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3991818	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurgarton	Thurgarton	Thurgarton is a small village in rural Nottinghamshire, England. The village is close to Southwell, and Newark-on-Trent and still within commuting distance to Nottingham. It is served by Thurgarton railway station. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 412, increasing to 440 at the 2011 census. Location Thurgarton village and parish lie approximately to the north-east of Nottingham, and around to the south of Southwell. The River Trent is about a mile away, to the south-east. The parish covers around of land. Gonalston is to the south-west and Bleasby to the south-east. The A612 road runs through Thurgarton, heading south out of Southwell. An alternative route is the A6097 trunk road. The ordnance survey grid reference is SK 6949. Christian links Thurgarton is a lesser known place of pilgrimage for Christians wishing to pay respects to the mystical prelate, Walter Hilton. Born in 1343, "Walter Hilton studied Canon Law at Cambridge but after a period as a hermit, he joined the community of Augustinian Canons at Thurgarton in Nottinghamshire in about 1386. Highly regarded in his lifetime as a spiritual guide, he wrote in both Latin and English and translated several Latin devotional works. Controversy with "enthusiasts" and with the Lollard movement gave a sharper definition to his exposition of the aims, methods and disciplines of traditional spirituality. Among his major works, Ladder of Perfection (Book Two) declares that contemplation, understood in a profoundly Trinitarian context as awareness of grace and sensitivity to the Spirit, may and should be sought by all serious Christians." He died on 24 March 1396. History The following is adapted from an extract from White's Directory of Nottingham, from the 1853 edition: "Thurgarton is a pleasant village and parish, situated at the foot of a declivity overlooking the vale of the Trent, three miles (5 km) south of Southwell. It contains 385 inhabitants and of land, enclosed about 80 years ago, when land was allotted for the tithes to Trinity College, Cambridge, which has the patronage of the curacy, and about one third of the lordship. The greater part of the remainder belongs to Richard Milward Esq., who is lord of the manor, and who resides at Thurgarton Priory, a large handsome mansion. The grounds about it rise in gentle swells, and are agreeably diversified with wood and water. The worthy owner has made great improvements since the estate came into his possession. "The old priory was taken down in the mid-18th century by J. G. Cooper Esq., who erected the present mansion on its site, the cellars of which are the only portions of the religious sanctuary that now remain. The ancient priory was founded in 1130 by Ralph de Ayncourt, for canons of the order of St Augustine. He dedicated it to Saint Peter, and left God's favour to his heirs if they preserved it, but God's anger and curse if they did not. It possessed, at the dissolution, a yearly revenue of £259 15s 10d. (equivalent to £ as of ), The antiquary must be allowed to lament the false taste which dictated the destruction of so noble a monument of ancient grandeur. The Rev. Thomas Coates Cane also has an estate here. "The church, dedicated to St Peter, is situated near the priory, and has been a large magnificent structure, though it now consists only of one aisle. The curacy was certified at £56, and has been augmented with two lots of Queen Anne's Bounty. It is annexed to that of Hoveringham. The two livings have recently been augmented to the value of £450 by Trinity College, Cambridge, and in 1850 a large, handsome parsonage house was erected for the present incumbent, the Rev. Henry Lea Guilleband MA, who is now erecting a neat Sunday school. The school has a rent charge of £10 for the education of 20 boys of this parish, and Hoveringham. The poor of Thurgarton have the interest of £110 left by the families of Baker and Matthews. The Midland Company's Railway, Nottingham and Lincoln Branch, pass through this parish, and has a neat station here. "Bankwood, west, Thurgarton Hill, half a mile west, Thurgarton Quarters, 2½ miles west, Magsdale, half a mile north of the village, are farms which belong to Richard Milward Esq. At Magsdale, in about 1810, many human bones and spear heads were dug up on the Sheep Close. The spear heads &c. are in the possession of Richard Milward Esq., and also a piece or pig of lead, which is more than one man can lift. This was found in 1849, at Upper Hexgrave, near Southwell." Churches The Priory Church of St Peter, Thurgarton is adjacent to the Priory. It was restored in 1853. Parish registers exist from 1721, whereas earlier records were lost in 1780. There is also a Methodist chapel in Thurgarton. Notes Works by Walter Hilton Scale (or Ladder) of Perfection Song of Angels Treatise Written to a Devout Man External links Thurgarton by Leonard Jacks, 1881 Thurgarton by Cornelius Brown, 1896 Thurgarton Priory by Standish, 1901 Village guide with pictures The Ladder of Perfection The Ladder of Perfection Walter Hilton & his Ladder of Perfection Newark and Sherwood Villages in Nottinghamshire Monasteries in Nottinghamshire
3991819	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Box%20%28Orbital%20song%29	The Box (Orbital song)	"The Box" is a single by the British electronica duo Orbital. Taken from their 1996 album In Sides, the single was released in 1996 and reached number 11 on the UK Singles Chart. Song Paul Hartnoll told the NME that the song was based on a recurring dream he had about the discovery of a mysterious wooden box in the Welsh countryside, but that he would always wake up just at the point he was opening the box, so he never found out what was inside it. "The Box" was released in two versions and six arrangements, each divided into parts. The version released on In Sides is in two parts, a slow downbeat "Part 1" and a faster upbeat "Part 2" of the same song. The longer single version of The Box is in four parts, all of which are untitled. The first is a short edit of the album version, as used in the music video. The second and third parts are new songs which share certain melody, harpsichord, and percussion elements with the first. On the CD single, these first three parts are segued/mixed into each other. The final part consists of a vocal version of "The Box" similar to "Part 2" of the album version, with additional vocals by Grant Fulton and Alison Goldfrapp. The lyrics were written by Fulton, who previously contributed lyrics and vocals to the Orbital compilation single "Belfast"/"Wasted", and is one half of the design duo Fultano Mauder regularly responsible for artwork on Orbital releases. Critical reception British magazine Music Week rated the song five out of five, adding, "The most commercial track by the Hartnoll Brothers for many years, combining a film theme feel and a fully-fledged vocal track for the first time in one of the extended mixes. Odds on to be their biggest hit since 1990's number 17, Chime." Music video The stop-motion promotional video for "The Box" stars actress Tilda Swinton as "The Traveler", a person (or an alien) unstuck from time. The Traveler phases into existence, witnesses human life in public transit and traffic, as well as its effects on nature, seen through detritus in a river and a plant sapling growing through a brick wall. They return to their origin point, giving one final sad glance backwards before disappearing. The video won a silver sphere for the best short film at the San Francisco Film Festival and was nominated for the best video award at the 1997 Brit Awards. It was also shown in the Mirrorball strand of the Edinburgh International Film Festival and in the London Calling section of the London International Film Festival. In a 2002 sleeve note, Orbital called the video "by common consent, the best video we've ever done". Use in the media Part of the song was used in the Danny Boyle 1997 film A Life Less Ordinary, but was not on the soundtrack. The song was also used in the final episode of Daria, "Boxing Daria", and for some of the challenges on the BBC game show Friends Like These. The 2002 video game Hitman 2: Silent Assassin has a version of "The Box" as the main screen and intro song. A portion of the song was used in Mike Myers' 2022 Netflix miniseries The Pentaverate, as the main theme or intro song. Furthermore, the band composed a complete score for the series. Track listing CD - Internal – LIECD 30 "The Box (Radio Edit)" – 4:13 "The Box (Untitled Version 1)" – 7:46 "The Box (Untitled Version 2)" – 8:40 "The Box (Vocal Reprise)" – 7:36 Subtrack titles can't be found on the release, they are taken from the official Orbital website www.loopz.co.uk. 2 and 3 are listed as 'Untitled Version'. Charts References External links The Box video on co-director Jes Benstock's vimeo page Orbital (band) songs 1996 songs
3991820	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinemathique	Cinemathique	Cinemathique is the third album by collaborative band Tuatara. The band expanded to eleven members on this album, and it was their first album for Barrett Martin's record label, Fast Horse Recordings. Track listing Musicians Peter Buck - guitar, bass guitar Joe Cripps - percussion Craig Flory - saxophones, flute Barrett Martin - drum kit, vibraphone, marimba, keyboards, guitar, bass Scott McCaughey - guitar, keyboards, harmonica Elizabeth Pupo-Walker - congas, other percussion Skerik - saxophone Chris Littlefield - trumpet, fluglehorn Eric Richards - accordion Alex Veley - piano, organ Justin Harwood - bass, keyboards References 2001 albums Tuatara (band) albums
5383425	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Hass	Steve Hass	Steve Hass (born May 11, 1975) is an American drummer based in Los Angeles. Originally from Island Park, New York, born to Greek immigrant parents from Athens. He is notable for his technical skill, time feel, and his musical versatility, having played with many artists from a wide variety of genres. Career After attending Berklee College Of Music on scholarship from 1993–1996 Steve was asked to join the Ravi Coltrane Quartet. He toured and recorded with the band from 1996 to 2002. The music was a mixture of traditional jazz, funk, and odd meter fusion. During this time Steve was also a studio drummer in New York City playing on dozens of national jingles, record dates, television shows, and movie soundtracks. He was also a member of Ruben Wilson's "Masters Of Groove" where he shared the drum chair with the legendary Bernard Purdie. In addition, during this period Steve toured with Christian McBride, Suzanne Vega, Miri Ben-Ari, Bob Berg, and Richard Bona amongst others. In 2003 Steve began touring and recording with multiple Grammy winners and Atlantic recording artists, The Manhattan Transfer. He remains the first call drummer for The Manhattan Transfer, and works with them as his schedule permits. He is the first touring drummer in the history of the band to actually record with them. He is featured on 3 album releases and 1 live concert DVD. In late 2003, Hass released a solo album named Traveler. The C.D displays Hass' skills as a talented producer. His usage of sonic layering and drum loops is reminiscent of Jon Brion. In 2005 Steve joined John Scofield and Mavis Staples to support Scofield's Verve release "That's What I'd Say". The band toured around the world from 2005 until December 2007 playing R+B, Soul, Jazz and Latin. . Scofield also used Steve in his jazz trio, along with bassist John Benitez for select local N.Y dates. In 2006 Hass had an eight-page feature interview in Modern Drummer Magazine. He is now a regular educational contributor in the "ask a pro" and "workshop" columns. Los Angeles In 2007 Steve established a second residence in Los Angeles and quickly became a popular choice for musicians and producers on the L.A scene, both live and in the studio. His company Hassbeat Productions Inc. provides studio services to artists worldwide while allowing Steve to record drum tracks for a variety of artists around the world. He continues to tour with a variety of artists. Since moving to Los Angeles Steve has become a regular with renowned artists such as Billy Childs, Bob Sheppard, Brandon Fields and Alan Pasqua as well as maintaining his presence in the studio with contemporary rock singer/songwriters. 2012 has been his busiest year yet juggling recording sessions for producers The Difference, Rami Yadid and Ken Wallace and tours with R+B great Patti Austin, top selling fusion/new age pianist Keiko Matsui and The Manhattan Transfer. He continues to work with R&B/Jazz Grammy winner Patti Austin in all variations of her touring band. Musical affiliations Here is a short list of Steve Hass' musical affiliations in alphabetical order: Abe Laboriel Sr. Adam Rogers Art Garfunkel Billy Childs Bob Berg Bob Mintzer Bob Sheppard Brandon Fields Cher Danilo Perez Debbie Gibson George Garzone Jennifer Love Hewitt Jimmy Haslip Jon Hendricks Katisse Keiko Matsui Larry Coryell Lucy Woodward Mark Turner Mavis Staples Mindi Abair Miri Ben-Ari Nicholas Payton Patti Austin Ralph Alessi/Ravi Coltrane Group Randy Brecker Ravi Coltrane Richard Bona Ruben Wilson Stanely Jordan Suzanne Vega Terell Stafford The Alan Pasqua Group The Boneshakers The BBC Big Band .The Count Basie Big Band .The Duke Ellington Orchestra The Christian McBride Band The East Village Opera Company The John Scofield Band(Music Of Ray Charles) The John Scofield Trio with John Benitez The Lonnie Plaxico Group The Manhattan Transfer The New York Voices The Tierney Sutton Band Timothy Lefebvre Traci Lords Vinx Wayne Krantz Will Lee Wynton Marsalis and many more Abbreviated Discography References 1975 births Living people American people of Greek descent Berklee College of Music alumni American session musicians Musicians from New York City People from Island Park, New York Musicians from Los Angeles People from Ronkonkoma, New York 20th-century American drummers American male drummers 21st-century American drummers 20th-century American male musicians 21st-century American male musicians
5383431	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu%20School	Wu School	Wu or Wumen School () is a group of painters of the Southern School during the Ming period of Chinese history. It was not an academy or educational institution, but rather a group united largely by the artistic theories of its members. Often classified as Literati, scholars, or amateur painters (as opposed to professionals), members idealized the concepts of personalizing works and integrating the artists into the art. A Wu School painting is characterized by inscriptions describing the painting, the date, method, or reason for the work, which is usually seen as a vehicle for personal expression. Shen Zhou (1427–1509) is usually cited as the founder of the Wu School. The Zhe School is usually referenced in opposition to the Wu School. See also Chinese painting Southern School of which the Wu School is a part Zhe School - another group within the Southern School References The Arts of China, Fourth Edition, Expanded and Revised by Michael Sullivan (University of California Press) 1997 External links Wu School Painters and Galleries at China Online Museum Ming dynasty painting Art movements in Chinese painting
5383436	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collar%20%28finance%29	Collar (finance)	In finance, a collar is an option strategy that limits the range of possible positive or negative returns on an underlying to a specific range. A collar strategy is used as one of the ways to hedge against possible losses and it represents long put options financed with short call options. Equity collar Structure A collar is created by: buying the underlying asset buying a put option at strike price, X (called the floor) selling a call option at strike price, X + a (called the cap). These latter two are a short risk reversal position. So: Underlying − risk reversal = Collar The premium income from selling the call reduces the cost of purchasing the put. The amount saved depends on the strike price of the two options. Most commonly, the two strikes are roughly equal distances from the current price. For example, an investor would insure against loss more than 20% in return for giving up gain more than 20%. In this case the cost of the two options should be roughly equal. In case the premiums are exactly equal, this may be called a zero-cost collar; the return is the same as if no collar was applied, provided that the ending price is between the two strikes. On expiry the value (but not the profit) of the collar will be: X if the price of the underlying is below X the value of the underlying if the underlying is between X and X + a, inclusive X + a, if the underlying is above X + a. Example Consider an investor who owns 100 shares of a stock with a current share price of $5. An investor could construct a collar by buying one put with a strike price of $3 and selling one call with a strike price of $7. The collar would ensure that the gain on the portfolio will be no higher than $2 and the loss will be no worse than $2 (before deducting the net cost of the put option; i.e., the cost of the put option less what is received for selling the call option). There are three possible scenarios when the options expire: If the stock price is above the $7 strike price on the call he wrote, the person who bought the call from the investor will exercise the purchased call; the investor effectively sells the shares at the $7 strike price. This would lock in a $2 profit for the investor. He only makes a $2 profit (minus fees), no matter how high the share price goes. For example, if the stock price goes up to $11, the buyer of the call will exercise the option and the investor will sell the shares that he bought at $5 for $11, for a $6 profit, but must then pay out $11 – $7 = $4, making his profit only $2 ($6 − $4). The premium paid for the put must then be subtracted from this $2 profit to calculate the total return on this investment. If the stock price drops below the $3 strike price on the put then the investor may exercise the put and the person who sold it is forced to buy the investor's 100 shares at $3. The investor loses $2 on the stock but can lose only $2 (plus fees) no matter how low the price of the stock goes. For example, if the stock price falls to $1 then the investor exercises the put and has a $2 gain. The value of the investor's stock has fallen by $5 – $1 = $4. The call expires worthless (since the buyer does not exercise it) and the total net loss is $2 – $4 = −$2. The premium received for the call must then be added to reduce this $2 loss to calculate the total return on this investment. If the stock price is between the two strike prices on the expiry date, both options expire unexercised and the investor is left with the 100 shares whose value is that stock price (×100), plus the cash gained from selling the call option, minus the price paid to buy the put option, minus fees. One source of risk is counterparty risk. If the stock price expires below the $3 floor then the counterparty may default on the put contract, thus creating the potential for losses up to the full value of the stock (plus fees). Interest Rate Collar Structure In an interest rate collar, the investor seeks to limit exposure to changing interest rates and at the same time lower its net premium obligations. Hence, the investor goes long on the cap (floor) that will save it money for a strike of X +(-) S1 but at the same time shorts a floor (cap) for a strike of X +(-) S2 so that the premium of one at least partially offsets the premium of the other. Here S1 is the maximum tolerable unfavorable change in payable interest rate and S2 is the maximum benefit of a favorable move in interest rates. Example Consider an investor who has an obligation to pay floating 6 month LIBOR annually on a notional N and which (when invested) earns 6%. A rise in LIBOR above 6% will hurt said investor, while a drop will benefit him. Thus, it is desirable for him to purchase an interest rate cap which will pay him back in the case that the LIBOR rises above his level of comfort. Figuring that he is comfortable paying up to 7%, he buys an interest rate cap contract from a counterparty, where the counterparty will pay him the difference between the 6 month LIBOR and 7% when the LIBOR exceeds 7% for a premium of 0.08N. To offset this premium, he also sells an interest rate floor contract to a counterparty, where he will have to pay the difference between the 6 month LIBOR and 5% when the LIBOR falls below 5%. For this he receives a 0.075N premium, thus offsetting what he paid for the cap contract. Now, he can face 3 scenarios: Rising interest rates - he will pay a maximum of 7% on his original obligation. Anything over and above that will be offset by the payments he will receive under the cap agreement. Hence, the investor is not exposed to interest rate increases exceeding 1%. Stationary interest rates - neither contract triggers, nothing happens Falling interest rates - he will benefit from a fall in interest rates down to 5%. If they fall further, the investor will have to pay the difference under the floor agreement, while of course saving the same amount on the original obligation. Hence, the investor is not exposed to interest falls exceeding 1%. Rationale In times of high volatility, or in bear markets, it can be useful to limit the downside risk to a portfolio. One obvious way to do this is to sell the stock. In the above example, if an investor just sold the stock, the investor would get $5. This may be fine, but it poses additional questions. Does the investor have an acceptable investment available to put the money from the sale into? What are the transaction costs associated with liquidating the portfolio? Would the investor rather just hold on to the stock? What are the tax consequences? If it makes more sense to hold on to the stock (or other underlying asset), the investor can limit that downside risk that lies below the strike price on the put in exchange for giving up the upside above the strike price on the call. Another advantage is that the cost of setting up a collar is (usually) free or nearly free. The price received for selling the call is used to buy the put—one pays for the other. Finally, using a collar strategy takes the return from the probable to the definite. That is, when an investor owns a stock (or another underlying asset) and has an expected return, that expected return is only the mean of the distribution of possible returns, weighted by their probability. The investor may get a higher or lower return. When an investor who owns a stock (or other underlying asset) uses a collar strategy, the investor knows that the return can be no higher than the return defined by strike price on the call, and no lower than the return that results from the strike price of the put. Symmetric Collar A symmetric collar is one where the initial value of each leg is equal. The product has therefore no cost to enter. Structured collar A structured collar describes an interest rate derivative product consisting of a straightforward cap, and an enhanced floor. The enhancement consists of additions which increase the cost of the floor should it be breached, or other adjustments designed to increase its cost. It can be contrasted with a symmetric collar, where the value of the cap and floor are equal. It attracted criticism as part of the Financial Conduct Authorities' review of mis-sold bank interest rate products. References Hull, John (2005). Fundamentals of Futures and Options Markets, 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. . Szado, Edward, and Thomas Schneeweis. "Loosening Your Collar: Alternative Implementations of QQQ Collars". Isenberg School of Management, CISDM. University of Massachusetts, Amherst. (Original Version: August 2009. Current Update: September 2009). Options (finance) Investment Financial risk management
5383440	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%20is%20truth	What is truth	What is truth may refer to: John 18:38, a verse from the Bible, also known as "What is truth?" Edi Nijam, a 1965 Telugu film whose English title is What is Truth "What Is Truth", a 1970 single by Johnny Cash What is Truth?, a 1976 book by philosopher C. J. F. Williams See also Truth Religious views on truth
5383446	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips%20Panda	Phillips Panda	The Phillips Panda was one of a number of mopeds produced by the Phillips Cycles company of England in the 1950s and early 1960s. The factory also produced the slightly more expensive Phillips Gadabout models. Phillips Cycles Ltd. was a respected British bicycle manufacturer based in Bridge Street, Smethwick, England. Founded by J.A. Phillips and E.W Bohle in Birmingham around 1892, its history ended in the 1970s, by which time it had become part of Raleigh Industries, itself a part of the huge Tube Investments group. For a number of years, the company was the second-largest bicycle producer in Britain after Raleigh. The "Phillips" brand is still used around the world, especially in China and the Far East, having been licensed by Raleigh. General Description The single-speed Panda Mark 1 and 2 utilised what probably became the last manufacturing installation of the 49 cc German Rex cyclemotor engine, which first appeared around 1950 in the form of a front-mounted, belt-driven cycle attachment, the strong but basic Panda frame being specifically built to house the motor. The Rex engine at 6:1 compression has no bhp given but carries a 12-millimetre Bing carburettor to the aluminium barrel with sleeve liner in conventional fore & aft porting layout. The crankcase cavity unusually extends all the way to the back of the motor to include lubrication of the reduction gear and its bearings by the induction gases! This results in a reduced scavenge pressure. Mounted on the end of the output shaft with the sprocket inboard, the tiny 2½" Rex dry clutch is a particularly frail pull-operated device and typically responsible for the final demise of most machines. The Panda has a 'grip-locking' clutch lever and a carburettor set-up that provides a very reliable and steady tick-over. The rear brake comprises a back pedal Perry Coaster hub and a conventional bicycle-type hub brake, handlebar lever operated for the front brake. Mark 1 version had no suspension but the mark 2 had telescopic front forks, larger headlamp and deeper valanced rear mudguard but retained the solid rear frame. The electrical system comprised a Miller flywheel magneto with lighting coils. The final Panda mark 3 was simply an imported French Mobylette made by Motobécane badged as a Phillips. It had nothing in common with the previous home-produced models. Technical specifications (Mark 1 and 2) Engine: Rex air-cooled, single cylinder, two-stroke bore 40.5 mm stroke 38.25 mm capacity 49 cc compression ratio 6:1 Single Gear Ratio 17.3:1 Clutch Rex Dry multi-plate Carburettor Bing model 1/12/27 Ignition & Lighting Miller flywheel magneto 6 volt 18 watt (Headlamp 6 V 15/15 W, tail lamp 6 V 3 W) Lubrication Petroil mixture 16:1 Fuel Tank Approx 4 litres including 0.4 litres reserve. Brakes: Front - 3.5 inch hub (mark 1), handlebar lever operated Rear - Back pedalling Perry Coaster Hub Tyres 23 X 2 inch with Schrader type valves Size Overall length 1820 mm, height 940 mm, width 152 mm Total Weight Approx 32 kg Equipment 3.5 inch headlamp (mark 1), electric horn, bipod stand, rear carrier, tyre inflator, large tool bag and tool kit Finish Silver Grey with tank and fairings in Flamboyant Red On the road On sitting astride the Panda, ones first impression is immediately of how small the moped feels with its 23-inch wheels and upright riding position. Starting the machine is easy with a push-down button choke on the Bing carburettor and decompressor lever on the right hand handlebar. Once started on its stand with the clutch disengaged, the choke is reset by fully opening the twist-grip throttle momentarily. Pulling away from rest is easily achievable without pedal assistance owing to the relatively high torque the motor delivers but this is not recommended practice as the frail clutch will fail rapidly with this sort of treatment. Pedal assisted starts are therefore much recommended. In fact, engine starting can be done by pedalling away from rest with the clutch engaged using the decompressor. Once under way the machine pulls strongly up to about 25 mph but any increase tails off rapidly only just managing 30 mph in favourable conditions. This is no doubt due to the fairly low single speed gearing but it does enable most hills to be tackled without resort to pedalling. The Rex engine is, however, stoically consistent and reliable. Always a reliable starter under all conditions and a reliable and consistent runner, though you do need time on your side to enjoy the docile character of the machine. The low maximum speed is compensated for to some extent by a good fuel consumption of 180 – 200 mpg. In common with most British-built two-stroke machines of the time, the petroil mixture ratio recommended is a little cautious erring on the 'oily' side at 16:1 using self-mixing two-stroke oil (16 parts of petrol to 1 part oil). The manual advises stretching it to 20:1 if using SAE20 motor engine oil. This British tendency to add rather more oil than the Continentals gave two-strokes a 'blue smokey exhaust' reputation in the UK but the Panda exhaust is not particularly smokey. The low riding position gives the moped a 'safe' feeling to ride and the sturdy cycle frame seems to plough through road bumps reasonably well despite having no suspension front or rear on the mark 1 version. The Phillips Panda looks quite pleasant once the side panels are fitted, hiding the rather ugly frame construction in the engine mounting area. Night riding is no problem but headlamp illumination is a little dismal at 15 watts and surprisingly has a main/dip feature! Accessories available included a pair of plastic legshields and a windscreen. As a reliable work horse, the Panda makes a sensible choice despite not having the performance of some of its continental competitors. Phillips set out to produce a reliable machine that was cheaper than most of its rivals. The Panda mark 1 cost £54-11s-0d in 1960. Mopeds Transport in Sandwell
5383447	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasios%20Miaoulis	Athanasios Miaoulis	Athanasios Miaoulis (, 1815 – 7 June 1867) was a Greek military officer and Prime Minister of Greece. Born in Hydra in 1815 the son of the famous Greek admiral Andreas Miaoulis, from whom he learned his navigation skills. Biography He was the son of the Arvanite admiral Andreas Miaoulis. He was born in Hydra. In 1829 he was given a scholarship at the Bavarian War College in Munich by Ludwig of Bavaria. After his graduation he served in the Royal Navy, until his transfer to the Greek Navy three years later. Because of his fluency in English, he was appointed adjutant to king Otto of Greece. He was later elected as Hydra MP (September 25, 1855) and was appointed Minister for Naval Affairs in the government of Dimitrios Voulgaris. Following the resignation of Dimitrios Voulgaris, he was asked by king Otto to replace him. On November 13, he formed a government which remained in power until May 1862 with various cabinet reshuffles. Public opinion in Greece considered Miaoulis' government, who also maintained his position as Minister for Naval Affairs, to be pro-Austrian and an obedient instrument of the king, which caused the opposition to develop a hostile mood. He resigned in May 1859, after the incident of the Skiadika, but the inability of Otto's chosen, Konstantinos Kanaris, to form a government, led Miaoulis to return to power. In the elections of that year, Miaoulis was re-elected as prime minister, but the government faced serious consistency issues leading to frequent cabinet reshuffles. In 1860, Miaoulis resubmitted his resignation, which was not accepted by Otto, who dissolved the parliament in November of the same year. Kalergis' refusal to form a government, led to new elections which lasted from December 1860 until March 1861. Miaoulis won again, although there were many reports of vote rigging and electoral terrorism which resulted in several strong opposition candidates to be left out of parliament. Next was the attempt on Queen Amalia’s life, followed by the revolt of Nafplio. Athanasios Miaoulis resigned after the repression of the movement (April 25, 1862) giving his chair to Gennaios Kolokotronis. After the expulsion of King Otto and Queen Amalia, Athanasios Miaoulis followed them abroad. He returned during the coronation of King George I (1863), but he didn't get involved in politics due to lack of public support. During his spell as prime minister, he continued the work of his predecessor on carrying out different land reclamation projects that would ensure the creation of more arable land, while he saw to the completion of the excavation and bridging of Euripus Strait. Athanasios Miaoulis died in 1867 in Paris. References 1815 births 1867 deaths 19th-century prime ministers of Greece Athanasios Prime Ministers of Greece People from Hydra (island) Hellenic Navy officers Ministers of Naval Affairs of Greece
5383449	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Shaddai	El Shaddai	El Shaddai (, ʾēl šaday; ) or just Shaddai is one of the names of the God of Israel. El Shaddai is conventionally translated into English as God Almighty (Deus Omnipotens in Latin), but its original meaning is unclear. The translation of El as "God" or "Lord" in the Ugaritic/Canaanite language is straightforward, as El was the supreme god of the ancient Canaanite religion. The literal meaning of Shaddai, however, is the subject of debate. The form of the phrase El Shaddai fits the pattern of the divine names in the Ancient Near East, exactly as is the case with names like El Olam", El Elyon" or El Betel". As such, El Shaddai can convey several different semantic relations between the two words, among them: El of a place called Shaddai El possessing the quality of shaddai El who is also known by the name Shaddai Occurrence The name Shaddai appears 48 times in the Bible, seven times as "El Shaddai" (five times in Genesis, once in Exodus, and once in Ezekiel). The first occurrence of the name is in , "When Abram was ninety-nine years old the Lord appeared to Abram and said to him, 'I am El Shaddai; walk before me, and be blameless,' Similarly, in God says to Jacob, "I am El Shaddai: be fruitful and multiply; a nation and a company of nations shall be of thee, and kings shall come out of thy loins". According to Shaddai was the name by which God was known to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Shaddai thus being associated in tradition with Abraham, the inclusion of the Abraham stories into the Hebrew Bible may have brought the northern name with them, according to the documentary hypothesis of the origins of the Hebrew Bible. In the vision of Balaam recorded in the Book of Numbers 24:4 and 16, the vision comes from Shaddai along with El. In the fragmentary inscriptions at Deir Alla, though "Shaddai" is not, or not fully present, shaddayin appear (, the vowels are uncertain, as is the gemination of the "d"), perhaps lesser figurations of Shaddai. These have been tentatively identified with the ŝedim () of Deuteronomy 32:17 and Psalm 106:37–38, who are Canaanite deities. The name Shaddai (Hebrew: ) is often used in parallel to El later in the Book of Job. In the Septuagint Shaddai or El Shaddai was often translated just as "God" or "my God", and in at least one passage (Ezekiel 10:5) it is transliterated (""). In other places (such as Job 5:17) it is translated "Almighty" (""), and this word is used in other translations as well (such as the King James Bible). Etymology The origin and meaning of "Shaddai" are obscure, and a variety of hypotheses have been put forward. Shaddai related to wilderness or mountains According to Ernst Knauf, "El Shaddai" means "God of the Wilderness" and originally would not have had a doubled "d". He argues that it is a loanword from Israelian Hebrew, where the word had a "sh" sound, into Judean Hebrew and hence, Biblical Hebrew, where it would have been śaday with the sound shin. In this theory, the word is related to the word śadé meaning "the (uncultivated) field", the area of hunting (as in the distinction between beasts of the field, חיות השדה, and cattle, בהמות). He points out that the name is found in Thamudic inscriptions (as 'lšdy), in a personal name "Śaday`ammī" used in Egypt from the Late Bronze Age until Achaemenid times, and even in the Punic name "bdšd" (Servant of Shadé or Shada). Another theory is that Shaddai is a derivation of a Semitic stem that appears in the Akkadian language shadû ("mountain") and shaddā`û or shaddû`a ("mountain-dweller"), one of the names of Amurru. This theory was popularized by W. F. Albright but was somewhat weakened when it was noticed that the doubling of the medial d is first documented only in the Neo-Assyrian period. However, the doubling in Hebrew might possibly be secondary. According to this theory, God is seen as inhabiting a holy mountain, a concept not unknown in ancient West Asian mythology (see El), and also evident in the Syriac Christianity writings of Ephrem the Syrian, who places the Garden of Eden on an inaccessible mountaintop. The term "El Shaddai" may mean "god of the mountains", referring to the Mesopotamian divine mountain. This could also refer to the Israelite camp's stay at biblical Mount Sinai where God gave Moses the Ten Commandments. According to Stephen L. Harris, the term was "one of the patriarchal names for the Mesopotamian tribal god", presumably meaning of the tribe of Abram, although there seems to be no evidence for this outside the Bible. In Exodus 6:3, El Shaddai is identified explicitly with the God of Abraham and with Yahweh. The term "El Shaddai" appears chiefly in Genesis. Shaddai meaning destroyer The root word "shadad" () means to plunder, overpower, or make desolate. This would give Shaddai the meaning of "destroyer", representing one of the aspects of God, and in this context it is essentially an epithet. The meaning may go back to an original sense which was "to be strong" as in the Arabic "shadid" () "strong", although normally the Arabic letter pronounced "sh" corresponds to the Hebrew letter sin, not to shin. The termination "ai", typically signifying the first person possessive plural, functions as a pluralis excellentiae like other titles for the Hebrew deity, Elohim ("gods") and Adonai ("my lords"). The possessive quality of the termination had lost its sense and become the lexical form of both Shaddai and Adonai, similar to how the connotation of the French word Monsieur changed from "my lord" to being an honorific title. There are a couple of verses in the Bible where there seems to be word play with "Shadday" and this root meaning to destroy (the day of YHWH will come as destruction from Shadday, כשד משדי יבוא, Is. 13:6 and Joel 1:15), but Knauf maintains that this is re-etymologization. Shaddai as a toponym It has been speculated that the tell in Syria called Tell eth-Thadeyn ("tell of the two breasts") was called Shaddai in the Amorite language. There was a Bronze-Age city in the region called Tuttul, which means "two breasts" in the Sumerian language. It has been conjectured that El Shaddai was therefore the "God of Shaddai" and that the inclusion of the Abrahamic stories into the Hebrew Bible may have brought the northern name with them (see Documentary hypothesis). Shaddai meaning breasts The root "shad" (שד) means "breast". Biblical scholar David Biale notes that, of the six times that the name "El Shaddai" appears in the Book of Genesis, five are in connection with fertility blessings for the patriarchs. He argues that this original understanding of "Shaddai" as related to fertility was forgotten by the later authors of Isaiah, Joel, and Job, who understood it as related to root words for power or destruction (thus explaining their later translation as "all-powerful" or "almighty"). Shaddai in the later Jewish tradition God that said "enough" A popular interpretation of the name Shaddai is that it is composed of the Hebrew relative particle she- (Shin plus vowel segol followed by dagesh), or, as in this case, as sha- (Shin plus vowel patach followed by a dagesh). The noun containing the dagesh is the Hebrew word dai meaning "enough, sufficient, sufficiency". This is the same word used in the Passover Haggadah, Dayeinu, which means "It would have been enough for us." The song Dayeinu celebrates the various miracles God performed while liberating the Israelites from Egyptian servitude. The Talmud explains it this way, but says that "Shaddai" stands for "Mi she'Amar Dai L'olamo" (Hebrew: מי שאמר די לעולמו) – "He who said 'Enough' to His world." When he was forming the earth, he stopped the process at a certain point, withholding creation from reaching its full completion, and thus the name embodies God's power to stop creation. The passage appears in the tractate Hagigah 12a and reads:Resh Laqish said: what is it that is written: I am El Shaddai (Genesis 35:11)? I am he who said to the world "enough!". Resh Laqish [also] said: in the hour that the Holy, blessed be he, created the sea, it started to expand – until the Holy, blessed be he, reproached it. [Then] it dried out as it was said: He reproaches the sea and makes it dry; and all the rivers makes desolate (Nahum 1:4).This account has two parallel variants with some minute changes. One appears in Bereshit Rabbah 5:8, where Shaddai stops the world from expanding and in 46:3 where he limits the earth and heavens. What is common to all these instances is the cosmogonic context and the exposition provided by Resh Laqish, who explains the appellation as a compound form consisting of she– and day. These passages have often been exposed in a sophisticated way as indicating the divine plan of drawing the borders between mind and matter, keeping the balance between his right and left hand or as an early manifestation of the kabbalistic idea of tzimtzum. It seems however, that they should rather be approached in their immediate context and in relation to another parallel narrative which comes in BT Sukkah 53 a–b and reads:When David dug the Pits, the {watery chasm} arose and threatened to submerge the world. David asked: «is there anyone who knows whether it is allowed to inscribe the [divine] name upon a {piece of clay}, and cast it into the {watery chasm} that its waves would subside?" (…) He thereupon inscribed the name upon a {piece of clay}, cast (Aram. שדי) it into the {watery chasm} and it subsided sixteen thousand cubits.This story has its variants: in Makkot 11a David sees the tehom rising and stops it by means of the name inscribed upon a stone while Bereshit Rabbah 23:7 conveys the tradition that this was the abuse of the tetragram which brought about the flood. If to approach these passages from the structural perspective, it is possible to discern two basic essences engaged in the opposition: the active, dividing agent and passive amorphous matter. Moreover, each of the recalled accounts has strong cosmological undertones, what suggests assuming the comparative perspective. Accordingly, Shaddai limiting the expansionist outburst of the world fits well the pattern of the so-called chaoskampf – an initial divine battle followed by the triumph of the young and vivacious deity, subjugating the hostile, usually aquatic monster and building the palace or creating the cosmos.The mythological traditions of the ancient Near East are full of parallels: Babylonian Marduk and Tiamat, Ugaritic Baal and Yam, Egyptian Ra and Apep, etc. In fact, this rabbinic reiteration should not be surprising at all, given the semantic capacity of this myth. Not only does the Hebrew Bible recall the cosmic battle numerous times, especially in Psalms (e.g., 77:16–17; 89:10) and Prophets (e.g. Isaiah 51:9–10; Ezekiel 32:13) but also plays with this ancient motif reiterating it to convey a specific meaning. Yahveh blowing the waters of the flood in Genesis 8:1 to make place for the new creation or dividing the Sea of Reeds in Exodus 14–15 to let the Hebrews walk to the other side and start a new national existence – all of these may be read as the retellings of the initial cosmogonic conflict. "El Shaddai" may also be understood as an allusion to the singularity of deity, "El", as opposed to "Elohim" (plural), being sufficient or enough for the early patriarchs of Judaism. To this was later added the Mosaic conception of the tetragrammaton YHWH, meaning a god who is sufficient in himself, that is, a self-determined eternal being qua being, for whom limited descriptive names cannot apply. This may have been the meaning the Hebrew phrase "ehyeh asher ehyeh" (which translates as "I will be that which I will be") and which is how God describes himself to Moses in Exodus 3:13–15. This phrase can be applied to the tetragrammaton YHWH, which can be understood as an anagram for the three states of being: past, present and future, conjoined with the conjunctive Hebrew letter vav. There is early support for this interpretation, in that the Septuagint translates "Shadday" in several places as "ὁ ἱκανός", the Sufficient One (for example, Ruth 1:20, 21). Apotropaic usage of the name "Shaddai" The name "Shaddai" often appears on the devices such as amulets or dedicatory plaques. More importantly, however, it is associated with the traditional Jewish customs which could be understood as apotropaic: male circumcision, mezuzah and tefillin. The connections of the first one with the name Shaddai are twofold. According to the biblical chronology it is El Shaddai who ordains the custom of circumcision in Genesis 17:1 and, as is apparent in midrash Tanhuma Tzav 14 (cf. a parallel passages in Tazri‘a 5 and Shemini 5) the brit milah itself is the inscription of the part of the name on the body:The Holy, blessed be he, has put his name on so they would enter the garden of Eden. And what is the name and the seal that he had put on them? It is "Shaddai". [The letter] shin he put in the nose, dalet – on the hand, whereas yod on the {circumcised} [membrum]. Accordingly, {when} goes to {his eternal home} (Ecclesiastes 12:5), there is an angel {appointed} in the garden of Eden who picks up every son of which is circumcised and brings him {there}. And those who are not circumcised? Although there are two letters of the name "Shaddai" present on them, {namely} shin from the nose and dalet from the hand, the yod (…) is {missing}. Therefore it hints at a demon (Heb. shed), which brings him down to Gehenna.Analogous is the case with mezuzah – a piece of parchment with two passages from the Book of Deuteronomy, curled up in a small encasement and affixed to a doorframe. At least since the Geonic times, the name "Shaddai" is often written on the back of the parchment containing the shema‘ and sometimes also on the casing itself. The name is traditionally interpreted as being an acronym of shomer daltot Yisrael ("the guardian of the doors of Israel") or shomer dirot Yisrael ("the guardian of the dwellings of Israel"). However, this notarikon itself has its source most probably in Zohar Va’ethanan where it explains the meaning of the word Shaddai and connects it to mezuzah. The name "Shadday" can also be found on tefillin – a set of two black leather boxes strapped to head and arm during the prayers. The binding of particular knots of tefillin is supposed to resemble the shape of the letters: the leather strap of the tefillah shel rosh is knotted at the back of the head thus forming the letter dalet whereas the one that is passed through the tefillah shel yad forms a yod-shaped knot. In addition to this, the box itself is inscribed with the letter shin on two of its sides. Biblical translations The Septuagint (and other early translations) sometimes translate "Shaddai" as "(the) Almighty". It is often translated as "God", "my God", or "Lord". However, in the Greek of the Septuagint translation of Psalm 91:1, "Shaddai" is translated as "the God of heaven". "Almighty" is the translation of "Shaddai" followed by most modern English translations of the Hebrew scriptures, including the popular New International Version and Good News Bible. The translation team behind the New Jerusalem Bible (N.J.B.) however, maintains that the meaning is uncertain, and that translating "El Shaddai" as "Almighty God" is inaccurate. The N.J.B. leaves it untranslated as "Shaddai", and makes footnote suggestions that it should perhaps be understood as "God of the Mountain" from the Akkadian "shadu", or "God of the open wastes" from the Hebrew "sadeh" and the secondary meaning of the Akkadian word. The translation in the Concordant Old Testament is 'El Who-Suffices' (Genesis 17:1). In Mandaeism In Book 5, Chapter 2 of the Right Ginza, part of Mandaean holy scripture of the Ginza Rabba, El Shaddai is mentioned as ʿIl-Šidai. Use by Bunyan God is referred to as "Shaddai" throughout the 1682 Christian allegorical book, The Holy War by John Bunyan. References External links Book of Genesis Book of Exodus Book of Ezekiel Names of God in Judaism Deities in the Hebrew Bible Names of God in Christianity El (deity)
