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5382997
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal%20King
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Crystal King
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Crystal King may refer to:
Crystal King, a Japanese rock band active since 1979, known for performing the original theme song for the anime television series Fist of the North Star
A fictional character in Paper Mario
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5383009
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fadl
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Al-Fadl
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Al-Fadl (), also spelled Al-Fazl and in other ways, is an Arabic term meaning the bounty. It is used as a male given name and, in modern usage, a surname. It may refer to:
Given name
Al-Fadl ibn Salih (740–789), Abbasid governor in Syria and Egypt
Al-Fadl ibn Rawh ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi (died 794), provincial governor for the Abbasid Caliphate
Al-Fadl ibn al-Rabi' (757/8–823/4), chamberlain and vizier of the Abbasid caliphs Harun al-Rashid and al-Amin
Al-Fadl ibn Yahya (766–808), one of the Barmakids, governor in the Abbasid Caliphate under Harun al-Rashid
Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht (8th century), Persian scholar at the court of the Caliph Harun al-Rashid
Al-Fadl ibn Sahl (died 818), vizier of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun
Al-Fadl ibn Marwan (ca. 774–864), Christian vizier of the Abbasid caliph al-Mu'tasim
Fadl ibn Rabi'ah (ca. 1107), Bedouin emir, progenitor of the Al Fadl dynasty
Fadl ibn Isa (13th century), Al Fadl ruler under the Mamluks
Surname
Jamal al-Fadl (born 1963), Sudanese Islamic militant
Amer Al Fadhel (born 1988), Kuwaiti footballer
Other
Al Fadl, an Arab dynasty that ruled parts of Syria on behalf of various Muslim states
Al Fazl (newspaper), regular publication of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community
See also
Abu'l-Fadl
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3991361
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st%20Sustainment%20Command%20%28Theater%29
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1st Sustainment Command (Theater)
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The 1st Theater Sustainment Command (1st TSC) is a major subordinate unit of US Army Central at Fort Knox, Kentucky.
History
The 1st Theater Sustainment Command maintains two headquarters, the main command post located at Fort Knox, Kentucky and the operational command post located at Camp Arifjan, Kuwait.
The 1st Logistical Command was activated as a planning headquarters in October 1950 at Fort McPherson, Georgia.
During the Berlin Crisis of 1961, the new unit deployed to France to organize the base Logistics Command, which was responsible for the supervision of seven depots and area port operations in western and southwestern France. On August 11, 1962, the 1st Logistical Command returned to the United States where it was reassigned to III Corps at Fort Hood, Texas. Once at Fort Hood, the 1st Logistical Command resumed training and participated in a wide range of Logistical missions.
On April 1, 1965, the unit deployed to Vietnam to serve as the Logistics Command Headquarters for all units in the war. The mission included provision and management of maintenance, supply and transportation. During the five-year tour, the command's ranks swelled to 50,000 to include three area support commands, numerous brigades and group-sized units.
Two Soldiers assigned to 1st Logistical Command distinguished themselves by receiving the Medal of Honor: Sergeant William W. Seay and Specialist Fourth Class Larry G. Dahl.
On June 22, 1972, the command was re-designated the 1st Corps Support Command and reassigned to XVIII Airborne Corps, Fort Bragg, North Carolina. From 1972 until 2006, COSCOM deployed multiple times in support of disaster relief missions and the following operations: Urgent Fury (1983), Just Cause (1989), Desert Shield/Desert Storm (1990), Restore Hope (1992), Uphold Democracy (1994), Provide Refuge (1999), Operation Iraqi Freedom (2004), Enduring Freedom (2001), Spartan Shield (2012), Inherent Resolve (2014), Resolute Support (2015), and Freedom's Sentinel (2015)
On April 16, 2006, COSCOM was re-designed as the 1st Theater Sustainment Command and reassigned to Third Army, U.S. Army Central Command. In August 2017, the 1st Theater Sustainment Command ended its more than four decades of history on Fort Bragg when they cased their colors and moved to a new U.S. Headquarters at Fort Knox, Kentucky.
Vietnam War
Background
As early as 1962, the need for a centralized U.S. logistical organization in South Vietnam was foreseen by Commander U.S. Military Assistance Advisory Group, Vietnam, Lieutenant General Paul D. Harkins. The proposal was disapproved, however by Commander in Chief, United States Army Pacific and Commander in Chief Pacific, who felt that the requirement was not justified at that time.
The idea was revived in August 1964 by the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV) J-4 (Logistics), who believed that the current and future situation would require a logistical command to support activities in South Vietnam. Accordingly, he saw that a plan was prepared which included the prompt introduction of a logistical construction capability. On 21 December 1964, the Joint Chiefs of Staff endorsed the MACV plan and recommended that 230 men be initially dispatched to South Vietnam to form a logistical command as soon as possible. Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara approved the plan in principle, but stated that additional justification was needed, particularly for the engineer construction group. However, he felt that the subject was of sufficient importance to send a special representative to South Vietnam and on 31 January 1965, a group from the Office of the Secretary of Defense arrived in Saigon. After four days of conferences, this group recommended the establishment of a logistical command with an initial strength of 350 men. The establishment of an engineer construction group, not recommended initially, was approved in April as planning for a further buildup developed.
On 25 February 1965 McNamara approved the introduction of a logistical planning group in South Vietnam consisting of 17 officers and 21 enlisted men. Colonel Robert V. Duke was enroute to take command of the 9th Logistical Command in Thailand. He was intercepted in Hawaii and ordered to South Vietnam to take charge of the planning group. He arrived in Saigon on 6 March 1965. The balance of the officers and enlisted men for the planning group arrived in Saigon during the last two weeks of March 1965. On 1 April 1965, the 1st Logistical Command was activated in Saigon by Commander in Chief U.S. Army Pacific General Order, using the personnel of the logistical planning group as its initial strength.
Prior to this time logistical support in South Vietnam had been fragmented, with the Army providing only Class II and IV items which were peculiar to the Army, Class V items used by the Army aviation units and maintenance of vehicles, armament, and instrument calibration by a small Direct Support shop in Saigon. The rest of the support was provided by the United States Navy through Headquarters Support Activity, Saigon because the Navy had been designated as the executive agency responsible for supporting the Military Assistance and Advisory Groups and missions in Southeast Asia.
The mission of the 1st Logistical Command was, in broad terms that it would assume responsibility for all logistical support in South Vietnam, less that which was peculiar to the United States Air Force or Navy. This initial mission included procurement, medical, construction, engineer, finance and accounting of all U.S. Army forces in-country except MACV advisors; and excluded communications, aviation, and military police support which were retained by United States Army Vietnam (USARV) (the Army component command under MACV and over the 1st Logistical Command). Requirements beyond direct support and general support maintenance capability were to be retrograded to Okinawa. Subsequent add-on missions were planned to be put into effect as the capability became available. These add-on missions were to: assume support of MACV advisors from Headquarters Commandant, MACV, a task accomplished on 1 September 1965, phase out the Navy supply activity in Saigon, the 1st Logistical Command started assuming Headquarters Support Activity Saigon functions in September 1965 and completed the mission in March 1966 and assume common item support for all U.S. forces in South Vietnam.
Organization
The 1st Logistical Command, in coordination with MACV operational planning, developed its own logistic concept for South Vietnam. The plan provided for two major base depots and five support commands. The seas and rivers were initially to be the main supply routes within South Vietnam. However, a changeover to road and rail would take place when the tactical situation permitted. Each support command would provide all logistic support on an area basis and have a 15 day stockage. Depots would have a 45 day stockage. The Saigon Depot would support the Vũng Tàu and Cần Thơ Support Commands. The Cam Ranh Bay Depot would support the Nha Trang, Qui Nhơn and Da Nang Support Commands.
A two depot concept was considered essential due to the vulnerability of the Saigon River and port to Viet Cong (VC) action and the limited port capacity. Vũng Tàu was considered an alternative to the Saigon port in the event of loss of Saigon or blockage of the Saigon River. Cam Ranh Bay was selected as the other base depot and port due to its excellent deep water harbor, the existing pier, its central location and U.S. capability to secure the area from VC attack.
This plan by the 1st Logistical Command was implemented with only two changes: the United States Marine Corps were landed at Da Nang and, by Commander in Chief Pacific direction, the Navy was given the responsibility for both tactical and logistical operations in I Corps and this was administered by Naval Support Activity Danang. The Da Nang Support Command was eliminated from the 1st Logistical Command plan. The anticipated scale of tactical operations in the Mekong Delta area of IV Corps did not materialize, so the Cần Thơ Support Command was not activated and IV Corps was supported by the Vũng Tàu Support Command by sea and air.
The original plan for the refinement of a logistical plan in an orderly fashion followed by a deliberate and orderly implementation never came to pass. Instead it quickly turned into a concurrent planning and implementation process. U.S. forces in South Vietnam were built up in an imbalanced manner. Continued enemy pressure on the beleaguered government of South Vietnam and manpower ceilings combined to cause the logistics base to be inadequate in relation to the total force level. Numerous changes were made in tactical plans in the initial stages of the buildup due to VC pressure. Such changes were necessary, but had an adverse effect on orderly logistical planning and implementation. As logistical units arrived in South Vietnam they were assigned to appropriate depots or Support Commands as the tactical situation demanded.
It was recognized that the continued influx of troops into Saigon would soon exceed its capability to absorb them and that usable real estate and facilities were not available in the Saigon area. The command was tasked with developing a short range plan to absorb the influx of troops and a long range plan that would ultimately move the bulk of U.S. Army personnel out of the Saigon area. A thorough reconnaissance was made and the Long Binh area was selected for the establishment of a major logistical and administrative base. A master base development plan was prepared which provided areas for all activities in Saigon. General William Westmoreland (who was both MACV commander and Commanding General USARV) was briefed on the study and approved it in principle, except he elected to move Headquarters, USARV to Long Binh Post (Headquarters MACV, remained in the Saigon area). The command immediately began implementing the study by locating the ammunition depot, hospital, engineers, plus direct support and general support supply and maintenance support at Long Binh. The movement of headquarters activities was delayed by the requirement for $2 million to develop an adequate communication system in the area and by the time required for installation of the system. Long Binh Post eventually became the Army’s largest installation in South Vietnam.
In July 1965, the decision was made to deploy an engineer brigade to South Vietnam, and upon its arrival the engineer construction functions were transferred from the command to the Engineer Brigade. The 44th Medical Brigade became operational in May 1966 and assumed the command's medical services and supply function.
With the increase of Army forces in I Corps from early 1968 and the progressive reduction of Marine forces there in 1969, the command began to take over the logistics function there with the Army assuming full control by July 1970.
In 1970 the command was merged into USARV and on 15 June the command was disestablished.
Late 20th Century
On 22 June 1972, the command was re-designated the 1st Corps Support Command and reassigned to the XVIII Airborne Corps, Fort Bragg, North Carolina. From 1972 until 2006, it deployed multiple times in support of disaster relief missions and Operations Operation Urgent Fury (1983); the United States invasion of Panama - "Operation Just Cause" (1989); the Gulf War ("Desert Shield/Desert Storm") (1990-March–April 1991); Joint Task Force Andrew to support South Florida after being devastated by Hurricane Andrew (August 1992-October 1992), Operation Restore Hope regarding support to United Nations efforts in Somalia (1993); Haiti with Uphold Democracy (1994); and Provide Refuge (1999).
Current role
The 1st Theater Sustainment Command (TSC) provides mission command and anticipatory operational-level sustainment support to Army, Joint, Interagency, and Multinational Forces; resets the theater, and conducts theater security cooperation within the USCENTCOM Area of Operations in order to enable unified land operations in support of combatant command directives.
The command maintains a headquarters in Fort Knox, Kentucky, while sustaining an enduring mission forward, based in Kuwait.
Subordinate units serving under the 1st TSC include:
3rd Expeditionary Sustainment Command (Regular Army)
18th Financial Support Center (Ft Knox)
14th Human Resources Sustainment Center (Ft Knox)
Special Troops Battalion, 1st TSC (Ft Knox*) Personnel assigned to this unit spend several months forward (OCP) and rotate back to Ft. Knox (MCP) each year within their tour of duty.
595th Transportation Brigade (SDDC)(TACON)
Task Force Sinai, Multinational Force and Observers (TACON)
160th Signal Brigade, at Camp Arifjan, (Kuwait)
36th Sustainment Brigade,(OPCON) at Camp Arifjan, (Kuwait)
326th Financial Management Support Center,(OPCON) at Camp Arifjan, (Kuwait)
Area Support Group - Kuwait,(ADCON) at Camp Arifjan, (Kuwait)
Area Support Group - Jordan,(ADCON)
3rd Medical Command (Deployment Support)
408th Contracting Support Brigade
1109th Theater Aviation Sustainment Maintenance Group
Command group
Commanding General MG Michel M. Russell Sr.
