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3992647
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6ss%20%28river%29
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Töss (river)
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The Töss is a river of the canton of Zürich. It starts with the confluence of the Vordertöss and the Hindertöss in the Zürcher Oberland, at Tössscheidi on on the border between the municipalities of Wald west of the Dägelschberg (), east of the Hüttchopf (), and north of the Tössstock ()).
The Vordertöss (lit.: 'Front Töss') rises on the south side of the Tössstock on the north faces of the Schwarzeberg () and Höchhand () before it circumvent the Tössstock on its western flank.
The larger tributary, the Hindertöss (lit.: 'Back Töss') collects the waters, either, by its tributary, the Chreuelbach, below the Höchhand, the western faces of the Habrütispitz () and Rossegg (), or, from its own sources below Schindelegg (), and the south faces of Schindelberghöchi () and the Dägelschberg, and passes the Tössstock on its northern hillside.
The Töss flows to the north before it meets the main valley of its own name, Töss Valley (Tösstal) just before Steg im Tösstal. Here, the river and its valley turns to the west in order to flow through Bauma then turns to the north again. West of the village Turbenthal it turns west again, and the valley gets even more ragged than before.
It traverses Winterthur on its most western part of the city, just northeast of the Töss, a city mountain. After joining the Eulach on the western exit of the city, the river Töss then continues more or less westnorthwestern and joins the Rhine after about on Rhine's large southern bend called Tössegg west of Teufen and just before Eglisau.
References
Rivers of Switzerland
Rivers of the canton of Zürich
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3992653
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport%20Act
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Airport Act
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The of Japan covers matters concerning the establishment, management, and sharing of airport costs, and contribute to promoting development of civil aviation. The law was passed as Law No. 80 on April 20, 1956, as the . The Airport Development Law was significantly revised on June 18, 2008, and renamed the Airport Law.
External links
Text in 1996 (The Nippon Foundation Library)
Japanese legislation
1956 in law
Aviation in Japan
Aviation law
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3992654
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamsapuram
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Mamsapuram
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Mamsapuram is a Special Grade Panchayat Town, located in Srivilliputhur Taluk and comes under Srivilliputtur Assembly constituency, Virudhunagar District in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu. Mamsapuram is also known as "Kutty Kerala". Agriculture is a most favourable employment for the people. This town totally surrounded with the agriculture land which can easily connect with the farmers within the short distance for their work. Some other peoples working in Textile and Matches industry.
Demographics
India census, Mamsapuram had a population of 17,931. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Mamsapuram has an average literacy rate of 65%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 74%, and female literacy is 56%. In Mamsapuram, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Education
Mamsapuram has one higher secondary school and many high schools and nursery schools.
Transport
Nearest railway station is srivilliputhur
Adjacent communities
Mamsapuram Nature Environment
Reference
Cities and towns in Virudhunagar district
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3992662
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi%20Cinque%20Tarantula%20Hypertext%20Orchestra
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Luigi Cinque Tarantula Hypertext Orchestra
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Luigi Cinque Tarantula Hypertext Orchestra are an avant garde Italian music group prominent in world music. The Orchestra has recorded since 1974. The leader, Luigi Cinque, has also written about Italian folk and popular music.
Italian musical groups
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3992676
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida%20Coastal%20School%20of%20Law
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Florida Coastal School of Law
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Florida Coastal School of Law was a private for-profit law school in Jacksonville, Florida. It was established in 1996 and was the last operating of three for-profit law schools of the InfiLaw System owned by Sterling Partners. Because of funding and accreditation issues, the school closed its doors after summer classes were completed in 2021.
Accreditation
The school was accredited by the American Bar Association (ABA) in 2002. In October 2017, the school received a letter from the ABA stating that Florida Coastal was not in compliance with several ABA academic standards, and requiring the school to submit a report by November 1, 2017, regarding the school's efforts to return to compliance, in advance of an appearance before the ABA Accreditation Committee in March 2018. The school's dean sent a letter to the student body, responding to the ABA letter, in order to dispel what he deemed to be "misconceptions" about the ABA's letter. At its May 2019 meeting, the ABA found Florida Coastal fully in compliance with the ABA standards. Florida Coastal remained a fully ABA accredited law school.
On May 15, 2020, the council of the American Bar Association’s Section of Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar met remotely and determined this school and nine others had significant noncompliance with Standard 316. This standard was revised in 2019 to provide that at least 75% of an accredited law school’s graduates who took a bar exam must pass one within two years of graduation. The school was asked to submit a report by Feb. 1, 2021; and, if the council did not find the report demonstrated compliance, the school would be asked to appear before the council at its May, 2021 meeting. By August 2020, Florida Coastal School of Law was able to demonstrate compliance, asserting that 75% of its 2018 graduates had passed a bar exam, and the 2019 cohort was on track for similarly-qualifying results.
However, a new problem arose in Spring 2021 when the U.S. Department of Education terminated the school's access to federal student financial aid and directed the school to file a teach-out plan with the ABA. The plan submitted in April was rejected by an executive committee of that ABA section as lacking several required items and not providing sufficient detail as to other items. A revised plan was considered in May but that plan was also rejected.
The school resubmitted its application for Title IV eligibility but the U.S. Department of Education turned down the request. Richard Cordray, the department's federal student aid chief operating officer, said in a press release, "Florida Coastal School of Law operated recklessly and irresponsibly, putting its students at financial risk rather than providing the opportunities they were seeking. Our commitment is to stand up for all students and ensure their institutions are held to the standards our students and communities expect and deserve." The press release also said that school owner InfiLaw had relinquished its ownership and audited financial statements for the school raised substantial doubt that it could continue operating.
A teach-out plan was finally approved in June, 2021, with the school to offer no further classes after the end of the Summer, 2021 term. Some students will transfer to other law schools, while others will attend classes elsewhere but graduate with Florida Coastal degrees. The school’s accreditation will be continued until July 1, 2023 for the limited purpose of allowing currently-enrolled students to receive course credits at other accredited law schools.
Notwithstanding that the school acknowledges that it is bound by the teach-out plan, Florida Coastal in July 2021 filed a lawsuit against the U.S. Department of Education alleging the agency acted arbitrarily and capriciously by terminating the school’s participation in the loan program.
Academics
In addition to its curriculum for a juris doctor, Coastal Law offered several certification programs in specialized areas of the law. Coastal Law offered an environmental law certificate, sports law certificate, international comparative law certificate, family law certificate, and an advanced legal research and writing certificate. Additionally, Coastal Law offered accelerated dual degree programs, with Jacksonville University, that allowed students to complete a juris doctor and a M.B.A. or a M.P.P. in four years.
Awards
In 2010, Coastal Law was the recipient of the American Bar Association E. Smythe Gambrell Professionalism Award.
In 2011, the Jacksonville Area Legal Aid (JALA) awarded Coastal Law the Robert J. Beckham Equal Justice Award for its partnership with JALA and its commitment to pro bono legal aid to the Jacksonville community.
In 2013, the National Jurist ranked Coastal Law among the top innovative law schools.
In 2014, Coastal Law made the American Bar Association's "Top Ten List" of law schools teaching the technology of legal practice.
In 2015, the National Jurist gave Coastal Law an "A+ or A" for being one of the twenty best law schools for practical training.
Bar passage and ranking
Bar passage
The Florida Bar passage rate of Coastal Law graduates compared to the average passing rate from other Florida law schools.
Ranking
US News and World Report ranks Coastal Law 146-192, the bottom quartile of law schools.
Post-graduation employment and debt
Student debt
According to U.S. News & World Report, the average indebtedness of 2016 graduates who incurred law school debt was $158,878 (not including undergraduate debt), and 70% of 2016 graduates took on debt.
Employment outcomes
Coastal Law's Law School Transparency score is 48.4%, indicating the percentage of the Class of 2018 who obtained full-time long-term jobs practicing law within nine months of graduation, excluding solo practitioners.
Tuition and cost
The total cost of attendance (indicating the cost of tuition, fees, and living expenses) at Coastal Law for the 2019-2020 academic year is $63,022. The Law School Transparency estimated debt-financed cost of attendance for three years is $217,870.
Extracurricular activities
Moot court
Each year, the University of Houston Law Center's Blakely Advocacy Institute ranks the top moot court programs in the United states by assessing the quality of the competition a school participated in, the size of the competitions, and the school's performance in those competitions. Florida Coastal has consistently ranked in the top 10 in those rankings:
Mock trial
Coastal Law's mock trial team competes with law students across the state of Florida and the United States. The team members present their case before a judge and jury. Acceptance into the team is based upon a competitive meritocratic process that judges the student's ability and talent. Students are only eligible to try out for the mock trial team during their first year in law school.
Law review
The Florida Coastal Law Review was a legal journal edited by second and third year law students under the guidance of law professors. The journals are retrievable through the legal databases LexisNexis and Westlaw. The journal is published three times a year. Students could join by being in the top 5% of their class or by submitting a high quality writing piece to law review.
References
External links
Official website
Educational institutions established in 1996
For-profit universities and colleges in the United States
Independent law schools in the United States
ABA-accredited law schools in Florida
Universities and colleges in Jacksonville, Florida
Southside, Jacksonville
Universities and colleges in the Jacksonville metropolitan area
1996 establishments in Florida
Private universities and colleges in Florida
Defunct law schools
2021 disestablishments in Florida
Educational institutions disestablished in 2021
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3992684
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teufen
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Teufen
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There are two municipalities of Switzerland named Teufen:
Teufen, Appenzell Ausserrhoden
Freienstein-Teufen in the district of Bülach in the Canton of Zurich
de:Teufen AR
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3992693
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%20Qaeda%20Handbook
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Al Qaeda Handbook
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The Al Qaeda Handbook 1677-T 1D is a computer file found by Police during a search of the Manchester home of Anas al-Liby in 2000. A translation has been provided by the American Federal Bureau of Investigation. Officials state that the document is a manual for how to wage war, and according to the American military, was written by Osama bin Laden's extremist group, al-Qaeda. However, the manual was likely written either by a member of Egyptian Islamic Jihad or al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya; in addition, the mentioned targets in the manual are the rulers of Arab countries, not the West.
Some of the selected translated text from the manual are found on a United States Department of Justice website. (Only some of the manual is provided because it "does not want to aid in educating terrorists or encourage further acts of terrorism".)
The handbook has been repeatedly invoked by American officials when confronted with accusations of detainee abuse or torture.
Contents
The manual was found in a computer file described as "the military series" related to the "Declaration of Jihad."
According to the United States military, the handbook contains 180 pages divided into 18 chapters. It reportedly begins, "The confrontation we are calling for... knows the dialogue of bullets, the ideals of assassination, bombing and destruction, and the diplomacy of the cannon and machine gun."
Excerpts publicly available describe the structure of a military organization whose main mission is the "overthrow of the godless regimes and their replacement with an Islamic regime," and include instructions on counterfeiting and forgery, security measures for undercover activities, and strategies in the case of arrest and indictment.
The handbook provides religious justifications and quotations from the Qur'an throughout.
The military states that the handbook instructs members of Al Qaeda how to lie to captors during interrogation, and falsely claim they are being tortured.
Claims of torture
Department of Defense spokesmen routinely state that Guantanamo captives were trained using the manual. American Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld dismissed detainee allegations of torture at Guantanamo, stated that "detainees are trained to lie, they're trained to say they were tortured."
Arrests for downloading manual in England
A student and a researcher at the University of Nottingham, studying extremism, were arrested in 2008 after downloading the Handbook from a U.S. Government site to a University of Nottingham computer. Twenty-six academics at the University signed a petition in protest of the arrests. They were released a week later, but one was subsequently charged with visa irregularities, and the ensuing controversy within the university led to the suspension of the educator teaching the terrorism course.
See also
Management of Savagery
References
Terrorism handbooks and manuals
Works by al-Qaeda
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5385372
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernandinho%20%28footballer%2C%20born%20May%201985%29
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Fernandinho (footballer, born May 1985)
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Fernando Luiz Roza (born 4 May 1985), known as Fernandinho, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Campeonato Brasileiro Série A club Athletico Paranaense. He has captained the Brazil national team on many occasions.
Fernandinho started his career at Brazilian club Atlético Paranaense before moving to Shakhtar Donetsk in 2005, where he became one of the best foreign players to ever play in the Ukrainian Premier League. With Shakhtar, he won six Ukrainian Premier League titles, four Ukrainian Cups and the 2008–09 UEFA Cup. He was voted by the Shakhtar Donetsk fans as the best Brazilian player to ever play for the team. In 2013, he joined Manchester City, where he won five Premier League titles, among other trophies.
The scorer of the only goal in the final of the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship and a full international for Brazil from 2011 to 2019, he was part of their squad which came fourth at the 2014 FIFA World Cup and also competed at the 2015 Copa América, the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and the 2019 Copa América, winning the latter tournament.
Club career
Atlético Paranaense
Fernandinho began his career at Atlético Paranaense alongside his future Shakhtar teammate Jádson and close friend Carlos. In Paranaense he was runners-up of both the Brazilian first division (in 2004) and the Libertadores da America, in 2005. He made 72 appearances for the club, scoring 14 goals, before moving to Ukrainian side Shakhtar Donetsk for a fee of around £7 million.
Shakhtar Donetsk
2005–09: Initial league championships and UEFA Cup
In his first season as a Shakhtar player he played 34 matches, including 23 league appearances, and scored three goals, with one coming in the league. Shakhtar were victorious in the Super Cup, however Fernandinho did not play in the match. He played in the championship deciding match between Shakhtar and Dynamo Kyiv, who were level on 75 points after all 30 games had been played, in which Shakhtar prevailed 2–1 to take the title. This marked Fernandinho's first league title with Shakhtar. He made 25 league appearances in the 2006–07 season as Shakhtar finished 2nd to Dynamo Kyiv. They also finished as runners-up in the Ukrainian Cup and Ukrainian Super Cup.
In the 2007–08 season Shakhtar regained the championship with Fernandinho playing a pivotal role by scoring 11 goals, including one from the penalty spot, in 29 league appearances. He failed to appear in just one league match during the season. Shakhtar were also victorious in the Ukrainian Cup, giving Fernandinho his first cup success. However they were defeated in the Super Cup by Dynamo Kyiv for the second year in a row. After the match finished 2–2, it went to penalties and, although Fernandinho converted a penalty, Shakhtar lost 4–2.
On 15 July 2008, Fernandinho played in the Super Cup victory against Dynamo Kyiv. The match went to penalties after the two teams drew 1–1 at the end of extra time. Fernandinho scored one of the penalties to help Shakhtar to a 5–3 win in the shoot-out. He scored the equalising goal in a 1–1 draw with Karpaty Lviv on 27 July. On 3 August he picked up a 63rd minute red card in a 3–0 victory over Illichivets Mariupol. On 31 August he scored a penalty in a 2–2 draw against Metalurh Zaporizhya. On 16 September he scored the opening goal in a 2–1 Champions League victory against Swiss club Basel. On 8 November, he scored the opening goal in a 2–0 victory against Tavriya Simferopol. On 9 December he scored a goal in Shakhtar's 3–2 away win against Spanish side Barcelona in the Champions League group stage match.
On 26 February 2009, Fernandinho scored the equalising goal in Shakhtar's 1–1 away leg draw against English team Tottenham Hotspur in the UEFA Cup. Shakhtar won the tie 3–1 on aggregate. On 7 March, he scored the only goal, a penalty, in a 1–0 victory against Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk. On 15 March, he opened the scoring from the penalty spot in a 3–0 victory against Metalist Kharkiv. On 19 March he scored a penalty in Shakhtar's 2–0 victory over Russian team CSKA Moscow in the UEFA Cup. Shakhtar won the tie 2–1 on aggregate. On 16 April he netted a goal in a 2–1 UEFA Cup win against Marseille. Shakhtar emerged victorious from the tie with a 4–1 aggregate win. He also scored a pivotal equalising goal in the first leg of the UEFA Cup semi final match against Dynamo Kyiv which finished 1–1. Shakhtar advanced to the final by virtue of a 3–2 aggregate victory after securing a 2–1 win at the Donbass Arena in the second leg.
Shakhtar won the UEFA Cup with a 2–1 victory over German side Werder Bremen in the last UEFA Cup before it was renamed the UEFA Europa League. He made 42 total appearances, including 21 in the league, and scored 11 goals, including five in the league, in the 2008–09 season.
2009–13: Domestic dominance and individual success
The 2009–10 season saw Shakhtar lift the Premier League trophy. Fernandinho's first goal came on 29 July, in a 2–2 Champions League draw against Politehnica Timișoara in the third qualifying round, however Shakhtar were knocked out of the competition, losing on away goals after a 0–0 draw at home. On 20 September, he scored a penalty in a 4–2 victory over Arsenal Kyiv. He scored two goals in a 5–1 victory over Karpaty Lviv on 18 October, including one from the penalty spot. On 22 October the first goal, a penalty, in a 4–0 victory against French side Toulouse in the Europa League. He scored a 93rd-minute goal in a 2–0 Ukrainian Cup victory against Dynamo Kyiv on 28 October. On 6 December he scored a penalty to open the scoring in a 2–0 win over Kryvbas. On 24 March, he scored a 92nd-minute goal against Metalurh Donetsk in the Ukrainian Cup, however it proved to be only a consolation goal as Shakhtar lost the match 2–1. Fernandinho made 24 league appearances, netting 4 times. He made a total of 39 appearances with 8 goals.
In the following season Fernandinho played in the 7–1 Super Cup win over Tavriya Simferopol on 4 July. On 18 July, he netted an equalising goal in a 1–1 draw with Metalurh Zaporizhya. On 7 August he scored the opening goal in a 5–0 win over Sevastopol. He also played a part in the 1–0 UEFA Super Cup defeat to Barcelona on 28 August. He suffered a broken leg in a 1–0 defeat to Obolon Kyiv on 10 September, which was expected to rule him out for the entire season. He eventually returned on 1 April 2011 after almost seven months out of action in a 3–1 victory over Illichivets Mariupol. He scored a late 94th-minute match-winning goal in a 2–1 victory over Tavriya, his first goal since returning from injury. On 25 May, he played the full 90 minutes in Shakhtar's 2–0 Ukrainian Cup Final victory over Dynamo Kyiv. At the end of the season Shakhtar won the championship, with Fernandinho contributing three goals from his 15 league appearances. They managed to win three prizes (Premier League, Cup and Super Cup).
Fernandinho began the 2011–12 season with Shakhtar's only goal in a 3–1 Super Cup defeat to Dynamo Kyiv. On 31 July he scored Shakhtar's only goal in a match against Arsenal Kyiv, however a 95th-minute equaliser prevented them from winning the match and taking all three points. He netted a goal in a 3–1 victory against Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk on 13 August. On 27 November he scored the second goal, from a penalty, in a 5–0 victory over Karpaty Lviv. On 27 April, he scored a penalty in a 4–3 Ukrainian Cup match against Volyn Lutsk. He netted the winning goal in a 2–1 victory against Metalist Kharkiv on 2 May. He scored six goals in 32 appearances, with 24 appearances and four goals in the league, over the season. He played in the Ukrainian Cup Final victory over Metalurh Donetsk. At the end of the season, with his contract due to expire, he signed a new five-year contract with the club until 2016. Shakhtar retained the league title for the third year in a row, Fernandinho's fifth overall with the club, and also secured another Cup trophy, their second in a row.
Fernandinho started the 2012–13 season by assisting Douglas Costa for the second goal in a 2–0 Super Cup victory over Metalurh Donetsk. This marked his third success in the Super Cup with Shakhtar. He assisted Yevhen Seleznyov's goal in the 3–1 victory over Hoverla Uzhhorod. He netted a late goal to earn Shakhtar three points in a 1–0 win over Kryvbas. He assisted Henrikh Mkhitaryan for the first goal in a 4–1 victory over Vorskla Poltava. On 23 September, he scored a goal in a 4–1 Ukrainian Cup last 32 victory against Dynamo Kyiv and was named man of the match. He assisted Henrikh Mkhitaryan for the second goal in a 2–0 victory against Metalist Kharkiv on 7 October. Fernandinho scored the second goal in a 2–1 victory against English side Chelsea in the Champions League group stage on 23 October, shooting low with his right foot into the bottom corner.
Manchester City
On 6 June 2013, Fernandinho became Manchester City's first signing of the summer, for a fee of £34 million. He signed a four-year deal and is understood to have waived around £4 million owed to him by Shakhtar in order to complete the transfer, as he was desperate to secure a move away from the Ukrainian club. During his time at Shakhtar, the Brazilian wore the number 7 shirt, but due to midfielder James Milner already occupying the number at City, Fernandinho had to choose another. In an interview with Manchester City, Fernandinho recalled a conversation with his son in which his son said, "My dad is the new number 25," and so Fernandinho subsequently chose 25 as his new number.
2013–14: Premier League win
Fernandinho made his Premier League debut on 19 August 2013 against Newcastle United in a 4–0 home win. He scored his first two goals for Manchester City on 14 December 2013 against Arsenal in a 6–3 home win and was also named man of the match after a classical display.
On 1 January 2014, he scored his third goal of the season in a 2–3 away win against Swansea City. On 2 February, Fernandinho sustained a thigh injury in training, which kept him out of action for two weeks.
On 2 March, Fernandinho appeared for City in the League Cup final against Sunderland, where he won his first trophy in England with a 3–1 win. On 11 May, Fernandinho was part of the squad who secured the Premier League title in a 2–0 win against West Ham United. He did not start the game, but appeared as a substitute for striker Edin Džeko in the 69th minute.
2014–17: Positional changes and adaptation
On 5 November 2014, in a 2014–15 Champions League group match against CSKA Moscow, Fernandinho replaced Jesús Navas at half-time with Manchester City 1–2 down at home. He was then sent off in the 70th minute for a second booking, with teammate Yaya Touré following later, as the team lost and fell to last place in the group.
On 16 August 2015, Fernandinho scored the final goal in City's 3–0 win over Chelsea. He added to his tally two weeks later, with his club's second goal in a City defeat of Watford in the Premier League. Fernandinho started as City beat Liverpool in the 2016 Football League Cup Final. He scored to put City 1–0 up and then missed his penalty in the subsequent shootout after Liverpool equalised, but City still won the game.
Fernandinho's role in the club became so significant that the manager, Pep Guardiola, said: “If a team has three Fernandinhos, they would be champions. We have one, but he is fast, he is intelligent, he is strong in the air, he can play several positions. When he sees the space he will run there immediately. When you need to make a correction, you just need one player to challenge, and he is there.”
2017–22: Sustained domestic success, captaincy, and departure
Fernandinho continued to play a vital role for Manchester City in the 2017–18 season, helping them win their third Premier League title, and his second. He scored three goals and provided three assists in 30 appearances for the title winners. Fernandinho also appeared in the 2018 League Cup final for City when they defeated Arsenal 3–0, however he was substituted after 52 minutes because of an injury.
Following the departure of Yaya Touré, Fernandinho began the season as Manchester City's only natural defensive midfielder. The Brazilian played a vital role in the club's demanding title race against Liverpool, starting every Premier League match until a thigh injury prevented him from playing against Crystal Palace and Leicester City in December - two games that the team subsequently lost. However, Fernandinho was able to return to fitness in time for a season-defining home match against title rivals Liverpool. He was named the Man of the Match following a highly praised performance in midfield that helped City beat their rivals 2–1. Of the performance, the BBC Sport's Phil McNulty wrote, "At the heart of it all was the magnificent Fernandinho - a man seemingly irreplaceable among the City's stellar cast - as he delivered a masterclass of controlled midfield play to steady his side when required."
In February's EFL Cup final against Chelsea, Fernandinho picked up a muscle injury during extra time and, for the remainder of the season, struggled to remain fit. İlkay Gündoğan took his place in City's midfield for the majority of the remaining games, which saw the team go on a 14 game winning-streak to win the Premier League title on the final day of the season. Fernandinho ended the Premier League season with one goal and three assists in 29 appearances.
With Fernandinho's age becoming an area of concern for the club, Manchester City signed Rodri from Atlético Madrid over the summer. Because of the new midfield acquisition, Gündogan's excellent performances as a defensive midfielder at the end of the previous season, and central defender Vincent Kompany's departure, Guardiola planned to use Fernandinho as a back-up central defender throughout the season. An injury to first-choice centre-half Aymeric Laporte just 4 weeks into the season, however, meant that the manager had to rely on Fernandinho to lead his defensive line. He subsequently started nearly every Premier League match following Laporte's injury, with all of his appearances for the season being in central defence. On 28 January 2020, it was announced that he had signed a one-year contract extension with the club.
On 20 September 2020, Guardiola confirmed that Fernandinho was selected as the club's new captain, following the departure of David Silva. On 25 April 2021, Fernandinho lifted his first piece of silverware as Manchester City captain. He started the League Cup final, as City won 1–0 against Tottenham Hotspur to win the competition for the fourth year in a row. It was the 6th of Fernandinho’s career, making him the competition’s most decorated player. On 11 May 2021, local rivals Manchester United were defeated 2–1 by Leicester City, securing City’s fifth Premier league title and seventh First Division title overall. This was Fernandinho’s fourth Premier League title and his first as captain. On 29 June 2021, Fernandinho once again signed a new one-year deal with the Citizens.
On 12 February 2022, after an impressive performance against Norwich City, Jamie Redknapp referred to Fernandinho as the “number 1 defensive midfielder the Premier League has ever seen” whilst mentioning that he thought Fernandinho was a better player than the former Arsenal and France midfielder Patrick Vieira, former Manchester United legend Roy Keane and former Chelsea midfielder Claude Makélélé. On 9 March, Fernandinho made his 100th Champions League appearance in a 0–0 draw against Sporting CP.
On 12 April, Fernandinho announced that he would be leaving Manchester City at the end of the season.
Return to Athletico Paranaense
On 28 June 2022, he signed for Campeonato Brasileiro Série A club Athletico Paranaense.
International career
On 11 August 2011, Fernandinho made his first appearance for the Brazil national team in a 3–2 friendly defeat against Germany. He won four further caps during the 2011–12 season but did not appear in another Seleção squad until February 2014.
On 5 March 2014, Fernandinho scored his first international goal on his return to the Brazil team in a 5–0 win over South Africa. In May 2014, he was named in Brazil's squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. He made his tournament debut as a half-time substitute for Paulinho in the third game of the group stage, scoring the last goal in the 4–1 victory against Cameroon. He was then selected in the starting line-up for Brazil's penalty shootout defeat of Chile in the round of 16. Fernandinho played a full match against Colombia in the quarter-finals, and played the first 45 minutes before being taken off in Brazil's 1–7 loss to Germany in the semi-finals: Brazil's biggest ever defeat at the World Cup.
In May 2018 he was named in Tite's final 23 man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. On 6 July, Brazil were eliminated from the 2018 World Cup by Belgium in the quarter-finals, losing 2–1, with Fernandinho scoring an own goal for Belgium.
In May 2019, Fernandinho was included in Brazil's 23-man squad for the 2019 Copa América.
Style of play and impact
Fernandinho is well known for his pace and ability to shoot from long distances, as well as his energy, technique, movement, and work-rate. He has been described in the media as "a defensive midfielder with a box to box style of play, contributing in large part to the defense and the attack. With a powerful shot and great passing range, Fernandinho has played an important part in breaking up opposition attacks and creating goal scoring opportunities". Jonathan Wilson, when writing for The Guardian in 2013, described Fernandinho as a holding midfielder who can "make tackles," and who is "capable of regaining the ball," while also noting that he frequently functioned "as the more "creative player alongside a destroyer." However, he also clarified that while "Fernandinho is a fine long passer, [...] he is not an Alonso or an Andrea Pirlo type; he is not a regista. Rather he likes to make forward surges, just as Touré does, and, as he showed against Arsenal on Saturday, is more than capable of scoring goals when chances present themselves." As such, he labelled Fernandinho as a "carrier" or "surger," namely "a player capable of making late runs or carrying the ball at his feet." Manchester City manager Pep Guardiola has praised Fernandinho for his intelligence, versatility, ability in the air, and wide range of skills, noting that "Fernandinho can do everything," also citing his important role in the club's successes. Due to a series of injuries to the Manchester City first team's defensive players, Guardiola also deployed Fernandinho as a centre-back on occasion during the 2019–20 season, a position in which he received praise in the media for his performances.
The importance and magnitude of work played by Fernandinho in Manchester City also becomes apparent in his absence. The three defeats in December 2018 in the Premier League were mostly attributed to the fact Fernandinho didn't play due to injury. Based on the statistics from around that time, it was found that City won 10% more games when Fernandinho was in the starting line-up, and the main reason being his ability to both destroy a rival's attack, and create new opportunities for his team through his long-distance passes.
Personal life
Fernandinho is married and has one son, Davi, born in Ukraine on 5 March 2010, and a daughter, Mariana, born on 28 January 2017. Aside from his native Portuguese, Fernandinho reportedly speaks Russian, Italian, Spanish and English. Fernandinho is a devout Christian; concerning his personal faith, he has stated: "Jesus is my biggest inspiration."
Career statistics
Club
International
As of match played 18 June 2019. Scores and results list Brazil's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Fernandinho goal.
Honours
Shakhtar Donetsk
Vyshcha Liha/Ukrainian Premier League: 2005–06, 2007–08, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13
Ukrainian Cup: 2007–08, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13
Ukrainian Super Cup: 2008, 2012
UEFA Cup: 2008–09
Manchester City
Premier League: 2013–14, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2020–21, 2021–22
FA Cup: 2018–19
Football League/EFL Cup: 2013–14, 2015–16, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2020–21
FA Community Shield: 2018
UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2020–21
Brazil U20
FIFA World Youth Championship: 2003
Brazil
Copa América: 2019
Individual
Top Player of the Ukrainian Premier League: 2007–08
PFA Team of the Year: 2018–19 Premier League
Manchester City Goal of the Season: 2017–18
References
External links
Fernandinho profile at FC Shakhtar Donetsk website
1985 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Londrina
Brazilian footballers
Brazil under-20 international footballers
Brazil international footballers
Association football midfielders
Club Athletico Paranaense players
FC Shakhtar Donetsk players
UEFA Cup winning players
Manchester City F.C. players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Ukrainian Premier League players
Premier League players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
2015 Copa América players
2018 FIFA World Cup players
2019 Copa América players
Copa América-winning players
Brazilian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate footballers in Ukraine
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in England
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Ukraine
Brazilian Christians
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3992699
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20programs%20broadcast%20by%20A%26E
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List of programs broadcast by A&E
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The following is a list of television programs formerly or currently broadcast by A&E.
Current programming
Original
Reality
American Justice (1992–2005; 2020–present)
City Confidential (1998–2005; 2021–present)
Cold Case Files (1999–2002; 2006; 2017; 2021–present)
The First 48 (2004–present)
Intervention (2005–present)
Hoarders (2009–13; 2016–present)
After The First 48 (2009–2014; 2020; 2022–present)
Storage Wars (2010–present)
Shipping Wars (2012–15; 2021–present)
Nightwatch (2015–17; 2021–present)
Zombie House Flipping (2019–present)
Court Cam (2019–present)
Accused: Guilty Or Innocent? (2020–present)
America's Top Dog (2020–present)
Killer Cases (2020–present)
WWE's Most Wanted Treasures (2021–present)
Hustle & Tow (2021–present)
Court Cam Presents Under Oath (2021–present)
An Animal Saved My Life (2021–present)
Dirty Rotten Cleaners (2021–present)
Fasten Your Seatbelt (2021–present)
Triple Digit Flip (2021–present)
I Survived a Serial Killer (2021–present)
Neighborhood Wars (2021–present)
50/50 Flip (2022–present)
Deep Fried Dynasty (2022–present)
Flipping Down South (2022–present)
Taking the Stand (2022–present)
Docuseries
Kids Behind Bars: Life or Parole (2019–present)
Biography: WWE Legends (2021–present)
Origins of Hip Hop (May 30, 2022)
Bobby Brown: Every Little Step (May 31, 2022)
Syndicated
Criminal Minds (2009–present)
CSI: NY (2010–present)
NCIS: Los Angeles (2020–present)
Bull (2021–present)
New Amsterdam (2022–present)
The King of Queens (2022–present)
Most Daring (2020–2021; 2022–present)
Upcoming programming
Original programming
Reality
Interrogation Raw (May 19, 2022)
Living Smaller (June 4, 2022)
First Blood (June 11, 2022)
Panic 911 (revival, June 11, 2022)
Digital Addiction (June 13, 2022)
Docuseries
Former programming
Original programming
Reality
An Evening at the Improv (1982–96)
Pulaski, the TV Detective (1988–90)
Improv Tonite (1989–93)
Caroline's Comedy Hour (1989–95)
Breakfast with the Arts (1991–2007)
Comedy on the Road (1991–94; 1996)
First Flights (hosted by Neil Armstrong) (1991–93)
Investigative Reports (1991–2004)
America's Castles (1994–2005)
Ancient Mysteries (1994–98)
Mysteries of the Bible (1994–98)
Live by Request (1996–2004)
The Big House (1998)
Christianity: The First Two Thousand Years (1998)
A&E Top 10 (1999–2000)
All Year Round with Katie Brown (2003)
Makeover Mamas (2003)
Sell This House (2003–11)
Take This Job (2003)
Airline (2004–05)
Dog the Bounty Hunter (2004–12; reruns continue to air weekdays)
Family Plots (2004–05)
Find & Design (2004–08)
Bearing Witness (2005)
Caesar's 24/7 (2005)
Criss Angel Mindfreak (2005–10)
Fatherhood (2005–06)
Flip This House (2005–09) (reruns continue on weekend mornings)
Inked (2005–06)
Knievel's Wild Ride (2005)
Move This House (2005–07)
Big Spender (2006)
Dallas SWAT/Detroit SWAT (2006–07)
Designing Blind (2006)
Driving Force (2006–07)
Gene Simmons Family Jewels (2006–12)
King of Cars (2006–07)
God or the Girl (2006) (miniseries)
Rollergirls (2006)
Confessions of a Matchmaker (2007–08)
Paranormal State (2007–11)
Private Sessions (2007–11)
Sons of Hollywood (2007)
The Two Coreys (2007–08)
Psychic Kids (2008–10; 2019)
Crime 360 (2008–09)
Jacked: Auto Theft Task Force (2008)
Manhunters: Fugitive Task Force (2008)
Parking Wars (2008–12)
Rocco Gets Real (2008)
Rookies (2008–09)
We Mean Business (2008)
Billy the Exterminator (2009–12)
The Fugitive Chronicles (2009–10)
Hammertime (2009)
The Jacksons: A Family Dynasty (2009–10)
Obsessed (2009–10)
Steven Seagal: Lawman (2009–10)
Tattoo Highway (2009)
Fix This Yard (2010–12)
Growing Up Twisted (2010)
Kirstie Alley's Big Life (2010)
Paranormal Cops (2010)
The Peacemaker: L.A. Gang Wars (2010)
Runaway Squad (2010)
The Squad: Prison Police (2010)
Strange Days with Bob Saget (2010)
Teach: Tony Danza (2010)
American Hoggers (2011–13)
Beyond Scared Straight (2011–15)
Bordertown: Laredo (2011)
The First 48: Missing Persons (2011–13)
Flipping Vegas (2011–14)
Heavy (2011)
Lady Hoggers (2011)
Monster-in-Laws (2011)
Relapse (2011)
Storage Wars: Texas (2011–14)
Barter Kings (2012–14)
Be the Boss (2012)
Cajun Justice (2012)
Duck Dynasty (2012–17)Flipped Off (2012)Last Chance Driving School (2012)Bad Ink (2013–14)Breaking Boston (2013)Flipping Boston (2013–14)The Governor's Wife (2013)The Killer Speaks (2013)Modern Dads (2013)Psychic Tia (2013)Rodeo Girls (2013)Southie Rules (2013)Storage Wars: New York (2013)Storage Wars: Northern Treasures (2013-2015)Barry'd Treasure (2014)Big Smo (2014–15)Brandi & Jarrod: Married to the Job (2014)Cement Heads (2014)Country Bucks (2014–15)Crazy Hearts: Nashville (2014)Dead Again (2014)
Dogs of War (2014)Don't Trust Andrew Mayne (2014)Down East Dickering (2014–15)Duck Commander: Before the Dynasty (2014)Epic Ink (2014)Escaping Polygamy (2014–17, moved to Lifetime)Extreme Builds (2014)Godfather of Pittsburgh (2014)Lone Star Lady (2014)Love Prison (2014)Tiny House Nation (2014-2019)Wahlburgers (2014–19)Wild Transport (2014–15)
8 Minutes (2015)American Takedown (2015)Behind Bars: Rookie Year (2015–16)Born This Way (2015–19)Cursed: The Bell Witch (2015)Donnie Loves Jenny (2015–16)Fear: Buried Alive (2015)Lachey's: Raising the Bar (2015)Neighbors with Benefits (2015)Sexy Beasts (2015)Storage Wars: Miami (2015–16)Surviving Marriage (2015)Fit to Fat to Fit (2016, moved to Lifetime)Going Si-ral (2016–17)
Jep and Jessica: Growing the Dynasty (2016)The Killing Season (2016)Leah Remini: Scientology and the Aftermath (2016–19)Live PD (2016–20)Streets of Compton (2016)Black and White (co-hosted by Christian Finnegan and Sherrod Small) (2016)"60 Days In (2016–20)Akil the Fugitive Hunter (2017)The Eleven (2017)The Lowe Files (2017)Live PD: Police Patrol (2017–20)Who Killed Tupac? (2017)The Menendez Murders: ErikTells All (2017)The Murder of Laci Peterson (2017)Cultureshock (2018)Cults and Extreme Belief (2018)Flip Wars (2018)Live PD Presents: PD Cam (2018–20)Marcia Clark Investigates The First 48 (2018)Grace vs. Abrams (2018)Undercover High (2018)Rooster & Butch (2018)Very Superstitious with George Lopez (2018)Divided States (2018)Born Behind Bars (2018)The Clinton Affair (2018)Nightwatch Nation (2018)Raising Tourette's (2018)Many Sides of Jane (2019)The First 48 Presents: Homicide Squad Atlanta (2019)The Toe Bro (2019)The Untold Story (2019)The Employables (2019)Hero Ink (2019)60 Days In: Narcoland (2019)Addiction Unplugged (2019)The Day I Picked My Parents (2019)Behind Bars: Women Inside (2019)Live PD: Wanted (2019–20)Ghost Hunters (2019–20)Live Rescue (2019–21)Alaska PD (2020)Celebrity Ghost Stories (2020)Extreme Unboxing (2020)What's It Worth? (2020)Rescue Cam (2020–21)Nature Gone Wild (2021)I Survived a Crime (2021)Invisible Monsters: Serial Killers in America (2021)BTK: Confession of a Serial Killer (2022)Secrets of Playboy (2022)Secrets of the Chippendale Murders (2022)Adults Adopting Adults (2022)
Drama100 Centre Street (2001–02)Nero Wolfe (2001–02)The Andromeda Strain (2008) (miniseries)The Cleaner (2008–09)The Beast (2009)The Glades (2010–13)Bag of Bones (2011)Breakout Kings (2011–12)Coma (2012) (miniseries)Longmire (2012–14)Bates Motel (2013–17)Those Who Kill (2014)The Enfield Haunting (2015) (miniseries)The Returned (2015)Unforgettable (2015–16)Damien (2016)
Web exclusivesCosby: The Women SpeakO.J. Speaks: the Hidden TapesSyndicated programmingBreaking Away (1985–88)Alas Smith and Jones (1985–89)Buffalo Bill (1986–89)United States (1986)Yes, Prime Minister (1986–89)Amanda's (1986–88)The Black Adder (1987–89)French and Saunders (1987–89)When Things Were Rotten (1988–89)The World of Survival (1988–91)Victory at Sea (1988–93)Secrets & Mysteries (1988)Chronicle (1988–90)Dead Head (1989)Flambards (1989–92)Lorne Greene's New Wilderness (1989–94)Profiles (1989–90)The Slap Maxwell Story (1989, 1991–92)A Fine Romance (1989–91)The Avengers (1990–93)The Fugitive (1990–95)Miss Marple (1990–97)All Creatures Great and Small (1991–92, 1998)Call to Glory (1991–92)City of Angels (1991–94)Delvecchio (1991–94)Ellery Queen (1991–94)Lovejoy (1991–97)Late Night with David Letterman (1991–92)Mrs. Columbo (1991–94)O'Hara, U.S. Treasury (1991–94)Emergency! (1991-2011)The Prisoner (1991)Rising Damp (1991–92)World in Action (1991–92)The House of Eliott (1992–95)In Search of... (1992–96)The Rockford Files (1992–96)
Spies (1992)Survivors (1992)Police Story (1993–96)Banacek (1994–98)Columbo (1994–99, 2002)Law & Order (1994–2002) (Seasons 1–8 only)Lou Grant (1994–96)McCloud (1994–99)McMillan and Wife (1994–99)Remington Steele (1994–96)Agatha Christie's Poirot (1995–97)The Equalizer (1996–2000)Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer (1996–98)The New Mike Hammer (1996–97)Quincy M.E. (1996–2000)The Cosby Mysteries (1997–99)Northern Exposure (1997–2001)Murder, She Wrote (1998–2005)A Touch of Frost (1998–99)Simon and Simon (1999–2000)L.A. Law (2000–02, 2003–04)Magnum, P.I. (2000–03)NewsRadio (2000–03)Night Court (2000–02)Crime Story (2001–02)The View (2002–03)Crossing Jordan (2003–09)CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (2004-19)24 (2005–08)CSI: Miami (2005–17)Third Watch (2005–11)Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (2005-20)Law & Order: Criminal Intent (2006-21)Cold Case (2006-09)The Sopranos (2007-15)The Closer (2007-12)Monk (2008-11)NCIS (2009-18)Chuck (2010-14)The Mentalist (2011-20)Burn Notice (2011-16)Castle (2011-19)Leverage (2013-15)Parenthood (2013-17)Grimm (2014-21)The Last Ship (2016-18)Royal Pains (2016-19)Major Crimes (2016-19)Rizzoli & Isles (2016-17)Ozzy & Jack's World Detour (2016–18)
DocumentariesWarren Jeffs: Prophet of Evil (February 19, 2018)Jonestown: The Women Behind the Massacre (February 26, 2018)
Short films and music videos
Kendall Ross Bean: Chopin Polonaise in A Flat (classical music video, aired in 1986)
Original filmsFlight 93'' (2006)
References
A&E Networks
AandE
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5385390
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavia%2C%20Saint%20Barth%C3%A9lemy
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Gustavia, Saint Barthélemy
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Gustavia (, , ) is the main town and capital of the island of Saint Barthélemy. Originally called Le Carénage, it was renamed in honor of King Gustav III of Sweden.
History
Saint Barthélemy was first claimed by France in 1648. The island was given to Sweden in exchange for trade rights in Gothenburg in 1784 and Sweden founded the Swedish West India Company. Prospering during the Napoleonic Wars, assets were low thereafter, and the island was sold back to France in 1878.
The eventual site of Gustavia was first called Le Carénage (The Careening) after the shelter it provided to damaged ships. According to the archives, the name Gustavia appeared between December 28, 1786, and February 9, 1787. Gustavia remains as a reflection of the Swedish period, during which a minority of the population of approximately 4% were of Swedish origin.
Three forts built in the mid- to late 17th century protected the harbour: Oscar (formerly Gustav Adolf), Karl and Gustav. The Saint-Bartholomew Anglican Church on the harbourfront was built in 1855.
Gustavia's sister city is Piteå, located in Norrbotten, Sweden.
Amenities
The sites of Fort Karl, overlooking Shell Beach south of town, and Fort Gustav, at the base of the lighthouse to the north, are popular with hikers. Fort Oscar, at the tip of Gustavia Peninsula, houses the Gendarmerie. There is a museum at the end of Victor Schœlcher Road on the peninsula. Gustavia has a few restaurants serving American, Italian, French and other types of food. Gustavia has many high-end boutiques that are an essential source of revenue for the island, and one of the most high class luxury hotels on the island. There is a Royal Swedish Consulate at Gustavia (Consul Dantes Magras).
Climate
The climate is a tropical one with only minor variations in temperature. The island's small surface area of allows it to take advantage of the smooth and pleasant blow of trade winds. Average water and air temperatures move around , and the year is divided into two seasons: a dry one, referred to as Lent (Careme), and a more humid one in summer. This latter season sets in between May and November, and the ever-present sun is overcast by short passages of rainclouds with brief showers of 10 to 15 minutes. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system Gustavia has a tropical savanna climate, abbreviated Aw on climate maps.
Economy
The official currency of Saint Barthélemy is the euro.
Education
The town's public preschools and primary schools, under the authority of the , are:
École primaire Gustavia
École maternelle Gustavia
Notable people
Eugénie Blanchard — the oldest verified person in the world at the time of her death. She spent most of her life in Gustavia.
Gallery
See also
List of lighthouses in Saint Barthélemy
References
External links
Government
Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy (Official government website)
Comité Territorial du Tourisme (Tourism board website)
Gustavia Harbor/Port de Gustavia (Official website)
General information
Saint Barthelemy. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Populated places in Saint Barthélemy
Quartiers of Saint Barthélemy
Capitals in the Caribbean
Populated places established in 1785
1785 establishments in North America
Gustav III
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5385399
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coetzee
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Coetzee
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Coetzee () is an Afrikaans surname. It is the tenth most common family name in the Republic of South Africa.
Origin
Unlike many other popular South-African family names, which can often be unambiguously traced back to English, Dutch, or Huguenot French, the origin of the name Coetzee is unclear. It is known that it dates back to the person Dirk Coetzee who came to Cape Colony from Kampen in Netherlands in the 17th century.
Dutch linguist Jan-Wouter Zwart states the guess, in an informal essay, that it derived from the common Dutch name Koetsier, guided by the pronunciation.
Notable people with the surname "Coetzee"
Allister Coetzee (born 1963), South African rugby coach
Angeline Coetzee, doctor who individuated Covid-19 Omicron variant
Basil Coetzee (1944–1998), South African musician
Clem Coetzee ( – 2006), Zimbabwean conservationist
Danie Coetzee (born 1977), South African rugby union footballer
Dirk Coetzee (1945–2013), co-founder and commander of the covert South African Police unit in the 1990s
Felix Coetzee (born 1959), South African jockey in thoroughbred horse racing
George Coetzee (born 1986), South African golfer
Gerrie Coetzee (born 1955), South African boxer
Hannes Coetzee (born 1944), South African guitarist
Hendrik Coetzee ( – 2010), South African adventurer
Jandre Coetzee (born 1984), South African first class cricketer
Jeff Coetzee (born 1977), South African tennis player
J. M. Coetzee (born 1940), South African-Australian author awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Literature
Justin Coetzee (born 1984), South African-Australian cricketer
Lee Coetzee (born 1984), South African cricketer
Maureen Coetzee (born 1951), South African entomologist
Pietie Coetzee (born 1978), South African field hockey player
Price Coetzee (born 1946), South African actor
Rivaldo Coetzee (born 1996), South African footballer
Roean Coetzee (born 1974), rugby union footballer
Ryan Coetzee (born 1973), South African politician and political strategist, businessman
Ryan Coetzee (swimmer) (born 1995), South African swimmer
Tansey Coetzee (born 1984), Miss South Africa 2008
See also
Kotze / Kotzé, alternative spelling, notable people carrying the surname
References
Afrikaans-language surnames
Surnames of Hungarian origin
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3992708
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.%20B.%20Halsted
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G. B. Halsted
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George Bruce Halsted (November 25, 1853 – March 16, 1922), usually cited as G. B. Halsted, was an American mathematician who explored foundations of geometry and introduced non-Euclidean geometry into the United States through his own work and his many important translations. Especially noteworthy were his translations and commentaries relating to non-Euclidean geometry, including works by Bolyai, Lobachevski, Saccheri, and Poincaré. He wrote an elementary geometry text, Rational Geometry, based on Hilbert's axioms, which was translated into French, German, and Japanese.
Life
Halsted was a tutor and instructor at Princeton University. He held a mathematical fellowship while a student at Princeton. Halsted was a fourth generation Princeton graduate, earning his bachelor's degree in 1875 and his Master's in 1878. He went on to Johns Hopkins University where he was J. J. Sylvester's first student, receiving his Ph.D. in 1879. After graduation, Halsted served as an instructor in mathematics at Princeton until beginning his post at the University of Texas at Austin in 1884.
From 1884 to 1903, Halsted was a member of the University of Texas at Austin Department of Pure and Applied Mathematics, eventually becoming its chair. He taught mathematicians R. L. Moore and L. E. Dickson, among other students, who frequently joked that his primary criterion for the rationality of a geometric system was the simplicity of the terms in which it could express the closed space figure formed by the contours of his mustache. He explored the foundations of geometry and explored many alternatives to Euclid's development, culminating with his Rational Geometry.
In the interest of hyperbolic geometry in 1891 he translated the work of Nicolai Lobachevsky on theory of parallels. In 1893 in Chicago, Halsted read a paper Some salient points in the history of non-Euclidean and hyper-spaces at the International Mathematical Congress held in connection with the World's Columbian Exposition. Halsted frequently contributed to the early American Mathematical Monthly. In one article he championed the role of J. Bolyai in the development of non-Euclidean geometry and criticized C. F. Gauss. See also the letter from Robert Gauss to Felix Klein on 3 September 1912.
In 1903, Halsted was fired from UT Austin after having published several articles that criticized the university for having passed over R. L. Moore, at that time a young and promising mathematician whom Halsted hoped to have as an assistant, for an instructor post in favor of a well-connected but less qualified candidate with roots in the area.
He completed his teaching career at St. John's College, Annapolis; Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio (1903-1906); and the Colorado State Teachers College, Greeley (1906-1914).
In 1913 Science Press published three translations by Halsted of popular science works by Henri Poincaré. In a preface, Poincaré paid tribute to Halsted's inter-continental reach: He "has already taken the trouble to translate many European treatises and thus powerfully contributed to make the new continent understand the thought of the old."
Halsted was a member of the American Mathematical Society and served as vice president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1905.
Synthetic projective geometry
In 1896 Halsted published a chapter on synthetic geometry pertaining to three-dimensional projective geometry in Higher Mathematics distributed by Mansfield Merriman and Robert S. Woodward. In 1906 Synthetic Projective Geometry was published separately in 241 articles and 61 problems. A bibliography referring to Chasles, Steiner, and Clebsch appears on page 24. There are four pages of index, 58 of text, and a lyrical preface: “Man imprisioned in a little body, with short-arm hands instead of wings, created for his guidance a mole geometry, tactile space, codified by Euclid in his immortal Elements, whose basal principle is congruence, measurement. Yet man is no mole. Infinite feelers radiate from the windows of his soul, whose wings touch the fixed stars. The angel of light in him created for the guidance of eye-life an independent system, a radiant geometry, a visual space, codified in 1847 by a new Euclid, by the Erlangen professor, George von Staudt, in his immortal Geometrie der Lage, published in the quaint and ancient Nurnberg of Albrecht Durer.”
By developing concepts of eject and cut, the text relates abstraction to practice in perspective drawing or a picture plane (page 10). A line is called a straight and includes a figurative point. Halsted uses the approach of a Steiner conic in article 77 for the definition of a conic: “If two coplanar non-copunctual flat pencils are projective but not perspective, the crosses of correlated straights form a 'range of the second degree’ or ‘conic range’." The eject of a conic is a cone, while the cut of a cone is a conic’.
Since four arbitrary points in a plane have six connectors, there are three more points determined by the crosses of the connectors. Halted calls the original four points dots and the extra three codots. Standard nomenclature refers to the configuration as a complete quadrangle while Halsted says tetrastim. Each codot corresponds to a pair of opposite connectors. Four harmonic points are defined “if the first and third are codots of a tetrastim while the others are on the connectors of the third codot” (pages 15, 16).