3991821	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford%206R%20transmission	Ford 6R transmission	The 6R is a six-speed automatic transmission for longitudinal engine placement in rear-wheel drive vehicles. It is based on the ZF 6HP26 transmission and is built under license by the Ford Motor Company at its Livonia Transmission plant in Livonia, Michigan. The 6R debuted in 2005 in the 2006 model year Ford Explorer and Mercury Mountaineer. The 6R80 is featured in 2009 to present Ford F-150 pickups. It features torque converter lockup capabilities in all 6 gears and an integrated "Tow/Haul" mode for enhanced engine braking and towing performance. For the 2011 model year, the transmission was revised to provide smoother shifts, improved fuel economy, and overall better shift performance. Most notable of the improvements was the addition of a 1 way clutch that provided smoother 1-2 up-shifts and 2-1 down-shifts. The transmission has a relatively low 1st gear and two overdrive gears, the highest of which is 0.69:1. This provides exceptional towing performance when needed, while maximizing fuel economy by offering low engine speeds while cruising. The 6R80 can be found behind the 3.7L V-6 all the way up to the 6.2L V-8. Ford has stated that while the transmission is used in multiple applications, each transmission is optimized and integrated differently depending on the engine it is mated to. The 6R80 features "Filled for Life" low viscosity synthetic transmission fluid (MERCON LV), though a fluid flush is recommended at 150,000 miles if your truck falls under the classification of "Severe Duty" operation. The transmission, as used in the Ford F-150, has a fluid capacity of 13.1 quarts and weighs 215 lbs Specifications Preliminary Note The 6R-transmissions are based on the ZF 6HP gearbox. The gear sets of the 6R140 are deviant. Technical data Applications 6R60 or 6R80 2009-2017 - 6R80 Ford Ranger (T6) 2011-present - 6R80 (on 3.2L and 2.2 single turbo diesel engines) Ford Everest 2015-present - 6R80 (on 3.2L and 2.2 single turbo diesel engines) Mazda BT-50 2011-present - 6R80 (on 3.2L and 2.2 single turbo diesel engines) 6R60 2006-2008 Ford Explorer/Mercury Mountaineer w/ 4.6L V8 6R80 2009–2017 Ford F-150 2018-present Ford F-150 3.3L 2009–2018 Ford Expedition/Lincoln Navigator 2009-2010 Mercury Mountaineer 2011–2016 Ford Territory (SZ TCDi) 2011-2017 Ford Mustang V6, GT, Ecoboost(15-17) 2011-present Ford Ranger 2.2L, 3.2L 2011-present Mazda BT-50 2.2L, 3.2L 2015-present Ford Everest 2.2L, 3.2L 2015-2019 Ford Transit References See also List of Ford transmissions 6R
5383461	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Warthen	Dan Warthen	Daniel Dean Warthen (born December 1, 1952) is an American former professional baseball player and current coach for the Texas Rangers. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a left-handed pitcher from to for the Montreal Expos, Philadelphia Phillies, and the Houston Astros. Early life Warthen was born in Omaha, Nebraska, and is Jewish. He attended Omaha North High School in Omaha, graduating in 1971, and was a high school All-American quarterback, tight end, and linebacker in football and also a star in baseball. He was the 1971 co-winner of the B'nai B'rith Award. In 2018 he was inducted into the Omaha Public Schools Athletic Hall of Fame. Playing career Warthen was drafted by the Montreal Expos in the 2nd round of the 1971 Major League Baseball Draft. He pitched first for the Watertown Expos in the 1971 Northern League, and was 9-3 with a 3.96 ERA, leading the league with 10 complete games and second in the league in wins. He made his Major League Baseball debut as a 22 year-old with the Expos on May 18, 1975, pitching a scoreless eighth inning against the Cincinnati Reds. In his rookie season in 1975, Warthen was 8-6 with three saves and a 3.11 ERA in 167.2 innings over 40 games (18 starts), and was 3rd in the National League in hits per 9 IP (6.978) and 4th in strikeouts per 9 IP (6.871). Warthen pitched four seasons in the major leagues with Montreal, Philadelphia, and Houston. He finished his major-league career with a 12–21 win–loss record and a 4.31 ERA. Coaching career Warthen began his coaching career with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1981, following that with coaching in the minor league organizations of San Diego and Philadelphia. Warthen was the pitching coach for the Detroit Tigers (1999–2002), San Diego Padres (1996–97), and Seattle Mariners (1992), also serving as the Mariners bullpen coach in 1991. He was the pitching coach for the Triple A Norfolk Tides from 2003–2005. Warthen served as the bullpen coach for the Los Angeles Dodgers under manager Grady Little from 2006–2007. On June 17, 2008, Warthen was named the New York Mets pitching coach, replacing Rick Peterson. In the 2012 off-season rumors speculated that Warthen would not return due to the staff changes, but he stayed along with then hitting coach Dave Hudgens. In 2014, Warthen used the slur "Chinaman" in a conversation with an Asian-American interpreter in the clubhouse. He later issued an apology. Warthen was relieved of his coaching position by the Mets on October 3, 2017, but was offered another role with the organization, which he declined. On November 6, 2017, Warthen was hired by the Texas Rangers as the assistant pitching coach. References External links , or Retrosheet, or Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Winter League), or New York Mets website (Biography) 1952 births Living people Águilas del Zulia players Alexandria Dukes players American expatriate baseball players in Canada Baseball coaches from Nebraska Baseball players from Nebraska Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players Denver Bears players Detroit Tigers coaches Detroit Tigers scouts Houston Astros players Jewish American baseball coaches Jewish American baseball players Jewish Major League Baseball players Los Angeles Dodgers coaches Major League Baseball bullpen coaches Major League Baseball pitchers Major League Baseball pitching coaches Memphis Blues players Minor league baseball coaches Montreal Expos players New York Mets coaches Oklahoma City 89ers players Philadelphia Phillies players Pittsburgh Pirates coaches Portland Beavers players Québec Carnavals players San Diego Padres coaches Seattle Mariners coaches Sportspeople from Omaha, Nebraska Tiburones de La Guaira players American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela Watertown Expos players Omaha North High School alumni 21st-century American Jews
3991823	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person-centred%20planning	Person-centred planning	Person-centred planning (PCP) is a set of approaches designed to assist an individual to plan their life and supports. It is most often used for life planning with people with learning and developmental disabilities, though recently it has been advocated as a method of planning personalised support with many other sections of society who find themselves disempowered by traditional methods of service delivery, including children, people with physical disabilities, people with mental health issues and older people. PCP is accepted as evidence based practice in many countries throughout the world. Person-centred planning was adopted as government social policy in the United Kingdom through the 'Valuing People' white paper in 2001, and as part of 'Valuing People Now', a 3-year plan, in 2009. It is promoted as a key method for delivering the personalisation objectives of the UK government's Putting People First programme for social care. The coalition government continued this commitment through 'Capable Communities and Active Citizens' (2010), and in 2011 over 30 health and social care organisations set up a sector-wide agreement 'Think Local, Act Personal' (2011) to transform adult social care. Background Person Centred Planning discovers and acts on what is important to a person. It is a process for continual listening and learning, focussing on what are important to someone now and in the future, and acting on this in alliance with their family and their friends. Person-centred planning was created in response to some specific problems with the way in which society responds to people with disabilities. Those who first described the processes were responding to the effects that 'services' can have on people's lives. In this context 'services' refers to the organisations which are set up to help people in relation to their disability (or at least in relation to how other people have responded to that disability). It would include health and social care services funded by government or local authorities, but also privately funded or voluntary sector projects of many kinds. Person-centered planning has similarities to other processes and ideas, but was first named and described more definitely by a group of people in the US, including the Center on Human Policy's Rehabilitation Research and Training Center (RRTC) on Community Integration e.g., Julie Ann Racino, Zana Lutfiyya, Steve Taylor, John O'Brien, Beth Mount, Connie Lyle O'Brien, technical assistance "partners" of the RRTC (e.g., Michael Smull, Wade Hitzing, Karen Green-McGowen, Nick Arambarri) and person-centred planning in Canada by Jack Pearpoint, Judith Snow and Marsha Forest. Whilst it was developed because of the social and service response to disability, it was quickly recognised to be as useful for many other individuals and groups of people. Disabled people in the UK and USA developed the social model of disability, arguing for a shift in the balance of power between people and the services on which they rely. Person centred planning is based in the social model of disability because it places the emphasis on transforming the options available to the person, rather than on 'fixing' or changing the person. Specifically person-centred planning was based diversely on principles of community integration/inclusion/ normalisation/social role valorization. Prior to its inception, these principles were crystallised by John O'Brien and Connie Lyle O'Brien in the 'Framework for Accomplishment' which listed five key areas important in shaping people's quality of life, and asserting that services should be judged by the extent to which they enable people to: Share ordinary places Make choices Develop abilities Be treated with respect and have a valued social role Grow in relationships The title 'person-centred' is used because those who developed it and used it initially shared a belief that services tend to work in a 'service-centred' way. This 'service-centred' behaviour appears in many forms, but an example is that a person who is isolated would be offered different groups to attend (each run by a service specifically for people sharing a specific label), rather than being helped to make friends in ordinary society. The person-centered concept grew out of the critique of the "facility-based services" approach in the US (and worldwide) that was central to the development of "support approaches" in the US The nationwide technical assistance funded by the National Institute on Disability Research and Rehabilitation (NIDRR), which included the person-centered approaches, is reported in the "Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation". A central idea behind person-centred planning, is that services which are set up to respond to problems of social exclusion, disempowerment, and devaluation, can unintentionally make the situation of individual people worse (i.e. further disempower, devalue and exclude people). Person-centred planning is designed specifically to 'empower' people, to directly support their social inclusion, and to directly challenge their devaluation. One of the benefits of person-centered planning is that it can address the perennial "service problems" of ethnicity, gender, culture and age by starting with planning by or with the "whole person". Person-centred planning is not one clearly defined process, but a range of processes sharing a general philosophical background, and aiming at similar outcomes. As it has become more well known further processes and procedures have also been given the title 'person-centred planning'. Some of these have little in common with person-centred planning as originally envisaged. Person-centered planning through the Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Community Integration in the US was, in part, an agency and systems change process as opposed to only an "individual planning" process moving to an "individual budgeting process". Person-centred planning involves the individual receiving the service, with family members, neighbors, employers, community members, and friends, and professionals (such as physician/ doctors, psychiatrists, nurses, support workers, care managers, therapists, and social workers) developing a plan on community participation and quality of life with the individual. In contrast, traditional models of planning have focussed on the person's deficits and negative behaviours, labelling the person and creating a disempowering mindset from the start. Person-centred planning offers an alternative to traditional models, striving to place the individual at the centre of decision-making, treating family members as partners. The process focusses on discovering the person's gifts, skills and capacities, and on listening for what is really important to the person. It is based on the values of human rights, interdependence, choice and social inclusion, and can be designed to enable people to direct their own services and supports, in a personalised way. Methods Person-centered planning utilises a number of techniques, with the central premise that any methods used must be reflective of the individual's personal communication mechanisms and assist them to outline their needs, wishes and goals. There is no differentiation between the process used and the output and outcomes of the PCP; instead, it pursues social inclusion through means such as community participation, employment and recreation. Beth Mount characterised the key similarities or 'family resemblances' of the different person centred methods and approaches into four themes: seeing people first, rather than diagnostic labels using ordinary language and images, rather than professional jargon actively searching for a person's gifts and capacities in the context of community life strengthening the voice of the person, and those who know the person best in accounting for their history, evaluating their present conditions in terms of valued experiences and defining desirable changes in their life Person centred thinking skills, total communication techniques, graphic facilitation of meetings and problem solving skills are some methods commonly used in the development of a person centred plan, as are PATH (Planning Alternative Tomorrows With Hope), circles of support (Canada), MAPS (Canada), personal futures planning (O'Brien & Mount, US), Essential Lifestyle Planning (Maryland, US), person centred reviews, Getting to Know You (Wisconsin, US), and most recently the use of Person centred thinking tools to build from one page profiles into person centred descriptions/collections of person centred Information and on into full scale plans. The resultant plan may be in any format that is accessible to the individual, such as a document, a drawing or an oral plan recorded onto a tape or compact disc. Multimedia techniques are becoming more popular for this type of planning as development costs decrease and the technology used becomes more readily available. Plans are updated as and when the individual wishes to make changes, or when a goal or aspiration is achieved. If part of a regular planning process in the US, regular plan updates are usually required by regulatory agencies (e.g., state offices in the US through local agencies). Person-centred planning can have many effects that go beyond the making of plans. It can create a space during which someone who is not usually listened to has central stage. It can insist that discussion is centred on what the person is telling us is important to them, with their words and behaviours, as well as what others feel is important for the person. It can engage participants personally by allowing them to hear of deeply felt hopes and fears. It can assist people in a circle of support to re-frame their views of the person it is focused on. It can help a group to solve difficult problems. In the US, person-centered planning can help to create new lifestyles, new homes and jobs, diverse kinds of support (informal and formal) and new social relationships. Limitations Many of the limitations discussed below reflect challenges and limitations in the implementation of person-centered planning approaches in the context of formal human service systems. Another approach to this question is to envision person-centered planning as an approach that is anchored in the person's natural community and personal relationship network. In this view, the Person-Centered Plan (PCP) offers a platform for the person and their trusted allies to identify and express their vision and commitments without limiting that expression to what can or will be provided by the service system. Some time later, the formal system can develop a plan for service delivery that may be based on and consistent with the person's plan, that recognizes and supports the contributions of the person, family and community, and that clearly acknowledges the limitations of what the system is prepared to provide. John O'Brien sums up the problem of trying to deliver person centredness through formal service systems that have a very different culture thus: Many human service settings are zones of compliance in which relationships are subordinated to and constrained by complex and detailed rules. In those environments, unless staff commit themselves to be people's allies and treat the rules and boundaries and structures as constraints to be creatively engaged as opposed to simply conforming, person centred work will be limited to improving the conditions of people's confinement in services. He calls for leadership to challenge these boundaries: Most service organisations have the social function of putting people to sleep, keeping them from seeing the social reality that faces people with disabilities ... People go to sleep when the slogan that "we are doing the best that is possible for 'them'" distracts from noticing and taking responsibility for the uncountable losses imposed by service activities that keep people idle, disconnected and alienated from their own purposes in life. One way to understand leadership is to see it as waking up to people's capacities and the organisational and systemic practices that devalue and demean those capacities. A key obstacle to people achieving better lives has been the risk averse culture that has been prevalent in human services for a variety of reasons. Advocates of person centred thinking argue that applying person centred thinking tools to the risk decision-making process, and finding strategies that are based on who the person is, can enable a more positive approach to risk that doesn't use risk as an excuse to trap people in boring and unproductive lives. The key advocates of PCP and associated person centered approaches warn of the danger of adopting the model in a bureaucratic way – adopting the 'form' of PCP, without the philosophical content. By changing it to fit existing practices rather than using it in its original form, most or all of its effects are lost. The hope of funding it in the USA was to influence the processes, such as planning through the Medicaid home and community-based waiver services for people moving from institutions to the community. The philosophical content expects services to be responsive to the needs of people that use the service, rather than prescriptive in the types of services offered. These principles are reliant on mechanisms such as individualised funding packages and the organisational capacity to design and deliver "support" services. It is essential that organisations and agencies providing services make a commitment to strive for person-centredness in all of their activities, which can result in major changes in areas of practice such as recruitment, staff training, and business planning and management. While secondary users may debate the use of person-centered approaches to achieve the myriad goals it attempts to achieve, i.e., increased inclusion (Schwartz, Jacobson and Holburn, 2000) and "defining person-centeredness", others point to recent research such as "The Impact of Person Centred Planning", which suggests that person centred planning can make a considerable difference to people's quality of life and explores the optimum conditions for person centred approaches. 'Valuing People Now' says Person centred planning has been shown to work. The world's largest study into person centred planning described how it helps people get improvements in important parts of their lives and indicated that this was at no additional cost. However it continues: too few people have access to proper person centred planning... In too many local authorities, person centred planning is not at the centre of how things are done. The challenge of the next three years is to take all this innovative work and make sure that more – and eventually all – people have real choice and control over their lives and services. Person-centered planning in the USA has continued to be investigated at the secondary research level and validated for more general use (e.g., ). Local authorities in Britain are now being challenged by government to change their model to one that is founded on person centred approaches: "This move is from the model of care, where an individual receives the care determined by a professional, to one that has person centred planning at its heart, with the individual firmly at the centre in identifying what is personally important to deliver his or her outcomes." The government recognises that this will require a fundamental change in the way services are organised and think: "Personalisation is about whole system change." In New York State (USA), the Office for People with Developmental Disabilities (OPWDD), has mandated the use of person-centered planning in all new service development for people with intellectual disabilities. Person-centered planning is central to the new approaches to person-directed supports with are based on stronger self-determination than traditional person-centered approaches. Outcomes Person centred thinking and planning is founded on the premise that genuine listening contains an implied promise to take action. Unless what is learned about how the person wishes to live, and where they wish to go in their lives is recorded and acted upon, any planning will have been a waste of time, and more importantly a betrayal of the person and the trust they have placed in those who have planned with them. In the UK initiatives such as individual budgets and self-directed supports using models like In Control mean that person centred planning can now be used to directly influence a person's Support Planning, giving them direct control over who delivers their support, and how it is delivered. See also Developmental disability Direct support professional Disability rights movement Family Movement Independent living Matching person and technology model Options counseling Planning Alternative Tomorrows with Hope (PATH) Self advocacy Social role valorization References Further reading Cambridge, P. and Carnaby, S. 2005. Person Centred Planning and Care Management with People with Learning Disabilities. Jessica Kingsley Publishing, London. Falvey, MA., Forest, M., Pearpoint, J. and Rosenberg, RL. 1997. All My Life's a Circle. Using the tools: Circles, MAPS & PATHS. Inclusion Press, Toronto. O'Brien, J. and Lyle O'Brien, C. 1988. A Little Book About Person Centred Planning. Inclusion Press, Toronto. O'Brien, J. and Lyle O'Brien, C. 2006. Implementing Person Centred Planning: Voices of Experience. Inclusion Press, Toronto. Perske, R. 1988. Circles Of Friends. Abingdon Press, Nashville. Sanderson, H., Kennedy, K., Ritchie, P. and Goodwin G. 1997. People, Plans and Possibilities: Exploring person centred planning. SHS, Edinburgh Sanderson, H. and Smull, M. 2005. Essential Lifestyle Planning for Everyone. Helen Sanderson Associates, London. Schwartz, AA., Jacobson, JW., Holburn, SC. 2000. Defining Person Centeredness: Results of Two Consensus Methods. Education and Training in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities. 35. External links Writings of John and Connie Lyle O'Brien The Learning Community for Person Centered Practices (Person Centered Thinking and Essential Lifestyle Planning and more...) Helen Sanderson Associates: Reading Room The Circles Network – What is Person Centred Planning? Definitions of person-centred planning, thinking and approaches Key articles on person centred planning on the www.isja.org.uk directory Person Centred Planning Pages Community-Building and Commitment-Building with Path, from Implementing Person-Centered Planning: Voices of Experience Think Local, Act Personal; a sector wide partnership for transforming adult social care Community building Life coaching Social care in the United Kingdom Developmental disabilities
5383464	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodion%20C%C4%83m%C4%83taru	Rodion Cămătaru	Rodion Gorun Cămătaru (; born 22 June 1958) is a retired Romanian footballer, who played as a striker. Club career Rodion Cămătaru was born on 22 June 1958 in Strehaia and debuted in Divizia A with Universitatea Craiova on 10 November 1974 in a 1–1 against CFR Cluj. He spent twelve seasons with Universitatea, scoring 122 goals in 288 Divizia A matches, being part of the "Craiova Maxima" generation that won two league titles, four cups and reached the 1982–83 UEFA Cup semi-finals. In 1986, he was transferred to Dinamo București, where he became the Divizia A top goalscorer and European Golden Boot winner in the first season spent at the club with 44 goals scored in 33 games, but as he scored 26 goals in the last 9 matches of the season, his European Golden Boot was retired because FIFA's investigations claimed the goals were scored unfairly and the trophy was awarded to Anton Polster, however Cămătaru was allowed to keep his copy of the trophy. In 1987 he was nominated for the Ballon d'Or. In 1989 he went to play in Belgium at Charleroi, after two seasons he moved in Netherlands at Heerenveen where he spent three seasons, scoring his last goal as a professional in the 1992–93 KNVB Cup final, which was lost in front of Ajax Amsterdam. He has a total of 378 Divizia A appearances in which he scored 198 goals and 47 matches played with 7 goals scored in European competitions. In 2020 with the occasion of Heerenveen's 100th anniversary, Cămătaru was selected the best striker in the club's history in front of Ruud van Nistelrooy and Klaas-Jan Huntelaar. International career Rodion Cămătaru played 73 matches and scored 21 goals for Romania, making his debut on 13 December 1978 under coach Ștefan Kovács in a friendly which ended with a 2–1 loss against Greece. He played two games at the Euro 1980 qualifiers and scored one goal in the 4–1 victory against Yugoslavia in the second leg of the 1977–80 Balkan Cup final. He played six games and scored two goals at the successful Euro 1984 qualifiers, also being used by coach Mircea Lucescu in all three group matches from the final tournament as Romania did not advance to the next stage. In the following years, Cămătaru played six games and scored three goals at the 1986 World Cup qualifiers, four games at the Euro 1988 qualifiers, five games and two goals scored at the successful 1990 World Cup qualifiers, being also part of the squad that participated at the final tournament where coach Emeric Jenei did not use him in any games. Cămătaru's last appearance for the national team was in a 2–1 loss against Scotland in which he scored Romania's goal at the Euro 1992 qualifiers. For representing his country at Euro 1984 and the 1990 World Cup, Cămătaru was decorated by President of Romania Traian Băsescu on 25 March 2008 with the Ordinul "Meritul Sportiv" – (The Medal "The Sportive Merit") class III. International goals Scores and results list Romania's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Cămătaru goal. Honours Universitatea Craiova Divizia A: 1979–80, 1980–81 Cupa României: 1976–77, 1977–78, 1980–81, 1982–83 Romania Balkan Cup: 1977–80 Individual Divizia A top scorer: 1986–87 European Golden Shoe: 1986–87 Ballon d'Or: 1987 (21st place) References External links Dutch league stats – Voetbal International 1958 births Living people People from Strehaia Romanian footballers Romania international footballers Romanian expatriate footballers CS Universitatea Craiova players FC Dinamo București players R. Charleroi S.C. players SC Heerenveen players Liga I players Belgian First Division A players Eredivisie players Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Belgium Expatriate footballers in Belgium Romanian expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands Expatriate footballers in the Netherlands UEFA Euro 1984 players 1990 FIFA World Cup players Association football forwards Universiade medalists in football Universiade bronze medalists for Romania
5383484	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Carr%20Moore	Mary Carr Moore	Mary Carr Moore (6 August 1873 - 9 January 1957) was an American composer, conductor, vocalist, and music educator of the twentieth century. She is best remembered today for her association with the musical life of the West Coast. Early life Moore was born Mary Louise Carr on August 6, 1873, in Memphis, Tennessee, to Unitarian minister Sarah Pratt Carr and her husband Byron Oscar Carr. She passed her childhood in Memphis and Louisville, Kentucky until the age of ten, when her family moved to the West Coast. Here she would live for the rest of her life. Gifted musically from an early age, Moore began her studies in San Francisco, taking composition lessons from J. H. Pratt and studying singing with H. B. Pasmore. She had begun teaching and composing by 1889; a song she wrote that year was later published. In 1894 she took the lead in her first operetta, The Oracle, when it was premiered by an amateur group in San Francisco. The following year, she gave up singing to devote herself fully to teaching and composition. In 1895 she began teaching in Lemoore, California, moving to Seattle in 1901. Narcissa While in Seattle, Moore began work on her second, and most ambitious, stage work. Titled Narcissa, or The Cost of Empire, the four-act grand opera told the story of Marcus and Narcissa Whitman and the attack on their mission in Walla Walla in 1847. Sarah Carr wrote the libretto. Several distinguished artists were imported from New York City to perform in the premiere, held in Seattle in 1912. No conductor was available; consequently, Moore herself took to the podium. The opera failed to gain a place in the repertory, and soon disappeared, although Moore conducted revivals in San Francisco in 1925 and Los Angeles in 1945. David Rizzio In 1932, Moore was commissioned to compose an opera for production in Venice; she chose as her subject an episode in the life of Mary, Queen of Scots. David Rizzio, a grand opera in two acts, was Moore's only work written to an Italian libretto. When the performance in Venice fell through, a group of amateur organizations banded together and produced the work in Los Angeles. Later career Moore continued composing operas after David Rizzio, although none met with much success. She had moved to Los Angeles in 1926, and was to remain there for the rest of her life; from 1928 to 1947 she taught theory and composition at Chapman College in Orange, and from 1926 to 1943 she was on the faculty of the Olga Steeb Piano School. She also worked to promote American music, organizing an American Music Center in Seattle in 1909 and aiding from 1936 to 1942 in the performance of music by local composers in Los Angeles; this last was done under the auspices of the Federal Music Project. In 1930, Narcissa belatedly won a Bispham Memorial Medal Award; in 1936 Moore was awarded an honorary doctorate in music from Chapman. She died on January 9, 1957 in Inglewood, California, and is interred at Inglewood Park Cemetery. Personal life Moore married in her early twenties, but the marriage lasted just over a decade. It produced one daughter, Marian Hall Moore, and sons Byron Carr Moore and John Wesley Moore. In 1920 the census lists her as remarried, but that relationship, too, ended in divorce. Her son, Dr. John Wesley Moore died in an airplane crash in 1944 while serving as a military doctor in the US Air Force. She maintained close family ties, in later life supporting for some time her divorced daughter, her mother, and two grandsons. Compositional style Moore was a conservative composer, writing music that was largely Romantic in cast. Some of her songs contain impressionistic qualities, and are reminiscent of Debussy. In later works, such as David Rizzio, Moore made greater use of the whole tone scale, yet her style remained basically tonal until the end of her career. She was violently anti-modernist; supposedly, she once left a performance of an avante-garde piece because it was making her physically ill. Moore was sometimes classed as a member of the First Los Angeles School of composers. Legacy Mary Carr Moore is remembered today primarily for her efforts on behalf of the musical life of the West Coast. She was among the first composers to promote opera in Seattle, and would often promote the work of her peers alongside her own. As a teacher, too, she promoted her students' work, even founding a manuscript club for regular performance of their music. Her students included composer Addie Anderson Wilson. Recordings A handful of Moore's songs were recorded by Evelyn de la Rosa and David Rudat for Cambria Records in 1984. Operas The Oracle, (1894) Narcissa, or The Cost of Empire, (1911) The Leper, (written 1912) Memories (1914) Harmony, (1917) The Flaming Arrow, or, The Shaft of Ku' Pish-ta-ya, (1922) David Rizzio, (1928) Los Rubios, (1931) Flutes of Jade Happiness, (1933) Légende Provençale, unperformed, orchestral score lost References Further reading Moore, Johnny. Family Centennial. Quincy, CA: Sugarpine Aviators. 1999. Smith, Catherine Parsons; Cynthia S. Richardson. Mary Carr Moore, American composer. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1987, . Schleifer, Martha Furman; Sylvia Glickman. Women Composers: Music Through the Ages. New York: G.K. Hall, 1996, . External links Mary Carr Moore at Harvard Square Library David Rizzio at usopera.com 1873 births 1957 deaths American women classical composers American classical composers American Unitarians American opera composers 19th-century classical composers 20th-century classical composers Musicians from Memphis, Tennessee Musicians from Washington (state) Chapman University faculty Burials at Inglewood Park Cemetery Musicians from Louisville, Kentucky 19th-century American composers Women opera composers 20th-century American women musicians Kentucky women musicians 20th-century American composers Classical musicians from California 20th-century women composers 19th-century women composers American women academics 19th-century American women musicians
3991850	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmel%20ARM-based%20processors	Atmel ARM-based processors	Atmel ARM-based processors are microcontrollers and microprocessors integrated circuits, by Microchip Technology (previously Atmel), that are based on various 32-bit ARM processor cores, with in-house designed peripherals and tool support. Overview ARM licenses the core design for a series of 32-bit processors. ARM does not manufacture any complete silicon products, just intellectual property (IP). The ARM processors are RISC (reduced instruction set computing). This is similar to Microchip’s AVR 8-bit products, a later adoption of RISC architecture. Whereas the AVR architecture used Harvard architecture exclusively, some ARM cores are Harvard (Cortex-M3) and others are Von Neumann architecture (ARM7TDMI). Semiconductor companies such as Microchip take the ARM cores, which use a consistent set of instructions and register naming, and add peripheral circuits such as ADCs (analog to digital converters), clock management, and serial communications such as USART, SPI, I2C, CAN, LIN, USB, Ethernet, and LCD, Camera or Touch controllers. Microchip made efforts to adapt advanced peripherals and power management that used very little power and can operate independently without having the CPU core powered up (sleepwalking). They also provided for DMA between external interfaces and memories increasing data throughput with minimal processor intervention. Microchip sells both MCUs (microcontroller units) that have internal Flash memory, and MPUs (microprocessor units) that use external memory. In addition to the chips themselves, Microchip offers demo boards, both on its website, and through distribution channels such as Digi-key, Farnell, Ineltek, Arrow, Avnet, Future Electronics, and Mouser. Some of the Microchip ARM-based products are meant for specific applications, such as their SAM4CP that is used in smart-grid energy meters. History 1995 sign ARM ARM7TDMI "Thumb" core license agreement (ARMv4T Von Neumann architecture) (an MPU core Atmel made into MCU) AT91M40800 (1998) AT91M42800A AT91M55800A AT91R40008 AT91FR40162 (2002) SAM7S/SE SAM7X/XC SAM7L 1995 sign ARM920T/ARM9TDMI (MPU) core license agreement (ARMv4T Von Neumann architecture) AT91RM9200 (2003) 2000 sign ARM926EJ/ARM9E (MPU) core license agreement (ARMv5 architecture) AT91SAM9260 (2006) AT91SAM9263 (2007) SAM9XE (2008) SAM9N/CN, SAM9R (2009) SAM9G (2009) SAM9X SAM9M (2010) 2004 sign ARM1176JZ-S core license agreement (not used in Atmel parts) 2008 sign Cortex license agreement with ARM Holdings. Cortex-M3 (MCU) (ARMv7-M Harvard architecture) SAM3U (2009) SAM3S (2009) SAM3N (2010) SAM3A (2012) SAM3X (2012) Cortex-M4 (MCU) (ARMv7E-M Harvard architecture) SAM4S (2011) SAM4L (2012) SAM4E (2013) series based on the ARM Cortex-M4F, first Atmel MCU that has a FPU (Floating-Point Unit). SAM4N (2013) SAM4C (2014) dual-core SAM G51/53 (2014) based on the ARM Cortex-M4F. SAM G54/55 (2015) based on the ARM Cortex-M4F. Cortex-A5 (MPU) (ARMv7-A architecture) SAMA5D3 series, (2013) Atmel announced the SAMA5D3 series based on the ARM Cortex-A5, which is the first Atmel chip with a Cortex-A5 core. SAMA5D4 (2014) SAMA5D2 series (2015) Cortex-M0+ (MCU)in the SAM D20 (2013) (ARMv6-M architecture) – In June 2013, Atmel announced the SAMD20 series based on the ARM Cortex-M0+. Cortex-M7 (MCU) (ARMv7-M architecture) SAMS70 series, (2015) Atmel announced the SAM S70 series based on the ARM Cortex-M7. SAME70 series, (2015) Atmel announced the SAM S70 series based on the ARM Cortex-M7. SAMV70 series, (2015) Atmel announced the SAM S70 series based on the ARM Cortex-M7, which is the first Atmel chip automotive grade with a Cortex-M7 core. Products Microcontrollers Microcontrollers have internal program memory as well as the conventional internal registers and RAM. Microchip ARM MCUs range from the SAM D10 series with as few as 14 pins, to the 144-pin SAM S70 and SAM E70 products. The SAM4S, SAM4N, SAM3S, SAM3N, SAM7S (64-pin) families have pin-compatible IC footprints, except for USB device, though they are not voltage level compatible. SAM C The Atmel C family was launched in May 2015. Based on Cortex-M0+, pin and code compatible with the SAM D and SAM L series, with wide operating voltage ranges (2.7–5.5 V), CAN bus, and up to 12 DMA controller channels. SAM D The SAM D (ATSAMD) family from Microchip consists of four different sub series (SAM D10, SAM D11, SAM D20, SAM D21). The devices are all based on the ARM Cortex-M0+ processor and offer different pin, memory, and feature combinations. The devices are pin- and code-compatible and share peripherals like the Event System and the SERCOM module for reconfigurable multiplexed serial communication ports. The Arduino Zero board uses an ATSAMD21G18 chip. The SAM D5X/E5X and SAM D51 feature the 32-bit Cortex-M4F. SAM L SAM 3 In 2009 Atmel announced the ATSAM3U line of flash-based microcontrollers based on the ARM Cortex-M3 processor, as a higher end evolution of the SAM7 microcontroller products. They have a top clock speed in the range of 100 MHz, and come in a variety of flash sizes. In the summer 2009 these parts were still sampling, and a development board had recently been made available. In December 2009, the ATSAM3S line was announced. This features several enhancements for lower power operation and bill of materials cost reduction. Market watchers observe that these Cortex-M3 products are competition for Atmel's own AVR32 UC3A products. Both are microcontrollers with largely identical peripherals and other hardware technology, flash-based, similar clock speeds, and with dense 16/32 bit RISC instruction sets. SAM3A SAM3N SAM3S – reduce power consumption SAM3U – high-speed USB SAM3X – the Arduino Due board uses the Atmel SAM3X8E microcontroller SAM 4 The ATSAM4 is based on the ARM Cortex-M4 core. The SAM4E includes a FPU (Floating-Point Unit). The SAM4C includes a dual-core ARM Cortex-M4 (one core with a FPU). 1 August 2017, the ATSAMD5x and ATSAME5x family was announced. This features several enhancements for lower power operation and more peripherals, Ethernet and CANBUS-FD in SAME5x series. SAM4C – ARM Cortex-M4/M4F dual-core, which includes FPU SAM4E18-16 series – ARM Cortex-M4F core, which includes FPU SAM4L – ARM Cortex-M4 core SAM4N – ARM Cortex-M4 core, pin-to-pin compatibility with SAM4S, SAM3S, SAM3N, SAM7S devices SAM4S – ARM Cortex-M4 core SAMG5x – ARM Cortex-M4F core, which includes FPU, ATSAMG55 for 120 MHz CPU speed. SAMD5x - Latest ARM Cortex-M4F core, which includes FPU and Integrated Security including Symmetric (AES) and Asymmetric (ECC) Encryption, Public Key Exchange Support(PUKCC), TRNG and SHA based memory Integrity checker. SAME5x - Same with D5x plus Ethernet MAC and CAN-FD networking peripherals. Both SAMD5x-E5x series integrate many similar peripherals for ex Timers and Sercoms for UART,I2C,SPI etc from ATSAMD2x and ATSAMC2x M0+ series thus is easier to upgrade to M4F Core MCUs. SAM x70 These are based on the ARM Cortex-M7 core. SAMS70 – general purpose high performance MCU SAME70 – connectivity high performance MCU SAMV70, SAMV71 – automotive high performance MCU Legacy AT91SAM7 There are a wide variety of AT91 flash-based microcontrollers, based on ARM7TDMI cores. These chips have a top clock speed in the range of 60 MHz, and come with a variety of flash sizes and peripheral sets. SAM7L – low power operation SAM7S – USB and other peripherals. SAM7S 64-pin chips are compatible with SAM4S, SAM4N SAM3S, SAM3N families. SAM7SE – USB, external memory support, and other peripherals SAM7X – Ethernet, USB, CAN, and other peripherals SAM7XC -–cryptographic extensions (notably AES support) to AT91SAM7X chips Microprocessors AT91SAM9 The AT91SAM9XE flash-based microcontrollers are based on the ARM926ej-s cores. They have a top clock speed in the range of 200 up to 400 MHz, and come with a variety of flash sizes. They somewhat resemble flash-equipped AT91SAM9260 chips. Microchip introduced the AT91SAM9 processors (using the ARM926ej-s core, with the ARMv5TEJ architecture) as its first broad market follow on to the highly successful AT91RM9200 processor. These processors improved on that predecessor by using less power, incorporating a newer and more powerful ARM core, and providing a variety of chips with different peripheral sets. While most are clocked at up to about 200 MHz, some can run at twice that speed. Processors include: SAM9G25 SAM9G45 SAM9X35 SAM9XE512 SAM9260 SAMA5 This series is based on the ARM Cortex-A5 core. SAMA5D2 SAMA5D2 – 10/100 Ethernet, CAN, LCD, ClassD audio, QSPI, USB HSIC, Raw Bayer Image Sensor Interface, LPDDR3/LPDDR2/LPDDR/DDR2, up to 10 UART SAMA5D3 SAMA5D31 – 10/100 Ethernet, LCD SAMA5D33 – Gigabit Ethernet, LCD SAMA5D34 – Gigabit Ethernet, LCD, dual CAN SAMA5D35 – no LCD, dual CAN, one Gigabit Ethernet + one 10/100 Ethernet SAMA5D36 – LCD, dual CAN, one Gigabit Ethernet + one 10/100 Ethernet SAMA5D4 SAMA5D4 – 528 MHz (840 DMIPS), Neon, 128 KB L2 cache, video decoder, LCD, Ethernet Smart Energy SAM 4C/CM Arduino boards Official Arduino Due with 84 MHz Atmel ATSAM3X8E (ARM Cortex-M3 core). Arduino Zero with 48 MHz Atmel ATSAMD21G18 (ARM Cortex-M0+ core). Arduino MKR1000 with 48 MHz Atmel ATSAMW25 (ARM Cortex-M0+ core). Shield Compatible Shield-compatible Rascal with 400 MHz Atmel AT91SAM9G20 (ARM926EJ-S core). Atmel boards Xplained Pro Xplained SAM W21 SAMA5 Development tools Cortex-M IDE Integrated development environments: Windows Microchip - MPLAB and Atmel Studio 7 IAR – Embedded Workbench for ARM Crossware – Development Suite for ARM Linux Buildroot Openembedded meta-atmel Yocto compliant layer Debuggers Atmel-ICE JTAG-ICE Segger J-Link Crossware Jaguar Documentation The amount of documentation for all ARM chips is daunting, especially for newcomers. The documentation for microcontrollers from past decades would easily be inclusive in a single document, but as chips have evolved so has the documentation grown. The total documentation is especially hard to grasp for all ARM chips since it consists of documents from the IC manufacturer (for example, Microchip) and documents from CPU core vendor (ARM Holdings). A typical top-down documentation tree is: manufacturer website, manufacturer marketing slides, manufacturer datasheet for the exact physical chip, manufacturer detailed reference manual that describes common peripherals and aspects of a physical chip family, ARM core generic user guide, ARM core technical reference manual, ARM architecture reference manual that describes the instruction set(s). Documentation tree (top to bottom) Microchip Microcontrollers and Microprocessors website Microchip ARM-series marketing slides Microchip ARM-chip datasheet ARM core website ARM core generic user guide ARM core technical reference manual ARM architecture reference manual Microchip has additional documents, such as: evaluation board user manuals, application notes, getting started guides, software library documents, errata, and more. See External Links section for links to official Microchip and ARM documents. See also ARM architecture, List of ARM microprocessor cores, ARM Cortex-M Microcontroller, List of common microcontrollers Embedded system, Single-board microcontroller Interrupt, Interrupt handler, Comparison of real-time operating systems JTAG, SWD References Further reading External links Microcontrollers, Digital Signal Controllers and Microprocessors official documents ARM official documents Other Atmel AT91 ARM Microcontroller Forum Atmel AT91 Embedded Linux support ARM-based processors ARM architecture
5383509	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Noel%20Keith	George Noel Keith	Flying Officer George Noel Keith (19 January 19214 August 1943) was a Second World War Canadian fighter pilot and flying ace. Biography Keith was born in Cardston, Alberta on 19 January 1921. He moved with his parents to live in Taber, Alberta. He enlisted in the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) in Calgary on 16 October 1940, aged 19. Service career In 1941, Keith trained as a pilot via the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan. He graduated from the Initial Training School in late January 1941, and then attended the Elementary Flying Training School in March. He graduated from Service Flying Training School in June 1941 and was posted overseas, joining No. 402 "City of Winnipeg" Squadron RCAF where he flew the Hurricane IIB, until changing to Spitfire VBs during the Dieppe Raid in August 1942. North Africa He was commissioned as a Pilot Officer in May, 1942 and posted to the Mediterranean theatre in January, 1943 and joined No. 72 Squadron in March, 1943, based in Tunisia. On 3 April, 194, Keith was credited with his first confirmed victory, shooting down a German Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter. The next month, on the 6 May, he claimed two Bf 109s destroyed and one probably destroyed. Malta In June 1943 Keith moved with his squadron to Malta in anticipation of the Allied landings on Sicily. Keith claimed his fourth Bf 109 (that of Major Gerhard Michalski, commander of 2 Squadron, JG 53) on 18 June 1942 whilst on an offensive sweep over Comiso airfield in southern Sicily. On 11 July Keith destroyed his fifth and sixth enemy aircraft, an Italian Macchi C.200 and a German Junkers Ju 88. With these victories Keith became a fighter ace. On 12 July Keith shot down another Ju 88 and later in the claimed a Bf 109 probably destroyed. The following day Keith claimed one Bf 109 destroyed and one shared. These would be his last claims of the war, bringing his totals to 8.5 destroyed (1 shared), 2 probably destroyed, and 2 damaged. It seems that he was recommended for a decoration after the events of 12 July. His Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) citation reads as follows: Death While strafing ground targets on 4 August 1943, Keith's Supermarine Spitfire Mk V was struck by anti-aircraft fire and he was forced to bale out near Sicily at 2,000 feet (600 m), but the tailplane of the Spitfire struck him and broke both his legs. His parachute did not open until 300 feet (100 m) and he landed in the sea. He was picked up quickly by air-sea rescue but died of his injuries shortly after. Tally Keith is credited with 8.5 victories (5.5 Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters, 1 Macchi C.200 fighter, and 2 Junkers Ju 88 bombers), 2 probable victories, and 2 damaged. On two occasions he had a two kills in a day. In one 48-hour period he was credited with 3.5 kills. On 20 August 1943, Keith posthumously received the Distinguished Flying Cross. External links Keith at acesofww2.com 1921 births 1943 deaths Canadian World War II flying aces Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom) Canadian military personnel killed in World War II Aviators killed by being shot down Royal Canadian Air Force personnel of World War II Royal Canadian Air Force officers Canadian military personnel from Alberta
3991864	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derry%20Urban%20Area	Derry Urban Area	The Derry Urban Area () is the urban area that includes and surrounds the city of Derry in Northern Ireland, and is part of the Derry City and Strabane District Council area. It had a population of 93,512 in the 2001 census. It is the second largest urban area in Northern Ireland (after Belfast) and the fifth largest urban area in Ireland (after Dublin, Belfast, Cork and Limerick). The Derry Urban Area consists of Derry City, Culmore, New Buildings and Strathfoyle. The Greater Derry area, that area within about 20 miles of the city, has a population of 237,000 and comprises Derry City Council, Limavady Borough Council, Strabane District council excluding the Castlederg area, and parts of North East Donegal in the Republic of Ireland, namely Inishowen, Letterkenny, Ballybofey/Stranorlar and Lifford. The term, like the term Greater Belfast, has no official relevance particularly in this case since it incorporates areas from two jurisdictions, however it is used for ease of reference. References External links NI Neighbourhood Information Service Geography of County Londonderry Urban areas of the United Kingdom Metropolitan areas of Ireland