Command Sergeant Major CSM Michael J. Perry III
Deputy Commanding Officer COL Sean P. Davis
Chief of Staff COL Robert L. Kellam
List of commanders
Decorations
Operation Freedom's Sentinel
Inherent Resolve
Spartan Shield
Resolve Support
Meritorious Unit Commendation 2016-2019
Operation Desert Shield/Storm
Meritorious Unit Commendation Aug 15, 1990 to Mar 15, 1991 https://www.hrc.army.mil/content/Unit%20Award% (References: AR 600-8-22 & AR 670-1)
Operation Iraqi Freedom
Meritorious Unit Commendation 2007
Vietnam
Meritorious Unit Commendation Streamer Embroidered Vietnam 1965
Meritorious Unit Commendation Streamer Embroidered Vietnam 1966
Meritorious Unit Commendation Streamer Embroidered Vietnam 1967–1968
Meritorious Unit Commendation Streamer Embroidered Vietnam 1968–1970
Meritorious Unit Commendation Streamer Embroidered Southwest Asia 2004-2005; 2009-2010
Campaign participation credit
Vietnam
Defense
Counteroffensive
Counteroffensive, Phase II
Counteroffensive, Phase III
Tet Counteroffensive
Counteroffensive, Phase IV
Counteroffensive, Phase V
Counteroffensive, Phase VI
Tet 69/Counteroffensive
Summer-fall 1969
Winter-spring 1970
Sanctuary Counteroffensive
Counteroffensive, Phase VII
Armed Forces Expeditions
Operation Urgent Fury Grenada (1983)
Operation Just Cause Panama (1989 - 1990)
Operation Restore Hope Somalia (1993)
Operation Uphold Democracy Haiti (1994)
Operation Provide Refuge Kosovo (1999)
Southwest Asia
Defense of Saudi Arabia
Liberation and Defense of Kuwait
Cease-Fire
Operation Provide Comfort I & II
Operation Enduring Freedom
Operation Iraqi Freedom
Operation Inherent Resolve
Operation Freedom's Sentinel
Operation Spartan Shield
Operation Resolute Support
Operation Enduring Sentinel
Humanitarian Missions
Hurricane Hugo Disaster Relief (Sep. 1989)
Joint Task Force Andrew Hurricane Andrew Disaster, S. Florida (August 1992)
References
001
001
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5383017
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Madrid
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Juan Madrid
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Juan Madrid (born 1947, in Málaga) is a Spanish writer, journalist and script writer.
Biography
He studied in Madrid and gained a degree in Contemporary History from the University of Salamanca. He has written for Cambio 16 since 1974, and this is where he currently works as an investigative reporter. He has written novels, chronicles, tales, short stories, youth novels and scripts for comics, films and TV. He admits to having started writing whilst preparing propaganda leaflets for the Spanish Communist Party, an activity that was illegal at the time.
He became recognised as a noir novelist after the publication of the collection Círculo del Crimen (SEDEMAY Editions), and became finalist of this collection's prize in 1980. In the same year he also published his first novel, Un beso de amigo (A Friend's Kiss), featuring the fictional character Toni Romano for the first time. Romano is the main character, a skeptical former policeman, boxer and debt collector, archetypchal of the Chandlerian detective in the Madrid of the Transition.
Madrid faithfully follows the rules of the traditional noir novel, mainly focusing on the social aspects of the time he describes, not always peaceful, with its flagrant contradictions and characters sometimes bordering marginality. The crumbling of values, power corruption and greed, and the circles of influence are commonplace in his novels.
Some of his works have been made into films (Días Contados, Tánger).
Bibliography
Novels
Un beso de amigo (1980)
Las apariencias no engañan (1982)
Nada que hacer (1984)
Regalo de la casa (1986)
Un trabajo fácil (1985)
Días contados (1993)
Brigada Central, (13 novels)
Cuentas pendientes (1995)
Malos tiempos (1995)
Tánger (1997)
Restos de carmín (1999)
Gente bastante extraña (2001)
Grupo de noche (2003)
Pájaro en mano (2007)
Adios, princesa (2008)
Tales
Hotel Paraíso (1987)
Jungla (1988)
Oídos sordos (1990)
La mirada
Crónicas del Madrid oscuro (1994)
Youth Literature
Cuartos oscuros (1993)
Los cañones de Durango (1996)
Los piratas del Ranghum (1996)
En el mar de China (1997)
El fugitivo de Borneo (1998)
Los Senderos del Tigre (2005)
Scripts
TV Series Brigada Central
Other
Mujeres & mujeres (1996, short story)
La mano negra (1998, essay)
Viaje por el Amazonas (documentary)
References
External links
La Gangsterera Total (in Spanish)
Netcom (in Spanish)
1947 births
Living people
People from Málaga
Spanish male writers
University of Salamanca alumni
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3991363
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vats%2C%20Rogaland
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Vats, Rogaland
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Vats or Vatne is a village in Vindafjord municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The village is located in the traditional district of Haugalandet between the southern end of the lake Vatsvatnet and the northern end of the Vatsfjorden. It sits about southwest of the village of Sandeid and about southeast of the village of Skjold. Vats Church is located in this village.
The village was the administrative center of the old municipality of Vats from 1891 until the municipality's dissolution in 1965.
The village area is an important industrial location. The oil platforms Statfjord, Gullfaks and Troll were all built here. The Norwegian computer and software company Hatteland Group responsible for the AutoStore system is also headquartered in the village.
References
Villages in Rogaland
Vindafjord
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3991369
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma%20Orionis
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Sigma Orionis
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Sigma Orionis or Sigma Ori (σ Orionis, σ Ori) is a multiple star system in the constellation Orion, consisting of the brightest members of a young open cluster. It is found at the eastern end of the belt, south west of Alnitak and west of the Horsehead Nebula which it partially illuminates. The combined brightness of the component stars is magnitude 3.80.
History
σ Orionis is a naked eye star at the eastern end of Orion's Belt, and has been known since antiquity, but it was not included in Ptolemy's Almagest. It was referred to by Al Sufi, but not formally listed in his catalogue. In more modern times, it was measured by Tycho Brahe and included in his catalogue. In Kepler's extension it is described as "Quae ultimam baltei praecedit ad austr." (preceding the outermost of the belt, to the south). It was then recorded by Johann Bayer in his Uranometria as a single star with the Greek letter σ (sigma). He described it as "in enſe, prima" (in the sword, first). It was also given the Flamsteed designation 48.
In 1776, Christian Mayer described σ Ori as a triple star, having seen components AB and E, and suspected another between the two. Component D was confirmed by FGW Struve who also added a fourth (C), published in 1876. In 1892 Sherburne Wesley Burnham reported that σ Ori A was itself a very close double, although a number of later observers failed to confirm it. In the second half of the twentieth century, the orbit of σ Ori A/B was solved and at the time was one of the most massive binaries known.
σ Ori A was discovered to have a variable radial velocity in 1904, considered to indicate a single-lined spectroscopic binary. The spectral lines of the secondary were elusive and often not seen at all, possibly because they are broadened by rapid rotation. There was confusion over whether the reported spectroscopic binary status actually referred to the known visual companion B. Finally in 2011, it was confirmed that the system is triple, with an inner spectroscopic pair and a wider visual companion. The inner pair was resolved interferometrically in 2013.
σ Ori E was identified as helium-rich in 1956, having variable radial velocity in 1959, having variable emission features in 1974, having an abnormally strong magnetic field in 1978, being photometrically variable in 1977, and formally classified as a variable star in 1979.
In 1996, a large number of low-mass pre-main sequence stars were identified in the region of Orion's Belt. A particular close grouping was discovered to lie around σ Orionis. A large number of brown dwarfs were found in the same area and at the same distance as the bright σ Orionis stars. Optical, infrared, and x-ray objects in the cluster, including 115 non-members lying in the same direction, were listed in the Mayrit Catalogue with a running number, except for the central star which was listed simply as Mayrit AB.
Cluster
The σ Orionis cluster is part of the Ori OB1b stellar association, commonly referred to as Orion's Belt. The cluster was not recognised until 1996 when a population of pre-main sequence stars was discovered around σ Ori. Since then it has been extensively studied because of its closeness and the lack of interstellar extinction. It has been calculated that star formation in the cluster began 3 million years (myr) ago and it is approximately 360 pc away.
In the central arc-minute of the cluster five particularly bright stars are visible, labelled A to E in order of distance from the brightest component σ Ori A. The closest pair AB are only separated by 0.2" - 0.3" but were discovered with a 12" telescope. An infrared and radio source, IRS1, 3.3" from σ Ori A that was considered to be a patch of nebulosity has been resolved into two subsolar stars. There is an associated variable x-ray source that is assumed to be a T Tauri star.
The cluster is considered to include a number of other stars of spectral class A or B:
HD 37699, an outlying B5 giant very close to the Horsehead Nebula
HD 37525, a B5 main sequence star and spectroscopic binary
HD 294271, a B5 young stellar object with two low mass companions
HD 294272, a binary containing two B class young stellar objects
HD 37333, a peculiar A1 main sequence star
HD 37564, an A8 young stellar object
V1147 Ori, a B9.5 giant and α2 CVn variable
HD 37686, a B9.5 main sequence star close to HD 37699
HD 37545, an outlying B9 main sequence
HD 294273, an A8 young stellar object
2MASS J05374178-0229081, an A9 young stellar object
HD 294271 and HD 294272 make up the "double" star Struve 761 (or STF 761). It is three arc minutes from σ Orionis, which is also known as Struve 762.
Over 30 other probable cluster members have been detected within an arc minute of the central star, mostly brown dwarfs and planetary mass objects such as S Ori 70, but including the early M red dwarfs 2MASS J05384746-0235252 and 2MASS J05384301-0236145. In total, several hundred low mass objects are thought to be cluster members, including around a hundred spectroscopically measured class M stars, around 40 K class stars, and a handful of G and F class objects. Many are grouped in a central core, but there is a halo of associated objects scattered across more than 10 arc-minutes.
σ Orionis AB
The brightest member of the σ Orionis system appears as a late O class star, but is actually made up of three stars. The inner pair complete a highly eccentric orbit every 143 days, while the outer star completes its near-circular orbit once every 157 years. It has not yet completed a full orbit since it was first discovered to be a double star. All three are very young main sequence stars with masses between .
Components
The primary component Aa is the class O9.5 star, with a temperature of 35,000 K and a luminosity over . Lines representing a B0.5 main sequence star have been shown to belong to its close companion Ab, which has a temperature of 31,000 K and a luminosity of . Their separation varies from less than half an astronomical unit to around two AU. Although they cannot be directly imaged with conventional single mirror telescopes, their respective visual magnitudes have been calculated at 4.61 and 5.20. The two components of σ Orionis A have been resolved interferometrically using the CHARA array, and the combination of interferometric and visual observations yields a very accurate orbit.
The spectrum of component B, the outer star of the triple, cannot be detected. The luminosity contribution from σ Ori B can be measured and it is likely to be a B0-2 main sequence star. Its visual magnitude of 5.31 is similar to σ Ori Ab and so it should be easily visible, but it is speculated that its spectral lines are highly broadened and invisible against the backdrop of the other two stars. The orbit of component B has been calculated precisely using the NPOI and CHARA arrays. The combined orbits of the three stars together give a parallax significantly more precise than the HIPPARCOS parallax.
The inclinations of the two orbits are known accurately enough to calculate their relative inclination. The two orbital planes are within 30° of being orthogonal, with the inner orbit being prograde and the outer retrograde. Although slightly surprising, this situation is not necessarily rare in triple systems.
Mass discrepancy
The masses of these three component stars can be calculated using: spectroscopic calculation of the surface gravity and hence a spectroscopic mass; comparison of evolutionary models to the observed physical properties to determine an evolutionary mass as well as the age of the stars; or determination of a dynamical mass from the orbital motions of the stars. The spectroscopic masses found for each component of σ Orionis have large margins of error, but the dynamical and spectroscopic masses are considered accurate to about , and the dynamical masses of the two components of σ Orionis A are known to within about . However, the dynamical masses are all larger than the evolutionary masses by more than their margins of error, indicating a systemic problem. This type of mass discrepancy is a common and long-standing problem found in many stars.
Ages
Comparison of the observed or calculated physical properties of each star with theoretical stellar evolutionary tracks allows the age of the star to be estimated. The estimated ages of the components Aa, Ab, and B, are respectively Myr, Myr, and Myr. Within their large margins of error, these can all be considered to be consistent with each other, although it is harder to reconcile them with the 2-3 Myr estimated age of the σ Orionis cluster as a whole.
σ Orionis C
The faintest member of the main σ Orionis stars is component C. It is also the closest to σ Ori AB at 11", corresponding to 3,960 astronomical units. It is an A-type main sequence star. σ Ori C has a faint companion 2" away, referred to as Cb and MAD-4. Cb is five magnitudes fainter than σ Ori Ca at infrared wavelengths, K band magnitude 14.07, and is likely to be a brown dwarf.
σ Orionis D
Component D is a fairly typical B2 main sequence star of magnitude 6.62. It is 13" from σ Ori AB, corresponding to 4,680 AU. Its size, temperature, and brightness are very similar to σ Ori E but it shows none of the unusual spectral features or variability of that star.
σ Orionis E
Component E is an unusual variable star, classified as an SX Arietis variable and also known as V1030 Orionis. It is helium-rich, has a strong magnetic field, and varies between magnitudes 6.61 and 6.77 during a 1.19 day period of rotation. It has a spectral type of B2 Vpe. The variability is believed to be due to large-scale variations in surface brightness caused by the magnetic field. The rotational period is slowing due to magnetic braking; it is one of the few magnetic stars to have its rotation period change directly measured. σ Ori E is 41" from σ Ori AB, approximately 15,000 AU.