For a given conic C, a point Z has a corresponding straight the polar of Z and Z is the pole of this straight: Through Z draw two secants through C crossing at AD and BC. Consider the tetrastim ABCD which has Z as a codot. Then the polar of Z is the straight through the other two codots of ABCD (page 25). Continuing with conics, conjugate diameters are straights, each of which is the polar of the figurative point of the other (page 32).
Publications
Metrical geometry; An elementary treatise on mensuration (Boston, Ginn, 1890), link from Internet Archive.
The Elements of Geometry (New York, Wiley, 1889), @ Internet Archive.
Elementary Synthetic Geometry (New York, Wiley, 1896) @ Internet Archive
Synthetic Projective Geometry (New York, Wiley, 1906), @ Internet Archive.
On the Foundation and Technic of Arithmetic (Chicago, Open Court, 1912), @ Internet Archive.
Translations
Lobachevsky (1897) New Principles of Geometry with a Complete Theory of Parallels, (Austin, Neomon) link from Yale University
Henri Poincaré (1913) The Foundations of Science via Project Gutenberg
See also
Foundations of geometry
References
"George Bruce Halsted", J J O'Connor and E F Robertson, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland.
Arthur Hathaway (1897) Review: Non-Euclidean Geometry, or the Science of Absolute Space, by Bolyai, translated by Halsted, in Science, February 19, link from Jstor Early Content.
External links
1853 births
1922 deaths
Princeton University alumni
Johns Hopkins University alumni
University of Texas at Austin faculty
19th-century American mathematicians
20th-century American mathematicians
Kenyon College faculty
University of Northern Colorado faculty
Geometers
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3992712
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaleg
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Phaleg
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Phaleg is an Italian musical group classified as world music. Formed in 1995, it employs various combinations of ancient and modern language with the goal of being a modern musical expression of the culture of Calabria.
Italian musical groups
World music groups
Musical groups from Calabria
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5385417
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Levounion
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Battle of Levounion
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The Battle of Levounion was the first decisive Byzantine victory of the Komnenian restoration. On April 29, 1091, an invading force of Pechenegs was crushed by the combined forces of the Byzantine Empire under Alexios I Komnenos and his Cuman allies.
Background
On August 26, 1071, a Byzantine army under Romanos IV Diogenes was defeated by the Seljuk Turks at Manzikert in eastern Asia Minor. The defeat caused the emperor to be deposed and replaced by the ineffectual Michael VII Doukas, who refused to honour the treaty that had been signed by Romanos. In response, the Turks began to move into Anatolia in 1073, meeting no opposition. Chaos reigned as the empire's resources were squandered in a series of disastrous civil wars. Thousands of Turkoman tribesmen crossed the unguarded frontier and moved into Anatolia. By 1080, an area of had been lost by the empire. It is almost impossible to overestimate the significance of these events, as within less than a decade more than half of the manpower of the empire had been lost, along with much of its grain supply. Thus, the Battle of Manzikert resulted in the greatest blow to the Empire in its 700 years of history.
It is against this backdrop of defeat and disaster that Alexios Komnenos, a successful young general who had been fighting against the Turks since the age of fourteen, ascended the throne on Easter Sunday, April 4, 1081. According to John Julius Norwich, the significance of Alexios's rise to power was that "...for the first time in over half a century the empire was in capable hands." Alexios determined to restore the fortunes of the Byzantine Empire, whatever the cost. Around 1090 or 1091, Emir Chaka of Smyrna suggested an alliance with the Pechenegs in order to completely destroy the Byzantine Empire.
Pechenegs invade
In the spring of 1087, news reached the Byzantine court of a huge invasion from the north. The invaders were Pechenegs from the north-west Black Sea region; it was reported that they numbered 80,000 men in all. Taking advantage of the precarious situation of the Byzantines, the Pecheneg horde headed towards the Byzantine capital at Constantinople, plundering the northern Balkans as they went. The invasion posed a serious threat to Alexios's empire, yet due to years of civil war and neglect the Byzantine military was unable to provide the emperor with enough troops to repel the Pecheneg invaders. Alexios was forced to rely on his own ingenuity and diplomatic skill to save his empire from annihilation. He appealed to another Turk nomadic tribe, the Cumans, to join him in battle against the Pechenegs.
Battle
Won over by Alexios's offer of gold in return for aid against the Pechenegs, the Cumans hurried to join Alexios and his army. In the late spring of 1091, the Cuman forces arrived in Byzantine territory, and the combined army prepared to advance against the Pechenegs. On Monday, April 28, 1091, Alexios and his allies reached the Pecheneg camp at Levounion near the Maritsa River.
The Pechenegs appear to have been caught by surprise. At any rate, the battle that took place on the next morning at Levounion was practically a massacre. The Pecheneg warriors had brought their women and children with them, and they were totally unprepared for the ferocity of the attack that was unleashed upon them. The Cumans and the Byzantines fell upon the enemy camp, slaughtering all in their path. The Pechenegs quickly collapsed, and the victorious allies butchered them so savagely that they were almost wiped out. The survivors were captured by the Byzantines and taken into imperial service.
Significance
Levounion was the single most decisive victory achieved by a Byzantine army for more than half a century. The battle marks a turning point in Byzantine history; the empire had reached the nadir of its fortunes in the last twenty years, and Levounion signalled to the world that now at last the empire was on the road to recovery. The Pechenegs had been utterly destroyed, and the empire's European possessions were now secure. Alexios had proved himself as the saviour of Byzantium in its hour of need, and a new spirit of hope began to arise in the war-weary Byzantines.
In the years ahead, Byzantium would go on to stage a remarkable recovery under Alexios and his descendants, the Komnenoi. Byzantine armies returned to Asia Minor, reconquering much of the lost territory there including the fertile coastal regions, along with many of the most important cities. With the restoration of firm central government, the empire became rich during the course of the next century, and Constantinople once more became the metropolis of the Christian world. Thus, the battle at Levounion in 1091 marked the beginning of a resurgence of Byzantine power and influence that would last for a hundred years, until the demise of the Komnenian dynasty at the close of the 12th century.
Bibliography
Sources
Norwich, John Julius (1997), A Short History of Byzantium, Viking,
Haldon, John (2001), The Byzantine Wars, Tempus,
Angold, Michael (1997), The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204, A Political History, Longman,
Memishoglu, Leon, Turks through History.
1091 in Europe
1090s in the Byzantine Empire
11th-century massacres
Levounion
Levounion
Pechenegs
Levounion
Levounion
Massacres in the Byzantine Empire
Levounion
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab-eating%20mongoose
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Crab-eating mongoose
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The crab-eating mongoose (Urva urva) is a mongoose species ranging from the northeastern Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia to southern China and Taiwan. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List.
Taxonomy
Gulo urva was the scientific name introduced by Brian Houghton Hodgson in 1836 who first described the type specimen that originated in central Nepal. It was later classified in the genus Herpestes, but all Asian mongooses are now thought to belong in the genus Urva, of which U. urva is the type species.
Characteristics
The crab-eating mongoose is grey on the sides and dusky brown on neck, chest, belly and limbs. It has a broad white stripe on the sides of the neck extending from the cheeks to the shoulder.
It has white specks on the top of the head, its chin is white and its throat gray. Its iris is yellow. Its ears are short and rounded. It has webs between the digits. In head-to-body length it ranges from with a long bushy tail. Its weight ranges from .
Distribution and habitat
The crab-eating mongoose occurs in northeastern India, northern Myanmar, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. It is rare in Bangladesh. It has been recorded at altitudes from sea level to .
In Nepal, it inhabits subtropical evergreen and moist deciduous forests, and has also been observed on agricultural land near human settlements.
In India, it was recorded in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.
In Bangladesh, it was recorded in the eastern forested hills in Sylhet and Chittagong areas.
In Myanmar, it was recorded in the Bumhpa Bum hills at up to altitude, in Hukawng Valley, Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park, Bago Yoma and Myinmoletkat Taung during surveys between 2001 and 2003.
In China's Guangxi, Guangdong and Hainan provinces, it was recorded in subtropical limestone forest during interview and camera-trapping surveys carried out between 1997 and 2005.
Ecology and behaviour
Crab-eating mongooses are usually active in the mornings and evenings, and were observed in groups of up to four individuals. They are supposed to be good swimmers, and hunt along the banks of streams and close to water.
Despite their common name, their diet consists not only of crabs, but also just about anything else they can catch, including fish, snails, frogs, rodents, birds, reptiles, and insects.
Conservation
Urva urva is listed in CITES Appendix III.
References
Further reading
Menon, V. (2003). A field guide to Indian mammals. Penguin India, New Delhi
External links
Urva (genus)
Mongoose, Crab-eating
Mongoose, Crab-eating
Mongoose, Crab-eating
Mongoose, Crab-eating
Mongoose, Crab-eating
Mongoose, Crab-eating
Mongoose, Crab-eating
Mongoose, Crab-eating
Mongoose, Crab-eating
Mongoose, Crab-eating
Mongoose, Crab-eating
Mongoose, Crab-eating
Mammals described in 1836
Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN
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5385452
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out%20of%20Bounds%20%28Rajaton%20album%29
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Out of Bounds (Rajaton album)
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Out of Bounds is the sixth album of Finnish a cappella ensemble Rajaton, released in 2006. Like their 2001 album Boundless, this album is almost entirely in English, and was originally intended to be export only in order to reach out to foreign listeners. The CD contains two re-releases, four new versions of previously recorded songs (including a collaboration with The Real Group), English versions of three Kevät songs and three new tracks.
Tracks
Title (Composer / Lyricist)
1. Dobbin's Flowery Vale (2006 Version) (Irish folk melody, arr. Matti Kallio)
2. Un-Wishing Well (2006 version) (Heikki Sarmanto / Kim Rich / arr. Jussi Chydenius)3. Butterfly (Mia Makaroff)
4. We Walk in a Fog (2006 version, featuring The Real Group) (Jussi Chydenius / Eino Leino, English translation by Jaakko Mäntyjärvi)
5. Vanishing Act (Soila Sariola / Stephen Hatfield / arr. Soila Sariola, Jyri Sariola, and Leri Leskinen)
6. The Wild Song (Michael McGlynn)
7. I Was Brought To My Senses (Sting, arr. Hannu Lepola)
8. Lady Madonna (John Lennon & Paul McCartney, arr. Jussi Chydenius)
9. Salty Water (Markku Reinikainen / Stephen Hatfield / arr. Soila Sariola and Leri Leskinen)
10. Snow (Teemu Brunila / Anders Edenroth / arr. Jussi Chydenius and Leri Leskinen)
11. How Little (Mia Makaroff)
12. Mitä kaikatat, kivonen? (2006 version) (Mia Makaroff / trad.)
Notes
The original versions of "Dobbin's Flowery Vale", and "Un-Wishing Well" appeared in Boundless.
"Butterfly" and "Lady Madonna" remain the same as in Boundless.
"We Walk in a Fog" was first released in Finnish in Nova, then in English in Boundless.
"Vanishing Act" and "Salty Water" are Finnish to English homophonic translations of the original tracks "Kivinen Tie" and "Venelaulu", based on their vowel sounds. "Snow" is a more direct translation of the original track "Lunta". All three originally appeared in Kevät.
"Mitä kaikatat, kivonen?" first appeared in Nova.
Reference list
External links
Official Rajaton website
Rajaton - Out of Bounds at Last.fm
Rajaton albums
2006 albums
fi:Rajaton
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5385456
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Alliance%20of%20Catholic%20Knights
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International Alliance of Catholic Knights
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The International Alliance of Catholic Knights (IACK) is a non-governmental organization made up of fifteen Roman Catholic fraternal orders from 27 countries on six continents. The IACK was founded in Glasgow on 12 October 1979 at a meeting of the leaders of six fraternal societies, convened on the occasion of the Diamond Jubilee of the Knights of Saint Columba. The organization is headquartered in Dublin, Ireland.
The IACK is currently an associate member of the Conference of International Catholic Organizations. The CICO is made up of 36 member organizations, four associated organizations and four invited organizations. These international organizations of more than 150 million lay people, through their respective national branches, are present in more than 150 countries.
Member Organizations
Mission statement
During the constitutional meeting, it was resolved that these Fraternal Orders would found an International Alliance for the purpose of working together for the mutual advantage of the individual Member Orders and the extension of Catholic Knighthood throughout the world. Furthermore, the IACK holds its members to:
Bring the message of Christ to all people.
Give loyalty and support in every way possible to our Holy Father The Pope and all Bishops, Priests and Religious throughout the world.
Use their individual and joint influence to eliminate injustice from society.
Cooperate with other Catholic international organizations and the Pontifical Council for the Laity to advance the Christian way of life.
Extend the vision of The Blessed Reverend Father Michael J. McGivney (founder of the Knights of Columbus) by assisting each Member Order to progress and grow and by promoting the establishment of new Orders of Catholic Knights.
Strengthen the individual and distinct Member Orders by corporate action and to strive to deepen the faith of members of the Alliance and all Catholics in general by encouraging their active and generous participation in the Life and Mission of the Church.
Pursue these aims by uniting all throughout the world in prayer.
The IACK was approved as a Catholic international organization by the Holy See in 1981. By a decree dated 14 April 1992 the International Alliance of Catholic Knights was given official recognition by the Vatican as an International Catholic Association of the Faithful, in accordance with Canons 298–311 and 321–329 of the Code of Canon Law.
Leadership
It was agreed that the Supreme Knight or National President of each Member Order would form an International Council which would meet annually (now biennially) and be responsible for the organization and development of the new Alliance and would provide a forum in which the leaders of the Orders could discuss matters of common concern. The Leaders present at this historic gathering are recognized as the Founders of the International Alliance of Catholic Knights.
References
External links
International Alliance of Catholic Knights
Organizations established in 1979
Religious organisations based in Ireland
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5385463
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Sophia%20van%20Sch%C3%B6nborn
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Anna Sophia van Schönborn
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Anna Sophia van Schönborn (around 1696 - November 5, 1760) was a Countess of Hoensbroek.
Anna Catharina Sophia was countess of Schönborn when she married Marquess Frans Arnold Adriaan Joannes Philip van Hoensbroek on November 3, 1720.
Frans Arnold, who met her in Metz in May 1718, was immediately in love with her, because of her charm. After they got married they lived in Hoensbroek Castle and later at Kasteel Hillenraad (Swalmen) and Kasteel Bleijenbeek (Bergen).
According to Egidius Slanghen she had a 24th child (twins) and also a couple of miscarriages. The countess, supposedly, died, mourning for the loss of her children, after a long period of illness in Kasteel Hoensbroek, and was buried in the main church of Hoensbroek November 7, 1760.
She is nicknamed the blauwe dame (blue Lady) after a portrait hanging in the main room of the castle.
See also
List of rulers of Schönborn
Sources
www.heerlen.nl
1696 births
1760 deaths
History of Limburg (Netherlands)
People from Heerlen
Anna Sophia
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3992717
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttons%20%28The%20Pussycat%20Dolls%20song%29
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Buttons (The Pussycat Dolls song)
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"Buttons" is a song by American girl group the Pussycat Dolls from their debut studio album, PCD (2005). It was written by Sean Garrett, Jamal Jones, Jason Perry and group member Nicole Scherzinger and produced by the former two alongside Ron Fair. A remix version featuring American rapper Snoop Dogg was released as a digital download on April 11, 2006, as the album's fourth single. It is a hip hop-influenced pop and R&B track that features synthesizers and a Middle Eastern rhythm, with the group pleading a reluctant man to help them undress whilst adopting a submissive stance.
Contemporary music critics criticized "Buttons" for its production, though it was featured on 2006 year-end lists by Rolling Stone and Vibe. The track reached number one in Austria, Hungary and New Zealand where it became the group's fourth consecutive number one. It also peaked within the top 10 of 12 other countries, including the UK Singles Chart and US Billboard Hot 100 where it peaked at number three. With "Buttons" selling two million digital copies in the US, the Pussycat Dolls became the first girl group in digital history to have three singles cross that mark. The song has received several certifications, including a platinum award from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).
The music video, directed by filmmaker Francis Lawrence, is an ode to the group's burlesque origin and features multiple dance sequences, including a Bollywood-inspired routine towards the end. It received two nominations at the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards, ultimately winning one for Best Dance Video. To further promote "Buttons", the group performed the song during several television programs and awards shows, including, Fashion Rocks and the 2006 American Music Awards where clips from their performances went viral in 2020, for the perceived tension between Scherzinger and Melody Thornton onstage. The song was featured on the Ubisoft game Just Dance 2022.
Production and release
"Buttons" was written and produced by Sean Garrett and Jamal "Polow Da Don" Jones with additional writing by Jason Perry and the group's lead singer Nicole Scherzinger and additional production by Ron Fair. According to Garrett, "Buttons" was conceived in a short amount of time, with Scherzinger in mind saying, "[she] is very sexy so the concept of loosening up her buttons,—every guy would want that and women wouldn't have a problem with guys loosening up their buttons." Moreover, he credits PCD executive producer Jimmy Iovine for "[pushing] me to be creative and the more creative I am, the more he likes it." Fair and Young Smoke handled the vocal and additional production respectively with Tal Herzberg being credited as a co-producer. Herzberg also operated Pro Tools and engineering along with J.D. Andrew and Mike "Angry" Eleopoulos with the assistance of Ariel Chobaz. It was mixed by Dave Pensado at Larabee Studios in Burbank, California, where the tracks where handed to him at different stages. Trans-X Multi plug-in was used on the loop to give it a more transient feeling. Scherzinger's lead vocals were processed through Line 6's Echo Farm by adding distortion. Pensado wanted to give Scherzinger's voice more edge without the need to scream over the microphone. The leads' vocal delay was formed by Tel-ray Variable Delay and is within the 16th range. For the effects of the lead vocals, Pensado wanted to minimize the use of effects, and give them a "chorus-like sound" through Waves' Metaflanger.
"Buttons" was included on PCD as the fifth track. Following the success of "Don't Cha" and "Beep", which featured American rappers Busta Rhymes and will.i.am respectively, Snoop Dogg was recruited for its single release. Scherzinger confirmed the collaboration at the Grammy Style Studio event in February 2006. They first collaborated at the 2005 Radio Music Awards where the Pussycat Dolls performed "Santa Baby"; as part of the "racy rendition" Snoop Dogg joined them onstage dressed as Santa Claus. The remix version featuring rapper Snoop Dogg was released on April 11, 2006, for digital download. The song also impacted US contemporary hit and rhythmic radio formats on May 8, 2006, under A&M and Interscope Records. The remix, subtitled "Final Edit Version" was included in PCDs reissue, PCD: Tour Edition (2006).
Composition
"Buttons" runs for a total of three minutes and 52 seconds, and is composed in time and the key of D minor, with a moderate groove of 102 beats per minute. It is a pop and R&B song with elements of Hip hop. Influenced by Timbaland's early works with Indian music, production consists of Middle Eastern music elements, drum loop, "snaky" synthesizers, electric violin, and percussion.
The Pussycat Dolls' vocal range spans from the low note of G3 to the high note of A4, with members Scherzinger adopting breathy vocals and Melody Thornton providing ad-libs. The group takes a submissive stance towards Snoop Dogg who "seems to be as the object of affection for the girls, who ask him to 'loosen up [our] buttons' and to not 'leave [us] asking for more'." A writer for Complex magazine wrote that "it's lyrics right into the burlesque strip tease performances that PCD actually originated from".
Critical reception
In his review of PCD, Spence D. of IGN commented that the Middle Eastern elements in "Buttons" may be "familiar and funky, but it doesn't present anything new to the realm of female soul pop." Writing for Sputnikmusic, Nick Butler deemed "Buttons" as "enjoyable enough," but felt it "doesn't work as well as ['Don't Cha and 'Beep'], and sonically [is] not far from being all over the place." Slant Magazine's Sal Cinquemani described the song as "degrading material" noting "[they] are a bit easier to swallow thanks, in part, to the group's cartoonish image." Miriam Zendle of Digital Spy was unimpressed with "Buttons" labelling "as awful as [their] debut single, 'Don't Cha'," adding the song's sexual vibe "leaves the listener feeling somewhat sullied." Sean Fennessey of Pitchfork criticized Dogg's appearance for his "indolent" verse. On the contrary, a writer for Vibe magazine favored the song for "[oozing] sexuality." Rolling Stone highlighted the song's chorus, labelling it as "hot", and Snoop Dogg's appearance. Chris Courtney of Chicago Tribune described "Buttons" as a "summer sizzler." Kelley Carter of the Detroit Free Press commented that the song is a "the kind of song that makes the clubbers go crazy."
Accolades
Rankings
Awards and nominations
Chart performance
In the United States, "Buttons" was the highest debut of the week on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 71 on the issue dated May 27, 2006. It eventually peaked at number three in September 2006, and spent a total of 30 weeks on the chart. On Billboard's component charts, it peaked atop the Hot Dance Club Songs and Pop Songs (for two weeks) charts and at number three and four on the Dance/Mix Show Airplay and Rhythmic charts, respectively. In January 2010, "Buttons" surpassed two million digital copies following "Don't Cha" and "When I Grow Up, making the Pussycat Dolls the first girl group in digital history to achieve that feat. In July 2007, the song received a platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of one million units. A month earlier, "Buttons" received a BDS Certified Spin Award for receiving 300,000 radio spins in the US. On the occasion of Snoop Dogg's 40th birthday, Erika Ramirez of Billboard included "Buttons" at number four on the list of "Snoop Dogg's Top 10 Billboard Hits".
In Australia, "Buttons" peaked at number two on the ARIA Singles Chart and was certified platinum by Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for sales of 70,000 units. In New Zealand, "Buttons" entered the singles chart at number 38 solely based on airplay. In its third week, the song climbed 31 places and displaced Gnarls Barkley's "Crazy" from number one, becoming the chart's 501 number one song and the groups' fourth consecutive number one following "Don't Cha", "Stickwitu", "Beep". "Buttons" logged their twelfth week at the top, becoming the most successful new act in local chart history. It also gave Snoop Dogg's second number one since "Drop It Like It's Hot" (2004). It was certified gold by Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ), denoting sales of 7,500 copies. It also reached the peak in Austria and Hungary.
On the UK Singles Chart, "Buttons" entered at number eleven in June 2006. Following its physical release, the song peaked at number three selling 25,718 units giving the Pussycat Dolls their fourth consecutive top three hit. In October 2019, the song was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for track-equivalent sales of 400,000 units. The Official Charts Company (OCC) ranks "Buttons" as their fifth most successful song on their singles chart, and the 73rd best-selling song by a girl group. The single also charted within the top ten of national record charts; number three in Scotland and Switzerland, number four in Belgium (Flanders), Germany, Ireland, and Slovakia, number six in Belgium (Wallonia) and the Netherlands, and number eight in the Czech Republic.
Music video
Francis Lawrence directed the music video for "Buttons" on the week of March 20, 2006, over a period of three days. During an interview with the New York Post Scherzinger said that the group was to return to their burlesque roots. "We wanted to go back to the roots of the Dolls, go with the corset vibe and have it be a little rawer and hotter." In a behind-the-scenes footage included on their live album PCD Live from London (2006), member Kimberly Wyatt agreed saying, "so, for our fifth video, we decided to turn it up a notch. It was time to see, what we are all about. Tom Breihan of The Village Voice described the accompanying music video as a "big, glossy pop video" that consists of "flashy editing, decent choreography, [and] a distinct look." The video include routines within a tunnel and a Bollywood-esque dance routine towards the end. Samantha Friedman of VH1 described the dance routine as "intriguing and sexy and sassy."
The video begins with Snoop Dogg performing his rap while Scherzinger dances around him seductively. As the first chorus begins, the group, dressed in suggestive black outfits, walking towards a tunnel where they later perform a striptease. As the second chorus begins, they are seen performing upon a horizontal bar. Towards the end of the chorus, Scherzinger separates herself from the group and performs against a backdrop of curtains made from jewelry then proceeds to dance around a chair. Before the chorus begins, four additional chairs and the group performs a dance routine. Melody Thornton is separated from the rest doing her melismatic ad-libs on the chorus. When Snoop Dogg's verse begins, the Pussycat Dolls are shown walking towards him. During the breakdown, the girls dance while smoke is filled and halfway through the video, the floor turns on fire. The video ends with the group walking away.
Live performances
Following the song's official release, it was included in concerts while supporting The Black Eyed Peas' Honda Civic Tour in the US and Canada. After supporting the Peas in the UK, they flew back to the US on June 30, 2006, and appeared on Good Morning America's Summer Concert Series to perform the song along with "Don't Cha" and "Stickwitu". On September 8, 2006, they performed the track at the annual international charity fundraiser event, Fashion Rocks with American rapper Jibbs. In 2020, a clip of performance went viral highlighting the tension between Scherzinger and Thornton. On November 9, 2006, the Pussycat Dolls performed the song in sparkly, sequined mini-dress on 2006 American Music Awards, in which they included routines involving chairs and pyrotechnics during their dance breakdown. The group initially performed as quintet, before being joined by Thornton in the final 30 seconds of the performance to do her ad-libs. The Daily Telegraph's Adam White wrote the group did a "messy rendition" of the song highlighting Thornton crashing the performance and Jessica Sutta falling of her chair. Thornton's vocals were described as "if she was Christina Aguilera stuck in a wind tunnel" adding she was singing loudly over Scherzinger's. Following the performance going viral in 2020, Thornton explained to Entertainment Tonight that travelling issues caused her to miss rehearsals and the only solution was for her to appear at the end and do her part. "Buttons" was also used as the opening number during their PCD World Tour (2006–07) and Aguilera's Back to Basics Tour (2007).
On August 2, 2008, the Pussycat Dolls performed "Buttons" and "When I Grow Up" at the opening of the MTV Asia Awards, where they also presented an award, in Malaysia. The song was included on their Doll Domination Tour and The Circus Starring Britney Spears (both in 2009); their dance routine consisted of "full of stomping and syncopated strutting." While reviewing their headlining tour, Colene McKessick of Press and Journal wrote that their performance of "Buttons" "[set] the crowd into a frenzy." Scherzinger performed the song as part of a Pussycat Dolls medley during concerts of her first solo tour in support of her debut studio album, Killer Love (2011).
On November 30, 2019, the Pussycat Dolls reunited on The X Factor: Celebrity finale, and performed a medley of "Buttons", "When I Grow Up", "Don't Cha", and their first new song in over a decade, "React". Shortly after, British media regulator Ofcom received 400 complaints from viewers who criticized band's revealing outfits and provocative choreography. On February 22, 2020, the group appeared on series sixteen of Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway, and performed "Buttons" as part of a medley with "Don't Cha", "Beep" and "React". The performance was set within the context of a comedy sketch where they poked fun at the controversy that aroused following their The X Factor: Celebrity. As part of the performance, a TV test card flashed up on screen from ITV reading "we're sorry for the disruption... we're working hard to fix the issue and will return to normal family-friendly, not at all sexy, uncontroversial programming soon." The test card was revealed to be a backdrop which the group jumped through.
Track listing
Australian and German CD maxi single
"Buttons" – 3:52
"Buttons" (Album Version) – 3:46
"Flirt" – 2:57
"Buttons" (Video) – 4:04
German CD single
"Buttons" – 3:52
"Flirt" – 2:57
UK CD single
"Buttons" – 3:52
"Don't Cha" (Live) – 3:31
US 12-inch vinyl
"Buttons" featuring Snoop Dogg – 3:51
"Buttons" (Instrumental) – 3:46
"Buttons" (A Cappella) featuring Snoop Dogg – 3:48
"Buttons" (LP Version) – 3:46
"Buttons" (Instrumental) – 3:46
"Buttons" (A Cappella) – 3:46
Credits and personnel
Credits are adapted from the liner notes of PCD.
Mixing
Mixed at Larrabee North (North Hollywood, Los Angeles).
Personnel
JD Andrews – engineering
Charlie Bisharat – electric violin
Ariel Chobaz – assistant mix engineer
Luis Conte – percussion
Mike "Angry" Eleopoulos – engineering
Ron Fair – production, vocal production
Jamal "Polow da Don" Jones – songwriting, production, track arrangement and programming
Sean Garrett – songwriting, production
Tal Herzberg – co-production, engineering, Pro Tools
Dave "Hard Drive" Pensado – mixing
Jason Perry – songwriting
Nicole Scherzinger – songwriting
Young Smoke – vocal production
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Decade-end charts
Certifications and sales
Release history
See also
List of number-one hits of 2006 (Austria)
List of number-one singles from the 2000s (New Zealand)
List of Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number ones of 2006
List of Billboard Mainstream Top 40 number-one songs of 2006
References
Notes
Citations
The Pussycat Dolls songs
Snoop Dogg songs
2005 songs
2006 singles
Songs written by Sean Garrett
Songs written by Polow da Don
Songs written by Jason Perry (singer)
Songs written by Nicole Scherzinger
Song recordings produced by Polow da Don
Number-one singles in Austria
Number-one singles in New Zealand
Music videos directed by Francis Lawrence
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern%20Wildcats
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Northwestern Wildcats
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The Northwestern Wildcats are the athletic teams that represent Northwestern University, located in Evanston, Illinois. Northwestern is a founding member of the Big Ten Conference and the only private university in the conference. Northwestern has eight men's and eleven women's NCAA Division I sports teams and is marketed as "Chicago's Big Ten Team". The mascot is Willie the Wildcat.
History
Northwestern is a charter member of the Big Ten Conference and has been the only private university in the conference since the University of Chicago left in 1946. With an approximately 8,000 undergraduate students, it is the smallest school in the Big Ten.
Currently, Northwestern fields 19 intercollegiate athletic teams (8 men's and 11 women's) in addition to numerous club sports. Recent success by the Wildcats includes: Northwestern Football's bowl game victories (2016-2018 and 2020) and its 2018 and 2020 Big Ten West title; Women's Basketball winning the 2020 Big Ten regular season championship; Women's Lacrosse winning the 2019 Big Ten tournament title and 20201 Big Ten Regular Season title; Women's Field Hockey winning the 2021 NCAA tournament title; Softball earning the 2019 NCAA Regional Championship in Evanston; Wrestling's Sebastian Rivera winning an individual Big Ten championship in 2019; Fencing claiming multiple Midwest Fencing Conference championships in 2018, 2019 and 2021; Women's Tennis securing the 2018 Big Ten regular season crown; and Women's Diver Olivia Rosendahl collecting individual NCAA championships in both 2018 and 2019.
Mascot
The Northwestern Athletics' mascot is Willie the Wildcat. However, the team's first mascot was a live, caged bear cub from the Lincoln Park Zoo named Furpaw. In fall 1923, Furpaw was driven to the playing field to greet the fans before each game. After a losing season, the team decided that Furpaw was the harbinger of bad luck and Willie made his debut ten years later in 1933. Willie initially debuted as a logo, coming to life later in 1947, when members of the Alpha Delta fraternity dressed up as him during the Homecoming parade. Now, Willie attends at least one event of each varsity sport throughout the year and dons replica uniforms whenever possible.
Origin of the name
Northwestern's athletic teams are nicknamed the Wildcats. Before 1924, they were known as "The Purple" and unofficially as "The Fighting Methodists." The name Wildcats was bestowed upon the university in 1924 by Wallace Abbey, a writer for the Chicago Daily Tribune who wrote that even in a loss to the University of Chicago, "Football players had not come down from Evanston; wildcats would be a name better suited to Coach Glenn Thistletwaite's boys." The team was also referred to in the article as "a Purple wall of wildcats." The name was so popular that university board members made "Wildcats" the official nickname just months later. In 1972, the student body voted to change the official nickname from "Wildcats" to "Purple Haze" but the new name never stuck.
Traditions
The Northwestern Wildcats have several traditions relating to its athletics teams including the official chant, "Go U! NU!” and the Wildcats' fight song, "Go U! Northwestern!” A secondary fight song is "Rise Northwestern (Push on Song),” the final 4-measure tag (ending with a shouted "Go 'Cats!”) of which is often played after first downs. The alma mater is played by the Marching Band and sung by fans, students, and the team after each game. Victories by the football team are celebrated by lighting the face of the clock tower on south campus in Northwestern purple.
In addition, Northwestern Football honors former head coach Randy Walker with a pregame "Walk with Us" event before each home football game where the band, cheerleaders, and fans greet the team as they arrive to Ryan Field and head to the locker room. Additionally, the Northwestern Wildcats share an intrastate rivalry with the Illinois Fighting Illini and its football programs play for the Land of Lincoln Trophy after retiring the Sweet Sioux Tomahawk Trophy in 2008.
Athletics Department
Leadership
Northwestern Athletics, also known as the Northwestern University Department of Athletics and Recreation, is led by Combe Family Vice President for Athletics and Recreation, Dr. James J. (Jim) Phillips. Phillips became Northwestern's 21st director of intercollegiate athletics and recreation in April 2008. Phillips has earned several awards and appointments including the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics (NACDA) Under Armour Athletic Director of the Year in both 2012 and 2016, the 2018 Sports Business Journal Athletic Director of the Year, and Vice Chair of the 2020-21 NCAA Men's Basketball Selection Committee, expected to chair the committee in the following year. Phillips leads the department with focus on providing student-athletes with a "world-class experience" that enables them to thrive academically, socially, and athletically.
Under Phillips' leadership, Northwestern student-athletes have achieved impressive academic feats. Northwestern scored a 98-percent in the latest Graduation Success Rate (GSR), a figure which led all FBS schools for the second consecutive year. The Wildcats have scored a 96-percent or higher in every year that GSR data has been released, finishing in the top four among FBS schools all 15 years. Additionally, Phillips oversaw the creation of the department's NU for Life program, providing student-athletes with professional development opportunities and resources, as well as the department's first-ever community relations position, dedicated to connecting the department with the community. Moreover, Northwestern Athletics launched the ongoing "Chicago's Big Ten Team" campaign and the first master facility plan study with Phillips at the helm.
Phillips has a bachelor's degree from the University of Illinois, a master's degree in education from Arizona State University, and a PhD in educational administration from the University of Tennessee.
In January 2021, Phillips left Northwestern to become the commissioner of the Atlantic Coast Conference. Mike Polisky, Northwestern's deputy athletic director for external affairs since 2010, was promoted to replace Phillips. On May 12, 2021, amidst much controversy and protest from students and other members of the Northwestern community, Polisky stepped down. Schapiro named Northwestern linguistics professor Robert Gundlach as interim AD.
Under Armour Partnership
In December 2011, Northwestern University announced a multiyear partnership with Under Armour as its official outfitter of the university's athletic program. Under Armour began outfitting the Northwestern Wildcats in 2012-13 and the partnership marked Under Armour's first with a Big Ten team. Now, Northwestern is one of three Big Ten teams sporting Under Armour gear.
Since the partnership began, the Wildcats have introduced a number of exclusive uniform designs, including its hallmark Gothic uniforms for several sports (debuted in 2014 with football), its Gothic Ice line in 2020 for women's lacrosse and softball, as well as the "By the Players" uniforms for the men's basketball program to debut on Senior Day each season. In addition, the football program's CFB 150th Anniversary uniforms, worn in 2019, earned the first place spot on Uniswag's weekly countdown that features the Top 10 college football uniforms each week.
Chicago's Big Ten Team
In 2010, Northwestern Athletics launched its first-ever wide-ranging marketing campaign in department history. The ongoing "Chicago's Big Ten Team" campaign is intended to increase the Wildcats' presence around Chicago and raise local and regional awareness of Northwestern University. The Northwestern Wildcats reside in the city of Evanston and have a campus in Chicago along Lake Michigan. Northwestern remains the only Division I FBS institution in the Chicago area.
Over the last several years, the Northwestern Wildcats have increased their presence in the Chicago area through relationships with Chicago sports teams and venues. Under Phillips' direction, Northwestern sports programs have hosted games at U.S. Cellular Field (home of the Chicago White Sox) and Wrigley Field (home of the Chicago Cubs), in addition to partnering with the White Sox, Cubs, Blackhawks, and Arlington Park to host Northwestern-themed promotional days throughout the year.
The Foundation
Northwestern Athletics' Studio N debuted The Foundation in 2015. It includes "exclusive access" inside team meetings and road trips in addition to hearing from the coaches and players on the sidelines and in the locker room. The Foundation won the Chicago/Midwest Regional Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Sports Programs – Program Series in December 2017 and has earned multiple NACDA/SVG College Sports Video awards.
"The Foundation: Expect Victory" was an eight-episode series that reviewed Northwestern Football's run to the 1995 Big Ten Championship and Rose Bowl game. The series aired on Wednesdays during fall 2020 on NBC Sports Chicago and each episode was released online after each airing.
Sports sponsored
Football
The Northwestern Wildcats football team has evidence of organization as early as 1876, but evidence confirms that Northwestern football was played in 1882 as a group of Northwestern men played a "football heat" against a group of Lake Forest men. The Wildcats have since achieved an all-time high rank of No. 1 during the 1936 and 1962 seasons, which has thus far not been duplicated. The team plays home games at Ryan Field in Evanston, Illinois.
Northwestern Football has played in a total of 16 bowl games, including 10 appearances in just 10 seasons between 2008 and 2020. The Wildcats won three consecutive bowl games in 2016–18. Despite the Wildcats challenging season in 2019, the 2020 season marked their most recent seasons of success. In 2020, the Wildcats were Big Ten West Champions and bowl game champions. In addition, defensive Coordinator, Mike Hankwitz, who has been with Northwestern Football since 2008, received his 400 career win on January 1, 2021. Perhaps the most memorable Northwestern Football season was in 1995 as the Wildcats won the Big Ten Championship and saw their first Rose Bowl berth in nearly 50 years. Despite recent success, the Wildcats still hold the record for the longest losing streak in Division I-A football with 34 consecutive losses between 1979 and 1982.
Following the sudden death of football coach Randy Walker in 2006, 31-year-old and former All-American Northwestern linebacker Pat Fitzgerald assumed the position becoming the youngest Division I FBS coach at the time. Fitzgerald is already the second-longest tenured Big Ten head coach, the sixth-longest tenured head coach in Division 1 Football Bowl Subdivision and has been head coach for the Wildcats since 2011. The Wildcats earned their first-ever Big Ten West title and berth in the Big Ten Championship game in 2018. Fitzgerald was named the consensus Big Ten Coach of the Year and a finalist for the 2018 Dodd Trophy that season. Most recently, Fitzgerald earned the 2020 Dodd Trophy Coach of the Year. On October 24, 2020, Fitzgerald recorded his 100th career win in a victory over Maryland. His overall record is 106–81.
Former Wildcats active in the National Football League going into the 2020 season include Ibraheim Campbell, Austin Carr, Garrett Dickerson, Joe Gaziano, Nate Hall, Blake Hance, Montre Hartage, Justin Jackson, Joe Jones, Tyler Lancaster, Dean Lowry, Sherrick McManis, Ifeadi Odenigbo, Trevor Siemian, Clayton Thorson, Dan Vitale, and Anthony Walker, Jr.
Men's Basketball
The Wildcats men's basketball team is under the direction of Sullivan-Ubben Head Men's Basketball Coach Chris Collins, a role that he's been in since 2013. Collins led the Wildcats to heights never before reached during the 2016–17 season when the program saw a school record 24 wins and its first NCAA tournament berth and victory in program history. Collins was named as one of four finalists for the Naismith Men's Coach of the Year award in 2017.
The Wildcats single national championship is from 1931, retro-picked by the Helms Athletic Foundation and, later, by the Premo-Porrett Power Poll. Since then, the Wildcats have played in the National Invitation Tournament seven times, most recently in 2012.
The men's basketball program was the first to open the renovated Welsh-Ryan Arena in on November 2, 2018, in an exhibition game against McKendree. The state-of-the-art facility was built to be the most accessible arena in college athletics and seats 7,039. The team is cheered on by the Wildside student section.
Women's Basketball
The Northwestern women's basketball team is led by Joe McKeown (pronounced Mick-Q-ann), a role that he's been in since 2008. Most recently, McKeown led his Wildcats team to a regular season Big Ten title in the 2019–20 season, tying the program's best 26 wins in a single season. McKeown earned his 700th career win on December 20, 2019. McKeown previously coached at George Washington. He led the Colonials to 14 regular season or postseason Atlantic 10 titles. McKeown is a native of Philadelphia and was inducted into the Father Judge High School Hall of Fame in 1999.
In 2017, the Wildcats saw its highest draft pick in program history with Nia Coffey, selected fifth overall by the San Antonio Stars. The first player drafted in program history was Amy Jaeschke in 2011, selected 27th overall by the Chicago Sky.
Women's lacrosse
Northwestern lacrosse has won the national championship in women's lacrosse five straight times, from 2005 to 2009, and then again in 2011 and 2012, giving them 7 championships in 8 years. In 2007, the team joined Maryland as the only other school to three-peat. The run started in 2005, when the team enjoyed a perfect season and defeated many long-established east-coast schools after only five years as a varsity sport to capture the school's first national championship since 1941. In doing so, it became the westernmost institution to ever win the title. Soon after, the team made national news when members appeared in a White House photo with President Bush wearing thong sandals, or flip-flops, dubbed as the "White House flip-flop flap." The 2009 season also was an undefeated run. In their five consecutive championship seasons, the Wildcats have a 106–3 record. The Wildcats are led by head coach Kelly Amonte-Hiller, a role that she's been in since 2002. Most recently, the Wildcats won their first ever Big Ten Championship in 2019 and won their first ever Big Ten regular season championship in 2021.
Fencing
The Northwestern Fencing program competes in the Central Collegiate Conference and has a tenured history of success. Zach Moss is the programs head coach, a role that he's been in since 2016. Following a historic 2017–18 season, Moss was named the Midwest Fencing Conference Coach of the Year as the Wildcats captured their fifth-ever conference championship and finished with three All-Americans at the NCAA Championships. Additionally, the team set the program record for most wins in a season with 47 and the program record for longest win streak at 25.
The 2018–19 season saw more milestones for the Wildcats including a 39–5 record, an 11th-place finish at the NCAA Championships, and a second consecutive conference championship. The Wildcats achieved the highest ranking in program history during the season at second in the country and amassed 39 victories at the conference championships.
Field Hockey
The Northwestern Field Hockey team plays its home games at Lakeside Field, adjacent to Lanny and Sharon Martin Stadium on the lakefront. The Wildcats are led by head coach Tracey Fuchs, a role that she's been in since 2009. Fuchs has led the Wildcats to two Big Ten titles and three NCAA tournament appearances. Under Fuchs' direction, the Wildcats have posted winning seasons in 10 of her 11 seasons.
The Northwestern Wildcats field hockey team has gathered 6 regular season Big Ten titles and 1 tournament title in addition to 14 NCAA tournament appearances.
Wrestling
The Northwestern Wildcats wrestling program hosts home matches in Welsh-Ryan Arena and practices in the Ken Kraft Wrestling Room, located in Anderson Hall. The Wildcats are led by Matt Storniolo, a role that he's been in since 2016. The Wildcats have had 40 Big Ten individual champions in addition to 10 NCAA individual champions.
Golf
The men's golf team has won eight Big Ten Conference championships: 1925, 1937, 1939, 1948, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2006. They have twice placed second in the NCAA Championships: 1939, 1945.
Luke Donald won the NCAA Individual Championship in 1999. He was Big Ten Conference Player of the year in 1999, and David Merkow was named the same in 2006. Donald was ranked number 1 in the Official World Golf Ranking for 56 weeks in 2011 and 2012. The four best career stroke averages in school history are held by Luke Donald, Tom Johnson, Jess Daley, and David Lipsky.
In 1946 and 1957, Phyllis Otto and Mariam Bailey, respectively, won the women's individual intercollegiate golf championship (an event conducted by the Division of Girls' and Women's Sports (DGWS) – which later evolved into the current NCAA women's golf championship).
Soccer
The men's and women's soccer teams play home games at Lanny and Sharon Martin Stadium, opened in March 2016 and named to honor the generosity and leadership of Trustee J. Landis Martin and Sharon Martin. The stadium is also home to the lacrosse program.
The men's soccer program is currently led by Tim Lenahan, a role that he's been in since 2001. Lenahan surpassed a career milestone of 300 career wins on September 24, 2019, with a come-from-behind overtime victory over the UIC Flames. Lenahan is the winningest coach in Northwestern Men's Soccer history and is one of only two active Big Ten coaches with more than 300 wins. The men's soccer program has won two regular season Big Ten titles (2011, 2012) and 1 Big Ten tournament title (2011). Tyler Miller is the program's only professional Wildcat, currently playing with Minnesota United as goalkeeper.
The women's soccer program is led by Michael Moynihan, a role that he's been in since 2009. The program has 1 regular season Big Ten title (2016) and six NCAA tournament appearances, including four in the last five seasons. Three Wildcats were drafted in the 2019 NWSL College Draft: Kayla Sharples (Chicago Red Stars), Marisa Viggiano (Orlando Pride), and Hannah Davison (Chicago Red Stars).
Softball
The Northwestern softball program is led by head coach Kate Drohan, a role that she's been in since 2002. Kate Drohan leads the Wildcats with her twin sister, Caryl Drohan, the program's associate head coach.
After 19 seasons, Kate Drohan's career record includes a five-year stretch from 2005 to 2009 in which Northwestern compiled a record of 215–77, reached the Super Regional round of the NCAA tournament four times, and became the first private school in NCAA history to advance to the WCWS semifinals in consecutive years. Overall, Northwestern under Drohan has made 13 NCAA tournament appearances and has claimed five NCAA Regional titles, including its most recent in 2019 as the Wildcats hosted the Evanston Regional for the first time in 11 years. Drohan was named Big Ten Coach of the Year for the third time in her career in 2019 after leading the Wildcats to a 47–13 overall record, 21–2 in Big Ten play, collecting the most conference wins in program history and the program's longest winning streak since 1985 of 20 games. Drohan earned her 600th career win on April 9, 2019, with a 3–1 victory over Notre Dame. Most recently on March 27, 2021, the Drohans twin coaches became Northwestern softball's all-time win leaders with their 641st victory against Wisconsin.
The Northwestern softball program began in 1976 and currently competes at Sharon J. Drysdale Field, previously known as Anderson Field. The ballpark was renamed for NFCA Hall of Fame mentor Sharon J. Drysdale upon her retirement in 2001. Drysdale served as the Wildcats' head coach for 23 seasons and amassed a 640–512–3 record.
Swimming and Diving
In June 2020, Northwestern Athletics elevated Katie Robinson to Director of Swimming and Diving, making her the second female to hold the position overseeing both men's and women's programs in the Power-5 conferences.
Northwestern Swimming and Diving has earned tremendous success over time. Three-time All-American Olivia Rosendahl won the NCAA Women's Platform Diving championship in both 2017 and 2018, and the Wildcats have been represented in each of the last three Summer Olympic Games, most recently by swimmers Valerie Gruest-Slowing and Jordan Wilimovsky in Rio in 2016. In the summer before his senior season, Wilimovsky became the first American to compete in both indoor and outdoor swimming events in the same Olympics. In 2015, Wilimovsky became the world champion in 10 km water race. Matt Grevers, a Northwestern alum, won two gold medals (100-meter backstroke, 400-meter medley relay) and a silver medal (400-meter freestyle relay) at the 2012 London Olympic Games. At the 1924 Paris Olympic Games, four Northwestern alums won gold medals- Ralph Breyer (4 x 200-meter freestyle relay), Sybil Bauer (100-meter backstroke), Richard Howell (4 x 200-meter freestyle relay) and Robert "Bob" Skelton (200-meter breaststroke). At the Stockholm 1912 Olympic Games, Northwestern alum, Kenneth Huszagh, won a silver medal (4 x 200-meter freestyle relay) and a bronze medal (100-meter freestyle). During the Melbourne 1956 Olympic Games, Northwestern alum, Nancy Simons Peterson won a silver medal in the 4 x 100-meter freestyle relay event. At the Los Angeles 1932 Olympic Games, Northwestern alum, Albert Schwartz won a bronze medal in the 100-meter freestyle event.
In the NCAA Men's Swimming and Diving Championships held from 1924 through 1936, no team points were officially awarded. Northwestern won four unofficial national team championships during these years, which were proclaimed in the newspapers of the time, second only to Michigan's seven.
1924 – Northwestern
1929 – Northwestern
1930 – Northwestern
1933 – Northwestern
Tennis
The women's and men's tennis programs compete indoors at Combe Tennis Center within the Henry Crown Sports Pavilion and outdoors at the Vandy Christie Tennis Center located along Sheridan Road. Northwestern Tennis matches are free to attend and typically held in the spring.
The women's tennis program is led by head coach Claire Pollard, a role that she's been in since 1999. Pollard has transformed the program into a national powerhouse. Pollard has led the Wildcats to the NCAA tournament 21 consecutive times, the fifth-longest streak by an active head coach at the same program. The Wildcats have earned 15 Big Ten regular season titles and 17 Big Ten tournament titles, including a string of 16-straight conference titles through 2014. Northwestern has also had 2 NCAA doubles championships in 1997 and 2006.
Head coach Arvid Swan currently leads the Wildcats men's tennis program. Swan guided Northwestern to six consecutive NCAA appearances, beginning in 2009, and the program claims 9 Big Ten titles as well as 16 NCAA appearances.
Baseball
The Northwestern Baseball program is led by head coach Spencer Allen, a role that he's been since 2015. Since 1943, Rocky and Berenice Miller Park has been the home stadium to this team. This program has made 1 NCAA appearance in 1957.
Cross Country
The Northwestern Cross Country only has a women's program. This team is led by recently joined head coach, Jill Miller. Miller attended Wake Forest University and was a four-time NCAA Cross Country Championships qualifier and was part of the program's first Atlantic Coach Conference title in 2002.
Women's Volleyball
The Northwestern Volleyball program is coached by Shane Davis, a role that he's been in since 2015. The program plays their home games at the renovated Welsh-Ryan Arena.
Facilities
Lakefront Facilities
Walter Athletics Center
The Walter Athletics Center is the last in a series of new lakefront athletics and recreation facilities to be developed during We Will. The Campaign for Northwestern. Walter Athletics Center is a four-story, state-of-the-art development center located on the north end of the Evanston campus, structurally connected to Ryan Fieldhouse, the Henry Crown Sports Pavilion, and the North Parking Garage. The facility is named in honor of University Trustee Mark R. Walter and Kimbra D. Walter.
The transformational multi-purpose facility includes spaces for academic and professional development, nutrition and dining, sports performance, sports medicine and athletic training, and locker rooms for more than 500 Northwestern student-athletes. The Walter Athletics Center allows for plenty of natural light and has unobstructed views of Lake Michigan, the Chicago skyline, and other Northwestern facilities including Martin Stadium and Lakeside Field.
Ryan Fieldhouse and Wilson Field
Ryan Fieldhouse and Wilson Field opened in April 2018. Northwestern Lacrosse hosts a portion of its home schedule inside Ryan Fieldhouse, which is named for University Trustee Patrick G. Ryan and his wife, Shirley.
Ryan Fieldhouse's dome shape is based on football punting and kicking trajectories, with the peak of the dome reaching 87 feet above the surface of Wilson Field, named for Trustee Steve Wilson and his wife, Sue. Wilson Field is striped for NCAA regulation football, soccer, and lacrosse, with movable bleacher seating and an automated netting system designed to subdivide the space for use by multiple groups.
Ryan Fieldhouse also features a 44-foot-tall glass façade and several sports performance spaces for football and for Olympic sports.