3991866	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Poetry%20Collection	The Poetry Collection	A University at Buffalo Libraries Special Collection, The Poetry Collection at the University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, is devoted to 20th century poetry in English and English translation. Founded by Charles David Abbott, the University at Buffalo's first Director of Libraries, The Poetry Collection contains over 100,000 volumes by every major and many minor poet writing in English. Recordings of poets reading from their own works, poets' notebooks, letters and manuscripts, and a wide variety of literary magazines are also included in this collection. Approximately 5,000 little magazine titles, 1,200 current subscriptions, and a number of portraits, sculptures, and photographs round out the collection. Also included in the Poetry Collection is the James Joyce Archive, the world's largest collection of James Joyce manuscripts, books and artifacts. External links The Poetry Collection The James Joyce Archive University at Buffalo Libraries University at Buffalo Literary archives in the United States
5383521	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Pastel%20Journal	The Pastel Journal	The Pastel Journal is a bi-monthly magazine focused on pastel artists and pastel art. The magazine was started in 1999. It is headquartered in Cincinnati. The magazine was published by F+W Media until 2019 when it was acquired by Macanta Investments and became part of the Peak Media Properties. As of 2006, its circulation was approximately 26,000. References External links Official Website 1999 establishments in Ohio Visual arts magazines published in the United States Bimonthly magazines published in the United States Magazines established in 1999 Magazines published in Cincinnati
3991882	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash%20Brothers	Flash Brothers	The Flash Brothers are a group of Israeli brothers who produce electronic music, mostly house or progressive trance,. The group consists of Ruven, Ilan, and Shmuel Flaishler. They have featured releases on labels such as Hooj Choons, Silver Planet, and Bedrock Records. They gained their first publicity in 1997 after they were signed to Agnosia Records., and gained further exposure after their track "Protect the Sense" was part of John Digweed's MMII. Their first full vocal track was 2004's "Amen". In 2004, they released Fear of a Silver Planet Vol. 2, a sequel to James Holden's mix on Silver Planet Recordings. The Flash Brothers also work closely with Holden. References External links Myspace Site Radio-Show on Frisky Radio Israeli electronic music groups
3991891	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Loading%20Program	The Loading Program	The Loading Program is the fourth release by collaborative group Tuatara. The release mainly consists of remixes of songs from their first three albums. Track listing Tuatara (band) albums 2003 remix albums
5383525	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionel%20Augustin	Ionel Augustin	Ionel Augustin (born 11 October 1955) is a Romanian retired footballer who played as a striker. Club career He was born in Bucharest and made his debut in Divizia A on 23 April 1975, playing for Dinamo București in a 5–0 victory against Chimia Râmnicu Vâlcea. He spent eleven seasons with Dinamo, winning four Divizia A titles and three Cupa României. He played a total of 33 games and scored 10 goals in European competitions, managing to reach the 1983–84 European Cup semi-finals with Dinamo. Augustin also played for Jiul Petroşani, Victoria București and Rapid București, having a total of 383 Divizia A matches in which he scored 111 goals. Augustin ended his career in 1990 after playing two seasons in Divizia B for Chimia Râmnicu Vâlcea and Unirea Slobozia. International career Ionel Augustin played 34 matches and scored 3 goals for Romania, making his debut on 13 December 1978 under coach Ștefan Kovacs in a friendly which ended with a 2–1 loss against Greece. He played two games in which he scored one goal at the Euro 1980 qualifiers, he played in the first leg of the 1977–80 Balkan Cup final, which ended with a 2–0 defeat against Yugoslavia, he played two games 1982 World Cup qualifiers and he played 6 games at the successful Euro 1984 qualifiers, also being part of the Euro 1984 squad, playing in a group game against Portugal which ended with a 1–0 loss. Augustin played in a 3–2 loss against Northern Ireland at the 1986 World Cup qualifiers, his last two games played for the national team being friendlies, a 1–1 and a 0–0 against Iraq, Augustin scoring Romania's goal in the first one. International goals Honours Dinamo București Divizia A: 1974–75, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84 Cupa României: 1981–82, 1983–84, 1985–86 Trofeo Costa de Valencia: 1978 References External links 1955 births Living people Footballers from Bucharest Romanian footballers Romania international footballers Liga I players Liga II players Victoria București players FC Dinamo București players CSM Jiul Petroșani players FC Rapid București players AFC Unirea Slobozia players UEFA Euro 1984 players Romanian football managers FC Dinamo București managers FC Gloria Buzău managers ASC Daco-Getica București managers AFC Dacia Unirea Brăila managers FC Academica Clinceni managers Association football forwards
5383527	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Henley	Paul Henley	Paul Henley is a British radio and television journalist. He has worked for the BBC since 1992 and contributes to programmes such as Crossing Continents for BBC Radio 4. He was a runner up in the Foreign Press Association Awards in 2005. He studied languages at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge. He began presenting Europe Today on the BBC's World Service in early 2009. Currently he frequently presents Weekend on the BBC World Service. References External links Biography from BBC Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge British radio personalities BBC World Service Living people Year of birth missing (living people)
5383541	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonia-3%20Vermont%20Representative%20District%2C%202002%E2%80%932012	Caledonia-3 Vermont Representative District, 2002–2012	The Caledonia-3 Representative District is a two-member state Representative district in the U.S. state of Vermont. It is one of the 108 one or two member districts into which the state was divided by the redistricting and reapportionment plan developed by the Vermont General Assembly following the 2000 U.S. Census. The plan applies to legislatures elected in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. A new plan will be developed in 2012 following the 2010 U.S. Census. The Caledonia-3 District includes all of the Caledonia County town of St. Johnsbury. As of the 2000 census, the state as a whole had a population of 608,827. As there are a total of 150 representatives, there were 4,059 residents per representative (or 8,118 residents per two representatives). The two member Caledonia-3 District had a population of 7,571 in that same census, 6.74% below the state average. This means that there are 3785.5 residents per representative. District Representatives Donald E. Bostic, Republican David T. Clark, Republican See also Members of the Vermont House of Representatives, 2005-2006 session Vermont Representative Districts, 2002-2012 External links Vermont Statute defining legislative districts Vermont House districts -- Statistics Vermont House of Representatives districts, 2002–2012 St. Johnsbury, Vermont
5383555	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th%20World%20Economic%20Forum%20on%20Africa	16th World Economic Forum on Africa	The 16th World Economic Forum on Africa: Going for Growth was a World Economic Forum economic summit meeting held in Cape Town, South Africa, from May 31 to June 2, 2006. The summit was attended by some 650 political and business leaders from 39 countries, focusing particularly on rapidly increasing African commodity prices. It also examined issues relating to the promotion of investment, improving world opinion, combating hunger, sustainable development, and offer specific initiatives to address these and other economic issues facing part of or the entire continent. Notable participants Among the prominent participants were: Thabo Mbeki, President of South Africa (host) Armando Guebuza, President of Mozambique Jakaya Kikwete, President of Tanzania Syamal Gupta, Chairman of Tata International, India Jim Goodnight, Chief Executive Officer, SAS Institute, United States Maria Ramos, Chief Executive Officer, Transnet, South Africa Charles Chukwuma Soludo, Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria Initiatives In addition to examining the impact of the expanding Chinese and Indian economies on the rise of commodity prices in Africa, the summit addressed several specific economic, developmental, and financial initiatives: The African Investment Climate Facility: A new mixed public-private venture was initiated as a mechanism to encourage investment in the continent. The African Development Bank agreed to take the lead facilitating panAfrican infrastructure projects. Changing perceptions of Africa: This initiative was designed to address and improve on the generally negative perceptions suffered by the African continent. Initiative to Reduce Hunger: This proposed "Business Alliance to Reduce Chronic Hunger" was considered as a mixed private-public venture to address "the root problems of hunger." Energy Poverty Action: The Energy Poverty Action WEF taskforce was set up to test a pilot model for developing grid and off-grid electrification for different parts of the continent. "Strengthening Healthcare Systems" proposal: This proposal was designed toward promoting a mixed private-public healthcare system in sub-Saharan Africa. Partnering Against Corruption Initiative: The PACI seeks to curb corruption, by having businesses commit to a "zero tolerance" of corruption. Water Initiative: This initiative was designed to expand private participation in Southern African water resources and needs. Social entrepreneurs: The Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship named Sunette Pienaar the South African Social Entrepreneur of 2006. See also Economy of Africa References Africa: going for higher growth. SouthAfrica.info, 5 June 2006 path.org peopledaily.com.cn peopledaily.com.cn sudanvisiondaily.com weforum.org External links Official site Official blog Press release International development in Africa World Economic Forum on Africa World Economic Forum on Africa Global economic conferences
3991892	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Advocate%20%28Louisiana%29	The Advocate (Louisiana)	The Advocate is Louisiana's largest daily newspaper. Based in Baton Rouge, it serves the southern portion of the state. Separate editions for New Orleans, The Times-Picayune The New Orleans Advocate, and for Acadiana, The Acadiana Advocate, are published. It also publishes gambit, about New Orleans food, culture, events, and news, and weekly entertainment magazines: Red in Baton Rouge and Lafayette, and Beaucoup in New Orleans. History The oldest ancestor of the modern paper was the Democratic Advocate, an anti-Whig, pro-Democrat periodical established in 1842. Another newspaper, the Louisiana Capitolian, was established in 1868 and soon merged with the then-named Weekly Advocate. By 1889 the paper was being published daily. In 1904, a new owner, William Hamilton, renamed it The Baton Rouge Times and later The State-Times, a paper with emphasis on local news. In 1909, The State-Times was acquired by Capital City Press, a company newly founded by Charles P. Manship Sr. and James Edmonds. Manship purchased his partner's interest in 1912. In 1925, he also began publishing The Morning Advocate to focus on national news. The Manship family went on to become an influential force in Baton Rouge, later adding radio station WJBO and television station WBRZ-TV in 2013. The State-Times, an afternoon publication, ceased in October 1991. The Advocate remains the sole descendant of the original 1842 paper. The Manship family's Capital City Press company continued to own and operate The Advocate until 2013. On October 1, 2012, under the Manships, The Advocate began printing and distributing a daily New Orleans edition. This was due to a perceived gap in the market that materialized when New Orleans' longtime daily paper, The Times-Picayune, announced it would cut back its print publication to only three days a week. In March 2013, New Orleans businessman John Georges signed a letter of intent to purchase The Advocate. Georges and his wife Dathel bought the newspaper through a holding company, Georges Media, on April 30, 2013. The newspaper's circulation in 2013 was 98,000 (daily) and 125,000 (Sunday) as a result of its entry into and 20,000 subscriptions in the New Orleans market. The Advocate relaunched its New Orleans edition August 18, 2013, as The New Orleans Advocate and later added The Acadiana Advocate, a third edition serving Lafayette and the Acadiana region. On April 9, 2018, the holding company for The New Orleans Advocate purchased the New Orleans weekly Gambit and bestofneworleans.com. In 2019, The Advocate won its first Pulitzer Prize, in the Local Reporting category, "For a damning portrayal of the state’s discriminatory conviction system, including a Jim Crow-era law, that enabled Louisiana courts to send defendants to jail without jury consensus on the accused’s guilt." The Advocate's reporting highlighted how the state's non-unanimous jury law—one of only two in the country, with the other being in Oregon—contributed to racial disparities in incarceration and sentencing. Due in part to a voter-education campaign based on The Advocate's reporting, Louisiana voters approved an amendment to the state constitution requiring unanimous jury verdicts on November 6, 2018. In May 2019, The Advocate announced that the Georges had purchased its New Orleans competitor, The Times-Picayune, and planned to merge the two papers and their websites into a new newspaper in June 2019. Like The Advocate, the combined newspaper will publish a print edition seven days a week. The Advocate'''s Baton Rouge and Lafayette editions were unaffected. The merged paper, carrying the nameplates of both The Times-Picayune and The New Orleans Advocate, began publication on July 1. Notable people David William Thomas, a Louisiana State University journalism professor, published a small Baton Rouge newspaper in the early 1920s, which was acquired by The Advocate. He then published papers in Hammond, and Minden, where he was elected mayor in 1936. In 2007, the newspaper lost three of its key staff with the deaths of Capitol Bureau Chief John LaPlante, health reporter and author of "The Patient Person" columns Laurie Smith Anderson and environmental writer Michael P. Dunne. LaPlante died in Texas in a drowning accident, and Anderson and Dunne succumbed to cancer. In 2013, two-time Pulitzer Prize winner Walt Handelsman returned to Louisiana to join The Advocate as a cartoonist and animator, and columnist James Gill moved to The Advocate from the Times-Picayune''. References External links https://www.lib.lsu.edu/sites/all/files/sc/ft/ebradvocate.html Newspapers established in 1842 Mass media in Baton Rouge, Louisiana Mass media in Lafayette, Louisiana Newspapers published in Louisiana 1842 establishments in Louisiana
5383570	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nohkan	Nohkan	The is a high pitched, Japanese transverse bamboo flute, or . It is commonly used in traditional Imperial Noh and Kabuki theatre. The nohkan flute was created by Kan'ami and his son Zeami in the 15th century, during the time when the two were transforming the Noh theatre forms Dengaku and Sarugaku. Construction The nohkan or fue' ("flute") is made of split and tapered strips of smoked bamboo (susudake) or burned bamboo (yakidake), glued together to form a tapering conical bore. The smoking carbonizes the bamboo and preserves it. The split strips of bamboo are reversed to place the hard bamboo surface on the inside for improved acoustics. Some modern versions of nohkan use an interior coating of tempera paint for this. The strips are then glued together, bound with thin strips of twisted cherry bark (kabamaki) and lacquered to make the conical tube. The result is a keyless tube of 39.1 cm with an average bore width of 1.7 cm and there are 7 finger holes. The nohkan has an unusual internal bore restriction of about 2–3 mm called a nodo ("throat"). This throat, combined with the conical bore, gives the nohkan its unique high pitched sound by shifting the overblown register notes via a venturi effect. It also has an oval embouchure hole across which the player blows, and a head joint plug consisting of a lead cylinder wrapped in paper and wax and placed inside the tube just above the embouchure hole. The nohkan plays a strong high pitch (hishigi) that is rich with high frequency harmonics. Key and range The range of the flute is over two octaves. Each flute is traditionally an individual and made a bit differently each time by the maker-player, the keynote frequency varies from flute to flute. See also Ryuteki Shinobue, another Japanese transverse bamboo flute Shakuhachi, a Japanese end-blown bamboo flute Bamboo musical instruments References Ethnomusicology, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Sep. 1965), pp. 221–239 External links Nohkan information Ron Korb's Asian Flute Gallery (features description and drawing of the Shinobue and other Japanese flutes) Syoji Yamaguchi's web site on Japanese transverse flutes (features articles on making and playing of the Shinobue and other Japanese transverse flutes: yokobue or fue) Japanese Traditional Music The Nohkan: Its Construction and Music Japanese musical instruments Side-blown flutes Bamboo flutes
5383576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%20Wier	Roy Wier	Roy William Wier (February 25, 1888 – June 27, 1963) was a U.S. Representative from Minnesota. Wier was born in Redfield, Spink County, South Dakota, February 25, 1888. He moved with his parents in 1896 to Minneapolis, Hennepin County, Minnesota, and attended the public schools and North High School. He learned the telephone and electrical trade, later going into theatrical stage-lighting work. During World War I Wier served in the United States Army for eighteen months, with overseas service. In 1920 he became active in the trade-union movement in Minneapolis and was an official representative of the Trades and Labor Assembly of Minneapolis. Wier was a member of the Minnesota House of Representatives, 1933 – 1939; of the Minneapolis Board of Education, 1939 – 1948, and of the board of directors of the Hennepin County Red Cross. He was elected as a member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party to the 81st through the 86th Congresses (January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1961). He was unsuccessful for reelection in 1960. Wier was a resident of Minneapolis until May 1962, when he moved to Edmonds, Washington. He died in Seattle, King County, Washington, June 27, 1963; his remains were cremated and the ashes deposited in the columbarium of Evergreen Washelli Cemetery. References Minnesota Legislators Past and Present 1888 births 1963 deaths People from Redfield, South Dakota Minnesota Democrats Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives Members of the United States House of Representatives from Minnesota Members of the Minnesota House of Representatives School board members in Minnesota United States Army personnel of World War I 20th-century American politicians North Community High School alumni
3991907	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan%20Teng-pho	Tan Teng-pho	Tan Teng-pho (; 2 February 1895 – 25 March 1947), was a Taiwanese painter and politician. In 1926, his oil painting Street of Chiayi was featured in the seventh in Japan, which was the first time a Taiwanese artist's work could be displayed at the exhibition. Tan devoted his life to education and creation, and was greatly concerned about the development of humanist culture in Taiwan. He was not only devoted to the improvement of his own painting, but also to the promotion of the aesthetic education of the Taiwanese people. He was killed as a result of the February 28 Incident, a 1947 uprising in Taiwan which was repressed by the Kuomintang (KMT). Early life Tan was born in Kagi (Chiayi), during the Japanese colonial period, into a poor family that could not invest in his artist talents. After attending college in Taihoku, he returned to his hometown to work as a teacher, a job he held for seven years. Tan then earned enough money to attend the Tokyo University of the Arts, and graduated in 1929. Upon graduation, he moved to Shanghai for four years, where he taught art. Tan returned to Kagi in 1933, and joined the city's Preparatory Committee to Welcome the National Government in 1945. In 1946, Tan was elected as a member of the Chiayi City Council and joined the Kuomintang. Education He enrolled in the Taiwan Governor-General's National Language School () in 1913, where he studied Western-style watercolor painting under Ishikawa Kinichiro. In 1924, he went to mainland Japan to receive formal academic training in art under Japanese oil painter Tanabe Itaru at the Normal Education Division in Painting of the Tokyo School of Fine Arts (today's Tokyo University of the Arts). Tan also studied privately under Japanese luminarist Okada Saburosuke at his Hongō Painting Institute. Work and public life After completing his graduate program in 1929, he moved to Shanghai to teach at Xinhua Art College () and Changming Art School (). During his stay in Shanghai, he was influenced by the traditional Chinese painting of Ni Yunlin and Bada Shanren, and began to develop a distinctive style that fuses the lyrical essence of Chinese landscape painting with Western painting techniques. His work includes oil painting, glue color painting, and sketching while his themes center on landscapes and portraits, mostly inspired by everyday scenes around him. In 1926, his work Street of Kagi was selected for the 7th , making him the first Taiwanese painter to have an oil painting accepted for the exhibition. His success continued after this initial breakthrough, and his works were selected several times for the Imperial Art Exhibition, , and , as well as exhibitions held by Japanese art groups outside the state-run exhibition circle like and . After returning to Taiwan, the focus of his work shifted to the scenery of his hometown, as he showcased the charm of the Taiwanese landscape with plein-air works painted in Tamsui, Kagi and Tainan. Painter has described Tan's artistic style as clumsy and awkward, which biographer Ko Tsung-min believed was intentional, comparing Tan's work to Vincent van Gogh and Pablo Picasso's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Besides painting, Tan was also actively involved in Taiwanese art movements. Among other art movement activities, he co-founded the Chi-Hsing Painting Society in 1926, co-founded the Tai-Yang Art Society with Yang Sanlang and Liao Chi-chun in 1934, and helped young artists in Kagi establish the Qingchen Fine Art Association in 1940. His contributions to broadening the influence of art in Taiwan also extended to his service as a Chiayi City Councilor, and as a juror at the first Taiwan Provincial Art Exhibition after the handover of Taiwan in 1945. Death Due to the February 28 Incident, severe conflict occurred in 1947 between the Chiayi citizens and the KMT, whose military was trapped inside the city's airport. The "February 28 Incident Committee" was established, composed of Tan and five others who would approach the military as representatives of peace. The military, however, captured four of them, including Tan, and released the remaining two. On the morning of 25 March 1947, after being tied up with wire, the four were forced to march from the city's police station to the train station, where the other three were shot dead in public. His son, Chen Shigemitsu (), recalled that as soon as hearing that his arrested father was paraded, he went onto the street and found his father on a military vehicle at Chiayi Fountain. He followed the contingent and realized what would happen when his sight suddenly met his father's. When the vehicle stopped at Chiayi Station, the army strafed the square in front of the station, with bystanders fleeing in disorder. Tan Teng-pho was the last one pushed off the vehicle. Soldiers shot at him from three meters. The first shot missed but the second penetrated his chest, and Tan fell forward. The Kuomintang forbade the families from collecting the corpses immediately, so Tan's remains were left to decompose on the street for three days, until his wife and a photographer she had hired to take pictures of the aftermath collected them. Legacy Tan's work Chiayi Park was sold for $5,794,100 HKD at a Hong Kong auction on 28 April 2002. Tamsui, an oil painting, was purchased in 2006 for $4.5 million (NT$144 million) by Pierre Chen, setting a world record for an oil painting by an ethnically Chinese artist. In 2015, a Google Doodle commemorated his 120th birthday. His paintings form the artwork for Lin Man-chiu's picture book 《戴帽子的女孩》[The Girl in the Hat] References External links Photograph of Chen's body after he was killed Starting Out from 23.5°N: Chen Cheng-po 1895 births 1947 deaths 20th-century executions by China 20th-century Taiwanese painters Executed artists Executed Republic of China people Executed Taiwanese people February 28 incident Han Taiwanese Kuomintang politicians in Taiwan People executed by the Republic of China by firearm People from Chiayi Taiwanese city councilors Taiwanese people of Hoklo descent Tokyo University of the Arts alumni
5383602	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llancaiach%20Fawr	Llancaiach Fawr	Llancaiach Fawr Manor is a Tudor manor house near the village of Nelson, located just to the north of the site of the former Llancaiach Colliery in the heart of the Rhymney Valley in South Wales. The semi-fortified house was built on the site of an earlier medieval structure, either on top of the previous dwelling or possibly incorporated within the eastern end of that building. It is a Grade I listed building and is now best known as the home of Colonel Edward Prichard (died 1655), who hosted a visit by King Charles I of England in 1645. Llancaiach Fawr Manor was at one time thought to have predated the Acts of Union between Wales and England of 1536 and was talked about in John Leland’s Itinerary of 1537. The manor house is thought to have been built in about 1530 for one Dafydd ap Richard. (Prichard being a modernised form of the patronymic "ap Rhisiart"). However, dendrochronology results (from a Time Team excavation) indicate a felling date for the roof timbers of 1548–1565, later than was originally thought. The Manor is considered to be one of the most important gentry houses to have survived from the 16th and 17th century period. It is now open to visitors as a living history museum. The Prichard family When Civil War broke out between King and Parliament in 1642, Colonel Edward Prichard of Llancaiach Fawr was appointed Commissioner of Array to the King, raising men and money for the Royalist cause in Glamorganshire. His wife, Mary, was the sister of Bussy Mansell, a zealous Parliamentarian. By the middle of 1645 support was waning and King Charles toured South Wales in an effort to rally support. He visited Llancaiach Fawr on 5 August of that year. (A silver coin with Charles's image, dated 1645, is among artefacts found by archaeologists in the grounds of the house.) Shortly afterwards, the Prichards and many other Glamorgan gentry changed sides to support Parliament. Later in the year, Colonel Prichard was appointed Governor of Cardiff Castle. In February 1646 he staunchly held the Castle for the Parliamentarians against a siege headed by Edward Carne. He was also commended “for his constancy in that affray” after the battle of St Fagans (1648), by Colonel Horton, the Parliamentary victor. Construction and renovation The manor house was designed to be easily defended during a turbulent period in Welsh and British history and is considered one of the finest surviving examples of a semi-fortified manor in Wales. Its first owner, Dafydd ap Richard, is known to have been lord of the manor in 1549. The original defensive design incorporated a single entrance, four-foot thick walls enclosing spiral stone staircases for access between floors and stout wooden doors with iron bolts; there may originally have been up to fourteen staircases, one for each room. When the doors were securely closed, the Manor was effectively divided in two, ensuring that the inner east wing provided a self-contained place of refuge in case of attack. By the beginning of the Stuart dynasty the Prichard family had prospered and the house was extended in 1628 by David Prichard (the father of Colonel Edward Prichard) to demonstrate their status. The Grand Staircase now allowed easy access between floors and two of the rooms used by the family were panelled in oak. Other changes to the interior included a "4-centred arch" above the staircase. Mullioned windows were also added, with leaded glazing being a 20th-century addition. A roof of Cotswold tile, also dating from the 20th century, was replaced in the course of the 2014 refurbishment with a slate roof. Servants Servants outnumbered the family they worked for and many of them lived in the manor. At the time of Colonel Prichard’s ownership, it was likely that 15 servants lived in, with another 15 employed as outworkers. Higher status positions, such as the housekeeper, agent and valet, would often be passed down from generation to generation within the same family. The lesser roles, such as the outworkers, would be filled from those who offered their skills and labour at the hiring fair (held on Lady Day each year). These workers would be hired and paid on a quarterly basis. The most important servant would have been the Steward. He would’ve been educated and fluent in Welsh and English with a strong knowledge of the law and good insight into the local tenantry. Many of the servants were young and unmarried and all would have had several skills for different types of work. The house after 1645 When the house passed out of the hands of the Prichard family, it was used as a farmhouse; the Tithe Map of 1842 and the OS map of 1875 show that there was an orchard at the rear. The house was purchased by the former Rhymney Valley District Council in 1979, and was restored during the 1980s with a view to being opened to the public as a local history museum. After modern conveniences had been added, it was decided to convert it into a living history museum, and it opened as such in the early 1990s. Since the house opened to the public, first-person conversation has been used by the costumed interpreters in the house, who take on the role of the house servants. Consequently, they communicate with visitors entirely in period English (claiming that the Master of the House disapproves of the use of Welsh, a not uncommon attitude at the time), and feign unfamiliarity with post-1645 history and technological developments. Visitors today see the house furnished as it would have been in 1645. All the furnishings in the rooms are accurate reproductions of items from the time of the Prichards and many of the originals can be found in the St Fagans National History Museum, such as a cast-iron firescreen dating from the mid 17th century. The thematic setting for the museum is the year 1645, at the height of the English Civil War when King Charles I visited the house to persuade its owner, Colonel Edward Prichard, not to change his allegiance. Prichard did change his allegiance soon after, and this allows the house to represent the different sides of the conflict at different times in the year. In 2013, it was announced that Caerphilly County Borough Council had been successful in obtaining £943,200 in funding from the Heritage Lottery Fund to replace the roof, install a platform lift for better accessibility, and restore the attic, previously closed to the public, as servants' quarters; the addition of the slate roof was delayed by the presence of bats (a protected species) in the attics. The project started in late 2013, and was completed in 2015. In 2015, First minister Carwyn Jones unveiled the results of the project that has restored the servants quarters to the way they were in 1645. The aim is to attract 80,000 visitors a year by 2020. Watercolour artist Thomas Frederick Worrall lived in nearby Nelson during the early twentieth century, and painted a depiction of the rear of the building from the kitchen garden in 1911 or 1912. The painting is displayed in the reception area of the manor. Media and events The building has been used in many TV and film productions, including Doctor Who; and the S4C children's series Dan Glo. In an episode of Time Team, archaeologists dug in the grounds in search of the house's predecessor. No evidence of a previous dwelling was found, but several old coins and some Bronze Age pottery were found. The Urdd Eisteddfod was held on the site in 2015. Reputed paranormal activity The house is considered by paranormal enthusiasts to be a haunted site. References External links Llancaiach Fawr Manor House website Glamorgan Paranormal Investigations Houses in Caerphilly Museums in Caerphilly County Borough Grade I listed buildings in Caerphilly County Borough Country houses in Wales Historic house museums in Wales Reportedly haunted locations in Wales Living museums in the United Kingdom Houses completed in the 16th century
5383623	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanc%20Sade	Tanc Sade	Tanc Sade (born 28 July 1980) is an Australian actor, writer and director. Sade worked in several theater productions in Australia before landing a recurring role on Gilmore Girls in 2005. Early life Sade was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. He worked in the theatre before moving to the United States. Career Sade rose to international attention playing the quirky role of "Finn" in the cult series Gilmore Girls. Producer Amy Sherman-Palladino created the role after he auditioned for the role of love interest Logan Huntzberger. He starred in the series Roadies, the one-hour drama written and directed by Cameron Crowe and produced by J. J. Abrams for Showtime, which lasted for one season. Sade played Alec Holester in Matador. The action series, from executive producers Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman which debuted in July 2014 on Robert Rodriguez's new cable network and is composed of 13 hour-long episodes. He recently starred in Childhood's End based on the Arthur C. Clarke novel of the same name. Sade starred opposite Nicolas Cage in the movie Stolen and has appeared on Sons of Anarchy, The Mentalist, Body of Proof, 90210, CSI: Miami, and CSI: NY. He wrote and directed Flowers and Weeds starring Academy Award Nominee and Golden Globe winner, Terence Stamp, and music from Academy Award winner Glen Hansard. Athletic career In 2012 Sade broke the Australian National Dynamic Freediving record by swimming on a single breath of air. He was later crowned Australian National champion of the same year. In 2013 Sade broke the Australian National Dynamic No-fins record with a swim of . Filmography Film Television References External links Five Island Films 1980 births Living people Australian male film actors Australian male television actors Male actors from Sydney
3991913	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia%20national%20bandy%20team	Russia national bandy team	The Russia national bandy team represents Russia in international bandy. There is a national team for men's competitions and a Russia women's national bandy team. This article deals chiefly with the men's national bandy team. Until 1991 there was a national bandy team for the Soviet Union, but a team formally representing the Russian SFSR made a one-off appearance at the Rossiya Tournament 1986, also playing against the Soviet Union team. Russia became a member of the Federation of International Bandy following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The first time post-Soviet Russia played was at the Russian Government Cup 1992, when Commonwealth of Independent States also participated. CIS was considered the temporary successor of the Soviet team and consequently the number one team. After that tournament, CIS did not play again and in the 1993 world championship, Russia represented the country. The team has won the Bandy World Championship twelve times, in 1999, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018 and 2019. The men's 2020–22 Bandy World Championship was cancelled on 1 March 2022, after Finland, Sweden, Norway, and the United States announced that they would not take part in the competition in Russia due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. World Championship record World Championship squad in 2016 Russian squad at the 2016 World Championship in Ulyanovsk, Russia, 1–2 February 2016, which won the World Championship title that year. References External links Official site (in Russian) National bandy teams Bandy in Russia Bandy Bandy World Championship-winning countries
5383624	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sereboff%20v.%20Mid%20Atlantic%20Medical%20Services%2C%20Inc.	Sereboff v. Mid Atlantic Medical Services, Inc.	Sereboff v. Mid Atlantic Medical Services, Inc., 547 U.S. 356 (2006), was a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States involving the ability of an Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) plan fiduciary to recover medical costs from a beneficiary who has been reimbursed for injuries by a third party. The Court ruled unanimously that ERISA permitted the fiduciary to recover costs from the settlement proceeds a beneficiary received in a personal injury lawsuit. Background ERISA plan, injuries, and settlement Marlene Sereboff and her husband Joel were the beneficiaries of a health insurance plan administered by Mid Atlantic Medical Services, Inc., and covered by ERISA. The plan contained an "Acts of Third Parties" provision, which applied if a third party was responsible for their illness or injury, and required the beneficiaries to reimburse Mid Atlantic for plan benefits from any recovery from that third party. The provision further stated that Mid Atlantic's share of the recovery would not be reduced because the beneficiary did not receive the full damages claimed. The Sereboffs were injured in a car accident in California, and the plan paid the couple's medical expenses. They filed a tort action in state court against several third parties, seeking compensatory damages for their injuries. Beginning soon after the suit was commenced, Mid Atlantic sent the Sereboffs and their attorney several letters in which it asserted a lien on the anticipated proceeds from the suit for paid medical expenses eventually totaling $74,869.37. The Sereboffs eventually settled their tort suit for $750,000, but did not distribute anything to Mid Atlantic. Collection suit Mid Atlantic filed suit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland, claiming a right to collect from the Sereboffs under § 502(a)(3) of ERISA. Because the Sereboffs' attorney had already distributed the settlement proceeds to them, Mid Atlantic sought a temporary restraining order and preliminary injunction requiring the couple to retain and set aside at least $74,869.37 from the proceeds. The District Court approved a stipulation under which the Sereboffs agreed to preserve the amount claimed in an investment account until after the case was decided on the merits and all appeals exhausted. The District Court ruled for Mid Atlantic and ordered the Sereboffs to pay $74,869.37, plus interest, with a deduction for Mid Atlantic's share of the attorney's fees and court costs that the Sereboffs had incurred in state court. On appeal, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit affirmed in relevant part. though it observed that the circuits were divided on the question of whether § 502(a)(3) authorized recovery in those circumstances. Opinion of the Court The Court unanimously affirmed the Fourth Circuit in an opinion delivered by Chief Justice John G. Roberts. Under § 502(a)(3) of ERISA, A fiduciary may bring a civil action "(A) to enjoin any act or practice which violates [*11] any provision of this subchapter or the terms of the plan, or (B) to obtain other appropriate equitable relief (i) to redress such violations or (ii) to enforce any provisions of this subchapter or the terms of the plan." The Court believed the only question remaining in the case was whether the relief Mid Atlantic sought from the District Court was "equitable" under § 502(a)(3)(B). The Court analyzed this issue by considering both the nature of the remedy Mid Atlantic sought, and the basis for its claim against the Sereboffs. Equitable nature of relief sought The Court had previously construed section 502(a)(3)(B) of ERISA to only authorize remedies "that were typically available in equity." This was elaborated upon in Great-West Life & Annuity Ins. Co. v. Knudson, in which the Court rejected an ERISA fiduciary's claim for restitution. Knudson had involved similar facts, and the Court had ruled that the restitution sought was not equitable because the funds were not actually in the beneficiary's possession. The liability sought was therefore personal and legal. By contrast, equitable restitution sought to impose a constructive trust or equitable lien on specific funds or property that were in the defendant's possession. The Court believed that Mid Atlantic's claim was one for equitable restitution, because the Sereboffs' possession of the settlement funds satisfied the requirement that was missing in Knudson. Mid Atlantic was not simply seeking to recover from the Sereboffs' assets generally, but rather to recover through a constructive trust or equitable lien on a specifically identified fund. That this action involved a breach of contract claim did not mean that the relief was not equitable, because that would make the ERISA provision that expressly provides for equitable relief to enforce plan terms "an empty promise." Equitable basis for claim Regarding the basis for Mid Atlantic's claim, the Court considered Barnes v. Alexander to be instructive, in which attorneys sued their supervisor to recover the promised one third of the contingency fee in the case on which they had worked. The Court had ruled that a lien attached to the fee and followed it into the hands of the supervisor, based upon "the familiar rule of equity that a contract to convey a specific object even before it is acquired will make the contractor a trustee as soon as he gets a title to the thing." The Court considered the "Acts of Third Parties" provision in the Sereboffs' ERISA plan analogous to the contingency fee claim, as the provision specifically identified a particular fund and a particular share of that fund to which Mid Atlantic was entitled. Under the rule of equity set forth in Barnes, Mid Atlantic could "follow a portion of the recovery into the Sereboffs' hands as soon as the settlement fund was identified, and impose on that portion a constructive trust or equitable lien." See also Ark. Dep't of Human Servs. v. Ahlborn, 547 U.S. 268 (2006), a case decided the same term regarding the ability of a state agency to recover Medicaid expenditures from personal injury settlement proceeds Professor Roger Baron, an ERISA expert who consulted on the Sereboff case and has written extensively about the court's decision in Sereboff. References External links Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 United States Supreme Court cases United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court 2006 in United States case law
5383627	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Kantor%20%28musician%29	Paul Kantor (musician)	Paul Kantor (born November 29, 1955) is an American violin teacher. Kantor is a professor at the Shepherd School of Music at Rice University. He continues the pedagogical lineage of Dorothy DeLay. He is often selected to participate as a jury member for international violin competitions. Biography Kantor is currently the Sally Shepherd Perkins Professor of violin at the Shepherd School of Music at Rice University, having previously served as the Eleanor H. Biggs Memorial Distinguished Professor of Violin at the Cleveland Institute of Music. He received Bachelor of Music and Master of Music degrees from the Juilliard School, studying violin with Dorothy DeLay and chamber music with Robert Mann. He served as chair of the string department at the University of Michigan for 13 years and has served on the faculties of the Juilliard School, the New England Conservatory and Yale University. He was appointed as artist-in-residence of The Glenn Gould School/ Royal Conservatory of Music and has been on its faculty since 2008. In addition, he has presented master classes at institutions including Indiana University, Eastman School of Music, and the New World Symphony Orchestra, among others. His students have consistently won major awards at international competitions including the Klein Competition, Fischoff Competition, Stulberg International String Competition, International Violin Competition of Indianapolis, and the Montreal International Violin Competition, among others. For the past 30 years, he has been an artist and faculty member of the Aspen Music Festival and School, where he was concertmaster of both the Festival Orchestra and Chamber Symphony. He has performed as a soloist with numerous symphony orchestras and has performed with the New York String Quartet, the Berkshire Chamber Players, the Lenox Quartet, and the National Musical Arts Chamber Ensemble. He served as concertmaster of the New Haven Symphony for 10 years, and the Aspen Chamber Symphony for 10 years, as well as the Lausanne Chamber Orchestra, and Great Lakes Festival Orchestra. He was appointed as guest concertmaster of the New Japan Philharmonic and the Toledo Symphony Orchestra. He has performed the world premieres of Dan Welcher's Violin Concerto and John Corigliano's Red Violin Caprices. His recordings are on the Equilibrium, CRI, Delos and Mark Records. References American classical violinists Male classical violinists American male violinists Aspen Music Festival and School faculty Living people 1955 births Juilliard School alumni Juilliard School faculty Rice University faculty Cleveland Institute of Music faculty Musicians from Shaker Heights, Ohio University of Michigan faculty Classical musicians from Ohio 21st-century classical violinists 21st-century American male musicians
3991917	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvadoran%20Football%20Federation	Salvadoran Football Federation	The Salvadoran Football Federation ( or ) is the official governing football organization in El Salvador and is in charge of the El Salvador national football team, and El Salvador national beach soccer team The federation is also in charge of the three tiers of domestic club competition, including the top-flight Primera División de Fútbol Profesional. In May 2010, FIFA briefly suspended teams and associated members from international competition on the grounds that the Salvadoran government had not acknowledged the authority of the Normalisation Committee set up to represent FESFUT. On May 28, the suspension was lifted. In November 2010 the federation started the first women's football league in El Salvador. In September 2013, the federation imposed a life-time ban on 14 members of the country's national team for match-fixing and another three players were banned for between six and 18 months. The players were accused of receiving bribes for international matches. On July 31, 2014, the general assembly of football elected Jorge Alberto Cabrera Rajo as the new president of the federation. Board of directors Referees References External links El Salvador at FIFA site El Salvador at CONCACAF site Facebook profile Twitter profile Football in El Salvador El Salvador Association football governing bodies in Central America Sports organizations established in 1935 1935 establishments in El Salvador