The magnetic field is highly variable from −2,300 to +3,100 gauss, matching the brightness variations and the likely rotational period. This requires a magnetic dipole of at least 10,000 G. Around minimum brightness, a shell type spectrum appears, attributed to plasma clouds rotating above the photosphere. The helium enhancement in the spectrum may be due to hydrogen being preferentially trapped towards the magnetic poles leaving excess helium near the equator. It was at one point suggested that σ Ori E could be further away and older than the other members of the cluster, from modelling its evolutionary age and size. However, Gaia parallaxes place σ Ori E within the cluster, and later modelling has suggested that it is very young, at less than a million years old.
σ Ori E has a faint companion about a third of an arc-second away. It is about 5 magnitudes fainter than the helium-rich primary, about magnitude 10-11 at K band infrared wavelengths. It is presumed to be a low mass star .
σ Orionis IRS1
The infrared source IRS1 is close to σ Ori A. It has been resolved to a pair of low mass objects, a proplyd, and a possible third object. The brighter object has an M1 spectral class, a mass around , and appears to be a relatively normal low mass star. The fainter object is very unusual, showing a diluted M7 or M8 absorption spectrum with emission lines of hydrogen and helium. The interpretation is that it is a brown dwarf embedded within a proplyd that is being photoevaporated by σ Ori A. X-ray emission from IRS1 suggests the presence of an accretion disc around a T Tauri star, but it is unclear how this can fit with the proplyd scenario.
Dust wave
In infrared images, a prominent arc is visible centred on σ Ori AB. It is about 50" away from the class O star, around 0.1 parsecs at its distance. It is directed towards IC434, the Horesehead Nebula, in line with the space motion of the star. The appearance is similar to a bowshock, but the type of radiation shows that it is not a bowshock. The observed infrared emission, peaking at around 45 microns, can be modelled by two approximately black-body components, one at 68K and one at 197 K. These are thought to be produced by two different sizes of dust grains.
The material of the arc is theorised to be produced by photoevaporation from the molecular cloud around the Horsehead Nebula. The dust becomes decoupled from the gas that carried it away from the molecular cloud by radiation pressure from the hot stars at the centre of the σ Orionis cluster. The dust accumulates into a denser region that is heated and forms the visible infrared shape.
The term "dust wave" is applied when the dust piles up but the gas is largely unaffected, as opposed to a "bow wave" where both dust and gas are stopped. Dust waves occur when the interstellar medium is sufficiently dense and the stellar wind sufficiently weak that the dust stand-off distance is larger than the stand-off distance of a bow shock. This would clearly be more likely for slow-moving stars, but slow-moving luminous stars may not have lifetimes long enough to produce a bow wave. Low luminosity late class O stars should commonly produce bow waves if this model is correct.
Distance
The distance to σ Orionis and the cluster of stars around it has historically been uncertain. Hipparcos parallaxes were available for several presumed members, but with very high uncertainties for the σ Orionis components. Published distance estimates ranged from to . A dynamical parallax of has been derived using the orbits of the two central stars, giving a distance of .
Gaia has published parallaxes for hundreds of cluster members, including brown dwarfs, and thousands of other stars in the field of the cluster. The cluster has been found to be quite extended, but around an average distance of . Gaia Early Data Release 3 parallaxes for components C, D, and E are , , and respectively. These have low statistical uncertainties although significant astrometric excess noise. No Gaia parallax has been published for the central AB component. Corresponding distances are , , and for components C, D, and E respectively.
References
External links
Turn Left at Orion Naked eye and telescopic views
σ Orionis Researchers page at Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
January double star Observing guide from Astronomical Society of Southern Africa
Bright and Multiple Stars Gallery taken at Fresno State's Campus Observatory, largely by students
Orion (constellation)
Orion molecular cloud complex
5
O-type main-sequence stars
B-type main-sequence stars
A-type main-sequence stars
Orionis, Sigma
Orionis, 48
1931
026549
037468
Durchmusterung objects
SX Arietis variables
Open clusters
Emission-line stars
J05384476-0236001
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5383019
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysterious%20Walker
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Mysterious Walker
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Frederick Mitchell Walker (March 21, 1884 – February 1, 1958), nicknamed "Mysterious", was an American athlete and coach. He was a three-sport athlete for the University of Chicago from 1904 to 1906 and played Major League Baseball as a right-handed pitcher for the Cincinnati Reds, Cleveland Indians, Brooklyn Superbas, Pittsburgh Rebels and Brooklyn Tip-Tops.
He earned the nickname "Mysterious" after pitching under a pseudonym for the San Francisco Seals of the Pacific Coast League in 1910. He also served as a college basketball, baseball and football coach at numerous colleges and universities, including Utah State University, University of Mississippi, Oregon State University, Carnegie Tech, Washington & Jefferson College, Williams College, Dartmouth College, Michigan State University, DePauw University, Loyola University New Orleans, University of Texas, and Wheaton College.
Early years
Walker was born in 1884 in Utica, Nebraska. He later moved during his youth to the Hyde Park section of Chicago.
Athlete at University of Chicago
He attended the University of Chicago where he played football, baseball and basketball. He played at the halfback position for Amos Alonzo Stagg's Chicago Maroons football teams from 1904 to 1906. As a freshman in October 1904, Walker suffered a concussion during a practice session when he collided with another player. The injury initially appeared not to be serious, but later that night Walker became "temporarily deranged" and, during his "delerium" he believed he was playing a football game against Northwestern that was scheduled for the following week. He was a member of the 1905 Chicago Maroons football team that defeated Michigan by a score of 2–0 ending a 56-game unbeaten streak for Fielding H. Yost's "Point-a-Minute" teams. Walker played a strong first half in the 1905 win over Michigan, but was forced to leave the game at the start of the second half due to a knee injury. In November 1906, the Chicago Daily Tribune wrote: "Fred Walker is playing his third year on the maroon team and is considered to be one of the best all round players in the country. Last year in the backfield, he is being used at end this season."
Walker was also one of the most dependable pitchers for the Maroons' baseball teams for three years, also coached by Amos Alonzo Stagg, and won one varsity letter in basketball. In one season, he pitched in every baseball game except two for the University of Chicago.
Coaching career and professional baseball
1907–1910
After graduating from Chicago in 1907, Walker was hired as the athletic director and coach of four sports at Utah Agricultural College, now known as Utah State University. His 1907 Utah Aggies football team finished the season with a 6–1 record and outscored opponents 184 to
25. The 1908 team began the season 4–0 after scoring 138 points to 6 for the opponents. However, during the 1908 football season, one of Walker's football players was killed during a game, and the sport was abolished at the college. He spent the latter part of the 1908 season as an assistant coach under John P. Koehler at the University of Denver.
In the summer of 1908, Walker played semi-professional baseball for the Rogers Parks team on the north side of Chicago. His pitching for Rogers Parks brought Walker to the attention of Chicago White Sox owner Charles Comiskey, who reportedly told Walker to "name his terms."
In 1909, Walker returned to the University of Chicago as an assistant football coach under head coach Stagg. In 1910, he coached the University of Mississippi baseball team and led them to the southern college championship, finishing with a record of 11–3. At the conclusion of the college baseball season in 1910, Walker left Mississippi and joined the Cincinnati Reds as a pitcher. He appeared in one game for the Reds, pitching three innings on June 28, 1910, and allowing four hits and one earned run.
Walker finished the 1910 season playing baseball for the San Francisco Seals in the Pacific Coast League. He appeared in 11 games for the Seals and compiled a record of 6–4 with a 2.68 earned run average.
While playing for San Francisco in 1910, Walker identified himself as Frank Mitchell, leaving off his last name. Mystery surrounded his appearances in the Pacific Coast League. Some accounts indicate that he wore a mask while pitching for the Seals. After he won both games of a doubleheader over the Los Angeles Angels in early September 1910, allowing seven hits in the first game and six in the second, the Los Angeles Times first referred to him as "Mysterious Mitchell", reporting as follows:"The big feature of this first double-header was the work of the iron 'busher' who heaved in both games. In the first, of ten innings, he allowed but seven hits, and in the second, of seven innings, six swats were made off him. ... Hash Mitchell, the mystery that came from nowhere to pitch four straight victories for the Seals ... Every one watched Mitchell in the hope that they might guess who he is by looking at him, and while they were gazing they saw some real spit ball pitching that was remarkable for the amount of juice he used to deceive the local batsmen."
The following week, the buzz surrounding "Mysterious Mitchell" continued to grow. Following a game in San Francisco, the press reported that Mitchell remained the focus of attention:"Mysterious Mitchell furnished the sensation at Recreation Park once more this afternoon when 8000 wildly excited fans upset baseball tradition. ... Until after the game the twirler created as much interest and excitement as the contest itself as there was still more to follow. He was the center of a throng as he left the stand and when he went to the offices of the baseball company, several hundred people gathered to look at him and call for a speech."
On September 19, 1910, Chicago sporting writers identified Mysterious Mitchell based on a photograph published by the Los Angeles Times as Fred Walker, the former pitching star for the University of Chicago. The press reported that Walker had signed earlier in the summer with the New York Giants but "got into trouble with a chambermaid at a hotel where he stopped, who accused the young pitcher of attempted assault." Following the accusation, Walker had disappeared leaving no trace until his photograph appeared in the Los Angeles Times. For the rest of his career in baseball, Walker was known as either "Mysterious Walker" and "Mysterious Mitchell."
1911–1916
In 1911, Walker coached the baseball team for the Oregon Aggies. His Oregon Aggies team finished 8–7 and lost the championship by a half game. During the winter of 1911–1912, Walker served as the coach for a basketball team in San Francisco. He was discharged in January 1912 after striking a referee in an altercation that grew out of a disagreement in a game. Members of the team petitioned to have Walker reinstated, contending that the referee's conduct justified the blow.
In 1912, Walker signed with the Cleveland Indians and appeared in one game, pitching one inning and giving up no hits and no earned runs. In the fall of 1912, Walker served as a football coach at Carnegie Tech. After pitching in the major leagues, he returned to Carnegie Tech as football coach in the fall of 1913, and played professional basketball that winter for Pittsburgh.
In 1913, Walker returned to Major League Baseball as a pitcher for the Brooklyn Superbas. He appeared in 11 games for Brooklyn in 1913, pitching 58 1/3 innings and compiling a 3.55 earned run average. In August 1913, The Pittsburgh Press wrote of Walker: "Fred Walker, otherwise known as 'Mysterious Mitchell,' who is pitching for Brooklyn, appears to be a perfectly good topnotcher for about four innings. After that—well, he hasn't won any laurels as a stayer."
In 1914, Walker pitched for the Pittsburgh Rebels of the Federal League. He appeared in 35 games for the Rebels in 1914, pitching a career-high 169 1/3 innings with a record of 4–16 and a 4.33 earned run average. He ranked ninth in the Federal League with 16 losses in 1914 and led the league with 12 wild pitches. During the fall of 1914, Walker served as an assistant football coach under Bob Folwell at Washington & Jefferson College.
In 1915, Walker played his final season of professional baseball with the Brooklyn Tip-Tops of the Federal League. He appeared in 13 games for the Tip-Tops in 1915, pitching 65 2/3 innings with a 3.70 earned run average. He appeared in his final Major League game on September 29. In 1916, Walker played minor league baseball, playing for teams in Albany and Utica, New York. In the fall of 1916, Walker returned to the University of Chicago as an assistant football coach under head coach Stagg.
1917–1925
Walker served as an assistant baseball coach in the spring of 1917 back at the University of Chicago. During the summer of 1917, Walker played minor league baseball for New Haven in the Eastern League. In September 1917, the Williams College athletic council announced the hiring of Walker as the college's football coach. Walker served as the head football coach at Williams College in 1917 and led the team to the first undefeated season in the school's history with seven wins and one tie. The 1917 Williams team defeated traditional football power Cornell 14–10 in the second game of the season and finished the season with a 20–0 win over rival, Amherst College.
In December 1917, Walker was hired by Dartmouth College as the school's head basketball coach. After the basketball team lost the first 20 games of the season, the Dartmouth Athletic Council discontinued Walker's services in February 1918. At the time, The New York Times wrote: "The dissatisfaction of the student body, together with methods of coaching that were described as not in keeping with the council's idea of how a Dartmouth team should be coached, were given as the reasons for releasing Walker."
He signed with the St. Louis Cardinals in February 1918, but spent the summer playing minor league baseball for the Newark Bears and Binghamton Bingoes. He appeared in 20 minor league games in 1918, with a record of 8–9 and a 2.58 earned run average. Following the United States' entry into World War I, Walker served as the athletic director for the Second Naval District at Newport, Rhode Island.
At the end of World War I, Walker was hired as the athletic director and head basketball coach at Rhode Island State College, now known as University of Rhode Island. During the 1919 basketball season, Walker led the Rhode Island Rams to a 7–1 record; his .875 winning percentage is the highest among all basketball coaches in the school's history. Walker also coached the school to its first ever basketball victory over Brown University's varsity. Walker left Rhode Island abruptly when the school refused to increase his $3,000 salary. The school's Board of Managers refused to reconsider even after receiving a petition signed by 147 of the school's 255 students.
From 1919 to 1920, Walker served as the athletic director and football and baseball coach at the New York Agricultural College, now known as State University of New York at Farmingdale. After a year in which the football team went 2–5, Walker resigned his position in June 1920. He stated that his decision was due to the failure of the legislature to appropriate funds to carry on the athletic program at the school.