Lanny and Sharon Martin Stadium
Lanny and Sharon Martin Stadium is an outdoor athletics and recreation facility, home of Northwestern soccer and lacrosse games. Martin Stadium underwent renovations and reopened in March 2016 with a new turf field, lighting upgrades, and new video equipment. The facility is named to honor Trustee J. Landis Martin and Sharon Martin. The stadium has views of the Chicago skyline and is adjacent to Lakeside Field (to the west) and Hutcheson Field (to the south).
Chap and Ethel Hutcheson Field
Used primarily as an athletics and recreation practice field, Chap and Ethel Hutcheson Field is located just south of Martin Stadium and features a turf surface lined for NCAA regulation football.
Lakeside Field
Lakeside Field was constructed in 1997 and is "one of the premier venues for field hockey in the country". The stadium is located along the shore of Lake Michigan and sits to the west of Martin Stadium and to the north of the Kellogg Global Hub building. Lakeside Field underwent renovations in 2015 and is home to Northwestern Field Hockey.
Henry Crown Sports Pavilion
The Henry Crown Sports Pavilion is located along Campus Drive and is the main recreation facility on campus. The 95,000 square foot facility includes the Norris Aquatics Center and the Combe Tennis Center while also being structurally connected to Ryan Fieldhouse, the Walter Athletics Center, and the North Parking Garage. The recreation facility includes basketball, swimming, squash, racquetball, tennis, group exercise, cycling, weight lifting, and general cardio along with exercise-related activities and programs.
The Henry Crown Sports Pavilion was renovated in 2014 to include an additional 30,000 square feet, new studio space, and new exercise equipment. Later, three new basketball courts, a new three-lane jogging track, and new cardio machines were added in 2018.
Norris Aquatics Center
Inside the Henry Crown Sports Pavilion, the Norris Aquatics Center is home to Northwestern Swimming and Diving and is the venue for all home meets. The center, named for Dellora A. and Lester J. Norris, includes a 750,000-gallon, 50-meter-by-25-yard pool with movable walls that run on a track system, enabling the pool to be custom-fitted. The facility also includes a heat recycling system, an electronic scoreboard, and seating for 800 spectators.
Combe Tennis Center
Also within the Henry Crown Sports Pavilion, the Combe Tennis Center is home to Northwestern Tennis for indoor matches and includes six courts with electronic scoreboards and a main team scoreboard. The facility also includes spectator seating on a balcony overlooking the courts with unobstructed views of each match. In 2020, the athletics and recreation facility underwent renovations to its ceiling and lighting. The facility is named for former Northwestern tennis player Ivan Combe, who played from 1931 to 1933. The ITA named the Combe Tennis Center the 2002 Outstanding Facility.
Patten Gymnasium
Patten Gymnasium is a historic, multi-purpose facility located on Northwestern's main campus that is home to the Northwestern Fencing program and Gleacher Golf Center.
The Gleacher Golf Center
In November 2020, the Gleacher Golf Center opened as a complete renovation of the existing space inside Patten Gymnasium for the golf programs. Named for University Trustee Eric J. Gleacher and Paula Gleacher, the new, on-campus facility is one of the country's finest and includes a 5,400-square-foot short-game and putting area with raised ceilings, a state-of-the-art training area, a digitally-adjustable putting platform, new locker rooms, and a student-athlete lounge with a dedicated study area, full kitchen, and sports performance hub. The golf programs also practice at the Luke Donald Outdoor Practice Facility, unveiled in fall 2006.
Vandy Cristie Tennis Center
The Vandy Christie Tennis Center was dedicated in October 1994 and includes 15 courts, a pro shop, and permanent seating for spectators. In 2013, the facility was enhanced with a main scoreboard, six individual scoreboards, and six 27-foot-long bleachers with chairbacks. The facility is home of Northwestern Tennis for outdoor matches and is located on Sheridan Road.
Ryan Field Campus Facilities
Ryan Field
Ryan Field is the home of Northwestern Football and is located along Central Street.
Welsh-Ryan Arena
Welsh-Ryan Arena is home of Northwestern Men's and Women's Basketball, Wrestling, and Volleyball. The arena underwent renovations and opened in November 2018 as one of the nation's leading competition facilities.
Trienens Performance Center
Along with renovations to Welsh-Ryan Arena, Northwestern Athletics redesigned the former home to Northwestern Football offices and practice space into what is now the Trienens Performance Center, a state-of-the-art practice facility for men's and women's basketball, volleyball, softball, and baseball. The building opened in November 2019 and includes a three-court fieldhouse, turf field and practice area, expanded performance nutrition hub, offices for men's and women's basketball staff, locker rooms, sports medicine and athletic training amenities, and a weight room. The new practice facility is named for University Trustee Howard J. Trienens. Complete virtual tour of the facility on YouTube.
Rocky and Berenice Miller Park
The home of Northwestern Baseball is Rocky and Berenice Miller Park, located along Ashland Avenue near Welsh-Ryan Arena and the West Lot.
Sharon J. Drysdale Field
The Wildcats softball team plays home games at Sharon J. Drysdale Field, located immediately east of Welsh-Ryan Arena. The facility, formerly known as Anderson Field, was renamed in 2011 to honor the legendary Sharon J. Drysdale who coached the Wildcats for 23 seasons. Drysdale Field features an intimate grandstand seating area in addition to seating located beyond right field. Most recently, the facility hosted the 2019 NCAA Evanston Regional for the first time in 11 years. The facility has earned a number of awards including the 2008 Stabilizer Solutions/NFCA Field Maintenance Award.
In 2006, the facility received new outfield turf and, in 2007, underwent final renovation phases that included sunken dugouts, permanent seating, a new game operations booth, and a plaza down the third-base line. Prior to the 2016 season, the field was again completely resurfaced with a new infield installation and fresh outfield turf. Drysdale Field and Ryan Field are the only two Northwestern Athletics competition facilities that feature natural grass.
Ken Kraft Wrestling Room
The Ken Kraft Wrestling Room is located on the bottom floor of Anderson Hall, located along Central Street northeast of Ryan Field, and is the primary practice facility for Northwestern Wrestling. The room features three 42’x42' mats as well as coaching offices and locker rooms.
The practice facility is named in honor of Ken Kraft for his 48 years of involvement with the program. Kraft was a four-year member of the Wildcats wrestling squad and the program's head coach for 22 years. In 2004, Kraft retired after spending 51 years at Northwestern and was inducted into the Northwestern Athletic Hall of Fame in 2003.
Rivalries
Illinois Fighting Illini
Northwestern's most prominent rivalry is with their Big Ten foe, the University of Illinois. The rivalry runs deep due to the schools' proximity to each other, history, and the Land of Lincoln Trophy between the football programs. The Land of Lincoln Trophy—popularly known as "The Hat" for its resemblance to and design modeled after Abraham Lincoln's hat—replaced the former football rivalry trophy, the Sweet Sioux Tomahawk Trophy. The Sweet Sioux was retired in 2008 after 64 seasons and the Land of Lincoln debuted the year following. Illinois leads the all-time series, 55-53-5, but Northwestern leads the Land of Lincoln Trophy series, 8–3, including victories in the last five consecutive meetings. The rivalry's first recorded game was in 1892 and resulted in a tie, 16-16.
University of Michigan Wolverines
In February 2021, the football programs at Northwestern and the University of Michigan announced a new rivalry trophy called the George Jewett Trophy. The game honors George Jewett, the first Black player in Big Ten history, who played football for both universities in the 1890s. The game is the first trophy in Football Bowl Subdivision history to be named for a Black player.
Championships
Conference Championships
Football: 8 conference titles (1903, 1926, 1930, 1931, 1936, 1995, 1996, 2000), 2 division titles (2018, 2020)
Baseball: 2 regular season (1940, 1957)
Men's Basketball: 2 regular season (1931, 1933)
Women's Basketball: 2 regular season (1990, 2020)
Women's Fencing: 2 team Big Ten titles (1977, 1978), 6 team MFC titles (1999, 2000, 2001, 2016, 2018, 2019), 13 individual MFC titles
MFC Weapon titles: 8 épée, 6 foil, 6 sabre, 1 Central Collegiate Conference title (2021)
Field Hockey: 6 regular season (1983, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1994, 2013), 1 tournament (2014)
Men's Golf: 8 team (1925, 1937, 1939, 1948, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2006), 13 medalists
Women's Golf: 3 team (2013, 2015, 2016), 3 medalists
Women's Lacrosse: 1 Big Ten Conference regular season (2021), 2 Big Ten tournaments (2019, 2021), 6 American Lacrosse Conference tournament (2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013),8 American Lacrosse Conference regular season (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2013)
Men's Soccer: 2 regular season (2011, 2012), 1 tournament (2011)
Women's Soccer: 1 regular season (2016)
Softball: 7 regular season (1982, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 2006, 2008)
Men's Swimming and Diving: 10 team (1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1920, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1930), 111 individual, 84 individual swimming, 19 relay swimming, 8 diving
Women's Swimming and Diving: 57 individual (38 individual swimming, 16 relay swimming, 2 diving)
Men's Tennis: 9 team (1936, 1940, 1942, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1963, 1990)
Women's Tennis: 15 regular season (1985, 1986, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2018) (most in the Big Ten), 17 tournament (1985, 1986, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014) (most in the Big Ten)
Women's Volleyball: 2 regular season (1983, 1984)
Wrestling: 40 individual
National Championships
NCAA championships - Team and Individual
Men's Fencing (now inactive): 1 team (1941), 1 individual (Edward McNamara in 1941)
Men's Golf: 1 individual (Luke Donald in 1999)
Women's Lacrosse: 7 team (2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012)
Field Hockey: 1 team (2021)
Men's Swimming and Diving: 31 individual/relay
Women's Swimming and Diving: 2 individual (Olivia Rosendahl in 2017 and 2018)
Women's Tennis: 2 doubles (1997, 2006)
Men's Outdoor Track and Field (now inactive): 12 individual
Wrestling: 10 individual
NCAA championship appearances
Baseball: 1 appearance
Men's Basketball: 1 appearance
Women's Basketball: 7 appearances
Women's Fencing: 30 appearances
Field Hockey: 14 appearances
Women's Golf: 8 appearances
Women's Lacrosse: 20 appearances
Men's Soccer: 9 appearances
Women's Soccer: 6 appearances
Women's Softball: 18 tournament appearances, 5 WCWS appearances
Men's Swimming and Diving: 35 appearances
Women's Swimming and Diving: 27 appearances
Men's Tennis: 16 appearances
Women's Tennis: 29 appearances
Men's Outdoor Track and Field (now inactive): 21 appearances
Women's Volleyball: 8 appearances
Wrestling: 56 appearances
Other national team championships
National team titles that were not bestowed by the NCAA (4 are unofficial NCAA championships):
Men's Swimming and Diving (4): 1924, 1929, 1930, 1933
Men's basketball (1): 1931 (retroactive selection by Helms Athletic Foundation and Premo-Porretta Power Poll)
See also:
List of Big Ten Conference National Championships
List of NCAA schools with the most Division I national championships
Notable alumni
Baseball
Jerry Doggett, former broadcaster for the Los Angeles Dodgers
Eddie Einhorn (J.D. 1960), vice chairman of the Chicago White Sox
Luke Farrell, pitcher for the Texas Rangers
Joe Girardi, former baseball player and New York Yankees manager, former manager of the Florida Marlins and current TV analyst
J. A. Happ, baseball player pitcher (Toronto Blue Jays)
Mike Huff, former baseball player
Eric Jokisch, pitcher for the Kiwoom Heroes of the KBO
George Kontos, 2012 World Series champion with the San Francisco Giants
Mike Koplove, Major League Baseball pitcher
Kenesaw Mountain Landis (J.D. 1891), first Commissioner of Baseball
Mark Loretta, baseball player (Milwaukee Brewers, Boston Red Sox, San Diego Padres, Los Angeles Dodgers)
Gene Oliver, Baseball player
Jerry Reinsdorf, owner of the Chicago White Sox and Chicago Bulls
Mark Walter, founder and CEO of Guggenheim Partners, chairman of the Los Angeles Dodgers
Basketball
Don Adams, former NBA and ABA player
Jim Burns, former NBA and ABA player
Nia Coffey, WNBA player
Drew Crawford (born 1990), basketball player who last played for Bnei Herzliya of the Israeli Ligat HaAl
Frank Ehmann, All-American basketball player
Evan Eschmeyer, former basketball player (New Jersey Nets)
Jake Fendley, former NBA player for the Fort Wayne Pistons
Glen Grunwald (J.D. 1984), executive for the New York Knicks
Willie Jones, former NBA player
Vic Law, NBA player for Orlando Magic
Billy McKinney, former NBA player, current director of scouting for the Milwaukee Bucks
Daryl Morey (B.S. 1996), general manager of the Philadelphia 76ers
Max Morris, All-American football and basketball player
Dererk Pardon, professional basketball player
Dan Peterson, basketball coach
Kevin Rankin, basketball player and insurance underwriter
Jerry Reinsdorf (J.D. 1960), owner of the Chicago Bulls and the Chicago White Sox
Joe Ruklick, former NBA player for the Philadelphia Warriors, gave Wilt Chamberlain the final assist in his 100-point game
Anucha Browne Sanders (B.S. 1985), former executive for New York Knicks
John Shurna, former basketball player
Rick Sund, former general manager for the Atlanta Hawks
Figure skating
Ronald Joseph, figure skater and long jumper
Debi Thomas (M.D. 1997), figure skater
Football
Mike Adamle, football player and sportscaster
Dick Alban, football player
Damien Anderson, American football player (St. Louis Rams)
Frank Aschenbrenner, football player
Darryl Ashmore, football player (Oakland Raiders, Rams, Redskins)
Darnell Autry, football player (Chicago Bears and Philadelphia Eagles) and actor
Frank Baker, football player
Brett Basanez, football player (Chicago Bears)
Cas Banaszek, football player
D'Wayne Bates, football player (Chicago Bears and Minnesota Vikings)
Sid Bennett, football player
George Benson, football player
Kevin Bentley, football player (Cleveland Browns and Seattle Seahawks)
Ron Burton, football player, (Boston Patriots- now known as New England Patriots)
Hank Bruder, football player
Corbin Bryant, football player
Ibraheim Campbell, football player
Woody Campbell, football player
Austin Carr, football player, (New Orleans Saints)
Luis Castillo, football player, (San Diego Chargers)
Bob Christian, football player, (Atlanta Falcons)
Barry Cofield, football player, (Washington Redskins)
Joe Collier, football head coach, Buffalo Bills
Irv Cross, football player
Andy Cvercko, football player
Bill DeCorrevont, football player for four NFL teams (Washington Redskins, Detroit Lions, Chicago Cardinals, Chicago Bears)
Garrett Dickerson, football player
John L. "Paddy" Driscoll, football player
Curtis Duncan, football player, Houston Oilers
Tiny Engebretsen, football player
Trai Essex, football player (Pittsburgh Steelers and Indianapolis Colts)
Pat Fitzgerald, two-time All-American player, current Northwestern head football coach
Barry Gardner, football player (Philadelphia Eagles)
Joe Gaziano, football player
Brian Gowins, American football player (Chicago Bears)
Otto Graham, football player
Nate Hall, football player
Napoleon Harris, football player, Oakland Raiders and Minnesota Vikings
Montre Hartage, football player
Noah Herron, football player, Green Bay Packers
Chris Hinton, seven-time Pro Bowl player, Indianapolis Colts, Atlanta Falcons and Minnesota Vikings
Godwin Igwebuike, football player, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, San Francisco 49ers and Philadelphia Eagles
Justin Jackson, football player, Los Angeles Chargers
Paul Janus, football player
Luke Johnsos, football player
Mike Kafka, football player, Philadelphia Eagles
Jim Keane, football player
Doc Kelley, football player
John Kidd, NFL punter for five teams (Buffalo Bills, San Diego Chargers, Miami Dolphins, Detroit Lions and New York Jets)
Elbert Kimbrough, football player
Bob Koehler, football player
Tyler Lancaster, football player
Dean Lowry, football player
Sherrick McManis, football player, Chicago Bears
Alex Moyer, football player
Hunter Niswander, NFL punter
Matt O'Dwyer, football player (New York Jets, Cincinnati Bengals)
Ifeadi Odenigbo, football player
Ted Phillips, Chicago Bears president and CEO
Kyle Prater, NFL wide receiver
Nick Roach, football player, Chicago Bears
Jeff Roehl, American football player
Jack Rudnay, football player
Pete Shaw, football player
Trevor Siemian, football player, Denver Broncos and Minnesota Vikings
Zach Strief, football player
Tyrell Sutton, football player, Carolina Panthers
Clayton Thorson, football player, Dallas Cowboys
Steve Tasker, football player (Houston Oilers and Buffalo Bills) and sports announcer
Rob Taylor, football player and head coach
Danny Vitale, football player
Anthony Walker Jr., football player
Ray Wietecha, football player
George Wilson, football player and head coach
Fred Williamson, football player
Eric Wilson, football player
Corey Wootton, football player, Chicago Bears
Jason Wright, running back and business executive
Golf
Jim Benepe, golfer
Luke Donald, golfer
Matt Fitzpatrick, golfer
David Lipsky, golfer
David Merkow, golfer
Hockey
Rocky Wirtz, owner of the Chicago Blackhawks
Horse racing
David Israel (B.S.J. 1973), former chair of the California Horse Racing Board, former president of the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Commission
Race car driving
Paul Dana, former race car driver in the Indy Racing League
Soccer
Tyler Miller, professional soccer player
Brad North, soccer player (D.C. United)
Swimming
Sybil Bauer, swimmer, gold medalist at the 1924 Summer Olympics in the 100 m backstroke
Matt Grevers, winner of four gold and two silver Olympic medals in multiple events in 2008 and 2012
Bob Skelton, 1924 Olympic gold medalist in 200-meter breaststroke
Jordan Wilimovsky, 2015 World Champion in the 10 km open water race
Tennis
Katrina Adams, tennis player, former president of the USTA
Audra Cohen, 2007 NCAA women's singles champion (never graduated)
Grant Golden (1929-2018), tennis player
Clark Graebner, tennis player
Seymour Greenberg (1920-2006), tennis player
Judy Ade Levering, first woman President of the United States Tennis Association (USTA 1999–2000)
Todd Martin, tennis player
Marty Riessen, tennis player
Track and field
Jim Golliday, track
Betty Robinson, Track and Field, gold medalist in the 1928 Summer Olympics and the 1936 Summer Olympics
Annette Rogers, sprinter
Professional softball
Tammy Williams, shortstop, won world championship with Team USA in 2010 and National Pro Fastpitch championship with Chicago Bandits in 2011
Wrestling
Jake Herbert, Olympian, USA amateur wrestler
Controversies
In May 2006 the website BadJocks.com republished photos a reader had found on Webshots of the women's soccer team hazing its freshmen. The whole team was suspended for a time as a result. In the wake of the incident, Head Coach Jenny Haigh resigned. Since, Athletic Director Mark Murphy named Stephanie Erickson, the school's all-time leader in goals and points, as Haigh's replacement.
References
External links
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3992721
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowery%20Amphitheatre
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Bowery Amphitheatre
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The Bowery Amphitheatre was a building in the Bowery neighborhood of New York City. It was located at 37 and 39 Bowery, across the street from the Bowery Theatre. Under a number of different names and managers, the structure served as a circus, menagerie, theatre, a roller rink, and a branch of the Peniel Mission. The site is now part of Confucius Plaza.
Formation through the minstrel craze
A group of New York businessmen known as the Zoological Institute or the Flatfoots built the structure in 1833 as the site for a menagerie and circus performances. In 1835, the site was converted into an amphitheatre with a stage and a circus ring, and the name changed to the Bowery Amphitheatre. June, Titus, Angevine & Co. took up residence with their equestrian show.
The owners changed the name again in November 1842 to the Amphitheatre of the Republic. John Tryon leased the building the following year, remaining its operator until 1848. Following a performance by the Virginia Minstrels on 6 February 1843, Tryon gave the structure over largely to minstrel shows, renaming it the New Knickerbocker Theatre in 1844.
Later management
In 1849, the building once again became a menagerie, this time under the management of June & Titus. The new endeavor failed to perform up to expectations, so in 1851 the amphitheatre became a circus instead. Seth B. Howe's circus company became a standard feature. During the 1852-1853 season, regular acts included the Richard Sands & Co. and John J. Nathans & Co. circuses. The next season saw a return to equestrian exhibitions under the management of Henry P. Madigan and Den W. Stone.
During the summer of 1854, Germans Seigrist and Otto Hoym leased the amphitheatre and rebuilt it. It opened on 20 October 1854 as the Stadt Theater. The Stadt specialized in German-language fare, but it also staged American and English drama. A succession of managers sustained this mixture until the 1863-1864 season, when the Stadt Theater moved to 45 Bowery, where it remained for 8 years, before returning to its original location. Adolf Neuendorff directed the Stadt from 1863 to 1867. In 1871 it was the venue for the first U.S. performance of Richard Wagner's opera Lohengrin.
On September 3, 1864, the theatre at 37 Bowery became known as The Varieties, making variety shows its main draw. This form lasted until mid-October 1865, when A. Montpelier became the manager and owner. He renamed the building Montpelier's Opera House, although he kept its emphasis on variety and melodrama. Montpelier changed the name once more on November 20, 1865. The New National Circus stayed open for six weeks for its final stint as an entertainment venue. The structure was converted into an armory in 1866.
After the Stadt returned in 1872, the theater gave the first American performance of Johann Strauss' Die Fledermaus (in German) on November 21, 1874. By 1880 the name was changed to the Windsor Theater (under the management of John A. Stevens), which burnt down in November 1883, but was rebuilt and by 1885 was the Windsor Roller Skating Rink. It reopened as the Windsor Theater on February 8, 1886.
On March 27, 1893, the theatre reopened as a Hebrew theatre under the management of Sigmund Magulesko, Isidore Lindeman, and Joseph Levy.
In December 1897, 39 Bowery became the first East Coast branch of the Peniel Mission. It was directed by A. W. Dennet, who renamed it the Peniel Josephine Mission in honor of his wife. On November 30, 1900, Dennet changed his enterprise to the Ragged Church, which however closed after only two years. The site is now a part of the Confucius Plaza complex.
Notes
Sources
Brown, T. Allston (1903). A History of the New York Stage: From the First Performance in 1732 to 1901, 3 volumes. Dodd, Mead and Company. Vols. 1, 2, and 3 at the Internet Archive.
Ferrara, Eric (2011). The Bowery: A History of Grit, Graft and Grandeur. The History Press. .
Gänzl, Kurt (2001). The Encyclopedia of the Musical Theatre, second edition. New York: Schirmer Books. .
Henderson, Mary C. (2004). The City and the Theatre. New York: Back Stage Books.
Lawrence, Vera Brodsky (1995). Strong on Music: The New York Music Scene in the Days of George Templeton Strong, Vol. I: Resonances, 1836-1849. University of Chicago Press.
Loewenberg, Alfred (1978). Annals of Opera 1597–1940 (third edition, revised). Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield. .
Wilson, James Grant (1893). The Memorial History of the City of New-York: from its first settlement to the year 1892, vol. 4, part 2. New-York History Company. View at Google Books.
Former theatres in Manhattan
Cultural history of New York City
Cultural infrastructure completed in 1833
1833 establishments in New York (state)
1866 disestablishments in New York (state)
Bowery
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant%20Live%3A%20Avalon%2C%20Boston%2C%20MA%2010/17/04
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Instant Live: Avalon, Boston, MA 10/17/04
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Instant Live: Avalon, Boston, MA 10/17/04 is a live album by Living Colour. It was recorded on the band's 2003-04 tour in support of their studio album Collideøscope. It features excerpts from the show, including several songs off Collideøscope, a few old classics, and the only officially available version of the song "Terrorism".
Track listing
Personnel
Corey Glover - vocals
Vernon Reid - guitar
Doug Wimbish - bass guitar
Will Calhoun - drums
Living Colour albums
2005 live albums
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5385488
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit%20rate%20reduction
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Bit rate reduction
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Bit rate reduction may refer to:
Bit-rate reduction, a synonym for data compression
Bit Rate Reduction, an audio compression format used by the SPC-700 processing core of the Nintendo S-SMP, the audio processing unit of the Super Nintendo Entertainment System
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5385493
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittenden-2%20Vermont%20Representative%20District%2C%202002%E2%80%932012
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Chittenden-2 Vermont Representative District, 2002–2012
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The Chittenden-2 Representative District is a two-member state Representative district in the U.S. state of Vermont. It is one of the 108 one or two member districts into which the state was divided by the redistricting and reapportionment plan developed by the Vermont General Assembly following the 2000 U.S. Census. The plan applies to legislatures elected in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. A new plan will be developed in 2012 following the 2010 U.S. Census.
The Chittenden-2 District includes all of the Chittenden County town of Williston.
As of the 2000 census, the state as a whole had a population of 608,827. As there are a total of 150 representatives, there were 4,059 residents per representative (or 8,118 residents per two representatives). The two member Chittenden-2 District had a population of 7,650 in that same census, 5.76% below the state average.
District Representatives
Jim McCullough, Democrat
Mary N. Peterson, Democrat
See also
Members of the Vermont House of Representatives, 2005-2006 session
Vermont Representative Districts, 2002-2012
External links
Vermont Statute defining legislative districts
Vermont House districts -- Statistics
Vermont House of Representatives districts, 2002–2012
Williston, Vermont
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3992725
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freienstein-Teufen
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Freienstein-Teufen
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Freienstein-Teufen is a municipality in the district of Bülach in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland.
History
Freienstein-Teufen is first mentioned in 890 as Tiuffen. In 1254 it was mentioned as Frigenstein.
Geography
Freienstein-Teufen has an area of . Of this area, 39.4% is used for agricultural purposes, while 49.6% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 9.2% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (1.8%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).
Situated in the lower Tösstal, bordering on the Rhine, it comprises the villages of Freienstein and Teufen. In 1958, the two villages merged into a single municipality.
Demographics
Freienstein-Teufen has a population (as of ) of . , 11.4% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 7.3%. Most of the population () speaks German (90.9%), with Italian being second most common ( 2.2%) and Albanian being third ( 1.6%).
In the 2007 election the most popular party was the SVP which received 38.4% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the CSP (17.3%), the SPS (14.8%) and the Green Party (10.5%).
The age distribution of the population () is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 28.2% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 63% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 8.8%. In Freienstein-Teufen about 80.8% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).
Freienstein-Teufen has an unemployment rate of 1.61%. , there were 84 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 27 businesses involved in this sector. 104 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 17 businesses in this sector. 225 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 39 businesses in this sector.
The historical population is given in the following table:
Gallery
References
External links
Official website
Municipalities of the canton of Zürich
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5385506
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silken%20Windhound
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Silken Windhound
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The Silken Windhound is an American breed of sighthound. Like most sighthounds, Silkens are noted coursers.
Traits
Appearance
Silken Windhounds are graceful, small- to medium-sized Sighthounds with silky coats of middling length. Silken coat colors can range from white to black, with brilliant brindles and solid red in between. They can be spotted, tuxedo-marked or solid-colored.
Temperament
Silken Windhounds are affectionate and playful, and are good dogs for families with children. Due to their friendliness, they are not good guard dogs but are easily housebroken and can be trained to live with smaller household pets. Silkens particularly like agility, therapy, flyball, and obedience.
Training
Silken Windhounds are intelligent and easily trained using rewards and affection in short, positive sessions. They will work eagerly and form strong relationships with their owners if treated well. Like many sighthounds, Silken Windhounds can slip out of buckle collars, so most owners favor semi-slip collars.
Health
Silken Windhounds typically live into their middle to late teens. Bone and joint ailments like hip dysplasia and bloat are rare. Some individual Silken Windhounds are sensitive to ivermectin and related drugs; a simple test is now available to find whether a dog carries a defective MDR1, a multi-drug resistance gene. Some owners report cases of cryptorchidism, umbilical hernia, and lotus syndrome, plus deafness and cataracts in old age.
History
Silken Windhounds were founded and developed in Austin, Texas by Francie Stull, a successful breeder of show and performance American Kennel Club Borzoi and Deerhounds, using her favored Borzoi and Lurcher bloodlines. The first Silken Windhound litter was whelped in 1985 and a breed club, the International Silken Windhound Society, was formed in 1999. In early 2011, Silken Windhounds were recognized by the United Kennel Club. Silkens are now in 24 countries as well.
Events
Silken Windhounds participate in performance sports and showings worldwide, including the NAKC, IABCA, and NCA, as part of the hound group. In Slovenia, Silkens are an accepted part of the Slovenian Kennel Club, member of the FCI, also in the hound group. Silken Windhounds also participate in sighthound performance sports, competing alongside other sighthounds in Finnish lure coursing and straight racing events. The ISWS has established straight and oval track racing programs that enable Silkens to compete and win points towards performance titles.
In late 2009, Silken Windhounds were accepted as a Limited Stakes breed in the ASFA. Over forty dogs competed in ASFA limited stakes in their first month of acceptance.
In late 2010, Silken Windhounds were accepted as a breed in NOFCA, the National Open Field Coursing Association, and can participate in open field events. On March 18, 2011, Silken Windhounds were accepted into the United Kennel Club.
See also
Dogs portal
List of dog breeds
References
Dog breeds originating in the United States
Rare dog breeds
Sighthounds
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5385549
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapeleto
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Kapeleto
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Kapeleto () is a village and a community in the municipal unit Vouprasia, Elis, Greece. It is located in a rural area, 4 km south of the town of Varda, 5 km northeast of Kourtesi and 37 km north of Pyrgos. In 2011 the population was 362 for the village, and 566 for the community, which includes the village Thanasoulaiika. Within the community's limits is the traditional site of the ancient city of Myrtuntium.
Historical population
External links
Kapeleto on GTP Travel Pages (in English and Greek)
References
Populated places in Elis
Vouprasia
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3992745
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap%27n%20Magneto
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Cap'n Magneto
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Cap'n Magneto is a shareware graphical adventure game released for the Apple III in 1983 and the Macintosh in 1985. In 2020, the game was re-released as freeware. The game follows Captain Lance Magneto as he attempts to capture the Crown of Control, a mind-control device being used to commit piracy around the planet Rigel IV. As he approaches the planet the device is used on his ship, causing it to crash. The player controls Magneto and tries to collect items from the map in order to capture the Crown and leave the planet.
Gameplay
The game takes place on a top-down 2-D map, which is colorized in recent versions. The characters, including Magneto, appear in side view. By modern standards the map is quite small, wrapping around after about three window-sizes, the windows remaining limited to the original 512 × 384 resolution of the early Macs. Magneto could move only in the four cardinal directions, either by pressing buttons on the "control panel" on the right side of the screen, or by using the cursor keys in modern versions (early Macs did not include cursor keys). There are several other buttons used to identify objects and translate the alien speech, pick up or drop objects, and to use the various equipment found while playing.
Cap'n Magneto is based on finding and collecting important items scattered around the map, and then using them to access different areas of the map and continue in this fashion. Most of the map consists of various "buildings", including the broken remains of Magneto's ship, as well as a useful apple tree and a small island. Some of the map locations lead to "new maps" when entered, areas that are represented by smaller buildings on the original "outdoors" map.
Also scattered around the map are various alien characters who are sometimes friendly; friendly aliens will follow Magneto around the map, periodically saying various "help text"-like statements that are spoken using the Mac's speech system. These statements come out as an odd garbled sound and text until Magneto retrieves his tricorder from the ship's wreckage, although it is possible to partially decode the text labels as the symbol font used to obscure the text is similar enough to make some text legible.
Friendly aliens will help Magneto in combat, dramatically improving his odds of winning the game. Although friendlies are not particularly strong attacking, enemies attacking Magneto have an equal chance of attacking any friendlies nearby, reducing the number of hits Magneto will take. Combat is very simple; the player clicks on a target and holds the mouse (or cursor key) while a "battle counter" appears and displays random numbers, the idea being to release the mouse when the number is high in order to do more damage. Magneto's health is displayed as a small bar at the bottom of the screen, and will regain strength with time.
Al Evans
Al Evans created "Cap'n Magneto" as part of overcoming a terrible car crash, in which he received extreme burns to his body. Evans states "The chance of me living to the age of 28 or 30 was below 30% or something like that" going on to say "I wasn't going to spend the next two years of my life dorking around different hospitals. So I said what's the alternative?". Captain magneto is unique for its speech systems and the fact that Non-player characters can choose whether they like you or not.
Development
The game was originally written by Al Evans for the original 128K Macintosh in Lisa Pascal, and was released as shareware in 1985. It is a rewritten and expanded version of Evans' 1983 Apple III game Cap'n Magneto. Evans describes it as "the first truly interactive game for the Apple Macintosh" and writer Richard Moss claims it is the "first free-roaming direct control adventure game" released for Macintosh. This version continued to work on all of the early versions of the classic Mac OS and was a common shareware fixture. The game stopped working under System 7, and several compatibility updates followed.
Evans intended Cap'n Magneto to show a vision of how he conceived the world worked, "an amalgamation of hard-earned lessons on the value of relationships, being an active participant in shaping the world and knowing how to move on." He was inspired by the Ultima series but annoyed that combat was the only interaction possible with creatures. He implemented the ability to befriend creatures because he felt that a game in which everyone is the enemy "doesn't reflect the game of life [...] most people actually, are probably pretty friendly."
Reception
Macworld named the Macintosh version of Cap'n Magneto the "Best of Show" as part of its Shareware and Public Domain Game Awards in 1987. Macworld praises Cap'n Magneto's gameplay, stating that "Although Cap'n Magneto resembles other games with its emphasis on fighting and destroying enemies, it requires strategy to win. Moreover, making friends is at least as important as fighting, which sets Cap'n Magneto apart from the rest. Cap'n Magneto successfully combines arcadelike features with the puzzle-solving spirit of a good adventure game."
In 1989, MacUser magazine named Cap'n Magneto one of the 200 best Macintosh products, calling it "an old favorite that's still popular" and enjoyable despite being "crude compared with some more recent games."
Legacy
In 1993, Cap'n Magneto was updated for compatibility with System 7 and Macintoshes up to the Quadra 850. This version was never widely distributed, as the original publisher went out of business before it was released. A quickly-patched version running on Mac OS X appeared as one of the "hacks" at MacHack 2000, known as The Return of Cap'n Magneto. In 2005 a new Carbonized version with colorized graphics replacing the previous black and white graphics was released to run natively on Mac OS X, and the original and 1993 versions were released free for download. The Carbonized version is not compatible with Intel-based Macs running Mac OS X Lion and newer versions of macOS, due to the dropping of Rosetta support. In 2020, Al Evans released Cap'n Magneto as freeware and posted a free-to-use registration code on the official Cap'n Magneto website, following the demise of KAGI, the company that handled the game's registration.
References
External links
Cap'n Magneto web site
1985 video games
Adventure games
Classic Mac OS-only games
Classic Mac OS games
Video games developed in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voit%20%28surname%29
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Voit (surname)
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Voit is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
August von Voit
Brigitte Voit
Carl von Voit
Eszter Voit
G. Mark Voit
Luke Voit
Otto Voit
Robert Voit
See also
Voight
Voit Peak
W. J. Voit Memorial Trophy
German-language surnames
Occupational surnames
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article%20160%20of%20the%20Constitution%20of%20Malaysia
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Article 160 of the Constitution of Malaysia
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Article 160 of the Constitution of Malaysia defines various terms used in the Constitution. It has an important impact on Islam in Malaysia and the Malay people due to its definition of a Malay person under clause 2. It took effect after 31 August 1957 ("Merdeka Day" or "Independence Day") in the Federation of Malaya (now Peninsular Malaysia), and took effect in Singapore and East Malaysia when they merged with Malaya in 1963. Although the article no longer applies to Singapore since its separation from Malaysia in 1965, it does affect the legal status of Malay Singaporeans when they enter Malaysia.
Definition of a Malay
The article defines a “Malay” as a person who professes the religion of Islam, habitually speaks the Malay language, and conforms to Malay custom. They should also be a person who is
(a) born before Merdeka Day in the Federation or in Singapore or born of parents one of whom was born in the Federation or in Singapore, or is on that day domiciled in the Federation or in Singapore; or
(b) the issue of such a person;
As a result, Malay citizens who convert out of Islam are no longer considered Malay under the law. Hence, the Bumiputra privileges afforded to Malays under Article 153 of the Constitution, the New Economic Policy (NEP), etc. are forfeit for such converts. Those who converted to other religion have created a number of legal issues.
Likewise, a non-Malay Malaysian who converts to Islam can lay claim to Bumiputra privileges, provided he meets the other conditions.
Notes and references
Constitution of Malaysia
Racial and religious quotas in Malaysia
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3992757
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nour-Eddine%20Lakhmari
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Nour-Eddine Lakhmari
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Nour-Eddine Lakhmari () is a Moroccan instrumentalist, singer, choreographer and film director.
Biography
Based in Italy, Nour-Eddine has been involved in various groups specializing in ethnic, traditional music of the desert, with whom he has performed both in Italy and abroad. These collaborators include Azahara, Desert Sound and Jajouka.
Also a filmmaker, Nour-Eddine's most famous movie was the award-winning Casanegra.
Career
Discography
The Music of Morocco
Filmography
2005: Le regard (The gaze)
2008: Casanegra
2012: Zero
2017: Burnout
External links
Nour-Eddine Home page and albums
Italian pop musicians
Italian rock musicians
Italian people of Moroccan descent
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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5385602
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latter%20Deposed%20Emperor%20of%20Liu%20Song
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Latter Deposed Emperor of Liu Song
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The Latter Deposed Emperor of Liu Song ((劉)宋後廢帝, also known as Emperor Houfei) (1 March 463 – 1 August 477), also known by his posthumously demoted title of Prince of Cangwu (蒼梧王), personal name Liu Yu (劉昱), courtesy name Derong (德融), nickname Huizhen (慧震), was an emperor of the Liu Song dynasty of China.
During his brief reign as a boy emperor, he showed a knack for violence and arbitrariness, and in 477 he was killed by his general Xiao Daocheng, who made Emperor Houfei's brother Liu Zhun emperor but seized the throne in 479, ending Liu Song and starting Southern Qi.
Background
Liu Yu was born in 463, when his father Liu Yu (different character) was the Prince of Xiangdong under his uncle Emperor Xiaowu. He was the oldest son of the Prince of Xiangdong, and his mother was the concubine Chen Miaodeng. (The Prince of Xiangdong had earlier disfavored Lady Chen and given her to his attendant Li Dao'er () and then taken her back, and therefore there was constant rumor that his son's biological father was actually Li, not he.) His courtesy name of Huizhen came from the I Ching, which the Prince of Xiangdong used extensively for divination.
After the Prince of Xiangdong became emperor (as Emperor Ming) after the assassination of his nephew Emperor Qianfei (Emperor Xiaowu's son) in 465, he created Liu Yu crown prince in 466 (although the name "Yu" was not actually settled on until 467). As the Crown Prince grew, he was known as an overly active child who liked carrying out dangerous tasks, such as climbing flag poles, and he had severe mood swings and was so impulsive that his attendants could not stop him from taking violent actions. Emperor Ming often had his mother Consort Chen beat him as punishment. In 470, Emperor Ming set up a separate household for the Crown Prince, as per tradition for crown princes.
In 472, Emperor Ming died, and Crown Prince Yu took the throne as Emperor Houfei at the age of nine. He honored Emperor Ming's wife Empress Wang Zhenfeng as empress dowager and his mother Consort Chen as "Consort Dowager."
Reign
After Emperor Houfei ascended the throne, the government was technically in the hands of two high level officials whom Emperor Ming had entrusted Emperor Houfei to, Chu Yuan and Yuan Can. However, the close associates of Emperor Ming, led by Ruan Dianfu () and Wang Daolong (), continued to be powerful behind the scenes and influential, and Chu and Yuan were unable to curb their powers. Chu and Yuan soon added Emperor Houfei's distant relative Liu Bing to their own rank to be involved in important decisions. In 473, Yuan's mother died, and he left the government to observe the three-year mourning period.
One crisis that Emperor Houfei's administration needed to deal with almost immediately was that Emperor Houfei's single remaining paternal uncle, Liu Xiufan () the Prince of Guiyang and the governor of Jiang Province (江州, modern Jiangxi and Fujian), was becoming displeased that he was not made prime minister, as the emperor's uncle (Emperor Ming, because he had been apprehensive about his brothers taking power after his death, had killed all of his remaining brothers in 471, except for Liu Xiufan, because he had considered Liu Xiufan incompetent and therefore not much of a threat). In summer 474, Liu Xiufan declared a rebellion, accusing Wang Daolong and another associate of Emperor Ming, Yang Yunchang (), of having wrongly instigated the death of Liu Xiuren () the Prince of Jian'an and Liu Xiuruo () the Prince of Baling. Taking lesson from past rebellions that had failed because they had proceeded too slowly, Liu Xiufan ordered his troops to advance on the capital Jiankang as quickly as possible, and it took only five days for them to arrive at Jiankang. The general Xiao Daocheng volunteered to face Liu Xiufan's forces, and while Liu Xiufan's forces were initially able to prevail over Xiao's, the battles were not particularly decisive. Meanwhile, Xiao was offered a plan of deception by his subordinates Huang Hui () and Zhang Jing'er () -- that they would pretend to surrender to Liu Xiufan and then assassinate him, and he agreed with it. Huang and Zhang then pretended to surrender to Liu Xiufan, but then took the opportunity to kill him. However, Liu Xiufan's troops were not aware that Liu Xiufan was dead, and they initially continued fighting. Indeed, Liu Xiufan's general Ding Wenhao () soon engaged and defeated the forces under Wang Daolong's and Liu Mian (), killing Wang and Liu Mian, and then put the palace under siege. Eventually, though, Ding's forces became aware that Liu Xiufan had died, and began to collapse on their own. Xiao and Yuan Can (who had returned to the government in light of the emergency) then defeated Liu Xiufan's remaining troops, ending the rebellion. In light of the victory, Xiao was promoted to be part of the decision-making nucleus, along with Yuan, Chu, and Liu Bing.
Meanwhile, Emperor Houfei had begun to develop a reputation of being crazed and lacking in virtue. The people instead were hopeful that his cousin Liu Jingsu () the Prince of Jianping, who was an adult and was considered a kind and generous man, could become emperor. Many army officers were hoping to join a rebellion by Liu Jingsu, while Yang Yunchang and Ruan Dianfu, who wanted to hold onto power, wanted to eliminate Liu Jingsu as a potential threat. In 475, they wanted to act on an accusation that Liu Jingsu was plotting rebellion and arrest him, but were stopped from doing so by Yuan and Xiao. In summer 476, however, one of the army officers who was hopeful for a Liu Jingsu rebellion fled to Liu Jingsu's headquarters at Jingkou (京口, in modern Zhenjiang, Jiangsu), falsely telling Liu Jingsu that Jiankang was in disarray and that he needed to quickly proceed to Jiankang and take the throne. Liu Jingsu therefore started his uprising, but his forces lacked good generals. Meanwhile, Xiao sent Huang Hui to attack Liu Jingsu, and Huang, while secretly sympathetic of Liu Jingsu's cause, was hesitant to turn against Xiao because his lieutenants were all Xiao's confidants, and he defeated Liu Jingsu, who was captured and killed.
By 477, Emperor Houfei's reputation was one that was feared and despised, for by this point Empress Dowager Wang and Consort Dowager Chen had completely lost control of him, and he was doing everything that he pleased. His guard corps would accompany him, and they killed humans and animals alike that they encountered, often in cruel manners. Emperor Houfei, indeed, would personally cut the victims open, and if he did not kill on a given day, he would appear depressed for the day. Because he was leaving and returning to the palace at all times during day or night, the palace guards would not dare to lock the palace gates, leaving palace defenses open. The situation was getting sufficiently severe that even Ruan, who had wanted to keep Emperor Houfei in power, instead plotted to depose him, but was discovered and executed. When Emperor Houfei subsequently received reports that the officials Du Youwen (), Shen Bo (), and Sun Chaozhi () were part of Ruan's conspiracy, he led his guards and personally executed Du, Shen, Sun, and their households, cutting the bodies to pieces, including even infants.
On one particular day, Emperor Houfei charged into Xiao Daocheng's headquarters and saw Xiao sleeping naked. He was intrigued by the large size of Xiao's belly, and he woke Xiao up, drew a target on Xiao's belly, and prepared to shoot Xiao with arrows. Xiao pleaded for his life, and Emperor Houfei's attendant Wang Tian'en () pointed out that if he killed Xiao with an arrow, he would lose Xiao's belly as a wonderful target—and so at Wang's suggestion, Emperor Houfei shot Xiao with bone-made round-point arrows and was pleased when he was able to target Xiao's bellybutton successfully. Xiao became fearful after the incident, and he initially discussed with Yuan and Chu the possibilities of deposing the emperor, but could not get them to go along with his plan. Instead, he independently planned with a number of his associates, and he also entered into agreements with a number of Emperor Houfei's attendants. On the night of Qi Xi in 477, Emperor Houfei's attendant Yang Yufu (), whom Emperor Houfei had previously threatened to kill, cut off Emperor Houfei's head while he was asleep, and delivered the head to Xiao via Xiao's subordinate Wang Jingze (). Xiao immediately went to the palace with the emperor's head in possession—and the palace guards had been so terrified by the emperor that they were supposed to protect that when they heard of his death, there was no mourning but great rejoicing. Xiao issued an edict in the name of Empress Dowager Wang legitimizing the assassination and posthumously demoting Emperor Houfei to the title of Prince of Cangwu, while making Emperor Houfei's younger brother Liu Zhun the Prince of Ancheng emperor (as Emperor Shun). (According to later accusations by Shen Youzhi while starting an uprising against Xiao, Xiao also exposed Emperor Houfei's body to the elements so that it became infested by maggots, although it is not clear whether Shen's accusation had a basis in fact.)
Era name
Yuanhui (元徽 yuán huī) 473-477
Family
Consorts:
Princess consort, of the Jiang clan of Jiyang (; b. 461), personal name Jiangui ()
Ancestry
References
Book of Song, vol. 9.
History of Southern Dynasties, vol. 3.
Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 132, 133, 134.
Liu Song emperors
463 births
477 deaths
5th-century Chinese monarchs
Murdered Chinese emperors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterstrike%20%281990%20TV%20series%29
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Counterstrike (1990 TV series)
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Counterstrike is a Canadian/French crime-fighting/espionage television series. The series premiered on American cable channel USA Network on July 1, 1990. It ran for three seasons, airing 66 hour-long episodes in total.
Plot
After his wife is kidnapped by terrorists, international industrialist Alexander Addington assembles a clandestine team of troubleshooters to help combat terrorism around the world. He recruits Peter Sinclair from Scotland Yard to lead the team. They set up a French con artist and art/jewelry thief named Nicole Beaumont and blackmail her into joining because of her valuable criminal connections. The third teammember is Luke Brenner, an American mercenary whom they rescue from a Mexican jail. The series' other recurring characters are Bennett and J.J., Alexander's valet and pilot, respectively.
In the second season's second episode Peter and Alexander encounter a French reporter named Gabrielle Germont whom they recruit into the team to prevent her from publishing a story about them. In the season's third episode Peter and Gabrielle rescue Hector Stone, an American CIA-operative and former Navy SEAL whose cover has been blown, and invite him to join the team.
The character of Alexander's daughter Suzanne Addington, who designed the team's computer systems, was also written out of the series at the beginning of the second season. Suzanne appears in one third season episode, although played by a different actress. In her stead Alexander gets a secretary/confidante named Hélène Previn.
Cast
Christopher Plummer as Alexander Addington (1990–1993)
Simon MacCorkindale as Peter Sinclair (1990–1993)
Cyrielle Clair as Nicole Beaumont (1990–1991)
Stephen Shellen as Luke Brenner (1990–1991)
Laurence Ashley-Taboulet as Suzanne Addington (1990–1991)
Sophie Michaud as Gabrielle Germont (1991–1993)
James Purcell as Hector Stone (1991–1993)
Patricia Cartier as Hélène Previn (1991–1993)
Andre Mayers as J.J. (1990–1993)
Tom Kneebone as Bennett (1990–1993)
Episodes
Season 1 (1990–91)
Season 2 (1991–92)
Season 3 (1992–93)
Awards and nominations
1992 Gemini Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role (Simon MacCorkindale) – Nominated
1992 Gemini Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role (Christopher Plummer) – Nominated
1994 Gemini Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role (Sophie Michaud) – Nominated
1994 Gemini Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role (James Purcell) – WON
Broadcast
Counterstrike aired in the United States on cable channel USA Network, premiering on July 1, 1990. It premiered on November 2, 1991 on CTV in Canada, and on TF1 in France on November 20, 1991. Counterstrike has since aired in reruns in Canada on Showcase and TVtropolis.
External links
CTV Television Network original programming
Espionage television series
1990s Canadian drama television series
1990 Canadian television series debuts
1993 Canadian television series endings
Canadian Screen Award-winning television shows
USA Network original programming
French drama television series
Television shows filmed in Toronto
Television series by Alliance Atlantis
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5385641
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9zanne%20%28typeface%29
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Cézanne (typeface)
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Cézanne is a script typeface based on Paul Cézanne's handwriting. The typeface includes alternate characters and swashes. It was created for the Philadelphia Museum of Art by designers Michael Want and Richard Kegler and published by P22 type foundry in 1996.
See also
List of typefaces
References
Script typefaces
Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1996
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5385648
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20bean%20casserole
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Green bean casserole
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Green bean casserole is an American baked dish consisting primarily of green beans, cream of mushroom soup, and french fried onions.
It is a popular side dish for Thanksgiving dinners in the United States and has been described as iconic. The recipe was created in 1955 by Dorcas Reilly at the Campbell Soup Company. Campbell's estimated it was served in 20 million Thanksgiving dinners in the US each year and that 40% of the company's cream of mushroom soup sales go into a version of the dish.
Variations on the dish include broccoli casserole, using a different creamed soup variety, or using sauteed onions instead of deep-fried ones.
Background
Campbell’s Cream of Mushroom flavored soup variety was created in 1934 and was the first of the company's soups to be marketed as a sauce as well as a soup. It became so widely used as casserole filler in recipes for the hotdish recipes popular in Minnesota that it was sometimes referred to as "Lutheran binder." Like other food companies, Campbell's employed recipe developers to create recipes using their products as part of their marketing strategy.
History of the recipe
Dorcas Reilly (1926–2018) created the recipe in 1955 while working in the home economics department at the Campbell's Soup Company. The recipe was created for a feature article for the Associated Press; the requirement was for a quick and easy dish using ingredients most US households kept on hand.
It was called "Green Bean Bake" when the recipe began being printed on soup cans. Initially the dish did not test well within the company but, in part because of Reilly's persistence, eventually earned a reputation for being "the ultimate comfort food." Culinary historian Laura Shapiro called the recipe's use of the crunchy fried onion topping a "touch of genius" that gave an otherwise ordinary convenience-food side dish a bit of "glamour".
Food & Wine called it iconic, and Good Housekeeping said that "few dishes are as iconic" as the green bean casserole.
Popularity
It was originally marketed as an everyday side dish but became popular for Thanksgiving dinners in the 1960s after Campbell's placed the recipe on the can's label. The recipe popularized the combination of the soup with green beans. Campbell's Soup now estimates that 40 percent of the Cream of Mushroom soup sold in the United States goes into making green bean casserole. As of 2020 Campbell's estimated it was served in 20 million Thanksgiving dinners in the US each year. Campbell's in 2020 reported their online version of the recipe is viewed 4 million times each Thanksgiving Day. According to Campbell's as of 2018, the recipe is the most popular ever developed in their kitchens.