5383633	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suds%20%28film%29	Suds (film)	Suds is a 1920 American silent comedy film directed by John Francis Dillon and starring Mary Pickford. The film is based on the 1904 English stage play 'Op o' Me Thumb, a one-act work first produced in London and presented the following year in New York with Maude Adams, a curtain raiser for her appearance in Peter Pan. Plot Amanda Afflick (Mary Pickford) is a poor laundry woman working in London. She is too weak to do the hard work, but is always picked on and humiliated by her boss Madame Didier (Rose Dione). Amanda is desperately in love with the handsome customer Horace Greensmith (Albert Austin), but none of her colleagues thinks she has a chance of being his sweetheart. One afternoon Amanda gets in trouble again and is forced to work all night long. All alone, she fantasizes about her first and only meeting with Horace, eight months ago. All the fellow employees ridicule her for still having faith that he will return someday to pick up his clothes. Amanda is fed up with all her colleagues making fun of her and lies that she is a duchess, coming from a wealthy family. She comes up with a story of her having an affair with Horace. Her father found out and sent her to live in London. Meanwhile, co-worker Benjamin Jones (Harold Goodwin) has the job of collecting laundry with his cart. One day, his beloved horse Lavender is too weak to go up a hill and falls. The cart is destroyed and when Benjamin admits the truth to Madame Didier, she asks for the horse to be killed. Benjamin reveals to Amanda what will happen with Lavender and she tries to stop the horse from being killed. She eventually buys the horse and takes it into her own home. Amanda is not allowed to take the horse into her own apartment and is noticed on the streets by the wealthy and sympathizing Lady Burke-Cavendish. She offers to take the horse to live at her country place. Amanda is delighted and accepts her offer. Later, Lady Burke-Cavendish stops by to tell Amanda the horse is doing very well. Amanda lies to the fellow laundry women Lady Burke-Cavendish is actually her aunt. They are interrupted by Horace: he has returned for his laundry. The fellow workers assume he will recognize Amanda, since they were lied to he is her secret lover. Amanda is desperate and successfully pretends to be reunited with him. Horace is confused and wants to leave. While the laundry women are away she tells the truth to Horace. Benjamin walks in on them, initially trying to flirt with Amanda, but when he notices Horace's presence he leaves. Horace sympathizes with Amanda and invites her to his mansion. He changes his mind when he becomes ashamed of her. Amanda notices this and pulls back. Horace leaves and Amanda is left behind with a broken heart. She is later hired as Lady Burke-Cavendish's personal maid and now lives in wealth. She finds out Horace is a worker at the country place and they fall in love with each other. Remake The original film was adapted to a musical written by Deonn Ritchie Hunt with music by Kim Douglas in the 2000s. Cast Mary Pickford as Amanda Afflick Albert Austin as Horace Greensmith Harold Goodwin as Benjamin Pillsbury Jones Rose Dione as Madame Jeanne Gallifilet Didier Darwin Karr as The Archduke Taylor N. Duncan (undetermined role) (uncredited) Joan Marsh (undetermined role) (uncredited) Nadyne Montgomery (undetermined role) (uncredited) Theodore Roberts (undetermined role) (uncredited) Hal Wilson (undetermined role) (uncredited) Production crew Produced by Mary Pickford Cinematography by L. William O'Connell and Charles Rosher Art Direction by Max Parker Costume Design by Adele Crinley Assistant Director William A. Crinley Art Department - Alfred L. Werker (props) Other crew - William S. Johnson (electrical effects) See also Mary Pickford filmography References External links 1920 films 1920s English-language films 1920 comedy films American black-and-white films American silent feature films Films directed by John Francis Dillon United Artists films Articles containing video clips Silent American comedy films Films set in London
5383684	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonia-4%20Vermont%20Representative%20District%2C%202002%E2%80%932012	Caledonia-4 Vermont Representative District, 2002–2012	The Caledonia-4 Representative District is a two-member state Representative district in the U.S. state of Vermont. It is one of the 108 one or two member districts into which the state was divided by the redistricting and reapportionment plan developed by the Vermont General Assembly following the 2000 U.S. Census. The plan applies to legislatures elected in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. A new plan will be developed in 2012 following the 2010 U.S. Census. The Caledonia-4 District includes all of the Caledonia County towns of Burke, Lyndon, and Sutton. As of the 2000 census, the state as a whole had a population of 608,827. As there are a total of 150 representatives, there were 4,059 residents per representative (or 8,118 residents per two representatives). The two member Caledonia-4 District had a population of 8,020 in that same census, 1.21% below the state average. District Representatives Cola H. Hudson, Republican Richard Lawrence, Republican See also Members of the Vermont House of Representatives, 2005-2006 session Vermont Representative Districts, 2002-2012 External links Vermont Statute defining legislative districts Vermont House districts -- Statistics Vermont House of Representatives districts, 2002–2012 Burke, Vermont Lyndon, Vermont Sutton, Vermont
3991933	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvin%20Rubinstein	Sylvin Rubinstein	Sylvin Rubinstein (1914 in Moscow – April 30, 2011 in Hamburg) was a Jewish-Russian dancer and cross-dresser, who was a member of the resistance to Nazism during World War II. Pre-War Rubinstein was born in 1917 in Russia. He left Russia for Poland with his mother and his twin sister Maria, when his aristocrat father was executed by the Bolsheviks. Sylvin and Maria earned money by dancing in the town marketplace. By their teens, they were dancing professionally, as a flamenco act billed as Imperio y Dolores. As Imperio and Dolores they headlined at music halls throughout Europe, as well New York and in Australia. Nazi Occupation of Poland The siblings were performing at Warsaw’s Adria Theatre when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. They were consigned to the Warsaw Ghetto. Rubinstein says that he managed to escape the ghetto, wresting a machine gun from a guard and killing several Gestapo officers. Entry Into the Resistance Rubinstein's biography, 'Dolores & Imperio: Die drei Leben des Sylvin Rubinstein' ('Dolores and Imperio: the Three Lives of Sylvin Rubenstein') contains an account of his work in the Polish resistance. He claims that he was recruited into the resistance by an anti-Nazi German officer, Major Kurt Werner. "One day a big, tall German army officer spotted me and kept staring at me...He followed me and then walked up to me and I thought, well, this is it." It turned out the officer, Wehrmacht Major Kurt Werner, was a fan of Imperio y Dolores and remembered Rubinstein from an appearance in Berlin before the war. Werner arranged for fake ID papers for Rubinstein and his sister and urged them to head for Switzerland. But his sister insisted on trying to fetch their mother, still back in Brody. "I saw her board the train heading east and I knew as we waved to each other that that was the last time I’d ever see her...I could have insisted she stay with me. But I didn't. That is one of two things I’ve always regretted." Both his mother and sister died in Treblinka. Rubinstein remained in Warsaw, and was recruited into the Polish resistance by Major Werner. He became an accomplished assassin and saboteur. Rubinstein used his ability to pass as a woman in these missions. For example, he recalled that a Gestapo officer "was a particularly nasty Nazi who took positive delight in finding Jews who were hidden in people’s homes...he would have the Jews dragged off and also the German families who had sheltered them. Very nasty, indeed. Everybody in Berlin feared and hated him, Jews and Goyim alike...well, one fine day it was his birthday and a very elegant-looking lady (if I do say so myself) showed up at his office with a bunch of red roses, asking to see him alone." Post-War After the war, Rubinstein returned to dancing. "Becoming Dolores was my way of coping with my twin sister’s death...only a twin can understand how horrific that was. It was like being torn in half. Not a day goes by that I don’t think of her." In Allied-occupied Germany Rubinstein testified on Major Werner's behalf before a US board to win his freedom. Rubinstein, in his female guise as Dolores, went on to become a major music hall entertainer in the 1950s. But advancing age and changing tastes took their toll. Reduced to performing in seedy clubs in Hamburg’s Reeperbahn, he retired around 1970. "I was dancing in a place where the headline act was a couple having sex on stage. That was when I said, 'Dolores, it’s time to hang up the castanets.'" Sylvin Rubinstein died on the 30 of April 2011, before he was living in an apartment just off the Reeperbahn in the harbour district of Hamburg. A documentary, Er tanzte das Leben (Dancing His Life), was made of his life story. Books Kuno Kruse: "Dolores & Imperio. Die drei Leben des Sylvin Rubinstein". Kiepenheuer&Witsch, Köln 2000. . References External links Article from Jewlicious.com Website of the film Entry of the Film: "Er tanzte das Leben" (2003) at the German Wikipedia Article from Arte.tv about "Les oubliés de l'Histoire Sylvin Rubinstein, le danseur qui tuait les nazis"(movie) 1914 births 2011 deaths Russian Jews Russian people of World War II Twin people from Russia Male-to-female cross-dressers White Russian emigrants to Poland Polish emigrants to Germany
5383693	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akifumi%20End%C5%8D	Akifumi Endō	is a Japanese voice actor who is affiliated with Troubadour Musique Office. Voice roles Anime television Hunter X Hunter (Sedokan) Mahoromatic (Yoshihiko Gunji, Kanzaki) Shura no Toki (Sakamoto Ryōma) Tenchi Universe (Sagami) Brave Police J-Decker (Makoto Onoue) OVA SD Gundam Gaiden (Knight Nyuu) Anime films Mobile Suit Gundam F91 (Chris) Video games Brave Saga 2 (Shizuma) External links Living people Japanese male voice actors 1964 births
3991954	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU%20modes	CPU modes	CPU modes (also called processor modes, CPU states, CPU privilege levels and other names) are operating modes for the central processing unit of some computer architectures that place restrictions on the type and scope of operations that can be performed by certain processes being run by the CPU. This design allows the operating system to run with more privileges than application software. Ideally, only highly trusted kernel code is allowed to execute in the unrestricted mode; everything else (including non-supervisory portions of the operating system) runs in a restricted mode and must use a system call (via interrupt) to request the kernel perform on its behalf any operation that could damage or compromise the system, making it impossible for untrusted programs to alter or damage other programs (or the computing system itself). In practice, however, system calls take time and can hurt the performance of a computing system, so it is not uncommon for system designers to allow some time-critical software (especially device drivers) to run with full kernel privileges. Multiple modes can be implemented—allowing a hypervisor to run multiple operating system supervisors beneath it, which is the basic design of many virtual machine systems available today. Mode types The unrestricted mode is often called kernel mode, but many other designations exist (master mode, supervisor mode, privileged mode, etc.). Restricted modes are usually referred to as user modes, but are also known by many other names (slave mode, problem state, etc.). Kernel In kernel mode, the CPU may perform any operation allowed by its architecture; any instruction may be executed, any I/O operation initiated, any area of memory accessed, and so on. In the other CPU modes, certain restrictions on CPU operations are enforced by the hardware. Typically, certain instructions are not permitted (especially those—including I/O operations—that could alter the global state of the machine), some memory areas cannot be accessed, etc. User-mode capabilities of the CPU are typically a subset of those available in kernel mode, but in some cases, such as hardware emulation of non-native architectures, they may be significantly different from those available in standard kernel mode. User Some CPU architectures support multiple user modes, often with a hierarchy of privileges. These architectures are often said to have ring-based security, wherein the hierarchy of privileges resembles a set of concentric rings, with the kernel mode in the center. Multics hardware was the first significant implementation of ring security, but many other hardware platforms have been designed along similar lines, including the Intel 80286 protected mode, and the IA-64 as well, though it is referred to by a different name in these cases. Mode protection may extend to resources beyond the CPU hardware itself. Hardware registers track the current operating mode of the CPU, but additional virtual-memory registers, page-table entries, and other data may track mode identifiers for other resources. For example, a CPU may be operating in Ring 0 as indicated by a status word in the CPU itself, but every access to memory may additionally be validated against a separate ring number for the virtual-memory segment targeted by the access, and/or against a ring number for the physical page (if any) being targeted. This has been demonstrated with the PSP handheld system. Hardware that meets the Popek and Goldberg virtualization requirements makes writing software to efficiently support a virtual machine much simpler. Such a system can run software that "believes" it is running in supervisor mode, but is actually running in user mode. References Central processing unit Computer security
5383694	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%20Farquhar	Simon Farquhar	Simon Alexander Farquhar is a British writer and broadcaster. His early one-act plays were staged at the Aberdeen Arts Centre, until a radio script set in Cullen, Candy Floss Kisses, was picked up by actor and producer Martin Jarvis and commissioned for BBC Radio 4. This was followed by another Cullen-based drama, Elevenses with Twiggy, set during the dying days of the Sixties and featuring a cameo performance by Twiggy herself. His first full-length stage play, the Aberdeen-based Rainbow Kiss, opened at the Royal Court in April 2006. The production starred Joseph McFadden and Dawn Steele and was directed by Richard Wilson, as part of the theatre's 50th anniversary season. Rainbow Kiss opened in New York in Spring 2008, directed by Will Frears and produced by The Play Company. In October 2006 he was invited to take part in the Old Vic 24 Hour Plays Celebrity Gala. The annual fund-raising event sees six writers asked to each choose from a pool of available actors and each write a ten-minute play for them overnight which is then learned and performed the following evening on the Old Vic stage. The result was Dream Me a Winter starring Tamzin Outhwaite and Patricia Hodge. He regularly writes for The Guardian, The Independent and The Times. He has also written many articles and appeared on television and radio as a television historian. In 2007 he wrote and presented the documentary Razor Sharp: The Story of Peter McDougall, the Scottish television dramatist, and in 2015, A Sympathetic Eye for BBC Radio 4. His book Play for Today: The First Year 1970-1971 was published in 2021. His book A Dangerous Place: The Story of the Railway Murders (2016) tells the story of the crimes of John Duffy and David Mulcahy, and is a memoir of his father, one of the police officers who led the case in the 1980s. It was shortlisted for the 2017 CWA Gold Dagger Award for Non-Fiction. In 2017 he wrote "Wassail Play", which was performed at the Theatre Royal, Dumfries. Radio Candy Floss Kisses (2004) — Afternoon Play, BBC Radio 4 Elevenses with Twiggy (2006) — Afternoon Play, BBC Radio 4 A Sympathetic Eye (2015) - Archive on 4, BBC Radio 4 Stage I Do Solemnly Declare (2001) — Aberdeen Arts Centre Rainbow Kiss (2006) — Royal Court Dream Me a Winter (2006) — Old Vic (part of The 24 Hour Plays) Wassail Play (2017) - Theatre Royal, Dumfries Books A Dangerous Place (2016) Play for Today: The First Year 1970-1971 (2021) Journalism Obituaries for The Independent References 1972 births Alumni of the University of Aberdeen Living people People from Aberdeenshire Scottish male stage actors Scottish dramatists and playwrights
5383715	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansing-Dreiden	Lansing-Dreiden	Lansing-Dreiden is an American band and art collective based in New York City. Lansing-Dreiden was founded in Miami, Florida. Their body of work includes music, multimedia artwork (in the form of drawings, collages, sculpture and video), and the literary journal Death Notice. Rather than calling themselves a band, they prefer to be categorized as "a company that sees no distinction between art and commerce." (Seattle Weekly, Feb. 5, 2005) The collective's first full-length record, The Incomplete Triangle, was self-released in 2003. Spin Magazine described it as "dreamy space rock... with a psychedelic metal twist." This was followed by an EP in 2004, A Sectioned Beam. The EP was praised by Time Out New York as "an airtight example of textbook pop perfection." Both titles were reissued by Kemado Records in 2004. Lansing-Dreiden's most recent full length was The Dividing Island, released in 2006. A music video was released for the single "A Line You Can Cross," though the band performing in the video was not Lansing-Dreiden. 2006 also saw the release of D.I. By D.D., a remix album of The Dividing Island produced by Dazzle D. While their music itself has been met with a fairly warm reception, the group has been criticized in the musical press for self-consciously cultivating an air of obscurity. Lansing-Dreiden have responded, in turn, that they are shy. Discography The Incomplete Triangle, LP, self-released 2003 (reissued by Kemado Records, 2004) A Sectioned Beam, EP, self-released 2004 (reissued by Kemado, 2004) The Dividing Island, LP, Kemado, 2006 D.I. By D.D., remix LP, self-released, 2006 Tri EP, self-released, 2008 References Further reading Seattle Weekly article External links Myspace At Rivington Arms Epitonic page LFL Gallery page Musical collectives Culture of New York City American artist groups and collectives
5383737	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raritan%20Inc.	Raritan Inc.	Raritan is a multinational technology company that manufactures hardware for data center power distribution, remote server management, and audio visual solutions. The company is headquartered in Somerset, New Jersey (which is located near Raritan, New Jersey), and has a commercial presence in over 76 countries. Raritan was acquired by Legrand in September 2015. History Raritan was established in 1985, when the founder, Ching-I Hsu, and his wife, created a business reselling PC components out of their house. This later changed from reselling to manufacturing PCs. To make the manufacturing more efficient, Hsu developed the first KVM switch, a tool that provides a way to control numerous PCs from a single product. The KVM switch advanced Raritan as an international company and led to other company advancements. Raritan entered the intelligent power business in 2007. Intelligent power management provides companies with an accurate measurement of the amount of energy devices use. This kind of power management is much more energy efficient because it consumes less energy/produces less heat, improves environmental conditions with sensors that adjust things like temperature and humidity levels, and overall decrease costs. In 2008, Raritan's Data Center Infrastructure Management (DCIM) business began. This software provides the ability to better manage assets, change and capacity through monitoring of power, the environment, and energy use. In June 2015, Legrand, North America announced an agreement to acquire Raritan. The scope of the acquisition would include Raritan's intelligent power and KVM businesses, while its Data Center Infrastructure Management (DCIM) software business would spin off into Sunbird Software, a new company and strategic partner of Raritan to be chaired by Ching-I Hsu, CEO and founder of Raritan. The acquisition was complete on September 28, 2015. References External links Companies based in Somerset County, New Jersey American companies established in 1985 Networking hardware companies System administration Out-of-band management Computer peripheral companies 2015 mergers and acquisitions
5383745	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20Furness	Bruce Furness	Bruce Furness is an American politician, the former mayor of Fargo, North Dakota. He served as mayor from 1994 until 2006. Furness is a former manager at IBM and a bank executive. References Mayors of Fargo, North Dakota Living people Year of birth missing (living people)
5383752	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg%20Centuries	Magdeburg Centuries	The Magdeburg Centuries is an ecclesiastical history, divided into thirteen centuries, covering thirteen hundred years, ending in 1298; it was first published from 1559 to 1574. It was compiled by several Lutheran scholars in Magdeburg, known as the Centuriators of Magdeburg. The chief of the Centuriators was Matthias Flacius. Lutheran theologian Werner Elert argued that due to its revolutionary critical method of presenting history, it is the basis of all modern church history.<ref>Morphologie des Luthertums [The Shaping of Lutheranism], (Munich: C.H. Beck'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1931–32): Volume 1: Theologie und Weltanschauung des Luthertums hauptsächlich im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert [The Theology and World View of Lutheranism Mainly in the 16th and 17th Centuries]: translated by Walter A. Hansen: Werner Elert, The Structure of Lutheranism: The Theology and Philosophy of Life of Lutheranism Especially in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, Walter R. Hansen, (St. Louis: CPH, 1962). p. 485</ref> It is said that Baronius undertook his Annales Ecclesiastici purely to oppose the Magdeburg Centuriators. Themes The Magdeburg Centuries demonstrates the continuity of the Christian faith throughout the ages. As the Centuries put it, Church history shows a "perpetual agreement in the teaching of each article of faith in all ages". Instead of presenting a Restorationist platform, the writers held that "this very form of the teaching which we now have in our churches because of the great kindness of God is that very ancient one, not a new one; genuine, not adulterous; true, not fabricated." The view of the work is generally pessimistic after the fifth century, in keeping with the writers' objective of presenting "the origins and the increments of errors and their corrupting influences." Presenting a view of such corrupting errors by the Catholic Church, increasing and accumulating over a thousand years' time, served to legitimize the Reformation and make Lutherans rather than Catholics into the true heirs of the original Christianity founded by Jesus Christ and his disciples. Another characteristic of the work is the widespread use of primary sources rather than secondary or tertiary ones. In order to accomplish this, scholars traveled and borrowed manuscripts from all over Europe. With such diverse sources, one might expect a fractured or incoherent presentation of history. Instead, it provides a perspective that is completely independent from any of its sources, even though they are as wide-ranging as Gregory of Nazianzus and Alcuin. This painstaking pursuit of primary sources set a higher standard of historical research in general, influencing the work of later historians not necessarily concerned with religious controversy. Criticism Not only are the volumes artificially divided by century rather than by historical eras, but each century is treated from a similar perspective, rather than from a fresh perspective for every era of history. Catholics have dissented from controversial historical arguments in the Centuries, made to discredit the papacy, including the identification of the pope as the Anti-Christ, and the legend of Pope Joan.Donald R Kelley. Faces of History. Yale University Press. . 1999. p 173. Full title The full title of the work is Ecclesiastica Historia, integram Ecclesiae Christi ideam, quantum ad Locum, Propagationem, Persecutionem, Tranquillitatem, Doctrinam, Hæreses, Ceremonias, Gubernationem, Schismata, Synodos, Personas, Miracula, Martyria, Religiones extra Ecclesiam, & statum Imperii politicum attinet, secundum singulas Centurias, perspicuo ordine complectens: singulari diligentia & fide ex vetustissimis & optimis historicis, patribus, & aliis scriptoribus congesta: Per aliquot studiosos & pios viros in urbe Magdeburgicâ. Origin and composition The first three folio volumes of the work appeared in 1559 at Basel. It was the work of a group of Lutheran scholars who had gathered at Magdeburg, and who are now known to history as the Centuriators of Magdeburg because of the way in which they divided their work (century by century) and the place in which the first five volumes were written; most of the others were written at Wismar or elsewhere, but the subtitle in Urbe Magdeburgicâ was retained. The originator of the idea and the moving spirit of the organization which produced the work was Matthias Vlacich (Latinized Flacius), also known as Francovich, and, from the country of his birth (Istria), Illyricus. Born in 1520, he went to university in 1539 in Switzerland and Germany, where, at Augsburg, Basle, Tübingen, and Wittenberg, he converted to Lutheranism. The Augsburg Interim of 1548 led to the Adiaphoristic controversy, in the course of which he wrote numerous harsh criticisms of the Reformer Philipp Melanchthon; the bitter feeling generated gave rise to the hostile parties of Philippists and Flacians. All attempts to restore peace failed, and the University of Jena, where Flacius was appointed professor of theology in 1557, became a centre of rigid Lutheranism in strong opposition to Melachthon. His wanderings after 1562, and the numerous domestic controversies between the Reformers, in which Flacius took part until his death (11 March 1575), did not prevent him from becoming the most learned Lutheran theologian of his day, while, in addition to numerous minor controversial works, his untiring energy led him to devise the vast historical work known as "The Centuries". After Martin Luther's death in 1546, anti-Catholic controversy tended to lose its dogmatic character and to become historical. Flacius critiqued the history of Catholicism, and in that spirit wrote his once famous and influential catalogue of anti-papal witnesses, Catalogus testium veritatis, qui ante nostram aetatem reclamarunt Papae (Basel, 1556; enlarged ed., Strasburg, 1562; ed. by Dietericus, Frankfort, 1672). Some four hundred anti-papal witnesses were cited, Pope Gregory I and Thomas Aquinas being included in the number of those who had stood up for truth against "the Papal Antichrist". As early as 1553, Flacius was seeking patrons whose financial support should enable him to carry out his plan of a comprehensive church history which was "to reveal the beginnings, the development and the ruthless designs of the Antichrist." The German princes, and the burghers particularly of Augsburg and Nuremberg, helped him generously, but no support was forthcoming from the followers of Melanchthon. He travelled through Germany in search of material while his co-worker, Marcus Wagner (from Weimar near Gotha), searched the libraries of Austria, Bavaria, Scotland, and Denmark for the same purpose. Research has emphasized the importance of the assistance given by the crypto-Protestant, Caspar von Nydbruck, imperial counselor, and head of the Imperial Library of Vienna, whose influence was exerted throughout Europe on behalf of the work. The editorial board, Gubernatores et Inspectores institut historiæ Ecclesiasticæ, was composed of Flacius, John Wigand (1523–1587), superintendent at Magdeburg, Matthew Judex (1528–1576), preacher at Magdeburg, Basil Faber (1525–1576), humanist, who collaborated in the first four Centuries, Martin Copus, a physician who acted as treasurer, and Eblinek Alman, a burgher of Magdeburg, each of whom had his own assistants. Seven junior assistants were appointed to compile extracts from early Christian writers and historians in accordance with a fixed plan; two more mature scholars acted as "architects", grouped the material, and submitted it to the editors. When approved, the materials were worked up into chapters and again submitted before the final form was fair-copied. Contents Even when at Jena, and during his subsequent wanderings, Flacius retained the direction of the work. Each century was systematically treated under sixteen headings bearing uniform titles in the various volumes. An analysis of the Quarta Centuria, which appeared in 1560, will give an idea of the contents: Title page dedication to Queen Elizabeth (co. 3–12) brief statement of the chief events of the century (col.13) spread of the Church: where and how (13–35) persecution and peace of the Church under Diocletian and Maximian (35–159) the Church's teaching and its history (160–312) heresies (312–406) rites and ceremonies (406 -483) Church discipline and government (483–582) schisms and controversies (583–609) councils (609–880) leading bishops and doctors (880–1337) leading heretics (1338–1403) the martyrs (1403–1432) miracles and miraculous occurrences (1433–1456) political relations of the Jews (1456–1462) other non-Christian religions (1462–1560) political changes (1560–1574) Scriptural index (8 cols.) general index (92 pages of four columns) This method was applied only to the first thirteen centuries, which were published separately in folio volumes at Basel; I–III in 1559 (reprinted 1560, 1562, 1564); IV in 1560 (reprinted 1562); V and VI in 1562; VII and VIII in 1564; IX in 1565; X and XI in 1567; XII in 1569; and XIII in 1574. The three remaining centuries were completed in manuscript by Wigand (who was largely responsible for all the work done between 1564–74), but never published, and the various attempts made in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to continue the work came to naught. In 1624 a complete edition of the Centuries in six folio volumes was issued at Basel by Louis Lucius, who omitted the authors' names and dedications, and introduced various modifications of the text in a Calvinistic sense. A third edition appeared at Nuremberg 1757–1765, but did not get beyond the fifth century. Notes and references External links Latin edition of 1757, HathiTrust Digital Library Baudouin, Flacius, and the Plan for the Magdeburg Centuries'' 1559 books 1560 books 1562 books 1564 books 1566 books 1567 books 1569 books 1574 books 16th-century history books 16th-century Christian texts History of Christianity texts History books about Catholicism Reformation in Germany History of the papacy History of Magdeburg 16th-century Latin books
5383769	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon%20Cohen%20%28physician%29	Jon Cohen (physician)	Jon R. Cohen, M.D., is an American physician, business executive, and former public official who is Senior Vice President of OPKO Health and is Executive Chairman of BioReference Laboratories. Cohen served for over nine years as a Senior Executive and named executive officer at Quest Diagnostics. Originally as Chief Medical Officer, most recently as Senior Vice President and Group Executive - Diagnostic Solutions. Before joining Quest, Cohen served as Senior Advisor to New York Governor David A. Paterson. Previous to that, Cohen in 2006 ran unsuccessfully for Lieutenant Governor of New York. For seven years he served as Chief Medical Officer at North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System . Cohen is a vascular surgeon who completed his residency in surgery at New York Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center and vascular surgery fellowship at the Brigham and Women's Hospital at Harvard Medical School in Boston. He has published over 100 peer-reviewed professional articles and authored two books. Career After arriving at the Long Island Jewish Medical Center in 1985, Cohen eventually Chief of Vascular Surgery, Chairman of Surgery and Surgeon-in-Chief. As Chief of Vascular Surgery, he established the first comprehensive vascular institute in New York. His major research contributions were into the pathophysiology of aortic aneurysm development at the molecular level. As Chairman of Surgery and Surgeon-in-Chief, Cohen's department grew to 18 surgeons, with an institutional surgical volume increasing from 17,000 to 25,000 cases per year. From 1998 to 2000, Cohen was Executive Vice President of the three-hospital academic medical center with operational responsibility for the day to day operations of the 800-bed academic medical center with an annual budget of $600 million. In 2000, Cohen was appointed as Chief Medical Officer and Senior Vice President for the newly merged entity, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System. Cohen was an executive officer at Quest with P/L as the corporation’s Chief Medical Officer from 2009-2015. As Director of Hospital Services, Cohen had operational responsibility for all of the reference testing performed at Quest's four national esoteric laboratories servicing over 3,000 customers worldwide, including hospitals, commercial labs, Department of Defense, Veterans Administration, State and County Departments of Health, Prisons and Indian Services. Political activities In 2002, Cohen served as health care policy advisor to gubernatorial candidate H. Carl McCall a in 2004 to presidential candidate John Kerry. In 2005, Cohen announced his candidacy for the Democratic nomination for Lieutenant Governor of New York. Cohen raised more than $700,000 for his election bid, the largest amount for a Lieutenant Governor race in New York state history. Cohen called the healthcare system "dysfunctional at every level." He proposed linking universal health-insurance coverage to economic development, repeating his message that "health care is a right, not a privilege." He favored setting up an insurance pool backed by private carriers that would spread the risk of health care coverage, making it affordable for small businesses, as well as spearheading state-led investment in biotechnology and stem cell research to foster job creation and medical innovation. Cohen further developed plans to cut fraud and waste from the Medicaid system, which he blamed for ruining county budgets, stating, "What's happening is, there's too little money left for roads, for senior citizen programs and for schools." When the Democratic frontrunner for governor, Eliot Spitzer, named Paterson as his running mate, Cohen dropped his own candidacy. Cohen nominated Paterson for Lieutenant Governor during the 2006 New York Democratic Party convention, held in Buffalo, New York. When Paterson succeeded Spitzer as Governor of New York, Paterson appointed Cohen as his Senior Advisor. As Senior Advisor, Cohen was responsible for developing all policy and strategic planning as related to healthcare, education, environment, economic development, energy, transportation, homeland security and local governments. Cohen was one of the six senior staff responsible to the Governor for the coordinated activities of 83 agencies, 600 authorities, 200,000 employees and a budget of $124 billion. Further reading Paterson, David Black, Blind, & In Charge: A Story of Visionary Leadership and Overcoming Adversity. New York, New York, 2020 References Living people American healthcare managers American vascular surgeons Year of birth missing (living people)
3991961	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland%20national%20bandy%20team	Finland national bandy team	The Finnish national bandy team (, ) has taken part in all the Bandy World Championships for men since the competition was launched for the first time in 1957. Finland won the championship title in 2004. They have always finished in the top four, and have won 28 medals in 36 championships. The team is controlled by Finland's Bandy Association. History Finland was represented by the club Polyteknikkojen Urheiluseura (PUS) in the winter games in Helsinki in 1907, but the team was beaten by a team from Sweden. The first international bandy game after Finland became independent was held during the 1919 Finnish Winter Games in Helsinki, which were the first international sporting event organized by the recently independent nation. The national team's roster was dominated by players from Viipurin Sudet and included only three players representing other domestic clubs, Harald Nyström from HIFK, Lars Schybergson from Kiffen, and Niilo Tammisalo from HJK. The national team's match against the Swedish club IFK Uppsala was held on 23 February at Töölön Pallokenttä before a crowd of 5,000 spectators, including State Regent of Finland C.G.E. Mannerheim. The Finns won the match 4–1 in a victory that was described in the press as “one of the most amazing achievements of Finnish athletes.” In the 1920s and 1930s, Finland regularly played friendly games against Sweden and against Estonia. Finland, Norway, and Sweden played bandy at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo. After having seen them there, the Soviet Union invited these three countries to a four nation bandy tournament in 1954. This was the first time a Soviet national bandy team met other national bandy teams. The four countries used somewhat different rules prior to this tournament, but the rules were adjusted to be the same for the future. The first ever World Championships of bandy were organised in 1957 in association with the 50th anniversary of the Ball Association of Finland, which at the time was the governing body of bandy in Finland. It was played at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium. Finland's Bandy Association was founded in 1972. World Championship record Russian Government Cup Current squad Finnish squad at the 2014 World Championship in Irkutsk, Russia, January 26 – February 2, 2014. References External links Finnish Bandy Federation National bandy teams Bandy in Finland Bandy Bandy World Championship-winning countries
3991974	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liggett%20Select	Liggett Select	Liggett Select is an American brand of cigarettes, currently owned and manufactured by the Liggett Group, based in Mebane, North Carolina. History Liggett Select was launched in 1999 as a discount brand. Liggett Select is the company's top seller. In 2011, Liggett Vector Brands announced they would increase the price by 8 cents of their deep-discount brands: Liggett Select, Eve and Grand Prix. In 2017, Liggett Select got a new pack design for all its variants. Products King size Liggett Select Red Kings Liggett Select Blue Kings Liggett Select Menthol Gold Kings Liggett Select Menthol Silver Kings Liggett Select Non-filter Kings 100s Liggett Select Red 100s Liggett Select Blue 100s Liggett Select Orange 100s Liggett Select Menthol Gold 100s Liggett Select Menthol Silver 100s See also Cigarette Tobacco smoking References Liggett Group brands
3991984	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer%20carbine	Destroyer carbine	The Destroyer Carbine is a small bolt-action carbine usually chambered for the 9 x 23 mm Largo cartridge. It was used by Spanish police and prison services, including the Guardia Civil from the mid-1930s until the late 1960s, replacing the El Tigre Rifle. It continued the tradition, started in the 1890s, of issuing police units with a short, handy, repeating carbine in pistol ammunition calibre. Design It is essentially a scaled-down Mauser Model 1893 with two rear-mounted locking lugs and a Mauser-style two-position flip safety. The Destroyer fired the same ammunition as the standard-issue police handgun but used a 6-shot single stack magazine. The longer rifle barrel resulted in greater muzzle velocity, accuracy, and range. The Destroyer was initially manufactured in Eibar, Spain by Gaztanaga y Compania, then by Ayra Duria S.A. and possibly others, with some minor improvements made over time. The carbine is more accurate than a self-loading service pistol, not because of its barrel length, but mainly due to the lack of moving parts and the stable firing platform offered by a weapon with a sturdy shoulder stock. Due to the longer barrel, muzzle velocity was commonly 200fps-300fps higher than achieved by pistols. The better sights and longer sight radius are also critical in allowing the user to hit targets at greater distances. While no longer in government service, the Destroyer Carbine is prized as a collectors item due to its comparative rarity, as well as being a desirable target rifle due to favorable shooting characteristics such as minimal recoil and relatively inexpensive ammunition. While all rimless 9 mm caliber pistol cartridges will chamber in a Destroyer Carbine, and consequently will fire, it is extremely unsafe to use ammunition other than 9 x 23 mm Largo due to the dangers of excessive pressure. Some late-production experimental Destroyer Carbines were produced in other calibers such as .38 Auto or 9 mm Para and are even more highly sought after. The magazines for the Destroyer Carbine are of 6-round capacity. External links Destroyer Carbine overview at 9mmLargo.com Bolt-action rifles Rifles of Spain 9mm Largo firearms Police weapons Carbines
3991991	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese%20music	Cantonese music	Cantonese music may refer to: The music of Cantonese-speaking peoples, especially: Music of Guangdong Music of Hong Kong Music of Macau Cantonese language music, especially Cantopop A style of traditional instrumental music known as Guangdong music
5383783	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess%20Superstar%20Is	Princess Superstar Is	Princess Superstar Is is the fourth studio album by American rapper and producer Princess Superstar. It was released in 2001 in the United States via Rapster Records. Audio production was handled by Concetta Kirschner, The Herbaliser, DJ Mighty Mi of The High & Mighty, Chops, Curtis Curtis, Dart LA, Big Jim Slade, Lenny Lacem, and Mista Sinista. It featured guest appearances from Kool Keith, Beth Orton, J-Zone, Bahamadia, The High & Mighty, and 7even. The album spawned three singles: "Wet! Wet! Wet!", "Bad Babysitter" and "Keith 'N Me". Its lead single, "Bad Babysitter", peaked at number 11 on the UK Singles Chart, number 14 on the Belgian Ultratop 50 Singles, number 38 on the Australian Singles Chart, number 94 on the German Singles Chart. Track listing Sample credits Track 2 contains elements from "Mr. Bumble" by Syd Dale (1969) Track 7 contains elements from "Cargo Culte" by Serge Gainsbourg (1971) Track 10 contains elements from "I Wanna Go Home" by Holly and the Italians (1981) Track 11 contains elements from "It's a New Day" by Skull Snaps (1973) Track 12 contains elements from "Juicy Fruit" by Mtume (1983) Track 14 contains elements from "Light Sleeper" by Saafir (1994) Track 16 contains elements from "Expo Tenerife" by South American Getaway (1997) Personnel Concetta Kirschner – main artist, producer (tracks: 5, 7, 11-13, 16), additional producer (tracks: 1, 6, 8, 10, 14), executive producer, mixing & recording (tracks: 1-8, 10-16) Keith Matthew Thornton – featured artist (tracks: 3, 15) Erik Meltzer – featured artist (track 2) Milo Berger – featured artist (track 2), producer (tracks: 2, 4) Elizabeth Caroline Orton – featured artist (track 8) Aaron Phillips – featured artist (track 9) Joel Wright – featured artist & producer (track 10), scratches (track 5) Jay Mumford – featured artist (track 12) Antonia Reed – featured artist (track 16) Walter Sipser – bass (tracks: 1, 5, 8, 10-13, 15-16), additional producer (track 16) Lee Farber – drums (tracks: 7, 16) Curtis Webster – guitar (track 7), producer (track 1), additional producer (tracks: 6-8, 10-14, 16), mixing & recording (tracks: 1-8, 10-16) Kester Lydon – bass (track 9) Jake Wherry – keyboards (track 9), producer & mixing (track 9) Oliver Lawrence Trattles – scratches (track 9), producer & mixing (track 9) Perrin Wright – scratches (tracks: 11, 14) Pete Kohl – guitar (track 13) Paula Henderson – horns (track 16) Steve Moses – horns (track 16) John C. Parker – producer (tracks: 3, 15) Ghetalion – producer (track 5) Leonard Smythe – producer (track 6) Scott Robert Jung – producer (track 8) Big Jim Slade – producer (track 14) Julian Crane – recording (track 8) Paul Stadden – recording (track 8) Nigel Laybourne – mixing (track 9) Greg Vaughn – mastering Ned Ambler – photography References External links 2001 albums Princess Superstar albums
3991993	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%20Adding%20Machine%20Company	Standard Adding Machine Company	Standard Adding Machine Company was founded in the early 1890s (first records are from 1892) in Illinois and was the first company to (successfully) release a 10-key adding machine. The machine was a breakthrough for its time because it dramatically modernized computing. Earlier key driven adding machines, like the comptometer, featured eight or more columns of nine keys, which made them cumbersome and costly and their operators prone to mistakes. The 10 keys were set on a single row. The invention won an international grand prize during the 1904 World's Fair and was heralded as a "modern life preserver" in an office journal. History William H. Hopkins, the inventor of the Standard Adding Machine, was a minister. When he moved to St. Louis in 1885 he served as chaplain and then pastor of St. Louis Second Christian Church. He continued to invent during those years and to find better ways to make an adding machine. In the 1890s, he left Second Christian Church and became assistant editor of the company that published The Christian Evangelist. William Hopkins filed his first patent on October 4, 1892. He registered the Hopkins Adding Machine Company in 1897, and in 1899 his company changed name to Standard Adding Machine Company (Illinois company was bought off). The Standard Adding Machine Company released the first 10-key adding machine in about 1900. Hopkins' success led to competition. By 1915, other adding machine companies were vying for business. In 1916, Hopkins died, and his company began to decline. Standard Adding Machine closed in 1921. In the decades since, the building housed businesses such as St. Louis Pump & Equipment Co., Lee Paper Co., and most recently, Harrison-Williams Store Fixtures. Vacant since 2003, the building was renovated in 2005 by Aquinas Institute of Theology. Recognition Because of the historical significance of the adding machine, the Standard Adding Machine building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Notes External links rechenmaschinen-illustrated.com Picture of an early Standard machine. Alt URL Mechanical calculator companies National Register of Historic Places in St. Louis Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri Defunct manufacturing companies based in Missouri
5383804	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail%20system%20%28firearms%29	Rail system (firearms)	Rail systems on firearms are straight mounting brackets (usually made of strips of metal or polymer) on the gun's receiver, handguard or fore-end stock to allow sliding/variable-position attachment of optical sights and accessories such as tactical lights, laser sights, vertical/angled foregrips and bipods. An example of just a few options that may be used depending on a mission's need for the M4 is SOPMOD, amongst many other accessories like sling attachment points (which may be ether ring, loop and/or quick detach mounts using push button style hardware) to name just a few of the many options. An advantage with the multiple rail slots is the moveable positions to adjust for optimal placement of each item for each different user. Along with the ability to switch different items at different placements due to varying eye reliefs on gun sights, scopes & optics. Tactical usage and Shooting sports have both benefited from the extra options provided. Rails as a term has evolved to cover both the actual rail pieces and the styles of handguards (or forearms) that are made with rails as the external surfaces. Original rails were a raised metal strip with the sides under cut, less standardized than the dovetail design, to allow hardware to slide on and be secured by means of compression only. The firearm often associated with, and that has benefited from rails is the M4 Carbine & M16 family of later models/variants -A2 -A3 & -A4 . With equal and even more use due to additional novelty items is the AR-15. Most modern military and civilian semi-automatic Firearm have rails that may replace original parts. Police and Military style firearms may include Pistols, PDWs, Carbines, Rifles, Submachine guns, Light Machine Guns, and Heavy machine guns . HMGs have started to include and use rail sections and options for attachments of optics. Civilian clone Rifles are the largest adapters, while the Crossbows, Hunting Rifles, shot guns and Handguns have started to come from the factory with rail sections ether attached and/or made structurally as part of the actual Firearm. Airsoft and Paintball clone weapons will also likely have rails. Rail designs The common types of rail systems for firearms are the dovetail rail,(including the Soviet variant known as the Warsaw Pact rail), the Weaver rail, the Picatinny rail (also known as the MIL-STD-1913 or STANAG 2324 rail), the NATO Accessory Rail (also known as the STANAG 4694 rail), and newer "negative space" systems such as the VLTOR KeyMod and the Magpul M-LOK. There are also non-military designs used in shooting sports to attach slings and bipods such as UIT rail and the Freeland rail. MIL-STD-1913 "Picatinny rails" date from the mid-1990s and have very strict dimension and tolerance standards. The Picatinny has rail of very similar profile to the Weaver, but the slot width is 0.206 in (5.23 mm), and by contrast with the Weaver, the spacing of slot centers is consistent, at 0.394 in (10.01 mm). Many rail-grabber-mounted accessories can be used on either type of rail, and accessories designed for a Weaver system will generally fit Picatinny rails - although not vice versa. The Picatinny locking slot width is and the spacing of slot centers is . Because of this, with devices that use only one locking slot, Weaver devices will fit on Picatinny rails, but Picatinny devices will not always fit on Weaver rails. Compatibility Adapters to other types of rail interfaces may be used for legacy issues and/or to change the surface texture, abrasiveness and/or overall outer circumference of the entire rails system for fit of the hand. Dovetail rail, Weaver and Picatinny are all outward or raised attachment surfaces. While M-Lok and KeyMod have smooth surfaces with different standards & styles of holes cut into their assembles to place the attachment hardware internally. Both of these styles of features are often on and/or in the hand guards . All make the mounting and dismounting of these objects significantly easier. Items may be fasten by threaded bolts, requiring the use of a screwdriver or allen wrench, with some tool free variations of a Thumb screws or Thumb nuts, may have threaded quick disconnect lever that pulls the hardware and plates together against the rails. During firearm recoil the accessory may slide within that section of rail. To help avoid this, when tightening slide the device forward in the placement slots so the section of bolt is against the vertical/forward section of rail slots. Usage Rail systems usually are based on the handguard of a weapon and/or the Upper receiver. On modern pistols they are on the underside of the barrel. Rails on rifles usually start off at top dead center or 12 o'clock with the next placement at bottom 180° degrees or at 6 o'clock. on the forward section, away from the buttstock. With both sides 3 o'clock & 9 'o clock or 90° degrees each side of top center 0°/360° degrees becoming the 3rd & 4th most common. 1 o'clock or 11'o'clock is popular for the flashlight with a tape switch location placed on user preference. There may be additional attachment rails or holes at each 45 °degree angle position running partially or entirely the length of the handguard. On the Kalashnikov rifles AK style/family the Warsaw rail is attached to the left side of the receiver when viewed from the rear . With more modern versions adding Picatinny style rails on to the sides of the handguards of the rifles for the mounting of addition equipment. Due to updating equipment, both styles may be found on some Warsaw Pact weapons. Modern designed firearms often include rails made into the body, instead of being an added on modification. Older firearms may need permanent modifications of having holes drilled and tapped for screw threads to fasten the rail sections to the firearm. This is easier than milling out a dove tail slot for placement of a gun sight's parts. Optics like scopes, Reflex Sight, and Red Dot may be placed between the iron sights. Rail section may also come in various heights to help align equipment. Which may align with the original iron sights inline or below an illuminated optic's center dot, ring or chevron. This is referred to as Absolute or lower 1/3 Co-witness respectively. In addition to height variations some rail brackets may be offset at various degrees, 22.5°, 45°, and 90° are the most common, to place accessories and/or backup folding collapsible iron sights. So they are out of the line sight on the top of the firearm and/or to decrease the outer profile edge's size. Then the original sights are a backup if the electronic optic should fail. The rail section may also move a weapon-mounted lights forward so the flashlight (UK torch) does not shine and reflect back on the firearm directly. Creating shadows and visual impairment from this illumination. The amount of rail space allows adjustment and personal optimization of each device and tool attached for the user. As designs have advance the amount of space has succeeded the actual need of placement space. Thus rail covers and protectors may be added, to prevent snagging on gear and/or plant foliage. The six common types of rail systems for firearms are the Dovetail rail, Weaver rail, Warsaw Pact rail, Picatinny rail, KeyMod and M-LOK. Future rails systems will have the option of carry power to supply the needs of the increasing electronics mounted to aid the shooter and/or soldier. Standards are still being determined for multiple countries. An example of such is NATO standards NATO Accessory Rail which is continued improvement and standardization of the Picatinny rail. See also Rail Integration System (RIS) Dovetail rail Weaver rail Warsaw Pact rail Picatinny rail NATO Accessory Rail KeyMod M-LOK UIT rail References Firearm components Mechanical standards