In September 1920, Walker returned to the University of Chicago as an assistant football coach under Amos Alonzo Stagg. In February 1921, Walker signed a three-year contract to serve as the athletic director and head football, basketball and baseball coach at DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana. In his one year as the head basketball coach, Walker led the Tigers to a 17–3 mark in 1921–1922. He led DePauw's 1921 football team to a 4–3 record. Walker's baseball team finished the 1922 season at 4–8.
In August 1922, Walker was hired by Michigan Agricultural College, now Michigan State University, as advisory coach of the football team and as head coach of the basketball and baseball teams. In two seasons as the head basketball and baseball coach at M.A.C. between 1922 and 1924, Walker's basketball and baseball teams had records of 20–19 and 20–11, respectively. From 1924 to 1926, Walker served as the basketball and football coach at Drury College in Springfield, Missouri. In November 1924, Walker was hailed by the Chicago Daily Tribune as "Drury's miracle man" when he took "a team of light recruits" and developed them into one of the most sensational elevens in the history of the Missouri Conference." However, Drury's basketball team failed to post a winning record in Walker's two seasons at the helm, amassing a cumulative mark of seven wins and thirteen losses.
1926–1940
From 1926 to 1927, Walker served as athletic director and coach at Loyola University New Orleans. In his one year as the head basketball coach at Loyola, Walker led the team to a 12–6 record, including three wins over LSU. In September 1927, Walker was hired as the head basketball coach at the University of Texas. He remained in the position from 1927 to 1931, compiling a 51–30 combined record during his four-year stint as head coach at Texas. Walker led the Longhorns to an 18–2 overall record and 10–2 conference record during his second season. He was terminated following the Longhorns' 9–15 season in his fourth year.
In August 1932, Walker was appointed as the head football coach at J. Sterling Morton High School in Cicero, Illinois. In October 1932, he was dismissed after Major W.P. MacLean, head of the school's physical education department, charged that Walker was inefficient, had been late for classes, had allowed students to take out uniforms and equipment without making a deposit, and had allowed the shower rooms dirty during the football season. Nearly 300 citizens and parents crowded into the school's regular board room to protest the action. Walker was reinstated after the school superintendent issued a report declaring the charges against Walker to be "petty and trivial." Two weeks after Walker's reinstatement, the individual who had made the charges against him was removed from his position at the school.
From 1936 to 1940, Walker coached baseball, football and basketball at Wheaton College in Wheaton, Illinois. In May 1937, he was also named athletic director at Wheaton College. Walker was the head coach of the Crusaders football, basketball and baseball teams for four years between 1936 and 1940 and compiled a record of 11–14–4 in football, 28–34 in basketball and 31–35 in baseball. In January 1940, Walker announced that he would resign his coaching positions effective in June 1940. He noted that he was dissatisfied with the ouster of the university president, James Oliver Buswell, and he intended to devote more time to his security business.
Later years
Walker retired from coaching in 1940 and worked in the investment business. He was a vice president of Chesley and Co. from 1952 to 1958. In February 1958, Walker died suddenly from a heart attack at his home in Oak Park, Illinois.
Head coaching record
Football
Basketball
Baseball
References
External links
Baseball Almanac
1884 births
1958 deaths
American football halfbacks
Major League Baseball pitchers
Cincinnati Reds players
Cleveland Naps players
Binghamton Bingoes players
Brooklyn Dodgers players
Brooklyn Tip-Tops players
Pittsburgh Rebels players
Carnegie Mellon Tartans football coaches
Chicago Maroons baseball coaches
Chicago Maroons baseball players
Chicago Maroons football coaches
Chicago Maroons football players
Chicago Maroons men's basketball players
Dartmouth Big Green men's basketball coaches
Denver Pioneers football coaches
DePauw Tigers athletic directors
DePauw Tigers baseball coaches
DePauw Tigers football coaches
DePauw Tigers men's basketball coaches
Drury Panthers football coaches
Drury Panthers men's basketball coaches
Farmingdale State Rams baseball coaches
Loyola Wolf Pack athletic directors
Loyola Wolf Pack men's basketball coaches
Michigan State Spartans baseball coaches
Michigan State Spartans men's basketball coaches
Newark Bears (IL) players
Oregon State Beavers baseball coaches
Ole Miss Rebels baseball coaches
Rhode Island Rams athletic directors
Rhode Island Rams baseball coaches
Rhode Island Rams men's basketball coaches
San Francisco Seals (baseball) players
Texas Longhorns men's basketball coaches
Utah State Aggies athletic directors
Utah State Aggies football coaches
Utah State Aggies men's basketball coaches
Washington & Jefferson Presidents football coaches
Wheaton Thunder athletic directors
Wheaton Thunder baseball coaches
Wheaton Thunder football coaches
Wheaton Thunder men's basketball coaches
Williams Ephs football coaches
High school football coaches in Illinois
People from Seward County, Nebraska
Baseball players from Nebraska
Basketball coaches from Nebraska
Basketball players from Nebraska
American men's basketball players
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3991371
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Kettmann
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Steve Kettmann
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Steve Kettmann is a California writer known for his political commentary, including New York Times articles like The Californization of U.S. Politics and The Pirate Party Logs a New Politics The Pirate Party Logs a New Politics, and his Santa Cruz Sentinel columns in support of Christine Blasey Ford, such as I Believe Christine Blasey Ford and Thank You, Dr. Ford. He was a vocal and early critic of the presidency of Donald Trump, organizing and leading a live-reading of George Orwell's 1984 at Bookshop Santa Cruz in Northern California as a protest, and writing this cover article, Orwell in the Time of Trump, in the Santa Cruz free weekly.
Kettmann, despite having written on a wide variety of topics, is best known for his work on several baseball books, most recently Baseball Maverick: How Sandy Alderson Revolutionized Baseball and Revived the Mets (Grove Atlantic, April 2015). The book explores Alderson's role as general manager of the Oakland A's in the 1980s and 1990s, including his role as a mentor to the young Billy Beane, who was later made famous in the movie adaption of the Michael Lewis book Moneyball. It also focuses on Alderson's years as general manager of the New York Mets starting in late 2010.
Kettmann was a sportswriter for the San Francisco Chronicle from 1990 to 1999, covering the Oakland A's for four seasons as a beat writer, and has also written on steroids and baseball for numerous publications, becoming one of the first to state openly that Mark McGwire had used steroids in an August 2000 article in The New York Times and appearing on CNN as an expert on the subject. The New Yorker magazine reported in a 2005 article, Dr. Juice, that he was the ghost-writer of José Canseco's book "Juiced," which was a No. 1 New York Times best-seller, despite first being the subject of intense controversy. Some commentators contended that Kettmann's background reporting on steroids and baseball was helpful, with New York Daily News columnist Mike Lupica going so far as to contend, "Canseco was only honest in his first book because his ghost writer, Steve Kettmann, made him be."
Kettmann's first book was "One Day at Fenway," which described a single game between the Boston Red Sox and New York Yankees on August 30, 2003, from a variety of perspectives. That book, nominated for a Quill Award and featured in the Farrelly brothers film "Fever Pitch," generated mostly positive reviews, but ESPN writer Rob Neyer was an outspoken critic.
Previously, Kettmann edited "Game Time," a collection of Roger Angell's baseball writing from the New Yorker spanning forty years. Originally published in early 2003, the book was reviewed on the front page of the New York Times Book Review. "Edited by the sportswriter Steve Kettmann," wrote Joel Conarroe, "the 29 selections could be thought of as 'Roger's Greatest Hits,' except that there is little reason to make distinctions among his scores of writerly four-baggers."
Kettmann has reported from more than 40 countries for publications including The New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, The New Republic, Foreign Policy, the Washington Monthly, GQ, Parade, The Village Voice, Salon.com and Wired.com, the Berliner Zeitung, Die Welt and Der Spiegel. From 1999 to 2012 he was based primarily in Berlin and from 2000 to 2001 wrote a weekly column for the Berliner Zeitung'' newspaper as an American in Berlin, appearing every Wednesday. A 1999 Arthur F. Burns Fellow, he speaks German as well as some Spanish.
His past books include "What a Party!" co-written with current Virginia Governor Terry McAuliffe, which debuted in February 2007 at No. 5 on New York Times best-seller list, and "Letter to a New President," co-written with Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, published in June 2008, book-length advice to whoever would follow George W. Bush. In an interview with The Hill newspaper in Washington, Kettmann described how he and Byrd worked on the book and said, "To him, history is a living, breathing presence in his life that he consults often, like a good friend that is always at his side."
Kettmann, born in 1962 in San Jose, California, earned a degree in English literature from UC Berkeley in 1985 and then worked for a year in New York as a general-assignment reporter for Newsday covering politics and other subjects.
References
External links
Nachrichten aus Berlin, Deutschland und der Welt - Berliner Zeitung
One Day at Fenway
American sportswriters
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
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5383023
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20DeSimone
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Frank DeSimone
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Frank A. DeSimone (July 17, 1909 – August 4, 1967) was an American attorney and the boss of the Los Angeles crime family from 1956 to 1967. DeSimone was the son of former don Rosario DeSimone. He was sometime referred to as "One Eye" because one of his eyes drooped. Frank DeSimone's nephew, Thomas DeSimone, was an enforcer for the Lucchese crime family in New York City. He was also related to Simone Scozzari and Joseph Civello.
Early life and education
Frank DeSimone was born in 1909 in Pueblo, Colorado. As a child, his family moved to Southern California. DeSimone graduated from the University of Southern California Law School.
Career
After passing the California bar exam, DeSimone became a lawyer in May 1933. DeSimone also became involved in the mob, working to orchestrate one of the many botched assassination attempts on Mickey Cohen. Jimmy Fratianno signaled DeSimone after a meeting with Cohen and DeSimone pulled up in a car with Frank Bompensiero, Leo Moceri, and another armed man. By the time they got past Cohen's bodyguards, Cohen escaped. With his profession as an attorney, DeSimone was usually able to avoid police scrutiny. His legal career was no front job, however-In the 1940s and 1950s, DeSimone served as lawyer for mobsters such as Jimmy Fratianno and Johnny Roselli as well as providing legal aid to others.
After Jack Dragna died of a heart attack in 1956, DeSimone was elected the third official Boss of the Los Angeles crime family. Jimmy Fratianno believed DeSimone had rigged the election, and transferred to the Chicago Outfit after his release from prison a few years later. By all accounts, DeSimone was a strait-laced and sober character. One of his first acts as boss was attending the 1957 Appalachian mob convention along with Simone Scozzari. When the large mob conference was raided by law enforcement, DeSimone was outed as a mobster, and his underboss was deported to Italy a few years later for being an illegal immigrant.
DeSimone is accused by some of ruining the Los Angeles family's reputation and integrity. Nonetheless, DeSimone was featured in Look Magazine in 1965 as one of the decade's notable figures in organized crime; DeSimone sued the magazine for libel. Jimmy Fratianno also blamed DeSimone in his 1953 extortion case for having been sent to Folsom prison on a six-year extortion conviction, after dealing with fellow con-artists James B. Modica (a man who 'bumped' slot machines and a liquor store owner in Tarzana) and Burbank liquor store owner Dominic Raspona. Jimmy Fratianno also accused DeSimone of ruining his extortion case defense case by not recording one of the defendant's key witnesses, a man who skipped town before being able to take the stand. DeSimone was later disbarred in California from practicing law because of his criminal activities.
In the 1960s, Joseph Bonanno, in a plot to take over The Commission, plotted the murder of Mafia bosses Thomas Lucchese, Carlo Gambino, and Stefano Magaddino, and then added DeSimone to the list for good measure. Although never carried out, DeSimone didn't learn about that plan until after it was thwarted. This caused DeSimone to become very paranoid.
Personal life
During the later part of his life, he never went out during night, and lived with his elderly mother in middle class Downey, California.
DeSimone died of a heart attack at the age of 58. After DeSimone's death, Nick Licata, DeSimone's third underboss, was named the next Los Angeles Boss.
References
1909 births
1967 deaths
American crime bosses
California lawyers
Los Angeles crime family
American gangsters of Sicilian descent
20th-century American lawyers
American lawyers and judges of Italian descent
Deaths from coronary artery disease
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5383029
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon%20Zimmermann
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Egon Zimmermann
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Egon Zimmermann (8 February 1939 – 23 August 2019), often referred to as Egon Zimmermann II, was a World Cup alpine ski racer and Olympic gold medalist from Austria. Zimmermann won the Olympic downhill at Patscherkofel in 1964 and won several medals on the professional tour in the late-1960s and early 1970s.
Early life
Zimmermann was raised on a farm near Lech, Vorarlberg, with two brothers. Lech blossomed into a ski resort while he was growing up, and his family converted their farm house into a pensione. His childhood coincided with the World War II post-war poverty of Austria, so not only did Zimmermann have no formal training, but his skis were often "fourth or fifth-hand." At 15, his father forced him to learn a trade, and he schooled in a Parisian chef program. He returned to Austria by 18 and won a clean sweep of the 1958 Junior Championships. When he was promoted to the National team, Zimmermann commented "For me it was also the realization of a childhood dream, a dream interrupted by a kitchen."
Career peak and Olympics
Zimmerman won two medals at the 1962 World Championships in Chamonix, a gold in the giant slalom and a bronze in downhill. He was named the "Skier of the Year" in 1963 by European journalists.