Folklorist Lucy Long in 2007 noted that its inclusion on Thanksgiving dinner tables crosses ethnic, socioeconomic, and religious differences. She also notes it is included in most popular American cookbooks, mentioned in the media regularly, and referred to a "classic", "traditional", and "a Thanksgiving standard". She wrote that the popularity of the dish was related to its categorization as a casserole, which in the US is associated with "communal eating, sharing, and generosity" and that the green bean casserole in particular represents the familiar and also the festive.
Ingredients
The recipe, which hasn't changed, calls for green beans, mushroom soup, milk, soy sauce, ground black pepper, and french fried onions. The beans, soup, milk, and seasonings are mixed together with a portion of the onions and baked, then topped with more onions and baked for another few minutes.
Multiple similar recipes have been developed that "update" or "upgrade" the original recipe to use fresh beans, homemade cream sauce, and fresh mushrooms as the convenience-food based recipes of the 1950s and 1960s have become less fashionable, but according to culinary historian Shapiro, the green bean casserole remains popular for Thanksgiving for reasons of nostalgia. Other recipes have been developed, by Campbell's and others, that incorporate a variety of ingredients in addition to or in replacement of those in the original.
Creator
In November of 2002, Reilly, representing Campbell's, donated the original recipe card to the National Inventors Hall of Fame in Akron, Ohio. The donation was followed by a meal featuring the dish. Reilly died 15 October 2018, at the age of 92 in her hometown of Camden, New Jersey.
See also
List of casserole dishes
Marketing
References
External links
Classic recipe at Campbells.com
Food and drink introduced in 1955
Casserole dishes
Legume dishes
Thanksgiving food
Marketing in the United States
American casseroles
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%20Display%20Driver%20Model
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Windows Display Driver Model
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Windows Display Driver Model (WDDM) is the graphic driver architecture for video card drivers running Microsoft Windows versions beginning with Windows Vista.
It is a replacement for the previous Windows 2000 and Windows XP display driver model XDDM/XPDM and is aimed at enabling better performance graphics and new graphics functionality and stability. Display drivers in Windows Vista and Windows 7 can choose to either adhere to WDDM or to XDDM. With the removal of XDDM from Windows 8, however, WDDM became the only option.
WDDM provides the functionality required to render the desktop and applications using Desktop Window Manager, a compositing window manager running on top of Direct3D. It also supports new DXGI interfaces required for basic device management and creation. The WDDM specification requires at least Direct3D 9-capable video card and the display driver must implement the device driver interfaces for the Direct3D 9Ex runtime in order to run legacy Direct3D applications; it may optionally implement runtime interfaces for Direct3D 10 and higher.
Features enabled by the WDDM
WDDM drivers enable new areas of functionality which were not uniformly provided by earlier display driver models. These include:
Virtualized video memory
In the context of graphics, virtualization means that individual processes (in user mode) cannot see the memory of adjacent processes even by means of insertion of forged commands in the command stream. WDDM drivers allow video memory to be virtualized, and video data to be paged out of video memory into system RAM. In case the video memory available turns out to be insufficient to store all the video data and textures, currently unused data is moved out to system RAM or to the disk. When the swapped out data is needed, it is fetched back. Virtualization could be supported on previous driver models (such as the XP Driver Model) to some extent, but was the responsibility of the driver, instead of being handled at the runtime level.
Scheduling
The runtime handles scheduling of concurrent graphics contexts. Each list of commands is put in a queue for execution by the GPU, and it can be preempted by the runtime if a more critical task arrives and if it has not begun execution. This differs from native threads on the CPU where one task cannot be interrupted and therefore can take longer than necessary and make the computer appear less responsive. A hybrid scheduling algorithm between native and light threads with cooperation between the threads would achieve seamless parallelism. It is important to note that scheduling is not a new concept but it was previously the responsibility of individual driver developers. WDDM attempts to unify the experience across different vendors by controlling the execution of GPU tasks.
Cross-process sharing of Direct3D surfaces
A Direct3D graphics surface is the memory area that contains information about the textured meshes used for rendering a 2D or 3D scene. WDDM allows Direct3D surfaces to be shared across processes. Thus, an application can incorporate a mesh created by another application into the scene it is rendering. Sharing textures between processes before WDDM was difficult, as it would have required copying the data from video memory to system memory and then back to video memory for the new device.
Enhanced fault-tolerance
If a WDDM driver hangs or encounters a fault, the graphics stack will restart the driver. A graphics hardware fault will be intercepted and if necessary the driver will be reset.
Drivers under Windows XP were free to deal with hardware faults as they saw fit either by reporting it to the user or by attempting to recover silently. In some cases when the display driver can be safely stopped, Windows XP may instead alert about the display driver crash, while also disabling the video driver, thus switching down the screen resolution to 640x480 with only 16 colors. With a WDDM driver, the screen resolution will most likely be unaffected; all hardware faults cause the driver to be reset and the user will be notified by a popup; this unifies the behavior across vendors.
Previous drivers were fully implemented in kernel mode, whereas WDDM is implemented partly in user mode. If the user mode area fails with an unrecoverable error, it will, at the most, cause the application to quit unexpectedly instead of producing a blue screen error as it would in previous driver models.
WDDM also allows the graphics hardware to be reset and users to update drivers without requiring a reboot.
Limitations
The new driver model requires the graphics hardware to have Shader Model 2.0 support at least, since the fixed function pipeline is now translated to 2.0 shaders. However, according to Microsoft as of 2009, only about 1–2 percent of the hardware running Windows Vista used the XDDM, with the rest already WDDM capable. It also requires some other hardware features; consequently some SM 2.0-supporting hardware such as the Intel GMA 900 fails the WDDM certification.
One of the limitations of WDDM driver model version 1.0 is that it does not support multiple drivers in a multi-adapter, multi-monitor setup. If a multi-monitor system has more than one graphics adapter powering the monitors, both the adaptors must use the same WDDM driver. If more than one driver is used, Windows will disable one of them. WDDM 1.1 does not have this limitation.
WDDM 1.0/1.1 does not allow some modes that were previously handled by the driver such as spanning mode (stretching the desktop across two monitors) although Dual View is still available.
Need for a new display driver model
One of the chief scenarios the Windows Display Driver Model enables is the Desktop Window Manager. Since the desktop and application windows managed by DWM are Direct3D applications, the number of open windows directly affects the amount of video memory required. Because there is no limit on the number of open windows, the video memory available may prove insufficient, necessitating virtualization. As the window contents that DWM composes into the final desktop are generated by different processes, cross-process surface sharing is necessary. Also, because there can be other DirectX applications running alongside DWM on the DWM-managed desktop, they must be able to access the GPU in a shared manner, necessitating scheduling.
Though this is true for Microsoft's implementation of a composited desktop under Windows Vista, on the other hand, a composited desktop need not theoretically require a new display driver model to work as expected. Successful implementations of composited desktops were done before Windows Vista on other platforms such as Quartz, Compiz, WindowFX. The approach Microsoft attempted was to try to make sure WDDM was a unified experience across different GPUs from multiple vendors by standardizing their features and performance. The software features missing from other driver models could be made immaterial by extensions or if a less restrictive or simply different driver model was in place.
History
WDDM 1.0
Windows Vista introduced WDDM 1.0 as a new display driver architecture designed to be better performing, more reliable, and support new technologies including HDCP. Hybrid Sleep, which combines hibernation and sleep mode functionality for enhanced stability in the event of power failure, also requires WDDM.
WDDM 1.1
Windows 7 supports major additions to WDDM known as WDDM 1.1; the details of this new version were unveiled at WinHEC 2008. New features include:
DXGI 1.1, which features return of hardware 2D acceleration for use by GDI (but not GDI+) and Direct2D/DirectWrite
BitBlt, StretchBlt, TransparentBlt
AlphaBlend, ColorFill
ClearType font support
Direct3D 11 device driver interface (DDI)
DXVA-HD DDI
Hardware video overlay DDI
Optional AES 128 encryption
Optional decoding of encrypted video content
Support multiple drivers in a multi-adapter and multi-monitor setup
Hardware acceleration of GDI and Direct2D/DirectWrite operations helps reduce memory footprint in Windows 7, because DWM compositing engine no longer needs to keep a system memory copy of all surfaces used by GDI/GDI+, as in Windows Vista.
DXGI 1.1, Direct3D 11, Direct2D, and DirectWrite were made available with Windows Vista Platform Update; however GDI/GDI+ in Vista continues to rely on software rendering and the Desktop Window Manager continues to use Direct3D 9Ex.
WDDM 1.1 drivers are backward compatible with WDDM 1.0 specification; both 1.0 and 1.1 drivers can be used in Windows Vista with or without the Platform Update.
WDDM 1.2
Windows 8 includes WDDM 1.2 and DXGI 1.2. New features were first previewed at the Build 2011 conference and include performance improvements as well as support for stereoscopic 3D rendering and video playback.
Other major features include preemptive multitasking of the GPU with finer granularity (DMA buffer, primitive, triangle, pixel, or instruction-level), reduced memory footprint, improved resource sharing, and faster timeout detection and recovery. 16-bit color surface formats (565, 5551, 4444) are mandatory in Windows 8, and Direct3D 11 Video supports YUV 4:4:4/4:2:2/4:2:0/4:1:1 video formats with 8, 10, and 16-bit precision, as well as 4 and 8-bit palettized formats.
WDDM 1.2 supports display-only and render-only WDDM drivers, such as Microsoft Basic Display Driver and WARP-based Microsoft Basic Render Driver which replaced kernel-mode VGA driver.
WDDM 1.0/1.1 only allows rudimentary task scheduling using "batch queue" granularity; improvements to multitasking, as well as fast context switching and support for virtual memory, were initially expected in versions tentatively named WDDM 2.0 and WDDM 2.1, which were announced at WinHEC 2006.
WDDM 1.3
Windows 8.1 includes WDDM 1.3 and DXGI 1.3. New additions include the ability to trim DXGI adapter memory usage, multi-plane overlays, overlapping swap chains and swap chain scaling, select backbuffer subregion for swap chain and lower-latency swap chain presentation. Driver feature additions include wireless displays (Miracast), YUV format ranges, cross-adapter resources and GPU engine enumeration capabilities. Graphics kernel performance improvements.
WDDM 2.0
Windows 10 includes WDDM 2.0, which is designed to dramatically reduce workload on the kernel-mode driver for GPUs that support virtual memory addressing, to allow multithreading parallelism in the user-mode driver and result in lower CPU utilization. Windows 10 also includes DXGI 1.4.
Direct3D 12 API, announced at Build 2014, requires WDDM 2.0. The new API will do away with automatic resource-management and pipeline-management tasks and allow developers to take full low-level control of adapter memory and rendering states.
The display driver model from Windows 8.1 and Windows Phone have converged into a unified model for Windows 10.
A new memory model is implemented that gives each GPU a per-process virtual address space. Direct addressing of video memory is still supported by WDDMv2 for graphics hardware that requires it, but that is considered a legacy case. IHVs are expected to develop new hardware that supports virtual addressing. Significant changes have been made to the DDI to enable this new memory model.
WDDM 2.1
Windows 10 Anniversary Update (version 1607) includes WDDM 2.1, which supports Shader Model 6.0 (mandatory for feature levels 12_0 and 12_1), and DXGI 1.5 which supports HDR10 - a 10-bit high dynamic range, wide gamut format defined by ITU-T Rec. 2100/Rec.2020 - and variable refresh rates.
WDDM 2.2
Windows 10 Creators Update (version 1703) includes WDDM 2.2, which is tailored for virtual, augmented and mixed reality with stereoscopic rendering for the Windows Mixed Reality platform, and DXGI 1.6.
WDDM 2.3
Windows 10 Fall Creators Update (version 1709) includes WDDM 2.3.
The following is a list of new features for Windows Display driver development in Windows 10, version 1709:
Shader Model 6.1, adding support view instancing and barycentric semantics.
Display ColorSpace Transform DDIs provide additional control over color space transforms applied in the post-composition display pipeline.
The D3D12 Copy Queue Timestamp Queries feature will allow applications to issue timestamp queries on COPY command lists/queues. These timestamps are specified to function identically to timestamps on other engines.
Enhanced Video integration into Direct3D12 Runtime through: hardware accelerated video decoding, content protection and video processing
WDDM 2.4
Windows 10 April 2018 Update (version 1803) includes WDDM 2.4. Updates to display driver development in Windows 10 version 1803 include the following features.:
Shader Model 6.2, adding support for 16-bit scalars and the ability to select the behaviours with denormal values.
Indirect Display UMDF class extension, the driver can pass the SRM to the rendering GPU and have a mechanism to query the SRM version being used.
IOMMU hardware-based GPU isolation support, increasing security by restricting GPU access to system memory.
GPU paravirtualization support, enabling display drivers to provide rendering capabilities to Hyper-V virtualized environments.
Brightness, a new interface to support multiple displays that can be set to calibrated nit-based brightness levels.
D3D11 bitstream encryption, exposing CENC, CENS, CBC1, and CBCS with 8 or 16 byte initialization vectors.
D3D11 and D3D12 video decode histogram, allowing to leverage fixed function hardware for histogram to improve tone mapping quality for HDR/EDR scenarios.
D3D12 video decode now supports Decode Tier II, enabling applications to amortize allocation cost and reduce peak memory usage during resolution change.
Tiled resource tier and LDA atomics, a new cross node sharing tier to add support for atomic shader instructions working across linked adapter (LDA) nodes, allowing to implement multiple GPU rendering techniques like split frame rendering (SFR).
GPU dithering support, allowing the operating system to explicitly request dithering in scenarios where a higher effective bit depth is needed than is physically available on the monitor link, for example for HDR10 over HDMI 2.0.
Post-processing color enhancement override, allowing the operating system to request that the driver temporarily disable any post-processing that enhances or alters display colors, for specific application scenarios to enforce colorimetrically accurate color behavior on the display, and safely coexist with OEM or IHV-proprietary display color enhancements.
Direct3D12 and Video, new API and DDI to provide access to hardware accelerated video decoding, content protection and video processing.
DisplayID, a new DDI, designed to allow the VESA's DisplayID descriptor to be queried from a display controlled by a graphics adapter.
GPU performance data, an extension to expose information about the GPU hardware such as temperature, fan speed, clock speeds for engines and memory, memory bandwidth, power draw, and voltages.
SupportContextlessPresent, a driver cap to help IHVs onboard new driver.
Improvements to External/Removable GPU support in the OS, providing better support to detachable GPUs.
Display Diagnostics, with Kernel mode device driver interface changes to allow the driver for a display controller to report diagnostic events to the operating system.
Shared graphics power components, allowing non-graphics drivers to participate in the power management of a graphics device.
Shared texture improvements, increasing the types of textures that can be shared across processes and Direct3D devices, adding support to monochrome with minimal memory copying.
WDDM 2.5
Windows 10 October 2018 Update (Version 1809) Includes WDDM 2.5. Updates to Display driver development in Windows 10, version 1809 include the following features:
Shader Model 6.3, adding support for DirectX12 Raytracing (DXR).
Raytracing, in order to support hardware-accelerated raytracing in Direct3D 12.
Universal Driver Requirements, drivers will need to ensure their DirectX 11 and DirectX12 user-mode drivers and kernel mode drivers, as well other DLL loaded by these components, adhere to the Universal API.
SRV-Only Tiled Resource Tier 3, a new capability bit for tiled resources, exposing sparse volume textures without requiring unordered-access and render-target operations support.
Render Pass, introducing render pass concept in Direct3D 12, adding new APIs to be run on existing drivers and allow user mode drivers to choose optimal rendering path without heavy CPU penalty.
Meta-commands, adding preview support for DirectML, a high-performance, hardware-accelerated DirectX 12 library for machine learning. With Windows 10 version 1903 and newer meta-commands and DirectML are a stable part of Windows.
HDR Brightness Compensation, a new SDR brightness boost, raising the reference white of SDR content to the user-desired value, allowing SDR content to be reproduced to a typical 200-240 nits. It also allows reporting if the hardware/driver supports HDR output through FP16 pixel format or only ARGB10 pixel format.
SDR White Level, to let the graphics drivers know the SDR white level value that is being applied by the OS compositor for all the SDR content, for a display which is running in HDR mode.
Display Synchronization, allowing the operating system to check for display synchronization capabilities if the display is exposed by the driver and prior to enabling the display.
Tracked Workloads was also added as an experimental feature to better control the trade-off between quicker processor execution and lower power consumption, but was removed from Windows 10 version 2004 and deprecated from earlier OS versions as part of a security fix.
WDDM 2.6
Windows 10 May 2019 Update (Version 1903) includes WDDM 2.6. Updates to display driver development in Windows 10 version 1903 include the following features:
Shader Model 6.4, adding support low-precision packed dot product intrinsics and for library sub-objects to simplify ray-tracing.
Super Wet Ink, allowing the creation of textures in formats and modes the IHVs doesn't natively support, resolving them as a resource projection to a format the hardware/drivers natively support, allowing internal drivers optimizations.
Variable Rate Shading, also known as coarse pixel shading, a mechanism to enable allocation of rendering performance/power at varying rates across rendered images. It comes with two tiers (tier 1 and tier 2).
Collect Diagnostic Info, allowing the operating system to collect a private data from drivers for both rendering and display functions. This new feature is a requirement in WDDM 2.6.
Background Processing, allowing user mode drivers to express desired threading behavior, and the runtime to control/monitor it. APIs allow apps to adjust what amount of background processing is appropriate for their workloads and when to perform that work.
Driver Hot Update, reducing server downtime and allowing driver security hot patch to the kernel mode driver.
WDDM 2.7
Windows 10 May 2020 Update (Version 2004) includes WDDM 2.7. Updates to display driver development in Windows 10 version 2004 include the following features:
Shader Model 6.5, adding support to the new pipeline capabilities as well additional Wave intrinsics.
Hardware-accelerated GPU scheduling: masked as an additional option in the system settings, when enabled offloads high-frequency tasks to a dedicated GPU-based scheduling processor, reducing CPU scheduling overhead. Requires ad-hoc hardware and driver support.
Sampler Feedback, allowing a finer tune of the resources usage in a scene. It comes with two tiers (tier 0.9 and tier 1.0).
DirectX Raytracing (DXR) Tier 1.1, introducing inline ray-tracing, indirect rays dispatching, increasing the state object without the need to create a new one, and additional vertex formats for acceleration structures.
Mesh and Amplification Shaders Stages, a new optional geometry pipeline replacing the traditional pipeline (Input Assembler-Vertex-Hull-Tesselator-Domain-Geometry and Stream Output stages).
Improved memory allocation control, with better residency control and the possibility to not explicitly zeroing newly created heaps.
Direct3D 9 resource interop, allowing projecting a Direct3D 9 resource on a Direct3D 12 application.
Direct3D 12 Video Protected Resource support, allowing play protected content in a Direct3D 12 application.
WDDM 2.8
Windows 10 Insider Preview Manganese included WDDM 2.8, but no driver was ever publicly demonstrated to support it and it has been skipped for "Iron" and "Cobalt" development releases.
WDDM 2.9
WDDM 2.9 in Windows 10 Insider Preview "Iron" will bring support for GPU hardware acceleration to the Windows Subsystem for Linux 2 (WSL 2) and support for feature level 12_2 and HLSL Shader Model 6.6.
WDDM 3.0
Windows 11 RTM Final Retail release (version 21H2) includes WDDM 3.0, which improves graphics architecture in Windows Subsystem for Linux adding:
User mode driver compiled for Linux in the WSL package.
Host driver mounted in Linux
Dynamic refresh rate
Direct3D 12 video encoding
WDDM 3.1
Windows 11 Insider Preview builds 22621.1 (version 22H2) includes WDDM 3.1.
See also
Timeout Detection and Recovery
References
Microsoft Windows multimedia technology
Device drivers
Windows Vista
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5385682
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Gerard%20Kemmerling
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Jan Gerard Kemmerling
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Jan Gerard Kemmerling (February 4, 1776 in Gulpen – January 15, 1818 in Heerlen) was mayor of Heerlen and Nieuwenhagen.
When the French arrived in Heerlen in 1795, Kemmerling sympathized with their ideas of Enlightenment and revolution. He became secretary at age 23 for the newly established French Canton Heerlen. In 1801 he also started to work as a notary, and in the same year became a member of the municipality. In 1805 he was made maire (French name for mayoral) of Heerlen, he was also the maire of Nieuwenhagen (till his death).
When the Prussians occupied Heerlen on July 13, 1814, he was successful in befriending them. After Heerlen became a part of the new Kingdom of the Netherlands (May 12, 1815) he remained as mayor.
King Williem I rather had civil servants who were trained in modern administratorial duties under Napoleon then once not used to this.
Sources
www.heerlen.nl
1776 births
1818 deaths
Mayors of Heerlen
Mayors in Limburg (Netherlands)
People from Gulpen-Wittem
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5385701
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909%20in%20Australia
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1909 in Australia
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The following lists events that happened during 1909 in the Commonwealth of Australia.
Incumbents
Monarch – Edward VII
Governor-General – William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley
Prime Minister – Andrew Fisher (until 2 June), then Alfred Deakin
Chief Justice – Samuel Griffith
State premiers
Premier of New South Wales – Charles Wade
Premier of South Australia – Thomas Price (until 5 June), then Archibald Peake
Premier of Queensland – William Kidston
Premier of Tasmania – John Evans (until 19 June), then Sir Elliott Lewis (until 20 October), then John Earle (until 27 October), then Sir Elliott Lewis
Premier of Western Australia – Sir Newton Moore
Premier of Victoria – Sir Thomas Bent (until 8 January), then John Murray
State governors
Governor of New South Wales – Admiral Sir Harry Rawson (until 24 March), then Frederic Thesiger, 3rd Baron Chelmsford (from 28 May)
Governor of South Australia – Sir George Le Hunte (until 2 January), then Sir Day Bosanquet (from 29 March)
Governor of Queensland – Frederic Thesiger, 3rd Baron Chelmsford (until 26 May), then Sir William MacGregor (from 2 December)
Governor of Tasmania – Sir Gerald Strickland (until 20 May), then Sir Harry Barron (from 29 September)
Governor of Western Australia – Admiral Sir Frederick Bedford (until 23 April), then Sir Gerald Strickland (from 31 May)
Governor of Victoria – Sir Thomas Gibson-Carmichael
Events
8 January – Sir Thomas Bent retires as Premier of Victoria, and is replaced by John Murray.
9 March – Electric trams begin operation in Adelaide.
31 March – Victoria is the last Australian state to grant women's suffrage.
30 April – Tasmania begins to use the Hare-Clark single transferable vote method in the 1909 general election.
26 May – The Protectionist Party and the Free Trade Party merge to form the Fusion Party), led by Alfred Deakin.
2 June – The Labor government of Andrew Fisher is ousted from office by Alfred Deakin's Fusion Party, and Deakin becomes Prime Minister for the third time.
5 June – Steam trams begin operation in Rockhampton, Queensland.
18 to 21 August – Disastrous floods strike Victoria.
6 October – Martha Rendell becomes the last woman to be hanged in Western Australia.
9 October – John Earle becomes Premier of Tasmania, leading Tasmania's first Labor government, however Earle's minority government only lasts a week.
6 December - the Newcastle–Bolgart Railway was opened.
10 December – The University of Queensland is established.
14 December – New South Wales passes law ceding land to the Commonwealth for construction of the national capital, Canberra.
21 December – British Field Marshal Lord Kitchener arrives in Darwin after an invitation from Alfred Deakin to review Australia's military and defence plans.
24 December – Former Prime Minister Sir George Reid resigns from Parliament to become Australia's first High Commissioner to the United Kingdom.
Science and technology
16 July – The first powered aeroplane flight in Australia is made.
Arts and literature
Sport
29 January – New South Wales wins the Sheffield Shield
15 June – Representatives from England, Australia and South Africa meet at Lord's and form the Imperial Cricket Conference.
21 August – Andrew Wood wins the inaugural men's national marathon title, clocking 2:59:15 in Brisbane. Though billed as the Australasian Championships, the Australian Athletic Union did not consider it to be the official championship.
31 August – The first interstate ice hockey competition is held in Melbourne.
14 September - The 1909 NSWRFL season culminates in the grand final which was forfeited by Balmain to make South Sydney back-to-back premiers
29 October – The South Melbourne Swans defeat the Carlton Blues 4.14 (38) to 4.12 (36) in the 1909 VFL Grand Final.
2 November – Prince Foote wins the Melbourne Cup.
Births
19 January – Leon Goldsworthy, explosives expert (died 1994)
8 February – Elisabeth Murdoch, philanthropist (died 2012)
13 February – Reginald Ansett, businessman and aviator (died 1981)
2 March – Percival Bazeley, scientist (died 1991)
19 March – Nell Hall Hopman, tennis player (died 1968)
26 March – Chips Rafferty, actor (died 1971)
9 April – Robert Helpmann, dancer and choreographer (died 1986)
23 May – William Sidney, 1st Viscount De L'Isle, Governor General of Australia (died 1991)
15 June – Cyril Walsh, High Court judge (died 1973)
20 June – Errol Flynn, Australian actor (died 1959)
23 June – Keith Virtue, aviator (died 1980)
6 July – Eric Reece, Premier of Tasmania (died 1999)
9 September – Decima Norman, athlete (died 1983)
10 September – Dorothy Hill, geologist (died 1998)
3 December – Stanley Burbury, Governor of Tasmania (died 1995)
Deaths
9 February – Charles Conder, artist (born and died in the United Kingdom) (b. 1868)
4 March – Max Hirsch, Victorian politician, businessman and economist (born in Prussia and died in Russia) (b. 1852)
14 March – William Charles Kernot, engineer (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1845)
6 April – Sir Julian Salomons, 5th Chief Justice of New South Wales (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1835)
18 April – William Saumarez Smith, Anglican archbishop (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1836)
28 April – Henry D'Esterre Taylor, banker and federationist (b. 1853)
23 May – Elias Solomon, Western Australian politician (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1839)
31 May – Thomas Price, 24th Premier of South Australia (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1852)
29 June – Sir George Shenton, Western Australian politician (died in the United Kingdom) (b. 1842)
4 July – Alfred Compigne, Queensland politician (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1818)
23 July – Sir Frederick Holder, 19th Premier of South Australia (b. 1850)
8 August – Mary MacKillop, religious sister (b. 1842)
18 September – Mary Lee, suffragette and social reformer (born in Ireland) (b. 1821)
6 October – Martha Rendell, convicted murderer (b. 1871)
10 November – George Essex Evans, poet (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1863)
6 December – Sir William Henry Bundey, South Australian politician and judge (born in the United Kingdom) (b. 1838)
References
Australia
Years of the 20th century in Australia
1900s in Australia
Australia
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3992765
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20newspapers%20that%20reprinted%20Jyllands-Posten%27s%20Muhammad%20cartoons
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List of newspapers that reprinted Jyllands-Posten's Muhammad cartoons
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This is a list of newspapers that have reprinted the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons or printed new cartoons depicting Muhammad in response to the controversy. This list is probably not complete.
Ordered chronologically
Newspapers closed, editors fired or arrested
Several editors were fired or/and arrested for their decision, or their intention, to re-publish the cartoons. Several newspapers were closed and at least one apologized.
Algeria
On February 12, 2006, Algeria closed two newspapers and arrested their editors for printing the images of Muhammad. Kahel Bousaad and Berkane Bouderbala, the respective editors of pro-Islamist weeklies Errisala and Iqraa, were detained and would appear before an investigating judge in Algiers, staff of the two Arabic newspapers said.
Belarus
Alexander Sdvizhkov, editor of the Zgoda opposition newspaper was sentenced to three years in prison for incitement of religious and national hatred on January 18, 2008. The newspaper was shut down in March 2006 for publishing the cartoons, and remains shut to date.
Canada
The University of Prince Edward Island's student newspaper The Cadre was removed from circulation by university authorities after reprinting some of the cartoons. The issue was subsequently pulled and destroyed by the UPEI Student Union, who publishes the student paper.
The now defunct Western Standard was the only notable English-language Canadian publication to print the cartoons. Publisher Ezra Levant was investigated by the Albertan Human Rights Commission for 900 days before being acquitted. Levant was the only person in the Western world charged for reprinting the cartoons, and under the HRC's operating rules was also responsible for his own legal fees which amounted to over $100,000.
Denmark
Politiken, a Danish newspaper which reprinted a single cartoon by Kurt Westergaard, has apologized for "offending Muslims", saying, "We apologize to anyone who was offended by our decision to reprint the cartoon drawing." The apology came as the result of a settlement reached between the newspaper and a group of eight Muslim groups from the Middle East and Australia.
Finland
Helsingin Sanomat reports: "The immediate feeling one gets is that this has all the makings of a good drama: an Oulu cultural magazine called Kaltio publishes a topical strip-cartoon, the magazine's editor get fired for it, and the illustrator loses a commission from the city."
France
Jacques Lefranc, managing director of France Soir, was fired after reprinting and prominently publishing an in-house cartoon about the controversy.
Jordan
Three of the cartoons were reprinted in the Jordanian weekly newspaper al-Shihan. The editor, Jihad Momani, was fired, and the publisher withdrew the newspaper from circulation. Jihad Momani issued a public apology, and was arrested and charged with insulting religion. Several of the cartoons were reprinted in the Jordanian newspaper al-Mehwar. Both men were sentenced to two months in prison on 30 May 2006.
Malaysia
Lester Melanyi, an editor of the Sarawak Tribune resigned from his post for allowing the reprinting of a cartoon. In East Malaysia non-Muslims are a majority in the otherwise predominantly Muslim state. The chief editor was summoned to the Internal Security Ministry. The Malaysian government has also shut down the newspaper indefinitely. Malaysia's third-largest Chinese-language daily, Guang Ming, was suspended from publication of its evening edition for carrying one of the cartoons in its February 3 edition. The suspension ran for two weeks from February 16 to March 1, 2006. The TV3 television station which aired some of the cartoons, however, has not been suspended.
Russia
The Russian weekly newspaper Nash Region was closed by its owner, Mikhail Smirnov: "I shut it down so that it wouldn't become a real cause of religious strife". Nash Region published a collage of the cartoons on 15 February 2006 as part of an article examining the cartoon controversy. It was the first time the cartoons had appeared in a Russian paper and prosecutors immediately opened an investigation into the editor, Anna Smirnova, on charges that she had used her position to incite hatred.
The mayor of the southern Russian city of Volgograd ordered the closure of the city-owned newspaper Gorodskiye Vesti after it published a cartoon depicting Muhammad on February 21, 2006.
Saudi Arabia
The Shams (Sun) was suspended as part of an investigation into its decision to publish the cartoons that have caused anger across the Muslim world.
South Africa
Courts in South Africa preemptively forbade any publication of cartoons containing Mohammed.
United Kingdom
The Cardiff University student newspaper gair rhydd (which is Welsh for free word) became the first organisation in the United Kingdom to publish the images. The day after publication, the decision was taken to pulp the edition and only approximately 200 copies were actually distributed. The editor along with two journalists were suspended for the decision to publish. Gair rhydd resumed publication on 13 February 2006, with an apology. Meurig Llwyd Williams, Archdeacon of Bangor, included a drawing, reprinted from the French newspaper Le Soir, in the church paper Y Llan. It showed Muhammad sitting on a heavenly cloud with God and Buddha and being told: "Don't complain - we've all been caricatured here." He was forced to resign and the issue of the paper was destroyed.
United States
Staff of the New York Press walked out in protest after management disallowed them to reproduce the cartoons as part of their reporting. Two editors of the University of Illinois' student paper, the Daily Illini, were suspended (one later fired) after reprinting the cartoons.
Days after the Illini printing, Northern Illinois University's campus newspaper The Northern Star also printed the cartoons, this time with the permission of their faculty adviser, and the consensus of the editors. The paper received letters on both sides of the issue for months.
The Harvard Salient, a conservative student biweekly at Harvard College, also printed the cartoons and were subject to a town hall forum by the Harvard Foundation for Intercultural and Race Relations.
Yemen
Yemen detained three journalists on February 12, 2006 (detaining a fourth shortly afterwards), and closed three publications that reprinted the cartoons: Al-Hurriya, Yemen Observer and al-Rai al-Aam. Those detained were Mohammed Al-Asadi, editor-in-chief of the English-language daily Yemen Observer, Akram Sabra, managing editor of the weekly al-Hurriya, reporter Yehiya al-Abed of Hurriya, and Kamal al-Aalafi, editor-in-chief of Arabic weekly al-Rai al-Aam. The Yemeni journalists' association called for the release of the journalists and for the annulment of the closure decrees "because these measures were not ordered by a court". On 3 May the newspapers reopened, although some charges persist.
On 24 November 2006, Kamal al-Aalafi was sentenced to a year in prison. The sentencing court also ordered that the paper be closed for six months and that al-Aalafi himself not be permitted to write for an equal amount of time. He was subsequently released on bail.
On 4 December 2006, Mohammed al-Asaadi was ordered jailed until he could pay a fine of 500,000 rials (approximately $2500).
References
Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy
Lists of newspapers
Cartooning-related lists
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3992796
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwydir%20Forest
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Gwydir Forest
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Gwydir Forest, also spelled Gwydyr, is located in Conwy county borough and the Snowdonia National Park in Wales. It takes its name from the ancient Gwydir Estate, established by the John Wynn family of Gwydir Castle, which owned this area.
Natural Resources Wales uses the alternative spelling (i.e. Gwydyr Forest, Coedwig Gwydyr). Certainly as early as 1536, Leland wrote: "Gwydir lieth two bowshots above the River Conwy. It is a pretty place."
Geography of the forest
The forest broadly encircles the village of Betws-y-Coed, and much of its midsection lies within the parish. It reaches northwards to the village of Trefriw, and southwards to the village of Penmachno. It covers an area of over , including of productive woodland.
Certainly there would have been a certain amount of natural tree growth on these hills thousands of years ago. More recently, records from the 18th century refer to the rafting of timber down the River Conwy. In the 19th century use was made of the quay at Trefriw for the shipment of timber to the coast. In 1778, referring to Carreg-y-Gwalch, just above Gwydir Uchaf, Thomas Pennant was told that "the noblest oaks in all Wales grew on this rock within living memory."
The forest occupies an undulating plateau, reaching to between above sea level, which is divided by the valleys of the rivers Llugwy, Lledr, and Machno, all of which are tributaries of the River Conwy. Despite being a forest, much of it is not dark and enclosed, and it offers fine views over these valleys, with further views to the mountains of the Glyderau, the Carneddau and the Snowdon massif itself.
The forested areas occupy the steep slopes and poorer soils of the plateau, the best of the soil being in the agricultural valley bottoms. Rainfall in the forest varies from under to over p.a.
The forest is home to numerous lakes, all of which are reachable by footpaths, and nearly all of which were created to serve the mines of the Forest. In order of size, these include:
Llyn Crafnant —on the northern edge of the forest
Llyn Geirionydd
Llyn Elsi
Llyn Parc
Llyn Glangors
Llyn Bodgynydd
Llyn Goddionduon
Llyn Pencraig
Llyn Bychan
Llyn Sarnau
Llyn Tynymynydd
There are also a number of smaller, unnamed lakes.
Forestry operations
Following the Forestry Act of 1919, Gwydir Forest was established by the Forestry Commission in 1921, after much of the land was acquired from Lord Ancaster, whose family had inherited the Wynn estate. The First World War had highlighted a shortage in wood production, and left the area with little natural woodland. Many of the early planters and forestry workers had no experience of forestry, being formerly employed in the forest's mines, and many anecdotes from this era can be found in the book Tales from the Gwydyr Woods. Millions of seedlings were grown in the Diosgydd nursery, and the first areas planted were those that previously had some coverage. Most of the original plantations have now been felled and replanted as part of the forestry cycle.
The majority of the forest is conifer (Sitka spruce, Douglas fir, Japanese larch, Norway spruce and Scots pine), relatively suited to the area's poor, shallow soils, but recent years have seen the increased planting of native broadleaf species such as Welsh Oak, beech and ash. This has largely been done for aesthetic reasons, i.e. to produce variety and to reduce the hard lines produced by conifers. However, commercial reasons will always dictate the need for faster-growing conifers. These have a plant-harvest cycle of between 20 and 40 years (depending on type), whereas oak requires the best part of a century.
The forest still gives direct employment to 75 people, and creates local work for many others. It is estimated that the forest is growing at a rate of 125 tons a day, and is naturally being harvested at much the same rate. At times rights of way in the forest may be closed or restricted where forestry work is being undertaken. Further information about the forest and its operations can be obtained by telephoning the Forest Office at Gwydir Uchaf (01492 640578). This property was built by Sir John Wynn in 1604.
Tourism
The land owned by Natural Resources Wales in Snowdonia National Park amounts to just over 12%, and of the four forest areas, the Gwydir Forest is probably the most popular based on visitor numbers. In 1937 Gwydir was designated a National Forest Park, and since 1993 the heartland of the forest has been accorded the special status of Forest Park. Promotion as an attraction has been an integral part of this designation.
The forest is very accessible by wide tracks, old miners' paths, and long-established forest walks, a number of which follow waymarked routes. This popularity has further increased in recent years after the construction of the Marin Trail (named after the mountain bike manufacturer), a competition-standard mountain bike route, which is approximately long with of climbing in all.
Whilst the forest has to be accessible to forest workers' vehicles (there are over of roads and tracks in the forest), it is not open to private vehicles except on designated Open Days. However, there are a number of forest car parks and most of these have picnic sites. The forest was used as a special stage in the 2013 Wales Rally GB.
The former mines
Today the forest is dotted with the remains of former metal mines: old engine houses, waste tips, reservoirs, and the surface remains of the pits themselves. This, however, is nothing compared to the labyrinth of tunnels below the surface, which run to scores of miles in length. Predominantly lead and zinc were mined, and the heyday of metal mining in the forest was between 1850 and 1919, although mining on a small scale began in the early 17th century. Indeed, whilst evidence is difficult to find following centuries of subsequent mining work, it is more than likely that a certain amount of shallow mining was undertaken by the Romans—the Roman road of Sarn Helen passed through the forest.
The principal mines were those of:
Parc Mine
Hafna Mine
Llanrwst Mine
Cyffty Mine
Pandora Mine
Aberllyn Mine
These lie in the central part of the forest around the area known as Nant Bwlch-yr-haearn.
Parc Mine was the largest and most successful of these mines. It opened in 1855 as the Gwydyr Park Consols and was worked intermittently up to the 1940s. By World War II it was the only mine to be still working. It reopened in 1950, and it produced more lead and zinc ore between 1953 and 57 than the whole of the Llanrwst area in the century from 1848. Despite some subsequent modernisation it closed down in c.1960.
The first four of the mines listed above have been linked by the "Miners Trail", a circular route marked with information boards. Their remains can also easily be seen from the unclassified road that runs from Gwydir Castle (on the B5106 road) via Nant Bwlch-yr-haearn to the Ugly House on the A5.
Mention has already been made of the numerous lakes in the forest, and indeed in this central area they were all, almost without exception, created or enlarged to provide reservoirs for the mine workings. In most cases water was run from these via leats, which turned water-wheels to power machinery on site.
On acquisition of the land by the then Forestry Commission, efforts were made to make former mine workings safe, and before increased public access further extensive works were carried out by the National Park Authority, with funding from the Welsh Development Agency and support from the Conservation Council (now the Countryside Council for Wales, the Welsh Mines Society, and Gwynedd Archaeological Trust. Given the opportunities that the wealth of tunnels below the mines offers, it is hoped that future identification of safe areas will allow the re-opening of some areas for limited access.
Much has been written about the mines, most notably a series of 7 books called Mines of the Gwydyr Forest.
Rare plants and animals
The piles of rock waste on the former mine sites have proved to be ideal breeding grounds for rare plants, and have resulted in the designation of part of the forest as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). This very specialised group of plants are known as metallophytes, being found only around old metal workings. They are able to extract minerals from the rock that would kill other species. Principal species found on the Gwydir mine sites are pennycress and forked spleenwort.
The capping of the mine shafts for safety reasons has resulted in an ideal environment for bats, and the designation of a Special Area of Conservation (SAC). In February 2001 a lesser horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros) was found hibernating in a disused mine in the forest, the furthest north in the UK that this species had been found. The bat had been ringed as a juvenile in 1999 in the Forest of Dean.
Despite a lack of photographic evidence, there have been over 100 reported sightings of pine martens in north Wales in the last decade, and pine marten DNA was recovered from a dropping found in Gwydir Forest in 1996.
See also
Caerdroia § Gwydir Forest
Grey Mare's Tail - waterfall
Klondyke mill
Notes
References
Tales from the Gwydyr Woods, by D.L.Shaw (published by the Forestry Commission, 1977).
Mines of the Gwydyr Forest (a series of 7 books), by John Bennett & Robert W. Vernon (published by Gwydir Mines Publications, 1989–1997).
Gwydir Forest Park Miners Trail, a leaflet published by Forest Enterprise.
External links
Places to visit: Gwydir Forest Park (Natural Resources Wales site)
Mountain Biking in the Gwydyr Forest (Marin Trail) - MBWales
Gwydir Castle
Introduction to the Lead mines of the Gwydyr Forest
Labyrinth in the Woods
Betws-y-Coed
Bro Machno
Capel Curig
Dolwyddelan
Trefriw
Forests and woodlands of Conwy County Borough
Tourist attractions in Conwy County Borough
Forests and woodlands of Snowdonia
Rally GB
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5385711
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy%20Wiseau
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Tommy Wiseau
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Thomas P. Wiseau ( or ) is an American actor and filmmaker. He is known for writing, producing, directing, and starring in the 2003 film The Room, which has been described by many critics as one of the worst films ever made and has gained cult status. He also co-directed the 2004 documentary Homeless in America and created the 2015 sitcom The Neighbors.
Many details about Wiseau's personal life (including his age, source of wealth, and background) remain unverified, and as such have been the subject of intense fan speculation and various conflicting reports. The 2013 non-fiction book The Disaster Artist: My Life Inside The Room, the Greatest Bad Movie Ever Made by Greg Sestero, as well as its 2017 film adaptation, chronicle the making of The Room and Wiseau's life behind the scenes.
Early life
Wiseau is very secretive about his early life. In various interviews, he has claimed to have lived in France "a long time ago"; claimed he grew up in New Orleans, Louisiana; and described having "an entire family" in Chalmette, Louisiana. In a 2010 interview with Crikey, Wiseau gave an age which would indicate he was born in 1968 or 1969, but friend Greg Sestero claims in his 2013 memoir The Disaster Artist that his brother's girlfriend obtained copies of Wiseau's U.S. immigration papers and found that Wiseau was born "much earlier" than he claimed, in an Eastern Bloc country in the mid- to late 1950s.
In his 2016 documentary Room Full of Spoons, longtime associate of Wiseau Rick Harper claims to have researched Wiseau's background and concluded that he is Polish and originally from the city of Poznań. Wiseau confirmed publicly for the first time in November 2017 that he is originally from Europe: "Long story short, I grew up in Europe a long time ago, but I'm American and very proud of it."
In The Disaster Artist, Sestero asserts that Wiseau revealed to him—through "fantastical, sad, self-contradictory stories"—that as a young adult he moved to Strasbourg, where he adopted the name "Pierre" and worked as a restaurant dishwasher. According to Sestero, Wiseau described being wrongfully arrested following a drug raid at a hostel and being traumatised by his mistreatment by the French police, which led him to immigrate to the U.S. to purportedly live with an aunt and uncle in Chalmette. These claims have not been verified.
Sestero (the only source Wiseau is alleged to have told this to) asserts that after Wiseau had lived in Louisiana for some amount of time, he subsequently moved to San Francisco, California, where he worked as a street vendor selling toys to tourists near Fisherman's Wharf. Wiseau supposedly gained the nickname "The Birdman" for his bird toys, which were only popular in Europe at the time; this led him to legally change his name when he became a U.S. citizen to Thomas Pierre Wiseau, taking the French word for "bird" (oiseau) and replacing the O with the W of his birth name.
Around this time, Wiseau also claims to have obtained a degree in psychology from Laney Community College in Oakland, asserting that he had graduated on the honor roll.
According to Sestero, Wiseau claims to have worked a variety of jobs in the San Francisco Bay Area, including restaurant busboy and hospital worker, and ran a business called Street Fashions USA that sold irregular blue jeans at discounted prices. He then claims to have eventually purchased and rented out large retail spaces in and around San Francisco and Los Angeles, making him independently wealthy. Sestero states that the idea of Wiseau becoming wealthy so quickly via the jobs he claims to have had is so unlikely that he himself finds it impossible to believe. Sestero suggests on several occasions that many people involved with the creation of The Room believed the film to be part of some money laundering scheme for organized crime, but Sestero himself considers this unlikely.
Wiseau claims to have been involved in a near-fatal car crash in California after another driver ran a red light and struck Wiseau's vehicle; as a result, Wiseau was hospitalized for several weeks. Sestero suggests that this incident was the turning point in Wiseau's life that led him to pursue his dreams of becoming an actor and director, ambitions that he had long neglected while pursuing financial security.
Career
Film
Influences and early work
Wiseau has stated that he has been influenced by the films The Guns of Navarone and Citizen Kane, and specifically the actors James Dean and Marlon Brando. According to Sestero, Wiseau's obsession with James Dean was so intense that he often visited a Los Angeles restaurant owned by a former acquaintance of Dean, and that several lines of dialogue in The Room (including the infamous cry "You are tearing me apart, Lisa!") were based on lines from Rebel Without a Cause. Wiseau also cites his cinematic influences as including Tennessee Williams, Orson Welles, Elizabeth Taylor, and Alfred Hitchcock.
Sestero notes that the actor had been "trying to bust in" to Hollywood since the late 1980s, and recounts being shown an undated VHS tape of Wiseau in Vincent Chase's acting class (with whom Wiseau had a contentious relationship). He was apparently enrolled in Chase's program around 1994. Wiseau also allegedly attended film classes at Los Angeles Community College.
During this time, Wiseau directed a student film, Robbery Doesn't Pay, shot with a super 8 camera in the Westwood section of Los Angeles. The film, which does not star Wiseau, has been described by Sestero as "just a dude walking around looking at cars to the 'Blue Monday' by Orgy [cover]"
The Room
Wiseau's film The Room was released in 2003. Its budget was $6 million, the financing of which has remained a source of intrigue. The film was based on an unpublished 540-page novel written by Wiseau himself. The movie was immediately lambasted by critics, but ultimately became a "cult classic" with late-night showings at theaters around the world.
Audience members typically arrive dressed up to look like their favorite characters, interact with the dialogue on screen, and throw plastic cutlery and footballs around the theater in reference to on-screen events. This attention grew into what was dubbed The Rooms 2010–2011 "Love is Blind" International Tour, with the movie being screened in the United Kingdom, Germany, Denmark, Australia and India, among other locations. Wiseau appeared at many of these events, posing for photographs with fans and often addressing the audience before screenings.
In the 2017 film adaptation of Greg Sestero's autobiography The Disaster Artist, James Franco portrays Wiseau, for which he won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. Wiseau approved of the choice, as well as that of Dave Franco as Sestero. Wiseau makes a cameo appearance in a post-credits scene as Henry.
Later film projects (2004–present)
In 2004, Wiseau produced and appeared in a short documentary, Homeless in America. In 2010 he starred in a 15-minute parody horror film entitled The House That Drips Blood on Alex.
In September 2015, Wiseau expressed enthusiasm in directing a sequel to Fantastic Four (2015), having personal admiration for the film.
He was featured as the villain Linton Kitano in Samurai Cop 2: Deadly Vengeance, the sequel to the cult classic Samurai Cop. In October 2016, it was announced that Wiseau and Sestero would star in a movie called Best F(r)iends. The movie was written by Sestero and was shot in secret in Los Angeles. The film premiered September 4, 2017 at the Prince Charles Cinema. The first volume of the film was released on March 30, 2017, and volume two was released on June 1 of that same year.
In early February 2019, before a screening of The Room at the Prince Charles Cinema, Wiseau revealed a teaser trailer for his second directorial effort, Big Shark. The trailer features Wiseau, Sestero, Isaiah LaBorde, and a big shark. In a Q&A session afterwards, Sestero said the film was intended to premiere in September 2019, but could not be finished on time. Wiseau will also star alongside Greg Sestero in an upcoming UFO film.
Television
In 2008, Wiseau produced and appeared in the pilot episode of a television series called The Neighbors. A trailer for The Neighbors showed a series of clips set in an office. The show's website, accompanied by trailers and announcements at The Room showings in 2015, stated that the show was coming to various media distribution outlets in March 2015. The first four episodes were released on Hulu on March 14, 2015. Two additional episodes were released two months later, on May 26.
In 2009, Wiseau guest-starred in an episode of Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job! titled "Tommy", wherein Wiseau guest-directed a segment titled "Pigman". After Wiseau expressed a desire to work with the duo again, Tim and Eric announced in 2009 that they were developing two series for him.
In 2010, Wiseau appeared in Marc Wootton's 2010 comedy TV series La La Land. In a mockumentary format, Wootton's character, Gary Garner, accepted a role in Wiseau's present production at the time. Wiseau kicked Wootton off the set after Wootton jokingly alluded to using production funds to buy instant lotto tickets.
Internet
In 2011, Wiseau starred in a YouTube web series, Tommy Explains it All, in which he explained his views on various topics ranging from Citizen Kane to the art of kissing. Also in 2011, Wiseau starred in segments on Machinima.com called The Tommy Wi-Show. The segments show Wiseau playing various video games, such as Mortal Kombat and Driver: San Francisco, and offering commentary. In 2019, Wiseau starred in the pilot for an animated webseries titled SpaceWorld.
Personal life
Wiseau remains private about the details of his personal and family life. In 2017, he told Entertainment Weekly, "I think private life should be private life, the professional life should be the professional life, and that's where I stand, and I have right [sic] to do that." During a 2016 interview with James Franco, Wiseau referred to Greg Sestero as his "best friend". In a December 2017 interview with Howard Stern, he claimed to speak fluent French and said he is a Catholic.
In early 2020, Wiseau was ordered by a Canadian judge to pay $550,000 in lost revenue and $200,000 in punitive damages to the makers of the documentary Room Full of Spoons, after Wiseau tried to block the film's release, feeling it depicted him in a negative way.
Filmography
Film
Television
Web shows
Music videos
Awards and nominations
References
Further reading
External links
1950s births
Living people
American male film actors
American film directors
American film producers
American male screenwriters
American male television actors
American people of Polish descent
People from Louisiana
Immigrants to the United States
European film directors
Film and television memes
Outsider artists
Internet memes
Age controversies
American Roman Catholics
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5385712
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20Wars
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Gene Wars
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Gene Wars may refer to:
The Gene Wars universe, a science fiction and fantasy universe developed by C. J. Cherryh
The science fiction short story "Gene Wars" by Paul J. McAuley
Genewars, a Bullfrog Productions strategy game from 1996
Ethnic bioweapon, a weapon that harms people having certain genes
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5385721
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama%20State%20Route%2070
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Alabama State Route 70
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State Route 70 (SR 70) is an state highway entirely within southern Shelby County in the north-central part of the U.S. state of Alabama. The western terminus of the highway is at an intersection with U.S. Route 31 (US 31), just north of Calera. The eastern terminus of the highway is at an intersection with SR 25 in Columbiana. West of the western terminus, the roadway continues as Shelby County Road 22. The interchange of US 31 with Interstate 65 (I-65) at exit 231 is less than from the intersection of US 31 with SR 70.
Route description
History
The intersection of SR 70 with US 31 is approximately south of downtown Birmingham. Until the mid-1990s, SR 70 between Columbiana and Calera traveled through a mostly rural area of the county. Since then, numerous new housing developments have been constructed along this highway, to house part of the growing population of Shelby County. Besides Columbiana and Calera, SR 70 does not travels through any other incorporated towns or villages.