5383824	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC%20Universal	HTC Universal	The HTC Universal is a Windows Mobile 5.0 Pocket PC PDA manufactured by High Tech Computer Corporation. It was the first 3G/UMTS-enabled Pocket PC PDA with a telecommunications function, and also the first to come with Windows Mobile 5.0 pre-installed. It is sold by many different vendors under the names of O2 xda Exec, Orange SPV M5000, Dopod 900, Qtek 9000, T-Mobile MDA Pro, I-mate JasJar, Vodafone v1640, Vodafone VPA IV, E-Plus PDA IV, etc. Despite all the different model names and housing appearance, they all have identical hardware specifications with small differences in the external color and branding. The most eye-catching feature of this device is its 180-degree swivel screen, allowing a quick swap between portrait mode and landscape mode. The GUI automatically adjusts screen orientation accordingly. SIM lock Most network-supplied versions of the Universal are shipped SIM-locked, with the O2 XDA Exec being a notable exception. HowevXdaer, a free SIM unlocking tool was released. This process involves flashing a new Radio ROM onto the device, and it may invalidate the warranty. Detailed specifications Screen Size: 3.7 in (9.4 cm) Transflective LCD Screen Resolution: 640x480 VGA at 216 ppi Input: 62-key QWERTY keyboard and touchscreen with stylus (included; stylus also available separately for 19 EUR as of October 2008) Cameras: 2 1.3 MP CMOS Camera with LED "flash" mounted on the reverse of the keyboard section QVGA (320x240) CMOS Camera for 3G video calling, mounted beside the screen, close to the hinge Processor: Intel Bulverde (PXA270) 520 MHz CPU Memory: Flash ROM: 128 MB, RAM: 128 MB/64 MB SDRAM Memory expansion: SDIO/MMC card slot (officially without SDHC, with maximum capacity supported being 4GB, but there is unofficial SDHC support from xda-developers - SDHC cards are accepted with Windows Mobile 6.1 or higher and there is another unofficial update to Windows Mobile 5 that allows the use of SDXC cards up to 64GB.) Network Standard: Tri-Band GSM/GPRS (900/1800/1900) + WCDMA (UMTS) (2100 MHz) GPRS: Class B Multi-slot standard class 10 PBCCH MO/MT SMS over GPRS Connection interface: Client only Mini-USB connector, USB charging, USB 2.0 protocol Wireless connectivity: Infrared IrDA FIR, Bluetooth 1.2 Class 2 compliant, WiFi 802.11b IEEE 802.11b compliant, Internal Antenna, 11, 5.5, 2 and 1 Mbit/s per channel, 64-, 128- bit WEP & WPA standard data encryption Standard battery capacity: 1620 mAh (included; battery is removable) Charging: Mini USB (also used for data transfer) Extended batteries There are many high-capacity "extended" batteries available for the HTC Universal. 2600mAh, 3150mAh, 3200mAh, 3800mAh, 4800mAh and even 5200mAh models have been sold by various retailers, which allow the device to run for more than a week in many cases on a single charge (with light to medium use). All extended batteries have one big drawback though, they are all supplied with a new plastic back to hold the battery, which considerably increases the size and weight of the device. The 3800 mAh battery is a Li Ion battery with model number PU16B manufactured by Dynapack International Technology Corporation in Taiwan. It is rated at 3.7 VDC (or 4.2 VDC). It increased the weight of HTC Universal to 350 g. It allows the use of the camera by holes built in the battery plastic container. Its price is about 30 EUR as of October 2008. With this battery, HTC Universal can operate up to 200 hours without GSM/UMTS/Bluetooth/WiFi or about 100–150 hours with UMTS and Bluetooth on. Unofficial extensions With registry editing and/or ROM re-flashing (both of which should only be done by people who are confident and experienced with these processes), substantial extra functionality can be added to this device. A few examples follow (there are many more): Wireless G (802.11g) connectivity. This only allows the device to communicate using the 802.11g protocol instead of 802.11b, it does not give a speed increase beyond 11Mbit. However, numerous online sources now say this no longer works. Full emulation of an "SD card reader" (USB mass storage device class). Full VGA (640x480 resolution) graphics, as opposed to the "QVGA (320x240) emulation/compatibility mode" which the Universal runs in by default. The two main downsides to this are that some software cannot handle "true VGA" mode, which usually results in corrupted graphics, and that it can be quite difficult to see (and use a stylus with) such small screen elements as text. Emulation and mapping of additional keys not found on the Universal native keyboard, such as CTRL and ALT. Support for SDHC cards. 8GB, 16GB and 32GB cards have been tested successfully. This is only made possible via a third-party hacked driver. 128MB of RAM. It is possible to replace 64MB memory modules with 128MB one. It can be only used with 128MB enabled ROMs but it makes more space for running applications. Linux It is possible to install a custom version of Linux on the HTC Universal. Despite the lack of cooperation by HTC (and most other smartphone/PPC manufacturers for that matter), drivers for most of the device's components are functional (the two cameras and the flash ROM being the only significant exceptions). It is possible to run various handheld Linux distributions on the Universal, though application support is in its infancy. Windows Mobile 6 (Crossbow) There are numerous "unofficial" builds of Windows Mobile 6 (Crossbow) which have been made to run on this device, and now even some tools whthatllow users to create their own custom WM6 ROM images (a process commonly known by the term "cooking ROMs"). There is a thriving community of people dedicated to improving these WM6 builds (and associated tools) on the Universal. References External links xda-developers Probably the largest community of Pocket PC phone users out there. The majority of "unofficial" WM6 ROM development/hacking for the Universal & many other PPC phones is located here. Android on the HTC Universal www.iPocketPC.Net The largest software website for free HTC software for Pocket PC and Windows Mobile. See, in particular, the HTC Universal section of the xda-developers' wiki Linux on Universal status page The supported hardware page of the Openmoko project Runnable Linux images for the HTC Universal Titchy Mobile - Debian GNU/Linux on the HTC Universal Linux on the HTC Universal Windows Mobile Professional devices Universal Mobile phones with an integrated hardware keyboard Mobile phones with infrared transmitter
5383829	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczebrzeszyn%20Landscape%20Park	Szczebrzeszyn Landscape Park	Szczebrzeszyn Landscape Park () is a protected area (Landscape Park) in Lublin Voivodeship in eastern Poland, created to protect the natural, cultural and historic values of the Roztocze region. Almost the whole area of the Park is situated in the eastern part of the Western Roztocze region with the valley of the Gorajec river and sections of the valleys of the Wieprz and Por rivers within its territory. Characteristic features The Park was established in 1991. It covers an area of . Its characteristic features are numerous loess ravines enriching the local landscape full of fields and forests. Of interest are the wet area of peatbog called Bagno Talandy where the Gorajec river has its source and picturesque springs in Trzęsiny, Radecznica, Zaporze, Szczebrzeszyn, Czarnystok and Latyczyn. Vegetation and wildlife The Park vegetation is diverse. The most precious are forests scattered all over the area abundant in Carpathian beech trees covering slopes of the hills and deep ravines. The Cetnar Forest located nearby Kawęczynek village is one of the most valuable. There are 10 nature monuments, and especially worthy of attention is a small-leaved-limetree having a circumference of 920 cm growing in Szperòwka. The Park is rich in species of plant and animals under protection. Points of interest The Park's varied landscape can be admired from many vantage points, the best of which is the Szperòwka-Dzielce section of the newly constructed national road. Also local architectural monuments deserve recommendation. The most interesting are: Benedictine Baroque Church, a monastery and a park in Radecznica, church buildings and ruins of old church in Mokrelipie, parish and post-Franciscan churches, the Orthodox church and the synagogue in Szczebrzeszyn. Landscape parks in Poland Parks in Lublin Voivodeship Zamość County
5383837	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonia-Washington-1%20Vermont%20Representative%20District%2C%202002%E2%80%932012	Caledonia-Washington-1 Vermont Representative District, 2002–2012	The Caledonia-Washington-1 Representative District is a one-member state Representative district in the U.S. state of Vermont. It is one of the 108 one or two member districts into which the state was divided by the redistricting and reapportionment plan developed by the Vermont General Assembly following the 2000 U.S. Census. The plan applies to legislatures elected in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. A new plan will be developed in 2012 following the 2010 U.S. Census. The Caledonia-Washington-1 District includes all of the Caledonia County towns of Danville and Peacham, and the Washington County town of Cabot. As of the 2000 census, the state as a whole had a population of 608,827. As there are a total of 150 representatives, there were 4,059 residents per representative (or 8,118 residents per two representatives). The one member Caledonia-Washington-1 District had a population of 4,089 in that same census, 0.74% above the state average. District Representative Steve Larrabee, Republican See also Members of the Vermont House of Representatives, 2005-2006 session Vermont Representative Districts, 2002-2012 External links Vermont Statute defining legislative districts Vermont House districts -- Statistics Vermont House of Representatives districts, 2002–2012 Cabot, Vermont Danville, Vermont Peacham, Vermont
5383844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4U%200614%2B091	4U 0614+091	4U 0614+091 is a low-mass X-ray binary star system which features a neutron star and a low-mass companion star. The binary system lies 10,000 light-years away in Orion. It produces jets like a microquasar, the first time an object other than a black hole has been shown to produce jets. References External links Astrophysicists Discover Compact Jets From Neutron Star – Space Daily Surprising Activity from a Dead Star – Space.com V1055 Ori Neutron stars X-ray binaries Orion (constellation) Orionis, V1055
5383851	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofo-Sant%27Eleuterio	Tofo-Sant'Eleuterio	Tofo-Sant'Eleuterio is a small village in the province of Teramo, in the Abruzzo region of central Italy. It is a frazione of the comune of Teramo. The inhabitants are known as Tofesi. Geography Tofo-Sant'Eleuterio lies about 10 km from Teramo, at an elevation of 250 m. It has two parts, Villa Tofo higher up, and Sant'Eleuterio below. The former is located on a hill from which one can see in the distance the Gran Sasso, the highest peak in the Apennine Mountains, as well as another peak, Montagna dei Fiori. According to tradition, Villa Tofo is named after the nearby tuff rocks. The latter village takes its name from its patron, Saint Eleutherius, the thirteenth pope. A church in the town is named in his honor. About one mile from the village is the provincial road "Fonte a collina" (from the spring to the hill) which from Fiumicino (a village near San Nicolò a Tordino in the commune of Teramo leads to Sant'Onofrio in the commune of Campli. The town is adjacent to a ridge of the Fiumicino torrent, a tributary on the left bank of the Tordino river. History Historical records dating back to the 14th century document the presence of Benedictine Monastery near Tofo on the banks of the Fiumicino. Few traces of this dwelling remain. Beginning in the early 20th century, Tofo-Sant'Eleuterio entered a period of significant development. During the fascist period an elementary school, which had been housed in a private home, was constructed. A church dedicated to the Immaculate Conception was constructed during the mid 1960s. The church is by no means grandiose and was constructed in large part through the hard labor and economic support of the local citizens. Portions of the building materials were taken from the ruins of a nearby colonial bishopric tribunal dwelling. Mario Cerino, from Monticelli (another village in the commune of Teramo), donated the land where the church now stands. Surveys, designs andgeneral contracting services were carried out under the auspices of Giovanni Di Felice. In the 1960s the village began to industrialize more heavily. Notes and references Frazioni of the Province of Teramo Cities and towns in Abruzzo
5383859	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20State%20Route%2050	New York State Route 50	New York State Route 50 (NY 50) is a state highway in the Capital District of New York in the United States. The southern terminus of the route is at an intersection with NY 5 in Scotia. Its northern terminus is at a junction with NY 32 in the Saratoga County hamlet of Gansevoort. Route description All but of NY 50 is maintained by the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT). The lone locally maintained segment lies within the city of Saratoga Springs, where the route is city-maintained from the southern boundary of the city's inner district to Van Dam Street, a local street three blocks north of NY 9N and NY 29. Scotia to Milton NY 50 begins at an intersection with NY 5 (Mohawk Avenue) in the village of Scotia in the town of Glenville, just a couple blocks north of the Mohawk River. NY 50 winds northeastward through Scotia on North Ballston Avenue, crossing past Collins Lake on a two-lane residential street. Near the Cambridge Manor in Scotia, NY 50 crosses over the Hudson Subdivision, owned by Amtrak. Just north of the crossing, the route leaves Scotia and changes names to Ballston Road. At the junction with Swaggertown Road (unsigned County Route 43 or CR 43), NY 50 winds northeast into a junction with Freemans Bridge Road (unsigned NY 911F) in front of Schenectady County Airport. After passing the airport, NY 50 continues northeast through Glenville, now with the Saratoga Road moniker. As the route enters the hamlet of Stoodley Corners, it turns northward, crossing a large commercial development that surrounds the intersection with Glenridge Road (unsigned NY 914V). Leaving Stoodley Corners, NY 50 winds northward through the hamlets of Mayfair and Woodruff Heights, crossing a junction with Charlton Road (CR 37), the route bends northeast into the hamlet of Harmon Park, a small community in Glenville. After a junction with High Mills Road (CR 33), NY 50 crosses the line from Schenectady County to Saratoga County. Now in the town of Ballston, NY 50 retains the Saratoga Road moniker, crossing northeast into the hamlet of Burnt Hills. In the center of Burnt Hills, NY 50 intersects with CR 58 (Lake Hill Road) and CR 339 (Lake Hill Road), which once served as the western terminus of NY 339. Continuing northeast out of Burnt Hills, NY 50 crosses a junction with CR 110 (Kingsley Road). At a junction with Larkin Road, NY 50 turns northward, reaching a junction with the northern terminus of NY 146A (Midline Road). Continuing northwest through Ballston, the route remains a two-lane residential roadway, soon turning north near a junction with Charlton Road. NY 50 winds northward through Ballston, crossing the Mourning Kill, and a junction with CR 60 (Brookline Road) . The route winds northeast, reaching a junction with NY 67. At this junction, NY 50 and NY 67 become concurrent, dropping the Saratoga Road moniker, changing names to Church Avenue. Now entering a developed section of the town of Ballston, NY 50 and NY 67 crosses into the village of Ballston Spa, located in both the towns of Ballston and Milton. At the center of the village, NY 67 turns west away from NY 50 along West High Street, while NY 50 continues north through the village on Milton Avenue. A short distance later, the route forks to the northwest off Milton Avenue, changing names to Doubleday Avenue, exiting the village. Milton to Gansevoort NY 50 crosses northeast through Milton as Doubleday Avenue, crossing a junction with CR 64 (North Line Road). Just north of this junction, the route crosses into the city of Saratoga Springs, changing names to Ballston Avenue. Passing Saratoga Spa State Park, NY 50 parallels a railroad line before crossing over it within the park. At this point, NY 50 becomes a four-lane boulevard next to the Saratoga Spa State Park, crossing multiple at-grade junctions, including one with CR 43 (Geyser Road). Returning to its two-lane alignment, NY 50 winds northeast through Saratoga Springs, entering downtown as Ballston Avenue. Through the area south of downtown, the route is a two-lane commercial street, bending northeast into the junction with US 9 (South Broadway). Now in the center of Saratoga Springs, US 9 and NY 50 become concurrent, proceeding north into the core of downtown as Broadway past Congress Park and a junction with the northern terminus of NY 9P (Spring Street). A block north of the junction, US 9 and NY 50 junction with NY 29 (Washington Street). US 9, NY 29 and NY 50 now are concurrent through the center of Saratoga Springs, reaching a junction with the southern terminus of NY 9N (Church Street), where NY 29 also turns east onto Lake Avenue. US 9 and NY 50 continue north through downtown, reaching the junction with Van Dam Street, where the routes turn northeast onto the C.V. Whitney Memorial Highway, a four-lane boulevard through Saratoga Springs. At the junction with Marion Avenue, US 9 continues north on Marion while NY 50 continues east on the Whitney. NY 50 soon bends towards the east, passing along the southern shore of Loughberry Lake and into an interchange with the Adirondack Northway (I-87 exit 15). Now in the town of Wilton, NY 50 then reaches the northern terminus of Weibel Avenue, which is also designated as NY 29 Truck. The route enters the main commercial area of Wilton, passing the Wilton Mall at Saratoga before narrowing to a two-lane rural road proceeding northeast through Wilton. Beginning a parallel of the Meadow Brook, NY 50 crosses a junction with the western terminus of CR 39 (King Road). Passing south of the hamlet of Ballard Corners, NY 50 junctions with CR 33 (Ballard Road), becoming a residential road as it leaves Wilton. After leaving Wilton, NY 50 crosses into the town of Northumberland. Through Northumberland, NY 50 winds northeast through town, remaining a two-lane residential street before turning northwest at Rice Brook. A short distance later, NY 50 enters the hamlet of Gansevoort, where it reaches a junction with NY 32 (Schuylerville Road). This intersection, located in front of Bertha E. Smith Park, marks the northern terminus of NY 50. History When the first set of posted routes in New York were assigned in 1924, the portion of modern NY 50 south of Saratoga Springs was designated as part of NY 10, a north–south highway extending from the New Jersey state line near New York City to Saranac Lake via Albany and Saratoga Springs. In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, NY 10 was realigned south of Long Lake to pass west of the Capital District on its way to the Southern Tier. The old alignment of NY 10 between Scotia and Saratoga Springs became part of the new NY 50, which continued north to Gansevoort along a previously unnumbered roadway. By 1947, Erie Boulevard, Maxon Road, and Freemans Bridge Road were collectively designated as a spur of NY 50. As a result, the NY 50 designation effectively split in Glenville, with the west branch continuing south to Scotia and the east branch continuing southeast to NY 5 in Schenectady. The east branch was removed from maps at some point between 1958 and 1962; however, it was redesignated as a special route of NY 50 by 1968. While maps drawn by General Drafting labeled the route as "NY 50 Alternate", maps drawn by the H.M. Gousha Company labeled it as "NY 50 Spur". The special route was eliminated at some point in the late 1970s or early 1980s. The portion from Nott Street north to NY 50 remains state-maintained as NY 911F, an unsigned reference route. Major intersections See also References External links 050 Transportation in Schenectady County, New York Transportation in Saratoga County, New York
3991996	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%20Capo%20II	Da Capo II	is a Japanese adult visual novel developed by Circus which was first released on May 26, 2006 for Windows computers. It is a part of the ongoing Da Capo series of games by Circus, and is the direct sequel to Circus' previous title Da Capo released in 2002. Da Capo II is described by Circus as a . A fan disc, Da Capo II: Spring Celebration, was released on April 27, 2007 and features springtime stories set after the endings for each of the six Da Capo II heroines. An all-ages consumer port titled Da Capo II: Plus Situation containing additional scenarios was released for the PlayStation 2 in May 2008. The PlayStation 2 version was later ported to PC, titled Da Capo II: Plus Communication and containing the hentai scenes found in the original release, in December 2008. There have been many drama CDs, and two separate sets of novels and manga created based on the original game. An anime adaptation aired in Japan between October and December 2007 on TV Aichi, and was also broadcast on other networks as well. A second season of the anime aired between April and June 2008; each anime season contained thirteen episodes and were produced by Feel. A sequel set 20 years after the end of Da Capo II, Da Capo III, was released on April 27, 2012. Gameplay The gameplay in Da Capo II utilizes the same system used in Da Capo, in which little interaction is required from the player as most of the duration of the game is spent on simply reading the text that will appear on the screen; this text represents either dialogue between the various characters, or the inner thoughts of the protagonist. Every so often, the player will come to a "decision point" where he or she is given the chance to choose from options that are displayed on the screen, typically two to three at a time. During these times, gameplay pauses until a choice is made that furthers the plot in a specific direction, depending on which choice the player makes. The consequences of these decisions varies, in which they may either affect the protagonist, Yoshiyuki's action, or his location. At the beginning of the gameplay, the player will mostly be given choices based on the protagonist's actions, but is soon introduced to choices based on locations and the alarm clock. Choices based on locations are accompanied by an image of a heroine, to allow the choices to be easier. The player may also adjust the protagonist's alarm clock, determining the events which occurs the following morning in the game. There are six main plot lines that the player will have the chance to experience, one for each of the heroines in the story. In order to view the six plot lines to their entirety, the player will have to replay the game multiple times and choose different choices during the decision points in order to further the plot in an alternate direction. The game is split into three main parts: the first story arc revolves around an upcoming Christmas party, the second arc takes place during the winter holiday break, and the last arc is back at school in the new year. Plot Da Capo II takes place 53 years after the events of Da Capo, when Sakura Yoshino, weary of being alone for so long, wished upon a prototype artificial wish-granting magical cherry tree for a son—Yoshiyuki Sakurai. In the first arc, while Yoshiyuki attends Kazami Academy, beneath the school, he awakens Minatsu Amakase, a robot. Yoshiyuki helps her adapt to a life with humans despite robots being nothing more than mere tools. In the second arc, Yoshiyuki begins to harbor feelings for his stepsisters, Otome and Yume, the granddaughters of Jun'ichi and Nemu. However, the cherry tree starts malfunctioning, granting all wishes, regardless of how impure, which is causing numerous incidents to occur in Hatsune. The situation gradually worsens and Otome has to choose whether or not to wither the cherry tree, which would erase Yoshiyuki's existence in the process, so as to save Hatsune. The game centers on the same island as Da Capo from the original story. Yoshiyuki Sakurai is the protagonist of the game. Sakura and Jun'ichi are the only returning characters, and Nemu is the only other Da Capo character to be mentioned by name. Moe, Mako, Kotori, Miharu, and Yoriko are also mentioned, but indirectly. Yume, Nanaka, Minatsu, and Sakura's themes are remixes of themes from previous Circus games. Yume, Minatsu, and Sakura's are remixes of Nemu, Miharu, and Sakura's from Da Capo, and Nanaka's is a remix of Sayaka's from Suika. Development Da Capo II was Circus' twenty-ninth game, but was the eleventh game developed by the development group Circus Northern who had also produced their second title Suika and their fourth title Da Capo. The game's production was headed by Tororo, president of Circus, who also worked on the game's music with Comet Nekono who worked on the game's background music. The scenario in the game was divided between five people who worked on the different stories for the heroines who include Kōta Takeuchi who mainly worked on Minatsu's and Anzu's stories, the director of the project Chihare Ameno who wrote most of Otome's and Yume's scenarios, Mochizuki JET who wrote Nanaka's and Koko's stories, Nonoka Maihama as a scenario assistant, and Mori no Me. Initial character design was mainly created by Natsuki Tanihara, but GotoP designed Sakura's pet dog Harimao. Using Tanihara's designs, five more artists in addition to Tanihara illustrated the characters and settings used in the game; these artists include Mochi Chinochi, Mitsumamu, Yuka Kayura, Eko, and Meikai. Tanihara designed Yume, Minatsu, and Sakura; Chinochi designed Nanaka, Koko, and the supporting cast; Mitsumamu designed Anzu; and Kayura designed Otome. Release history On April 15, 2007, a free game demo of Da Capo II titled became available for download at Da Capo IIs official website. The demo was a prologue to the story in Da Capo II. The full game was first introduced to the public in Japan as a limited edition version on May 26, 2006 as a DVD playable on a Microsoft Windows PC. The regular edition followed on June 23, 2006. A limited edition CD-ROM version of the game was released on July 7, 2006 A version compatible with the Windows Vista operating system for the PC was released on June 29, 2007. A "gratitude pack" edition of Da Capo II was released on January 25, 2008. A version for the PlayStation 2 under the title was released on May 29, 2008 in limited and regular editions. The PS2 version promoted three of the former supporting characters—Maya Sawai, Akane Hanasaki, and Mayuki Kōsaka—to become obtainable heroines, along with the introduction of three original heroines—Erika Murasaki, Mahiru Takanashi, and Aishia. An adult fan disc titled was released by Circus for the PC as a limited edition DVD on December 22, 2006, and as a regular edition on January 1, 2007. The simplified gameplay in the fan disc allows the player to select the story they would like to see from the onset. A sequel to Christmas Days for the PC titled was released on July 25, 2008. The PlayStation 2 version was later re-released for the PC, titled Da Capo II: Plus Communication and containing the hentai scenes found in the original release, on December 26, 2008. Bundled with Da Capo, the game was released as a PlayStation Portable version titled on October 28, 2010. Another adult fan disc based on the Da Capo II visual novel titled was released by Circus on April 27, 2007 playable as a DVD on the PC in limited and regular editions. Spring Celebration features springtime stories set after the endings for each of the six Da Capo II heroines. The simplified gameplay in the sequel allows the player to select which of the heroines' stories will be played through from the onset. An adult spin-off title called was released by Circus on February 29, 2008 as a limited edition DVD, and on March 28, 2008 as a regular edition. Two DVD Players Game versions will be released separately covering the heroines Otome and Nanaka on July 25, 2008 and September 26, 2008. Da Capo II: To You, released in June 2009, largely consists of prequel stories to the Da Capo II main story, such as Otome's and Yume's younger years, including the times when their mother, Yuki, was still alive, and Mahiru's backstory of when she was still alive. Another fandisc, titled Da Capo II: Fall in Love, was released on December 18, 2009, featuring after stories for the heroines included in the PS2 port and its Plus Communication release. The final Da Capo II release was Da Capo II: Dearest Marriage, which features Yoshiyuki and Otome in their marriage life. An English version of the original visual novel was published by the European company MangaGamer on December 24, 2010. Adaptations Drama CDs There have been many drama CDs for Da Capo II. The first, titled D.C.II prestorys entrata, was written by Chihare Ameno, the director and one of the main scenario writers from the original game, and was released on February 24, 2006. A second drama CD, called , was written by Kōta Takeuchi, another one of the scenario writers for the original game, and was released almost a year later on February 10, 2007. A third drama CD, under the name , was not released in stores, but instead given out to those who had already signed previously signed up for the Circus fan club in mid 2007. Two more CDs, titled and were also released. A CD titled was released for the anime's second season on May 21, 2008 by Lantis. Internet radio shows An Internet radio show for Da Capo II called . The show, produced by Lantis Web Radio, had a pre-broadcast on March 27, 2006, and officially aired between April 3, 2006 and September 24, 2007. The program aired every Monday at midnight featuring Ai Hinaki, Hijiri Kinomi, and Aya Tachibana who voiced Otome, Yume, and Koko in the original game, respectively. A second Internet radio show began on October 1, 2007 called D.C.toEF Radio produced by Onsen. The show airs every Monday and is hosted by Hinaki, Kinomi, and Tachibana. A third Internet radio show titled started on November 2, 2007 produced by Animate. The show is aired every Friday and is for the first twenty-seven broadcasts was hosted by Shintarō Asanuma and Yoshino Nanjō who voiced Yoshiyuki and Koko in the anime, but starting with the twenty-sixth broadcast on May 2, 2008, Ayahi Takagaki who voices Otome in the anime joined Asanuma as his co-host.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.animate.tv/digital/web_radio/detail_115.html \|title='Radio Da Capo II: Hatsunejima Nikki official website \|publisher=Animate \|access-date=July 12, 2008 \|language=ja \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621111325/http://www.animate.tv/digital/web_radio/detail_115.html \|archive-date=June 21, 2008 }}</ref> Novels There have been two separate novel series written based on Da Capo II, both published by Paradigm. The first series contained two novels that were written by Circus staff members; the first was released on May 12, 2006, and the second on June 25, 2007. The second series is written by Tasuku Saika and seven volumes were produced between November 24, 2006 and October 11, 2007. Each of the novels covers the story for one of the six heroines, except for the last two volumes which both cover Otome's story. Manga There have been two separate manga series created based on Da Capo II. The first, illustrated by Syo Ryuga, was serialized from December 2006 to October 2009 issues of Kadokawa Shoten's Comptiq magazine. It was collected into five bound volumes published under Kadokawa Shoten's Kadokawa Comics Ace imprint. The second manga series, illustrated by Tsukasa Uhaha, was serialized in ASCII Media Works' Dengeki G's Magazine between the March 2007 and May 2009 issues under the title . The fifth and final bound volumes will be published for Da Capo II: Imaginary Future under ASCII Media Works' Dengeki Comics imprint on June 27, 2009. A special chapter of Da Capo II: Imaginary Future was serialized in the July 2008 issue of Comptiq sold on June 10, 2008. Anime On May 10, 2007, the magazine Comptiq revealed that a Da Capo II anime adaptation would be produced. The anime aired in Japan between October 1, 2007 and December 24, 2007 on TV Aichi, and was broadcast on other networks soon after, including Chiba TV and TV Kanagawa. A second season aired in Japan between April 5, 2008 and June 28, 2008 on the same networks as the first season. Each season was produced by the animation studio Feel, and contains thirteen episodes. Music A CD single containing the main opening and ending themes of Da Capo II was released on June 7, 2006 by Lantis. The main opening theme, , was sung by Yozuca, and the main ending theme, "Spring has come", was sung by Rino. There were two other opening themes: "Beautiful flower" was sung by Aki Misato, which was also used as an insert song, and "Especially" was sung by Miyuki Hashimoto. Additionally, there were four other ending themes. was sung by Yozuca, which was also used as another insert song, was used as the ending theme for Nanaka's route. "Little Distance" was sung by Seiko Modaka was used as the ending theme for both Anzu's and Koko's route. The third ending theme, "If...I wish", was sung by Aki Misato and was used as the ending theme for Otome's and Yume's routes. The last ending theme, , was sung by twenty of the cast from the game and was used as the ending theme for Minatsu's route. The final theme song used in the game was "Time will shine" sung by Alchemy+, and was used as an insert song. An album titled VocalAlbum Songs From D.C.II containing the theme songs was released on July 26, 2006 by Lantis. Da Capo IIs original soundtrack was released on August 23, 2006 by Lantis. A single containing the theme song for the first Internet radio show titled was released on October 25, 2006. A character song album featuring songs sung by voice actors from the game was released on December 13, 2006 by Lantis. A maxi single containing the opening theme of Spring Celebration called "Happy my life: Thank you for everything!!" was released on May 9, 2007. A mini album for Spring Celebration containing five of the game's theme songs was released on May 23, 2007 by Lantis. A vocal album for Plus Situation was released by Lantis on June 4, 2008. For the anime's first season, the opening theme of season one is sung by Yozuca, and the ending theme is by CooRie. Both singles were released on October 24, 2007 by Lantis. The song sung by Minori Chihara was used as the ending theme for the thirteenth episode of season one, and the single containing the song was released by Lantis on January 23, 2008. A best of album containing songs from the games and the anime seasons of Da Capo titled was released by Lantis on November 21, 2007. A vocal album containing songs sung by Yozuca and CooRie titled Dolce3 was released by Lantis on July 9, 2008. Six image song singles were released for the six main heroines featured in Da Capo II. The first two for Koko and Minatsu were released on December 26, 2007. The next two singles for Nanaka and Anzu were released on February 27, 2008. The final two singles for Yume and Otome were released on April 9, 2008 by Lantis. For the second season, the opening theme is sung by Yozuca*, and the ending theme is sung by CooRie. Both singles were released on April 23, 2008 by Lantis. Reception The original Da Capo II release was positively reviewed at visual-novels.net, commenting: "I know a lot of gamers may not enjoy Da Capo, but whilst I think the story on some arcs was weaker than on others they were still amazing paths to play. On the stronger paths you really start to feel a lot of emotion for these girls, and because they're so closely tied together, someone always gets hurt. That for me bought some realism to the game." In the October 2007 issue of Dengeki G's Magazine, poll results for the fifty best bishōjo games were released. Out of 249 titles, Da Capo II ranked seventh with forty-seven votes. Da Capo II was the most widely sold game of 2006 on Getchu.com. Da Capo II: Spring Celebration was the second most widely sold game for the first half of 2007 on Getchu.com, just behind Kimi ga Aruji de Shitsuji ga Ore de. Furthermore, Da Capo II: Spring Celebration'' was the sixth most widely sold game of 2007 on Getchu.com. References External links Da Capo II official website Spring Celebration official website Plus Situation official website Da Capo II anime official website Da Capo II: Second Season anime official website Da Capo II: Plus Communication official website English version, on MangaGamer's website 2006 Japanese novels 2006 video games 2006 manga 2007 manga 2007 anime television series debuts 2008 anime television series debuts Anime television series based on video games ASCII Media Works manga Bishōjo games D.C.: Da Capo Dengeki Comics Dengeki G's Magazine Eroge Feel (animation studio) Lantis (company) Manga based on video games Mass media franchises Nomad (company) PlayStation 2 games PlayStation Portable games School life in anime and manga Seinen manga Video games developed in Japan Visual novels Windows games
5383867	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar%20Loaf%20%28Mackinac%20Island%29	Sugar Loaf (Mackinac Island)	Sugar Loaf is a 75-foot-high (23m) landlocked rock or stack in the interior of Mackinac Island in Lake Huron. Created by erosion during the period of postglacial Lake Algonquin, Sugar Loaf is the largest post-glacial erosion feature in the Straits of Mackinac. The immense rock, which consists of resistant limestone breccia, was cut off from Ancient Mackinac Island or the Turtle's Back by the glacial meltwaters of Lake Algonquin. Polar storms released by the retreating ice sheet created erosional forces much stronger than any existing today on the Great Lakes. The rock lies within the boundaries of the Mackinac Island State Park near the junction of Crooked Tree Road and Sugar Loaf Road. It can be seen from Point Lookout, near the Island's highest point. Etymology The primary sweetening enjoyed by people of all backgrounds on the frontier Great Lakes was maple sugar, packed into cone-shaped baskets or makakoon of birchbark. Sugar Loaf Rock was named for its resemblance to one of these cones. Lore A wide variety of stories were told by Native Americans and frontier dwellers about Sugar Loaf. It was said by some to be the home of Gitchie Manitou. Other tales suggested that the rock was the final form taken by a man afflicted with hubris who broke a taboo and was punished by being petrified into the form of a giant stone. The profile in limestone, affixed to the side of Sugar Loaf Rock, of a male face may have suggested this legend. The profile is said to be that of the lost soul, who can never escape the identity he took upon his moral condemnation. Sugar Loaf Rock appears to have been used as a site of ritual burials and inhumations. In 1831, Alexis de Tocqueville and his friend Gustave de Beaumont visited Mackinac Island. De Beaumont reported that the rock was filled with "crevices and faults where the Indians sometimes deposed the bones of the dead." Any such deposits have long since disappeared. A natural cave passes through Sugar Loaf from side to side, too small for passage by any but adventurous children. References Sources George W. Pierson, "Tocqueville and Beaumont in America" (New York City: Oxford University Press, 1938), page 302. Geology of Michigan Stacks of the United States Mackinac Island State Park Religious places of the indigenous peoples of North America Sacred rocks Protected areas of Mackinac County, Michigan Landforms of Mackinac County, Michigan Historic district contributing properties in Michigan National Register of Historic Places in Mackinac County, Michigan Natural features on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
3991997	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perote%2C%20Alabama	Perote, Alabama	Perote is an unincorporated community in Bullock County, Alabama, United States. History Text from historical marker Obverse "Perote, Bullock County" "This community, settled during the mid-1830s, was first called Fulford's Cross Roads, then Missouri Cross Roads when a post office was established here in 1846. The name Perote, adopted in 1850, was suggested by veterans returning from the Mexican War (1846–48), who remembered a citadel in Mexico by that name. Incorporation followed in 1858. Early settlers in the area, who came primarily from the Carolinas and Georgia, included the following families: Boykin, Reeves, Sellers, Crossley, Blue, Harp, Locke, Peach, Hixon, Culver, Johnson, Adair, Ardis, McCall, Rumph, Brabham, Miles, Cameron, Starke, Wilson, Walker and Ivey. Methodist and Baptist churches were among the first structures in the community, around which much of the social life centered, including "protracted meetings" – revivals." Reverse "Perote, Bullock County" "Perote grew rapidly in the 1850s so that by 1860 the community was thriving with several doctors, stores, a carriage factory, a Masonic lodge, and a school. At the beginning of the American Civil War (1861–65), the school numbered about 150 students. Many of the young men from the school served in the Perote Guards, organized in 1859 as war clouds gathered. They went off to war as part of the 1st Alabama Infantry Regiment with uniforms and a flag handmade by the women they left behind. The community's fortunes fell following the war as cotton cultivation, the area's traditional leading economic pursuit, receded in importance. By-passed by the railroad and experiencing several disastrous fires, Perote suffered a steady decline in business activity and population." Demographics See also The Mexican city of Perote, Veracruz, for which Perote, Alabama, was named. References Alabama State Archives Unincorporated communities in Bullock County, Alabama Unincorporated communities in Alabama Populated places established in 1858 1858 establishments in Alabama
5383869	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KYCH-FM	KYCH-FM	KYCH-FM (97.1 MHz) is a commercial radio station in Portland, Oregon. It is owned by Audacy, Inc. and airs an adult hits radio format branded as "97.1 Charlie FM." KYCH-FM plays a fairly wide mix of music, mostly from the rock and pop genres, from the 1960s to today; much of the playlist is made up of modern rock and classic rock from the MTV music video era of the 1980s and 1990s. From mid-November through December 25 Charlie plays exclusively Christmas music. The station does not have disc jockeys, instead playing amusing or ironic messages after every three or four songs. KYCH-FM's studios and offices are on SW Bancroft Street in Downtown Portland. The transmitter is atop Portland's West Hills, off SW Fairmount Court. The effective radiated power is 97,000 watts (100,000 with beam tilt). History On September 3, 1946, KPFM signed on the air at 94.9 MHz. KPFM was owned by Broadcasters Oregon, Ltd., and was powered at 1,530 watts. It was a stand-alone FM station, not affiliated with an AM station, and never had any connection to local television station KPTV. KPFM moved to 97.1 MHz on July 31, 1947, broadcasting a classical music format. In 1960, KPFM was bought by Chem-Air, Inc., a subsidiary of Boeing. Chem-Air supplied stores and restaurants with background music, via a subscription radio service not available on regular FM radios. KPFM's transmitter was used for the service. Chem-Air also put an AM station on the air, named KPAM, at 1410 kHz. KPAM was originally a daytimer, required to sign off at sunset; for the first several decades, the two stations simulcast their programming. On December 16, 1961, KPFM became the first station in Oregon to broadcast in stereo. KPAM and KPFM were acquired by Romito, Inc. in 1965. On February 27, 1970, KPFM changed its call sign to KPAM-FM. KPAM-AM-FM ran a Top 40 format as "K-Pam." In 1980, Duffy Broadcasting acquired KPAM-AM-FM. In September of that year, KPAM-AM-FM changed to KCNR and KCNR-FM, as the "Center" of the FM dial. The two stations aired an adult contemporary format. Even though most FM stations in larger cities could not fully simulcast after 1968, because AM 1410 was a daytimer, the two were permitted to air the same programming most of the time. In 1985, the two stations were sold to different owners, with KCNR-FM being acquired by Fort Vancouver Broadcasting. On November 14, 1985, KCNR-FM changed call letters to KKLI and rebranded as "K-Lite 97 FM," with a soft adult contemporary format. In 1988, Heritage Media acquired KKLI, the owners of KKSN in suburban Vancouver, Washington. On February 5 of that year, KKLI switched its call sign to KKSN-FM, and the following day, changed its format to oldies, simulcasting with the AM, which had been carrying classical music. The two stations called themselves "KISN" as in "Kissin'." In April 1998, Entercom Communications acquired KKSN-AM-FM. On April 21, 2005, at 2 p.m., after playing "American Pie" by Don McLean, KKSN-FM flipped to the current adult hits format as "Charlie FM" (the oldies format moved to exclusively to the AM). The first song on "Charlie" was "Start Me Up" by The Rolling Stones. The call letters were changed to KYCH on April 29, 2005. HD Radio KYCH broadcasts in the HD Radio format. KYCH-HD2 airs a dance music and classic disco format branded as "Funkytown". See also List of radio stations in Washington References External links YCH-FM Adult hits radio stations in the United States Radio stations established in 1946 1946 establishments in Oregon Audacy, Inc. radio stations