For the 1964 Olympics in Austria, the "dashing" and "handsome" Zimmermann was heavily favored to win. However, the course at Patscherkofel was quite difficult (nicknamed the "Course of Fear"), but he still managed to win by 0.74 seconds. (Franz Klammer famously won on the same course a dozen years later in 1976.) He did not enter the slalom and did not finish the giant slalom. Despite not sweeping the alpine events as did his compatriot Toni Sailer in 1956, Zimmermann appeared on the February 10, 1964 cover of Sports Illustrated magazine in the United States.
Personal life
He owned a hotel in Lech am Arlberg and suffered from multiple sclerosis. Zimmerman also helped create Zimmerman’s ski and snowboard in 1969.
Zimmerman died on 23 August 2019 at the age of 80.
References
External links
FIS-ski.com – Egon Zimmermann – World Cup season standings
Ski-db.com – results – 1964 Winter Olympics
Hotel Kristberg – Egon Zimmermann –
1939 births
2019 deaths
Austrian male alpine skiers
Alpine skiers at the 1964 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 1968 Winter Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Austria
Olympic medalists in alpine skiing
Medalists at the 1964 Winter Olympics
Olympic cauldron lighters
Olympic alpine skiers of Austria
Sportspeople from Vorarlberg
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3991390
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20FC%20Bayern%20Munich
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History of FC Bayern Munich
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FC Bayern Munich is a German sports club based in Munich, Bavaria. It is best known for its professional football team, which plays in the Bundesliga, the top tier of the German football league system, and is the most successful club in German football history, having won a record 30 national titles and 20 national cups.
Founded in 1900 by eleven football players led by Franz John, the club had its period of greatest success in the middle of the 1970s when, under the captaincy of Franz Beckenbauer, they won the European Cup three times in a row (1974–76). Overall, Bayern has reached eleven European Cup/UEFA Champions League finals, most recently winning their sixth title in 2020 as part of a continental treble. Bayern has also won one UEFA Cup, one European Cup Winners' Cup, one UEFA Super Cup, one FIFA Club World Cup and two Intercontinental Cups, making it one of the most successful European clubs internationally. Since the formation of the Bundesliga, Bayern has been the dominant club in German football with 29 titles and has won 10 of the last 13 titles.
Through World War II
The club was formed in 1900 when a number of football enthusiasts split from Münchner TurnVerein 1879 to escape the influence of the club's gymnasts, who did not hold a great enthusiasm for the new game, an attitude typical of the times in Germany. Almost from the start, Bayern was a strong local side but failed to have much of an impact beyond that.
For financial reasons, and to take advantage of better facilities held by other clubs, they twice entered into mergers. In 1906, they negotiated a union with Münchner Sport Club. As part of the arrangement, the footballers gave up black as one of their team colours and adopted the red and white of their new partners, which they wear to this day. Bayern won their first title, as champions of the Bavarian league, in 1909 as a department of MSC. In 1919, shortly after World War I, Bayern left MSC, whose focus turned to field hockey and tennis, sports they are still active in today. Bayern then joined forces with Turn- und Sportverein 1890 Jahn München until leaving that club in 1923, and have remained independent ever since.
In those early days, Bavarian football was dominated by teams from Franconia, in the north of the state, notably 1. FC Nürnberg and their twin town neighbours SpVgg Fürth. In 1914, Fürth became the first team from the state to become national champions and by 1930 these two sides had accumulated eight titles between them. Bayern President Kurt Landauer held the office on-and-off from 1913 until 1933 and from 1947 well into the 1950s, adopted a strategic approach to building up the team and challenging this dominance. He hired William Townley as the side's first professional coach. The Englishman was the best coach on the market in Germany and had a championship with Karlsruher FV, in 1910, to his credit.
In 1926, Bayern won the South German Championship, but found themselves outdone by local rivals 1860 München who, in 1931, became the first side from the Bavarian capital to reach the national final. Inside a year, Bayern topped that by even winning the Championship in the final against Eintracht Frankfurt. The team coached by the Hungarian Richard Dombi triumphed through a penalty by Oskar "Ossi" Rohr and another goal by Franz Krumm, 2–0.
But history was against Bayern. The advent of the Hitler regime saw President Landauer, a Jew, resigning quickly, and the team visiting him in his Swiss exile did not help their fortunes in the new era. Dombi, also a Jew, moved to the Netherlands, where he picked up the reins of SC Feijenoord in Rotterdam, laying the foundations for the future greatness of the club. In the ensuing years, the club decayed into irrelevance, disliked by the Nazis for its Jewish background and taunted as Judenklub.
The last recorded football match played during the Third Reich was the derby between Bayern and 1860 München (3–2) on 23 April 1945. Less than three weeks later, Germany capitulated.
Transition years 1946–1962
After World War II, Bayern played in the Oberliga Süd, which was one of five upper league conferences established in the western half of the country. Through the period from the formation of the Oberligen in 1947 to the creation of the Bundesliga, Germany's professional league, in 1963, they played as a middling side. The best they could manage in their division was third- and fourth-place finishes. They even found themselves relegated to the second tier 2nd Oberliga Süd for the 1956 season – the only time this has happened.
Bayern did enjoy some measure of success outside of regular league play. They captured the 1957 German Cup, just their second national trophy, on a 78th-minute goal by Rudi Jobst against Fortuna Düsseldorf. 16 October 1962 marked the debut of the club on the European scene. In the opening round of the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup they beat Basel (3–0), but then went out in the quarter-finals against eventual finalist Dinamo Zagreb (1–4) and (0–0).
Early successes in the Bundesliga
With the beginning of the 1963–64 season, the first German division—which until then had been split into five regional divisions—was unified into one national league, the Bundesliga.
The start of the new league saw disappointment for Bayern. As 1860 München had just won the last Oberliga championship—one of the few occasions they have been ahead of Bayern in that era—it was they who joined the new elite of German football. Bayern's newly elected president, Wilhelm Neudecker, the father of the modern FC Bayern, hired Zlatko "Czik" Čajkovski, a former Yugoslav World Cup player in 1950 and 1954, who had also achieved fame for coaching 1. FC Köln to the 1962 championship. This coup paid off, as he formed an aspiring team with the talented young players that should later be referred to as "the axis": goalkeeper Sepp Maier, Franz Beckenbauer and Gerd Müller. After missing out on promotion to the Bundesliga in 1964, finishing second in the league behind Hessen Kassel, Bayern won the Regionalliga Süd (II) in 1965 and gained promotion alongside future rival Borussia Mönchengladbach.
The team, with an average age of 22, immediately reached third place in the league in a year when a sparkling 1860 München won their first and only national championship title. Even more important for Bayern was the win in the Cup final against MSV Duisburg (4–2), leading them into the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup.
The team's star was the 20-year-old Franz Beckenbauer, who finished the season by playing at the 1966 FIFA World Cup in England, where he captured the imagination of a global audience. His efforts were rewarded with a third place in the voting for Europe's Player of the Year.
In the next season, Bayern became the third German team ever to defend the German Cup as Hamburger SV proved easy prey in the final and were defeated with a record 4–0 win. The highlight was the participation in the Cup Winners' Cup in Nuremberg, which the team won in a final 1–0 against Rangers. The goal in extra time was scored by Franz "the Bull" Roth, who would win many other cup finals for Bayern.
A slowdown of progress in the 1967–68 season saw another Yugoslav, Branko Zebec, taking over Čajkovski's job. He curbed the offensive style of the Bayern play and the discipline paid off when Bayern won the 1968–69 Championship with the Cup to boot, the first double in Bundesliga history. During the whole season, Bayern used just 13 players.
Borussia Mönchengladbach, promoted to the Bundesliga in the same year as Bayern, emerged as serious rivals to Bayern's ascendancy. They won the next two championships, and Bayern President Wilhelm Neudecker, on the recommendation of Beckenbauer, called on Udo Lattek from the coaching staff of the national team to take over the reins at Bayern. In his first year, he only managed to return the Cup to the banks of Isar river, but with young and hungry reinforcements such as Paul Breitner and Uli Hoeneß, he formed the team that achieved the first German Championship hat-trick in history.
1972 – the watershed
In the last match of the 1971–72 season, Bayern sealed their return to Germany's top with a 5–1 win against Schalke 04. Schalke needed a win to get the title but only ended up the best runner-up in Bundesliga history. This was also Bayern's first official match in the new Olympic Stadium. The sell-out crowd of 80,000 assured the club the first gate in excess a 1,000,000 Marks.
Their home ground until then was the Municipal Stadion an der Grünwalder Strasse, colloquially referred to as the Grünwalder, or Sechz'ger ("Sixtier"), as it was owned before the war by 1860 München. It was a pretty run down place with a maximum capacity of around 40,000, mostly standing places. Indeed, it was so downmarket that Munich, the country's third-largest city, had not hosted a single national team match since 1940.
The Olympic Stadium in its heyday considered one of the world's most beautiful and comfortable stadiums, meaning a major boost for Bayern's revenues, not only because of its mere capacity, but also because of the much higher number of premium-priced seats. Thus, the 1972 Olympics in Munich were a major boost for the club and assured them financial superiority at least until the 1974 World Cup with its flood of new and rebuilt stadiums in the rest of the country. Successive successful seasons on the European stage helped to fill the stadium in an era when the gate revenue was still the very major source of income. Sponsorships and TV rights were a welcome but minor addition to annual budgets that were then around five million euros. Transfer fee surpluses could also contribute, but, if achieved, meant generally a loss of quality in the team.
Beyond a quality leadership, the luck of having players of the highest quality grown from the own ranks or acquired cheaply as young talents and the fact that in those days the Italian and Spanish leagues were closed to foreign players, the perfect timing of the arrival of the new stadium was probably the most crucial point in securing Bayern a foremost position on the national and also European level. It allowed Bayern, (as opposed to rivals Borussia Mönchengladbach) to keep their major players on board, and even expand from there.
When Spain in 1973 re-opened its borders to foreign talent, the equivalent of a €1.5 million offer for Gerd Müller from Barcelona was fended off, and Barça had to make do with Dutchman Johan Cruyff. On the other hand, Bayern's national rivals from the Rhine, Mönchengladbach, relinquished superstar Günter Netzer to Real Madrid. Soon thereafter, Bayern could also hire the services of Jupp Kapellmann from 1. FC Köln for the then-national record transfer fee of almost €400,000.
The year 1972, crowned with a championship that broke all records – most of them still intact – was the year in which Bayern became a global player. On top of this, six players from Bayern were part of the West German national team—one of the nation's strongest of all-time—that won the European Championship put just another exclamation mark to this watershed season. The defence of the title the following year with a record gap to the nearest suitor served in historic terms merely as confirmation of the new facts.
The third championship in 1974 coincided with Bayern also becoming the first German team to win the European Cup. In the last minute of extra time in the Heysel Stadium, full back Georg Schwarzenbeck surprised everyone when he scored an equaliser against Atlético Madrid from 35 metres. The first-ever replay of a European Cup final two days later saw two goals each from Uli Hoeneß and Gerd Müller, comfortably winning Bayern the Cup.
Six Bayern players were also part of the West German side that won the World Cup final of the same year against the Netherlands. In the following season, the team's motivation on the national level was exhausted, but under coach Dettmar Cramer, they still managed to score the big points. In 1975 Leeds United were defeated in the Champions Cup final in Paris when Franz Roth and Gerd Müller secured the defence of the Cup with their late goals. Bayern then also established a new record of sorts: the only Champions Cup winner to date with a negative national league record in the same season. Within 12 months, in Glasgow, Saint-Étienne were beaten by another goal by Roth and Bayern became the third team to win the trophy in three consecutive years.
The Intercontinental Cup finals in December 1976 marked the end of the team's golden era. Bayern prevailed once more. In a frosty Olympiastadion, Brazilian club Cruzeiro fell prey to goals by Jupp Kapellmann and Gerd Müller. A monumental defensive effort front of 117,000 fans held Cruzeiro to a 0–0 draw on their home turf. Within the next couple of years, Beckenbauer and Müller left for the United States and Sepp Maier's career was ended by a car accident – after he had been ever-present for 13 seasons in the starting eleven of the team, then a world record. Bayern were in need of a new beginning.
Renewed success in the 1980s
A lack of success saw President Neudecker on the verge of contracting Max Merkel as new coach – the team unanimously voted against him. This novel type of revolution saw Bayern dominating the television news in a culture where sports were an irregular addendum to them. The resulting resignation of the autocratic president Neudecker, arguably the father of the modern FC Bayern, was again the top news item, even on the highbrow Tagesschau news in an era without commercial television.
Hungarian Pál Csernai, who had been assistant to Cramer's replacement, Gyula Lorant, became head coach. In his tenure, he revolutionised the style of Bayern by introducing the spatial defence, then in Munich referred to as Pal System. When Paul Breitner returned via Braunschweig from his years with Real Madrid, he formed a partnership with Karl-Heinz Rummenigge. The FC Breitnigge, reinforced with Belgian goalkeeping legend Jean-Marie Pfaff, Klaus Augenthaler and striker Dieter Hoeneß (brother of Uli), brought success back to Munich. Two championships and a cup resulted from this era. Their dreams of another European Cup were thwarted in the final of Rotterdam against Aston Villa, when for a brief moment a man named Peter Withe stepped out of obscurity and scored the decider for the team from Birmingham. This was also the first official final that Bayern had lost in its history after 12 undefeated final appearances.
The era of Csernai came to an end when success no longer seemed assured and his eccentricity endangered the image of the club with their major sponsors. Udo Lattek was appointed for a second spell at the Isar, and he did not disappoint, despite initial financial issues. For hiring Danish playmaker Søren Lerby from Ajax to replace the retiring Breitner, Bayern had pledged "the last money", per President Willi Otto Hoffmann.