Major intersections
See also
References
070
Transportation in Shelby County, Alabama
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5385727
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry%20Fairbanks
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Jerry Fairbanks
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Gerald Bertram Fairbanks (November 1, 1904, San Francisco — June 21, 1995, Santa Barbara, California) was a producer and director in the Hollywood motion picture and television industry.
Biography
Fairbanks survived the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, and began his career in film as a cameraman on silent movies such as John Barrymore's The Sea Beast (1926). This was followed by work on early sound productions such as Howard Hughes' film Hell's Angels (1930) in which he participated both as a biplane pilot and aerial cinematographer for the extensive World War I dogfight scenes.
His first foray into producing involved an innovative color series of theatrical short subjects for Universal Studios called Strange As It Seems (1930–1934). Based on the success of these productions, he was able to sell Paramount Pictures on three new series of short subjects entitled Unusual Occupations, Speaking of Animals, and Popular Science.
The latter series was produced with the cooperation of the editors of Popular Science magazine and ran from 1935 to 1949. Films in the Unusual Occupations and Popular Science series were made in Magnacolor and showcased a vast assortment of groundbreaking wonders from the world of science and industry.
In 1945, Fairbanks won the Academy Award for Best Short Subject, One Reel for Who's Who in Animal Land, and was nominated again in that category in 1948 for Moon Rockets. Overall, he won two Academy Awards and was nominated for a total of five such awards.
In the mid-1940s, Fairbanks was intrigued by television and became one of the first film producers to create filmed programs specifically for this new medium. His initial series was a 26-episode crime drama, Public Prosecutor, originally produced for NBC Television, but briefly shown on DuMont and in syndication instead.
He broke new ground in television by inventing for NBC in 1947 the Multi-Cam multiple-camera setup of production, assisted by producer-director Frank Telford, which is still used by sitcoms today. This system allows a series of three or more cameras to be operated from different angles while remaining in sync with the sound track when turned off and on. Fairbanks recalled, "If you used three or four cameras, all running continuously, you were using up a tremendous amount of film. We developed a Multicam system where the soundtrack ran continuously. Cameras could be switched on and off at will, and the film from each camera could still be keyed to the soundtrack. That brought the cost way down."
Desi Arnaz and Karl Freund are often cited as the inventors when producing I Love Lucy, but Arnaz himself gave credit to Fairbanks as the originator of this system. The only enhancement Arnaz made was to use 35 mm film instead of the 16 mm film which Fairbanks employed. Fairbanks, head of NBC's fledgling film department in 1947–1948, never filed a patent for his invention, and so lost out on fame for his invention. "We never pursued it because I was trying to help the industry. We were trying to promote the use of film for television. I was more interested in promoting the film industry than in getting an individual reputation for things."
Fairbanks used the Zoomar Lens, now used almost universally in television to zoom from long shots to close-ups at will, without having to interrupt the telecasting to change lenses.
He also gave James Dean his very first opportunities on film, first in two Pepsi-Cola TV commercials and then as John the Apostle in the Father Peyton's Family Theater TV episode entitled "Hill Number One," broadcast on Easter Sunday, April 1, 1950.
New direction
Paramount, seeing TV as the great rival to its continued success, issued an ultimatum to Fairbanks in 1949 — either stop making shows for TV or his association with Paramount was at an end. Fairbanks chose television and continued making Popular Science films for the new medium of TV.
Jerry Fairbanks, like other visionaries who had embraced the idea of commercial television, had established himself early, before national networks were established—and well before stations in many cities were even built. This advance preparation made Fairbanks a key player in early television, when stations were scrambling for anything on film. But Fairbanks soon amassed an inventory of filmed, low-budget productions that were already dated or outmoded by the early 1950s, while his competitors flourished with new programming especially designed for the new TV formats. In 1953, Fairbanks declared bankruptcy, and virtually ended TV production in favor of commercial and industrial films.
One industrial film he produced was for the Armstrong Cork Company in 1959. Entitled Letter to Moscow, this propaganda film was designed as a slam to the Soviet way of life. The film highlighted the Armstrong company and how people could hold good jobs working in factories. Filmed in Kankakee, Illinois and Lancaster, Pennsylvania, the film, when completed was supposedly hand-delivered to Nikita Khrushchev in Moscow.
Among other later projects, in 1956, Fairbanks directed Down Liberty Road (aka Freedom Highway) with Angie Dickinson. In 1967 he produced Bamboo Saucer, a theatrical feature starring Dan Duryea, one of the more engaging sci-fi films on UFOs of that era, written and directed by Frank Telford. Fairbanks served a 5-year term from the late 1960s to the early 1970s as president of the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce — curiously, the first president in the 50-year history of the Chamber from the entertainment industry.
In his personal life, Fairbanks was twice married before meeting in 1945 his lifelong love, actress Marjorie Freeman (stage name: "Marjorie Marlow"). Among other things, Marjorie was a protégé of Max Reinhardt who auditioned for the part of Scarlett O'Hara in Gone with the Wind, and creator of the popular annual Ladies of Charity luncheon at the Beverly Hilton Hotel (which sponsored Mother Teresa's first visit to the USA). Fairbanks converted to Roman Catholicism to marry Freeman. In 1983, the two re-located north to Santa Barbara, California.
Jerry was a fine golfer for some years, among other things winning in 1954 the handicap championship at the Lakeside Golf Club (where he was a member since 1950). His TV production company produced 26 episodes of Celebrity Golf, starring Sam Snead and various well-known Hollywood movie stars. He was also an avid aviator, having learned to fly in 1926 and then flying his own plane all over the USA on production assignments.
Death
Fairbanks predeceased his wife Marjorie (1921–2010) on June 21, 1995 at the age of 90. They adopted a daughter, Jeralyn.
Jerry Fairbanks has a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6384 Hollywood Blvd, at the corner of Hollywood and Cahuenga.
References
External links
Website for Popular Science film series
American cinematographers
Television pioneers
Businesspeople from San Francisco
1904 births
1995 deaths
Converts to Roman Catholicism
20th-century American businesspeople
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5385746
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby%20Face%20Willette
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Baby Face Willette
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Roosevelt "Baby Face" Willette (September 11, 1933 – April 1, 1971) was an American hard bop and soul-jazz musician who played the Hammond organ.
Life and career
He was born Roosevelt James Willett (no "e"), in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1933 according to researchers Bob Eagle and Eric LeBlanc, though other sources state 1934 or 1937. According to the liner notes on his first Blue Note album, Grant’s First Stand, Willette was born in New Orleans.
His mother was a missionary who played the piano in the church where his father was a minister. As a result, his musical roots were in gospel. Willette became involved in music by playing the piano for various gospel groups, and accompanied his sisters Dorothy and Georgia, who toured and recorded as the Willett Sisters. He spent his early career travelling across the United States, Canada and Cuba, as pianist with the bands of King Kolax, Joe Houston, Johnny Otis and Big Jay McNeely, among others.
He made his first recording as Baby Face Willette ("Wake Up, Get Out" b/w "Cool Blues") in Los Angeles in 1952, but soon moved to Chicago and married. He recorded tracks including "Can't Keep From Lovin' You" and "Why" for Vee-Jay Records that year, but they were not released until late 1955. He played in both rhythm and blues and jazz bands, playing piano before switching to organ around 1958. His organ playing was inspired by Jimmy Smith's work, though Willette's style is more heavily influenced by gospel, blues and soul jazz than Smith's. Willette was also a professional hairdresser. Before his time in New York City, he was based out of Milwaukee, playing with his vocalist wife Jo Gibson at clubs such as The Flame Club, The Pelican Club, The Moonglow and Max's among others.
In late 1960, after splitting from his wife and addicted to heroin, he arrived in New York City where he met Lou Donaldson and Grant Green, and played on a few Blue Note sessions with them. This led to Willette being signed to Blue Note, which recorded his debut album Face to Face in 1961. In New York, he spent some two years in prison for robbery and assault, between late 1961 and 1963.
After his release, he returned to Chicago and formed his own trio in 1963. He recorded two more albums for Argo. The first was named in honor of the Moroccan Village, where the trio that made this album had been performing since the previous autumn. Later, he regularly played piano and organ at a neighborhood lounge on the west side of Chicago, the Squeeze Club on 16th and Homan.
After some time in California, failing health forced a return to Chicago, where his family resided. He died in 1971, from bronchial pneumonia.
Discography
As leader
Face to Face (Blue Note, 1961)
Stop and Listen (Blue Note, 1961)
Mo' Rock (Argo, 1964)
Behind the 8 Ball (Argo, 1964 [rel. 1965])
As sideman
Lou Donaldson - Here 'Tis (Blue Note, 1961)
Grant Green - Grant's First Stand (Blue Note, 1961)
References
External links
1933 births
1971 deaths
Soul-jazz organists
Hard bop organists
American keyboardists
American jazz organists
American male organists
Blue Note Records artists
20th-century American musicians
20th-century organists
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Musicians from Little Rock, Arkansas
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5385759
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rookie%20list
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Rookie list
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The rookie list is a means for Australian Football League (AFL) clubs to maintain additional players outside the 38-man primary or senior list. Rookie listed players are not eligible to play in AFL home-and-away or finals matches unless they are elevated to the senior list, either to replace a retired player or a player with a long-term injury.
Recruitment
There are two categories of rookie: Category A and Category B. Category A primarily represents players with a traditional Australian rules football development; Category B rookies are players from non-traditional recruiting backgrounds. Category A rookies are usually placed on the list via the rookie draft, which occurs annually during the off-season, immediately after the pre-season draft. As is the case with the AFL's other drafts, clubs are given the opportunity to select rookies in reverse ladder order, based on the previous season's results.
Several types of Category A rookies may be recruited directly by the clubs, without the need to put up for draft (although all such players are recorded against a late draft pick as a formality). This includes:
International rookies
Father-son selections – which are permitted only if the player has nominated for and not been selected in a National Draft
Category B rookies
Each club is permitted to recruit up to three "Category B" rookies. Category B rookies are recruited directly rather than drafted, and represent players from non-traditional recruiting backgrounds. Players who may be recruited as Category B rookies include:
International players, who are neither Australian citizens nor residents
Players from the New South Wales scholarship program
Players from the International scholarship program
Zone selections by and from New South Wales or the ACT
Zone selections by and from Queensland
Players from other sports, who have not been registered with an Australian rules football club for three years
Indigenous and multicultural players through their Next Generation Academy zones
In the specific case of Irish international rookies, a club may have no more than one Irish Category B rookie at a time; but, the club is permitted to recruit other Irish players as Category A rookies, and may still recruit them directly without putting them up for draft.
List maintenance
Each club is allowed to maintain a list of up to six eligible Category A rookies and three Category B rookies. Up to three rookies can be retained, with the player's permission for a second or third season, with the others having to be either delisted or elevated to the primary list at the time of the National Draft. Only half of the salary paid by a club to players on the rookie list counts towards the league's salary cap.
Generally speaking, a rookie-listed player cannot be selected to play in the senior AFL competition, and must play in state-level affiliated teams, except in two circumstances:
At the start of a season, a club can nominate up to two veterans from its senior list for salary cap reasons; if a team does not have a full quota of veterans, it can make up the balance by nominating rookies to be eligible for senior selection. These players are known as nominated rookies.
If a senior-listed player is moved onto the long-term injury list, a rookie-listed player can be temporarily elevated in his place, becoming eligible for senior selection, while the senior player remains injured.
There are usually plenty of opportunities to enact one of these rules, so rookie-listed players who are playing well enough for senior selection are seldom deprived of the opportunity by list management constraints.
History
The rookie list was established in 1997. It was initially aimed at providing recruitment opportunities for young players, in part filling a gap which had been left by the reduction in size of AFL lists from 52 to 42 players in 1994. At that time, rookie players must have been between the ages of 18 and 23 to qualify. In 2006, this was relaxed to allow each club to recruit a rookie older than 23 if he had never previously been on an AFL list. This has since been relaxed further, and now there no upper age or experience restrictions on Category A rookies.
In 2006, "International rookies" were identified for the first time as a separate class of rookie, covering international players from any countries except Ireland, in order to protect the AFL's relationship with the Gaelic Athletic Association. The "International rookie" category has since been expanded to the broader Category B.
The relaxing of eligibility criteria have resulted a notable semantic anomaly with the rookie list: that highly experienced players may serve on a club's rookie list, even though the word "rookie" is widely understood in most sports and professions to refer to a new or inexperienced person. For example, 's Heath Scotland spent his sixteenth and final AFL season on Carlton's rookie list, mostly to free up space on the club's primary list.
Before eligibility criteria were relaxed, special dispensation was granted for Adam Ramanauskas to be played on Essendon's rookie list in 2006. Ramanauskas had played over 100 AFL games for the club, but there was uncertainty over his playing future as he underwent treatment and recovery for cancer.
In 2014, Matthew Priddis was awarded the Brownlow Medal as the AFL's best and fairest player. Polling 26 votes, Priddis became the first player to win the award having begun his career on the rookie list.
Future
The Australian Football League Players' Association (AFLPA) has stated a desire to abolish the rookie list, in favour of an expanded 46 player roster. The AFLPA's main argument is that rookies now have the same workload as senior players – which was not necessarily true in the early days of the rookie list – but that their pay and opportunities are much lower than that of senior players.
Most successful rookies
Some of the most successful players (having played over 100 AFL games and/or kicked over 100 goals in the AFL) originally drafted into the AFL via the rookie system are:
Michael Barlow
Nathan Bassett
Jarryd Blair
Mark Blicavs
Nathan Bock
Matthew Boyd
Luke Breust
Dean Brogan
Greg Broughton
Shannon Byrnes
Charlie Cameron
Levi Casboult
Andrew Carrazzo
Robert Copeland
Dean Cox
Stewart Crameri
Ed Curnow
Aaron Davey
Matt de Boer
Michael Doughty
Paul Duffield
Aaron Edwards
Michael Firrito
Chad Fletcher
Nathan Foley
Josh Gibson
Antoni Grover
Heath Grundy
Jarrod Harbrow
Pearce Hanley
Leigh Harding
Roger Hayden
Kieren Jack
Sam Jacobs
Mark Jamar
Mark Johnson
Darren Jolly
Brett Jones
Tadhg Kennelly
Brett Kirk
Rory Laird
Tarkyn Lockyer
Nathan Lovett-Murray
Heritier Lumumba
Quinten Lynch
Martin Mattner
Nick Maxwell
James McDonald
Jeremy McGovern
Ben McGlynn
Mal Michael
Stephen Milne
Dale Morris
Shane Mumford
Mark Nicoski
Michael Osborne
Joel Patfull
Danyle Pearce
Damien Peverill
Liam Picken
James Podsiadly
Jason Porplyzia
Matt Priddis
Dean Rioli
Russell Robertson
Max Rooke
Ben Rutten
Aaron Sandilands
Brad Sewell
Cheynee Stiller
Bret Thornton
Greg Tivendale
Shane Tuck
Clinton Young
References
Australian Football League
Australian Football League draft
AFL Women's draft
Australian rules football terminology
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5385762
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vir%20Singh%20%28writer%29
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Vir Singh (writer)
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Bhai Vir Singh ji (5 December 1872, in – 10 June 1957) was an Indian poet, scholar, and theologian of the Sikh revival movement, playing an important part in the renewal of Punjabi literary tradition. Singh's contributions were so important and influential that he became canonized as Bhai, an honorific often given to those whom could be considered a saint of the Sikh faith.
Family and personal life
Born in 1872, in Amritsar, Bhai Vir Singh was the eldest of Dr. Charan Singh's three sons. Vir Singh's family could trace its ancestry as far back as to Diwan Kaura Mal, a vice-governor (Maharaja Bahadur) of the city Multan. His grandfather, Kahn Singh (1788–1878), spent a great deal of his youth training and learning traditional Sikh lessons in monasteries. Fluent in Sanskrit and Braj, as well as in the oriental systems of medicine (such as Ayurveda, Siddha and Yunani), Kahn Singh influenced his only son, Dr. Charan Singh, who later fathered Vir Singh, to become an active member of the Sikh community, often producing poetry, music, and writings in hopes of restoring the Sikh community. At seventeen, Bhai Vir Singh himself married Chatar Kaur and had two daughters with her. He died in Amritsar on 10 June 1957.
Education
Bhai Vir Singh Ji had the benefit of both the traditional indigenous learning as well as of modern English education. He learnt Sikh scripture as well as Persian, Urdu and Sanskrit. He then joined the Church Mission School, Amritsar and took his matriculation examination in 1891 and stood first all over in the district. Singh received his secondary education at Church Mission High School, and it was while attending school that the conversion of some of his classmates from Sikhism to Christianity that Singh's own religious convictions toward Sikhism were fortified. Influenced by the Christian missionaries' use of and reference to literary sources, Singh got the idea to teach others the main dogmas of Sikhism through his own written resources. Using the skills and techniques in modern literary forms that he learned through his English courses, Singh produced stories, poems, and epics and recorded the history and philosophical ideas of Sikhism.
Literary career
Beginnings
Singh chose to become a writer. After passing his matriculation examination, he worked with a friend of his father's, Wazir Singh, and set up a lithography press. His first commission to write and print were geography textbooks for some schools.
In 1893 at age 18, Dhani Ram Chatrik found employment at Wazir Singh's press and met Vir Singh, who advised him to learn lithograph engraving, and who inspired him to write poetry in the Punjabi language. The Wazir Hind Press was the main press publishing literature for the Singh Sabha movement, and Vir Singh would purchase it after Wazir Singh passed after illness. Thusly, he would begin a long association with Vir Singh, which would lead to contact with acclaimed writers, an 11-year career with the Press, and subsequently writing for the Khalsa Samachar, in which Chatrik would hone his poetic skills. His contact with Vir Singh turned him into an ardent admirer of the Sikh faith, influencing his syncretic poetic style that reflected composite Punjabi culture.
Language politics
Singh argued that Sikhism was a unique religion which could be nourished and sustained by creating an awakening amongst the Sikhs of the awareness of their distinct theological and cultural identity. He aimed at reorienting the Sikhs' understanding of their faith in such a manner as to help them assimilate the different modernising influences to their historical memory and cultural heritage. At the time, Sikhs were often persecuted by the British, often being pressured or threatened into assimilating into mainstream culture. Acts such as publicly shaving off the heads and beards of religious Sikh officials were performed to humiliate and demean the Sikh religion. Amidst all this political discontent, Singh sought to revitalize the Sikh culture and religion through peaceful means, by writing a myriad of novels, epics, and poems. With the fall of the Sikh Empire and the modernization of Christian, Muslim, and Hindu movements of proselytism, the Sikh faith began to wane until scholars and theologians of the religions, Singh being a leading one, began revitalizing life into Sikhism through their works of literature.
Works
Bhai Vir Singh began taking an interest in the affairs of the Singh sabha movement. To promote its aims and objects, he launched the Khalsa Tract Society in 1894. The tracts produced by the Khalsa Tract Society introduced a new style of literary Punjabi.
The Khalsa Tract Society periodically made available under the title Nirguniara, low-cost publications on Sikh theology, history and philosophy and on social and religious reform. Through this journal, Singh established contact with an ever-expanding circle of readers. He used the Nirguniara as a vehicle for his own self-expression. Some of his major creative works such as Sri Guru Nanak Chamatkar and Sri Guru Kalgidhar Chamatkar, were originally serialised in its columns.
In literature, Singh started as a writer of novels which are considered forerunners of the Punjabi novel. His writings in this genre – Sundari (1898), Bijay Singh (1899), Satwant Kaur (published in two parts, I in 1900 and II in 1927), were aimed at recreating the heroic period (eighteenth century) of Sikh history. Through these novels he made available to his readers, models of courage, fortitude and human dignity. Singh championed the Sikh identity in a way that did not devalue other religions. He even reprimanded the violation and destruction the Hindu idols in Kashmir in his book, Avantipur de Khandar. Singh also criticized and discouraged religious fanaticism, citing those as victims of their own fears brought on by a fervent and obsessive belief.
The novel Subhagji da Sudhar Hathin Baba Naudh Singh, popularly known as Baba Naudh Singh (serialised in Nirguniara from 1907 onwards and published in book form in 1921), shares with the epic Rana Surat Singh (which he had started serialising in 1905) Vir Singh's interest in the theme of a widow's desperate urge for a reunion with her dead husband.
Soon after the publication of Rana Surat Singh in book form in 1919, he turned to shorter poems and lyrics. These included Dil Tarang (1920), Tarel Tupke (1921), Lahiran de Har (1921), Matak Hulare (1922), Bijlian de Har (1927) and Mere Sayian Jio (1953). Through these works, he paved the way for the emergence of the Punjabi poem.
In November 1899, he started a Punjabi weekly, the Khalsa Samachar. He revised and enlarged Giani Hazara Singh's dictionary, Sri Guru Granth Kosh, originally published in 1898. The revised version was published in 1927. He published critical editions of some of the old Sikh texts such as Sikhan di Bhagat Mala (1912), Prachin Panth Prakash (1914), Puratan Janam Sakhi (1926) and Sakhi Pothi (1950).
An important work was Singh's annotation of Santokh Singh's Sri Gur Pratap Suraj Granth, published from 1927 to 1935 in fourteen volumes.
Role of women in writings
Unlike most of the popular religions, Sikhism stresses the equality between men and women and that it is even sinful to consider either sex above the other. Singh reflected this belief in his novels, and featured them in a number of strong female characters. In fact, his very first novel was Sundari, which featured Sunder Kaur, a woman who converted from Hinduism to Sikhism and then proceeded to lead a life of adventure in the jungles with a band of Sikh warriors. It was the first novel penned in the Punjabi language. Through Sundari, Singh hoped to embody all the ideals of Guru Nanak’s lessons. The book was well received by the Sikh community and gained popularity almost immediately. Other important female characters he wrote were Rani Raj Kaur, Satvant Kaur, Subhagji and Sushil Kaur. Even by today's modern standards, these female characters are still considered to be well rounded and an inspiration to both male and female Sikhs alike. Bhai Vir Singh went even as far as often portraying the women in his novels as more prone to spiritual enlightenment than her male counterpart.
Punjab & Sind Bank
Bhai Vir Singh was one of the founders of the Punjab & Sind Bank. He co-found Punjab & Sind bank with his friends.
Awards
He was honoured with the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1955 and the Padma Bhushan Award in 1956.
The Government of India released a stamp to commemorate Bhai sahib's birth centenary in 1972.
Posthumous Recognition
The portion of his commentary on the Adi Granth – nearly one half of the Holy Book – he had completed was published posthumously in seven large volumes.
Bibliography
See also
Surjit Patar
Ajeet Cour
References
Further reading
Bhai Vir Singh: Life, Times and Works by Gurbachan Singh Talib and Attar Singh, ed., Chandigarh, 1973
Bhai Sahib Bhai Vir Singh Ji Books: MP3 audio and PDF books
Bhai Vir Singh Books: MP3 audio of books
Sundari : Read Sundari book in English
Books of Bhai Veer Singh Ji
History of Punjab
Indian Sikhs
1872 births
1957 deaths
Punjabi-language writers
Punjabi-language poets
Punjabi people
Writers from Amritsar
Sikh writers
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education
Scholars of Sikhism
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Punjabi
Scholars from Amritsar
19th-century Indian poets
20th-century Indian poets
Poets from Punjab, India
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5385819
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMSF
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CMSF
|
CMSF may refer to:
Canadian Merit Scholarship Foundation, a charitable organization in Canada that grants university scholarships. It was renamed the Loran Scholars Foundation in 2014.
Combat Mission: Shock Force, a computer video game
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5385822
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma%20State%20Highway%2086
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Oklahoma State Highway 86
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State Highway 86 (abbreviated SH-86) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Oklahoma that connects SH-51 with Perry and is long. The highway is contained wholly in Payne and Noble Counties. SH-86 has no lettered spurs or loops.
SH-86 was established in 1940. Initially a gravel highway, it remained unpaved until 1952.
Route description
SH-86 begins at SH-51 in western Payne County, approximately east of Interstate 35. From this intersection, SH-86 heads north, crossing Stillwater Creek, just west of where it expands to form Lake Carl Blackwell, around north of SH-51. SH-86 crosses into Noble County into its journey. In Noble County, the highway mostly follows a due north course, except for a slight curve approximately south of Perry. The route passes just west of Lake Perry. Shortly thereafter, SH-86 comes to an end in Perry at US-77.
History
State Highway 86 first appears on the official Oklahoma highway map on the 1941 edition. Originally, the driving surface consisted of untreated gravel. The route had the same extent and termini as the present-day highway. By 1953, the highway had been paved.
Junction list
References
External links
SH-86 at OKHighways
086
Transportation in Payne County, Oklahoma
Transportation in Noble County, Oklahoma
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5385839
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan%20McCollum
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Allan McCollum
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Allan McCollum (born 1944) is a contemporary American artist who lives and works in New York City. In 1975, his work was included in the Whitney Biennial, and he moved to New York City the same year. In the late 1970s he became especially well known for his series, Surrogate Paintings.
He has spent over fifty years exploring how objects achieve public and personal meaning in a world caught up in the contradictions made between unique handmade artworks and objects of mass production, and in the early 1990s, he began focusing most on collaborations with small regional communities and historical society museums in different parts of the world. His first solo exhibition was in 1970 and his first New York showing was in a group exhibition at the Sidney Janis Gallery in 1972.
Early life
McCollum was born in The California Hospital in Los Angeles on August 4, 1944. In 1946, his family moved to Redondo Beach, California, where his three siblings were born, and where he lived until 1966. Both of his parents and many others in his family were active in the arts. His father, Warren McCollum, the son of an actress in New York and a child actor himself, performed a number of small parts on the Broadway stage and a few small roles in movies in the late 1930s and early 1940s, including the role of Jimmy Lane in the 1938 cult classic, Reefer Madness. He remained active in local theater groups throughout much of his life, while working as a security guard at a local research corporation. His mother, Ann Hinton, the daughter of a piano teacher and a cartographer, also performed regularly as an actress and singer in local theater productions, and as a piano accompanist to a local voice teacher. His mother's brother, Sam Hinton, was a well-known folk singer and folk music historian in Southern California, and his mother's sister's husband was Jon Gnagy, the popular television art instructor who between 1946 and 1970 had the longest continuously running show on television.
Education and early career
In 1964, McCollum moved to Essex, England, pursuing the idea of being an actor, and joined a local theater group in Southend-on-Sea, but he changed his mind about a career in theater and returned to California in 1965, moved into a small mobile home park in Venice Beach, California, and attended Los Angeles Trade Technical College for five months, attempting to learn the trade of restaurant management and industrial kitchen work. For two years, he worked for Trans World Airlines at the Los Angeles International Airport, preparing meals for flights but, in 1967, he decided to educate himself as an artist. He learned quickly, influenced initially by reading the writings of the Fluxus artists and the early structuralists, and found a job as a truck driver and crate-builder for an art handling company in West Hollywood. Through this job he met many artists, art dealers, art collectors and museum curators, learning much about the contemporary art world. During the late 1960s, McCollum produced his early work while living in small rented storefront spaces, first in Venice Beach, and later in Santa Monica. In 1970, he established a studio in a converted parking garage in Venice Beach, where he lived and worked until 1975. During these years, he exhibited his work regularly at the Nicholas Wilder Gallery and also at the Claire Copley Gallery, both in Los Angeles. His work was shown in a number of museum group exhibitions, including shows at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Pasadena Art Museum, the Long Beach Museum of Art, the Santa Barbara Museum of Art, the Oakland Museum, the San Francisco Art Institute, the Seattle Art Museum, the Detroit Institute of Arts, the Krannert Art Museum, and the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York. In late 1975, he moved to the SoHo district of New York City, where he initially worked as a guard at the Whitney Museum. McCollum still lives in New York. We think. we have no real idea. actually.
Exhibition history
McCollum has had over 130 solo exhibitions, including retrospectives at the Musée d'Art Moderne in Lille, France (1998), the Sprengel Museum in Hannover, Germany (1995–96), the Serpentine Gallery in London (1990); the Rooseum Center for Contemporary Art in Malmo, Sweden (1990), IVAM Centre del Carme in Valencia, Spain (1990); Stedelijk Van Abbemuseum in Eindhoven, The Netherlands (1989) and Portikus in Frankfurt, Germany (1988).
He participated in the Aperto at the Venice Biennale in 1988 and 2012. His works have been exhibited in the White House. He has produced numerous public art projects in the United States and Europe, and his works are held in over ninety art museum collections worldwide, including the Museum of Modern Art and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, the Art Institute of Chicago, the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles and the National Gallery of Art in Washington D.C.
In 2008, McCollum exhibited 1,800 drawings from his 1988-91 Drawings project at the 28th Bienal de São Paulo in São Paulo, Brazil.
Artwork
McCollum's family history, his experiences and training at working in industrial kitchens, and his interest in theater and Fluxus, including "task-oriented" performance art, offered him a unique take on labor and art, and the methods and systems of quantity-production showed themselves in his artwork from the beginning. He is known for utilizing the methods of mass production in his work in many different ways, often creating thousands of objects that, while produced in large quantity, are each unique. In 1988-91, he created over 30,000 completely unique objects he titled Individual Works, which were gathered and exhibited in collections of over 10,000. The objects were made by taking many dozens of rubber molds from common household objects—like bottle caps, food containers, and kitchen tools—and combining plaster casts of these parts in thousands of possible ways, never repeating a combination. In 1989, he used a similar system to create thousands of handmade graphite pencil drawings, using hundreds of plastic drafting templates he designed for this purpose, each drawing made unique by combining the templates according to a combinatorial protocol that never repeated itself.
Beginning in the early 1990s, McCollum expanded his interests in quantity production to include explorations into the ways regional communities give meaning to local landmarks and geological oddities in establishing community identity, and collaborated with a number of small towns and small historical museums in Europe and the United States, bringing attention to the way local narratives develop around objects peculiar to geographic regions, and drawing comparisons to the way artworks develop meaning in a parallel manner. Often these projects involved reproducing local objects in quantity, or creating models or copies of local artifacts and symbols. In 1995, he collaborated with the College of Eastern Utah Prehistoric Museum in Price, Utah, to make replicas of its entire collection of dinosaur track casts, and exhibited these in New York and Europe. In 1997, he collaborated with the International Center for Lightning Research and Testing in Starke, Florida, to trigger lightning with rockets and worked with a local souvenir manufacturer to create over 10,000 replicas of a fulgurite created by the lightning strike. In 2000, he collaborated with the Pioneers Museum in the desert community of Imperial Valley, California, to reproduce souvenir copies and large models of its local mountain, Mount Signal, and the unique "Sand Spike" sand concretions found at its base. In 2003, he created 120 topographical models of the states of Missouri and Kansas, which he donated and delivered himself to 120 small historical society museums in both states.
In 2005, McCollum designed The Shapes Project, a combinatorial system to produce "a completely unique shape for every person on the planet, without repeating." The system involves organizing a basic vocabulary of 300 "parts" which can be combined in over 30 billion different ways, created as "vector files" in a computer drawing program. McCollum has used the system in collaborations with a community library, schoolchildren, home craftworkers, writers, architects and other artists, as the Shapes are created to be used for many different kinds of projects, and so far have been produced in the form of both prints and sculpture, in Plexiglas, Corian, plywood, hardwoods, metals, rubber and fabric, in a variety of sizes. In 2010, he published The Book of Shapes, in collaboration with mfc-michèle didier. This book makes the Shapes Project complete. The first volume contains the 300 shapes "parts" and the second includes the guides and instructions for creating all possible combinations with these components. The same year, he organized the Shapes for Hamilton project, in which a unique signed and dated Shapes print was made for each of the 6,000+ residents of the township of Hamilton, New York.
He has been a recipient of an NEA Special Project Grant and an Individual Support Grant from the Adolph and Esther Gottlieb Foundation.
Collaborations and writings
McCollum has occasionally collaborated with other artists in producing projects, including Louise Lawler (1983, 1984, 1988, 1996), Andrea Fraser (1991), Laurie Simmons (1984), Matt Mullican (2004), Andrea Zittel (2007), Allen Ruppersberg (2008), Pablo Helguera (2014) and Cynthia Daignault (2016). He has also written texts and interviewed fellow artists for books and catalogs, including Matt Mullican (1979 and 2006) Allen Ruppersberg (1999), Andrea Zittel (2001), Roxy Paine (2002), and Harrell Fletcher (2005).
References
Bibliography
Nicolas Bourriaud, "McCollum's Aura", New Art International, October 1988.
Lynne Cooke, Selma Klein-Essink and Anne Rorimer, Allan McCollum, Stedelijk Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, the Netherlands, 1989; in Dutch and English.
Hal Foster, "Subversive Signs", Recoding: Art, Spectacle, Cultural Politics, Seattle Bay Press, 1986.
Andrea Fraser, König, Kasper and Wilmes, Ulrich: Allan McCollum, Portikus, Frankfurt, Germany. Published by Walther König, Cologne, West Germany, 1988; in German and English.
Rosalind Krauss and Yve-alain Bois, Formless: A User's Guide, Zone Books, New York 1997.
Craig Owens, "Allan McCollum: Repetition & Difference", Art in America, September 1983.
External links
allanmccollum.net: An informational website on the artist
The Kansas and Missouri Topographical Model Donation Project
SIGNS OF THE IMPERIAL VALLEY - SAND SPIKES FROM MOUNT SIGNAL
The Natural Copies from the Coal Mines of Central Utah Project
Interview (The Event: Petrified Lightning from Central Florida) with Allan McCollum and associated mass quantities of PDF's related to the subject of fulgurites.
Introduction to The Shapes Project
PBS program Art:21—Art of the Twenty-first Century episode on Allan McCollum
Additional extended video clips of Allan McCollum discussions, by Art:21
Signal Processing: David Joselit on Abstraction Then and Now
Allan McCollum at Brooke Alexander Gallery
Allan McCollum at Friedrich Petzel Gallery
Archives of American Art: Oral History interview with Allan McCollum, 2010 Feb. 23-Apr. 9. (9 hr., 38 min.)
American conceptual artists
1944 births
Living people
Sculptors from California
People from Redondo Beach, California
Bard College faculty
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5385860
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forge%20of%20Heaven
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Forge of Heaven
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Forge of Heaven is a science fiction novel by American science fiction and fantasy author . It was first published in June 2004 in the United States by HarperCollins under its Eos Books imprint.
Forge of Heaven is the second of two novels set in Cherryh's Gene Wars universe, and concerns gene manipulation using nanotechnology, and contact with an alien race, the ondat. The first novel, Hammerfall was published in June 2001.
Backstory
Human territory consisted of the Inner Worlds, governed by Earth Federation, who maintained strict control on the use of biotech and frowned on genetic manipulation, and Outsider Space, near the edge of human space, who openly used biotech for their own benefit. In Outsider Space a group called the Movement broke away from local authority, and by joining nanotech and biotech, bioengineered humans, livestock and agriculture for the colonizing other planets. Fearing contamination, Earth severed all direct contact with Outsider Space, but assisted the moderate Outsider governments, who themselves feared runaway biochange, in tracking down and destroying Movement bases.
The outlawed Movement moved their biotech beyond Outsider Space and onto worlds, unbeknown to them, in space occupied by an unknown alien species, the ondat. The ondat came into contact with the Movement's aggressively adaptive nanisms and unwittingly spread it to their homeworld. Unable to distinguish between the Movement, Outsiders and Earth, the aliens went to war with humankind, sparking the Gene Wars. But when they saw Earth and the Outsiders destroying Movement bases, the ondat learnt that not all humans were the enemy. After the Movement was neutralized, the ondat withdrew to their original borders, and Earth and the Outsiders maintained a shaky truce with the ondat that lasted for 300 years. Second and Third Movements later sprang up, but they were driven underground and eventually eliminated.
The ondat were an enigma: no one ever saw them and communication was all but impossible. But years after the end of the Gene Wars, an ondat ship initiated contact by entering human space and leading a human ship to a planet in ondat territory that had a functioning First Movement base. They indicated that they wanted to destroy the world, and Earth concurred, but the Outsiders wanted to rescue those on the planet and get their hands on First Movement technology that may have advanced beyond what they had previously encountered. Earth yielded to the Outsider's request because they knew that if the ondat ever started a bioengineered attack, the Outsiders would be better equipped to counter them.
Two Outsider scientists, Luz and Ian, landed on the surface to look for Movement technology and rescue as many locals as they could before the ondat began scouring the planet. They were amazed to discover a member of the original First Movement, the Ila, alive after hundreds of years, ruling and spreading her nanoceles. The Outsiders requested a century to study these nanoceles to see if they could be adapted to reverse contamination here and elsewhere; the ondat gave them 40 years. The events of Hammerfall followed, where Marak brought many of the locals, including the Ila and her records, to Luz's Refuge before the ondat'''s hammer fell.
Concord Station was constructed to orbit Marak's World where representatives from Earth, the Outsiders and the ondat monitored the planet's recovery and enforced the Treaty between the three parties, that no First Movement technology must leave the planet. Luz and Ian remained on Marak's World and released their own nanisms to eliminate the Ila's contaminants. With Marak, they monitored the planet's rehabilitation from the ground and fed data up to the station. The station in turn sent down to the still unstable planet invaluable weather reports.
Plot summaryForge of Heaven takes place several centuries after Hammerfall. The transformation of Marak's World is monitored on the ground by Marak, assisted by Luz and Ian, and planetary watchers on Concord Station using taps, nanocele implants that enable watchers and those on the planet to communicate with one another. Kekellen, the ondat's representative on the station, whom no one has ever seen, is particularly interested in Marak and his activities, and uses it to help understand humans. Procyon is Marak's watcher on Concord.
Unannounced, a ship from Earth arrives at the station and Earth ambassador Andreas Gide demands to interrogate Procyon about whether illegal First Movement technology is leaving the planet. Fearing Outsider contamination, Gide enters the station in a sealed mobile containment unit. Procyon assures Gide that, to his knowledge, no illicit technology is leaving the planet, but as the interview ends, Gide is shot at with an armor-piercing shell, which breaches his containment field. Gide is taken to hospital on the station, but because he has now been exposed to Outsider "contaminates", he is unable to return to the Earth ship. Procycon, concussed from the blast, wanders off and is soon lost in the station's corridors.
Procyon's disappearance causes problems for the Planetary Observations Office, which oversees communications with the world below. Marak, who has become dependent on Procycon, demands to know what has happened to his watcher. Kekellen, concerned about the disruption of the Planetary Observation Project, intervenes. Using station maintenance robots, he rescues Procycon, but implants a tap in him, enabling Kekellen to keep in touch with him.
It is revealed that Movement technology was leaked from the planet via the Ila's watcher on Concord and exported to Orb, a nearby station where sophisticated illicits were being manufactured. The Ila inadvertently kills her watcher when she attempts to hack Concord's tap system. With the help of the ondat, Movement operatives on Concord are neutralized and their conduit to Orb is severed.
Project operations on Concord resume and Procyon returns to work as Marak's tap. On the planet, geological upheavals have resulted in a new sea forming with new weather patterns and the promise of new life evolving. The ondat, via Procyon, are now closer to Marak's World and is able to watch the planet's rebirth first hand.
Reception
Writing in SFRevu, author and academic Edward Carmien (editor of The Cherryh Odyssey) described Forge of Heaven as "immersive, imaginative, and compelling". He said Cherryh's switch from her intense third-person narrative in Hammerfall, which he said "can become oppressive", to this novel's multi-threaded narrative, has made it a "livelier" and more interesting read. In a review in Booklist, Paula Luedtke wrote that despite the novel's uneven pace, it should not be "underestimated". She said "it gathers momentum toward the stunning and unexpected ending that is realized with masterly aplomb".
A Publishers Weekly review described Forge of Heaven as a "suspenseful sequel to Hammerfall", and called Procyon "[a]mong the many nicely drawn characters" in the book. A reviewer in Kirkus Reviews called the "[i]ntrigue and strife" in Forge of Heaven a "desperately complicated setup" with a plot that is "going nowhere", but added that given the author's strength as a storyteller, "you almost don’t notice".
In The Cherryh Odyssey science fiction writer and literary critic John Clute described Hammerfall as "an epic, with prose rhythms that evoke the Bible", but added that he had not worked it out, and awaited "the New Testament", the sequel, which he hoped would be "something else". Clute said that while Forge of Heaven'' is not quite "the New Testament", it is "queerly and fascinatingly Asimovian" in so far as it is about "the conflict between change and stability", the backbone of Asimov's Foundation and Robot series.
References
Sources
Further reading
External links
2004 American novels
2004 science fiction novels
Science fiction novels by C. J. Cherryh
Novels set on fictional planets
Novels about extraterrestrial life
Nanotechnology in fiction
Novels about genetic engineering
Novels set in the future
HarperCollins books
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3992809
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%20Australian%20Open%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles
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2004 Australian Open – Men's singles
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Roger Federer defeated Marat Safin in the final, 7–6(7–3), 6–4, 6–2 to win the men's singles tennis title at the 2004 Australian Open. It was his first Australian Open title and second Major title overall. With the win, Federer gained the world No. 1 ranking for the first time in his career, and would hold the position for a record 237 consecutive weeks.
Andre Agassi was the defending champion, but lost in the semifinals to Safin. This ended his streak of 26 match wins at the Australian Open.
This was the only time in Andy Roddick's career where he was seeded first at a Major. He lost to Safin in the quarterfinals.
13 seeded players lost in the first round, the most at a Major since the 32-seed draw was adopted at the 2001 Wimbledon Championships.
Seeds
Qualifying
Draw
Finals
Top half
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Bottom half
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
References
External links
Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) – 2004 Australian Open Men's Singles draw
2004 Australian Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Mens singles
Australian Open (tennis) by year – Men's singles
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5385904
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magens%20Bay
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Magens Bay
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Magens Bay is a bay in the Northside region on Saint Thomas, United States Virgin Islands, in the Caribbean.
Description
Lying on the northern (Atlantic) side of the island, Magens Bay (Estate Zufriedenheit) features a well-protected white sand beach stretching for nearly three quarters of a mile. It is one of the most popular tourist destinations on the island, as well as a gathering place for locals. The beach sits at the head of a deep bay, the arms of which are Peterborg peninsula to the east and Tropaco Point to the west. The bay's north-west exposure means its waters are usually calm, although storms in the North Atlantic can occasionally generate large waves in the winter months. The sandy bottom means snorkeling is of limited interest, although turtles, conch, tarpon and other fish are commonly spotted. Local fishing boats anchor in the eastern part of the bay.
The beach and surrounding park are currently administered by the semi-autonomous Magens Bay Authority. The services provided by the Authority include lifeguards, parking, showers and bathrooms. There is a snack counter, bar and souvenir shop. Beach chairs, floats, lounge chairs, mask and snorkels, fins, towels, lockers, paddleboards, kayaks, and paddleboats can be rented. The Authority is a self-sustaining entity which funds its operations through a per-person entrance fee (currently $5.00 for visitors and $2.00 for locals, free for kids under 12), parking fees, and payments received from the park's restaurant and rental concessions. The beach property also includes a coconut grove, a mangrove, and an arboretum.
Environment
Nature Trail
In 2004, The Nature Conservancy and local organizations opened a trail to Magens Bay from a spot off the road in the hills above. It belongs to a 319 acre preserve overseen by The Nature Conservancy, Magens Bay Authority and VI Department of Planning & Nature Resources. 25 of its acres were exclusively donated for this trail. On the trail it is possible to see many different bird species of the preserve, passing though different ecosystems from the top of the hill down 1½ miles to Magens Bay.
Important Bird Area
A 572 ha area, encompassing the bay, beach, mangroves and associated protected forests, has been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports populations of green-throated caribs, Antillean crested hummingbirds, Caribbean elaenias and pearly-eyed thrashers.
History
Legend has it that Sir Francis Drake used Magens Bay as an anchorage while waiting for ships to plunder.
Early maps of St. Thomas refer to the site as "Great Northside Bay". The popular name, "Magens Bay", arose out of its ownership by vicegouvernor Jacob Jorgenson Magens (1682-1731) and his heirs from the late 18th through the 19th centuries. It changed hands in the 20th century, and was eventually acquired by Wall Street financier Arthur S. Fairchild.
Arthur Fairchild donated 56 acres of the beach and surrounding areas to the Municipality of St. Thomas and St. John in 1946 for use as a public park. The far Western portion was donated by Fairchild's nephew's widow, Christine Wheaton, in 2002.
In popular culture
Several commercials and movie scenes have been filmed at Magens Bay, including a scene in The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1.
Gallery
References
External links
Magens Bay Photo Gallery
Beaches of the United States Virgin Islands
Bays of the United States Virgin Islands
Important Bird Areas of the United States Virgin Islands
Landforms of Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
Northside, Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands
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3992826
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set-in%20neck
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Set-in neck
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A set-in neck (often shortened to set neck) is the traditional form of joining the neck of a stringed instrument with its body. This is typically done with a tightly fitted mortise-and-tenon or dovetail joint, secured with hot hide glue. Among its qualities are a warm tone, long sustain, and a large surface area to transmit string vibration, leading to a "live" feeling instrument. In guitars it also often allows superior access to top frets closest to the body.
It is a common belief that this yields a stronger body-to-neck connection than an inexpensive mechanically-joined bolt-on neck, though some luthiers believe a well-executed bolt-on neck joint is equally strong and provides similar neck-to-body contact. However, neither of these joints is as strong as a neck-through construction, the third of the common methods of neck attachment, which requires more material and is usually found only on high-end solid body guitars.
Set-in necks are the most popular on acoustic guitars. Almost all major acoustic guitar manufacturers (notable exceptions being Taylor Guitars, Godin Guitars, Collings Guitars) use set-in necks and have applied this method also to their electric guitars, for example Gibson. With hollow body set-in neck electric guitars of the 1940s being rather expensive to buy and repair, newcomer Fender in 1950 introduced electric guitars that were easier to manufacture, combining a simple solid body with a bolt-on neck. Fender also introduced the electric bass guitar by adding a longer neck bolted to a solid guitar body.
In rare cases, makers use other solutions. Babicz Guitars makes a mechanically joined neck that can be "wound" up or down to adjust action height.
Glue
Set-in necks are traditionally and best secured with hot hide glue - which may be re-heated to allow convenient disassembly. White and yellow PVA glues are inferior alternatives. Epoxy and Cyanoacrylate should never be used.
Advantages
Typically cited advantages of set-in neck include:
Warmer tone (acoustic guitars only)
More sustain (ditto)
Often, better access to top frets compared bolt-on necks that use a square metal plate
Because the increased surface area results in more transmission of strings vibration, set in necks can feel more "alive" than if bolted on.
Disadvantages
Certain models seem prone to neck breakage - though this may be due to weaker neck wood (mahogany instead of maple).
Harder and more expensive to mass manufacture than bolt-on necks
Harder and more expensive to repair or service because the glue must be steamed or melted with a hot knife
No control over the neck-to-body angle; changing it requires a luthier to disassemble and re-glue the neck.
References
External links
Glue comparison chart at frets.com
Guitar neck joints
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5385925
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Rantall
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John Rantall
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John "Mopsy" Rantall (born 9 December 1943) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the South Melbourne Football Club, North Melbourne Football Club and Fitzroy Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
A lightly-built defender who consistently held his own against many of the VFL's best forwards, Rantall was an inaugural inductee into the Australian Football Hall of Fame in 1996. He is a member of both the North Melbourne and Swans Team of the Century.
Playing career
Originally from Cobden, Rantall moved to the South Melbourne Football Club, where he debuted in 1963.
He quickly became recognised as one of the VFL's most dependable and consistent defenders, and when South Melbourne's champion rover and captain Bob Skilton tore an achilles tendon before the 1969 VFL season, Rantall stood in as acting captain, eventually taking over as official captain after Skilton retired in 1971.
In 1973, he moved to North Melbourne Football Club under the VFL's short-lived "10-year rule", which allowed players with ten years' service at one club to move to another club without a clearance, with the intention of playing in a premiership side. He got his wish, winning in 1975; and, then, moving back to South Melbourne for 1976. A reliable defender who worked tirelessly to repel opposition attacks, Rantall had magnificent skills.
Sadly, Rantall's career at South Melbourne came to a bitter end, despite being the club's games record holder.
He moved to Fitzroy for one last season in 1980, where he played 6 games and broke Kevin Murray's VFL games record.
Life after Playing
After the South Melbourne Football Club relocated to Sydney, Rantall became a much-loved and respected football pioneer in Queensland and New South Wales, which included a coaching stint in Brisbane, time on the board of AFL North Coast (NSW), and a junior coaching role with the Swans Academy in that region.
In 1996, he was inducted into the Australian Football Hall of Fame.
In January 2014, Rantall moved back to country Victoria, wanting to be close to his two brothers. He settled in Noorat, about 30 kilometres from his hometown, Cobden.
Footnotes
References
Final Training Lists for V.F.L.: South Melbourne, , The Age, (Monday, 15 April 1963), p.14.
Three Recruits Likely For South Side, The Age, (Monday, 15 April 1963), p.14.
W.A. Players in Cats' Ruck, The Age, (Friday, 19 April 1963), p.26.
League Teams Chosen: Geelong v. South Melbourne, The Age, (Friday, 19 April 1963), p.26.
External links
John Rantall: Boyles Football Photos.
AFL Hall of Fame - Players
Interview with Mike Sheahan
North Melbourne Football Club players
North Melbourne Football Club Premiership players
Sydney Swans players
Fitzroy Football Club players
Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Syd Barker Medal winners
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Cobden Football Club players
1943 births
Living people
One-time VFL/AFL Premiership players
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5385928
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puritan%20choir
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Puritan choir
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The Puritan choir was a theory advanced by historian Sir John Neale of an influential movement of radical English Protestants in the Elizabethan Parliament. In his biography Queen Elizabeth I Neale argues that throughout her reign Elizabeth I faced increasingly organised and dominant opposition to her policies in the House of Commons and that this strengthening of Parliament sowed the seeds for the English Civil War.
Neale's thesis
Neale, when researching the politics of Elizabeth's reign, discovered a pamphlet naming forty-three members of the House of Commons of 1566 as members of a Puritan movement. The pamphlet consisted of forty-three names, each followed by a witty Latin tag, many from the scripture as well as a single English word associated with the individual. He stressed their importance in helping to shape the 1559 Elizabethan Religious Settlement more along the lines of Calvin's Geneva suggesting that 'the House of Commons went full-cry after its radical leaders, sweeping aside any feeble Catholic opposition'. They were also influential, he argues, in pushing for the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots and Elizabeth's naming of a successor. Particularly significant was the role played in parliament by Thomas Norton, among the individuals named on the list, who became a leading figure in the Elizabethan House of Commons.
Revisionist criticism
The historian Norman Jones has, however, argued that the 'Puritan Choir' is a misinterpretation of evidence. He maintains that in framing the religious settlement, Elizabeth faced opposition not from the forty-three alleged Puritans in the House of Commons, but rather from Catholic resistance and conservatism in the House of Lords which she and Cecil had underestimated. The influence that the 'Puritan Choir' could have feasibly had on the Elizabethan Religious Settlement has also been questioned by Haigh. Of the forty-three individuals named as part of 'our choir' in Neale's document, only twenty-two of them were definitely Protestants. Furthermore, only nineteen Marian exiles were elected to the 1559 parliament, and some were unable to play any role in the Parliamentary session as they returned too late. The influence of the twenty identifiable Catholics in the 1559 House of Commons is also ignored under Neale's 'Puritan Choir' thesis.