5383872	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leecia%20Eve	Leecia Eve	Leecia Roberta Eve is an attorney from New York with experience in federal government, state government, and the private sector who currently works as a lobbyist for telecommunications giant Verizon. Born in Buffalo, Eve was a candidate for Lieutenant Governor of New York during the 2006 election. After working for U.S. Sen. Hillary Clinton, Eve served as a senior advisor during Clinton's 2008 presidential campaign. From 2011 to 2013, she was Deputy Secretary for Economic Development in the Executive Chamber of New York Governor Andrew M. Cuomo. She was appointed to the Board of Commissioners of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey in July 2017. Eve ran for Attorney General of New York in 2018, but was defeated in the Democratic primary. Background, education, and career An African-American native of Buffalo, New York, Eve is the daughter of former Deputy Assembly Speaker Arthur Eve and Constance Eve. Eve is a graduate of Smith College, The John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, and Harvard Law School. Following her law school graduation, she clerked for New York Court of Appeals Judge Fritz W. Alexander II. Eve eventually became a partner at the Hodgson Russ law firm, and also worked as an aide to U.S. Sens. Joseph Biden and Hillary Clinton. After working as Senate Counsel and Homeland Security Advisor to Clinton, Eve served as a senior policy adviser to during Clinton's 2008 primary campaign for President. In January 2011, Eve was appointed by Governor Andrew Cuomo to serve as Senior Vice President of the Empire State Development Corporation (ESDC). In October 2011, Governor Cuomo appointed her to serve as his Deputy Secretary for Economic Development. On July 12, 2017, Eve was appointed by Gov. Cuomo to the Board of Commissioners of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. As of August 2018, Eve is a Vice President of Government Affairs at Verizon. Leecia serves as a member of the Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center Board of Directors She is a member of the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority. Political campaigns In 2005, Eve left Hillary Clinton's staff and announced her 2006 candidacy for Lieutenant Governor of New York. She received the endorsement of several Harlem political leaders, including Congressman Charles Rangel, former New York City Mayor David Dinkins, former Manhattan Borough President Percy Sutton, and former New York Secretary of State Basil Paterson. However, Attorney General and eventual Governor Eliot Spitzer instead selected State Senate Minority Leader David Paterson as his running mate. David Paterson seriously considered Eve as a replacement for Clinton when Clinton resigned her U.S. Senate seat to become United States Secretary of State. Eve was one of four candidates than ran in the 2018 Democratic primary for Attorney General of New York. She received the endorsement of the Albany Times Union. On September 13, 2018, Eve lost the Democratic primary for Attorney General to Letitia James, receiving 3.4% of the vote. Further reading Paterson, David "Black, Blind, & In Charge: A Story of Visionary Leadership and Overcoming Adversity."Skyhorse Publishing. New York, New York, 2020 Notes 1964 births African-American women lawyers African-American lawyers American politicians of Dominican Republic descent Hispanic and Latino American politicians American women lawyers Harvard Law School alumni Living people Harvard Kennedy School alumni New York (state) Democrats New York (state) lawyers People from Buffalo, New York Smith College alumni Women in New York (state) politics People associated with Covington & Burling 21st-century African-American people 21st-century African-American women 20th-century African-American people 20th-century African-American women
5383886	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Herzfeld	Karl Herzfeld	Karl Ferdinand Herzfeld (February 24, 1892 – June 3, 1978) was an Austrian-American physicist. Education Herzfeld was born in Vienna during the reign of the Habsburgs over the Austro-Hungarian Empire. "He came from a prominent, recently assimilated Jewish family." His father was a physician and ordinarius professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of Vienna. His mother, Camilla née Herzog, was the daughter of a newspaper publisher and sister of the organic chemist R. O. Herzog. In 1902, when Herzfeld was 10 years old, he was enrolled in the private Gymnasium Schottengymnasium, which was run by the Benedictine Order of the Roman Catholic Church and had its name derived from the fact that the founders came from Scotland. He attended this school until 1910, when he began attending the University of Vienna to study physics and chemistry. In 1912, he took courses at the University of Zurich and the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH). It was in Zurich he met Otto Stern, who was at the ETH; Herzfeld later credited conversations with Stern for his deeper understanding of thermodynamics. In 1913, he went to study at the University of Göttingen, after which Herzfeld returned to Vienna, and was granted his doctorate in 1914, under Friedrich Hasenöhrl, who had become Director of the Institute for Theoretical Physics, upon the suicide of Ludwig Boltzmann in 1906. Herzfeld's doctoral thesis applied statistical mechanics to a gas of free electrons as a model for a theory of metals. By the time he received his doctorate, he already had published six scientific papers. In one of them, he attempted to derive a model of the hydrogen atom. This paper was published in 1912, shortly before Niels Bohr submitted his first paper on the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom. Upon receipt of his doctorate, Herzfeld volunteered for service in the Austro-Hungarian Army. World War I broke out shortly thereafter and he served until 1918, rising to the rank of first lieutenant. Herzfeld's thesis advisor Hasenöhrl was called to serve during World War I and was killed at the front. During his tenure in the military, Herzfeld published six papers on statistical mechanics applied to problems in physics and chemistry, especially to the structure of matter – gases, liquids, and solids. After the War, Herzfeld returned to the University of Vienna, however, the University was in such dire financial straits that he moved to Munich in 1919, with the intent of studying analytical chemistry and getting a job in the German chemical industry, which had a highly respected reputation. First, he was an assistant at the physico-chemical laboratory of Kasimir Fajans at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU). However, once there, he found the challenge of theoretical physics more to his liking. He became Privatdozent for theoretical physics and physical chemistry at LMU, and therefore was much more associated with Arnold Sommerfeld, who was ordinarius professor for theoretical physics and Director of the Institute for Theoretical Physics – a prominent organization for the study of atomic and molecular structure. From 1925, until he left LMU in 1926, he was extraordinarius professor of theoretical physics. During this time, Linus Pauling did postdoctoral studies with him, and he was the thesis advisor for Walter Heitler, who got his doctorate in 1926. In 1925, Herzfeld published his book on kinetic theory and statistical mechanics, which became a graduate-level textbook in German-speaking universities. Career It was in 1926 that Herzfeld took a visiting professorship at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, which developed into a regular faculty position. During 1930 and 1932, he was a lecturer at Cooper Union and Fordham University in New York City. While at Johns Hopkins, Herzfeld did considerable research with the chemist Francis O. Rice, who joined the University as an associate professor the same year Herzfeld arrived. Their 1928 paper considered the role of molecular vibrations in the transfer of energy between ultrasonic waves and gas molecules. At Johns Hopkins, Herzfeld worked with other European colleagues on the University's physics faculty, namely James Franck and Maria Goeppert-Mayer, who were awarded Nobel Prizes in Physics in 1925 and 1963, respectively. Franck came to Johns Hopkins after he left Germany in 1933, where he had been ordinarius professor of experimental physics and Director of the Second Institute for Experimental Physics at the University of Göttingen and a close colleague of Max Born, who was Director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics at Göttingen. Goeppert-Mayer was a student of Born, and she joined the Johns Hopkins faculty in 1931. Goeppert-Mayer and Herzfeld published articles on states of aggregation and nuclear fusion reactions. Herzfeld coauthored articles with Franck on photosynthesis, one being after they had both left Johns Hopkins. John Archibald Wheeler, who became a prominent physicist, took his PhD under Herzfeld in 1933. In 1936, Herzfeld moved to The Catholic University of America in Washington, DC, where he remained until his death in 1978. He received emeritus status in 1969 and stayed active for the rest of his life. Reasons for Herzfeld leaving Johns Hopkins were described in a letter to Arnold Sommerfeld. A main reason was the dire financial situation at Johns Hopkins. However, there were other reasons as well. One being his relationship with R. W. Wood, a professor of experimental physics and chairman of the physics department, had deteriorated. Also, J. A. Bearden, another experimentalist, thought there was too much emphasis on theoretical physics and the number of German physicists in the small department was out of balance. Bearden also suspected that Herzfeld had brought Franck to Johns Hopkins to further Herzfeld's ambitions to be department chairman. Finally too, Bearden thought Herzfeld had caused dissension in the department over his strong support to promote Göppert-Mayer from research associate in physics to a regular faculty appointment. While Herzfeld did receive offers from both Fordham University and Catholic University, neither was appealing as they did not have strong research departments. While talking the situation over with Isaiah Bowman, president of Johns Hopkins, it became clear that the financial difficulties at Johns Hopkins might require downsizing the physics faculty. With this in mind, Herzfeld accepted the offer from Catholic University. Herzfeld's teaching responsibilities and salary at Catholic University were about the same as that at Johns Hopkins, but there were additional administrative duties, as he was also chairman of the physics department. In the late 1940s, Herzfeld increased the attention at Catholic University to quantum-mechanical calculations on the electronic structure of polyatomic molecules, thus establishing a respected position for the University in this field. In 1959, Herzfeld and Theodore A. Litovitz collaborated on a book, in part, summarizing Herzfeld's thinking on ultrasonics over the 30 plus years since his article with F. O. Rice. In 1966, Herzfeld published a review article summarizing 50 years of developments in physical ultrasonics. Personal life In 1938, Herzfeld married Regina Flannery, who was an instructor of anthropology at Catholic University; by the time she retired in 1970, she had risen to professor and the first woman to head that department. Herzfeld was a Catholic who had a profound interest in Catholic theology. He received the James Cardinal Gibbons Medal for his contributions to the United States, the Catholic Church, and The Catholic University of America. Honors 1958 – Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1960 – Elected to the National Academy of Sciences 1964 – US Navy's Meritorious Service Citation for his services during World War II Publications Articles Karl F. Herzfeld Über ein Atommodell, das die Balmer'sche Wasserstoffserie aussendet, Sitzungsberichte der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien 121(2a):593-601 (1912) Karl F. Herzfeld Zur Elektronentheorie der Metalle, Annalen der Physik (4) 41:27-52 [Herzfeld's doctoral dissertation at Vienna University under the direction of Professor Friedrich Hasenöhrl] (1913) Karl F. Herzfeld On Atomic Properties Which Make an Element a Metal, Physical Review 29:701-705 (1927) Karl F. Herzfeld and F. O. Rice Dispersion and absorption of high-frequency sound waves, Physical Review 31:691-95 (1928) Karl F. Herzfeld and Maria Goeppert-Mayer On the states of aggregation, Journal of Chemical Physics 2:38-45 (1934) F. O. Rice and Karl F. Herzfeld The Thermal Decomposition of Organic Compounds from the Standpoint of Free Radicals. VI. The Mechanism of Some Chain Reactions',' J. Am. Chem. Soc. 56:284–289 (1934) Karl F. Herzfeld and M. Göppert-Mayer On the theory of fusion, Phys. Rev. 46:995-1001 (1935) Karl F. Herzfeld and James Franck An attempted theory of photosynthesis, J. Chem. Phys. 5:237-51 (1937) Karl F. Herzfeld and James Franck Contributions to a theory of photosynthesis, J. Phys. Chem. 45:978-1025 (1941) Karl F. Herzfeld Electron levels in polyatomic molecules having resonating double bonds, Chemical Reviews 41:233-56 (1947) Karl F. Herzfeld Nodal surfaces in molecular wave functions Review of Modern Physics 21:527-30 (1949) Karl F. Herzfeld Fifty Years of Physical Ultrasonics, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Volume 39, Issue 5A, pp. 813–825, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D. C. (Received 27 July 1965) Books Karl F. Herzfeld Zur Elektronentheorie der Metalle (Barth, 1913) Karl F. Herzfeld Physikalische und Elektrochemie In Encyklopädie der Mathematischen Wissenschften mit Einschluss ihrer Anwendungen Band V, Heft 6, pp. 947–1112 (Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1921) Karl F. Herzfeld Grösse und Bau der Moleküle In Handbuch der Physik 1st ed., band 22, ed. A. Smekal, pp. 386–519 (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1924) (second ed., band 24, 1933, pp. 1–252). Karl F. Herzrfeld, Kinetische Theorie der Wärme In Müller-Pouillets Lehrbuch der Physik Band 3 (Braunsweig: F. Viewig und Sohn, 1925) Karl F. Herzfeld Klassische Thermodynamik In Handbuch der Physik 1st ed., Band 9, pp. 1–140 (Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1926) Karl F. Herzfeld and K. L. Wolf Absorption und dispersion In Handbuch der Physik 1st ed., Band 20, pp. 480–634 (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1928) Karl F. Herzfeld Gittertheorie der festen Körper In Handbuch der Experimental Physik Band 7, eds. W. Wien and F. Harms, pp. 325–422 (Leipzig: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, 1928) Karl F. Herzfeld and H. M. Smallwood The kinetic theory of gases and liquids In A Treatise on Physical Chemistry 2nd ed., vol. 1, ed. H. S. Taylor, pp. 73–217 (New York: Van Nostrand, 1931) Karl F. Herzfeld and H. M. Smallwood Imperfect gases and the liquid state In A Treatise on Physical Chemistry 2nd ed., vol. 1, ed. H. S. Taylor, pp. 219–250 (New York: Van Nostrand, 1931) Karl F. Herzfeld Relaxation phenomena in gases In Thermodynamics and Physics of Matter vol. 1, ed. F. Rossini, pp. 646–735 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1955) Karl F. Herzfeld and V. Griffing Fundamental physics of gases In Thermodynamics and Physics of Matter vol. 1, ed. F. Rossini, pp. 111–176 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1955) Karl F. Herzfeld and Theodore A. Litovitz Absorption and Dispersion of Ultrasonic Waves. Pure and Applied Physics Volume 7, (Academic Press, 1959) Karl F. Herzfeld Fundamental Physics of Gases (Princeton University Press, 1961) Karl F. Herzfeld Questions in Statistical Mechanics: Some Reactionary Viewpoints by Karl F Herzfeld (Center for Theoretical Studies, University of Miami, 1971) Notes References Mehra, Jagdish, and Helmut Rechenberg The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 5 Erwin Schrödinger and the Rise of Wave Mechanics. Part 1 Schrödinger in Vienna and Zurich 1887–1925.'' (Springer, 2001) External links Karl Herzfeld - Biographical Memoir Herzfeld archives - Catholic University 1892 births 1978 deaths University of Vienna alumni University of Zurich alumni Scientists from Vienna Austrian emigrants to the United States Austrian Jews Austrian Roman Catholics Austrian people of World War I Austrian physicists Austrian nuclear physicists 20th-century American physicists American people of Austrian-Jewish descent American nuclear physicists Jewish American scientists Johns Hopkins University faculty Fordham University faculty Cooper Union faculty Catholic University of America School of Arts and Sciences faculty Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences Fellows of the American Physical Society Austro-Hungarian expatriates in Switzerland
5383895	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%20Alexandra%20Hospital	Queen Alexandra Hospital	The Queen Alexandra Hospital (commonly known as QA Hospital, or simply QA) in Cosham, Portsmouth, is one of the NHS hospitals serving the city of Portsmouth and the surrounding area. There are several small treatment outstations which have been opened to relieve the overload at the QA Hospital. It is publicly owned and is administered by the Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust and has a Ministry of Defence Hospital Unit attached. History Early history Originally a military hospital, The Queen Alexandra (named for Alexandra of Denmark, King Edward VII's consort) was built between 1904 and 1908 to replace an earlier hospital which stood in Lion Street in Portsea, Portsmouth. The original buildings were of red brick construction, and the site was in a largely rural area, linked to Portsmouth and the surrounding villages (now suburbs) by a tram service. The demilitarisation of the hospital began in 1926 when it was handed to the Ministry of Pensions, to care for disabled ex-servicemen. The Second World War saw the first civilian patients admitted, and several temporary huts added to the site to increase capacity. As with many makeshift hospitals from the era, the huts stayed in place for several years after the war. Following the creation of the National Health Service (NHS) in 1948, all but 100 of the 640 beds were transferred to the NHS in 1951, with the remainder reserved for ex-servicemen. A League of Friends was established one year later. Development of the hospital under the NHS was rapid, and a Cerebral Palsy Unit was built in 1955, with two classrooms, a physiotherapy room, a speech and language therapy room, a staff room, and a kitchen. The unit opened in 1956. This was followed in 1957 by an outpatients unit, and in 1958 by the hospital chapel. In 1960 the existing buildings were upgraded with a new boiler system. The League of Friends funded two new day rooms, which were added in 1962, when the main block was refurbished. A library was added in 1969. Later in the 1960s, it was announced that the Queen Alexandra would become a district general hospital, complete with an Accident and Emergency department. This involved the construction of several new buildings, which began in 1968 with an eye department, a training school for nurses and two three-storey blocks for staff accommodation. A further two accommodation blocks, this time nine storeys high, were added later, being completed in 1976. Only two of the planned three new ward blocks were built. Patients were transferred from the Royal Portsmouth Hospital in 1979, with the Queen Alexandra Hospital, including a new breast unit, being officially opened a year later by Princess Alexandra. Over the subsequent three years, the South Block was refurbished, culminating in the Trevor Howell Day Hospital opening in 1983. Five years later, a new diabetes unit opened, followed by a rehabilitation unit in 1991. 2000s redevelopment A further rebuilding of the hospital was announced in 1999 although the procurement under a Private Finance Initiative contract was not completed until 2005. Some of the original buildings of the military hospital were demolished to make way for the new main hospital buildings. The works were designed by the Building Design Partnership and completed by Carillion at a cost of £236 million. In October 2009 the new Queen Alexandra Hospital was officially opened by The Princess Royal. The annual payment the trust will make to its private sector contractor under the PFI contract is £32.866 million, subject to satisfactory performance by the contractor and other factors such as repayment and refinancing options. The contract is for 35 years; payments commence after 3.5 years upon the successful construction and handover of the new facilities to the trust. A Care Quality Commission inspection in 2015 rated the trust as "outstanding" in relation to being caring and effective but needed to improve providing "safe, responsive and well-led services". Conditions in the accident and emergency department were so overcrowded that some patients with serious conditions had waited over an hour to be assessed. 2020s developments Work began in March 2021 to create a new 72 bed ward in what was previously the North Car Park, whilst plans for a new multi-story car park are in preparation, and longer term proposals for a £58m revamped Accident and Emergency Department are also being drawn up. On 7 January 2022 the hospital declared a major incident following a water leak effecting ground floor clinical areas. This resulted in canceling appointments and diverting ambulances away from the hospital site. On 6 April 2022 the hospital and South Central Ambulance Service both declared critical incidences in response to extreme demands on the emergency department and 999 services. See also List of hospitals in England References External links Trust website Inspection reports from the Care Quality Commission QA Hospital Radio website Hospital buildings completed in 1908 NHS hospitals in England Hospitals in Hampshire Organisations based in Portsmouth 1908 establishments in England
5383910	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Favorite%20%281864%29	HMS Favorite (1864)	HMS Favorite was one of the three wooden warships of moderate dimension (the others being and ) selected by Sir Edward Reed for conversion to broadside ironclads in response to the increased tempo of French warship building. Background and design Favorite was named after a French prize-of-war, and hence her name is spelled in the French way. She was laid down as a corvette of 22 guns of the Jason class, and was selected for conversion after being two years on the builder's slipway. The hull form was already complete, so modifications were restricted to the installation of a rounded stern and a straight stem in place of the traditional overhanging stern and knee bow. She carried her armour in a box battery amidships, and the guns carried therein, four on each side, were the heaviest naval cannon of the day. A degree of axial (fore and aft) fire was enabled through an arrangement in which part of the battery wall could be recessed, and one of the guns could be traversed around, about its own axis, to fire through the space thus produced. She was regarded as a good sea-boat, but rolled more than most; her armament could therefore only have been fought in smooth water, and the movement of the forward or after guns to fire through the axial recesses would have been hazardous in the extreme in anything other than smooth water. Service history She was commissioned at Sheerness for the North America and West Indies station, returning home in August 1869 for refit. She was First Reserve guardship on the east coast of Scotland from 1872 to 1876, in succession to . On 3 August 1875, she ran aground on the Scroby Sands, Norfolk. She was refloated and found to be undamaged. She paid off at Portsmouth in 1876 and was laid up until sold. References Sources Ships built on the River Medway 1864 ships corvettes of the Royal Navy Maritime incidents in August 1875
5383923	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yisrael%20Amir	Yisrael Amir	Yisrael Amir (; – ) was the first commander of the Israeli Air Force. Early life and biography Amir was born into a Russian Jewish family with the surname Zabludovsky on 11 November 1902 in the city of Vilnius in the Russian Empire (now Lithuania). He made aliyah to the British Mandate of Palestine in 1923, where he joined the newly-formed Haganah, a paramilitary force of the Palestinian Jewish community known as the Yishuv. Air Force career The aftermath of the Israeli Declaration of Independence on 14 May 1948 saw the formation of the Israel Defense Forces, primarily from the ranks of the Haganah paramilitary force and the locally-drawn Jewish Brigade of the British Army. The aerial wing of the Haganah, known as the Sherut Avir, was reorganized as the Israeli Air Force, and Amir was appointed as its first commander by Israeli prime minister David Ben-Gurion on 16 May. Sherut Avir had until this point only operated a small collection of aged and non-military aircraft, and the procurement of modern military-grade aircraft posed a significant problem for the new air force; Amir immediately secured an order of several Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters from Allied-occupied Germany and B-17 Flying Fortress bombers from the United States, which were ferried into Israel through Czechoslovakia. He retired from his military career in 1969, one year before the conclusion of the War of Attrition with Egypt. Amir died at a hospital in the city of Tel Aviv on 1 November 2002, aged 99. References Obituary in Haaretz Google cache version 1902 births 2002 deaths Israeli Air Force personnel Israeli aviators Israeli generals Lithuanian emigrants to Mandatory Palestine Israeli people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent Lithuanian Jews People from Vilna Governorate Military personnel from Vilnius
5383929	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Sahlin	Don Sahlin	Donald George Sahlin (June 19, 1928 – May 29, 1978) was a Muppet designer and builder who worked for Jim Henson from 1962 to 1977. Sahlin began making puppets at age 11, initially building a shadow theater and cardboard figurines. As an adult he built several puppets for Kukla, Fran and Ollie and created special effects sequences for films such as G.I. Blues and The Time Machine. His first creation for Jim Henson was Rowlf the Dog, which he built in 1962 for a series of Purina Dog Chow commercials. Don would go on to design and build most of the Muppet characters, including Bert and Ernie, Grover, and Cookie Monster among others. His character designs are often recognizable for their spheroid heads partially bisected to create large mouths. Although always based on sketches by Jim Henson, the Muppet founder regularly stated that it was Sahlin who should be credited with creating the actual Muppet "look", and Henson later had a bench in London dedicated to his memory. The series finale of Fraggle Rock is also dedicated to him. After all the regular credits have been shown, a special credit appears which reads "This show is for Don Sahlin". References External links Muppet designers 1928 births 1978 deaths People from Stratford, Connecticut Special effects people
3991998	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Pothier	Brian Pothier	Brian Pothier (born April 15, 1977) is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman. Pothier played in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 2000 until 2010. Playing career As a youth, Pothier played in the 1991 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Beverly, Massachusetts. Undrafted to the NHL, Pothier played collegiate hockey with Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. After his senior year he was signed as a free agent by the Atlanta Thrashers on March 27, 2000. After two seasons with the Thrashers he was moved to the Ottawa Senators prior to the 2002–03 season in a trade for Shawn McEachern, and was later signed by the Washington Capitals as a free agent in the summer of 2006. On January 3, 2008, Pothier suffered a concussion, possibly when Boston Bruins right winger Milan Lucic hit him hard into the boards, resulting in the fourth reported concussion of his career, which sidelined him for the next fourteen months. Pothier later attributed his post-concussion symptoms and long recovery period to an undiagnosed astigmatism resulting from his latest concussion. He stated that he had recovered from the concussion two to three months after the injury, but his astigmatism led to the symptoms previously thought to be post-concussion syndrome until it was properly diagnosed in December 2008. On December 17, 2008, he practiced in full gear for the first time since the injury. On March 4, 2009, Pothier was assigned to the Capitals' American Hockey League affiliate, the Hershey Bears, for conditioning and to see if he experienced any post-concussion symptoms. Pothier was recalled to the Capitals, returning to the ice on March 16, 2009, fourteen months after the initial injury. He then scored his first goal since his injury on March 31, 2009 against the Tampa Bay Lightning. On March 3, 2010, having registered 11 points in 41 games to that point in the 2009–10 season, Brian was traded along with prospect Oskar Osala to the Carolina Hurricanes in exchange for defenseman Joe Corvo. On July 27, 2010, Pothier ended his North American career and signed a two-year contract with European team Genève-Servette HC of the Swiss National League A (NLA). After two seasons in Switzerland, Pothier signed a two-year contract extension to remain with Genève-Servette. However he was unable to take the ice, due to lingering concussion symptoms that ultimately ended his professional career. While in his recovery and still of the intention to fulfill his contract obligation to Genève-Servette HC, Pothier served as a voluntary assistant coach with the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs International Awards and honors Transactions March 27, 2000 – Signed as a free agent by the Atlanta Thrashers June 29, 2002 – Traded to the Ottawa Senators for Shawn McEachern and a sixth round selection in 2004. July 1, 2006 – Signed as a free agent by the Washington Capitals March 3, 2010 – Traded to the Carolina Hurricanes, along with Oskar Osala and second round selection in 2011 for Joe Corvo. References External links 1977 births Living people American men's ice hockey defensemen Atlanta Thrashers players Binghamton Senators players Carolina Hurricanes players Chicago Wolves players Genève-Servette HC players Hershey Bears players Ice hockey players from Massachusetts Orlando Solar Bears (IHL) players Ottawa Senators players People from New Bedford, Massachusetts RPI Engineers men's ice hockey players Undrafted National Hockey League players Washington Capitals players AHCA Division I men's ice hockey All-Americans
3992004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livic	Livic	LIVIC ("civil" spelt backwards, hence a "reflection of Civil Engineering") is the newspaper of the Civil Engineering Society (CivSoc) at Imperial College London. It is a monthly, free, A4-sized paper established in 2004, edited by an elected committee member of the society. The newspaper has a typical circulation of 250. In 2006, LIVIC launched 'livique', a one-off special printed for the International Trip to Paris. Similar spin-offs have included 'livek', prepared for the trip to Budapest in 2007 and 'livøc' for the 2008 trip to Copenhagen. While not a notable student publication, LIVIC aims to highlight current Civil & Environmental Engineering concerns and complications to undergraduates who are likely to be contributing to the shaping of the built environment in the long-term, and is therefore an invaluable resource to them. Articles from LIVIC were published online through the City and Guilds College Union's media website 'Live' in order to help expand its readership numbers and so it is accessible to all at any time. It could be found here: Livic at Live The articles are now posted to the Imperial College Union's website which can be found here: LIVIC Student newspapers published in the United Kingdom Publications established in 2004
3992006	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet%20choir	Clarinet choir	A clarinet choir is a musical ensemble consisting entirely of instruments from the clarinet family. It will typically include E, B, alto, bass, and contra-alto or contrabass clarinets, although sometimes not all of these are included, and sometimes other varieties may be present. The size of the ensemble varies; it may have between 10 and 40 members. There are also clarinet trios, clarinet quartets, and clarinet quintets, usually consisting of two to four B clarinets and one bass clarinet. The sound produced by a group of clarinets has been compared to that of a concert organ. Though varying in range, members of the clarinet family have homogenous timbres. Therefore, the clarinet choir may be thought of as a woodwind equivalent to the string orchestra. History Earlier clarinet ensembles Composers such as Mozart, Stadler, Družecký, and Bouffil anticipated the clarinet choir in their works for three basset horns or clarinets. James Waterson (1834–1893), a bandmaster to the Viceroy of India with a close association to Henry Lazarus and "The Military School of Music at Kneller Hall", wrote some early clarinet quartets—technically quite difficult works in a popular style—for four B♭ clarinets. The first clarinet choirs Whereas the B♭ clarinet and basset horn (an alto clarinet in F) were readily available from the late 18th century, higher and lower voices were still missing for completion of the choir. The E♭ clarinet established a niche for itself in the military band, particularly in Germany, from about 1805, whereas the bass clarinet would be perfected by Adolphe Sax in 1838. Therefore, the defining moment with regard to the foundation of the full clarinet choir was the advent of Fontaine-Besson's successful clarinet-pedale design, exhibited in Paris in 1889 and patented in 1891. Gustave Poncelet (1844–1903) a Belgian clarinetist-saxophonist is credited with creating the first clarinet choir (this ensemble consisted of up to about 27 players) at the Brussels Conservatory in the late nineteenth century while he was teaching there. It was from hearing Poncelet's ensemble in 1896 that the German composer Richard Strauss became acquainted and enamored with all of the members of the clarinet family. As a result, Strauss used large and diverse clarinet sections in many of his large scale orchestral works and operas. An early clarinet choir in the United States was established in 1927 by Simeon Bellison, then first clarinetist of the New York Philharmonic; from an initial eight members, the group's size grew by 1948 to 75 members. Rising popularity in the US in the 1950s In the 1950s and 1960s, a number of prominent clarinet performers and educators including James DeJesu, Harold Palmer, Lucien Cailliet, David Hite, Donald McCathren, Alfred Reed, Russell Howland, and Harvey Hermann started a movement that began the golden age of the clarinet choir. Further stimulation came by music educators who were trying to improve their ever-expanding clarinet sections. Many new compositions and arrangements for the clarinet choir where inspired by this renewed momentum and activity. Most major US university and high school music programs boasted large clarinet choirs. Notable examples were the choirs at the University of Illinois, Iowa State University, Fresno State College, Montana State University, Duquesne University, and Lebanon Valley College. Strong support for the clarinet choir movement was given by all of the leading instrument manufacturers of the time. Clarinet choirs were often featured at US state, regional, and national music conferences, which often included the formation of conference mass choirs. Repertoire The repertoire of music originally composed for clarinet choir was almost nonexistent before the mid twentieth century, but since then transcriptions have been made of many earlier works originally scored for different instrumental groups. Simeon Bellison for one is credited with arranging a vast number of works for clarinet choir in the first half of the twentieth century. Another famous arranger for clarinet choir was Percy Grainger, who spent some weeks during many summers teaching, conducting and performing at the Interlochen Music Camp, near Traverse City, Michigan. In the course of his connection with Interlochen he made several arrangements for homogeneous wind groups, most commonly saxophones or clarinets, of works by J.S. Bach, Josquin des Prez, Jenkins, William Lawes, Le Jeune, and Scarlatti, between 1937 and 1946. Ensembles such as Harvey Hermann's clarinet choir at the University of Illinois and the University of Florida Clarinet Ensemble, directed by Mitchell Estrin have generated a substantial amount of new repertoire. The center for American Music has a number of recordings of Hermann with his UIUC clarinet choir in its collection. Estrin's group has commissioned many original compositions for the clarinet choir by composers such as Paul Richards, James Paul Sain, and Paul Basler, as well as dozens of new arrangements and transcriptions by Matt Johnston. References Sources Abramson, Armand R. "A Better Use of the Clarinet Choir". The Instrumentalist 19 (October 1964): pp. 67–70. Ayres, Thomas A. "Clarinet Choir Literature". The Instrumentalist 18 (April 1964): pp. 83–85. Bellison, Simeon. The Clarinet Ensemble. New York: Simeon Bellison, 1945. Borkowski, Francis. "An Approach to Blending on the Clarinet". The Instrumentalist 18 (January 1964): pp. 85–86. Cailliet, Lucien. The Clarinet and Clarinet Choir. Kenosha, Wisconsin: Leblanc Publications, Inc., 1955. Cailliet, Lucien. "The Need for Adequate Instrumentation". Music Journal 26 (December 1968): p. 47. De Jesu, James. "Improved Clarinet Sections Via Choirs". The Instrumentalist 7 (October 1952): p. 26. Heim, Norman. "Clarinet Choir Potpourri". Woodwind World Brass and Percussion 19 (May–June 1980): pp. 14–16. Heim, Norman. "The Clarinet Choir". The Instrumentalist 39 (February 1985): pp. 32–35. Heim, Norman. "The Clarinet Choir". Woodwind World Brass and Percussion 14 (April 1975): pp. 8–14. Heim, Norman. "The Clarinet Choir and Its Emerging Repertoire". Woodwind World Brass and Percussion 16 (November 1977): pp. 6–7. Heim, Norman. "The Clarinet Choir Phenomenon". The Instrumentalist 34 (November 1979): pp. 29–33. Howland, Russell S. The Clarinet Choir-Its Development and Use. The Instrumentalist 18 (November 1963): p. 78. Jennings, Vance. The Clarinet Choir Movement. National Association Of College Wind and Percussion Instructors Bulletin 11:4 (March 1963). Jones, Marquis E. Clarinet Choir: An Emerging Art Form. Music Journal 26 (October 1968): pp. 68–71. Morgan, John. "The History of the Clarinet Choir". The Instrumentalist 21 (February 1967): pp. 42–43. Palanker, Edward S. "The Towson State College Clarinet Choir". Woodwind World Brass and Percussion 14 (April 1975): p. 22. Weerts, Richard. "The Clarinet Choir". Journal of Research in Music Education 12:3 (Fall 1964): pp. 227–230. Weerts, Richard. "The Clarinet Choir as a Functional Ensemble". The Instrumentalist 23 (March 1969): pp. 55–61. Weerts, Richard. "The Clarinet Choir in the Modern Concert Band". Music Journal 23 (December 1965): p. 47. Clarinets
3992010	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch%20Control%20Center	Launch Control Center	The Rocco A. Petrone Launch Control Center (commonly known as just the Launch Control Center or LCC) is a four-story building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island, Florida, used to manage launches of launch vehicles from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39. Attached to the southeast corner of the Vehicle Assembly Building, the LCC contains offices; telemetry, tracking, and instrumentation equipment; and firing rooms. LCC has conducted launches since the unmanned Apollo 4 (Apollo-Saturn 501) launch on November 9, 1967. LCC's first launch with a human crew was Apollo 8 on December 21, 1968. NASA's Space Shuttle program also used LCC. NASA has renovated the center for the upcoming Space Launch System (SLS) missions, which are scheduled to begin in 2022 with Artemis 1. In February 2022, the center was renamed after former launch director Rocco A. Petrone. Control rooms Launch operations are supervised and controlled from several control rooms (also known as a firing room). The controllers are in control of pre-launch checks, the booster and spacecraft. Once the rocket has cleared the launch tower (usually within the first 10–15 seconds), is when control is switched over to the Mission Control Center at the Johnson Space Center. Extensive renovation of Control Room 4 was finished in 2006. Firing room 4 is currently leased by SpaceX and serves as their primary launch control center. Key personnel Launch Director (LD) The Launch Director is the head of the launch team, and is responsible for making the final "go" or "no go" decision for launch after polling the relevant team members. There have been eight different Space Shuttle launch directors between 1981 and 2011. Flow Director (FD) The Flow Director is responsible for the preparation of the spacecraft for launch, and remains in the LCC in an advisory capacity. NASA Test Director (NTD) The NASA Test Director is responsible for all pre-launch testing, whether involving the flight crew, the orbiter, the external tank/solid rocket booster, or ground support equipment. The NTD is also responsible for the safety of all personnel on the pad after fuelling has occurred. Reports to the Launch Director. Orbiter Test Conductor (OTC) The Orbiter Test Conductor is in charge of all pre-flight checkout and testing of the orbiter, and manages the engineers in the firing room who monitor the orbiter's systems. OTC is an employee of a contractor rather than of NASA. Tank/Booster Test Conductor (TBC) Payload Test Conductor (PTC) The Payload Test Conductor is responsible for the pre-flight test and checkout of payloads carried by the orbiter and manages the engineering and test teams responsible for monitoring and controlling payload ground operations. PTC is a contractor member of the Space Shuttle Team. Launch Processing System Coordinator (LPS) The LPS Coordinator monitors and oversees the LPS System; specifically, the desired launch rate, Space Shuttle stacking (assembly), and all safety requirements. This is made possible by the Launch Processing System, or LPS — a highly automated, computer-controlled system that oversees the entire checkout and launch process. Support Test Manager (STM) Safety Console Coordinator (SAFETY) Shuttle Project Engineer (SPE) Landing and Recovery Director (LRD) No Landing and Recovery Director (NLRD) Superintendent of Range Operations (SRO) The Superintendent of Range Operations ensures that all tracking and communications systems are ready to support the launch operation as well as ensuring that downrange airspace and splashdown areas remain clear for launch, and monitors weather near the launch site. Ground Launch Sequencer Engineer (CGLS) The Ground Launch Sequencer Engineer is responsible for monitoring the operation of the automated Ground Launch Sequencer system, which controls the countdown from T-9 minutes until launch. After this point through to T-31 seconds, they are in charge of implementing a manual hold if necessary. After T-31 seconds only an automatic cutoff is available. The automatic cutoff recycles the countdown clock to T-20 minutes. Usually this will extend the launch time beyond the launch window causing a scrub and a 24-hour turnaround. Gallery See also Ground station Launch status check Mission control center References Sources Launch Control Center Launch Control Center Main page. Launch Team External links History of the Firing Rooms at the Launch Control Center Floor plan layout of the Firing Rooms at the Launch Control Center New Launch Control Room Ready for STS-121 Liftoff KSC Launch Processing System Kennedy Space Center Buildings and structures in Merritt Island, Florida National Register of Historic Places in Brevard County, Florida
3992015	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern%20Agricultural%20Complex	Eastern Agricultural Complex	The Eastern Agricultural Complex in the woodlands of eastern North America was one of about 10 independent centers of plant domestication in the pre-historic world. Incipient agriculture dates back to about 5300 BCE. By about 1800 BCE the Native Americans of the woodlands were cultivating several species of food plants, thus beginning a transition from a hunter-gatherer economy to agriculture. After 200 BCE when maize from Mexico was introduced to the Eastern Woodlands, the Native Americans of the eastern United States and adjacent Canada slowly changed from growing local indigenous plants to a maize-based agricultural economy. The cultivation of local indigenous plants other than squash and sunflower declined and was eventually abandoned. The formerly domesticated plants returned to their wild forms. The first four plants known to have been domesticated at the Riverton Site in Illinois in 1800 BCE were goosefoot (Chenopodium berlandieri), sunflower (Helianthus annuus var. macrocarpus), marsh elder (Iva annua var. macrocarpa), and squash (Cucurbita pepo ssp. ovifera). Several other species of plants were later domesticated. Origin of name and concept The term Eastern Agricultural Complex (EAC) was popularized by anthropologist Ralph Linton in the 1940s. Linton suggested that the Eastern Woodland tribes integrated maize cultivation from Mayans and Aztecs in Mexico into their own pre-existing agricultural subsistence practices. Ethnobotanists Volney H. Jones and Melvin R. Gilmore built upon Ralph Linton's understanding of Eastern Woodland agriculture with their work in cave and bluff dwellings in Kentucky and the Ozark Mountains in Arkansas. George Quimby also popularized the term "Eastern complex" in the 1940s. Authors Guy Gibbons and Kenneth Ames suggested that "indigenous seed crops" is a more appropriate term than "complex". Until the 1970s and 1980s most archaeologists believed that agriculture by Eastern Woodland peoples had been imported from Mexico, along with the trinity of subtropical crops: maize (corn), beans, and squash. What became accepted by the 21st century is that agriculture in the Eastern Woodlands preceded the import of crops from Mexico and that the Eastern Woodlands were one of about ten cultural regions in the world to become an "independent center of agricultural origin." In the 1970s and 1980s, new archaeological techniques demonstrated that by 1800 BCE the Native Americans of the eastern woodlands had learned to cultivate indigenous crops independently and that indigenous crops formed an important part of their diets. A major element in determining that plants were cultivated rather than being collected in the wild was the larger size of edible seeds and the thinner seed coat of the domesticated plant compared to its wild relative, an attribute of domesticated crops that came about through human selection and manipulation. When cultivation of most indigenous plants ceased in favor of maize agriculture about 900 CE, seed sizes and seed coats of plants reverted to their former uncultivated size and thickness. Cultivars Bottle gourd has been found at archaeological sites in Illinois and Florida dating to 5300 BCE. Its presence over a wide area might be due to humans, and thus a product of incipient agriculture at that time. Squash (Cucurbita pepo var. ozarkana) is considered to be one of the first domesticated plants in the Eastern Woodlands, having been found in the region about 5000 BCE, though possibly not domesticated in the region until about 1000 BCE. The squash that was originally part of the complex was raised for edible seeds and to produce small containers (gourds), not for the thick flesh that is associated with modern varieties of squash. Cucurbita argyrosperma has been found in the region dated to circa 1300-1500 BCE. C. pepo cultivars crookneck, acorn, and scallop squash appeared later. Other plants of the EAC include goosefoot or lambsquarters (Chenopodium berlandieri); sunflower (Helianthus annuus); sumpweed or marsh elder (Iva annua); little barley (Hordeum pusillum); maygrass (Phalaris caroliniana); and erect knotweed (Polygonum erectum), which should not be confused with the Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica) that is considered an invasive species in the eastern United States today. The plants are often divided into "oily" or "starchy" categories. Sunflower and sumpweed have edible seeds rich in oil. The seeds of erect knotweed and goosefoot are starches, as are maygrass and little barley, both of which are grasses that yield grains that may be ground to make flour. Development The archaeological record suggests that humans were collecting these plants from the wild by 6000 BCE. In the 1970s, archaeologists noticed differences between seeds found in the remains of pre-Columbus era Native American hearths and houses and those growing in the wild. In a domestic setting, the seeds of some plants were much larger than in the wild, and the seeds were easier to extract from the shells or husks. This was evidence that Indigenous gardeners were selectively breeding the plants to make them more productive and accessible. The region of this early agriculture is in the middle Mississippi valley, from Memphis north to St. Louis and extending about 300 miles east and west of the river, mostly in Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee. The oldest archaeological site known in the United States in which Native Americans were growing, rather than gathering, food is Phillips Spring in Missouri. At Phillips Spring, dating from 3000 BCE, archaeologists found abundant walnuts, hickory nuts, acorns, grapes, elderberries, ragweed, bottle gourd, and the seeds of Cucurbita pepo, a gourd with edible seeds that is the ancestor of pumpkins and most squashes. The seeds found at Phillips Spring were larger than those of wild C. pepo. The agency for this change was surely human manipulation. Humans were selecting, planting, and tending seeds from plants that produced larger and tastier seeds. Ultimately, they would manipulate C. pepo to produce edible flesh. By 1800 BCE, Native Americans were cultivating several different plants. The Riverton Site in the Wabash River valley of Illinois, near the present day village of Palestine, is one of the best known early sites of cultivation. Ten house sites have been discovered at Riverton, indicating a population of 50 to 100 people in the community. Among the hearths and storage pits associated with the houses, archaeologists found a large number of plant remains, including a large number of seeds of chenopods (goosefoot or lamb's quarters) which are likely cultivated plants. Some of the chenopod (Chenopodium berlandieri) seeds had husks only a third as thick as those of wild seeds. Riverton farmers had bred them selectively to produce a seed easier to access than wild varieties of the same plant. The wild food guru of the 1960s, Euell Gibbons, gathered and ate chenopods. "In rich soil," he said, "lamb's quarters will grow four or five feet high if not disturbed, becoming much branched. It bears a heavy crop of tiny seeds in panicles at the end of every branch. In early winter, when the panicles are dry, it is quite easy to gather these seeds in considerable quantity. Just hold a pail under the branches and strip them off. Rub the husks between the hands to separate the seed and chaff, then winnow out the trash. I have collected several quarts of seed in an hour, using this method. The seeds are quite fine, being smaller than mustard seeds, and a dull blackish-brown color....I find it pretty good food for humans." Another plant species at Riverton that can confidently be identified as domesticated was sunflower (Helianthus annuus). This is based on the larger size of the seed in the domesticated than in the wild varieties. Remains of plants that were used, but may or may not have been domesticated at Riverton, include bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), squash (C. pepo), wild barley (Hordeum pusillum) and marsh elder (Iva annua). Domestication Some of the species cultivated by Native Americans for food are today considered undesirable weeds. Another name for marshelder is sumpweed; chenopods are derisively called pigweed, although one South American species with a more attractive name, quinoa, is a health food store favorite. Many plants considered weeds are the colonizers of disturbed soil, the first fast-growing weeds to spring up when a natural or man-made event, such as a fire, leaves a bare patch of soil. The process of domestication of wild plants cannot be described with any precision. However, Bruce D. Smith and other scholars have pointed out that three of the domesticates (chenopods, I. annua, and C. pepo) were plants that thrived in disturbed soils in river valleys. In the aftermath of a flood, in which most of the old vegetation is killed by the high waters and bare patches of new, often very fertile, soil were created, these pioneer plants sprang up like magic, often growing in almost pure stands, but usually disappearing after a single season, as other vegetation pushed them out until the next flood. Native Americans learned early that the seeds of these three species were edible and easily harvested in quantity because they grew in dense stands. C. pepo was important also because the gourd could be made into a lightweight container that was useful to a seminomadic band. Chenopods have edible leaves, related to spinach and chard, that may have also been gathered and eaten by Native Americans. Chenopod seeds are starchy; marsh elder has a highly nutritious oily seed similar to sunflower seeds. In gathering the seeds some were undoubtedly dropped in the sunny environment and disturbed soil of a settlement, and those seeds sprouted and thrived. Over time the seeds were sown and the ground was cleared of any competitive vegetation. The seeds which germinated quickest (i.e. thinner seed coats) and the plants which grew fastest were the most likely to be tended, harvested, and replanted. Through a process of unconscious selection and, later, conscious selection, the domesticated weeds became more productive. The seeds of some species became substantially larger and/or their seed coats were less thick compared to the wild plants. For example, the seed coats of domesticated chenopodium is less than 20 microns thick; the wild chenopodium of the same species is 40 to 60 microns thick. Conversely, when Native Americans quit growing these plants, as they did later, their seeds reverted within a few years to the thickness they had been in the wild. By about 500 BCE, seeds produced by six domesticated plants were an important part of the diet of Native Americans in the middle Mississippi River valley of the Eastern Woodlands region. Introduction of maize The local indigenous crops were replaced slowly by other more productive crops developed by the Mesoamericans in what is now called Mexico: maize, beans and additional varieties of squash. Maize, or corn, was a relative latecomer to the Eastern Woodlands Cultures. The oldest known evidence of maize in what is now known as Mexico dates to 6700 BCE. The oldest evidence of maize cultivation north of the Rio Grande in use is by about 2100 BCE at several locations in what later became Arizona and New Mexico. Maize was first grown by Eastern Woodlands Cultures by around 200 BCE, and highly productive localized varieties became widely used around 900 CE. The spread was so slow because the seeds and knowledge of techniques for tending them had to cross inhospitable deserts and mountains, and more productive varieties of maize had to be developed to compete with local indigenous crops and to suit the cooler climates and shorter growing seasons of the northern regions. Maize does not flower under the long day conditions of summer north of tropical Mexico, requiring genetic adaptation. Maize was first grown as a supplement to existing local indigenous agricultural plants, but gradually came to dominate as its yields increased. Ultimately, the EAC was thoroughly replaced by maize-based agriculture. Most EAC plants are no longer cultivated, and some of them (such as little barley) are regarded as pests by modern farmers. See also Three Sisters (agriculture) Native American cuisine Notes References Gibbon, Guy E. and Kenneth M. Ames (1998). Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. . Further reading External links Ancient Gardening in South Carolina (also has photos of plants mentioned) History of agriculture in the United States Crops originating from the United States Agronomy Phytogeography Native American culture History of agriculture Crops originating from Pre-Columbian North America Prehistoric agriculture