The cup victory in the 1984 final against Mönchengladbach was won in the penalty shootout, the first in the history of this competition. The young Lothar Matthäus, whose transfer to Munich for €1.2 million was announced just weeks before, missed the first penalty for his old team.
After Rummenigge's transfer to Internazionale for a then-world record transfer fee of more than €5 million restored the club's finances, but team had now lost its superstars. Nonetheless, however, the reformed squad secured one more cup, as part of a double, and five championships inside six years, including the second hat-trick, leading to the tenth title allowing the club to finally overtake 1. FC Nürnberg as record holders. But it became another generation to be denied continental glory when, in the 1987 European Cup Final in Vienna, Porto prevailed 2–1 through two goals by Rabah Madjer and Juary in the last 13 minutes, with a 25th-minute header from Ludwig Kögl failing to close the game for Bayern.
Udo Lattek decided to retire afterwards and Bayern, keen on refilling their coffers, let go of quite a few players.
New coach Jupp Heynckes, already at his former post in Mönchengladbach successor of Lattek, started with a title-free season, after which Matthäus and Andreas Brehme went to Internazionale from where a generous reimbursement was received. Also Pfaff and three more players left. As Olaf Thon and Stefan Reuter were the most prominent newcomers, hopes were not high, but in the next couple of years two more championships were won. Augenthaler's retirement and the sale of Jürgen Kohler and Stefan Reuter to Juventus badly depleted the squad. Two seasons without any trophies followed, and cost Heynckes his job.
Søren Lerby rejoined the club as manager, unfortunately his tenure proved to be an absolute disaster as weak signings and ineffective tactics left Bayern facing an unthinkable relegation by the time Lerby was sacked in early 1992. Making matters worse, B 1903 Copenhagen ousted Bayern from the UEFA Cup with ease with 6–2 / 0–1. Erich Ribbeck took over as coach, working with Franz Beckenbauer as director of sport, and managed to steer the club to safety.
The club was not keen on repeating the disaster of 1991–92, and in the next season Bayern spent the equivalent of €12 million on the new players—Thomas Helmer (€4M), Brazil's captain Jorginho (€2.8M) and Lothar Matthäus (€2M) topped the bill of a list that also included Mehmet Scholl. Calming the nerves of the thrifty President Dr. Fritz Scherer, an economics professor at the University of Munich, was the sale of Stefan Effenberg and Brian Laudrup for €8.5 million to Fiorentina. The rebuilt side came close to winning the title, but just missed out. Ribbeck's tactics, which were felt to be overly negative, were blamed for this, and when the following season looked to be going no differently, Beckenbauer dismissed Ribbeck and took control of the team himself. An immediate upturn in form saw Bayern take that year's title.
"Kaiser Franz's" status as a club legend was reinforced, and a few years later he became president, with Giovanni Trapattoni being hired as the first Italian coach in the Bundesliga. Trapattoni gained the respect of German pundits, but problems (supposedly caused by Trappatoni having a poor grasp of German) saw the team in disarray. After a sixth-place finish, Trappatoni returned to Italy, whereupon Otto Rehhagel was appointed manager with the hope that he could bring the success he had earned with Werder Bremen to a team that was by then often referred to as "FC Hollywood". As the team continued to have more impact on the social pages of the tabloids rather than on the pitch, "King Otto's" tenure was cut short due to disagreements with the board, and Beckenbauer steered the club to victory in the 1996 UEFA Cup Final against Bordeaux. Zinedine Zidane, Christophe Dugarry, Bixente Lizarazu and Witschge were outclassed 2–0 and even 3–1 away. Jürgen Klinsmann scored a record-breaking 15 goals in Bayern's European campaign that led the team to its first continental trophy in 20 years after eliminating, amongst others, the likes of Benfica, Nottingham Forest and Barcelona.
In the off-season, Giovanni Trapattoni returned to the team as coach, now with a fluent grasp of German, and rewarded the renewed trust with an immediate championship, followed by league runner-up finish and a cup win the next season, after which he once more returned to Italy.
Beginning of the new millennium
The next six years for Bayern would be marked by enormous success. It was the time when Ottmar Hitzfeld succeeded Udo Lattek as most successful German coach, even finding a spot for himself amongst the greatest European coaches of all time.
In his first season in 1999, Bayern won the league title, but undeniably the highlight was the unforgettable Champions League Final in Barcelona. Bayern led early after a Mario Basler free-kick and controlled most of the match, but Manchester United sensationally turned the match around in stoppage time. Inside 90 seconds, Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjær transformed an excellent performance from Bayern into the sight of uninhibited tears by Samuel Kuffour and company. Adding insult to injury, Bayern lost in a penalty shootout in the national cup final against Werder Bremen two weeks later. For Lothar Matthäus, it was the second time that he missed a decisive penalty in a cup final.
The next season saw Bayern taking their revenge over Bremen with a 3–0 victory in a repeat of this cup final and thus Bayern achieving its third double. In Europe, the campaign of the team now dominated by goalkeeper Oliver Kahn, midfield engine Stefan Effenberg and striker Giovane Élber ended in the semi-final encounters with later winners Real Madrid (0–2, 2–1).
In 2001, after a quarter of a century of absence, the European Cup eventually returned to Munich. Bayern exacted revenge against 1999 winners Manchester United in the quarter-finals with two wins (1–0, 2–1). The semifinal again witnessed a revenge fixture, this time Real Madrid were the opponents: Bayern won both matches against the Castilians (1–0, 2–1). At the final in Milan, Valencia from Spain came off second-best, like in the previous year. In a hardly memorable match all goals were achieved by spot kicks. In the end, Bayern prevailed deservedly in the penalty shootout (1–1; 5–4 in penalties). The backbone of this team was Oliver Kahn, who held three penalties and whose mental fortitude was also crucial for winning the national championship just a few days earlier. In the heartbreak finish of the Bundesliga, Bayern stayed ahead of Schalke 04 through Swedish defender Patrik Andersson's goal against Hamburger SV in literally the last second of the season, assuring the club a third consecutive title. For runners-up Schalke, their four-and-a-half minutes of championship celebrations proved premature.
In the next season, the team was not able to win a record fourth consecutive Bundesliga title, nor the cup. In the Champions League quarter-final, eventual winners Real Madrid prevailed with 3–2 aggregate win (2–1, 0–2). The saving grace was the win of the Intercontinental Cup in Tokyo against Boca Juniors through a Sammy Kuffour goal in extra time.
National glory returned in 2002–03 when Bayern achieved its fourth double by winning the Bundesliga with the second largest gap ever to the runner-up and a straight 3–1 win over 1. FC Kaiserslautern in the cup final. However, the whole season was overshadowed by Bayern's unceremonious exit from the Champions League in the first group stage, without so much as a single win in six matches. The following season, the team, enhanced with the €19 million acquisition of Dutch striker Roy Makaay from Deportivo de La Coruña, overcame at least this hurdle, but even an underperforming Real Madrid in crisis managed to eliminate the Reds in the round of 16. Bayern itself was not reaching any consistent form all year and even the formerly sturdy defence proved highly vulnerable. In the end, the club's second-placed finish in the league was not descriptive of Bayern's strength but rather of inconsistent performances by its competitors. The cup elimination by second division Alemannia Aachen was symptomatic for a season in which the team showed not a single convincing performance. Even the newcomers Michael Ballack and 2002 World Cup-winning defender Lúcio could not make a difference.
Following the season, it was decided that Hitzfeld should leave the club and Felix Magath, a former player for Hamburger SV during the late 1970s to mid-1980s which was so highly competitive with Bayern and also successful in Europe, was given the chance to put his mark on a new Bayern generation. In his first year in charge he steered the club to a double.
Beginning with the 2005–06 season, Bayern moved from the Olympic Stadium to the new Allianz Arena, which the club owns jointly with local rivals 1860 München. Since the move, Bayern has won most of their matches there, and the stadium was well received by the fans, with almost all home matches in front of sell-out crowds. It was again the national double that could be celebrated in the new ground at the end of the season; however, the club's performance on international level proved once more to be rather dismal: a crushing 1–4 defeat by Milan in the last 16 of the 2005–06 Champions League put a quick end to their campaign. The Championship Plate and the Cup were also farewell presents for Bixente Lizarazu and Jens Jeremies, two players who ended their career after many successful years for the club. The loss of influential player Michael Ballack to Chelsea on a free transfer greatly upset Karl-Heinz Rummenigge, who has moaned about Chelsea's spending power being "not acceptable or fair".
For the 2006–07 season, Bayern thinned out their squad, with Ballack and Zé Roberto departing (the Brazilian did not get along well with Magath), Paolo Guerrero being sold to rivals Hamburger SV and Lizarazu and Jeremies ending their careers. Joining the club was German international Lukas Podolski after months of speculation concerning his future after the relegation of his former club 1. FC Köln, while to strengthen its defence, Bayern recruited centre-back Daniel Van Buyten from Hamburg. Due to the club's early exits in the previous years, expectations on international level were toned down by the club's officials, also reflecting their reluctance to spend extremely high sums on "superstar" players, despite the widespread opinion among observers that a new high-profile playmaker was needed to replace Ballack. However, when Dutch striker Ruud van Nistelrooy's ambitions to leave Manchester United became public, Uli Hoeneß expressed the intention to sign him, though he ultimately fell short after Van Nistelrooy chose to join Real Madrid instead. The final day of the 2006 summer transfer window would see Bayern acquire Dutch midfielder Mark van Bommel, who had fallen out of favour at Barcelona. Those calling for a real "number 10" were disappointed with this move, as Van Bommel is a defensive midfield "worker" rather than a creative playmaker. Nonetheless, however, Van Bommel's leadership qualities and uncompromising style of play would prove important for the team, eventually securing him the captain's armband after Oliver Kahn's retirement in 2008.
After an unconvincing first half of the season, Magath was sacked in January 2007 over fears of not qualifying for the following season's Champions League. He was replaced by Ottmar Hitzfeld, returning for his second spell in charge. He was, despite his best efforts, not able to turn the season around and lead Bayern to the 2007–08 Champions League campaign, which instead "relegated" the club to the 2007–08 UEFA Cup, in which they had last played in the 1995–96 season. A 0–2 home defeat against Milan in the Champions League and a devastating 2–0 away defeat at eventual Bundesliga champions VfB Stuttgart in particular prompted club officials to re-evaluate the team that ultimately finished fourth in the Bundesliga; it was already stated well within the 2006–07 season that the following year's team would be drastically different.
Months before season's end, Bayern began courting Werder Bremen star striker Miroslav Klose without first talking to the club, greatly upsetting Bremen officials, who stated that they fully expected Klose to honor his contract that ran until 2008. Uli Hoeneß replied that if Bremen insisted on Klose playing another season with them, the transfer would definitely take place one year later. It was probably when it became apparent that Klose would be "the player that will join Bayern" for over a year if he stayed that Bremen eventually agreed on the transfer for a purported sum of approximately €12 million. Apart from Klose, the two most prominent signings for the 2007–08 season were Italian World Cup winner Luca Toni and French midfielder Franck Ribéry, with the latter alone costing Bayern a club record fee of €25 million. Other prominent players to join the "new" Bayern for the upcoming season were German internationals Marcell Jansen and Jan Schlaudraff. These five were completed by Argentinian youth international José Sosa, Turkish international Hamit Altıntop (from Schalke 04) and the returning Zé Roberto for his second spell with the Reds after one year spent with Santos in Brazil.
The other side of renewing the team was a number of notable players leaving the club: Owen Hargreaves was signed by Manchester United after Bayern had refused the transfer a year earlier, while strikers Claudio Pizarro and Roque Santa Cruz likewise both left for English clubs, Chelsea and Blackburn Rovers respectively (Santa Cruz quickly rose to prominence at Blackburn, scoring 19 goals in his first Premier League season after just 31 Bundesliga goals in eight years at Bayern). Meanwhile, Roy Makaay moved to Feyenoord, seeing his starting team chances dwindle with the signings of fellow strikers Toni and Klose, while Ali Karimi left the club after two seasons and Andreas Görlitz being loaned out Karlsruher SC. Hasan Salihamidžić and Mehmet Scholl also left the club after many years with Bayern; Salihamidžić signed for Juventus while Scholl ended his career at the age of 36, playing in the last match of the season and scoring his last goal. He would be given a farewell match before the start of the new season when Bayern played against Barcelona for the Franz Beckenbauer Cup.
The retooling effort made would immediately prove fruitful in a successful Bundesliga campaign that saw Bayern dominate the league and occupying the top spot of the table for the entirety of the season, being defeated just twice in 34 matches and setting a new Bundesliga record for fewest goals conceded, with 21. They also completed another double as they defeated Borussia Dortmund in the cup final. Pre-season top transfers Ribéry and Toni would also prove to be league's most influential players. Ribéry was usually named the league's most technically gifted player and often seemed virtually unstoppable by the opposing defense lines; he scored 11 goals and creating eight assists, being voted Germany's Footballer of the Year at the end of his first season. Meanwhile, Toni became the league's top scorer with 24 goals, scoring a total of 39 in 46 official matches. His popularity was further increased by achieving feats such as a four-goal haul during Bayern's 6–0 UEFA Cup win against Greek club Aris, a "perfect" hat-trick in a Bundesliga match against Hannover 96 and four braces within ten days in a UEFA Cup match, two Bundesliga games and the domestic cup final. His strike partner Klose, however, had a disappointing season overall, starting very strong with eight goals in his first six matches, then only netting two more for the rest of the season.
