached altitudes of approximately 100 metres, and later, 4000 metres. On 30 September 1933, Rocket Launch Site Berlin closed under the pretext of an unpaid water bill. Subsequently, the Nazi-era military took over and classified the nascent research into rocket technology. According to Nebel, the tests of the rocket engines were audible as from as far away as Potsdamer Platz and over time attracted considerable attention from the press who dubbed the team of engineers The Fools of Tegel ("Die Narren von Tegel"). References External links Astronautix.com: Raketenflugplatz Astronautix.com: Mirak Map of the Raketenflugplatz in 1930 Rocket launch Research and development in Nazi Germany Rocket launch sites in Germany
5384577	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney%20Sturgess	Sydney Sturgess	Dorothy Anna Sturgess (March 5, 1915 – September 30, 1999), known professionally as Sydney Sturgess, was a British-Canadian actress. She is best known for her work with the Shaw Festival and the Stratford Festival of Canada. Primarily a stage actress in Canada, England and the US, she occasionally worked in television and film. Background Born in Ipoh, Malaya, Sturgess was the eldest of four children; two brothers and a sister. She carried a distinguished Canadian ancestry – her great-grandfather was Edward Palmer, Q.C., of Prince Edward Island, who was also one of the Fathers of Confederation. Her father was a civil engineer and was assigned to remote countries around the world to build bridges, so the family traveled frequently. Her teenage years were spent for the most part at St. Stephen's boarding school in Folkestone, Kent, England. She received her dramatic training in England, as well, at the London College of Music where she received an A.L.C.M. in elocution. After graduation, she joined the Arthur Brough Players in Folkestone, first as a student and then later as an actress. Sturgess acted in various English repertory companies before meeting Barry Morse in Peterborough on January 3, 1939. Morse and Sturgess married on March 26, 1939. As a result of her work in repertory, both prior to and following her marriage, she gained broad experience as an actress through her work in literally hundreds of stage productions throughout the 1930s and 1940s. Their two children, Hayward Morse and Melanie Morse MacQuarrie, were born in 1947 and 1945, respectively. The family emigrated to Canada in 1951, where Sydney enjoyed several successful seasons of theatre at the Montreal Mountain Playhouse, as well as radio work and teaching, until moving to Toronto with the advent of television in 1953. Sturgess' stage credits span more than fifty years and include London West End productions with such personalities as Dame Marie Tempest and A.E. Matthews in The First Mrs. Fraser, and later in her career on Broadway opposite Morse and Alec McCowen in Hadrian VII. Her performances ranged the gamut, from acting in Jupiter Theatre's production of Relative Values, The Potting Shed at the Crest Theatre, and with the Canadian Players in Romeo and Juliet and Pygmalion. She also played in George Bernard Shaw's Man and Superman, as "Mrs. Darling" in Peter Pan and played in more productions of Charley's Aunt than perhaps any other actress! In 1958 she wrote and produced her own radio series for the CBC (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation) called Poet's Corner. She also appeared on television as Catherine de Medici in Patrick Watson's series, Witness to Yesterday, and in the title role of George Bernard Shaw's Catherine the Great. She starred as the Countess of Brocklehurst in the Shaw Festival's production of The Admirable Crighton, appeared in A Day in the Death of Joe Egg at the Manitoba Theatre Centre, and played "Mrs. Higgins" in another run of Shaw's Pygmalion at the Nottingham Playhouse in England. Sturgess was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 1985 and lived with her illness for over fourteen years, before dying in her sleep aged 84. External links Website of Sydney Sturgess Barry Morse Website 1915 births 1999 deaths People from Ipoh People from Perak English stage actresses English television actresses Canadian stage actresses Canadian television actresses Neurological disease deaths in Ontario Deaths from Parkinson's disease Place of death missing 20th-century Canadian actresses British emigrants to Canada 20th-century English actresses British people of colonial Malaya
3992437	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Indian%20Film%20Academy%20Awards	International Indian Film Academy Awards	The International Indian Film Academy Awards, popularly known as the IIFA, is an annual awards event. It is produced by Wizcraft International Entertainment Pvt. Ltd. The winners of the awards are decided by fans, who vote online for actor from the Indian film industry. Instituted in 2000, the ceremony is held in different countries around the world every year. The IIFA Utsavam is the South Indian segment of the annual IIFA Awards. The awards were introduced in 2016, around the films released in 2015. The 1st IIFA Utsavam was held on 24 and 25 January 2016 at the Gachibowli Athletic Stadium, Hyderabad, India. History The first awards were presented in 2000 at The Millennium Dome in London, United Kingdom. From then onwards, the awards are held at locations around the world signifying the international success of Bollywood. Since 2000, the event has expanded from a one-night event to a three-day celebration, hosting various events and activities relating to the Indian film industry. These awards honour films from the previous calendar year. Amitabh Bachchan is the Brand Ambassador of the IIFA since its inception. In its 10th year (2009), five special awards were introduced: Star of the Decade (Male and Female), Movie of the Decade, Music of the Decade, and Director of the Decade. Awards ceremonies The following is a listing of all International Indian Film Academy Awards ceremonies since 2000. Awards Popular awards Best Film Best Director Best Actor Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress Best Performance in a Negative Role(2000–2017) Best Performance in a Comic Role(2000–2017) Star Debut of the Year – Male Star Debut of the Year – Female Best Music Director Best Lyricist Best Playback Singer Male Best Playback Singer Female Best Story Special awards IIFA Lifetime Achievement Award Style Icon Style Diva Most Glamorous Star of the Year Best On-Screen Beauty Contribution to a Greener Earth Face of the Year Entertainer of the Year Special Award for Global Impact Outstanding Contribution to Indian cinema Outstanding Achievement in Indian cinema Outstanding Achievement by an Indian in International Cinema Artists of the Decade Technical awards Best Art Direction (2000–2017) Best Action (2000–2017) Best Background Score Best Cinematography Best Choreography Best Costume Design (2000–2017) Best Dialogue Best Editing Best Sound Design Best Makeup (2000–2017) Best Screenplay Best Song Recording (2000–2017) Best Sound Recording Best Sound Re-Recording Best Special Effects Records and facts Most awards to a single film 3 Idiots (2009) – 18 Devdas (2002) – 16 Kal Ho Naa Ho (2003) – 14 Barfi! (2012) – 14 Bhaag Milkha Bhaag (2013) – 14 Most acting awards – male (Best Actor + Best Supporting Actor) Hrithik Roshan (4+0) = 4 Shahrukh Khan (4+0) = 4 Most acting awards – female (Best Actress + Best Supporting Actress) Rani Mukerji (3+1) = 4 Vidya Balan (3+0) = 3 Most directing awards Sanjay Leela Bhansali – 4 Most music awards (Best Music Director + Best Background Score) A. R. Rahman (7+3) = 10 Most singing awards Shreya Ghoshal = 8 Sonu Nigam = 4 Arijit Singh = 4 See also IIFA Utsavam Bollywood Cinema of India References External links IIFA.com Official website IIFA 2014 Rocks with Stars at Tampa Bay IIFA To Be Held In Kathmandu Nepal Awards established in 2000 2000 establishments in India 2000 in Indian cinema

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.