3992017	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragan%20Todorovi%C4%87	Dragan Todorović	Dragan Todorović (Serbian Cyrillic: Драган Тодоровић; born September 1958 in Kragujevac, PR Serbia, FPR Yugoslavia) is a writer and multimedia artist. Until 1995 he lived in Yugoslavia, where he worked as a journalist, editor, and television personality. Career Between 1977 and 1995 Todorović published over 2,000 articles (commentaries, interviews, essays and reports) in leading Yugoslav magazines. On radio, he worked as a host, writer and producer, among other things writing and directing 24 radio-plays for Radio Politika. He also made two TV documentaries and hosted over 150 TV shows. He won the Best Young Journalist award in 1980. He published four books in Yugoslavia: Tajfun zvani Bruce (Hurricane Called Bruce, 1989—biography of Bruce Springsteen), Džokej pun burbona (Jockey Full of Bourbon, 1990—Tom Waits' poetry - translation and introduction), Pogled kroz prozor metroa (View Through the Window of a Subway, 1991—biography of Tom Waits), and Sen & san (A Shadow and a Dream, 1993—conceptual book of poetry). His series of essays on rock, titled Pesme uz koje ne igram (The Songs I don't Dance to), published in Politika'''s Rock Magazine, had a cult status in the country. An extended version of the series was published in 2009 as Pjesme uz koje ne plešem. He had two solo exhibitions in Belgrade and directed two theatre shows. He is in the Serbian edition of Who's Who. Todorović continued to write after moving to Canada during the early 1990s. He published in the Toronto Star, This Magazine, Saturday Night, NOW, Ottawa Citizen and other Canadian publications. In 1997 his article Border Crossing was nominated for the Canadian National Magazine Award. In 1998 he was part of the prestigious Creative Journalism program at Banff Centre for the Arts. His essay Ticket to Fiction was published in 2000 as part of the collection To Arrive Where You Are. The same year, he worked with Ken Finkleman as the script consultant on Finkleman's TV series Foreign Objects, where he also played a leading role in one of the episodes. For his multimedia work, Todorović won awards at the New York Festivals, John Caples International Awards, and Astound International Competition (for his interactive poetry site, Six Walks on Isabella Street). His most recent project was a sound-art piece for CBC Radio One, titled In My Language I am Smart. In September 2005 Todorović moved to England. His memoir, titled The Book of Revenge, was published in March 2006 by Random House. It was awarded the Nereus Writers' Trust Non-Fiction Prize, and nominated for British Columbia's National Award for Canadian Non-Fiction. In March 2009 Random House Canada published his novel Diary of Interrupted Days to critical acclaim. It was short listed for Commonwealth Writers' Prize, for the Amazon.ca/Quill & Quire First Novel Award, and for the Toronto Book Awards. Todorovic teaches Creative Writing at the University of Kent in Canterbury. Works Books Essays References External links Author's website Блуз за бившу Југославију, Politika'', July 10, 2008 Dragan Todorović - pisac, novinar i multimedijalni umetnik, Hulahop @ B92, September 6, 2008 Serbian journalists Serbian emigrants to Canada Canadian autobiographers Canadian male novelists Living people 1958 births Writers from Kragujevac Canadian male screenwriters 20th-century Canadian novelists 21st-century Canadian novelists 20th-century Canadian screenwriters 21st-century Canadian screenwriters 20th-century Canadian male writers 21st-century Canadian male writers Canadian male non-fiction writers
3992030	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill%20Academy%20and%20Sixth%20Form	Churchill Academy and Sixth Form	Churchill Academy and Sixth Form, previously known as Churchill Community Foundation School and Sixth Form Centre, is an academy famously situated in the South West of England, in the village of Churchill, North Somerset, England, surrounded by countryside and overlooked by the Mendip Hills. It educates students from ages 11 to 18 and offers General Certificate of Secondary Education, A-levels and BTEC courses. In 2002, the school was granted specialist Arts College status. In August 2011, the school became an academy. The current headteacher is Chris Hildrew, who has held this position since the beginning of 2016; Dr Barry Wratten retired in 2015 after being at the helm of the school for 13 years (since 2002). The school was rated 'Outstanding' in its 2015 Ofsted Report. The school, which had 1,519 students as of 2019, is organised by house system, with the houses named after royal dynasties of Britain: Stuart (green), Hanover (gold), Tudor (red) and Windsor (blue). A fifth house, Lancaster (purple), was introduced in 2020. Churchill celebrated its diamond jubilee in 2017. A new Computing and Business Studies block, named the Alan Turing Building, was built and completed in 2017. Funding was also received in 2017 to build a new Science and Technology block to replace the original 1956 building known as "Tudor Block." The new building was named the Dame Athene Donald Building following a student competition. History of the school The school took its first intake of students in January 1957, before its official opening as Churchill Secondary Modern School on Friday, 20 September 1957. In 1969, the school became a comprehensive. In 1996, it became Churchill Community School, before adopting foundation status in 2007 as Churchill Community Foundation School and Sixth Form Centre. The school became an academy on 1 August 2011 as Churchill Academy & Sixth Form. Notable alumni Rhianna Pratchett - game writer Stefanie Martini - actress Ruby Harrold - gymnast Other activities Since 1995 the school has been a member of the Gabblers Club, the Bristol-based debating organisation. The school has won its annual competition four times, the most recent being 2015 In 2017 George Rabin and Ed Thurlow, students at Churchill Academy, were named GSK Young Scientists of the Year. Also the school has produced an array of successful debating champions who compete each year in a local competition run by Dr. Liam Fox MP. The most recent victory was in 2019. References External links Churchill Music school site Educational institutions established in 1956 Academies in North Somerset Secondary schools in North Somerset 1956 establishments in England
3992032	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong%20music	Guangdong music	Guangdong music may refer to: Music of Guangdong Guangdong music (genre), a genre of music also known as Cantonese music
3992056	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation%20of%20International%20Bandy	Federation of International Bandy	The Federation of International Bandy (FIB; , , ) is the international governing body for the sport of bandy, including the variant called rink bandy. The federation is headquartered in Söderhamn, Sweden. History Bandy as we know it today has been played since the later half of the 19th Century. Rules were set up in the 1890s by the National Bandy Association in England and by the corresponding body in Russia. The Ligue International de Hockey sur Glace (LIHG) was founded on 15 May 1908 at 34 Rue de Provence in Paris, France, at a time when bandy and ice hockey were seen as variants of the same game. The founders of the federation were representatives from Belgium, France, Great Britain, Switzerland and Bohemia (now Czech republic). However, as ice hockey became an Olympic sport while bandy did not, bandy only survived in some of the Nordic countries and the Soviet Union. LIHG is now the International Ice Hockey Federation. In the 1940s, the Nordic countries Finland, Norway and Sweden set up a joint rules committee. In the early 1950s, the Soviet Union decided to break out of its isolation in international sport and started a friendly exchange with said Nordic countries. The federation was formed on 12 February 1955 at Hotell Malmen in Stockholm, Sweden, by representatives from Finland, Norway, the Soviet Union and Sweden. The federation has had its base in Sweden since 1979. The present office is situated in Söderhamn, headed by FIB Secretary General Bo Nyman. Boris Skrynnik is the FIB President. When FIB was formed in 1955, it introduced the same rules for bandy all over the world. Especially in Russia and other Soviet Republics, different rules had been used prior to this. Bandy World Championships have been organized for men since 1957 and for women since 2004. The federation was named the International Bandy Federation (IBF) between 1957 and 2001. The current name was adopted at a request from the International Olympic Committee when the IOC made bandy a "recognized sport", since the acronym IBF at the time was already in use by the International Badminton Federation (in 2006, the International Badminton Federation changed names to Badminton World Federation and now uses the acronym BWF). In 2004, FIB was accepted by IOC. FIB is a member of Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations as well as Global Association of International Sports Federations. The number of bandy playing nations have grown considerably in the last decades. There were 27 national members of the federation as of 2017 and Slovakia applied for membership. After the International Olympic Committee’s recommendations following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Federation of International Bandy excluded Russia from participating in the 2022 Women's Bandy World Championship. The men's 2020–22 Bandy World Championship was cancelled on 1 March 2022, after Finland, Sweden, Norway, and the United States announced that they would not take part in the competition in Russia due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Purposes In 2011, FIB formulated its purposes as being the following. FIB vows to completely share the principles and articles of the Olympic Charter in its activities, including the policy with regard to anti-doping controls. FIB wants to promote the development of the sports of bandy and rink bandy in the member countries and wants to carry on propaganda for the importance and advantages of these sports. FIB also works for bandy to become an Olympic sport. FIB declares itself to be an "independent autonomic mainsports organization which mainly is governing bandy activities all over the world". FIB leads and supervises bandy and rink bandy around the world. FIB also sees as its job to settle the rules for the games. One national member association should be entrusted by FIB with arranging an official world championship. FIB means that at least four nations must participate for it to be worth an event. FIB also wants to promote the introduction and the membership of new nations to the organisation. Rules of the game The rules of bandy is set in the Bandy Playing Rules. It is overseen by the Rules and Referee Committee. Cooperation with other sport governing bodies FIB has an agreement with the International Skating Union to use the same arenas. The cooperation between the two federations is increasing, since both have an interest in more indoor venues with large ice surfaces being built. Presidents The following persons have been presidents of FIB: After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian president Skrynnik said he would continue to lead the Federation of International Bandy, saying: "I'm not going to suspend my Presidency. If someone wants, let them gather a quorum, and I'll suspend it." Events Bandy World Championship Women's Bandy World Championship Youth Bandy World Championship European Bandy Championships Bandy at the Asian Winter Games Members and years of admission The federation was founded by the national bandy associations in Finland, Norway, the Soviet Union and Sweden on 12 February 1955. The Soviet membership was taken over by Russia in early 1992, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991. For two months, the former Soviet Union national bandy team appeared as Commonwealth of Independent States, but the CIS was never formally a member of the FIB. Regions of Members: 27 Countries in 4 Zones (Updated at 25 March 2022): Former members Soviet Union 1955–1991: When the international federation was founded in 1955, the Soviet Union was one of its founding members. The Soviet national federation was called the Federation of bandy and field hockey USSR (Федерация хоккея с мячом и хоккея на траве СССР). The Soviet Union had a national bandy team for men and a national bandy team for women. When the Soviet Union was dissolved in December 1991, the national team came to represent the Commonwealth of Independent States for some months. In 1992, Russia took over its place in FIB. West Germany/Germany 1990–1991: Before the present German Bandy Association was founded in 2013, there had been an earlier, short-lived German federation, which was a member of FIB from 29 January 1990 until March 1991, when it voluntarily choose to leave. In its short life span, it still overlived the German reunification in October 1990. A number of national federations have been admitted as members during the years but then for different reasons not survived, often because of a lack of interest in the sport in their countries. In early 2017, seven federations were removed from the member list of FIB and in the summer of 2018 one more. These defunct national federations were: , Bandy Federation of Argentina, admitted to FIB in 2008 , Australian Bandy League, admitted to FIB on 4 June 2006 , Bandy Federation of Denmark, admitted to FIB in 2014 , Bandy Federation of Ireland, admitted to FIB on 4 June 2006 , Italian Bandy Federation, admitted to FIB on 26 October 2003 , Bandy Federation of Kyrgyzstan, admitted to FIB on 3 February 2005 , Bandy Federation of Poland, admitted to FIB on 31 January 2006 , Bandy Federation of Serbia, admitted to FIB on 4 June 2006 Continental federations The Asian countries in FIB have founded the Asian Bandy Federation, which has its headquarters in Almaty, Kazakhstan. This helps organize the bandy competition at the Asian Winter Games and works to spread the knowledge of bandy in Asia. Members: See also Association of IOC Recognised International Sports Federations Notes External links Official website Sports organizations established in 1955 Bandy Sports governing bodies in Sweden Bandy Sports governing bodies 1955 establishments in Sweden
3992060	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest%20%28cigarette%29	Quest (cigarette)	Quest was an American brand of cigarettes manufactured by Vector Tobacco and available in the United States from 2002-2010. It was manufactured using genetically altered tobacco plants. The product was available in three versions. Quest 1, Quest 2, and Quest 3. Each version of the product contained a different amount of nicotine. Quest 1 was reported to have of .6 mg of nicotine. Quest 2 was reported to have of .3 mg of nicotine. Quest 3 was reported to have only trace amounts of nicotine (.05 mg). The manufacturer stressed that Quest cigarettes contained all of the unhealthy carcinogens and had the same side effects of a regular cigarette with the single exception of reduced nicotine levels. References External links Cigarette brands
3992061	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot%20ROM	Boot ROM	The boot ROM or bootROM is a type of ROM that is used for booting a computer system. Why it is used Upon power up, hardware usually starts uninitialized. To continue booting, the system may need to read a bootloader from some peripheral device. However, hardware itself isn't necessarily sophisticated or flexible enough to sequence this operation. This problem could be solved by placing ROM in a well known fixed location immediately available to the CPU upon power up. Boot ROM is often placed on the same die as the CPU, however external boot ROMs also exist, especially in older systems. External boot ROM is also used to provide new features, e.g. some network cards allow their computers to boot from a network by providing relevant boot ROM information and implementing relevant network protocols. Operation After the voltages have stabilized and the hardware is ready to start booting, the processor jumps to the address where the boot ROM is mapped in memory. The code in the boot ROM is then run by the processor. The boot ROM will then initialize the hardware busses and peripherals needed to boot. In some cases the boot ROM is capable of initializing RAM, and in other cases it is up to the bootloader to do that. At the end of the hardware initialization, the boot ROM will try to load a bootloader from external peripheral(s) (like an eMMC, a microSD card, and so on) or through specific protocol(s) on a bus for data transmission (like USB, UART, etc). In many systems on a chip, the peripherals or buses from which the boot ROM tries to load the bootloader, and the order in which they are loaded, can be configured. This configuration can be done by blowing some electronic fuses inside the system on a chip to encode that information, or by having specific pins of the system on a chip high or low at boot. Some boot ROMs are capable of checking the digital signature of the bootloader and will refuse to run the bootloader and stop the boot if the signature is not valid or has not been signed with an authorized key. With some boot ROMs the hash of the public key needed to verify the signatures is encoded in electronic fuses inside the system on a chip. Some system on a chip boot ROMs also support a Public key infrastructure and the hash of the certificate authority(CA) public key is encoded in the electronic fuses instead, and the boot ROM will then be able to check if the bootloader is signed by an authorized key by verifying that key with the CA public key (whose hash is encoded in the electronic fuses).. That feature can then be used to implement security features or used as a hardware root of trust in a Chain of trust, but once configured, users are denied the freedom to replace the bootloader with the one they want. Because of this the feature has raised strong concerns from the free software community. Just before jumping to the bootloader, some systems on a chip also remove the boot ROM from the memory mapping, while others do not, making it possible to dump the boot ROM from later analysis. If the boot ROM is still visible, bootloaders can also call the code of the boot ROM (which is sometimes documented). Suspend to RAM When a system on a chip enters suspend to RAM mode, in many cases, the processor is completely off while the RAM is put in self refresh mode. At resume, the boot ROM is executed again and many boot ROMs are able to detect that the system on a chip was in suspend to RAM and can resume by jumping directly to the kernel which then takes care of powering on again the peripherals which were off and restoring the state that the computer was in before. Specific implementations Allwinner On many Allwinner System on a chip (A10, A20, A64), the boot ROM either waits for a bootloader to be loaded through USB (if a specific PIN is high) or tries to boot on several peripherals in a fixed order. Some Allwinner systems on a chip can verify the signature of the booloaders. But most devices being manufactured are not configured for that. This has enabled free and open-source software to add support for many Allwinner systems on a chip and devices using them in bootloaders like U-Boot. Apple On iOS devices, the boot ROM is called "SecureROM". It is a stripped down version of iBoot. It provides a Device Firmware Upgrade (DFU) mechanism, which can be activated using a special key combination. NXP The boot ROM of NXP systems on a chip support configuring the peripherals through specific pins of the system on a chip. On the I.MX6 family it also supports configuring the boot order through efuses. The boot ROM of several NXP systems on a chip have many ways to load the first stage bootloader (from eMMC, microSD, USB, etc). Several NXP systems on a chip can be configured to verify the signature of the bootloaders. Many devices with such system on a chip were sold without that verification configured and on those devices users can install the bootloader they want, including several free and open-source software bootloaders like Das U-Boot and Barebox. Texas Instruments The boot ROM of several Texas Instruments systems on a chip support configuring the peripherals through specific pins of the system on a chip. The boot ROM of several Texas Instruments systems on a chip have many ways to load the first stage bootloader (which is called MLO in the systems on a chip reference manuals): It can be loaded from various storage devices (MMC/SD/eMMC, NAND, etc). With MMC/SD/eMMC, it can be loaded directly from card sectors (called RAW mode in the manual) or from a FAT12/16/32 partition. It can also be loaded from USB or UART. On the OMAP36xx system on a chip, the boot ROM looks for the first stage bootloader at the sectors 0x0 and 0x20000 (128KB), and on the AM3358 system on a chip, it additionally looks at 0x40000 (256KiB) and 0x60000 (384KiB). In both cases its maximum size is 128KiB. This is because the (first stage) bootloader is loaded in an SRAM that is inside the system on a chip. The OMAP and AM335x systems on a chip can be configured to verify the signature of the booloaders. Many devices with such system on a chip were sold without verification configured and on those devices users can install the bootloader they want, including several free and open-source software bootloaders like Das U-Boot and Coreboot and Barebox. STMicro STM32 STMicro STM32 family microcontrollers have built-in on-chip ROM (also referred as "built-in bootloader") to facilitate empty system flashing. Certain pin combinations or sometimes efuses and/or empty flash checks force the chip to boot from ROM instead of the firmware in main flash. This allows empty chips to be flashed without resorting to hardware programming interfaces. Technically this ROM is stored in a dedicated area of the flash array and programmed by STMicro during production. Most STM32 microcontrollers can at least be flashed over UART, some support USB and eventually other interfaces like e.g. I2C, SPI, or CAN. The Cortex-M CPU core normally fetches vectors from the well-known addresses 0x00000000 (initial stack pointer value) and 0x00000004 (initial program counter value). However pins and/or fuses define which memory is mapped at these addresses. Built-in boot ROM is one of the mapping options, another would typically be main firmware in flash. In this case, firmware is supposed to do all the jobs boot ROMs do; part of the firmware could act as a bootloader similar to ST's boot ROM. Hardware could provide read-only enforcement on the boot area, turning it into a user-provided version of boot ROM. Known vulnerabilities and exploits Apple On devices running iOS, boot ROM exploits (like Limera1n and checkm8) are sometimes used for iOS jailbreaking. The advantage for people wanting to jailbreak their devices over exploits that affect iOS is that since the boot ROM cannot be modified—and that devices running iOS do not have fuses to append code to the boot ROM, Apple cannot fix the vulnerability on existing devices. Nintendo Switch The boot ROM of the Nintendo Switch contained a vulnerability which made it possible for users to run the bootloader they want. See also Booting process of Android devices ROM image References Computer memory Firmware
3992074	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Airy%20Arboretum	Mount Airy Arboretum	Mt. Airy Arboretum, , is an arboretum set within Mt. Airy Forest (1,470 acres), a public park located at 5083 Colerain Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio. It is open daily without charge. The arboretum began in 1911 when the Cincinnati Park Board purchased of land for reforestation and conservation. It has since expanded to , of which are reforested in hardwoods, reforested in evergreens, in native woodland, of open meadows, and operated as an arboretum proper. The arboretum includes more than 5,000 plants representing 1,600 species and varieties of woody plants. It contains one of the finest dwarf conifer collection in the Midwest, set around a pond. Other collections include ash, azalea, birch, beech, buckeye, cherry, crabapple, deutzia, dogwood, elm, euonymus, fir, hawthorn, hemlock, juniper, lilac, magnolia, maple, oak, poplar, spruce, viburnum, willow, and yew. External links Mt. Airy Forest See also List of botanical gardens in the United States Arboreta in Ohio Botanical gardens in Ohio Parks in Cincinnati Protected areas of Hamilton County, Ohio
3992077	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20RC51	Honda RC51	The Honda RC51, also known as the RVT1000R (in the United States) or VTR1000 SP1 (Europe and Australia), is a 90° V-twin motorcycle produced by Honda from 2000 to 2006. Built by Honda to prove a point that Honda could outsmart Ducati on the track using a V-Twin. Mechanicals and chassis The engine is a 999cc dual overhead cam V-twin unit with two fuel injectors and four valves per cylinder. Power is delivered to the rear wheel by a close-ratio, six-speed transmission. The chassis is constructed from aluminium alloy, being a twin-spar design. The RC51 is a racing superbike which benefits from gearbox sprocket changes for street use. Factory RC51s were highly geared for top speed performance. History The RC51 was designed as the motorcycle to be used by Honda's racing teams in the Superbike World Championship. The 2000–2001 models are designated SP1, while the 2002–2006 models are designated SP2 (the latter having updated fuel injection and suspension systems). 1988–2002 In 1988, new rules in superbike racing allowed V-twin engines up to 999 cc to compete. Prior to the rules change, 750 cc four-cylinder motorcycles were the dominant force in production based competition. During the first two years of the World Superbike championship, Honda won the series with their RC30, powered by a 750 cc V-4. In 1990, however, Raymond Roche secured Ducati's first world title aboard the Ducati 851. Throughout the next 11 years, Ducati would go on to win 8 World Superbike Championships with their V-twins (Honda won two and Kawasaki just one). Honda was unable to win consistently, particularly because of rival V-twins' displacement advantage over Honda's V-4. In 2000 Honda released the RC51, powered by a 999 cc liquid-cooled V-twin engine. That year, it won the World Superbike Championship with Colin Edwards riding for the Castrol team. In 2001, Ducati regained the title but the RC51 was still a contender boasting superior reliability with comparable speed and power. The RC51 won again in its final year of factory-supported racing in World Superbike in 2002 after Edwards' tremendous title fight with Troy Bayliss and that same year also captured the AMA Superbike title with Nicky Hayden. Honda had taken the lessons learned in the SP-1's first season, producing the SP-2 for 2002. A stronger, more rigid frame and swingarm were identical to the WSB race bike parts and engine modifications boosted peak power by 3 kW (4 bhp) and cut weight by 5 kg (11 lb). Factory specifications for road going SP-2s (sourced from Honda) were 133 bhp with a top speed of 168 mph (270 km/h). Wim Motors won the 2001 Endurance FIM World Championship. 2003–present Honda stopped official support for superbike racing in 2003 (though some teams have had factory support) and as superbike rules changed to allow 1000 cc 4-cylinder bikes the RC51 was replaced by the CBR1000RR Fireblade as the Honda superbike racer. In 2004, Honda released the Nicky Hayden special edition, which differed from previous models in that it had a brushed aluminum frame and swing arm, a sticker kit, and white number plates on the front upper fairing and tail fairing. Notes References External links Honda RC51 model information. RC51 (RVT1000R) Sport bikes Motorcycles introduced in 2000
3992096	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DUX%20submachine%20gun	DUX submachine gun	The DUX-53 and DUX-59 were submachine guns designed at the Oviedo Arsenal in Spain. They were based directly on the design of the Finnish 9mm Model 44 submachine gun, which in turn was based on the Soviet PPS-43. Users : Sold to the Bundesgrenzschutz. References Ezell, Edward Clinton (1977). Small Arms of the World, 11th edition. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. 9mm Parabellum submachine guns Military equipment introduced in the 1950s Submachine guns of Spain
3992102	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perote%20Guards	Perote Guards	The Perote Guards were organized in 1859 in Perote, presently in Bullock County, Alabama. The first Captain was George William Dawson. They were sent to Pensacola, Florida, where they became Company D of the 1st Alabama Infantry Regiment. The 1st Alabama Infantry surrendered on April 7, 1862, at Island No. 10. History of the flag The company's uniforms and flag were handmade by the ladies of Perote. The flag was presented to the Guards in September 1860 by Miss Crossley and received for the company by M. B. Locke on the steps of the Methodist Church. Upon receipt of a regimental flag, in the summer of 1861, the company flags were placed with the regimental quartermaster for safe keeping. Following the surrender of the 1st Alabama Infantry, the flag was seized from the company baggage by members of the 15th Wisconsin Infantry and eventually carried back to Wisconsin. Dr. Thomas Owen, Director of the Alabama Department of Archives and History, learned of the flag's location and requested its return in the summer of 1903. Ruben G. Thwaites, Secretary of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, replied on June 19, 1903, that he felt the Society would be quite willing to return the flag. This, however, would require a resolution by the Wisconsin legislature which did not meet again until January 1905. On March 15, 1905 acting Governor of Alabama Russel M. Cunningham requested that the flag be returned. Joint Resolution Number 29-S of the Legislature of the State of Wisconsin, April 13, 1905, approved the return of the flag and it was finally received on August 5, 1905. See also List of Alabama Civil War Confederate units References Information from Alabama State Archives website Curator's Object Files, Civil War Flags, Alabama Department of Archives and History. Brewer, Willis. Alabama: Her Resources, War Records and Public Men, From 1540 to 1872. Montgomery, AL. 1872. McMorries, Edward Young. History of the First Regiment Alabama Volunteer C.S.A.. Montgomery, AL, 1904. 1967. Tancig, W. J. Confederate Military Land Units, 1861-1865. New York, Thomas Yoseloff, 1967. External links Photo of Perote Guards flag, at Alabama State Archive (accessed 11 October 2006) Bullock County, Alabama Units and formations of the Confederate States Army from Alabama 1859 establishments in Alabama
3992119	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore%20geography%20and%20environment	Bangalore geography and environment	Bangalore is situated in the southeast of the South Indian state of Karnataka. It is positioned at 12.97° N 77.56° E and covers an area of . A landlocked city, Bangalore is located in the heart of the Mysore Plateau (a region of the larger Deccan Plateau) at an average elevation of . Bangalore district borders with Kolar and Chikkaballapur in the northeast, Tumkur in the northwest, and Mandya and Ramanagaram in the southeast. Geography Bangalore lies in the southeast of the South Indian state of Karnataka. It is in the heart of the Mysore Plateau (a region of the larger Precambrian Deccan Plateau) at an average elevation of 920 m (3,020 ft). It is positioned at and covers an area of 1741 km2 (673 mi2). The majority of the city of Bangalore lies in the Bangalore Urban district of Karnataka and the surrounding rural areas are a part of the Bangalore Rural district. The region comprising the Bangalore Urban and Rural districts is known as the Bangalore (region). The Government of Karnataka has carved out the new district of Ramanagara from the old Bangalore Rural district. In the 16th century, Kempe Gowda I constructed many lakes to meet Bangalore's water requirements. The Kempambudhi Kere, since overrun by modern development, was prominent among those lakes. In the earlier half of 20th century, the Nandi Hills waterworks was commissioned by Sir Mirza Ismail (Diwan of Mysore, 1926–41 CE) to provide water supply to the city. Currently, the river Kaveri provides around 80% of the total water supply to the city with the remaining 20% being obtained from the Thippagondanahalli and Hesaraghatta reservoirs of the Arkavathi river. Bangalore receives 800 million liters (211 million US gallons) of water a day, more than any other Indian city. However, Bangalore sometimes does face water shortages, especially during the summer season — more so in the years of low rainfall. A random sampling study of the air quality index (AQI) of twenty stations within the city indicated scores that ranged from 76 to 314, suggesting heavy to severe air pollution around areas of traffic concentration. Bangalore has a handful of freshwater lakes and water tanks, the largest of which are Madivala tank, Hebbal Lake, Ulsoor Lake and Sankey Tank. Groundwater occurs in silty to sandy layers of the alluvial sediments. The Peninsular Gneissic Complex (PGC) is the most dominant rock unit in the area and includes granites, gneisses and migmatites, while the soils of Bangalore consist of red laterite and red, fine loamy to clayey soils. Vegetation in the city is primarily in the form of large deciduous canopy and minority coconut trees. Though Bangalore has been classified as a part of the seismic zone III, it has experienced quakes of magnitude as high as 6.4. Topography Bangalore has two unique Topography terrains—North Bangalore taluk and the South Bangalore taluk. The North Bangalore taluk is a relatively more level plateau and lies between an average of 839 to 962 meters above sea level. The middle of the taluk has a prominent ridge running NNE-SSW. The highest point in the city, Doddabettahalli, (962m) is on this ridge. There are gentle slopes and valleys on either side of this ridge. The low-lying area is marked by a series of water tanks varying in size from a small pond to those of considerable extent, but all fairly shallow. The topography of Bangalore is undulating with a central ridge running NNE-SSW. The highest point is Doddabettahalli, which is 962 m (3,156 ft) and lies on this ridge. No major rivers run through the city, though the Arkavathi and [Dakshin Pinakini river] cross paths at the Nandi Hills, 60 km (37 mi.) to the north. River Vrishabhavathi, a minor tributary of the Arkavathi, arises within the city at Basavanagudi and flows through the city. The rivers Arkavathi and Vrishabhavathi together carry much of Bangalore's sewage. A sewerage system, constructed in 1922, covers 215 km2 (133 mi2) of the city and connects with five sewage treatment centers located in the periphery of Bangalore. Outflow from Bellandur lake and Varthur lake valleys go to Ponnaiyar river that flows towards Hosur. The South Bangalore taluk has an uneven landscape with intermingling hills and valleys. The southern and western portions of the city consist of a topology of granite and gneissic masses. The eastern portion is a plane, with rare minor undulations. There are no major rivers flowing through the city. However, rivers Arkavathi and Kaveri merge within the proximity of Mekedatu, which lie 60 km south of Bangalore. River Vrishabhavati, a tributary of Arkavathi, flows for a small stretch in the Bangalore North taluk and carries a bulk of the city's sewerage. The age old South Pennar river, also known as Dakshina Pinakini, used to run through the eastern side of the city. Now it is being considered for renewal and rejuvenation by the government. The city has a handful of freshwater lakes and water tanks such as Madivala tank, Hebbal tank, Ulsoor lake and Sankey Tank. Groundwater occurs in silty to sandy layers of alluvial sediments and jointed quartzite. The rock types prevalent in the district belong to the Saugar, Charnokite and Peninsular Gneissic Complex (PGC) groups. The PGC is the dominant group of rocks and covers two-thirds of the area and includes granites, gneisses and migmatites. The soils in Bangalore vary from red laterite to clayey soils. Climate Due to its elevation, Bangalore enjoys a pleasant and equable climate throughout the year. However, due to deforestation, the temperature has recently risen. The new record is around 40 degrees Celsius in 2016. Winter temperatures rarely drop below 13 °C (52 °F) and summer temperatures seldom exceed 37 °C (97 °F) The hottest summer day on average has a maximum temperature of about 37 degrees celsius, and the coldest winter day has a temperature of about 13 degrees celsius. Occasionally, heat waves can cause temperatures of up to 38 degrees celsius. A cold wave hit in the winter of 2018, leading to temperatures as low as 9 degrees celsius. Bangalore receives about 970 mm of rain annually, with the wettest months being August, September and October. The heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period was 159.7 mm recorded on 1 October 1997. Most of the rainfall occurs during late afternoon, evening or night and rain before noon is infrequent. November 2015 (290.4 mm) was recorded as one of the wettest months in Bangalore with heavy rains causing severe flooding in some areas, and closure of a number of organisations for over a couple of days. Seismicity Because it lies in the seismically stable region, Zone III (encompassing parts of Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh), Bangalore has been untouched by major seismic events. Only mild tremors have been recorded frequently in the city. The largest earthquake that has ever hit the city was of magnitude 6.4 in April 1843. Land use According to data contained in the Bangalore Mahanagara Palike Master Plan, 40.4% of the land in the city is used for residential purposes. Transport uses 24.3% of the land, while land used for industrial, and commercial purposes comprise 6.9% and 2.7% respectively. As the city of Bangalore expands, the BMP expects the percentage of land used for industrial purposes to decrease, while it expects the percentages of land used for residential, commercial and public and semi-public purposes to increase. General metropolitan environment A random sampling study of the air quality index (AQI) of twenty stations within the city indicated scores that ranged from 76 to 314, suggesting heavy to severe air pollution around areas of traffic concentration. Major pollutants contributing to Bangalore's high AQI score include nitrogen oxide, Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) and carbon monoxide. The Bangalore metropolitan area, referred to as the Garden City of India has an abundance of fauna and flora.But now this is gone due to deforestation. The city has two nationally renowned botanical gardens—Cubbon Park and Lal Bagh. A majority of the trees in the city are big to medium canopy trees with girths above 40 cm. Coconut trees form a large minority of the tree population in the city. In 2003, the Battelle Environmental Evaluation System (BEES) index used to evaluate environmental components was used to rate Bangalore's physical, biological and socioeconomic parameters. The results are summarized in Table 1. See also Geography of India References Further reading Bangalore Metropolitan Rapid Transport Limited, Environmental Impact Analysis, 2003 last accessed 6 February 2006. Indian Institute of Science, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Study Area: Bangalore last accessed 6 February 2006. Visualizing Bangalore weather Singh. R.L. 1964. Bangalore - an urban survey. Tara Publications, Varanasi, First Edition. Venkatarayappa, K.N. 1957. Bangalore (A Socio-Ecological Study). Bombay University Press, Bombay. Environment of Karnataka
3992130	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNI	PNI	PNI may refer to: Organizations Indonesian National Party (Partai Nasional Indonesia), the name used by several political parties in Indonesia Palestinian National Initiative, a Palestinian political party PNI Digital Media (Photochannel Networks Inc), a US company that operates an on-demand photographic printing service United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Programme Network, a global research- and information-sharing network Science Perineural invasion, cancer spreading along a nerve Psychoneuroimmunology, the study of interaction between the nervous system and immune system Technology Prescott New Instructions, also known as SSE3, an instruction set introduced with the Intel Prescott processor in 2004 Private Network Interconnect, a method of Internet peering Places PNI, IATA Airport Code for Pohnpei International Airport in Micronesia