Bayern's "unwanted" (as the club aspires to play in the Champions League exclusively) UEFA Cup campaign saw mixed performances against teams clearly perceived as weaker, such as against Bolton Wanderers, Belenenses or Getafe, but they managed to reach the semi-finals where they were eliminated in a humiliating 0–4 away defeat to Russian champions and eventual Cup winners Zenit Saint Petersburg.
The 2008–09 season saw former Bayern star and German national coach Jürgen Klinsmann taking charge as the team's new coach, with long-term goalkeeper and captain Oliver Kahn ending his career. The team performed inconsistently in the domestic league while initially achieving strong results in its Champions League campaign: most notably, Bayern advanced to the quarter-finals after a record joint leg 12–1 victory over Sporting CP. However, the next round saw Bayern's exit after a humiliating 0–4 defeat against eventual champions Barcelona. On the heels of a crucial Bundesliga loss against rival title contenders VfL Wolfsburg and in danger of missing a Champions League spot for the next season, Klinsmann was sacked and replaced with veteran coach Jupp Heynckes, who was brought back from retirement for the last remaining matches. Heynckes managed to win a string of games and eventually secured the second place for Bayern, but had no plans to stay at the club.
Prior to the 2009–10 season, Bayern made major changes to both the squad and the management, hiring Dutch coach Louis van Gaal and strikers Arjen Robben and Mario Gómez, with the latter purchase setting a new club record transfer fee at €30 million. Shortly before the end of the year, long-term manager Uli Hoeneß retired from his position and assumed the club's presidency. After a rocky start into the new season, the team began to pick up steam in late fall, defeating Juventus 4–1 in a make-or-break Champions League group stage match and steadily ascending in the Bundesliga. Led by a brilliant Robben, who scored a string of crucial goals in all competitions, Bayern was eventually able to secure both domestic titles and advanced to the Champions League final in Madrid. While they were ultimately unable to overcome Internazionale, finishing as runners-up still meant that the 2009–10 season was Bayern's most successful in almost a decade.
After the team's highly successful run the previous year, Bayern management deferred to Van Gaal's assessment that no further transfers were needed in the run-up to the 2010–11 season. However, some players who had already been transferred away on a loan basis the year before, such as Luca Toni and José Sosa, were sold outright. Returning loanee Toni Kroos, who had also spent the last one-and-a-half years at Bayer Leverkusen, was the only notable "addition" to the squad. Bayern again had to deal with a string of injuries that befell key players, most notably Robben, who missed the whole first leg of the season due to a harmstring injury that he had picked up when preparing for the 2010 World Cup with the Netherlands. The team got off to a very poor start in the league, only securing eight points out of its first seven Bundesliga games and quickly conceding a substantial lead to eventual champions Borussia Dortmund. Hampered by consistently weak showings in its defence, Bayern finished the first half of the season in fifth place, 14 points behind leaders Dortmund. The winter transfer period saw the addition of Luiz Gustavo from 1899 Hoffenheim against the departures of captain Mark van Bommel to Milan and central defender Martín Demichelis to Málaga. While Bayern performed much better during the season's second half, securing the most league points of all teams, Dortmund's lead would eventually prove insurmountable. At the European level, Bayern looked poised to exact revenge on Internazionale for their Champions League final loss the year before, but despite a 1–0 away victory, the team exited the competition after a 2–3 home loss. Having already agreed to terminate his contract at the end of the season, Van Gaal was ultimately sacked outright on 10 April. Former assistant coach Andries Jonker took over the team and managed to win third place in the league, achieving the minimum aim of reaching a Champions League qualification spot.
In the 2011–12 Champions League campaign, the team reached the final after eliminating Real Madrid in a penalty shoot-out at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, but lost out eventually on another penalty shoot-out to hand Chelsea their first European triumph.
Treble of 2012–13
In the 2012–13 season, Bayern reached their third European final in four successive campaigns, memorably routing favourites and Spanish domestic champions Barcelona 7–0 over two legs. On 25 May 2013, riding on a late winner from Arjen Robben, they defeated compatriots Borussia Dortmund 2–1 at Wembley Stadium to clinch their fifth European Cup title, and their first in 12 years. One week later, on 1 June 2013, Jupp Heynckes in his final match delivered a 3–2 victory over VfB Stuttgart in the German Cup final to secure a historic treble, having also wrapped up the Bundesliga eight weeks earlier.
References
FC Bayern Munich
Bayern Munich
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical%20drama
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Medical drama
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A medical drama is a television show or film in which events center upon a hospital, an ambulance staff, or any medical environment. Most recent medical dramatic programming go beyond the events pertaining to the characters' jobs and portray some aspects of their personal lives. A typical medical drama might have a storyline in which two doctors fall in love. Communications theorist Marshall McLuhan, in his 1964 work on the nature of media, predicted success for this particular genre on TV because the medium "creates an obsession with bodily welfare". The longest running medical drama in the world is the British series Casualty, airing since 1986, and the longest running medical soap opera is General Hospital running since 1963, while the longest running prime-time medical drama is Grey’s Anatomy.
History
City Hospital, which first aired in 1951, is usually considered to be the first televised medical drama. (The first serialized medical drama was probably the Dr. Kildare film series (1937-1947), starring a number of actors in the eponymous role, and Lionel Barrymore throughout the series.) Medic, which featured Richard Boone, ran two seasons, from 1954 to 1956. The genre became a staple of prime time television with the enormous popularity of Dr. Kildare and Ben Casey, both debuting in 1961. The BBC series Dr. Finlay's Casebook (1962–1971) is an early example of another common variant of the genre in which a medical practice is used as a focus for stories detailing the life of a (usually small) community. The long running Australian series A Country Practice (1981–1993) is a later example of this subgenre. From 1969 to 1976, the series Marcus Welby, M.D. and Medical Center were extremely popular for their both orthodox and unorthodox way of presenting medical cases. In 1972, the long-running series, Emergency!, starring Robert Fuller and Julie London, was the first medical drama ever to combine both, a fire department paramedic rescue program with an emergency room in a general hospital, which also focused on real-life rescues. Also in 1972, the first episode of M*A*S*H aired; the show's tone was generally comedic, but dark—poignant moments emanating from the death caused by war were not uncommon. This trend of comedy with undercurrents of darkness in medical TV shows can also be seen in St. Elsewhere, Doogie Howser, M.D., House M.D., Grey's Anatomy, Scrubs, Code Black and Chicago Med. In 1986, Casualty started airing on BBC One in the United Kingdom. Casualty continues to be aired, making it the longest running TV medical drama. Its sister show Holby City has been airing since 1999.
According to Professor George Ikkos, the president of the psychiatry sector of the Royal Society of Medicine, medical dramas have accumulated large audiences because the characters in the shows are often depicted as everyday citizens who have extraordinary careers, which promotes a sense of relatability among viewers. Medical drama is sometimes used in medical education; a systematic review of such uses indicated that it is a "feasible and acceptable" complement to medical education.
See also
List of medical drama television programs
Medical fiction
References
External links
Drama genres
Soap operas
Television genres
Works about medicine
Film genres
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennie%20Hoffmann%2C%20Baron%20Hoffmann
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Lennie Hoffmann, Baron Hoffmann
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Leonard Hubert "Lennie" Hoffmann, Baron Hoffmann (born 8 May 1934) is a retired senior South African–British judge. He served as a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary from 1995 to 2009.
Well known for his lively decisions and willingness to break with convention, he has had an especially large impact on the interpretation of contracts, shareholder actions in UK company law, in restricting tort liability for public authorities, human rights and intellectual property law, in particular patents. Currently, he serves as a Non-Permanent Judge of the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong.
Early life
Born 8 May 1934 in Cape Town, Leonard Hubert Hoffmann was the son of a well-known solicitor who co-founded what has become Africa's largest law firm, Edward Nathan Sonnenbergs.
Education
He was educated at the University of Cape Town and then attended The Queen's College, Oxford, as a Rhodes Scholar, where he studied for the BCL degree and won the Vinerian Scholarship.
Between 1961 and 1973, he was Stowell Civil Law Fellow at University College, Oxford, where he is an Honorary Fellow.
Legal career
In 1963, he published the first edition of The South African Law of Evidence, a work which became the standard text and which has since been published in four editions. After being called to the Bar from Gray's Inn in 1964, Hoffmann became one of the most sought after and highly priced barristers of his generation and was quickly made a judge, having taken silk on 19 April 1977.
Judicial career
He was appointed to the Courts of Appeal of Jersey and Guernsey on 20 November 1980 and stayed in office until 1985 and was appointed to the High Court of Justice, Chancery Division from 1985 to 1992. On 23 July 1985, he was knighted upon his appointment, as is customary for High Court judges.
He was subsequently appointed to be a Lord Justice of Appeal on 1 October 1992 and stayed in office until 1995. In 1995, Hoffmann was appointed a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary (more commonly known as a Law Lord) and thereby raised to the peerage as Baron Hoffmann, of Chedworth in the County of Gloucestershire.
Twinsectra v Yardley (trust law) and MacNiven v Westmoreland (tax law) are prominent examples of his judicial positions. Both cases led to differences of view between him and Lord Millett. Hoffmann gave the leading judgment in Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society, in which he set out five principles for interpreting contracts.
He retired as a Law Lord on 20 April 2009 and joined the Centre for Commercial Law Studies, Queen Mary, University of London, as Honorary Professor of Intellectual Property Law.
Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal
Hoffmann has been a Non-Permanent Judge of the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal since 1998.
In 2014 he was awarded the Gold Bauhinia Star by the Chief Executive of Hong Kong.
Links with Amnesty International
Hoffmann's failure to declare his links with Amnesty International before ruling on whether Augusto Pinochet was immune from prosecution led to the unprecedented setting aside of a House of Lords judgment. He later commented to the Daily Telegraph that "the fact is I'm not biased. I am a lawyer. I do things as a judge. The fact that my wife works as a secretary for Amnesty International is, as far as I am concerned, neither here nor there."
Family
Leonard and Gillian Hoffmann have two daughters and two grandchildren.
Opinions in terrorism cases
Hoffmann was involved in three important judgments of the House of Lords concerning terrorism: Secretary of State for the Home Department v Rehman [2001] UKHL 47; A v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2004] UKHL 56; and A v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] UKHL 71. In Rehman, at para 62, he wrote:Postscript. I wrote this speech some three months before the recent events in New York and Washington. They are a reminder that in matters of national security, the cost of failure can be high. This seems to me to underline the need for the judicial arm of government to respect the decisions of ministers of the Crown on the question of whether support for terrorist activities in a foreign country constitutes a threat to national security. It is not only that the executive has access to special information and expertise in these matters. It is also that such decisions, with serious potential results for the community, require a legitimacy which can be conferred only by entrusting them to persons responsible to the community through the democratic process. If the people are to accept the consequences of such decisions, they must be made by persons whom the people have elected and whom they can remove.
It appeared that he was willing to defer to the executive in matters concerning national security in the fairly long tradition of English judges deferring to the executive in such matters, including Lord Denning in ex-parte Hosenball. However, in 2004, Hoffmann took a robust stand (joining the majority of judges in the decision) against the executive in the Belmarsh case, A v. SSHD [2004] UKHL 56. In this case Hoffmann wrote at para 97 that: The real threat to the life of the nation, in the sense of a people living in accordance with its traditional laws and political values, comes not from terrorism but from laws such as these. That is the true measure of what terrorism may achieve. It is for Parliament to decide whether to give the terrorists such a victory.
In A v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] UKHL 71, Hoffmann said:The use of torture is dishonourable. It corrupts and degrades the state which uses it and the legal system which accepts it.
Notable judgments
Re Augustus Barnett & Son Ltd [1986] BCLC 170
Improver v Remington [1990] FSR 181
Nestle v National Westminster Bank plc [1992] EWCA Civ 12, [1993] 1 WLR 1260 - English trusts law concerning the duty of care when a trustee is making an investment; Hoffmann's decision supported on appeal
Bishopsgate Investment Management Ltd v Maxwell (No 2) [1993] BCLC 814 - UK company law concerning a director's duty to act for proper purposes of the company.