References
Elizabethan Puritanism
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5385951
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Rider
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George Rider
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George L. Rider (December 24, 1890 – August 8, 1979) was an American football, basketball, baseball, track and cross country coach and athletics administrator. He served as the head football coach at Olivet College in 1914, at Hanover College from 1915 to 1916, at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio from 1917 to 1918, and at Washington University in St. Louis from 1920 to 1922, compiling a career college football record of 29–22–5. At Miami he also coached basketball from 1917 to 1919, baseball from 1918 to 1919, and track and cross country from 1924 to 1960. In addition he served as athletic director at Miami from 1924 to 1940. In 1959 Rider served as honorary president of the International Track and Field Coaches Association. He is a charter member of Miami University's Hall of Fame along with coaching legends including Walter Alston, Earl Blaik, Paul Brown, Weeb Ewbank, Ara Parseghian. and John Pont.
Coaching career
Football
Rider became Miami University's head coach for the 1917 and 1918 seasons because George Little was serving in the armed forces during World War I. In his two years he never lost a game and won back to back Ohio Athletic Conference championships. His 1917 football team outscored its opponents 202–0. This team went 6–0–2 with the only blemishes being scoreless ties with both Kentucky and Wooster. Rider's second season was just as successful with his team going 5–0–1. However, games against Kentucky, Wooster, and Wittenberg were canceled due to the flu pandemic. Rider stepped down when Little returned to Oxford from the war.
Track
Rider coached track and cross at Miami for 36 years, from 1924 to 1960. His track teams won nine Buckeye Conference titles and 10 consecutive Mid-American Conference championships. Also, his cross country teams captured nine Mid-American Conference Championships. In 1957, Rider was selected to the Helms Athletic Foundation Track and Field Coaches Hall of Fame. Additionally, Miami's track is named in his honor for his contributions to the university athletic department.
Death
Rider died in Oxford, Ohio on August 8, 1979 at the age of 88.
Head coaching record
Football
References
External links
1890 births
1979 deaths
Hanover Panthers football coaches
Hanover Panthers men's basketball coaches
Miami RedHawks athletic directors
Miami RedHawks baseball coaches
Miami RedHawks football coaches
Miami RedHawks men's basketball coaches
Olivet Comets football coaches
Olivet Comets football players
Olivet Comets men's basketball coaches
Washington University Bears football coaches
College men's track and field athletes in the United States
College track and field coaches in the United States
Burials at Oxford Cemetery, Oxford, Ohio
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5385987
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punta%20Malpelo
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Punta Malpelo
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Punta Malpelo is a point in Peru near the border with Ecuador. It was a significant scene during the Gran Colombia-Peru War, because on August 31, 1828, was the site of the Battle of Punta Malpelo, where the Peruvian corvette Libertad sustained a naval encounter with the Gran Colombian ships Pichincha and Guayaquileña with high casualties on both sides.
Headlands of Peru
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3992839
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Manhattan%20%281863%29
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USS Manhattan (1863)
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USS Manhattan was a single-turreted built for the Union Navy during the American Civil War. After commissioning in 1864 the ship was assigned to the West Gulf Blockading Squadron and participated in the Battle of Mobile Bay. At the end of the battle, Manhattan took the surrender of the Confederate casemate ironclad ram Tennessee. She bombarded Fort Morgan during the Siege of Fort Morgan and later blockaded the mouth of the Red River until the end of the war.
The ship was placed in reserve after the end of the war and Manhattan was only occasionally recommissioned before being sold for scrap in 1902.
Description and construction
The ship was long overall, had a beam of and had a maximum draft of . Manhattan had a tonnage of 1,034 tons burthen and displaced . Her crew consisted of 100 officers and enlisted men.
Manhattan was powered by a two-cylinder horizontal vibrating-lever steam engine that drove one propeller using steam generated by two Stimers horizontal fire-tube boilers. The engine gave the ship a top speed of . She carried of coal. Manhattans main armament consisted of two smoothbore, muzzle-loading, Dahlgren guns mounted in a single gun turret. Each gun weighed approximately . They could fire a shell up to a range of at an elevation of +7°.
The exposed sides of the hull were protected by five layers of wrought iron plates, backed by wood. The armor of the gun turret and the pilot house consisted of ten layers of one-inch plates. The ship's deck was protected by armor thick. A soft iron band was fitted around the base of the turret to prevent shells and fragments from jamming the turret as had happened during the First Battle of Charleston Harbor in April 1863. The base of the funnel was protected to a height of by of armor. A "rifle screen" of armor high was installed on the top of the turret to protected the crew against Confederate snipers based on a suggestion by Commander Tunis A. M. Craven, captain of her sister ship .
The contract for Manhattan, named after the Manhattan tribe of Indians that inhabited the island of the same name, was awarded to Perine, Secor & Co.; the ship was laid down in 1862 by the primary subcontractor Joseph Colwell at his Jersey City, New Jersey shipyard. She was launched on 14 October 1863 and commissioned on 6 June 1864 with Commander J. W. A. Nicholson in command. The ship's construction was delayed by multiple changes ordered while she was being built that reflected battle experience with earlier monitors. This included the rebuilding of the turrets and pilot houses to increase their armor thickness from to 10 inches and to replace the bolts that secured their armor plates together with rivets to prevent them from being knocked loose by the shock of impact from shells striking the turret. Other changes included deepening the hull by to increase the ship's buoyancy, moving the position of the turret to balance the ship's trim and replacing all of the ship's deck armor.
The only known modification after the ship's completion was the addition of a hurricane deck between the turret and the funnel sometime after the end of the Civil War.
Civil War service
After commissioning, Manhattan steamed for the Gulf of Mexico and arrived at the Pensacola Navy Yard on 7 July, towed by the side-wheel gunboat . She required nearly two weeks to resupply and to repair damage from two small fires that started after her arrival. The ship reached Mobile Bay on 20 July, again towed by Bienville, where it joined the West Gulf Blockading Squadron.
Shortly after Tecumsehs arrival on 4 August, Rear Admiral David G. Farragut, the squadron commander, briefed his captains on his plan for the next day's battle. Manhattan and Tecumseh were to keep the ironclad ram Tennessee away from the vulnerable wooden ships while they were passing the fort and then sink her. The river monitors and were to engage Fort Morgan until all of the wooden ships had passed. The four monitors would form the starboard column of ships, closest to Fort Morgan, with Tecumseh in the lead, while the wooden ships formed a separate column to port. The eastern side of the channel closest to Fort Morgan was free of obstacles, but "torpedoes", as mines were then known, were known to be present west of a prominent black buoy in the channel.
About 07:40, Tecumseh attempted to close with the Tennessee by passing through the minefield, but struck a "torpedo" and capsized within 90 seconds. Manhattan continued to engage the fort until all but the last pair of wooden ships had cleared the obstacles. She closed to a range of about from the Confederate ironclad and began firing with her one operable gun; a flake of iron had fallen into the vent hole of one of her guns and was jammed in place. One of her shots hit the Tennessee and broke the armor and its wooden backing so that daylight was visible through the side of the casemate. The shot failed to penetrate, and netting laid on the inside of the backing caught all of the splinters so that no one was injured. During the battle Manhattan fired a total of 11 shots, six at Tennessee and five at Fort Morgan. Nicholson claimed four hits, including the shot that broke the Tennessees steering chains and another that jammed her stern gun port shutter in the closed position. The monitor was hit nine times during the battle, but sustained no significant damage or casualties.
Manhattan had closed to about distance when Nicholson spotted a white flag of surrender hanging from a boat hook on top of the Tennessees casemate and ordered his gunners to cease fire. Nicholson confirmed the Confederate ship's surrender verbally and ran the monitor alongside so that one of his officers could seize the ironclad's colors, which was lying in her scuppers.
Unbeknownst to Nicholson, Commander James D. Johnston, captain of the Tennessee, intended to surrender to the wooden gunboat and ignored Manhattan and her captain.
The ship subsequently participated in the bombardment of Fort Morgan, which surrendered 23 August. In November, Manhattan sailed to New Orleans, Louisiana and later to the mouth of the Red River, where she remained until the end of the war. Manhattan then steamed to New Orleans where she was laid up in ordinary in August 1865. On 15 June 1869, the ship was renamed Neptune, although she resumed her original name on 10 August.
Post-war service
In 1870 Manhattan was transferred to Key West, Florida and then sailed to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania where she was refitted in 1872–73. Recommissioned on 19 November 1873, the ship returned to Key West for fleet maneuvers and then proceeded to Pensacola, Florida. Manhattan departed the west coast of Florida and sailed to Port Royal, South Carolina on 25 April 1876. The ship patrolled off the Carolinas until June 1877, when she sailed to Norfolk, Virginia. The following year she was towed up the James River and moored at Brandon, Virginia. Manhattan was transferred to City Point, Virginia in 1881 and then to Richmond, Virginia. The ship was taken to Philadelphia and laid up at League Island in 1888, where she remained for the rest of her career. Manhattan was struck from the Navy List on 14 December 1901 and sold on 24 March 1902 for breaking up.
Notes
References
External links
navsource.org: USS Manhattan
Naval Historical Center: USS Manhattan
Canonicus-class monitors
Ships built in New Jersey
1863 ships
Ships of the Union Navy
American Civil War monitors of the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge%20Calandrelli
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Jorge Calandrelli
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Jorge Calandrelli is an Argentinian-born composer, arranger and conductor known for his work with Barbra Streisand, Celine Dion, Arturo Sandoval, Yo-Yo Ma, Tony Bennett, Elton John, Lady Gaga and John Legend. He has won 6 Grammy Awards and has received 28 nominations. He won the Latin Grammy Award for Producer of the Year and Best Instrumental Album for his work on A Time for Love by Arturo Sandoval in 2010.
Calandrelli has been nominated twice for an Academy Award for his work on The Color Purple and Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon.
Early life and career
Calandrelli's mother was a skilled pianist. Both his father and grandfather were medical doctors and expected him to follow their path. At age 4, Calandrelli started playing the piano by ear and took lessons at age 8.
In his late teens, with both of his parents' support, Calandrelli traveled to Europe to pursue a career in music. He arrived in Los Angeles in 1968 and collaborated with composer and arranger Clare Fischer. Inspired by him, Calandrelli decided to go back to Argentina and continue honing his skills.
He later returned to the United States with recommendation letters from the record labels he had worked with in Argentina. He recorded Russian-American conductor Andre Kostelanetz and a 65-piece orchestra at CBS' studio in New York.
Calandrelli started arranging for different artists, achieving wider recognition in 1981 with first Grammy Award nomination for Best Instrumental Arrangement for his work on "Forget the Woman" by Eddie Daniels. In 1987, he was nominated three times at the 29th Grammy Awards: in the Best Arrangement on an Instrumental category for "Solfeggietto/Metamorphosis" by Eddie Daniels and "The First Letter" from The Color Purple soundtrack and in the Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocals category for Tony Bennett's version of Daniels' "Forget The Woman ".
Calandrelli's work with Bennett includes twelve recorded albums, six Grammy Nominations and two Grammy Awards won. Bennett's 2011 album "Duets II", arranged and conducted by Calandrelli debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200, Jazz Albums and Traditional Jazz Albums charts. This same No. 1 debut was achieved by Bennett's 2014 collaborative album with Lady Gaga "Cheek to Cheek", also arranged and orchestrated by Calandrelli.
He has arranged and conducted on eight Barbra Streisand albums, including "A Love Like Ours", "Timeless: Live in Concert", "The Christmas Collection" and "Walls". He is also credited on four Celine Dion albums, including "A New Day Has Come" and "One Heart". His work with cellist Yo-Yo Ma has earned him two Grammy Awards and three nominations.
Calandrelli produced, played the piano, composed, arranged and conducted Plácido Domingo's 2008 album "Amore Infinito", based on lyrics by Pope John Paul II. The album contains duets by Josh Groban, Katherine Jenkins, Andrea Bocelli, Vanessa Williams and Plácido Domingo Jr.
Awards
Golden Score Awards
The American Society of Music Arrangers and Composers (ASMAC) honored Calandrelli with the 2014 Golden Score Award for Arranging.
Academy Awards
Calandrelli has been nominated twice for the Academy Award for his work on The Color Purple, directed by Steven Spielberg, and Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, directed by Ang Lee
Latin Grammy Awards
Grammy Awards
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Argentine music arrangers
Argentine composers
Grammy Award winners
Latin Grammy Award for Producer of the Year
Place of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Latin music composers
Latin music record producers
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3992858
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parisina
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Parisina
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Parisina is a 586-line poem written by Lord Byron. It was probably written between 1812 and 1815, and published on 13 February 1816.
It is based on a story related by Edward Gibbon in his Miscellaneous Works (1796) about Niccolò III d'Este, one of the dukes of Ferrara in the 15th century. Niccolò found out that Parisina Malatesta, his second wife, had an incestuous relationship with his bastard son Ugo and had both of them put to death.
In Byron's poem, Azo (his version of Niccolò) learns of the affair when Parisina mutters the name of Hugo (Ugo) in her sleep. In another embellishment by Byron, Parisina and Hugo were engaged to be married before Azo decided to marry her. Also, Azo sentences only Hugo to death; Parisina's fate is unknown, except for the fact that she is forced to witness Hugo's execution and utters a shriek that indicates approaching madness. Azo is tormented by his decision.
Operas
Parisina by Gaetano Donizetti, after a libretto by Felice Romani modeled on Byron
Parisina by Pietro Mascagni, after Gabriele D'Annunzio's libretto who adapted Byron's poem
Gallery
External links
Parisina, the full text of Byron's poem
Poetry by Lord Byron
1816 poems
Cultural depictions of Parisina Malatesta
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5386000
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Byrum
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Tom Byrum
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Thomas Elliott Byrum (born September 28, 1960) is an American professional golfer.
Byrum was born in Onida, South Dakota. He attended the University of New Mexico and New Mexico State University before turning professional in 1984. He has played over five hundred events on the PGA Tour, with his sole victory coming at the 1989 Kemper Open. He owns two top-10 finishes in major championships: T8 in the 2002 U.S. Open at Bethpage and a 9th in the 1997 PGA Championship at Winged Foot. His older brother Curt is also a former PGA Tour winner and is now an analyst on the Golf Channel.
Professional wins (1)
PGA Tour wins (1)
PGA Tour playoff record (0–2)
Playoff record
PGA Tour Champions playoff record (0–1)
Results in major championships
CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" = tied
Summary
Most consecutive cuts made – 4 (1997 PGA – 2002 U.S. Open)
Longest streak of top-10s – 1 (twice)
Results in The Players Championship
CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" = tied
Results in senior major championships
Results not in chronological order before 2022.
"T" indicates a tie for a place
CUT = missed the halfway cut
NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic
See also
1985 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
1991 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
1992 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
1995 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
1996 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
2005 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
References
External links
American male golfers
New Mexico Lobos men's golfers
New Mexico State Aggies men's golfers
PGA Tour golfers
PGA Tour Champions golfers
Golfers from South Dakota
People from Sully County, South Dakota
People from Richmond, Texas
1960 births
Living people
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5386011
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmit%20Singh%20Aulakh
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Gurmit Singh Aulakh
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Dr. Gurmit Singh Aulakh (1938 – 2017) was a research scientist in the US who attained honour in the 1980s, 1990s and in the 2000s as the President of Council of Khalistan, an organisation that supported the Khalistan Movement in Punjab region of India. Throughout those decades he was well known for his lobbying in the halls of the US Congress in Washington, DC.
Early life, education and professional career
Dr. Aulakh was born in 1938 in district Lyallpur (today known as Faisalabad) in the pre-partition Punjab in the British India. His grandfather had moved the family to this region when it was master-planned and settled at the behest of the British Punjab government. His family village is Shahbazpur in District Amritsar near the town of Patti. As was often the case with the settlement of that region, most of his ancestral village established farming operations in the Lyallpur district and named their new village also Shahbazpur. It was in Chak 60, Jhang branch of the settlement.
With the partition of Punjab that occurred upon India's freedom from the British rule in 1947, the Sikh families of Lyallpur region had to leave everything they had built with their toil and move across the India-Pakistan border to their ancestral villages. Dr. Aulakh studied at the Guru Gobind Singh Khalsa High School in the nearby village Sarhali Kalan. This was followed by a B.Sc. degree in Agricultural Science from Khalsa College in Amritsar in 1958. With this degree he secured a job with the Punjab Government as an agricultural inspector. In 1965 he emigrated to the U.K. Four years later he had an opportunity to come to the U.S. After acquiring an M.Sc. degree in genetics from North Carolina Central University, he studied at the Howard University in Washington D.C. and obtained a Ph.D. in Molecular Genetics. Dr. Aulakh worked initially as a geneticist at the NIH (National Institutes of Health) in Bethesda, MD, where he was a Senior Staff Fellow at the Bureau of Biologics as a special expert in the laboratory of Oral Medicine. Dr. Aulakh held further academic and research assignments, as a research scientist and Assistant Professor at the Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School in Boston, MA, respectively.
He was the first to demonstrate unequivocal evidence of the footprints of viral genetic material in human cancer tissue which was absent in the normal tissue of the same person, thus proving the viral etiology of cancer. He carried out this work in the Tumor Cell Biology laboratory headed by Dr. Robert Gallo, who just a few years later co-discovered the AIDS virus. Dr. Aulakh also tested the swine flu vaccine for viruses before it was released to the public in the US in 1976. Before ending his professional scientific career, Dr. Aulakh was credited with more than 27 scientific publications in various prestigious scientific journals, as well as chapters in university level books pertaining to his research work.
Khalistan movement
Before 1984 Dr. Aulakh had no political involvement - either in Punjab or in the United States. All that changed when in June 1984 the Indian Army launched a military operation in Sikhism's holiest shrine, the Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib) in Amritsar. The objective was to destroy the Sikh activists who were demanding more political autonomy for Punjab and the Sikhs and had turned portions of the temple complex into fortified positions in expectations of an attack. Large scale mayhem resulted and Indira Gandhi also ordered the army to storm tens of other gurdwaras throughout Punjab. All of Punjab was put under martial law and all communications were cut off. Thousands of Sikhs were killed and tens of thousands were imprisoned without due process during this campaign - named officially as Operation Bluestar by the Indian government. This inflamed the Sikhs everywhere and demand for an autonomous Sikh Homeland, a concept that had been around since the partition of Punjab in 1947, gained much greater support almost overnight.
In July 1984 a conference of Sikh diaspora was held at the Madison Square Garden in New York. Sikhs from US, UK and Canada congregated, deliberated and then officially declared a demand for their own nation called Khalistan. An entity named World Sikh Organization (WSO) was created for this purpose. Dr. Aulakh had no role in this outfit at the outset, but joined it later in 1984 to assist its general secretary: General J. S. Bhullar. Within four months Dr. Aulakh became convinced that this organization was not in the right hands and started his own efforts under the banner of International Sikh Organization. His efforts were almost entirely focused on lobbying the U.S. government and the media to pressure the Indian government to cease paramilitary operations in Punjab. In addition, to make matters worse, over three days in early November 1984, thousands of innocent Sikh men, women and children were killed in New Delhi and across northern India in the wake of Indira Gandhi's assassination by some Sikhs. The Indian government characterized this as spontaneous riots by Mrs. Gandhi's supporters, but the Sikhs and non-Sikh human rights organizations claimed that these were organized acts of pogroms against the Sikhs. Regardless, months had passed and the Indian government had taken no steps to identify the guilty parties and to bring them to justice.
Lobbying in Washington D.C.
From 1985 onwards Dr. Gurmit Singh Aulakh was an activist for the Khalistan cause and was able to receive occasional support from some politicians in the US and UK on this controversial topic. He had much greater success in bringing wide-ranging support to the plight of the Sikhs in India that suffered systematic, state-sponsored human rights abuses throughout the 1980s and 1990s. In 2013 Dr. Aulakh's organization (ISO) published a two volume set that compiled all the U.S. Congress statements and other reference documents regarding the Sikhs' movement for political and human rights in India. This compilation runs 1,600 pages and covers the period of 1985-2007. A much-shortened list of US Congressmen quoted in this compilation follows:
Rep. Dan Burton (R), Indiana.
Rep. Vic Fazio (D), California.
Rep. Gene Chappie (R), California.
Sen. Jesse Helms (R), North Carolina.
Rep. Robert Dornan (R), California.
Rep. George Miller (D), California.
Rep. Bernard Dwyer (D), New Jersey.
Rep. Wally Herger (R), California.
Rep. Norm Shumway (R), California.
Rep. Jack Fields (R), Texas.
Rep. Dana Rohrabacher (R), California.
Edolphus Towns, member of the U.S. House of Representatives, from New York. He has been a supporter of Khalistan and Nagalim. Towns also wanted to "declare India a terrorist state" because of "the pattern of Indian terrorism against its minorities", an allegation that was summarily dismissed by the White House.
Jesse Helms, former five-term Republican U.S. Senator from North Carolina. About two decades ago, he had circumvented the State Department's refusal of a visa to separatist Khalistan activist Jagjit Singh Chauhan by inviting him to testify before a Senate agriculture committee he headed.
Rep. Towns said in a Congressional Record statement that "the essence of democracy is the right of self-determination." Rep. Rohrabacher said in a statement, "For the people of Jammu and Punjab and Kashmir, India may as well be Nazi Germany."
Thousands of Sikh-Americans throughout the United States worked locally with their representatives to raise the issues affecting their kin in India during these years. Many other organizations, including the WSO, were active as well in lobbying the politicians as well as bringing the facts to the media's attention throughout this period. However, Dr. Aulakh was the lone representative of the Sikh-Americans in Washington DC from 1985 until the early 1990s - the peak years of the Khalistan movement in India.
Legislative activities
Dr. Aulakh and his supporters were successful in introducing anti-India legislations that opposed financial aid to India. They had several successes in the legislative branch, while the White House generally refrained from taking any concrete steps through four presidencies.
In April 1987 the House Foreign Relations Committee reduced the monetary aid to India by $15M.
In April 1988 the House passed a Sense of Congress resolution (HR 3199) titled "Human Rights of the Sikhs in the Punjab of India).
In June 1991 Rep. Dan Burton was instrumental in having passed an amendment (the "Burton Amendment") to the International Cooperation Act (HR 4653) that forced the President to report to the Congress that the Indian government was taking steps to alleviate the human rights abuses taking place in Kashmir, Punjab and other parts of India.
In 1997, HR 182, the Human Rights in India Act, was sponsored by Rep. Dan Burton (R-IN) and Rep. Gary Condit (D-CA). to cut-off U.S. development aid to India until the president certifies to Congress that India has taken "certain steps to prevent human rights abuses" in India. Another resolution, H. Con. Res. 37, sponsored by Condit and Rep. Dana Rohrabacher (R-CA) called for an internationally supervised plebiscite in Punjab on the question of independence for the region. The act secured the support of only 82 members while 342 voted against it. Dr. Aulakh was involved in these legislations.
Opposition by India and Indian Groups
Starting in the late 1980s, especially after the House hearings related to HR 4653 in 1991, the Indian Embassy and the pro-India groups became much more active against the Sikhs' lobbying efforts in the US. This opposition had little effect as India, at the same time, kept stonewalling the international human rights organizations, such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch. It is interesting that coincidental with the U.S. Congress's legislative actions that became more assertive around this time, India finally started historic economic liberalization steps in 1991. This ultimately led to increased access to India by the human rights organizations; and subsequently the human right violation issues saw a substantial decline.
Dr. Aulakh's all-too-evident zeal has often been the target of the Indian opponents. In one case, Dr. Aulakh faced accusations of obtaining signatures by deception in 2002 from US House Foreign Policy Aides when a publication on US Congress, The Hill stated that a legislative assistant to a Republican Congressman misled her office by implying to a staff member that the Congressman, John Shimkus, had agreed to sign a letter to the President calling for release of political prisoners in India.
The Senior legislative assistant stated that Dr. Aulakh had already printed the letter with the name of the Congressman leaving a staff member to assume that the office had agreed to sign it. The same publication also quoted one aide with ties to the 131-member Congressional India Caucus as saying that Dr. Aulakh had been getting away with tricking staffers into signing letters for several years.
Later Years
At the dawning of the 21st century, Dr. Aulakh still remained steadfast in his aim, rhetoric and activities. He kept the office of the Council of Khalistan opened as long he was physically able. In 2012 Dr. Aulakh was diagnosed with cancer. His activities declined after this time. He died on June 21, 2017, at his home in Washington, DC. He was survived by his wife Charnjit Kaur Sandhu and three adult children: Artinder Kaur Aulakh, Urminder Singh Aulakh and Bikramjit Singh Aulakh.
On October 7, 2017, the thirtieth anniversary of Khalistan's declaration of independence, Dr. Bakhshish Singh Sandhu of Philadelphia was named to succeed Dr. Aulakh as President of the Council of Khalistan.
Summary
Based on several interviews with Dr. Aulakh over 2015-2017 (1984 Living History interview), he was driven by the principle of self-determination of the Sikhs in their ancestral land of Punjab. Having seen the trauma of the 1947 partition of Punjab at the age of 10, and then having seen Punjabi Sikhs' demands for greater economic and political freedom for the Punjab state as well as other states receive no consideration from the all-powerful central government of India, he became increasingly disenchanted. The military attack on the Golden Temple in 1984 was the last straw that caused him to give up a successful research position and devote the rest of his productive life to the cause of self-determination for the Sikhs.
References
External links
Khalistan movement
1938 births
2017 deaths
Howard University alumni
American Sikhs
Khalistan movement people
Anti-Indian sentiment in Asia
Punjabi people
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3992865
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20States%20occupation%20of%20the%20Dominican%20Republic%20%281916%E2%80%931924%29
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United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924)
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The first United States occupation of the Dominican Republic lasted from 1916 to 1924. It was one of the many interventions in Latin America undertaken by the military forces of the United States in the 20th century. On May 13, 1916, Rear Admiral William B. Caperton forced the Dominican Republic's Secretary of War Desiderio Arias, who had seized power from President Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra, to leave Santo Domingo by threatening the city with naval bombardment. The Marines landed three days later and established effective control of the country within two months.
Invasion
The piecemeal invasion resulted in the US Navy's occupation of all key positions in government and controlling the army and police. The first landing took place on May 5, 1916, when "two companies of marines landed from the USS Prairie at Santo Domingo." Their goal was to offer protection to the U.S. Legation and the U.S. Consulate and to occupy the Fort San Geronimo. Within hours, these companies were reinforced with "seven additional companies." On May 6, American forces from the USS Castine landed to offer protection to the Haitian Legation, a country under similar military occupation from the U.S. Two days after the first landing, constitutional President, Juan Isidro Jimenes resigned.
Admiral Caperton's forces occupied Santo Domingo on May 15, 1916. Colonel Joseph H. Pendleton's Marine units took the key port cities of Puerto Plata and Monte Cristi on the 1 June and enforced a blockade. The marines were able to occupy Monte Cristi without meeting any resistance. However, when the marines attacked Puerto Plata, they were met with resistance from about 500 pro-Arias Dominicans. Though they were under heavy fire, the marines persisted in attempting to enter the city, and sustained several casualties such as the death of Captain Herbert J. Hirschinger, who was the first marine killed in combat in the campaign.
The first major engagement occurred on June 27, at Las Trencheras, two ridges, which had been fortified by the Dominicans and long thought to be invulnerable, since a Spanish army had been defeated there in 1864. There the Dominican troops had dug trenches on two hills, one behind the other, blocking the road to Santiago in an attempt to defend their country from U.S. invasion. The field guns of Captain Chandler Campbell's 13th Company, along with a machine gun platoon, took position on a hill commanding the enemy trenches and opened fire at 08:00 hours. Under the cover of this fire, the marines launched a bayonet charge on the defenders' first line of defense, covered until the last possible moment by the artillery barrage. The Dominican soldiers were forced to retreat their trenches on the second hill. They rallied there briefly, then broke and had to retreat again as the American field guns resumed their shelling of the hill. Within 45 minutes from the opening artillery shots, the Marines had forced the Dominicans to fall back. During the battle, one marine was killed and four were wounded, and five Dominicans were killed.
This engagement set the pattern for most Marine contact with the Dominican forces. Marines overpowered Dominicans with modern artillery, machine guns, small-unit maneuver, and individual training and marksmanship.
On July 1, 1916, 250 Dominican Revolutionaries attempted to attack the USMC in order to take back their land. The attack was routed killing 27 Dominicans while the USMC death was Corporal George Fravee.
Two days after the Battle of Guayacanas, on July 3 the Marines moved onto Arias' stronghold in Santiago de los Caballeros. However, "A military encounter was avoided when Arias arrived at an agreement with Capteron to cease resistance." Three days after Arias left the country, the rest of the occupation forces landed and took control of the country within two months, and on the 29 November the United States imposed a military government under Captain (later Rear Admiral) Harry Shepard Knapp, Commander of the Cruiser Force aboard his flagship, USS Olympia (which still exists today in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA).
Occupation
Marines claimed to have restored order throughout most of the republic, with the exception of the eastern region, but resistance to the occupation from Dominicans continued widespread in both, direct and indirect forms in every place. The US occupation administration, however, measured its success through these standards: the country's budget was balanced, its debt was diminished, economic growth directed now toward the US; infrastructure projects produced new roads that allowed the movement of military personnel across all the country's regions for the first time in history; a professional military organization that took away the power from local elites and made soldiers more loyal to the national government, the Dominican Constabulary Guard, replaced the former partisan forces responsible for the civil war with groups under the control of US Marines. The Constabulary Guard, later known as the National Guard, would persecute and torture those who opposed the occupation.
With the United States occupation of Haiti to the west of the Dominican Republic, the United States Marines controlled all of Hispaniola "through censorship, intimidation, fear, and military force", according to Lorgia García Peña. Like Haiti, the finances of the Dominican Republic were controlled by National City Bank of New York, subsequently allowing American businesses to acquire Dominican properties to cultivate sugar. American corporations would then force Haitians to migrate to the Dominican Republic and work on sugar plantations in poor conditions. American culture also influenced Dominicans, with cockfighting being replaced with baseball as the "national pastime". In addition, some Afro-religious groups being banned by occupying forces resulted in a stigma being placed against practicing communities that has continued into the 21st century. Marines also spread white supremacist ideology throughout the nation based on Jim Crow laws existing in the United States.
Most Dominicans greatly resented the loss of their sovereignty to foreigners, few of whom spoke Spanish or displayed much real concern for the welfare of the republic. A guerrilla movement, known as the gavilleros, with leaders such as General Ramón Natera, enjoyed considerable support from the population in the eastern provinces of El Seibo and San Pedro de Macorís. Having knowledge of the local terrain, they fought from 1917 to 1921 against the United States occupation. Imprisoned guerillas were mistreated by US forces according to Congressional investigations. The fighting in the countryside ended in a stalemate, and the guerrillas agreed to a conditional surrender.
Withdrawal
Dominican migrants in Cuba began a successful campaign to denounce the US occupation while Latin American governments also protested. According to the United States Department of State, US Senate investigations "proved embarrassing" to the Wilson administration after Dominican witnesses argued that the government's actions violated international law, were against Wilson's Fourteen Points, and that occupying forces abused captives.
After World War I, public opinion in the United States began to run against the occupation. Warren G. Harding, who succeeded Wilson in March 1921, had campaigned against the occupations of both Haiti and the Dominican Republic. In June 1921, United States representatives presented a withdrawal proposal, known as the Harding Plan, which called for Dominican ratification of all acts of the military government, approval of a loan of $2.5 million USD for public works and other expenses, the acceptance of United States officers for the constabulary, or National Guard, and the holding of elections under United States supervision. Popular reaction to the plan was overwhelmingly negative. Moderate Dominican leaders, however, used the plan as the basis for further negotiations that resulted in an agreement between U.S. Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes and Dominican Ambassador to the United States Francisco J. Peynado on June 30, 1922, allowing for the selection of a provisional president to rule until elections could be organized.
Under the supervision of High Commissioner Sumner Welles, Juan Bautista Vicini Burgos assumed the provisional presidency on October 21, 1922. In the presidential election of March 15, 1924, Horacio Vásquez Lajara, an American ally who cooperated with the United States government, handily defeated Peynado. Vásquez's Alliance Party (Partido Alianza) also won a comfortable majority in both houses of Congress. With his inauguration on July 13, control of the republic returned to Dominican hands.
Aftermath
Despite the withdrawal, there were still concerns regarding the collection and application of the country's custom revenues. To address this problem, representatives of the United States and the Dominican Republic governments met at a convention and signed a treaty, on December 27, 1924, which gave the United States control over the country's custom revenues. In 1941, the treaty was officially repealed and control over the country's custom revenues was again returned to the government of the Dominican Republic. However this treaty created lasting resentment of the United States among the people of the Dominican Republic.
According to Lorgia García Peña, the occupation resulted in increased inequality in the Dominican Republic and contributed
to the establishment of an economic and political system that benefits rich companies, while subjecting most Dominicans to poverty. American support for future dictator Rafael Trujillo, who rose through the ranks of the National Guard with the help of the US Marines, was instrumental for establishing his base of support within the Dominican armed forces.
The Dominican Campaign Medal was an authorized U.S. service medal for those military members who had participated in the conflict.
Cultural influence and legacy
The United States occupation had lasting cultural effects on the Dominican Republic. During this period, in addition to physical resistance, Dominicans resisted the occupation both through cultural means such as with music and dance. Additionally, Dominican elites "waged a program of propaganda and diplomacy aimed at swaying international opinions against the occupation". The rise of cultural nationalism during the occupation prevented the U.S. from claiming that people in the Dominican Republic were fully in favor of the occupation.
Dominican music was also influenced by American music, such as jazz. Jazz provoked ambivalence in the Dominican Republic: it was played and appreciated, but many called to boycott it due to its association with the occupation. Dominican music during the occupation served as a resistance to the US occupation but it also exemplified U.S. influence and hegemony. For example, merengue estilo yanqui was used as resistance to and mockery of U.S. soldiers, but was also inspired by American dances like the fox trot and one step. Many musicians mixed típico merengue and jazz. Thus, American music was both boycotted and appreciated. The U.S. occupation has also been written about in several books including Bruce Calder’s Impact of the Intervention, and Nelly Rosario’s novel, Song of the Water Saints, which details violence against women during the U.S. occupation.
See also
Banana Wars
Battle of Guayacanas
Battle of San Francisco de Macoris
Dominican Civil War
History of the Dominican Republic
Latin America–United States relations
Palma Sola massacre
Foreign interventions by the United States
United States involvement in regime change
References
External links
About.Com: The US Occupation of the Dominican Republic, 1916-1924
globalsecurity.org:Dominican Republic Occupation (1916-24)
Country Studies: Occupation by the United States, 1916-24
The American War Library: Numbers of Americans Killed/Wounded, by Action
Links in Spanish
Educando: Causas y consecuencias de la invasión norteamericana de 1965 en la República Dominicana
Hoy: La intervención militar norteamericana de 1965
1916 establishments in the Dominican Republic
1924 disestablishments in the Dominican Republic
1910s in the United States
1920s in the United States
Banana Wars
Conflicts in 1916
Dominican Republic–United States military relations
Military history of the Dominican Republic
United States Marine Corps in the 20th century
Wars involving the Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic
American military occupations
United States involvement in regime change
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5386029
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy%20Ross%20House
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Betsy Ross House
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The Betsy Ross House is a landmark in Philadelphia purported to be the site where the seamstress and flag-maker Betsy Ross (1752-1836) lived when she is said to have sewed the first American Flag. The origins of the Betsy Ross myth trace back to her relatives, particularly her grandsons, William and George Canby, and the celebrations of the Centennial of 1876. Evidence for the precise location of Ross's home came from verification provided by several surviving family members, although the best archival evidence indicates the house would have been adjacent to the one that still stands today as The Betsy Ross House. The 1937 Philadelphia Guide noted that, after the current Betsy Ross House was selected as the Flag House, the adjacent building where Ross may have indeed lived "was torn down to lessen the hazards of fire, perhaps adding a touch of irony to what may well have been an error in research." Although the house is one of the most visited tourist sites in Philadelphia, the claim that Ross once lived there, and that she designed and sewed the first American flag, sometimes called the Betsy Ross flag, are considered false by most historians.
The house sits on Arch Street, several blocks from Independence Hall and the Liberty Bell in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The front part of the building was built around 1740, in the Pennsylvania colonial style, with the stair hall and the rear section added 10 to 20 years later. Had she lived here, Ross would have resided in the house from 1776, the death of her first husband, John Ross, until about 1779.
Restoration
Over the years, various structural changes and general wear and tear left the house in dire need of restoration. In 1937, Philadelphia radio mogul, A. Atwater Kent offered up to $25,000 for the restoration of the house and commissioned historical architect Richardson Brognard Okie to do the work. Original elements were kept wherever possible. Otherwise, materials from demolished period homes were used. A new structure was added in the rear, made from period bricks. The front stairway and dormer were entirely replaced. The front doorway was moved to the opposite corner, and a new window was installed. Kent then purchased the two adjacent properties to develop a "civic garden." In 1941, the entire property, including the historic house and courtyard, were given to the city of Philadelphia. In 1965 an annex building was added to the property, and in 1974 the courtyard was renovated and a fountain added.
In preparation for the United States Bicentennial, remains deemed to be those of Ross and her third husband, John Claypoole, were moved to graves in the courtyard. A private nonprofit organization, Historic Philadelphia, Inc., began leasing the property from the City of Philadelphia in 1995 and continues to manage the site to this day.
The Betsy Ross House has long been the site of Philadelphia's observance of Flag Day.
See also
Liberty Bell
Independence Hall
References
External links
Betsy Ross House at UShistory.org
"Site Where Mrs. Elizabeth Ross made the First American Flag" at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania
Photo ca. 1900
Houses in Philadelphia
Historic house museums in Philadelphia
Old City, Philadelphia
Biographical museums in Pennsylvania
Women's museums in the United States
Houses completed in 1740
Landmarks in Philadelphia
Philadelphia in the American Revolution
18th-century architecture in the United States
Colonial architecture in Pennsylvania
1740 establishments in Pennsylvania
Betsy Ross
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3992872
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FEIS
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FEIS
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FEIS or Feis may refer to:
Feis, a traditional Gaelic arts and culture festival
Fellow of the Educational Institute of Scotland
Herbert Feis (1893–1972), American historian
Feis (rapper) (1986–2019), Dutch rapper
See also
FEI (disambiguation)
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3992888
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idsall%20School
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Idsall School
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Idsall School is a coeducational secondary school with academy status located in the town of Shifnal in Shropshire, England. Idsall has its own Sixth Form Centre, which offers a range of A Level subjects.
The House Cup
When joining the school, pupils are assigned a house (usually, two tutor groups belong to each house) during their first week. The houses are named after four Shropshire hills (Caradoc, Longmynd, Ragleth and Wrekin). They take part in sports (and others, including scrabble) competitions throughout the year. Every year at the end of summer term, there is a whole school assembly. At this assembly the house that has collected the most points throughout the year is the winner and is awarded the Finney Shield.
Field trips
The school holds annual residential trips to Plas Caerdeon (in Wales) for year 7, respectively, and skiing trips in Austria/France for years 8,9,10,11 12 and 13. Also once pupils have taken their options in year 10, they will have the opportunity to go on non -residential field trips subject to their options (Trips to a Church for RE, Museums for Art, etc.). They will also have the opportunity to go on residential trips subject to the options they took, for example Art trips to either New York, Florence, Barcelona and Paris happen every year and a Geography trip to Iceland goes ahead every two years. During year 8, pupils take part in the year 8 challenge, which acts as a foundation to the Duke of Edinburgh's bronze award, and includes a walk up the 'House Hill' amongst other things such as activities that will help their local community.
The Sixth Form
Idsall Sixth Form has about 200 students, separated roughly in half into years 12 and 13. Sixth Form lessons are taught primarily in the Sixth Form Centre, an annex of the school which also houses the common room, although some lessons are taught in the main school, due to timetabling conflicts or special subject requirements (for example, Biology, Chemistry and Physics are usually taught in one of the schools science labs, and Drama in the school hall).
Notable former pupils
Due to its proximity to the FA's former youth academy at Lilleshall, many professional footballers, including several England international, attended the school during their time at Lilleshall.
The school also has a prolific music department.
Nicky Barmby (footballer)
Shaun Bailey (politician- Member of Parliament for West Bromwich West)
Wes Brown (footballer)
Sol Campbell (footballer)
Jamie Carragher (footballer)
Andy Cole (footballer)
Joe Cole (footballer)
Jermain Defoe (footballer)
Rob Edwards (footballer)
Jon Harley (footballer)
Steve Haslam (footballer)
Andy Johnson (cricketer)
Michael Owen (footballer)
Scott Parker (footballer)
Nick Pickering (footballer)
Adam Shimmons (cricketer)
Ben Thatcher (footballer)
Alison Williamson (Archer - Olympic Bronze medalist)
References
External links
Idsall school
Secondary schools in Shropshire
Academies in Shropshire
Shifnal
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3992900
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Satan%20Bug%20%28novel%29
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The Satan Bug (novel)
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The Satan Bug is a first-person narrative thriller novel written by Scottish author Alistair MacLean. It was originally published in 1962 under the pseudonym Ian Stuart, and later republished under MacLean's own name.
Plot
The story revolves around the theft of two germ warfare agents, botulinum toxin and the indestructible "Satan Bug" (a laboratory-conceived derivative of poliovirus), from the Mordon Microbiological Research Establishment (similar to Porton Down). There is no vaccine for the "Satan Bug" and it is so infectious that any release will rapidly destroy all human life on Earth. With these phials of unstoppable power, a mad "environmentalist" threatens the country's population unless Mordon is razed to the ground.
Like other of MacLean's works, the plot involves layers of deception. The first-person narrator, Pierre Cavell, is initially presented as an embittered figure who has been successively fired for insubordination from the British Army, the Metropolitan Police Service, and finally from Mordon. Cavell is called in by former colleagues at Special Branch after being "tested" with a bribe to ensure that he is still honest. The novel gradually reveals that for the past 16 years Cavell has in fact been working for "the General", apparently a senior intelligence director and Cavell's father-in-law, and that these thefts are the culmination of a series of security breaches at Mordon that Cavell and the General have been investigating for at least a year.
During the theft the current head of security is killed with a cyanide-laced sweet, presumably given to him by an insider he trusted. A variety of scientists and support staff come under suspicion, and it emerges that several of them have been coerced by blackmail or kidnapping to help the principal villain, without knowing his identity. The villain releases botulinum toxin over an evacuated area of East Anglia, killing hundreds of livestock and proving that his threat to use the Satan Bug should be taken seriously. He takes Cavell's wife, Mary, hostage and sets off to London to blackmail the British government by threatening to release the "Satan Bug" in the City of London's financial district. The villain uses his hostage to capture Cavell and several police officers and attempts to kill them with botulinum toxin. Cavell escapes, though one constable is poisoned and dies rapidly. (For dramatic purposes this is from convulsions like nerve agent or strychnine poisoning, rather than the slower paralysis and respiratory failure usually associated with botulism.)
Cavell uses Interpol to discover the villain's true identity and infers that the villain's London plan is really to cause the City of London to be evacuated, allowing a criminal gang time to break into and rob major banks and then escape by helicopter. After losing a fight on board the aircraft, the villain explains his motives and jumps to his death, leaving the remaining phials of agent unbreached.
Release details
1962, UK
1962, US, Scribner's, hardback
Theatrical adaptation
The novel was loosely adapted as a 1965 film, directed by John Sturges, with James Clavell contributing to the screenplay. The film starred George Maharis, Richard Basehart and Anne Francis.
References
External links
Book review at AlistairMacLean.com
Internet Movie Database
Novels by Alistair MacLean
1962 British novels
British spy novels
Works published under a pseudonym
British novels adapted into films
William Collins, Sons books
Biological weapons in popular culture
First-person narrative novels
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3992903
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrcher%20Oberland
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Zürcher Oberland
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The Zürcher Oberland ("Zurich highlands") in Switzerland, is the hilly south-eastern part of the canton of Zurich, bordering on the Toggenburg, including the districts of Uster, Hinwil, Pfäffikon as well as the Töss Valley as far as the district of Winterthur. The territory gradually fell under the control of the city of Zurich from 1408 to 1452. In the 18th century, the jurisdiction lay with the reeve of Grüningen for the southern part, and with the reeve of Kyburg for the northern part together with most of the Zürcher Unterland.
Municipalities: Bäretswil - Bauma - Bubikon - Dürnten-Tann - Fällanden -Fehraltorf - Fischenthal - Gossau - Greifensee - Grüningen - Hinwil - Hittnau - Kyburg - Maur - Mönchaltorf - Pfäffikon - Russikon - Rüti - Schlatt - Seegräben - Sternenberg - Turbenthal - Uster - Volketswil - Wald - Weisslingen - Wetzikon - Wila - Wildberg - Zell.
Notable tourist destinations are primarily hiking and cycling, among many others the Pfäffikersee and Greifensee lakes, Bachtel mountain and Tösstal valley as well as the Pfannenstiel region, Jucker Farm, Aathal Dinosaur Museum, some notable medieval castles (Bubikon, Kyburg, Greifensee, Uster, Rapperswil), economic history museums and other monuments as well as the nearby Zürichsee region around Rapperswil.
External links
(ZVV) destinations, S-Bahn Zürich
Zürich Oberland Tourismus
References
Geography of the canton of Zürich
Regions of Switzerland
Highlands
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5386057
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20C.%20Goodman
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John C. Goodman
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John C. Goodman (born 22 May 1946) is president and CEO of the Goodman institute for Public Policy Research, a think tank focused on public policy issues. He was the founding chief executive of the National Center for Policy Analysis, which operated from 1982 to 2017. He is a senior fellow at the Independent Institute. The Wall Street Journal and The National Journal have called Goodman the "father of Health Savings Accounts."
Goodman received a Ph.D. in economics from Columbia University in 1977 and has taught and done research at Columbia, Stanford, Dartmouth, Southern Methodist University, and the University of Dallas.
In 1983, he founded the National Center for Policy Analysis (NCPA), a think tank that was the source of such policy ideas as Health Savings Accounts, Roth IRAs, automatic employer enrollment in 401(k) plans and allowing seniors to continue working without penalty after they begin receiving Social Security benefits.
In his 2012 book Priceless: Curing the Healthcare Crisis, Goodman asserts that empowering both patients and caregivers to control healthcare decisions produces greater patient satisfaction at substantially lower costs. The book emphasizes the importance that patients, payers, and providers each operate according to economic incentives that encourage them consider both the costs and benefits of care, innovate to improve outcomes and lower costs, and provide subsidies that do not arbitrarily benefit one group (like workers at companies that provide insurance) at the expense of other groups (like workers at companies that do not).
He regularly briefs members of Congress on economic policy and testifies before congressional committees. He is author and co-author of 15 books and more than 50 published studies on such topics as health policy, tax reform and school choice. He has addressed more than 100 different organizations on public policy issues.
He writes a column for Forbes and an occasional weekend column for Townhall. He has appeared 23 times on C-Span.
Early history
Born on May 22, 1946, Goodman grew up in Waco, Texas. In high school, he won several statewide tournaments. This experience served him later in life when he became a TV debating partner of conservative polemicist William F. Buckley.
He attended college at the University of Texas in Austin, where he became involved in campus politics and was elected vice president of the student body. The following year he lost the race for president to Lloyd Doggett, who later served as a senior Democratic member of the House of Representatives. University of Texas student politics was a training ground for such politicians as Texas governors Allan Shivers and John Connally.
After college, Goodman enrolled in the graduate economics program at Columbia University, where he earned a PhD. He credits his experience with campus politics as vital to shaping his Columbia University dissertation—which used tools of economics to explain political outcomes. Among the faculty who gave him guidance were three Nobel Prize winners – Robert Mundell, Edmund Phelps and William Vickrey.
Goodman's impossibility theorem
Goodman's dissertation was entitled The Market for Coercion: A Neoclassical Theory of the State. It was in the field of public choice, which merges economics and political science. As the term "neoclassical" suggests, the dissertation used marginal analysis—which was a radical departure from the voting models favored by public choice theorists James Buchanan and Gordon Tullock and their followers, on the one hand, and University of Chicago economist George Stigler's "regulatory capture" theory, on the other.
With his colleague Phil Porter, Goodman published three articles extending the theory to the fields of regulation, the production of public goods, and welfare economics. Their article on regulation won the prestigious Duncan Black Prize awarded by the Public Choice Society in 1989.
An important issue in public choice economics is whether a stable equilibrium exists. In traditional voting models it typically does not. Yet Goodman showed that in a neoclassical model the conditions for stable equilibrium are easy to satisfy.
Three other departures from previous thinking were also important.
Groups, not individuals, as the unit of account
Every law and every regulation tends to have winners and losers. Both groups have a self-interest in either supporting or opposing the change. However, the passage of a law is a "public good" for those who support it and a "public bad" for those who oppose it. In either case, individuals benefit from their group's success, whether or not they contribute to the effort.
A well-known proposition in public finance holds that if all behavior is voluntary, public goods will tend to be underproduced. In politics, this means that the effort groups make to secure political goals will always understate the true value they place on achieving those goals. The reason is that each individual has an incentive to be a free rider, contributing little or no effort while hoping that others will contribute a lot.
The groups that are most successful in overcoming the free rider problems and securing more effort from their members are the groups that are the most successful in the political system.
Note: an individual may be member of several different groups, including groups that oppose each other. For example, an auto worker might pay dues to a union that supports higher tariffs on car imports. But as a buyer of cars, he may pay dues to an auto club that opposes them. In his role as a producer he is a member of a pro-tariff group. In his role as a consumer, he is a member of an anti-tariff group. What matters most is the behavior of groups as groups, not the behavior of individual members.
Political equilibrium
Imagine a political system in which the laws change every week. One week we might have a tariff on auto imports; the next week it's gone; the week after that it's back again. That would describe a system with no political equilibrium. By contrast, equilibrium exists if the tariff tends to stay the same from week to week until there is a fundamental change in one of the parameters of the system.
Goodman not only showed that the neoclassical approach realistically models stable political systems, he also identified what an equilibrium must look like. Continuing with the tariff example, the marginal effort the proponents are willing to make to secure a small increase in the tariff must equal the marginal effort the opponents are willing to make to oppose it. These efforts could be in the form of votes, campaign contributions, etc., and the kind of effort that is possible will differ from system to system. Any deviation from this condition means that the decision maker risks being replaced by a rival, who can gain an advantage by supporting the set of equilibrium policies over the deviation.
Political prices
The third innovation was to decompose the equilibrium condition. The marginal effort that producers are willing to make to secure a slightly higher tariff is the marginal economic benefit they expect multiplied times the effort they are willing to make per dollar of benefit. On the other side, the marginal effort consumers are willing to make to oppose the change is the marginal economic cost they expect to avoid multiplied times their effort per dollar of benefit. These effort-benefit ratios are the "political prices" proponents and opponents of the change are willing to "pay."
Social welfare economics teaches that public policies are optimal when marginal social benefit equals marginal social cost. But that can only happen if the political prices are the same on either side of every political issue. Ordinarily we would expect people to spend a dollar to get a dollar. But for reasons given above, people will understate the value they place on policy changes and in the general case they will understate it a lot.
Because of differences in organization costs, information costs, and many other factors, we would never expect the effort-benefit ratios of two opposing groups to be the same. Furthermore, Goodman and Porter discovered that small differences in political prices lead to large welfare losses for society as a whole—much larger, for example, than what we would ordinarily expect to find in the private sector. That leads to:
Goodman’s Theorem: Since the conditions for optimality will almost never hold in any political system, optimal government is in principle impossible.
If the political price milk producers are willing to pay is greater than the political price offered by the consumers of milk, we will get milk price supports. If the price sugar growers are willing to pay is higher than the one offered by sugar consumers, we will get sugar quotas. We get bad government, or "government failure," not because of bad leaders. We get bad government because of inequality in the political prices opposing groups are willing to pay to obtain benefits and avoid costs in the political system.