3992137	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%20Photo%20Gallery	Windows Photo Gallery	Windows Photo Gallery (formerly known as Windows Live Photo Gallery) is a discontinued image organizer, photo editor and photo sharing program. It is a part of Microsoft's Windows Essentials software suite. The product has been unavailable for download since January 10, 2017, as the Windows Essentials line of products have been discontinued. Features Windows Photo Gallery provides management, tagging, and searching capabilities for digital photos. It provides an image viewer that can replace the default OS image viewer, and a photo import tool that can be used to acquire photos from a camera or other removable media. Windows Photo Gallery also allows sharing of photos by uploading them to OneDrive, Windows Live Groups, Flickr and Facebook. Photo management Windows Photo Gallery provides the ability to organize digital photo collection in its Gallery view, by adding titles, rating, captions, and custom metadata tags to photos. There is also limited support for tagging and managing video files, though not editing them. Windows Photo Gallery uses the concept of hierarchical tagging (e.g. People/Jim, Places/Paris) to organise photos. Deleting a tag from Windows Photo Gallery will also remove it from all photos in the utility. Adobe Systems's Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP) metadata standard, a descendant of the ubiquitous Exif standard which almost all digital cameras currently support, is also supported. This allows for data such as the tags to be stored and edited much more efficiently than EXIF or IPTC. Since Windows Live Photo Gallery 2011, geotagging and people tagging (with facial detection and recognition) is also supported. For some supported image file types, People Tags can be read and saved using the Microsoft People Tag XMP Schema. Photo editing Windows Photo Gallery allows photos to be edited for exposure or color correction. It also provides other basic photo editing functions, such as resizing, cropping, and red-eye reduction. Users can view a photo's color histogram, which allows them to adjust the photo's shadows, highlights and sharpness. Further, Windows Photo Gallery also includes editing tools such as blemish remover and noise reduction. Photo editing technologies developed by Microsoft Research, including Panoramic stitching, Photo Fuse, and AutoCollage are also included in Windows Photo Gallery. Windows Photo Gallery also supports the ability to batch resize photos, where multiple photos can be resized in one single action, as well as the ability to rotate videos. Photo and video import Windows Photo Gallery's photo/video import tool provides the ability to view, select, and tag photos that are automatically grouped by date-taken. Format support Windows Photo Gallery is based on the PIX engine which uses the Windows Imaging Component (WIC) library. The application has native metadata handling and tagging support and since the Windows Imaging Component is extensible, it can organize and view any image format for which a third party WIC codec is installed. Therefore, the supported formats depend on the Windows version, additional WIC codecs for QuickTime/raw image formats/Webp, and platform updates, e.g., JPEG (.jpg, .jpeg), BMP (.bmp), PNG (.png), TIFF (.tif and .tiff), HD Photo .wdp (later replaced by JPEG XR .jxr), and GIF(.gif) images, as well as most common video formats. Windows Photo Gallery uses the Windows Color System. Legacy image formats such as PCX and WMF without WIC codec cannot be viewed. For animated GIFs only individual frames are shown. History Digital Image Photo Library 9 The application started development in December 2001 as a new "Photo Library" offering (code named "POD") that was added to the established "Picture It!" product. The combination was released under the name "Digital Image Suite". This was the first photo organization and management tool offered by Microsoft. It was released with Digital Image Suite 9 on June 3, 2003. Digital Image Photo Library 10 The second version was released on June 12, 2004 Digital Image Photo Library 11 The third and final version branded Photo Library was released April 22, 2005. A further "Anniversary edition" that included Windows Vista compatibility fixes was released August 18, 2006. Windows Photo Gallery The first version of Windows Photo Gallery was included with all editions of Windows Vista and replaced Windows Picture and Fax Viewer. Themed photo slideshows with smooth transitions were only available in the Home Premium and Ultimate editions. Windows Live Photo Gallery (Wave 2) With the release of Windows 7, Microsoft decided not to bundle Photo Gallery within the operating system. Instead, Windows 7 came bundled with a software called Windows Photo Viewer, which has the editing capabilities of Windows Photo Gallery removed. The full suite of Photo Gallery was released as part of the Windows Live Essentials software suite instead, and as such, the application was also renamed to "Windows Live Photo Gallery". The first version of Windows Live Photo Gallery beta was released on June 27, 2007, and the last version released on November 6, 2007. Windows Live Photo Gallery 2009 (Wave 3) Windows Live Photo Gallery 2009 came out in beta with the rest of Windows Live Essentials 2009 beta in September 2008, with a new interface. On December 15, 2008, the "beta refresh" versions of Windows Live Essentials 2009 applications were released including Photo Gallery. This release included many changes since the previous beta release based on user feedback. A significant visual change in this release was the introduction of a new application icon which added a common design theme to all the Windows Live Essentials applications. The words "beta" was removed from the build number. On January 7, 2009, the "beta refresh" versions were released as the final versions, with the exception of Windows Live Movie Maker. Windows Live Photo Gallery 2011 (Wave 4) Windows Live Photo Gallery 2011 beta was released by Microsoft, along with the rest of Windows Live Essentials 2011 beta, on June 24, 2010. The 2011 version features new additions such as batch people tagging, blemish remover and noise reduction. The beta refresh was released on August 18, 2010, and the final version of Windows Live Photo Gallery 2011 was released as part of the final version of Windows Live Essentials 2011 on September 30, 2010. It was updated with a hotfix (along with the rest of Essentials except for Mesh and Family Safety) on December 1, 2010. New features in Windows Live Photo Gallery 2011 include addition of a ribbon to the user interface, batch processing, a clone tool, facial recognition, geotagging with support for Bing Maps, image stitching, and noise reduction. Windows Live Photo Gallery 2011 also integrates with Facebook, Flickr, OneDrive, YouTube, and the now defunct Picasa Web Albums and Windows Live Spaces to facilitate file uploads to online services. Windows Photo Gallery 2012 (Wave 5) The Wave 5 version was released on August 7, 2012, as Windows Photo Gallery 2012; Microsoft dropped the Live branding from its title. Windows Photo Gallery 2012 introduced an AutoCollage feature that allow users to automatically create a collage of their images, as well as the ability to publish videos to Vimeo. References External links Official website (Archive) Windows components Photo Gallery Photo software Image organizers Image-sharing websites Image viewers Windows-only freeware Photo stitching software Discontinued Windows components el:Συλλογή φωτογραφιών του Windows Live
3992138	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20as%20an%20investment	Silver as an investment	Silver may be used as an investment like other precious metals. It has been regarded as a form of money and store of value for more than 4,000 years, although it lost its role as legal tender in developed countries when the use of the silver standard came to a final end in 1935. Some countries mint bullion and collector coins, however, such as the American Silver Eagle with nominal face values. In 2009, the main demand for silver was for industrial applications (40%), jewellery, bullion coins, and exchange-traded products. In 2011, the global silver reserves amounted to 530,000 tonnes. Collectors of silver and other precious metals who collect for the purpose of investment (either as their sole motivation or as one of several) are commonly nicknamed stackers, with their collections dubbed as stacks. The motivations for stacking silver varies between collectors. Millions of Canadian Silver Maple Leaf coins and American Silver Eagle coins are purchased as investments each year. While these bullion coins are legal tender, they are rarely accepted by shops. However, "junk silver" coins, which are minted for circulation, can still be found in circulation, albeit rarely. Price The price of silver is driven by speculation and supply and demand, like most commodities. The price of silver is notoriously volatile compared to that of gold because of the smaller market, lower market liquidity and demand fluctuations between industrial and store of value uses. At times, this can cause wide-ranging valuations in the market, creating volatility. Silver often tracks the gold price due to store of value demands, although the ratio can vary. The crustal ratio of silver to gold is 17.5:1. The gold/silver price ratio is often analyzed by traders, investors, and buyers. In Roman times, the price ratio was set at 12 (or 12.5) to 1. In 1792, the gold/silver price ratio was fixed by law in the United States at 15:1, which meant that one troy ounce of gold was worth 15 troy ounces of silver; a ratio of 15.5:1 was enacted in France in 1803. The average gold/silver price ratio during the 20th century, however, was 47:1. The price of silver has risen fairly steeply since September 2005, being initially around $7 per troy ounce but reaching $14 per troy ounce for the first time by late April 2006, and the average price of the month was $12.61 per troy ounce. As of March 2008, it hovered around $20 per troy ounce. However, the price of silver plummeted 58% in October 2008, along with other metals and commodities, due to the effects of the credit crunch. By April 2011, silver had rebounded to reach a 31-year high at $49.21 per ounce on April 29, 2011 due to concerns about monetary inflation and the solvency of governments in the developed world, particularly in the Eurozone. Influences The price of silver is influenced by a variety of factors. The silver market is considerably smaller than the gold market, with the London gold bullion market turns over 18 times more monetary value than silver. This allows a large trader or investor to influence the silver price either positively or negatively. Due to the properties of silver, it has a major role in the manufacturing of photovoltaics, RoHS compliant solder, clothing, and medical uses. Other new applications for silver include RFID tags, wood preservatives, water purification and food hygiene. Data from 2010 reveals that a majority of silver is being used for industry (487.4 million ounces), jewelry (167.0 million ounces), and investments (101.3 million ounces). Silver, like all precious metals, may be used as a hedge against inflation, deflation or devaluation. Public sentiment regarding silver as a hedge against inflation may be influenced by marketing campaigns from silver producers and affiliates. History The highest recorded silver prices were: 1979–1980 In part due to the actions of the Hunt Brothers (Nelson Bunker Hunt, William Herbert Hunt, and Lamar Hunt), the price for silver Good Delivery Bars jumped from about $6 per troy ounce to a record high of $49.45 per troy ounce on January 18, 1980, representing an increase of 724%. The highest price of physical silver is hard to determine, but based on the price of common silver coins, it peaked at about $40/oz. On January 7, 1980, in response to the Hunts' accumulation, the Commodity Exchange (COMEX) suddenly adopted "Silver Rule 7", placing heavy restrictions on the purchase of the commodity on margin, causing massive liquidations and enormous downward pressure on the price. The Hunt brothers had borrowed heavily to finance their purchases, and as the price began to fall again, dropping over 50% in just four days due to the sudden forced liquidation of margin positions, they became unable to meet their obligations, causing further panic in the precious metal markets. The Hunts were never found guilty of any criminal wrongdoing, although they lost a civil suit in connection to the event. The event also cause the Hunts' fortune to dwindle, culminating in them filing for bankruptcy. In 1989, they agreed to a civil settlement with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, paying out fines, and agreeing to a ban from trading commodities. 2010–2011 There was such immense risk to the world economy that investors drove the prices up by buying defensive commodities (e.g. silver or gold). When the short-term risks were believed to have subsided, many investors reallocated their assets back into yielding (dividend or interest) investments such as stocks or bonds. The 2011 United States debt ceiling crisis was a major factor in the rise of silver prices. The 2010, U.S., midterm elections highlighted policy differences between President Obama vs. the Tea Party movement. The price of silver concurrently rose from $17 to $30 as the elections approached. In late 2010 and 2011, silver found a "new normal" between $25 and $30. In 2011, Republicans in Congress demanded deficit reduction be part of legislation raising the nation's debt-ceiling. The resulting contention was resolved on 2 August 2011 by the Budget Control Act of 2011. During the first few months of 2011, Moody's and S&P both downgraded the outlook on US finances; this was a major shock to the financial world and resulted in silver's climb to $50. On April 18, 2011, U.S.-based rating agency S&P issued a "negative" outlook on the U.S.'s "AAA" (highest quality) sovereign-debt rating for the first time since the rating agency began in 1860, indicating there was a one-in-three chance of an outright reduction in the rating over the next two years. On April 25, 2011, silver traded $49.80 per ounce in the New York spot market. On August 5, 2011, S&P issued the first ever downgrade in the federal government's credit rating, citing their April warnings, the difficulty of bridging the parties and that the resulting agreement fell well short of the hoped-for comprehensive 'grand bargain'. The credit downgrade and debt ceiling debacle contributed to the Dow Jones Industrial Average falling nearly 2,000 points in late July and August. Following the downgrade itself, the DJIA had one of its worst days in history and fell 635 points on August 8. Then as it became likely that U.S. Secretary of Treasury Timothy Geithner would order the treasury to use extraordinary measures to delay the crisis, silver settled back at $35. As the debacle continued during the summer, silver moved in the range of $33 to $43. As it became clear that the "financial apocalypse" would be delayed by late summer, many investors dumped silver and commodities and moved back into U.S. equities. The price of silver quickly went back to $30 and declined below 2010 levels in the next few years. Whether classifying silver's movement as a 'bubble' (seen when comparing silver with gold) has been debatable, with Peter Schiff denying that a bubble ever existed and asserting that the factors that led to the increase in the silver price have not yet been resolved. Investment vehicles Bars A traditional way of investing in silver is by buying actual bullion bars. In some countries, like Switzerland and Liechtenstein, bullion bars can be bought or sold over the counter at major banks. The flat, rectangular shape of silver bars makes them ideal for storage in a home safe, a safe deposit box at a bank, or placed in allocated (also known as non-fungible) or unallocated (fungible or pooled) storage with a bank or dealer. Silver bars can either be cast or poured, or minted; both categories often involve the production of bars with intricate decorative designs that are attractive to collectors, often referred to as 'art bars'; these types of bars are often given as gifts. Various sizes of silver bars are 1, 10, 100 and 1000 troy ounces, 100 gram (3.215 troy ounces) and one kilogram (32.15 troy ounces), as well as other sizes. Coins and rounds Silver coins may be minted as either fine silver or junk silver. Fine silver coins minted by governments include the one-ounce, 99.99% Canadian Silver Maple Leaf and the 99.93% American Silver Eagle. Government-minted silver coins are legal tender, and often enjoy special taxation treatments. Fine silver rounds are produced by a variety of private mints. The term junk silver signifies silver coins without a numismatic premium. In the United States, this is taken to mean pre-1964 90% silver dimes, quarters, and half-dollars; $1 face value of those circulated coins contains 0.715 troy ounce (22.2 grams) of fine silver. All 1965-1970 and some 1976 Kennedy half dollars are minted with a 40% silver composition. "War nickel" is the name given to certain 1942-1945 nickels minted with a 35% silver composition. Other countries, such as Australia, Canada, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom also minted junk silver coins in the past. All three countries (except Switzerland) initially minted sterling silver coins for circulation, before the coins' silver content is reduced: Australia to 50% in 1946, Canada to 80% in 1920, and the United Kingdom to 50% near 1920. Exchange-traded products Silver exchange-traded products represent a quick and easy way for an investor to gain exposure to the silver price, without the inconvenience of storing physical bars. Silver ETPs include: iShares Silver Trust launched by iShares is the largest silver ETF on the market with over 340 million troy ounces of silver in storage. ETFS Physical Silver and ETFS Silver Trust launched by ETF Securities. Sprott Physical Silver Trust is a closed-end fund created by Sprott Asset Management. The initial public offering was completed on November 3, 2010. Accounts Most Swiss banks offer silver accounts where silver can be instantly bought or sold just like any foreign currency. Unlike holding physical silver, the customer has a claim against the bank for a certain quantity of metal. Digital gold currency providers and internet bullion exchanges, such as OneGold, BullionVault or GoldMoney, offer silver as an alternative to gold. Some of these companies allow investors to redeem their investment through the delivery of physical silver. Derivatives, CFDs and spread betting Derivatives, such as silver futures and options, currently trade on various exchanges around the world. In the U.S., silver futures are primarily traded on COMEX (Commodity Exchange), which is a subsidiary of the New York Mercantile Exchange. In November 2006, the National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX) in India introduced 5 kg silver futures. Mining companies These do not represent silver at all, but rather are shares in silver mining companies. Companies rarely mine silver alone, as normally silver is found within, or alongside, ore containing other metals, such as tin, lead, zinc or copper. Therefore, shares are also a base metal investment, rather than solely a silver investment. As with all mining shares, there are many other factors to take into account when evaluating the share price, other than simply the commodity price. Instead of personally selecting individual companies, some investors prefer spreading their risk by investing in precious metal mining mutual funds. Taxation In many tax regimes, silver does not hold the special position that is often afforded to gold. For example, in the European Union the trading of recognized gold coins and bullion products is VAT exempt, but no such allowance is given to silver. This makes investment in silver coins or bullion less attractive for the private investor, due to the extra premium on purchases represented by the irrecoverable VAT (charged at 20% in the United Kingdom and 19% for bars and 7% for bullion products with face value, e.g. The US Silver Eagle and the Canadian Maple Leaf, in Germany). Norwegian companies can legally deliver free of VAT to the rest of Europe within certain annual limits or can arrange for local pickup. Other taxes such as capital gains tax may apply for individuals depending on country of residence (tax status) and whether the asset is sold at increased nominal value. For example, in the United States, silver is taxed only when sold for a profit, at a special collectibles capital gain tax rate (the normal income tax rate, subject to a maximum of 28% for silver held over 1 year). In 2011, the Utah Legal Tender Act recognized U.S.-minted silver and gold coins as legal tender within Utah, so that they may be used to pay any debt in Utah without being subject to Utah's capital gains tax (although such a tax would still apply for federal tax purposes, as such a state law cannot override federal law). See also Precious metals as an investment Gold as an investment Palladium as an investment Platinum as an investment Diamonds as an investment Full-reserve banking References External links Current London Silver Fixing by the London bullion market Silver Precious metals as investment Commodities used as an investment Security Precious metals
3992140	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowty%20Propellers	Dowty Propellers	Dowty Propellers is a British engineering company based in Brockworth, Gloucestershire that specialises in the manufacture, repair and overhaul of propellers and propeller components for customers around the world. It is owned by General Electric, forming part of its GE Aviation Systems division. History The company was formed as Rotol Airscrews in 1937 by Rolls-Royce and Bristol Engines to take over both companies' propeller development, the market being too small to support more than one company. The name is a contraction of "ROlls-Royce" and "BrisTOL". Rotol's propellers were always considered leading edge, its models equipping the Hawker Hurricane, Supermarine Spitfire, and many other Second World War-era aircraft. By the end of the war it had introduced the first five-bladed propeller to see widespread use, used on late-model Spitfires. In 1943 the company changed its name from Rotol Airscrews Limited to Rotol Limited, and in 1952 it acquired British Messier Limited, a specialist in landing gear and hydraulics. In 1958, Bristol Aeroplane and Rolls-Royce agreed to sell Rotol and British Messier to the Dowty Group. By 1959 Rotol and British Messier along with Dowty Equipment and Dowty Fuel Systems became part of the new Dowty Aviation Division based at Cheltenham. In 1968, the company introduced the first fibreglass propellers, which went on to see widespread use. Since then it has migrated to carbon fibre, and remains a leader in propeller design. Following a series of changes of ownership, the original Dowty Rotol facility at Staverton is now owned by the Safran Group, operating as part of its Messier-Bugatti-Dowty Landing Gear subsidiary. Propeller design and manufacture was moved a few hundred metres down the road when the company was split into business units under its Dowty ownership in the early 1990s. On 16 January 2007, Dowty Propellers became part of GE Aviation Systems through GE buying Smiths Group’s aerospace division. On 5 February 2015, a fire at Dowty's Staverton facility caused severe damage to 80% of the factory building, destroying the main production line. A facility at Vantage Point Business Village in Mitcheldean, Gloucestershire, was selected for the company's interim propeller blade manufacturing. In late 2019, the company began moving its operations to an all-new purpose-built facility at Gloucester Business Park in Brockworth, on part of the site of the former aerodrome used by the Gloster Aircraft Company. Operations Dowty propellers are used on many turboprop feederliners, including the Bombardier Dash 8 Q400, Saab 340 and Saab 2000, and on turboprop transport aircraft such as later models of the C-130J and Alenia C-27J. Dowty propellers can also be found on LCACs used by the militaries of several countries. The US National Air and Space Museum's Udvar Hazy Center, Virginia, has a Dowty propeller on display. See also Messier-Dowty George Dowty List of aircraft propeller manufacturers References External links Dowty Propellers official site Information and pictures: Dowty Propellers plant in Gloucester, UK, from Smiths Aerospace web site. Grace's Guide "Dowty Rotol of Staverton, Churchdown" Aerospace companies of the United Kingdom Aircraft component manufacturers of the United Kingdom Aircraft propeller manufacturers British companies established in 1937 Companies based in Gloucestershire Engineering companies of the United Kingdom Manufacturing companies established in 1937 Science and technology in Gloucestershire
3992145	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAZWOPER	HAZWOPER	Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER; ) is a set of guidelines produced and maintained by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration which regulates hazardous waste operations and emergency services in the United States and its territories. With these guidelines, the U.S. government regulates hazardous wastes and dangerous goods from inception to disposal. 'HAZWOPER applies to five groups of employers and their employees. This includes employees who are exposed (or potentially exposed) to hazardous substances (including hazardous waste) and who are engaged in one of the following operations as specified by OSHA regulations 1910.120(a)(1)(i-v) and 1926.65(a)(1)(i-v): Cleanup operations required by a governmental body (federal, state, local or other) involving hazardous substances conducted at uncontrolled hazardous-waste sites Corrective actions involving clean-up operations at sites covered by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) as amended (42 U.S.C. 6901 et seq.) Voluntary cleanup operations at sites recognized by a federal, state, local, or other governmental body as uncontrolled hazardous-waste sites Operations involving hazardous waste which are conducted at treatment, storage and disposal facilities regulated by Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations, parts 264 and 265 pursuant to the RCRA, or by agencies under agreement with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to implement RCRA regulations Emergency response operations for releases of, or substantial threats of release of, hazardous substances (regardless of the hazard's location) The most commonly used manual for HAZWOPER activities is Department of Health and Human Services Publication 85–115, Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Site Activities. Written for government contractors and first responders, the manual lists safety requirements for cleanups and emergency-response operations. History Although its acronym predates OSHA, HAZWOPER describes OSHA-required regulatory training. Its relevance dates to World War II, when waste accumulated during construction of the atomic bomb at the Hanford Site. Years later, high-profile environmental mishaps (such as Love Canal in 1978 and the attempted 1979 Valley of the Drums cleanup) spurred federal legislative action, awakening the U.S. to the need to control and contain hazardous waste. Two programs—CERCLA, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976—were implemented to deal with these wastes. CERCLA (the Superfund) was designed to deal with existing waste sites, and RCRA addressed newly generated waste. The acronym HAZWOPER originally derived from the Department of Defense's Hazardous Waste Operations (HAZWOP), implemented on military bases slated for the disposal of hazardous waste left on-site after World War II. In 1989 production ended at the Hanford Site, and work shifted to the cleanup of portions of the site contaminated with hazardous substances including radionuclides and chemical waste. OSHA created HAZWOPER, with input from the Coast Guard, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In 1984, the combined-agency effort resulted in the Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Guidance Manual. On March 6, 1990, OSHA published Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response'' 1910.120, the HAZWOPER standard codifying the health-and-safety requirements companies must meet to perform hazardous-waste cleanup or respond to emergencies. Scope Hazardous waste, as defined by the standard, is a waste (or combination of wastes) according to 40 CFR §261.3 or substances defined as hazardous wastes in 49 CFR §171.8. Training levels OSHA recognizes several levels of training, based on the work the employee performs and the degree of hazard faced. Each level requires a training program, with OSHA-specified topics and minimum training time. General site workers initially require 40 hours of instruction, three days of supervised hands-on training and eight hours refresher training annually. Workers limited to a specific task, or workers on fully characterized sites with no hazards above acceptable levels, require HAZWOPER 24-Hour initial training, one day of supervised hands-on training and eight hours of refresher training annually. Managers and supervisors require the same level of training as those they supervise, plus eight hours. Workers at a treatment, storage or disposal facility handling RCRA waste require 24 hours of initial training, best practice two days of supervised hands-on training and eight hours of refresher training annually. 1910.120(p)(8)(iii)(B) Employee members of TSD facility emergency response organizations shall be trained to a level of competence in the recognition of health and safety hazards to protect themselves and other employees. This would include training in the methods used to minimize the risk from safety and health hazards; in the safe use of control equipment; in the selection and use of appropriate personal protective equipment; in the safe operating procedures to be used at the incident scene; in the techniques of coordination with other employees to minimize risks; in the appropriate response to over exposure from health hazards or injury to themselves and other employees; and in the recognition of subsequent symptoms which may result from over exposures. The First Responder Awareness Level requires sufficient training to demonstrate competence in assigned duties. The First Responder Operations Level requires Awareness-Level training plus eight hours. Hazardous Materials Technicians require 24 hours training plus additional training to achieve competence in specialized areas. Hazardous Materials Specialists require 24 hours training at the Technician level, plus additional specialized training. On-scene Incident Commanders require 24 hours training plus additional training to achieve competence in designated areas. In some instances, training levels overlap; other levels are not authorized by OSHA because their training is not sufficiently specific. A site safety supervisor (or officer) and a competent industrial hygienist or other technically qualified, HAZWOPER-trained person should be consulted. Training and certification sources An employer must ensure that the training provider covers the areas of knowledge required by the standard and provides certification to students that they have passed the training. Since the certification is for the student, not the employer, the trainer must cover all aspects of HAZWOPER operations and not only those at the current site. OSHA training requires cleanup workers to focus on personal protective equipment separately from emergency-response equipment. There are 4 levels of PPE that range from A-D that HAZWOPER training will cover that vary in skin, respiratory and eye protection. See also Firefighter References External links Department of Health and Human Services Publication 85–115, "Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Site Activities" OSHA HAZWOPER FAQ OSHA Federal Registers: Hazardous Waste Operations The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Occupational Safety and Health Administration Hazardous materials Rules
3992146	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone%20valve	Zone valve	A zone valve is a specific type of valve used to control the flow of water or steam in a hydronic heating or cooling system. In the interest of improving efficiency and occupant comfort, such systems are commonly divided up into multiple zones. For example, in a house, the main floor may be served by one heating zone while the upstairs bedrooms are served by another. In this way, the heat can be directed principally to the main floor during the day and principally to the bedrooms at night, allowing the unoccupied areas to cool down. This zoning can be accomplished in one of two ways: Multiple circulator pumps, or A single circulator pump and zone valves. Zone valve construction and operation Zone valves as used in home hydronic systems are usually electrically powered. In large commercial installations, vacuum or compressed air may be used instead. In either case, the motor is usually connected to the water valve via a mechanical coupling. For electrical zone valves, the motor is often a small shaded-pole synchronous motor combined with a rotary switch that can disconnect the motor at either of the two stopping points ("valve open" or "valve closed"). In this way, applying power to the "open valve" terminal causes the motor to run until the valve is open while applying power at the "close valve" terminal causes the motor to run until the valve is closed. The motor is commonly powered from the same 24 volt ac power source that is used for the rest of the control system. This allows the zone valves to be directly controlled by low-voltage thermostats and wired with low-voltage wiring. This style of valves requires the use of an SPDT thermostat or relay. Zone valves can also be constructed using wax motors and a spring-return mechanism. In this case, the valve is normally closed by the force of the spring but can be opened by the force of the wax motor. Removal of electrical power re-closes the valve. This style of zone valve operates with a perfectly ordinary SPST thermostat. For vacuum- or pneumatically operated zone valves, the thermostat usually switches the pressure or vacuum on or off, causing a spring-loaded rubber diaphragm to move and actuate the valve. Unlike the electrical zone valves, these valves automatically return to the default position without the application of any power, and the default position is usually "open", allowing heat to flow. Highly sophisticated systems may use some form of building automation such as BACnet or LonWorks to control the zone valves. Comparison with multiple circulator pumps Multiple zones can be implemented using either multiple, individually controlled circulator pumps or a single pump and multiple zone valves. Each approach has advantages and disadvantages. Multiple pump system Advantages: Lower total cost of ownership when zone valve failure and repair costs are taken into account. More robust and reliable system. Simple mechanical and control design ("SPST thermostats") Redundancy: If one zone pump fails, the others can remain working Far superior method of linking multiple heat sources. Such as gas and solid fuel in one system. Disadvantages: Higher initial installation cost. Circulator pumps cost more than zone valves Higher power consumption. Operating circulators draw more power any time the zone is actively heating. Zone valves, by comparison, draw little power at any time and many designs only draw power while in transition from open to close or vice versa. Zone valve system Advantages: Lower initial installation cost. Lower power consumption. Ease of maintenance certain models. Disadvantages: Zone valves are inherently more unreliable and prone to a very high failure rate. Zone valves operated by electric timing motors aren't "fail safe" (failing to the "open" condition). No inherent redundancy for the pump. A zone-valved system is dependent upon a single circulator pump. If it fails, the system becomes completely inoperable. The system can be harder to design, requiring both "SPDT" thermostats or relays and the ability of the system to withstand the fault condition whereby all zone valves are closed simultaneously. Typical manufacturers of zone valves ASC Belimo Bell & Gossett Boss Erie GINICE Honeywell Mut Meccanica Orkli Siemens Taco Valemo Controls See also Zone damper Hydraulics Plumbing valves
3992158	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aillwee%20Cave	Aillwee Cave	Aillwee Cave is a cave system in the karst landscape of the Burren in County Clare, Ireland. The name Aillwee is derived from the Irish which means "yellow cliff". Privately owned, it forms part of the Aillwee Cave and Birds of Prey Centre attraction. Description The cave system consists of over a kilometre of passages leading into the heart of the mountain. Its features include an underground river and a waterfall as well as some large stalactites and stalagmites. The remains of bears can also be seen inside the caves and allusions have been made to it being the last bear den in Ireland. The cave is typical of the Clare caves, consisting in the main of stream passage and ending in a sump. The general direction is east to west but turns due south some into the cave. The cave is considerably older than most of the Clare caves and originally contained a large stream. The stream has all but disappeared from the cave and is heavily backfilled with glacial infill. The formations visible on the show cave tour are rarely more than 8,000 years old but calcite samples in the recesses of the cave have been dated to over 350,000 years old. Discovery and exploration The cave was discovered in 1944, when a farmer named Jack McGann followed his dog, who was chasing a rabbit. The farmer did not explore very far into the caves, and did not tell anyone of the find for nearly 30 years. He told cavers of the cave in 1973 and that summer the cave was explored as far as a boulder choke. Show cave development began quite soon after. The boulder choke was removed in 1977 and access was gained to the rest of the cave. The "Marine Blast" tunnel was completed in 1992 to allow a circular trip. In 1976 the bones of two brown bears were found. These were subsequently determined to be over 10,000 years old. During this period only about 1000 people lived in Ireland. Public access The cave was opened to the public in 1976. As of 2018, roughly of cave passage is open to the public, one third of the total length of the cave. The tours end at a point called the Highway and exit the cave via a man-made tunnel. The access building has been awarded the Europa Nostra prize. Facilities include a café and gift shop. Birds of Prey Centre At the location there is also a Birds of Prey Centre offering shows and "hawk walks". In popular culture The caves appear in the Father Ted episode "The Mainland" under the name "The Very Dark Caves". They are also mentioned in a story in Part II of The Basset Chronicles by June J. McInerney. Partnerships The cave complex is a member of the local hospitality association, and an active partner of the Burren and Cliffs of Moher Geopark. Rock climbing Just 400-meters to the north of the upper car-park of the caves is the popular novice rock climbing location of Aill na Cronain. See also Bears in Ireland References Irish Speleology, Volume 2 No.4 p 19 External links Aillwee Cave official website Tourist attractions in County Clare Show caves in the Republic of Ireland Protected areas of County Clare
3992160	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6ging%20am%20Inn	Töging am Inn	Töging am Inn is a town of 9,382 inhabitants in the district of Altötting, Upper Bavaria, Germany. It lies on the river Inn. History Thanks to an artificial water canal, the town is adjacent to a large water power plant, which used to power e.g. an aluminum furnace. Because of many factories in the area, slave workers from the Dachau concentration camp were located nearby during World War II,. The town hit the news on 7 February 2006, when the roof of the local Netto supermarket collapsed. Nobody was hurt in the incident. References External links Populated places on the Inn (river)
5383934	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20CD-i%20games	List of CD-i games	This is a list of games made on the CD-i format, organised alphabetically by name. It includes cancelled games as well as actual releases. There are currently games on this list. See Lists of video games for related lists. Games Multimedia Unreleased Homebrew References CD-i Philips products
5383952	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markland%20Hill	Markland Hill	Markland Hill is a mostly residential district of Bolton, Greater Manchester, England. Historically within Lancashire, it is about 2.5 miles to the north west of the town centre. It lies on the lower south facing slopes of the West Pennine Moors. It is bounded by Lostock to the south, Doffcocker to the north, and Heaton to the east. It occupied the northern part of the Heaton township. Markland Hill County Primary School, which covers years Foundation to Year 6, is situated on Markland Hill. It is near Doffcocker Lodge lying within the Bolton Ring Road, which is locally designated as Victoria Road. References Areas of Bolton
5383973	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open%20Source%20Order%20of%20the%20Golden%20Dawn	Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn	The Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn (OSOGD) was an esoteric community of magical practitioners, many of whom came from pagan backgrounds. It was an initiatory teaching Order that drew upon the knowledge, experience, practices and spirit of the system of magical training and attainment developed by the original Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. The OSOGD ceased operating in September 2019. History The OSOGD was founded by Sam Webster in 2002 and based on the principles of the open-source software movement. The organization grew out of a series of workshops on ceremonial magic held by Webster in 2001. According to Sam Webster, According to The Manifesto of the Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn, the Order had undertaken to revise the teachings of the original Victorian era Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn system to work more effectively in the 21st century. This redaction of the original rituals has taken on the aspect of a number of principles, listed in the Manifesto as Open Source Magick, New Aeon, Freedom of Information, Thelema, Duty, Universalism, and Form and Function. In temple work, the OSOGD uses Egyptian, Enochian and Thelemic godforms in preference to the Judeo-Christian Archangels typical of the original Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. According to the Manifesto, OSOGD teaches "a progressively tiered system of spiritual development designed to invoke the Higher or Divine Genius latent in every human being." Membership To actually join the Order, a person must have had regular access to its Lodge, which was located in the San Francisco Bay Area. The Order did not conduct distance initiations, and required that all initiates attend initiation rituals in person. Influences The Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn drew heavily from Eastern sources, Thelema, Paganism, and the works of Aleister Crowley. See also Open-source religion Notes References Crow, John. "Interview with Sam Webster of the Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn" on Thelema Coast to Coast #28: June 24, 2006. Gasperson, Tina (2006). New-time religion in NewsForge: The Online Newspaper for Linux and Open Source (May 17, 2006). Retrieved June 1, 2006. Keane, Sam. "Open to Revisions" Search Magazine, Volume 6, Issue 19, May–June, 2009. Retrieved July 27, 2009 Krengel, Eric. Open Source Religion Explored Again -- Beyond the Western Traditions, January 16, 2007 OSOGD (2002). The Manifesto of the Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn. Retrieved June 1, 2006. Wicker, Christine (2005). Not In Kansas Anymore - A Curious Tale of How Magic is Transforming America. Harper San Francisco. External links 2002 establishments in the United States Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn Magical organizations Open content Religious belief systems founded in the United States Religious organizations established in 2002 Thelema 2019 disestablishments in the United States
3992163	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert%20Rose%20%28Sting%20song%29	Desert Rose (Sting song)	"Desert Rose" is a song by British musician Sting featuring Cheb Mami from his album Brand New Day (1999). According to Sting, the lyrics have to do with "lost love and longing". Riding a wave of pre-9/11 interest in Latin and Arabic cultures, the song peaked at 2 in Canada, No. 3 in Switzerland, No. 4 in Italy, No. 15 in the UK, and No. 17 in the US. The song is noted for Sting's duet performance with Algerian raï singer Mami. Reception The song's album Brand New Day received moderate to positive reviews, with some reviewers stating that it had a "world-beat", or sounded "exotic". However, in the reviews "Desert Rose" was cited as being different than the rest of the album, being one of the highlights of the album. The critics take on Sting's "world music" did not sit well with the singer, stating that he did not do world music, though acknowledging the North African feel to the song. Music video The music video was directed by Paul Boyd, and features Sting taking a trip through the Mojave Desert in a Jaguar S-Type driven by a masked female chauffeur while recording himself on a JVC GR-DVX4 video camera, and then going to a nightclub in Las Vegas to perform the song with Cheb Mami. Scenes also feature Sting walking alone in the desert holding the camera up. It ends with a shot of Sting with his eyes shut (possibly asleep) in the back seat of the Jaguar, which is then seen driving off into the distance. After shooting the video, Sting's manager Miles Copeland III approached a music licensing maven, Lloyd Simon, to work with Jaguar on a collaboration, and the auto company featured the video in their prominent television advertisements during the year 2000. Remixes Also included on the single releases were club remixes by Victor Calderone. One remixed version of the song was used in an alternative edit of the video, which included more sexually explicit footage. The song was later re-released on Sting's later album Duets. Track listings UK CD1 "Desert Rose (radio edit)" – 3:55 "If You Love Somebody Set Them Free" (live at the Universal Amphitheatre, Los Angeles) – 4:27 "Fragile" (live at the Universal Amphitheatre, Los Angeles) – 4:10 "Desert Rose" video (CD-ROM) UK CD2 "Desert Rose (Melodic Club Mix radio edit)" – 4:47 "Desert Rose (Melodic Club Mix)" – 9:21 "Desert Rose (Filter Dub Mix)" – 5:21 "Desert Rose (Melodic Club Mix)" video (CD-ROM) UK 12-inch "Desert Rose (Melodic Club Mix)" "Desert Rose (Filter Dub Mix)" "Desert Rose" (original) US CD "Desert Rose (radio edit)" – 3:54 "Desert Rose (Melodic Club Mix radio edit)" – 4:44 "Brand New Day (Murlyn Extended Mix)" – 5:01 "Brand New Day (Murlyn Radio Mix)" – 3:54 Europe CD "Desert Rose (radio edit)" – 3:54 "Desert Rose (Melodic Club Mix)" – 9:20 "Desert Rose (Melodic Club Mix radio edit)" – 4:44 "Brand New Day (Murlyn Mix)" – 5:01 "Brand New Day" video (CD-ROM) Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Release history References External links 1999 songs 2000 singles A&M Records singles Macaronic songs Music videos directed by Paul Boyd Number-one singles in Greece Number-one singles in Portugal Songs written by Sting (musician) Sting (musician) songs Male–male vocal duets
5383975	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%20Greek%20legislative%20election	1993 Greek legislative election	Parliamentary elections were held in Greece on 10 October 1993. The Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) of Andreas Papandreou, was elected with 170 of the 300 seats, defeating the conservative New Democracy party of Constantine Mitsotakis. Results Notes References Parliamentary elections in Greece 1990s in Greek politics Greece Legislative Greece
5383995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barua	Barua	Barua (also spelt as Baruah, Barooah, Baruwa, Baroova, Barooa, Baroowa, Borooah, Boruah, or Baroa) is a common Assamese surname. In Assam Valley History Originally, the Borua surname was used as a military position/title in the Chutia kingdom held by individuals from the Buruk clan. Some examples from history are Borhuloi Borua, Gajraj Borua, Manik Chandra Borua and Kasitora Borua who were Chutia officials. During the Ahom reign "Borua" represented by the Tai word Phu-ke(literally: "Leader of 10,000 men" in Ahom language), meant a superintending officer of the Paik system of the Ahom Army. Appointments as Boruas were made irrespective of the paik's religion or ethnicity. Among other ethnic groups, there is mention of Chutia Boruas in several instances of Buranjis. For example, there was a Chutia revolt against the monarchy led by a Chutia Borua in 1673. Ahom Borua was a position held by the family of the Chutia Kataki who joined the Ahoms, after the defeat of Chutias; Kachari Borua, Sonowal Borua and Thengal Borua were of Kachari origin, while others like Dewalia Borua, Bapu Borua and Bez Borua were Brahmins. Apart from these, during the Moamoria rebellion, the Matak rebels also appointed Boruas among themselves. Present As the position was granted to various people within the Assamese community, it found its place among the Koch, Morans, Chutias, Ahoms, Brahmins, and Motoks, Kacharis (Sonowals and Thengals), and the Kalitas. Baruas Pradan Baruah: Indian politician, former member of Assam Legislative assembly, member of parliament of Lakhimpur Lok Sabha. Kanaklata Barua: Indian freedom fighter from Assam. Birinchi Kumar Barua (1908–1964): Scholar, educationist, writer, historian, linguist, folklorist. Padmanath Gohain Baruah (1871–1946): First president of Assam Rhetorical Congress, novelist, poet, dramatist, analyst, and a thought provoking writer. Lakshminath Bezbaroa (1868–1938): Assamese author, essayist, playwright, poet, and satirist. Hemchandra Barua (1836–1897): Prominent writer, social reformer of Assamese of the 19th century. Hem Barua (1915–1977): Prominent poet, politician from Assam. Basanta Baruah (1999 - ): scholar, Tezpur University. Hem Barua (Tyagbir) (1893–1945): Indian independence activist, social worker, writer from Sonitpur district of Assam. Jnanadabhiram Barua (1880–1955): Notable writer, dramatist, translator of Assam, and a participant in India's freedom struggle. Gunabhiram Barua (1837–1894): An enlightened Assamese intellectual, ushered in new ideas about social reform in the early years of colonial rule in Assam. Amulya Barua (1922–1946): Pioneered modern Assamese poetry. Chandradhar Barua (1874–1961): Eminent writer, poet, dramatist and lyricist from Assam. Kanaklal Barua (1872–1940): Prominent writer (mainly in English language), essayist, historian, and politician from Assam. Ananda Ram Baruah (1850–1889): Sanskrit scholar, sixth Indian Civil Service officer of India, and the first from Assam. Ananda Chandra Barua (1907–1983): Writer, poet, playwright, translator, journalist, an actor from Assam. Binanda Chandra Barua (1901–1994): Noted Indian writer, poet of Assamese literature Jahnu Barua – Internationally acclaimed film-maker. Siva Prasad Barooah: Pioneer tea planter, path-breaker in Assamese journalism, renowned philanthropist, politician and humanist. Parvati Prasad Baruva: Famous Assamese music composer, poet, lyricist, dramatist: an icon of Assamese literature. Pramathesh Chandra Barua (1903–1951): Famous actor, director, and screenwriter of Indian films in the pre-independence era. Pratima Barua Pandey (1935–2002): Famous folk singer and daughter of Pramathesh Chandra Baruah. Dev Kant Baruah: President of the Indian National Congress at the time of Emergency (1975–1977). Rudra Baruah (1926–1980): Actor, composer, lyricist, singer and musician. Bhubanmohan Baruah (1914–1998): Novelist, short story writer from Assam. He wrote many novels under the pen-name of Kanchan Baruah. Navakanta Barua (1926–2002): Prominent Assamese novelist and poet. Joi Barua – Singer, musician, and lead vocalist from Assam. Radha Govinda Baruah (1900–1977): Founder of the Assam Tribune Group, sports enthusiast, introduced Assam to the culture of sports. Debo Prasad Barooah (1930–2013): Eminent intellectual, academician, author, historian and the former Vice-Chancellor (the Chief Executive) of Gauhati University. Beauty Sharma Barua (1951 – ): Assamese singer. Paresh Baruah: Vice-chairperson and the commander-in-chief of the United Liberation Front of Assam (Independent). Padum Barua : Notable Assamese filmmaker and musician. Director of Gonga Chilonir Pakhi . Notes References Other Links Barua (Bangladesh) people of Bangladesh are from the Buddhist stock. They spoke Pali initially and later shifted to Bengali. However, it is presumed that originally they were Assamese and later moved to Bengal and Bangladesh, and adapted their culture. External links Assamese-language surnames Social groups of Assam Ahom kingdom

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