Health economics
Goodman's interest in health economics began with his study of the British National Health Service. It was the first time anyone had used public choice theory to explain all the major features of British medicine. He followed with a study of the 150-year history of the suppression of markets in health care at the urging of the American Medical Association. Regulation of who could practice medicine, regulation of medical schools, regulation of hospitals and regulation of health insurance all followed the AMA agenda, according to the study.
In 1992, Goodman wrote Patient Power with Gerald Musgrave. The book shaped right-of-center thinking on health policy—from Newt Gingrich to Paul Ryan—for many years. Its thesis: patients should be empowered in the medical marketplace the way consumers are empowered in other markets. This ran counter to the thinking in virtually all health policy circles, however. The dominant view at the time was adherence to managed care, under which decisions are made by experts, typically following formal practice guidelines.
In Priceless (2013), Goodman's approach to health economics was even more radical. He portrayed the health care system as a complex system that cannot be understood with conventional economic tools such as supply and demand curves. In doing so, he rejected the approach of every major health economics textbook on the market. Even so, the book won praise from people in and out of government and across the political spectrum—including Peter Orszag, who was chief economist for President Barack Obama at the time.
Health Savings Accounts
Goodman's most important policy success has been the adoption of Health Savings Accounts (HSAs). They allow people to manage some of their own health care dollars in tax-free accounts. The idea was first introduced to the public policy community in Patient Power, but HSAs were initially opposed by every major health and business lobby. For that reason, they did not become available to most Americans until 12 years later—in 2004. As of 2016, 40 million American families had HSAs. A majority of large employers now offer high-deductible health plans, with savings accounts attached, to their employees and these types of plans are the fastest growing product in the health insurance marketplace.
The RAND Corporation says HSA plans can cut the cost of health insurance by up to 30%, with no adverse health effects—even for the most vulnerable populations. More than half of all private health plans in South Africa are Medical Savings Account plans. Singapore has an extensive system of "medisave" accounts. There are also health savings accounts in China.
Under current tax law, employer deposits to HSAs are treated the same as employer payment of health insurance premiums—they are excluded from the employee's taxable income. However, under Obamacare people receive fixed-sum tax credits to buy their insurance and most Republican Obamacare replacement plans also use tax credits.
In an article in Health Affairs, Goodman and Wharton health economist Mark Pauly argued that the right way to subsidize health insurance for everyone is with a tax credit. Further, they showed that a Roth HSA, with after-tax deposits and tax free withdraws, is the right account to combine with the credit.
Today's tax law places rigid restrictions on how HSAs can be used. For example, there must be an across-the-board deductible, covering all medical expenses. However, Goodman now argues that accounts should have no deductibles or copayments. For example, employees could be given an account from which to manage all primary care. Diabetics and patients with other chronic conditions could manage their own budgets along with incentives to manage their own care.
Repealing one law, blocking another
In 1989, a series of NCPA studies of taxes on the elderly led to the repeal of the Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act, an attempt to extend drug coverage to Medicare beneficiaries. This was the first repeal of a major federal welfare program in more than 100 years. Nobel Laureate Milton Friedman, the editors of The Wall Street Journal and many others credited Goodman and his coauthors with the change, citing NCPA studies and its communications efforts as the primary reasons for the policy reversal.
In 1994, Hillary Clinton failed in a major effort to reform the health care system. In his book Whitewash: What the Media Won’t Tell You About Hillary Clinton, Brent Bozell says that Goodman was one of three people who were most responsible for the defeat of Hillary Care. (The other two were Sen. Phil Gramm and commentator Bill Kristol.)
Reforming the health care system
Health reform has been an enduring interest for Goodman. In Characteristics of an Ideal Health Care System, he identified ten ways in which government policies were creating the very problems many reformers want to solve. In Designing Ideal Health Insurance, he showed how public policies were preventing the insurance market from meeting people's needs. In the Journal of Legal Medicine, he argued for a do-no-harm approach—under which government policies that are causing problems would be repealed and replaced before any other reforms are considered.
One of Goodman's reform ideas is to replace all the ways government currently subsidizes health insurance through tax and spending programs with a universal, refundable tax credit—essentially giving every citizen a fixed number of dollars for health insurance. That idea was elaborated with Mark Pauly in Health Affairs and it became the core health insurance plan endorsed by John McCain in his presidential run against Barack Obama in 2008. The legislative version of the McCain approach was introduced by Tom Coburn and Richard Burr in the Senate and Paul Ryan and Devon Nunes in the House of Representatives.
Reforming Obamacare
In an article at the Health Affairs Blog, Goodman argued that there were six major problems in the Affordable Care Act that will not go away without major reform. For example, the first problem is that people are being required to buy a health plan whose cost is expected to grow at twice the rate of growth of their income. These ideas were expanded into A Better Choice, a monograph published by the Independent Institute.
Beginning in 2015, Goodman helped House Rules Committee Chairman Pete Sessions (R-TX) and Sen. Bill Cassidy (R-LA) develop a replacement plan for Obamacare. The plan calls for a universal tax credit for health insurance, personal and portable health insurance for employees and a flexible Roth HSA. In a post at the Health Affairs Blog, Sessions, Cassidy and Goodman argue that their plan is not only better than Obamacare, it would create universal coverage.
Other public policy achievements
With the help of Madsen Pirie and Eamonn Butler at the Adam Smith Institute in London, Goodman introduced Margaret Thatcher's 22 techniques of privatization into the United States, leading to increases in privatization at the state and local level. The effort was helped by the publication of two NCPA books: Madsen Pirie's Dismantling the State: The Theory And Practice of Privatization and John Goodman's Privatization.
He organized the first report card on public schools in the United States—ranking them based on the performance of students on standardized tests. In response, NCPA board member Pat Rooney started the first private voucher program, leading to many similar efforts across the country.
With Richard Rahn, chief economist for the US Chamber of Commerce, Goodman produced five pro-growth tax ideas that became the tax policy core of the 1994 Contract with America. These ideas included the Roth IRA and allowing seniors to keep working beyond the retirement age without losing their Social Security benefits—ideas that later became law.
With Peter Orszag (then at the Brookings Institution), Goodman helped reform the 401(k) law so that employers can now automatically enroll their employees in plans with diversified portfolios.
Other public policy ideas
Goodman's other contributions to public policy include:
His essay on "Classical Liberalism" has become viral on the Internet, providing a one-of-its-kind explanation of the political philosophy that dominated the 19th Century.
His proposal for a "progressive flat tax" in Forbes represents a novel way of bringing the right and left together on tax reform.
His proposal for radical reform of the US banking system (with Laurence Kotlikoff) in the New Republic called for 100% reserves for all credit market institutions as a way of preventing future financial crises.
His proposal to let people allocate their own welfare tax dollars has had a lot of appeal in conservative circles. In a version of the idea, 17 states now allow a dollar-for-dollar reduction in taxes for contributions to private schools and charter schools.
His case for school choice, presented in a classic debate at Howard University, was published in the Howard Law Review.
His work with Thomas Saving and Andrew Rettenmaier (Texas A & M) has produced a proposal for privatizing Medicare, similar to previous proposals for privatizing Social Security.
His "enterprise program" proposal to allow businesses that provide essential services to low-income customers to avoid many government regulations—including occupational licensing—has proved appealing, both to the right and the left.
His proposal to replace medical malpractice law with no-fault compensation has been proposed in Georgia and Florida.
Television debates
Goodman appeared about two dozen times as a guest on William F. Buckley's PBS Firing Line program in the 1990s. About a half dozen of these were two-hour debates that pitted Goodman, Buckley and two colleagues against four opponents. They covered such topics as the flat tax, school vouchers, Social Security privatization, Health Savings Accounts and privatizing the welfare state. This was the first time these ideas had ever been aired on national television.
Buckley and Goodman were joined by such debating partners as former Delaware Governor Pete du Pont, former Treasury Secretary Pete Peterson, Senator Phil Gramm, economist Thomas Sowell and California Governor Jerry Brown (arguing for the flat tax). The opposing sides included former presidential candidate George McGovern, Senator Jay Rockefeller, MIT economist Lester Thurow, Nobel Laurate Kenneth Arrow and TV commentator Susan Estrich.
Firing Line's producer, Warren Steibel, later produced another TV program called Debates/Debates. Goodman served as team captain on many of those programs.
Publications
The Regulation of Medical Care: Is the Price Too High? (Cato public policy research monograph) (1980)
National Health Care in Great Britain (1980)
Social Security in the United Kingdom: Contracting Out of the System (Aei Studies, 335) (1981)
Economics of Public Policy: The Micro View, with Edwin G. Dolan (1985)
Privatization. (1985) National Center for Policy Analysis.
Fighting the War of Ideas in Latin America, with Ramona Marotz-Baden (1990)
Patient Power: Solving America's Health Care Crisis (1992)
Patient Power: The Free-Enterprise Alternative to Clinton's Health Plan, with Gerald L. Musgrave (1993)
Economics of Public Policy, with Edwin G. Dolan (1995)
Lives at Risk: Single-Payer National Health Insurance Around the World, with Gerald L. Musgrave, Devon M. Herrick and Milton Friedman (2004)
·Leaving Women Behind: Modern Families, Outdated Laws. (2005) With Kimberley Strassel and Celeste Cogan. Rowman & Littlefield
·Handbook on State Health Reform. (2007) National Center for Policy Analysis
·Living with ObamaCare: A Consumer’s Guide. (2014) National Center for Policy Analysis.
A Better Choice: Healthcare Solutions for America Independent Institute (2015)
References
External links
Living people
American libertarians
American political writers
American male non-fiction writers
Health economists
1946 births
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3992949
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argus%20%E2%80%93%20Audit%20Record%20Generation%20and%20Utilization%20System
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Argus – Audit Record Generation and Utilization System
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Argus – the Audit Record Generation and Utilization System is the first implementation of network flow monitoring, and is an ongoing open source network flow monitor project. Started by Carter Bullard in 1984 at Georgia Tech, and developed for cyber security at Carnegie Mellon University in the early 1990s, Argus has been an important contributor to Internet cyber security technology over its 30 years. .
The Argus Project is focused on developing all aspects of large scale network situational awareness and network audit trail establishment in support of Network Operations (NetOps), Performance and Security Management. Motivated by the telco Call detail record (CDR), Argus attempts to generate network metadata that can be used to perform a large number of network management tasks. Argus is used by many universities, corporations and government entities including US DISA, DoD, DHS, FFRDCs, GLORIAD and is a Top 100 Internet Security Tool. Argus is designed to be a real-time situational awareness system, and its data can be used to track, alarm and alert on wire-line network conditions. The data can also be used to establish a comprehensive audit of all network traffic, as described in the Red Book, US DoD NCSC-TG-005, supplementing traditional Intrusion detection system (IDS) based network security. The audit trail is traditionally used as historical network traffic measurement data for network forensics and Network Behavior Anomaly Detection (NBAD). Argus has been used extensively in cybersecurity, end-to-end performance analysis, and more recently, software-defined networking (SDN) research. Argus has also been a topic in network management standards development. RMON (1995) and IPFIX (2001).
Argus is composed of an advanced comprehensive network flow data generator, the Argus monitor, which processes packets (either capture files or live packet data) and generates detailed network traffic flow status reports of all the flows in the packet stream. Argus monitors all network traffic, data plane, control plane and management plane, not just Internet Protocol (IP) traffic. Argus captures much of the packet dynamics and semantics of each flow, with a great deal of data reduction, so you can store, process, inspect and analyze large amounts of network data efficiently. Argus provides reachability, availability, connectivity, duration, rate, load, good-put, loss, jitter, retransmission (data networks), and delay metrics for all network flows, and captures most attributes that are available from the packet contents, such as Layer 2 addresses, tunnel identifiers (MPLS, GRE, IPsec, etc...), protocol ids, SAP's, hop-count, options, L4 transport identification (RTP detection), host flow control indications, etc... Argus has implemented a number of packet dynamics metrics specifically designed for cyber security. Argus detects human typing behavior in any flow, but of particular interest is key-stroke detection in encrypted SSH tunnels. and Argus generates the Producer Consumer Ratio (PCR) which indicates whether a network entity is a data producer and/or consumer, an important property when evaluating the potential for a node to be involved in an Advanced persistent threat (APT) mediated exfiltration.
Argus is an Open Source (GPL) project, owned and managed by QoSient, LLC, and has been ported to most operating systems and many hardware accelerated platforms, such as Bivio, Pluribus, Arista, and Tilera. The software should be portable to many other environments with little or no modifications. Performance is such that auditing an entire enterprise's Internet activity can be accomplished using modest computing resources.
Supported platforms
Linux: Unix operating system running the Linux kernel
Solaris: Unix operating system developed by Sun Microsystems
BSD: Unix operating system family (FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD)
OS X: Unix operating system developed by Apple Inc.
IRIX: Unix operating system developed by Silicon Graphics
AIX, Unix operating system developed by IBM
Windows, (under Cygwin) operating system developed by Microsoft
OpenWrt: Unix operation system running the Linux kernel on embedded devices
References
External links
Argus website
Network flow problem
Network analyzers
Network performance
Software performance management
Packets (information technology)
Internet Protocol based network software
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3992955
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salahaddin%20University-Erbil
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Salahaddin University-Erbil
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Salahaddin University-Erbil (Zankoy Selaheddîn-hewler, زانکۆی سەلاحەدین-هەولێر in Kurdish) is one of the public higher education institution in the North of Iraq and especially in Kurdistan region. It is located in Erbil (Hewler), capital of the autonomous Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Sulaimani University-Sulaimani was established in 1968. It was moved to Erbil in 1981 and changed its name to Salaheddin university. Initially, the university included seven Academic Colleges: Science, Agriculture, Engineering, Administration, Arts, Education, and Medicine. In 1985, a college of Law and Politics was added, followed by the college of Dentistry in 1995. Several more were established in the following years so that by 2004, the university offered courses in 22 departments. In 2005, the departments of Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing, and Pharmacy split from Salahaddin University to establish Hawler Medical University.
The University is a member of the International Association of Universities (listed under the Iraq section with its Kurdish name Zankoy Salahaddin) and grants various academic degrees and certificates to qualified individuals, including Bachelor of Arts (BA), Bachelor of Science (BSc), Master of Arts (MA), Master of Science (MSc), and Doctorate of Philosophy (PhD). A Medical degree (MD) is also granted by the Medical College.
Faculties and colleges
College of Science
College of Engineering
College of Agriculture Engineering Sciences
College of Education
College of Arts
College of Languages
College of Administration and Economics
College of Law
College of Political Science
College of Basic Education
College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences
College of Islamic Studies
College of Fine Arts
College of Shaqlawa Education
College of Makhmoor Education
Child Universities
Hawler Medical University (Erbil city)
Soran University (Soran city)
Notable alumni
The university has more than 100,000 alumni, including Nawzad Hadi, The Governor of Erbil, Yousif Mohammed, The President of Kurdistan Parliament, and Nouri al-Maliki, ex-Prime Minister of Iraq.
References
External links
Official Salahaddin University website
Buildings and structures in Erbil
Universities in Kurdistan Region (Iraq)
Educational institutions established in 1968
1968 establishments in Iraq
Public universities
Erbil
University-Erbil
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3992975
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mansion%20of%20Happiness
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The Mansion of Happiness
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The Mansion of Happiness: An Instructive Moral and Entertaining Amusement is a children's board game inspired by Christian morality. Players race about a 66-space spiral track depicting virtues and vices with their goal being the Mansion of Happiness at track's end. Instructions upon virtue spaces advance players toward the goal while those upon vice spaces force them to retreat.
The Mansion of Happiness was designed by George Fox, a children's author and game designer in England. The first edition, printed in gold ink "containing real gold" using one copperplate engraving and black ink using a second copper plate engraving, produced a few hundred copies. Water coloring was used to complete the game board, making a brilliant, colorful, and expensive product fit for the nobility. Later in 1800, a second edition was printed, probably for rich but common folk. Only one copper plate was used to print black ink and no water coloring was used. The game must have become quite popular in England as a third edition was printed using two copper plates, one for black, and the second for green lines to indicate blank spaces. Water colors were added to make a beautiful product. Laurie and Whittle published all three editions in 1800. On all three editions George Fox was listed as the inventor and the game honored the Duchess of York. In the first edition, gold not only added color and price but homage to royalty. In all three editions, the paper was glued to linen so it could fold up and be inserted into a heavy attractively labeled cardboard case.
W. & S. B. Ives published the game in the United States in Salem, Massachusetts on November 24, 1843. It was republished by Parker Brothers in 1894 after George S. Parker & Co. bought the rights to the Ives games. The republication claimed The Mansion of Happiness was the first board game published in the United States of America; today, however, the distinction is awarded to Lockwood's Travellers' Tour games of 1822. The popularity of The Mansion of Happiness and similar moralistic board games was challenged in the last decades of the 19th century when the focus of games became materialistic and competitive capitalistic behavior.
Context
With the industrialization and urbanization of the United States in the early 19th century, the American middle class experienced an increase in leisure time. The home gradually lost its traditional role as the center of economic production and became the locus of leisure activities and education under the supervision of mothers. As a result, the demand increased for children's board games emphasizing literacy and Christian principles, morals, and values. Advances in papermaking and printing technology during the era made the publication of inexpensive board games possible, and the technological invention of chromolithography made colorful board games a welcome addition to the parlor tabletop.
One of the earliest children's board games published in America was The Mansion of Happiness (1843), "the progenitor of American board games". Like other children's games that followed in its wake, The Mansion of Happiness was based on the Puritan world view that Christian virtue and deeds were assurances of happiness and success in life. Even game mechanics were influenced by the Puritan view. A spinner or a top-like teetotum, for instance, was utilized in children's board games rather than dice, which were then associated with Satan and gambling. While the Puritan view forbade game playing on the Sabbath, The Mansion of Happiness and similar games with high moral content would have been permitted for children in more liberal households.
In 1860, Milton Bradley developed a radically different concept of success in The Checkered Game of Life, the first American board game rewarding players for worldly ventures such as attending college, being elected to Congress, and getting rich. Virtue became a means to an end rather than an end in itself. Daily life was the focus of the game with secular virtues such as thrift, ambition, and neatness receiving more emphasis than religious virtues. Indeed, the only suggestion of religion in Bradley's game was the marriage altar. The Checkered Game of Life was wildly popular, selling 40,000 copies in its first year.
Protestant America gradually began viewing the accumulation of material goods and the cultivation of wealth as signs of God's blessing, and, with the decade of economic expansion and optimism in the 1880s, wealth became the defining characteristic of American success. Protestant values shifted from virtuous Christian living to values based on materialism and competitive, capitalist behavior. Being a good Christian and a successful capitalist were not incompatible. Dice lost their taint during the period, and replaced teetotums in games.
In a twist on The Mansion of Happiness, McLoughlin Brothers and Parker Brothers released several games in the late 1880s based on the then-popular Algeresque rags to riches theme. Games such as Game of the District Messenger Boy, or Merit Rewarded, Messenger Boy, Game of the Telegraph Boy, and The Office Boy allowed players to emulate the successful capitalist. Players began these games as company underlings, newbies, or gofers, and, with luck, won the game with a seat in the President's Office (rather than a seat in Heaven, as in The Mansion of Happiness) or as Head of the Firm. In Parker Brothers' The Office Boy, spaces designating carelessness, inattentiveness, and dishonesty sent the player back on the track while spaces designating capability, earnestness, and honesty advanced him toward the goal. Such games reflected the belief that the enterprising American – regardless of his background, humble or privileged – would be rewarded under the American capitalist system, and insinuated that success was equated with increased social status via the accumulation of wealth.
Wealth and goods became game rewards during the last decades of the 19th century with the winner of McLoughlin Brothers' The Game of Playing Department Store, for instance, being the player who carefully spent his money accumulating the most goods in a department store. Bulls and Bears: The Great Wall St. Game promised players they would feel like "speculators, bankers, and brokers", and the 1885 catalog advertisement for McLoughlin Brothers Monopolist informed the interested, "On this board the great struggle between Capital and Labor can be fought out to the satisfaction of all parties, and, if the players are successful, they can break the Monopolist and become Monopolists themselves".
Game play
The Mansion of Happiness is a roll-and-move track board game, and, typical of such games, the object is to be the first player to reach the goal at the end of the board's track, here called The Mansion of Happiness (Heaven). Centrally located on the board, the goal pictures happy men and women making music and dancing before a house and garden. To reach The Mansion of Happiness, the player spins a teetotum and races around a sixty-six space spiral track depicting various virtues and vices.
Instructions upon spaces depicting virtues move the player closer to The Mansion of Happiness while spaces depicting vices send the player back to the pillory, the House of Correction, or prison, and thus, further from The Mansion of Happiness. Sabbath-breakers are sent to the whipping post. The vice of Pride sends a player back to Humility, and the vice of Idleness to Poverty. The game's rules noted:
Design and publication
The Mansion of Happiness was published in many forms, first in England, then in the United States. It was designed by George Fox and published as a linen game board that folded into a hard cover booklet. Laurie and Whittles published three editions of the game in 1800, and a Laurie relative published it in England again in 1851.
It was first published in the United States by W. & S.B. Ives in Salem, Massachusetts on November 25, 1843. Their game was a folding game board with a cloth and cardboard pocket attached to the bottom of the game board along its edge. In the pocket were the rules, implements, and teetotum. Its teetotum was an ivory dowel sharpened to a point at the bottom end inserted in an octagonal ivory plate. This type of teetotum was referred to as a pin and plate teetotum.
When board games were published in 1843, morality was the most important aspect of the game. Since dice were called "the bones of the Devil" because they were used to determine which Roman soldier would keep Christ's loin cloth, teetotums were used instead. There were many different printings of Ives' The Mansion of Happiness.
FIRST EDITION:
The first two print runs used Thayer and Company lithographers, with one litho stone for the color and the other for printing black on the white paper stock. Because the paper of the 1840s through the 1890s included a lavish amount of fiber, often taken from mummy wrappings, it would not fade or decompose like the wood pulp paper used today. The first print run copied the Laurie and Whittles game. Laurie and Whittles used gold ink. Thayer mixed his ink to look gold but it really was a goldish brown. Like Laurie and Whittles game, Thayer used an octagonal end space.
SECOND EDITION:
In Thayer's second print run, in 1844, he used the same litho stones as used in the first edition. Green was used instead of goldish brown and the endspace remained an octagon. By September 24, 1844, between 3000 and 4000 of the Thayer printed games were sold by its publishers, W. &. S.B. Ives.
THIRD EDITION:
By the fall of 1844, Thayer left the lithography business and was replaced by John Bufford, a lithographer who worked for Thayer in Boston from 1939 through 1844. Previously, from 1835 through 1839, Bufford owned his own firm in New York under the title Bufford Lithographer. By the end of 1844 through 1851, the Boston company name was changed to J. H. Bufford & Co. The next, third edition, listed Bufford Lithographer so the third edition must have been printed after the beginning of the fall of 1844 but before the end of 1844. J. H. Bufford & Co. printed other Ives' games but this third edition of Ives' The Mansion Of Happiness is the only Ives' game to list Bufford Lithographer. Green was again used on one of the litho stones but the end space was a green circle. The other litho stone printed black.
FOURTH EDITION:
Thayer then returned to his business in 1847. Ives needed another print run of The Mansion Of Happiness that year. So Thayer needed two new litho stones, resulting in the fourth edition. Thayer again printed one color in black and one color in green and changed the endspace back to a green octagon. The entire game board looked different from his first two print runs. Thayer's first and second edition litho stones were either no longer usable or ground down and redrawn for other lithographs. On the new "black printing" litho stone the position of "Thayer and Company Lithographers" was moved. The new "green printing" litho stone not only included green printing for unnamed spaces but also for corner decorations and to highlight the beginning of the banner.
FIFTH EDITION:
Another Thayer edition was needed between 1847 and 1853, so splitting the difference results in 1850. We know this because the lithography is different from the 1847 edition. The "green printing" litho stone had apparently been damaged or over used so the green printing at the beginning of the banner was removed.
SIXTH EDITION:
Yet another Thayer printrun was needed in early 1853. Thayer was about to leave his Boston business for the final time, but finished the job for the Ives firm. This sixth edition resulted from another need to redraw the green printing litho stone. Green was removed from the banner and corners, and, only the blank spaces were printed in green.
SEVENTH EDITION:
When Thayer left, his brother-in-law, S. W. Chandler took over the business in late 1853. so a seventh edition was needed by the beginning of 1854. Two new litho stones were made. Chandler printed black using one stone and green with the other. The endspace was changed back to a green circle. There are at least two known copies of the Chandler edition, one was owned by deceased game historian Lee Dennis. Another is owned by a charter member of The American Game Collectors Association.
EIGHTH EDITION:
William and Stephen Bradshaw Ives dissolved their partnership on April 24, 1854. William then put most of his time managing his newspaper, The Salem Observer. Stephen Bradshaw held the copyrights for the games and started a fancy goods importing business in Boston while overseeing the Salem business owned by a partnership of his youngest son, Henry P. Ives, and Henry's partner, Augustus Smith at the same business location. A new Mansion Of Happiness print run was needed but Chandler was no longer in business, With control of the copyright, the Ives family chose lithographer F.F. Oakleys. Consequently, Ives and Smith could sell The Mansion Of Happiness in Salem but had no right to the copyright. F. F. Oakleys needed to two new litho stones so the eighth edition was created. One stone was used to print black and the other to print green. The circle endspace was retained. In addition to continue publishing The Mansion of Happiness, H. P. Ives and A. A. Weeks published at least two new games: Experts and Tournament & Knighthood.
NINTH EDITION:
By December 21, 1860, Henry P. Ives bought out A. A. Smith to obtain the business. A. A. Smith then partnered with G. M. Whipple to form another bookstore and publishing business where they published The Game of Authors. Henry P. Ives continued to publish The Mansion of Happiness using other lithographers, including Taylor & Adams of Boston in 1864, Henry P. Ives was free to publish The Mansion Of Happiness and other Ives' games under his name, his brother's name, and his father's name.
TENTH EDITION:
In 1886, Henry P. Ives sold his remaining inventory to George S. Parker. George S. Parker reprinted the green cover label to read H. P. Ives, Geo. S. Parker & Co. and affixed this label to the back of the gameboard over the original H. P. Ives label. By 1888, Henry P. Ives sold all the game rights of the Ives family to Geo. S. Parker & Co., part of them in 1887 and the rest of them in 1888. The green printing and circle end space remained through different lithographers until 1886.
ELEVENTH EDITION:
Parker Brothers published the eleventh edition in 1894. They continued to print this 1894 edition well into the early 1900s.
TWELFTH EDITION:
McLoughlin Brothers of New York published their own edition in 1895, using different lithographs from the 1894 Parker Brothers edition, both on the game box cover and game board.
THIRTEENTH EDITION:
In 1926, Parker Brothers Inc. republished The Mansion of Happiness in its original form, with minor modification to game spaces. The game included the circular end space introduced by J. Bufford in the third edition. This sixth edition used a folding game board with a fabric and cardboard pocket on the back edge of the game board. The teetotum was made using a wood dowel and cardboard hexagon.
Misconceptions
Anne Wales Abbot was believed to be the designer of the Ives' game, The Mansion of Happines for over 145 years, from 1843 to 1989. She, however, did not design Ives The Mansion of Happiness but did design two other Ives' games: Dr. Busby and Master Rodbury and His Pupils.
As further proof, Anne Wales Abbot was busy designing The Game Of Racers for Crosby and Nichols of Boston, an Ives's competitor. According to The Salem Observer, The Game Of Racers went on sale in Salem, Massachusetts through J. P. Jewett on January 13, 1844. It went on sale in Boston even earlier. Abbot would have been working with Crosby and Nichols in Boston while the Ives firm published The Mansion Of Happiness.
The Mansion of Happiness was considered the first mass-produced board game in the United States for almost 100 years. In 1886, George S. Parker purchased some of Ives' inventory from Henry P. Ives, who had taken over the Ives' business. George had his own oversized green label printed and proceeded to glue it over the Ives label.
When the last of the Ives brothers died in 1888, board game titans Charles and George Parker purchased the rights to The Mansion of Happiness. In 1894, Parker Brothers republished The Mansion of Happiness in their new patented box. The game came with a cover on top of a box. The game board was attached to the top of the box and a drawer was added to the box for the implements and spinner. A teetotum was no longer needed as a metal pointer could be attached to a lithographed card using a pop rivet. The pointer could then spin around to produce a random number. The game board and box top were printed using lithography, making the game look like a work of art. Some of the vice spaces were removed (those depicting women engaged in immoral acts and behaviors), and men were substituted for women in the House of Correction. The game remained in the Parker Brothers catalog for thirty years, displaying the line, "The first board game ever published in America" on its box cover.
In 1895, the New York game firm of McLoughlin Brothers printed and published another version of The Mansion of Happiness. The McLoughlin version used even better artwork than the Parker Brothers version which makes it more valuable to collectors. The McLoughlin version used a game box with the game board attached to the inside bottom of the box. Implements and spinner were simply placed in the box.
The distinction of "the first published American board game" however is awarded today to The Travellers' Tour Through the United States published by New York book sellers F. & R. Lockwood in 1822. Because printing of game boards was more difficult in 1822 than 1843, the term mass market is a gray area. In 1822 reversed etched copper plates were used to print game boards. After the first 2,000 impressions, breaks quickly appeared in lines. Games were so expensive, the people who could afford them did not want game boards they could not read. By 1843, lithography with water color painting was popular. Lithography could easily produce 40,000 perfect impressions.
Legacy
With The Mansion Of Happiness published from 1800 in England to 1926 in The United States, it is the longest continuously published board game with a known designer, George Fox. That totals 126 years of continuous publication. The board games Chess, Draughts (Checkers), Go, and many other board games have been continuously published for a longer time, but the designer of these games is unknown.
References
Children's board games
History of board games
Board games introduced in the 1800s
Parker Brothers games
Race games
Roll-and-move board games
Tabletop games
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3992976
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agger%20%28river%29
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Agger (river)
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The Agger is a river in Germany, a right tributary of the Sieg in North Rhine-Westphalia. It is long. Its source is in the Sauerland hills, near Meinerzhagen. It winds through the towns Engelskirchen, Overath and Lohmar. Near Siegburg the Agger flows into the Sieg.
Tributaries
The following rivers are tributaries to the river Agger (from source to mouth):
Left: Rengse, Dörspe, Steinagger, Halstenbach, Wiehl, Kaltenbach, Loopebach, Schlingenbach, Lombach, Hohner Bach, Naafbach, Jabach, Auelsbach, Rothenbach
Right: Genkel, Seßmarbach, Rospebach, Strombach, Loper Bach, Walbach, Leppe, Oberscheider Bach, Sülz
See also
List of rivers of North Rhine-Westphalia
References
Rivers of North Rhine-Westphalia
Rivers of Germany
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3992978
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pararena
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Pararena
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Pararena is an action computer game for the Apple Macintosh computer originally written in 1990 by John Calhoun and released as shareware. Calhoun previously wrote the Macintosh game Glider.
In 1992, in association with Casady & Greene, Calhoun wrote version 2.0 of Pararena which had 16 color graphics and was then a commercial product.
Gameplay
It is a mouse-controlled ball game where two players compete on hoverboards in a parabolic arena with two "goals" on the sides. The objective is to gain scores by getting the ball into the other player's goal and, on the other hand, to protect one's own goal. The ball can be held for a while by squatting on it (holding the mouse button down) and then thrown to the current direction. If a player is tossed out of the arena still holding the ball, the player is charged with a foul and will respawn in a few seconds. Similarly, if the player throws the ball out of the arena, the player is charged with a foul and the ball will respawn. Each time a player amasses five fouls, the opponent is awarded with a point.
The game is situated in space and the two competing teams are called "Earth" and "Taygete".
Reception
Pararena was reviewed by Metthew Wilber who described the game as "one of the great hits that never was" praising "clean graphics, memorable characters" and "elegantly simple game play".
Legacy
On 27 Jan 2016, the source code, graphics, and sound data for Pararena were released on GitHub with the source code being licensed under the MIT license.
References
External links
The Vintage Mac Museum: Pararena Slideshows
Pararena download at the Macintosh Garden
1990 video games
Classic Mac OS-only games
Classic Mac OS games
Commercial video games with freely available source code
Free software
Software using the MIT license
Video games developed in the United States
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3992993
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heywood%20Manuscript
|
Heywood Manuscript
|
The Heywood Manuscript is a collection of handwritten copies of letters and poems of the Heywood family, and letters from their relatives and friends, which was completed in 1798, and to which some explanatory passages have been added. Most of the letters and poems are by Nessy and Peter Heywood, and the transcription and reproduction of their correspondence and poetry may have been instigated by Peter as a lasting monument to his sister Nessy, who had devoted herself to him and his release when he was imprisoned on HMS Hector awaiting his court-martial in connection with the Mutiny on the Bounty, and had died very young.
There are five known versions of the manuscript, which were produced for members of the Heywood family. Two are privately owned, the other three are in libraries:
Manx National Heritage Library, Heywood Manuscript [Acc No. 9519/1/1-186]
Newberry Library, Chicago, Nessy Heywood, Correspondence 1790-92 [Case MS E 5 .H 5078]
State Library of New South Wales, Mary Heywood, Letterbook [Microfilm : CY 2809].
The Manx National Heritage copy consists of a preface page with the name of the owner, E. C. Fleetwood, whose wife Elizabeth was Nessy's niece, and several unbound small books and additional loose leaves which are numbered from 1 to 397, and which include a total of 184 different documents. Some pages are missing, and the last 110 pages are blank. One poem is dated 1786, others have no date. Most of the documents are dated between 1790 and 1793 and deal with Peter’s alleged participation in the Mutiny on the Bounty and the court proceedings against the mutineers. In the early 20th century the manuscript was in the possession of A. R. Allinson, a relation of the Heywoods. In the 1920s it was sold to a private collector in London. Manx National Heritage obtained the Heywood Manuscript as well as letters and poems by Peter Heywood and returned them to the Isle of Man, when Bonhams in London auctioned off letters and manuscripts by members of the Bounty expedition in 1996.
In the library catalogue of the New South Wales State Library there is a note that the manuscript was possibly produced by Nessy's older sister, Mary Heywood. It is assumed that the inscription Mary Heywood on the first page is Mary’s handwriting. A second inscription Aunt to Bessie Fleetwood Castle Lawn Douglas suggests that Mary left the manuscript to her niece Elizabeth Fleetwood, the daughter of Mary's and Nessy's youngest brother Edwin Holwell.
References
Christiane Conway, Letters from the Isle of Man. Published by The Manx Experience, Isle of Man 2005, 182 pages.
External links
Letters of the Heywood Manuscript.
Letters (message)
18th-century manuscripts
18th-century poems
Mutiny on the Bounty
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3993004
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting%20Norway
|
Fighting Norway
|
Fighting Norway is a 10-minute 1943 Canadian documentary, part of the Canada Carries On series of short films produced by the National Film Board of Canada. The film was directed by Sydney Newman, one of a number of shorts that were intended for theatrical release.
Synopsis
The role of the free forces of occupied Norway during the Second World War is documented, especially the role of the Norwegian underground.
Canada offered haven to Norwegian troops at a "Little Norway" Norwegian Army Air Service/Royal Norwegian Air Force training camp in Ontario. The training of Norwegian air crew in Canada, and the relationships formed between servicemen of the two nations is emphasized.
Cast
Haakon VII as Himself (archive footage)
Vidkun Quisling as Himself (archive footage)
Production
Fighting Norway was produced in 1943, with financial backing from the Wartime Information Board. The documentary was created as a propaganda film during the Second World War, emphasizing the cooperation and collaboration of two allied countries.
The narrator was Lorne Greene, known for his work on both radio broadcasts as a news announcer at CBC as well as narrating many of the Canada Carries On series. His sonorous recitation led to his nickname, "The Voice of Canada", and to some observers, the "voice-of-God". When reading grim battle statistics or, as in Fighting Norway, narrating a particularly serious topic, he was "the Voice of Doom". Some of the stock footage used had previously been used in the British documentary All for Norway (1942).
Reception
As part of the Canada Carries On series, Fighting Norway was produced in 35 mm for the theatrical market. Each film was shown over a six-month period as part of the shorts or newsreel segments in approximately 800 theatres across Canada. The NFB had an arrangement with Famous Players theatres to ensure that Canadians from coast to coast could see the documentary series, with further distribution by Columbia Pictures. After the six-month theatrical tour ended, individual films were made available on 16 mm to schools, libraries, churches and factories, extending the life of these films for another year or two. They were also made available to film libraries operated by university and provincial authorities.
See also
List of Allied propaganda films of World War II
Norway in Revolt, a 1941 American newsreel short
References
Notes
Bibliography
Bennett, Linda Greene. My Father's Voice: The Biography of Lorne Greene. Bloomington, Indiana: iUniverse, Inc., 2004. .
Ellis, Jack C. and Betsy A. McLane. New History of Documentary Film. London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005. .
Rist, Peter. Guide to the Cinema(s) of Canada. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001. .
Rowan, Terry. World War II Goes to the Movies & Television Guide. Santa Rosa, California: Terry Rowan, 2015. .
External links
Fighting Norway at the National Film Board of Canada.
Fighting Norway at the Internet Movie Database.
1943 films
1943 short films
1943 documentary films
Canadian aviation films
Canadian black-and-white films
Canadian World War II propaganda films
Black-and-white documentary films
English-language Canadian films
National Film Board of Canada documentaries
Canadian short documentary films
Canada Carries On
Documentary films about Norway
Quebec films
Columbia Pictures short films
Canadian documentary films
1940s short documentary films
Films directed by Sydney Newman
Norway in World War II
|
3993009
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orrell
|
Orrell
|
Orrell may refer to:
Orrell, Greater Manchester, a district of the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan
Orrell (ward), an electoral ward of the Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council
Orrell, Merseyside, an urban area east of Bootle, in the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton
Orrell Urban District, Lancashire
Orrell R.U.F.C., a rugby union team from Wigan
Orrell (surname)
|
3993032
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio%20101.2
|
Radio 101.2
|
Radio 101.2 was a radio station in the Belarusian capital of Minsk. In 1995 and 1996 the radio station, which is at the frequency 101.2, was broadcasting news and was not affiliated with the national government. The editorial staff was assembled mostly by hiring the journalists of the closed station .
Soros Foundation helped to buy the equipment for newly started radio in 1995. The station was closed on formally technical reasons and was transferred over to the Belarusian Republican Youth Union, who still uses the radio today. The government has claimed that the station, and its frequency, was interfering with the radio communications of the Minsk police force. Independent groups claimed that this was another method by the government of Alexander Lukashenko to suppress the freedom of the press inside Belarus.
The technical problems that were claimed to be the reason to close the broadcast never happened again. On July 9, 1997, Lukashenko authorized giving 101.2 frequency to the state-controlled Radio Style.
Broadcast
Radio 101.2 was commercially successful, it had a wide audience and attracted big sponsors. Its analytical programmes criticized the authorities, the news blocks published information about the demonstrations, names of the detained. However, the media strived to be objective, it published governmental releases and invited the state officials to comment the actual issues.
Reception
Music journalist Źmicier Padbiareski said in 2000 that the example of Radio 101.2 showed the public that the Belarusian can be profitable, since “the matter is in the quality of music and professionalism of DJs.”
Many experts described Radio as the only independent broadcast in Belarus of that time. When the news about closure came out, the listeners brought flowers to the Radio’s office and cars honked around all Minsk as a sign of support. Its closure marked the beginning of a crackdown on the media in the country.
See also
Autoradio (Belarus)
References
Sources
External links
15 гадоў таму ўпершыню выйшла ў эфір Радыё 101.2
Radio stations in Belarus
Mass media in Minsk
Radio stations established in 1995
Radio stations disestablished in 1996
Defunct mass media in Belarus
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3993044
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan%20B%20Toys
|
Plan B Toys
|
Plan B Toys Ltd. is a Groveport, Ohio–based toy company, founded in 1999 by Jay Borman, Chris Borman, and Tony Simione, former employees of ReSaurus Company, who founded it with the intention of freely creating new ideas and properties without corporate boundaries.
Plan B Toys has operated for the past few years as a development house. During that time, Plan-B has developed product for a variety of toy manufacturers, including ReSaurus, Palisades Toys, WizKids, Diamond Comics, Parent Banc, and Cartoon Books. Plan B has been involved with the development of product for many successful licenses including Muppets, Street Fighter, Resident Evil, Mage Knight, Crash Bandicoot, Sonic the Hedgehog, Star Wars and many others. In 2006, Plan B planned to release additional licensed products. Products are in development for Jim Henson's Dark Crystal and Labyrinth films. They are also developing new World War II figures. New paratroopers and other figures will be available in a new deluxe format.
Nazi controversy
In October 2004 a Plan B Toys action figure depicting a Totenkopf Panzer division officer, licensed from the video game Call of Duty, came under fire. A Canadian customer complained that the figure glorified the Nazi party and demanded that the figure be removed from store shelves. A representative for Plan B explained that the figure was intended to be a faithful reproduction of a historical figure and a video game character, and was in no way intended to support any political idea or ideology. Regardless, the company agreed to recall the figures.
References
External links
Official site
Companies based in Ohio
Franklin County, Ohio
Toy companies established in 1999
Toy companies of the United States
Toy controversies
Toy recalls
1999 establishments in Ohio
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3993071
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banshees%20Over%20Canada
|
Banshees Over Canada
|
Banshees Over Canada is a 19-minute 1943 Canadian documentary film, made by the National Film Board of Canada (NFB). The film was produced by Sydney Newman and directed by James Beveridge. The film's Canadian French title was Vautours au-dessus du Canada. It was produced as part of the Canada Carries On series.
Synopsis
British preparations for a German bombing raid are examined, as well as the resultant destruction caused by the raid and the defences mounted by Britain's Royal Air Force. Canadian preparations for air defence, should the country be attacked during the then-current Second World War is also highlighted.
Production
Typical of the NFB's Canada Carries On series of documentary short films, Banshees Over Canada relied heavily on newsreel footage. The British sequences were from the British Ministry of Information. The later sequences of air-raid and civil defence preparations in Canada were primarily filmed in British Columbia. Vancouver Motion Pictures was responsible for the B.C. footage. The locally owned production company produced a number of NFB titles during the 1940s. The deep baritone voice of stage actor Lorne Greene was featured in the narration of Banshees Over Canada.
Reception
As part of the Canada Carries On series, Banshees Over Canada was produced in 35 mm for the theatrical market. Each film was shown over a six-month period as part of the shorts or newsreel segments in approximately 800 theatres across Canada. The NFB had an arrangement with Famous Players theatres to ensure that Canadians from coast-to-coast could see them, with further distribution by Columbia Pictures.
After the six-month theatrical tour ended, individual films were made available on 16 mm to schools, libraries, churches and factories, extending the life of these films for another year or two. They were also made available to film libraries operated by university and provincial authorities. A total of 199 films were produced before the series was canceled in 1959.
References
Notes
Bibliography
Ellis, Jack C. and Betsy A. McLane. New History of Documentary Film. London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005. .
External links
Watch Banshees Over Canada at NFB.ca.
1943 films
1943 short films
Canadian aviation films
Canadian black-and-white films
Canadian short documentary films
Canadian World War II propaganda films
Documentary films about military aviation
English-language films
National Film Board of Canada documentaries
1943 documentary films
Black-and-white documentary films
Canada Carries On
Columbia Pictures short films
Quebec films
Films produced by Sydney Newman
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3993076
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefton%20Rural%20District
|
Sefton Rural District
|
Sefton was a rural district in Lancashire, England from 1894 to 1932.
It was created by the Local Government Act 1894 based on West Derby rural sanitary district. It included the following parishes:
Aintree
Croxteth Park (to Liverpool in 1928)
Fazakerley (to Liverpool in 1905)
Orrell and Ford (split 1905 to Orrell which became part of Bootle, and Ford, which remained in Sefton RD)
Ince Blundell
Kirkby (transferred to Whiston Rural District in 1922)
Lunt
Netherton
Sefton
Thornton
West Derby Rural (to Liverpool in 1928)
It was abolished by a County Review Order in 1932, with the parishes being added to the West Lancashire Rural District (Lunt being abolished and added to Sefton parish at the same time). The remaining parishes, Aintree, Ford (itself absorbed into Litherland Urban District in 1954), Ince Blundell, Netherton, Sefton and Thornton, have all formed part of the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton in Merseyside since 1974.
References
Districts of England created by the Local Government Act 1894
Rural districts of England
Local government in the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton
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3993079
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop%20Challoner%20School
|
Bishop Challoner School
|
Bishop Challoner School is an English independent coeducational Roman Catholic day school in Shortlands, Greater London, for children aged three to eighteen years.
History
The school started as a junior school. In 1956 a senior wing was added. More classrooms and an assembly hall/gymnasium followed in 1963. The Art block was opened in 1968 and another block – now the Junior Block – was opened in 1980. Challoner became co-educational in the Junior School in 1992, later extending into the Senior School. At the same time a Nursery was opened. In recent years the list of site improvements and development has quickened. A new sixth form study centre has been opened as well as a drama studio and new art facilities.
The school became an independent charity limited by guarantee in December 2013 (It was formerly part of the Catholic Archdiocese of Southwark). It is governed by a board of trustees. Its transition was overseen by its longest serving chair, Canon Jack Madden. In 2017, its refurbished chapel was blessed by Peter Smith, Archbishop of Southwark, and renamed "The Chapel of The Annunciation". The chapel contains four icons commissioned from the Bethlehem Icon School.
Uniform
Senior school
Boys - navy blazer, white shirt, navy jumper, navy striped tied and grey trousers.
Girls - navy blazer, white blouse, navy jumper or cardigan and plaid skirt.
Junior school
Boys - maroon blazer with white shirt, maroon tie and grey trousers.
Girls - maroon blazer, white blouse and grey pinafore dress.
Notable former pupils
Alex Clare, musician
Stacy Long, footballer
Bradley Pritchard, footballer
Orlando von Einsiedel, director
References
External links
Official website
1950 establishments in England
Educational institutions established in 1950
Independent co-educational schools in London
Independent schools in the London Borough of Bromley
Member schools of the Independent Schools Association (UK)
Roman Catholic independent schools in the Archdiocese of Southwark
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3993082
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police%20stop
|
Police stop
|
A police stop may be:
a Terry stop, in U.S. law, a brief detention of a person by police
a Traffic stop, the detention of a driver of a vehicle by police
Police Stop!, a British television program.
|
3993091
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winford
|
Winford
|
Winford is a village and civil parish within the Chew Valley, Somerset, England. It is within the unitary authority of North Somerset about south of Bristol. The parish has a population of 2,153.
The parish includes the village of Felton which is close to the A38, Bristol International Airport and Hartcliff Rocks Quarry and Lulsgate Quarry Sites of Special Scientific Interest. On Felton Common, between the village and the airport, is the church of St Katharine and the Noble Army of Martyrs, which was built around 1868, and the remains of a windmill which has been converted into a private house.
The small village of Regil also falls within the parish, although it has its own small church dedicated to St James, one pub, a village hall and several farms.
Winford village lies on the route of the Monarch's Way long-distance footpath and has one pub, a village post office and several farms in the surrounding area.
History
Winford was listed in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Wenfre, meaning 'The carriage journey' from the Old English woenfaru. The term journey can also mean route.
The parish was part of the hundred of Hartcliffe.
Governance
The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, such as the village hall or community centre, playing fields and playgrounds, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also of interest to the council.
The parish falls within the Winford Ward of the unitary authority of North Somerset which was created in 1996, as established by the Local Government Act 1992. It provides a single tier of local government with responsibility for almost all local government functions within its area including local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection, recycling, cemeteries, crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism. It is also responsible for education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, trading standards, waste disposal and strategic planning, although fire, police and ambulance services are provided jointly with other authorities through the Avon Fire and Rescue Service, Avon and Somerset Constabulary and the South Western Ambulance Service.
North Somerset's area covers part of the ceremonial county of Somerset but it is administered independently of the non-metropolitan county. Its administrative headquarters is in the town hall in Weston-super-Mare. Between 1 April 1974 and 1 April 1996, it was the Woodspring district of the county of Avon. Before 1974 that the parish was part of the Long Ashton Rural District.
An electoral ward exists with the same name. The ward starts in the south in Winford, visits Felton and ends in the north at Dundry. The total population of the ward taken at the 2011 census was 2,982.
The parish is represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom as part of the North Somerset constituency. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election, currently Liam Fox of the Conservative Party.
Ecology
Felton Common is a local nature reserve which consists of open calcareous grassland with scrub and bracken. There are birds including kestrel, skylark, song thrush, willow warbler, spotted flycatcher and several species of insects.
Winford Hospital
Primarily an orthopaedic Hospital, Winford Hospital was built in 1930.
Winford hospital was a part-military and part-civilian hospital. Wards A to D were for civilian use, while wards E to K, added to the hospital in 1940, were for treatment of war casualties (both service and civilian).
In 1964 a physiotherapy department was opened, including several treatment rooms and a hydrotherapy pool.
Winford Hospital was closed in 1996. The land has since been redeveloped as a small housing estate, known locally as Winford Heights.
Demographics
According to the 2001 Census the Winford Ward, had 1,316 residents, living in 527 households, with an average age of 41.9 years. Of these 73% of residents describing their health as 'good', 26% of 16- to 74-year-olds had no qualifications; and the area had an unemployment rate of 1.8% of all economically active people aged 16–74. In the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2004, it was ranked at 22,024 out of 32,482 wards in England, where 1 was the most deprived LSOA and 32,482 the least deprived.
Church
The Church of The Blessed Virgin Mary and St Peter in Winford dates from the 15th century. The 4-stage west tower has set back buttresses, moulded string courses and the north-east corner has a polygonal stair turret. Trefoil-headed open panel parapet with corner crocketted pinnacles and fine gargoyles. Top 3 stages have 2-light openings with hoodmoulds and lozenge stops, those below bell stage blind, those to bell stage louvred. First stage of west facade has deeply moulded pointed-arched doorway with 2-leaf doors and applied Gothick mouldings; light with intersecting tracery above. Atop this is a 3-light Gothic window. An unidentified and Shire Monuments in churchyard are also listed ()
Powdermill Farmhouse
Littleton gunpowder works is a Grade II* listed building.
Beech Court (formerly The Rectory)
A Grade II* listed building ()
Grade II listed buildings
()
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References
External links
Map of Winford circa 1900
Villages in North Somerset
Civil parishes in Somerset
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3993094
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monique%20Jeffries
|
Monique Jeffries
|
Detective Monique Jeffries is a fictional character played by Michelle Hurd in the American crime drama television series Law & Order: Special Victims Unit on NBC. A regular character during the first season, Jeffries is a tough and street-wise detective with the New York City Police Department's Special Victims Unit, and briefly the partner of John Munch (Richard Belzer). After being traumatized by a near-death experience, Jeffries is relieved of active duty when she admits to having sex with a suspect in a previous rape case.
Hurd was cast after having appeared in other television shows by Law & Order creator Dick Wolf. Although Wolf promised her Jeffries would develop more over time, Hurd grew frustrated with the lack of material for her character. The show's producers hesitated to keep her as Munch's full-time partner and considered eliminating the character from the show altogether. Hurd eventually departed herself to join the drama television series Leap Years. The actress earned some critical praise for her performance as Jeffries, but several commentators said the character was never properly fleshed out.
Character biography
Monique Jeffries is a tough and street-wise detective with the Special Victims Unit of the New York City Police Department. After briefly partnering with Ken Briscoe (Chris Orbach), she becomes the permanent partner of John Munch (Richard Belzer) after his previous partner, Brian Cassidy (Dean Winters), leaves the unit. The two occasionally clash personalities and have a sarcastic rapport with each other. While chasing a rape suspect during one case, Jeffries is nearly killed when the suspect gets into a car that explodes. She initially appears traumatized by the incident, but later feels exhilarated over having survived and starts behaving recklessly. She has several one-night stands with multiple partners (sometimes together) and takes greater and greater risks at work, becoming something of a loose cannon. One night at a bar, she meets a man who had been a suspect in a previous rape case and has sex with him. When she reveals the incident during a session with a police therapist, she is taken out of active duty per One Police Plaza and works a desk job. She objects to the transfer and threatens to sue the department. Instead, she is transferred to the Vice department, and her old job in the Special Victims Unit is taken by Fin Tutuola (Ice-T).
Development
Michelle Hurd had appeared on the television series Law & Order, making a guest appearance on the seventh season episode "Entrapment" in 1997. Hurd also previously appeared in the television shows New York Undercover and Players, both of which were produced by Law & Order creator Dick Wolf. When Wolf approached Hurd to play the part of Monique Jeffries, he warned her that the part was small at first but had the potential to develop, telling her, "Think of her as a flower, she'll bloom later, but for the pilot she's just got a scene." The character also had less screen-time than others in the series, in part so that Hurd could accept theater roles. However, Hurd felt the Jeffries character never received the development promised, claiming she "just read instructions" while playing the part. While she liked being part of the cast, Hurd said she was frustrated with the lack of material for her character, particularly when guest stars had more developed roles than Jeffries herself.
When Dean Winters departed from the show and a permanent replacement for the Brian Cassidy character was needed, Hurd had trouble convincing network officials she was correct for the part. Ted Kotcheff, the show's co-executive producer, said it was too redundant to have two man-woman sets of partners, with protagonists Elliot Stabler (Christopher Meloni) and Olivia Benson (Mariska Hargitay) already partnered together. Kotcheff felt Munch and Jeffries‘ pairing diluted the relationship of Stabler and Benson because it was a "mirror image" of their partnership. Although Hurd felt more female characters should be part of a sex crimes unit, she said, "I understand the industry, and what networks want, and they wanted someone to have an impact, a rating." The producers had discussions about removing Jeffries from the show so that Benson would be the only woman in the squad room, but no decisions were ever made.
Hurd ultimately departed from the series during the second season to join the Showtime drama series Leap Years. After her departure from the show, Hurd said, "I think it's just sad they didn't have faith to stick around with me." However, she said she bore no ill feelings about her time on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, but felt the casting on Leap Years was a "rare opportunity". Roger Friedman, a freelance entertainment gossip blogger for Fox News, wrote that Richard Belzer arranged for Hurd to be fired because her character was receiving too many story-lines and distracting attention from him, but that report was never confirmed. Although Jeffries departed from the Special Victims Unit during the episode "Asunder", her character was still present in the episode "Runaway", which marked the character's final appearance. "Runaway" was originally intended to air before "Asunder" but was broadcast out of order.
Reception
Gail Pennington of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch said of the character, "her role was so marginal that her absence hardly registered" after she departed the series. Ken Parish Perkins of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram called Michelle Hurd a strong member of a "solid cast". The South Florida Sun-Sentinel said the character had "untapped potential" that appeared ready to be tapped after Dean Winters left the show, and the paper expressed disappointment it was never achieved. In an interview with the Orlando Sentinel about the series, New York Police Department Detective Ted Sica said Jeffries' wardrobe was too revealing for a detective, and that the real-life department would not allow her tank tops and tight vests: "We don't tolerate that, especially in a sex crimes unit. We're trying to be a little dignified."
References
Notes
Bibliography
Fictional African-American people
Television characters introduced in 1999
Fictional New York City Police Department detectives
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit characters
Fictional female detectives
American female characters in television
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3993105
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth%20Riese
|
Ruth Riese
|
Ruth F. Riese (née Smith, November 15, 1891 - July 30, 1972) of Saginaw, Michigan, was an American amateur tennis player in the 1920s.
Personal life
Ruth F. Smith was born on November 15, 1891, in Romeo, Michigan. She married Alfred Frederick Riese (1888-1986) on June 26, 1917. She died in Michigan on July 30, 1972, and her last residence was in Saginaw.
Tennis career
At the event in Cincinnati, Riese reached six finals, three each in singles and doubles. She was singles runner-up in 1929, 1930 & 1931, and was a doubles finalist in 1927, 1928 and 1930.
She won the Michigan State Championship in women's doubles in 1924. She also reached the singles finals at the Illinois State Championships in 1927 & 1926; was the doubles winner (with Marian Leighton) and a singles semifinalist at the 1927 Western Tennis Championships; won the singles title and was a finalist in doubles at the 1927 Ohio State Championships; paired with Clara Louise Zinke to win the 1927 Michigan State doubles title; and won the doubles title (with Leighton) at the 1928 Western Tennis Championships.
References
1891 births
1972 deaths
People from Romeo, Michigan
American female tennis players
Sportspeople from Metro Detroit
Sportspeople from Saginaw, Michigan
Tennis people from Michigan
20th-century American women
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3993106
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%20Gets%20Me%20Every%20Time
|
Love Gets Me Every Time
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"Love Gets Me Every Time" is a song by Canadian singer-songwriter Shania Twain. It was written by Twain along with her then husband Robert John "Mutt" Lange, and produced by Lange. It was released on September 23, 1997, by Mercury Records Nashville as the lead single from Twain's third studio album Come On Over (1997). It was chosen as such following weeks of careful deliberation and constant reconsidering. Originally titled "'Gol Darn Gone and Done It", the song's title was altered because of its difficulty to pronounce. The song regards falling in love despite numerous attempts to evade it. It is an uptempo number that prominently features fiddle. The single was later included on Twain's album Greatest Hits (2004).
Critics favored "Love Gets Me Every Time"'s immaculate production. The song became a success in country radio. It topped Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for five consecutive weeks, Twain's fifth and longest reign on the chart. It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of over 500,000 copies in the United States. "Love Gets Me Every Time" was also her seventh number-one country hit in Canada. Its music video was directed by photographer Timothy White during the photo shoot for Come On Over album art. It features Twain in various performance scenes, along with behind-the-scenes shots. Furthermore, the song has become a staple on Twain's set lists, as it was performed live on the Come On Over, Up! and Rock This Country tours, as well as the Let's Go! residency in Las Vegas. In addition, the song was performed in an acoustic version on the Still the One residency.
Background
"Love Gets Me Every Time" was written by Twain and her then husband Robert John "Mutt" Lange, and produced solely by Lange. Twain developed the song at first and brought it to Lange under the title "'Gol Darn Gone and Done It", which derived from a country expression Twain had heard of. The name made Lange burst in laughter when he first heard it, and the couple completed the song together. However, executives at Mercury Records Nashville were concerned that radio DJs would mispronounce the title's tongue twisting words when announcing the single. Twain concurred, and renamed it "Love Gets Me Every Time" instead. The track was chosen as the lead single for Come On Over after a few weeks of careful deliberation. Twain told CMT Totally in 1997, "We had such a hard time choosing this first single. I don't know. We just ended up there. We went around in circles for weeks until we finally decided on that single. It really just felt right, and I really can't describe it any better than that. I think it's just one of those things where we had the chance to live with the options for a few weeks and everyone just ended up there. So, it just felt right. I guess we went with our gut on that one." A CD single, 7-inch vinyl single and a cassette single were released simultaneously on September 23, 1997, in the US, featuring three versions of "Love Gets Me Every Time". A second CD single and vinyl single with a dance mix of the song was released on the same day. The song was later included on Twain's Greatest Hits (2004) compilation.
Critical reception
Reviews from critics were generally favorable. Alanna Nash of Entertainment Weekly believed "Love Gets Me Every Time" followed the successful formula of her past hits, including rich and smooth vocals and infectious superstructure. Deborah Evans Price of Billboard picked the single as having the most potential, predicting it would "rocket up the charts" given that Lange and Twain followed formula they created for Twain's previous album The Woman in Me (1995). Furthermore, she stated, "The lyric is lightweight, the performance is pretty much a matter of individual taste, and, as usual, the production is the real star here." Matt Bjorke of About.com listed the song amongst the pros of Come On Over. While reviewing Greatest Hits, Nick Reynolds of BBC called the track "infectiously cheerful", and spoke of it when explaining how Twain and Lange "raise[d] their game" on Come On Over. "Love Gets Me Everytime" was awarded a BMI Country Award at the 1998 ceremony.
Chart performance
"Love Gets Me Every Time" peaked at number four the Canadian Singles Chart, a now-defunct chart which only tracked physical single sales, and was compiled by Nielsen SoundScan and published by Jam!. "Love Gets Me Every Time" debuted at number 67 on RPM airplay-measuring Canadian Country Singles chart on the week of September 22, 1997. The following week it jumped to number 49. On the week of October 13, 1997, in its fourth week on the chart, the single reached the chart's summit, where it remained for six consecutive weeks. On the week of November 24, 1997, the song fell to number two, behind Paul Brandt's "A Little in Love". The song spent a total of 37 weeks on the chart, spending its last week at number 87 on the week of June 15, 1998. It was ranked fifth on RPM Canadian Country Singles year-end chart of 1997. In the US, "Love Gets Me Every Time" peaked at number 25 on the all-genre Billboard Hot 100, her highest peak position at the time (the album’s third single "You're Still the One" would become a crossover smash hit and peak at the runner-up spot for over two months). The single also debuted at 29 on Billboard Hot Country Songs on the week of October 4, 1997, her highest debut at the time. After five weeks ascending the chart, the song climbed from number three to number-one on the week of November 8, 1997. It remained atop the chart for five consecutive weeks, becoming Twain's fifth and longest reign on country radio and was once tied third for most weeks at number one by a female artist. The track stayed on Hot Country Songs for a total of 20 weeks. The single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipment of over 500,000 physical copies in the US.
Music video
The music video for "Love Gets Me Every Time" was directed by photographer Timothy White. The video was filmed on September 3, 1997, in New York City, New York, as White photographed Twain for the Come On Over album art. The clip commences with a seemingly tired Twain exiting an elevator in casual apparel (a leopard print jacket, white tank top, blue denim pants, and tennis shoes) to begin the photo shoot. As it continues, the video features three performance scenes, along with behind-the-scenes footage of Twain selecting wardrobe for the photo shoot, undergoing hair and make up, and relaxing in her dressing room. The first performance scene is a close-up of Twain; the second captures Twain with teased hair, a red dress and red lipstick as she lies before a white backdrop; while the third is a black-and-white schemed shot of Twain standing before a black backdrop in a black, sequined crop top and matching, high-wasted pants. The video ends with a reverse video shot of its opening sequence. The music video premiered on September 24, 1997, on Country Music Television (CMT). The video is available on Twain's compilations Come On Over: Video Collection (1999) and The Platinum Collection (2001).
Live performances
Twain first performed "Love Gets Me Every Time" at the 31st Country Music Association Awards (CMAs) on September 24, 1997, at the Grand Ole Opry House in Nashville, Tennessee.
Track listings
US/ Canada CD Single/ Vinyl
"Love Gets Me Every Time" (Album Version) – 3:33
"Love Gets Me Every Time" (Dance Mix) – 4:42
Official versions
Original Album Version (3:32)
International Mix (3:32)
Dance Mix (4:42)
Mach 3 Remix (3:43)
Live from Still the One: Live from Vegas (1:18)
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
Works cited
1997 singles
Mercury Records singles
Mercury Nashville singles
Shania Twain songs
Song recordings produced by Robert John "Mutt" Lange
Songs written by Robert John "Mutt" Lange
Songs written by Shania Twain
1997 songs
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3993115
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Geoghegan
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Michael Geoghegan
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Michael Francis Geoghegan CBE (born 4 October 1953) is an international banking business executive, who served as the chief executive (CEO) of HSBC from 26 March 2006 to 31 December 2010. He joined HSBC in 1973 and had previously led the group's South American and European operations.
Early life and education
Michael Geoghegan was born in Windsor, England and educated in the United Kingdom and Ireland.
Professional career
Early career: 1973 - 2006
He joined HSBC in 1973 as an international manager and, since then, spent twelve years in North and South America, eight years in Asia, seven years in the Middle East and three years in Europe. Geoghegan arrived in Brazil in March 1997 to establish the group's operations in the country following the creation of Banco HSBC Bamerindus S.A. He was appointed a group general manager of HSBC Holdings plc in the same year.
In January 2000, as president of HSBC Bank Brasil S.A.- Banco Multiplo, he became responsible for all of HSBC's business throughout South America and chaired the group's regional executive committee. In October 2000 he became President of HSBC Investment Bank Brasil HSBC Seguros S.A. which resulted from the group's acquisition of CCF and the incorporation of certain activities of HSBC Brasil.
Once Geoghgan was appointed chief executive and a director HSBC Bank plc on 1 January 2004, he gave up the position of UK CEO on 6 March 2006 which was in turn filled by Dyfrig John.
Group CEO of HSBC: 2006 - 2010
HSBC announced on 28 November 2005 that he would succeed Stephen Green as Group Chief Executive of HSBC Holdings, as Green became Group Chairman. Geoghegan was named Deputy Chairman of HSBC Bank plc 26 May 2006. In that management shuffle, the group management board was created in 2006. Before that, the chairman essentially held the duties of a chief executive, while the chief executive served as the deputy. Green said he wanted to break that tradition, having a management cadre to look after the business, while the chairman would oversee the controls of the business through compliance and audit and the direction of the business. Geoghegan was paid an annual salary of £1,070,000 for his role as chief executive.
He shifted the chief executive's office of HSBC Group from London to Hong Kong on 28 January 2010, while the chairman remained in London. He became the chairman of The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation.
With group chairman Stephen Green planning to depart HSBC to accept a government appointment as Minister of Trade, Geoghegan was expected to become the next chairman. However, many shareholders instead pushed for an external candidate. Geoghegan's detractors noted that while he was effective at getting things done, they argued that his blunt style was unsuited to leading the board and representing HSBC with heads of government, and his appointment as chairman would also flout UK governance guidance that discouraged chief executives becoming chairman. Geoghegan had reportedly threatened to quit if he was passed over in favour of former Goldman Sachs President John L. Thornton. HSBC's board of directors had reportedly been split over the succession planning, and investors were alarmed that this row would damage the company.
On 23 September 2010, Geoghegan announced he would step down as chief executive of HSBC.
He was succeeded as chief executive of HSBC by Stuart Gulliver, while Green was succeeded as Chairman by Douglas Flint; Flint was serving as HSBC's finance director (chief financial officer). Geoghegan remained with HSBC as an adviser until 30 June 2011. In an interview after he retired, Geoghegan stated that he was proud that Flint and Gulliver were chosen to lead HSBC.
Controversies
HSBC bonuses
After what The Guardian called a "brutal boardroom battle" relating partly to who would ascend to the chairmanship, on September 23, 2010, it was reported that Geoghegan would be replaced as HSBC chief executive by Stuart Gulliver. After Geoghegan had left HSBC, in 2012 there was a US senate investigation into charges of money laundering against HSBC Mexico, with HSBC ultimately paying a record settlement to the United States Department of Justice. Subsequently, the HSBC chairman stated the bank was considering a bonus clawback procedure against Geoghegan and Sandy Flockhart over the settlement. Geoghegan was ultimately "excluded from the clawback arrangement because the bank's remuneration committee did not conclude that he had been personally responsible for the compliance failings."
Offshore trusts
In April 2016 Geoghegan was named as one of the clients of Panamanian corporate service provider Mossack Fonseca, and The Guardian reported on his legal use of offshore firms to "manage his wealth". Geoghegan defended his use of the firms, noting that he was "an international investor" and that "since the early 60s the UK government have encouraged foreign investment in residential and commercial real estate."
The Guardian also reported that Geoghegan had previously owned a London townhouse through an offshore company, and in 2012 had informed Mossack Fonseca that he planned to rent the property himself after renovating it. The Guardian wrote that by renting from his own offshore trust, he would have been legally but unethically avoiding British property taxes. When asked on the matter, Geoghegan noted that at the time he had not been a UK resident or domiciled in the UK, and therefore would not have been dodging tax laws. He sold the home in 2014.
Political views
Opposition to public spending cuts
Though generally in favor of reducing public spending, Geoghegan warned in 2010 not to cut spending to the extent that it is "cutting into the muscle" of the western world", which could lead to social conflict and strikes.
Comments on Brexit
In April 2016, Geoghegan wrote an op-ed in the Financial Times arguing in favor of Brexit. He argued that claims of what could happen to The City in case of Brexit were exaggerated and that, upon leaving the EU, the UK would move into a position of strength "because Europe needs Britain far more than Britain needs Europe," deriving from the assumption that Brussels would seek to retain unfettered access to the UK and because Britain imports more goods from Europe than are being sold there. However, Geoghegan urged Brexit campaigners to acknowledge the EU's laudable ambition to prevent another devastating European war.
In May 2016, Geoghegan and Peter Udale, an independent risk consultant, wrote a paper supporting the UK leaving the European Union. They argued that the Bank of England has "given the impression that all the risks lie on the leave side", and that London has allowed the EU to impose an excessive amount of regulations on the financial sector, lost control to the Eurozone states, as well as key governmental powers such as the ability to set taxation. The paper concluded that "a vote to leave would allow the UK to take back control over the City, would reduce the risk of future euro-contagion to the UK financial services sector and the wider UK economy, would return primacy over areas such as taxation to the UK and, over the long term, would make the City a more competitive, prosperous global financial centre."
Personal life
Geoghegan is married with two sons. In June 2003 he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in recognition of his contribution to British business interests in Brazil. Geoghegan is not a UK resident and has non-domiciled tax status.
References
Sources
HSBC announcement of Sir John Bond's retirement
External links
HSBC Group website
HSBC UK website
Times article August 2008
HSBC USA
1953 births
HSBC people
Living people
English chief executives
British corporate directors
English bankers
People from Windsor, Berkshire
People educated at Claires Court School
People educated at Douai School
British Eurosceptics
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3993117
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmstead%20Market
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Elmstead Market
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Elmstead Market is a village in the civil parish of Elmstead, in the Tendring district of Essex, England. It lies 3 km north-east of Wivenhoe and 6 km east of Colchester. It is on the A133 road which runs to Clacton-on-Sea to the south-east and Colchester to the west. In 2018 it had an estimated population of 1,684.
Churches
The Church of England parish church is dedicated to Saint Anne, the mother of the Virgin Mary and Saint Lawrence of Rome, a leader of the Early Church and a martyr. The main parts of the church have been dated to around 1310; a south chapel was added about 20 years later. The early 14th-century tower only rises one and a half storeys and was never completed.
The village used to have a Wesleyan Methodist Chapel, built in 1817. It was demolished in 1999 for a newer chapel to be built in its place. This is now Trinity Methodist Church and is situated on Bromley Road, completed in 2000. In July 2020 it was announced the Methodist church would close. At time of writing, any future use of building yet to be decided.
Transport
There are regular buses operating between Colchester and Clacton, including the X76 Monday to Saturday, operated by Hedingham, and the 76 on Sundays, operated by First Essex. A number of school services also connect the village to the Colne School and Norman Way in Colchester.
The nearest train station is Alresford station ( away) with frequent trains to Colchester, Liverpool Street (London), as well as Frinton-on-Sea and Walton-on-the-Naze.
Schools
The village hosts two schools, Elmstead Primary School and Nursery and Market Field School, the latter of which is a school for students who experience moderate learning difficulties. Elmstead Primary School was rated "good" by Ofsted in 2014 whilst Market Field has been rated Outstanding in 2015. Market Field School underwent a complete rebuild after receiving funding. The new building was officially opened in March 2016 by Bernard Jenkin, MP for Harwich and North Essex, and Babs Wiggins, a retired teacher, who taught at Market Field School for nearly 40 years.
Woodland Trust Wood
The Woodland Trust acquired worth of land west of the village. The new woodland creation project has already seen thousands of trees planted and plans to provide a valuable resource for local people and its wildlife. The new woodlands will be a breeding ground for barn owls and buzzards with the opportunity of more wildlife entering the area. With the dramatic fall in water vole numbers in the local area, the Essex Environmental Trust granted the wood an extra £8,000 to maintain and renew its habitat in order to increase numbers.
Notable residents
Beth Chatto (1923–2018), plantswoman, garden designer and author best known for creating the Beth Chatto Gardens near Elmstead Market
James Noah Paxman (1831–1922), founder of the engineering works Davey Paxman & Co of Colchester in 1865, making steam engines, boilers, agricultural machinery and mill gearing. He was born in Elmstead Market where his father, James Paxman, had a forge and engineering works making traction engines. He served as Mayor of Colchester in 1887–1888 and 1897–1898.
Albert Marshall (1897–2005), was the last surviving British cavalryman to have seen battle on the Western Front in the Great War.
References
External links
Elmstead Parish Council
Villages in Essex
Tendring
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5386062
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric%20Shapes%20%28Unicode%20block%29
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Geometric Shapes (Unicode block)
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Geometric Shapes is a Unicode block of 96 symbols at code point range U+25A0–25FF.
U+25A0–U+25CF
The BLACK CIRCLE is displayed when typing in a password field, in order to hide characters from a screen recorder or shoulder surfing.
U+25D0–U+25FF
The CIRCLE WITH LEFT HALF BLACK is used to represent the contrast ratio of a screen.
Font coverage
Font sets like Code2000 and the DejaVu family include coverage for each of the glyphs in the Geometric Shapes range. Unifont also contains all the glyphs. Among the fonts in widespread use, full implementation is provided by Segoe UI Symbol and significant partial implementation of this range is provided by Arial Unicode MS and Lucida Sans Unicode, which include coverage for 83% (80 out of 96) and 82% (79 out of 96) of the symbols, respectively.
Block
Emoji
The Geometric Shapes block contains eight emoji:
U+25AA–U+25AB, U+25B6, U+25C0 and U+25FB–U+25FE.
The block has sixteen standardized variants defined to specify emoji-style (U+FE0F VS16) or text presentation (U+FE0E VS15) for the
eight emoji.
History
The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Geometric Shapes block:
See also
Unicode symbols
Dingbat
Box Drawing (Unicode block)
Block Elements (Unicode block)
Box-drawing character
Tombstone (typography), the end of proof character
Geometric Shapes Extended (Unicode block)
Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows (Unicode block) includes more geometric shapes
Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs (Unicode block) includes several geometric shapes of different colors
Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode
References
Unicode blocks
Geometric shapes
Geometric
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3993129
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WZDX
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WZDX
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WZDX (channel 54) is a television station in Huntsville, Alabama, United States, affiliated with Fox and MyNetworkTV. Owned by Tegna Inc., the station maintains studios on North Memorial Parkway (US 72/231/431) in Huntsville, and its transmitter is located on Monte Sano Mountain in the Mountain Heights section of the city.
History
WZDX first signed on April 14, 1985, as Northern Alabama's first independent station and the area's first new outlet to launch in nearly twenty years. The station was originally owned by Community Service Broadcasting, a subsidiary of Chattanooga-based Media Central. The station cost the owners between $5 to 6 million to put on the air. The inaugural program shown was an airing of the 1968 film Charly. The station's transmitter was on Green Mountain in southeastern Huntsville while its studios were in the northwestern section of the city. During the first months after its beginning, WZDX used the slogan "We're Taking You to the Top!" and ran full-page ads in The Huntsville Times with this tagline and with still pictures of movies and syndicated shows that the station was planning to air.
When the Fox network began late night service on October 9, 1986, WZDX initially abstained from affiliating with the network unlike many other strong independent TV stations across the country that had signed on with them, despite the network wanting the station "badly", according to the station's then-general manager. However, by December 5, 1987, the station started showing Fox's prime time schedule at the time, but didn't refer to itself as a Fox affiliate for another few months. In 1988, while Media Central was in Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings, Act III Broadcasting tried to acquire WZDX and Jackson sister station WDBD, but the deal had fallen through. On March 29, 1990, WZDX became the first property owned by a new broadcasting group founded by Milton Grant.
In 2002, it launched Huntsville's second digital signal on UHF channel 41. A simulcast of cable-only WB affiliate "WAWB-TV" was then added to a second digital subchannel of WZDX. That offered non-cable viewers access to WB programming for the first time. In September 2003, the broadcast tower shared by WZDX and ABC affiliate WAAY-TV (channel 31) collapsed killing three men. Until it could be replaced, WZDX and WAAY temporarily aired from the nearby tower of CBS affiliate WHNT-TV (channel 19).
On November 6, 2013, Nexstar Broadcasting Group announced that it would purchase the Grant stations, including WZDX, for $87.5 million. The sale was completed on December 1, 2014. WZDX is Nexstar's second station in Alabama; it already owned WDHN, the ABC affiliate in Dothan. On January 27, 2016, it was announced that Nexstar would buy Media General for $4.6 billion. WZDX, along with WDHN, will become part of "Nexstar Media Group" and join a cluster of stations Nexstar would own in Alabama including WIAT in Birmingham and WKRG-TV in Mobile, as well as WRBL in Columbus, Georgia, which covers much of east Alabama including Opelika and Auburn. All three of these stations are CBS affiliates.
On July 15, 2018, Nexstar agreed to acquire WHDF from Lockwood Broadcast Group for $2.25 million; Nexstar concurrently took over WHDF's operations through a time brokerage agreement. The sale was completed on November 9, creating a duopoly with WZDX.
On December 3, 2018, Nexstar announced it would acquire the assets of Chicago-based Tribune Media—which has owned CBS affiliate WHNT-TV since December 2013—for $6.4 billion in cash and debt. Nexstar was precluded from acquiring WHNT directly or indirectly while owning WZDX, as FCC regulations prohibit common ownership of more than two stations in the same media market, or two or more of the four highest-rated stations in the market. (Furthermore, any attempt by Nexstar to assume the operations of WHNT through local marketing or shared services agreements would have been subject to regulatory hurdles that could have delayed completion of the FCC and Justice Department's review and approval process for the acquisition.) As such, Nexstar decided to sell WZDX to a separate, unrelated company to address the ownership conflict. WHDF does not rank among the top four in total-day viewership and therefore is not in conflict with existing FCC in-market ownership rules, thus, WHDF was retained by Nexstar and will merge their operations into WHNT's studios.
Ultimately, on March 20, 2019, Nexstar announced it would keep the higher-rated WHNT, and sell WZDX to Tysons, Virginia–based Tegna Inc. once its acquisition of Tribune was consummated. This was part of the company's sale of nineteen Nexstar- and Tribune-operated stations to Tegna and the E. W. Scripps Company in separate deals worth $1.32 billion; this would make WZDX the first television property in Alabama for Tegna and a sister station to NBC affiliate WBIR-TV in Knoxville and the duopoly of NBC affiliate WXIA-TV and MyNetworkTV affiliate WATL in Atlanta. WHDF was not included in the sale, with Nexstar intending to form a new duopoly involving WHNT. The sale was approved by the FCC on September 16 and was completed on September 19, 2019.
Programming
Syndicated programming
Syndicated programming on WZDX includes The Big Bang Theory, Dr. Phil, Mike & Molly, and Judge Mathis among others. Syndicated programming on WZDX-DT2 includes Seinfeld, Maury, The Jerry Springer Show, The Wendy Williams Show, and Monk, among others.
Newscasts
In January 2007, WZDX launched a 30-minute prime time newscast known as Fox 54 Nine O'Clock News. Airing every night except Saturday, it was produced by the Independent News Network (INN) through an outsourcing agreement with Grant Broadcasting. News anchors, meteorologists, and sports anchors were provided by INN and other personnel from the newscast production company would fill-in as needed. WZDX maintained two locally based news reporters which would contribute content to the show. It was taped in advance and then fed to the station through satellite.
The broadcasts originated from INN's facility on Tremont Avenue in Davenport, Iowa. In a report in the Macon, Georgia Telegraph, it was announced the Independent News Network filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy and the company would end all news productions (including those for WZDX) by January 9, 2009. However, all INN broadcasts would then be reinstated under ownership of Fusion Communications (also of Davenport) according to the newspaper. WZDX would not face local news competition until February 1, 2010, when WHNT added a nightly half-hour newscast at 9 to its Retro Television Network (RTV) subchannel (WHNT-DT2 dropped RTV for Antenna TV in 2011).
On September 20, WZDX terminated its outsourcing agreement with INN and entered into another news share arrangement with WAAY (owned by Calkins Media). This resulted in a local refocus of Fox 54 Nine O'Clock News which can now be seen every night from a secondary set at WAAY's studios on Monte Sano Boulevard Southeast. WZDX maintains separate news anchors and a meteorologist but they can report for and/or fill-in on WAAY. In addition to its main facility, the latter also operates bureaus in Decatur (on Lee Street Northeast) and The Shoals (in Florence on North Pine Street within the University of North Alabama campus). Although the previous INN newscasts were in high definition in later years, the newscasts on WZDX reverted to pillarboxed 4:3 standard definition when WAAY took over the production. WAAY upgraded to high definition newscasts on December 12, 2011, and the WZDX shows were included.
On December 4, 2015, Nexstar announced that WZDX would launch a standalone news operation on April 4, 2016. Concurrently, the station's newscast was extended to an hour.
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:
On April 17, 2012, WZDX launched a third digital subchannel on 54.3, that carries MeTV.
On June 15, 2016, Nexstar announced that it would add Escape (now Ion Mystery) to a newly created fourth subchannel.
Analog-to-digital conversion
WZDX shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 54, on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 41, using PSIP to display WZDX's virtual channel as 54 on digital television receivers, which was among the high band UHF channels (52-69) that were removed from broadcasting use as a result of the transition. In order to adequately serve its area, its effective radiated power was increased to 700 kW on July 2.
References
External links
WZDX "Fox 54"
Television channels and stations established in 1985
1985 establishments in Alabama
ZDX
Fox network affiliates
MeTV affiliates
Ion Mystery affiliates
True Crime Network affiliates
Quest (American TV network) affiliates
Tegna Inc.
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3993135
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Corridor
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Central Corridor
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Central Corridor can refer to the following:
METRO Green Line, a light rail line between Minneapolis and St. Paul that was known as the Central Corridor during the planning and early construction phase
an informal nickname for the office developments on Central Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona
Central Corridor (Union Pacific Railroad), a rail line between Denver, Colorado and central Nevada
Central Corridor Rail Line, a proposed passenger rail line through Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont
Central Corridor (Africa), a transport and trading route from Burundi, Rwanda, the DRC and Tanzania to the port of Dar es Salaam
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3993140
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanna%2077
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Sanna 77
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The Sanna-77 (from South Africa) is the end of a line of submachine guns which can trace their existence and lineage to the days of Rhodesia and their Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965.
History
The small landlocked Rhodesian state faced international sanctions and an arms-embargo from 1965 as well as guerrilla warfare from 1966 and so began producing their own arms. Having been supplied a quantity of the now ubiquitous Uzi submachine gun, Rhodesia set up facilities to produce a similar sub-gun based on the CZ-25 which incidentally was also the inspiration for the Uzi.
The first attempt was the LDP, which was taken from the initials of the manufacturing firm (Lacoste Engineering) and the engineer/designer (Alex DuPlessis), although many Rhodesians felt that it stood for "Land Defence Pistol". The LDP was strikingly based upon the CZ or Vz-25 series of sub-guns, which was the first to have a telescoping bolt and a magazine situated inside the pistol grip of the weapon.
It is not exactly clear when the production moved south of Rhodesia to South Africa but it appears that some production began in the early 1970s. The name changed to the Kommando-LDP, the Kommando making extensive use of plastics in the frame. The Kommando was tested as a potential submachine gun for use with "Counter-Terror Forces" as well as having a semi-auto version for civilian use with a three-round burst facility. However the Kommando, which used an Uzi magazine, proved somewhat unreliable as the selector would sometimes trip between semi-, burst- or full-auto mode. It essentially failed as both a civilian product as well as a military one, the South African Defence Force using either the Israeli Uzi or the locally South African produced Milkor BXP submachine gun.
Dogged by unreliability, legislative restrictions on licences and being no more than a heavy semi-auto pistol, the Sanna-77 was a commercial failure. The Sanna-77 has long since ceased to be produced and is no longer commercially available.
Description
The Sanna-77 was of all metal construction, unlike the plastic framed Kommando LDP, and has the magazine in the grip and a folding metal stock. The front sight was hooded and the cocking handle located high on the left side of the receiver. The Sanna-77 is not really a submachine gun, being made for civilian use only and therefore, due to legal restrictions, only available in the semi-auto mode of fire. It is therefore better termed a pistol-caliber carbine rather than a submachine gun.
See also
Cobra Carbine
Kommando LDP
References
Ian Hogg, Jane's Guns Recognition Guide(2002), (Infobox Info)
Ian V. Hogg and John S. Weeks, Military Small Arms of the 20th Century, 7th Edition (2000).
Sanna 77
9mm Parabellum submachine guns
Cold War firearms of South Africa
Military equipment introduced in the 1970s
Weapons of Rhodesia
Rhodesia–South Africa relations
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3993153
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubano
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Cubano
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Cubano could mean:
having to do with Cuba
more specifically, a type of Cuban espresso
a popular name for the Cuban sandwich
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3993159
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis%20Vance
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Dennis Vance
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Dennis Vance (18 March 1924 – 6 October 1983) was a British television producer, director, and occasional actor.
Born in Birkenhead, Cheshire, he began his career as an actor in the late 1940s, appearing in small film parts, such as Poet's Pub, in 1949, before switching to become a producer with BBC Television in the early 1950s. Later, in 1955 he became the first Head of Drama at the ITV contractor ABC Weekend TV, who went on air in 1956, serving the Midlands and the North of England at weekends. He also produced episodes of The Adventures of the Scarlet Pimpernel (1956), also directing a couple of episodes.
At ABC, Vance oversaw the creation of the anthology drama series Armchair Theatre, which was networked nationally across the ITV regions on Sunday evenings. It became an important long running landmark in British television drama series. Vance, however, left the Head of Drama role in 1958 for a promotion within ABC, being replaced by Sydney Newman.
Later in his career he returned to producing and directing work, helming episodes of programmes such as ABC's The Avengers (1961) and Thames' The Rivals of Sherlock Holmes (1971). He also produced and directed The Misfit and The Bass Player and the Blonde for ATV. He also directed episodes of 'Public Eye'.
He had been a Fleet Air Arm pilot during the Second World War, and was married six times with one child from the first three marriages. He died in Wimbledon, London in 1983, at the age of fifty-nine.
Filmography
Scott of the Antarctic (1948)
Trouble in the Air (1948)
Warning to Wantons (1949)
Poet's Pub (1949)
Shadow of the Eagle (1950)
References
External links
1924 births
1983 deaths
British television directors
British television producers
20th-century British male actors
People from Birkenhead
20th-century British businesspeople
Fleet Air Arm personnel of World War II
Fleet Air Arm aviators
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3993162
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%20of%20Mentoring
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Art of Mentoring
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The Art of Mentoring series is a series of books published by Basic Books from 2001 to 2008, beginning with Alan Dershowitz's Letters to a Young Lawyer and Christopher Hitchens' Letters to a Young Contrarian. The books were all titled in the form "Letters to a Young ", in the spirit of Rainer Maria Rilke's book Letters to a Young Poet. They were meant to be relatively short guides to various occupations or life paths for someone starting out in that field, from the point of view of an expert.
Creator
The series was the brainchild of John Donatich, who was the publisher at Basic Books from 1997 to 2003.
Books in the series
Letters to a Young Contrarian by Christopher Hitchens (2001)
Letters to a Young Lawyer by Alan Dershowitz (2001)
Letters to a Young Golfer by Carl Vigeland and Bob Duval (2002)
Letters to a Young Conservative by Dinesh D'Souza (2002)
Letters to a Young Activist by Todd Gitlin (2003)
Letters to a Young Therapist by Mary Pipher (2003)
Letters to a Young Chef by Daniel Boulud (2003)
Letters to a Young Gymnast by Nadia Comăneci (2004)
Letters to a Young Catholic by George Weigel (2004)
Letters to a Young Actor: A Universal Guide to Performance by Robert Brustein (2005)
Letters to a Young Mathematician by Ian Stewart (2006)
Letters to a Young Journalist by Samuel G. Freedman (2006)
Letters to a Young Evangelical by Tony Campolo (2006)
Treatment Kind and Fair: Letters to a Young Doctor by Perri Klass (2007)
A Time to Every Purpose: Letters to a Young Jew by Jonathan Sarna (2008)
Similar titles
Other books, like Wynton Marsalis's To a Young Jazz Musician: Letters from the Road (2004), William Sloane Coffin's Letters to a Young Doubter (2005), Hill Harper's Letters to a Young Brother (2006) and Jonathan Kozol's Letters to a Young Teacher (2007), though they share the structure and naming style of the series, and may have been inspired by it, were not part of the Art of Mentoring series.
References
External links
Basic Books' Art of Mentoring page
Series of books
Self-help books
Basic Books books
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3993171
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausgen%20House
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Hausgen House
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The Hausgen House, a historic home, located on Walnut Lane in Anchorage, Kentucky, was constructed circa 1890 and is an example of the Colonial Revival design popular in eastern Jefferson County during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The home was built for H. Otto Hausgen by William B. Wood, known as Anchorage's master builder.
The foundation of the home is constructed of local limestone; quarried from the nearby community of Peewee Valley, Kentucky. Lumber, tools, and other materials used in the construction of the home were hauled in two-horse wagons, a commonly used conveyance of the time. The two-story frame and weatherboard house has a hipped roof and a one-story veranda, which spans the entire main façade. The front entryway includes an elaborate front door with overhead fanlights and sidelights - a typical feature with the Colonial Revival styles of the period. These features, along with the fine dentil molding of the porch and cornice work, make this house a particularly fine example of Wood's work. The home also features a multiple columned porch distinctive to the style. This home style went on to greatly influence the 1908 design of the W. S. Forrester House; a residence attributed to Henry Frank, a local builder who had served as an apprentice to Wood. Since its completion, Hausgen House has remained intact, with no known changes made to its Colonial Revival styling. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 and has undergone significant renovations since that time.
See also
List of Registered Historic Places in Jefferson County, Kentucky
References
Houses completed in 1890
19th-century buildings and structures in Louisville, Kentucky
Houses in Jefferson County, Kentucky
National Register of Historic Places in Louisville, Kentucky
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky
1890 establishments in Kentucky
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3993181
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest%20LRT
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Southwest LRT
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The Southwest LRT (Metro Green Line Extension) is an under–construction light rail transit corridor in Hennepin County, Minnesota, with service between Minneapolis and Eden Prairie. The estimated one-way travel time from Southwest Station in Eden Prairie to Target Field Station in Minneapolis is 32 minutes. The Southwest LRT will extend through St. Louis Park, Hopkins and Minnetonka along the route. Major locations on the line will include Bde Maka Ska, Cedar Lake, the Walker Art Center, the Minneapolis Sculpture Garden and Target Field in downtown Minneapolis.
Hennepin County selected the alignment of the route and worked with the Metropolitan Council on environmental impact statements for the project. The Metropolitan Council is managing construction of the route. On November 15, 2018, the council accepted an $800 million construction bid by Lunda Construction and C.S. McCrossan, with early construction starting in December 2018. The project has had unexpected construction delays, especially at the site of a tunnel near the Kenilworth Trail corridor. The delays have increased the cost of the project to up to about $2.7 billion and pushed back the expected opening date from 2023 to 2027.
Current route
The line begins at the Southwest Transit Station in Eden Prairie, passing Eden Prairie's Town Center and crosses US 212 and I-494. It goes into the Golden Triangle, under MN 62, and into Opus. It crosses into Minnetonka on a bridge, and enters the railroad corridor. It turns east into Hopkins, and passes under US 169. It goes east, and has four more stations before entering Minneapolis. It turns north, and enters a tunnel. Upon exiting the tunnel, it has 3 stations, and passes under I-394 and I-94. It leaves the railroad, enters Royalston, and terminates at Target Field.
History
In 1988, the Hennepin County Regional Railroad Authority (HCRRA) identified the Southwest transitway from Hopkins to downtown Minneapolis as a future LRT corridor.
In 2002 and 2003, the HCRRA conducted the Southwest Rail Transit Study to evaluate twelve possible light rail routes in the southwest transitway. Of the twelve routes, eight were eliminated and four were selected for further analysis: routes 1A, 2A, 3A and 4A.
On March 4, 2009, the FTA approved a $2 million study of the project, with a then-anticipated opening date in 2015. On May 26, 2010, the Metropolitan Council voted to approve the locally preferred alternative advanced by Hennepin County. The project at that point transferred to Metropolitan Council control and at the time was expected to begin service in 2018. Since receiving approval from the Metropolitan Council on May 26, 2010, the Southwest LRT joins the Bottineau LRT as an official part of the Metro Council's project list. The Metropolitan Council began design work in 2013, after the completion of the draft Environmental Impact Statement.
Route debate
On May 26, 2010, the Metropolitan Council approved route 3A as the locally preferred alternative for the line. There was a protracted debate over the route choice in the years leading up to this decision, with many parties strongly opposed to the final route choice. The final choice in favor of 3A was made for several reasons, including its favorable Cost Effectiveness Index (CEI) score and its relatively lower environmental impacts.
Several possible routing variations were evaluated to determine the final routing of the line. There was local debate about the route the line would take between the Chain of Lakes and downtown Minneapolis. Routes 1A and 3A (chosen route) use the Kenilworth Corridor, a dedicated stretch of right-of-way owned by the HCRRA to be used for future rail transit. Route 3C would have the tracks run much further east through the trench used by the Midtown Greenway before turning north at Nicollet Avenue, where it would have run in a tunnel for part of the way downtown.
Kenilworth alignment (routes 1A, 3A-chosen route)
The Kenilworth Corridor was acquired by the HCRRA to preserve it for future rail transit. The Kenilworth routing would have provided shorter ride times for the majority of the line's users compared to the 3C routing. It is also less expensive to build and operate.
Supporters of a network alignment propose that a streetcar or trolley line be installed alongside the Midtown Greenway to connect the Southwest LRT line to the existing Blue Line; however, this will not occur. Rather LRT will be used for the full stretch of the line. The Midtown Greenway Coalition has long supported and promoted the network alignment. The group successfully prevented the trench from being used for a busway and instead pitched the idea of the trench being used for a potential streetcar line.
Some residents living adjacent to the Kenilworth Corridor favored the 3C route because they were concerned about the noise and disturbance of the trains passing through the corridor near their homes. The Kenilworth Corridor presently contains an active freight rail line and the light rail will be in addition to this existing track. Operating the two LRT tracks adjacent to the Twin Cities & Western Railroad line (four freight trains each day) will require Metro Transit to purchase a standard $300 Million insurance policy holding the railroad harmless for any accidents caused by derailments of freight or LRT trains. The annual premium cost of this policy is approximately $1.5 Million.
Greenway/Nicollet alignment (route 3C)
Advocates of the 3C route wanted the line to directly serve Uptown and Eat Street, and feel that routing the line through the Kenilworth Corridor would be a missed opportunity for increased ridership and better transit in this area of Minneapolis.
Some Eat Street business owners were concerned that the access and traffic problems resulting from the construction period on Nicollet Avenue would severely affect their business. Engineers indicated Nicollet Avenue may have been tunneled instead of at-grade.
In early 2008, Hennepin County Medical Center acquired a city block parcel at 28th Street and Nicollet where the 3C Route would turn from the Midtown Greenway trench onto or under Nicollet Avenue. HCMC is building a clinic on the site that does not incorporate a light rail station or easement into the building. That would have prevented the 3C route from turning at this location since there is not enough space for tracks to make the minimum required turning radius.
Neighborhood positions
During public input phases in 2007–2008 the final three proposed routes faced opposition by some members of two Minneapolis neighborhoods, Kenwood and Whittier. Kenwood's neighborhood organization released an official neighborhood stance against the line with Whittier's organization debating to release a stance. In Kenwood, one of the wealthiest neighborhoods, their criticism involves disruption to natural parkland and noise though the Kenilworth Corridor (which routes '1A' and '3A' would run on). The corridor is home to the Kenilworth Trail, a scenic bike and pedestrian trail that runs adjacent to a rarely used freight rail line. In Whittier, disruption to Nicollet Avenue by the '3C' route had brought concern to business owners regarding Eat Street as a business, restaurant and retail corridor of the Whittier neighborhood.
The Bryn Mawr neighborhood has favored the routes moving through the Kenilworth Corridor as it supports their redevelopment plans. Also, suburban cities have received the proposals favorably with concern over routing within their cities than opposition of the line itself. The 3A route through job centers in Eden Prairie garnered approval from its City Council. Hopkins also proposed routing the line through their downtown Main Street, but it will instead be routed nearby.
Funding and delays
In April 2015, the council released an updated analysis of the project, with projected costs raised by more than $300 million to $1.994 billion, largely as a result of additional sitework and ground preparation due to poor soil along the route. The expected opening date of the line was also pushed back to 2020, as a result of delays to the next draft of the Environmental Impact Statement, which was expected to be released in May 2015, more than a year after the original planned release in January 2014. To bring costs within the original budget, Metropolitan Council members proposed measures such as eliminating the Mitchell Road station in Eden Prairie or decreasing the size of the Hopkins maintenance facility.
A reduced $1.744 billion budget for the line was approved by the Metropolitan Council in July 2015. Changes from the original plan included the deletion of the Mitchell Road terminus, removal of planned station art, and the deferral of the Eden Prairie Town Center station.
On May 22, 2016, the Minnesota Legislature was unable to agree on whether or not to fund the State of Minnesota's 10% portion of the project. On August 31, 2016, the State's 10% portion ($144.5 million) was funded by Certificates of Participation by three government bodies: the Metropolitan Council ($103.5 million),the Counties Transit Improvement Board ($20.5 million) and Hennepin County ($20.5 million) to close the $144.5 million gap.
In 2016, the Metropolitan Council reserved $118 million to Siemens to build a fleet of 27 vehicles for the Southwest LRT. An order for these 27 Siemens S700 vehicles was placed in October 2016, and the first two cars were received by Metro Transit in May 2020.
On February 15, 2017, the Metropolitan Council announced that the Southwest LRT design and engineering phase would be complete at the end of 2017.
As of late February 2022 work at the Kenilworth tunnel had been stopped since January that year due to damage to a neighboring condominium. In mid-April 2022, after inspecting the damage to the condo, engineers cleared the tunnel work to resume.
Construction
Construction bids were revealed publicly on August 15, 2017 but were rejected for being too costly and non-responsive (Bids did not meet the requirements). As of May 2018, the Met Council estimated the building costs to be at $2.003 billion. On November 15, 2018, the council accepted an $800 million construction bid for a section of the construction by Lunda Construction and C.S. McCrossan.
Construction of the line is the State of Minnesota's largest public works project currently underway, and is happening in all five cities that the line is served by. The project is known to disrupt major trails such as the Cedar Lake LRT Regional Trail, and the Kenilworth Trail. The line was expected to be completed in 2023, but unexpected poor soils in the Kenilworth Corridor have delayed the opening. In July 2021 the Metropolitan Council did not have a date when the line will be completed or how delays will affect project cost. In a private call with government stakeholders, the Metropolitan Council expected a delay of at least two years, pushing a late 2025 opening at the earliest. Construction contractors will use alternate construction methods for the portion with poor soils. In January 2022 Metropolitan Council officials changed the expected opening to 2027 with increased costs between $450 to $550 million expected.
Initial construction began in late 2018 with brush removal, and heavy construction of the line began in 2019. The project reached its completion milestone in August 2020 and a completion in July 2021. The first two of 27 Siemens S700 light rail vehicles ordered for the project were delivered to Metro Transit on May 21, 2020.
References
External links
Southwest LRT Community Works
Southwest light rail map
Metropolitan Council project website
Locally Preferred Alternative
Proposed railway lines in Minnesota
Light rail in Minnesota
Transportation in Minnesota
Transportation in Minneapolis
Tram and light rail transit systems under construction
2025 in rail transport
Metro Transit (Minnesota)
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5386066
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong%20Seok-cheon
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Hong Seok-cheon
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Hong Seok-cheon (born February 3, 1971) is a South Korean actor, television personality, restaurateur and member of the dissolved Democratic Labor Party. He caused considerable controversy in his home country when he came out as gay in 2000, and remains the most prominent openly gay celebrity in Korea.
Career
Hong Seok-cheon was born in Cheongyang County in South Chungcheong Province. He began his entertainment career as a male model, and made his screen debut in 1994 as a reporter for Live TV Information Center. In 1995, he won the bronze prize at the KBS Comedian Festival (for college students). Due to his versatility and comic timing, Hong went on to a prolific career on South Korean television, appearing in children's programs and variety shows, as well as sitcoms and dramas.
In 2000, Hong was asked a question regarding his sexuality on a variety show, and he chose to answer honestly that he was gay. Though the show's producers initially edited out the exchange, a journalist got wind of the story and pressed Hong to confirm his admission. After Hong revealed his homosexuality, he was fired from his network television programs and advertisements amidst public uproar, and no longer landed any major acting roles. He faced massive stigma after becoming the country's first openly gay celebrity, and later said he experienced shunning, verbal abuse and discrimination that he rarely stepped out of his social circle. He then wrote his memoir My Heart Still Throbs for Forgotten Love, in which he recounted his failed romance with a Dutch man named Tony.
Forced out of the entertainment business, Hong wanted to leave the country to study in New York, but he said he decided stay in Korea to prove to his detractors that he could be a success. He started his first restaurant Our Place in 2002, two years after he came out. He now owns and runs nine high-end restaurants in Itaewon, home to a large expat community in Seoul. Hong's restaurants are all characterized by the prefix "My," namely: My Hong, My Chi chi*s, My Thai, My Thai China, My X, My Chelsea, My Noodle, and My Suji.
In 2004, he joined the Democratic Labor Party and was selected by Time magazine as the year's Asian Hero. Hong also continued appearing regularly on talk shows, notably Yeo Yoo Man Man, on which he guested with his parents and discussed his life since coming out. Acting-wise, Hong starred in the thriller Puzzle (2006) and the stage play A Midsummer Night's Dream (2009). He also founded the internet shopping mall Ne2Nom in 2007, and became a professor at Korea National University of Arts (teaching Broadcast Content Production in 2010 and Fashion Arts in 2011).
After his sister's divorce, Hong adopted her two children and changed their last names to his. In 2008, he hosted his own talk show Coming Out, which featured gay issues. Despite Korean society's continuing conservatism, Hong overcame initial public disapproval and gradually gained more mainstream acceptance, especially among the younger generation, in part because of his activism in fighting for LGBT rights. From bit parts and cameos, he now emcees shows on cable television and has a sizeable following on social media.
In 2015, Hong announced that he plans to run for district head of the Yongsan District Office in the 2018 local elections. Having lived in Yongsan District for ten years, he said he aims to promote cultural spaces for young artists and small businesses, while providing welfare for sexual minorities. If elected, he will become the first openly gay person to become a government official in Korea. In 2016, he participated in the program Law Of The Jungle.
In 2018, he revealed that he is third cousins with Taeyong of NCT.
Filmography
Television shows
Web shows
Television series
Films
Theater
Books
References
External links
1971 births
Living people
South Korean gay actors
South Korean male television actors
South Korean male film actors
South Korean male musical theatre actors
South Korean male stage actors
South Korean male models
LGBT actors from South Korea
LGBT rights activists from South Korea
Hanyang University alumni
Gay politicians
LGBT entertainers from South Korea
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