Re D'Jan of London Ltd [1994] 1 BCLC 561, [1993] BCC 646
William Sindall plc v Cambridgeshire County Council [1994] 1 WLR 1016
Re Saul D Harrison & Sons plc [1995] 1 BCLC 14, [1994] BCC 475
Biogen Inc v Medeva plc [1997] RPC 1 [1996] UKHL 18
South Australia Asset Management Corp v York Montague Ltd [1996] UKHL 10, [1997] AC 191
Co-operative Insurance Society Ltd v Argyll Stores [1997] UKHL 17
Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society [1997] UKHL 28
Banque Financiere de la Cite v Parc (Battersea) Ltd [1998] UKHL 7
O'Neill v Phillips [1999] UKHL 24, [1999] 1 WLR 1092
Bruton v London & Quadrant Housing Trust [2000] 1 AC 406
Secretary of State for the Home Department v. Rehman [2001] UKHL 47
Standard Chartered Bank v Pakistan National Shipping Corp [2003] 1 AC 959
Kirin-Amgen v Hoechst Marion Roussel [2004] UKHL 46
A v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2004] UKHL 56
A v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] UKHL 71
OBG Ltd v Allan [2007] UKHL 21, [2008] 1 AC 1, [2007] 2 WLR 920
Transfield Shipping Inc v Mercator Shipping Inc or The Achilleas [2008] UKHL 48
Attorney General of Belize v Belize Telecom Ltd [2009] UKPC 10
Publications
A selection of his extra-judicial writings:
"Anthropomorphic justice: The reasonable man and his friends" (2010) 29(2) The Law Teacher 127
"Language and Lawyers" [2018] 134 Law Quarterly Review 553
References
External links
Universality of Human Rights, Hoffmann's lecture, 2009
1934 births
Living people
South African Rhodes Scholars
Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford
Alumni of South African College Schools
Fellows of The Queen's College, Oxford
Law lords
Crossbench life peers
English Jews
Hong Kong judges
Justices of the Court of Final Appeal (Hong Kong)
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Members of Gray's Inn
Amnesty International people
University of Cape Town alumni
Members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
People from Cape Town
Recipients of the Gold Bauhinia Star
Knights Bachelor
South African emigrants to the United Kingdom
Chancery Division judges
Jewish British politicians
South African Jews
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3991393
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow%20Sheriff%20Court
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Glasgow Sheriff Court
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Glasgow Sheriff Court is a Sheriff Court in the Gorbals (Laurieston) area of Glasgow, within the Sheriffdom of Glasgow and Strathkelvin. It is reputedly the busiest court in Europe.
The court deals with both criminal and civil cases. There are currently twenty-eight sheriffs in post at Glasgow Sheriff Court (five of whom are floating sheriffs). They sit alone in civil cases and are assisted by a jury of fifteen members of the electoral roll in some criminal cases (cases using solemn procedure only).
The Sheriff Principal is Craig Turnbull, who replaced Sheriff Craig Scott in 2016.
Building
The Court is located at 1 Carlton Place in the Gorbals area of Glasgow, on the banks of the River Clyde and adjacent to Glasgow Central Mosque. It is a three-storey building of large cut stone construction and was formally opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 29 July 1986. In 2008, the roof of the building was fitted with 700 square metres of solar panels, with the capacity to create some 97 kW of power. The system cost £500,000 to install, has an expected life-span of forty years, and is predicted to cut £20,000 from the Court's electricity bill, whilst saving around forty tonnes of carbon dioxide per year.
References
External links
Court buildings in Scotland
Government buildings in Glasgow
Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service
Gorbals
Government buildings completed in 1986
1986 establishments in Scotland
Category B listed buildings in Glasgow
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5383037
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentat
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Argentat
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Argentat () is a former commune in the Corrèze department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of central France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Argentat-sur-Dordogne.
The inhabitants of the commune are known as Argentacois or Argentacoises
Geography
Argentat is situated on the river Dordogne, 30 km south-east of Tulle, 30 km east by south-east of Brive-la-Gaillarde, and some 15 km south-west of Saint-Privat. Access to the commune is by road D1120 from Saint-Chamant in the north-west passing through the town and continuing south-east to Montvert. The D980 goes from the town north-east to Saint-Privat. The D12 goes south-west from the town to Brivezac. The D33 branches off the D1120 east of the town and goes south to La Chapelle-Saint-Geraud. The D169 goes west from the town to Neuville. The D18 goes north-east from the village and continues north to Saint-Martin-la-Meanne. The D131 branches off the D18 and goes north to Saint-Bazile-de-la-Roche. The D129 goes north-east to the Barrage du Chastang. The D116 goes south from the town to connect to the hamlets of L'Hopital and Les Etables. Apart from the large town area the commune is mostly forest with some farming north and south of the town.
The Dordogne flows through the town and the commune from north to south with the Maronne flowing through the commune from the east and joining the Dordogne at the south-western corner of the commune. At the northern border of the commune the Doustre flows into the Dordogne. Several other streams flow into the Dordogne in the commune including the Ruisseau du Laie.
Neighbouring communes and villages
History
Argentat lies on the border of three regions, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Occitanie and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, although it officially lies within the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. It also lies on the river Dordogne below some deep gorges with tumultuous water. This location makes the town of some importance due to the bridges crossing the Dordogne and the important river traffic to Bergerac and Libourne.
Since Gallic times a village perched on a nearby hill, the Puy-du-Tour, has controlled the ford on a protohistoric way connecting Armorica to the Mediterranean. A Roman villa was established on the plain of Longour, a farming-oriented area, close to the Dordogne.
In Merovingian times there was a mint to facilitate trade.
Under the Carolingians, Argentat was the seat of a vicariate - a territorial division under the authority of a count with a priest administering justice.
From the 10th century Argentat is known to have had a priory and a priest in a walled city. The town depended on a religious lord, the Prior of Carennac, and a lay lord, the Viscount of Turenne. Guarding his rights the Viscounty did not grant any charter of liberties and the local community had to be content until, in 1615, parish trustees were appointed to manage it. However, from 1263, the Turennes conceded an important market on the Saint Andrew's day to the town which is the oldest fair in Lower Limousin. Argentat sided with the Huguenots in the Wars of religion which created a troubled situation for half a century.
In the 17th century, with the Counter-Reformation and the subsequent establishment of the Recollects and the Poor Clares around 1633 and the Ursulines in 1637, the struggles gradually subsided. With the annexation of Viscounty to the Crown in 1738, Argentat became the seat of a sub-delegation of the management of Limoges.
The town experienced significant economic growth in the 18th and 19th centuries from Inland navigation by scows, which were known locally as courpet, that allowed the delivery of goods (mainly oak staves for cooperage and carassonne-stakes for grapevines) to the Bordeaux region. This activity began to decline at the end of the 19th century following the outbreak of phylloxera, which devastated the vineyards, and the inauguration of the PO Corrèze railway between Tulle and Argentat in 1904 (this line remained in operation until 1970).
Heraldry
Administration
List of Successive Mayors
Twinning
Argentat has twinning associations with:
Bad König (Germany).
Rural community of Sakal (Senegal).
Demography
In 2012 the commune had 3,005 inhabitants.
Culture and heritage
Civil heritage
There are four sites in the commune that are registered as historical monuments:
The Eyrial Manor at Rue Theil (1457)
The Barns/Stables next to the hospital (18th century)
The Grave de Roland Menhir at La Marque (Neolithic)
The Chateau du Bac (16th century). The façade is from the 18th century and the dovecote from the 16th century.
Other sites of interest
The Dordogne is an impressive sight and flows beneath a viaduct, Le Pont de la République, linking the north and south sections of the town.
Heritage House contains a Painting: Portrait of Antoine Veilhan (1650) which is registered as an historical object.
The Boatmen's cross
The Lestourgie Masonry Pier from the 19th century with a beautiful promenade on the right bank of the Dordogne.
The Hotel de Turenne (the "Raymondie") at 13 rue des Clarisses
The Rue Porte-Basse
The Birthplace of General Delmas
The Filliol house (16th century), formerly the post office
The Barrage d'Argentat (Argentat Dam)
The Cinema (formerly a hospice) contains a Bronze Bell (1525) which is registered as an historical object.
Religious heritage
The Church of Saint Peter contains many items that are registered as historical objects:
Container for Baptismal water (18th century)
A White Chasuble (19th century)
A Rose Chasuble (19th century)
A Chalice with Paten from the White Penitents (1806)
A Sideboard door in the Sacristy (18th century)
2 Busts/Reliquaries: Saints Clair and Peter (18th century)
The Pediment of the Retable of the Virgin (18th century)
A framed Painting: Calvary (18th century)
The Pediment of the Retable of the main Altar (1753)
Containers for holy oil (1752)
A Chalice with Paten (18th century)
A Processional Cross (disappeared) (16th century)
A Bronze Bell (1538)
A Processional Cross (13th century)
A Chalice (18th century)
Other religious sites of interest
The Recollects Convent, founded in the early 17th century.
The Convent of the Poor Clares at 7 Rue des Clarisses
The Chateau Neuville, also known as Chateau Fénelon
The Chapelle-aux-Plats, a former parish merged with the commune of Argentat. Its chateau belonged to a branch of the Pestels family
The Fortified Chapel built in the late 19th century on Rue des Clarisses
Notable people linked to the commune
Antoine Guillaume Delmas (1766-1813), General of the French Revolution, killed in action at the Battle of Leipzig
Eusèbe Bombal (1827-1915), historian of Argentat, ethnologist, local archaeologist, precursor of Limousin folklore
Auguste Lestourgie (1833-1885), Mayor of Argentat and MP for Corrèze
Jean Douvisis, (1866-1926), creator of the agricultural associations of France.
René Caillier (1879-1946), politician
Emmanuel Berl (1892-1976), journalist, historian and essayist, stayed in Argentat during the Second World War
Mireille Hartuch (1906-1996), singer and actress with the stage name Mireille, lived at Argentat with her husband Emmanuel Berl
René Teulade (1931-2014), politician. Senator and Mayor of Argentat, former Minister of Social Affairs and Integration
Philately
A postage stamp worth 4.40 francs portraying the Lestourgie dock and beautiful renovated houses in Argentat was issued on 18 June 1994.
Cinema
Several movies and TV series have been shot in the commune. In particular:
1995: TV series La Rivière Espérance by Josée Dayan
Argentat Photo gallery
The Church of Saint Pierre
See also
Communes of the Corrèze department
Bibliography
Jacques Patureau, The Coal Mines of Argentat, Tulle, Mille Sources, 2001.
Eusèbe Bombal, Upper Dordogne and its boatmen, foreword by Henri Soudeille, illustrations by Simone Hymon, bio-bibliography by Daniel Borzeix, published by "Les Monedieres", 1981 (first edition 1903).
References
External links
Argentat Optique website
Argentat official website
Community of Communes of Pays d'Argentat website
Argentat on the National Geographic Institute website
Argentat on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Argentat on the 1750 Cassini Map
Former communes of Corrèze
Lemovices
Limousin
Populated places disestablished in 2017
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3991397
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Ajax%20%281864%29
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USS Ajax (1864)
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USS Ajax, originally named USS Manayunk after a town in Pennsylvania, was a single-turreted built for the Union Navy during the American Civil War. Completed after the end of the war, Ajax was laid up until 1871, although she received her new name in 1869. The ship was briefly activated in 1871, before a much longer commission began in 1874–1875. She was assigned to the North Atlantic Squadron during this time. Ajax was again placed in reserve in 1891. The ship was on militia duty when the Spanish–American War began and she was recommissioned in 1898, to defend Baltimore, Maryland, although she was decommissioned later in the year before the necessary refit could be completed. Ajax was sold for scrap in 1899.
Design
Ajax was long overall, had a beam of and had a maximum draft of . Ajax had a tonnage of 1,034 tons burthen and displaced . Her crew consisted of 100 officers and enlisted men.
Ajax was powered by a two-cylinder horizontal Ericsson vibrating-lever steam engine that drove one propeller using steam generated by four Stimers horizontal fire-tube boilers. The engine gave the ship a top speed of . She carried of coal. Ajaxs main armament consisted of two smoothbore, muzzle-loading, Dahlgren guns mounted in a single gun turret. Each gun weighed approximately . They could fire a shell up to a range of at an elevation of +7°.
The exposed sides of the hull were protected by five layers of wrought iron plates, backed by wood. The armor of the gun turret and the pilot house consisted of ten layers of one-inch plates. The ship's deck was protected by armor thick. A soft iron band was fitted around the base of the turret to prevent shells and fragments from jamming the turret as had happened during the First Battle of Charleston Harbor in April 1863. The base of the funnel (ship) was protected to a height of by of armor. A "rifle screen" of armor high was installed on the top of the turret to protected the crew against Confederate snipers based on a suggestion by Commander Tunis A. M. Craven, captain of her sister ship . The only known modification after the ship's completion was the addition of a hurricane deck between the turret and the funnel sometime after the end of the Civil War.
Construction
The contract for construction of Ajax, originally named Manayunk, after a town in Pennsylvania, was signed by Snowden & Mason, on 15 September 1862. Her keel was laid down later in the year in Snowden & Mason's new shipyard at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The ship's construction was delayed by multiple changes ordered while she was being built that reflected battle experience with earlier monitors. This included the rebuilding of the turrets and pilot houses to increase their armor thickness from to 10 inches and to replace the bolts that secured their armor plates together with rivets to prevent them from being knocked loose by the shock of impact from shells striking the turret. Other changes included deepening the hull by to increase the ship's buoyancy, moving the position of the turret to balance the ship's trim and replacing all of the ship's deck armor. She was ready to be launched in April 1864, but the very low level of the Ohio River rendered that impossible. She was finally launched on 18 December. While fitting out, Ajax was ripped loose from her moorings on 5 March 1865, and she had to be towed back to her berth. The following day she was towed to Mound City, Illinois, where she arrived on 11 March. Snowden & Mason had to pay $7,000 for the tow as well as ship of material needed to finish the ship.
Service history
The monitor joined her sisters and in ordinary opposite Cairo, Illinois, when she was completed on 27 September 1865, although they drew enough water that they had to be anchored in the main channel where they were often struck by debris, drifting ice, and were vulnerable to accidents. This was a persistent problem and the Navy finally decided to move the ships down to New Orleans, in May 1866. The ship was renamed Ajax, on 15 June 1869.
The monitor was briefly commissioned on 1 January 1871, under the command of Lieutenant Commander Charles Love Franklin, and transferred to Key West, Florida, to participate with the North Atlantic Squadron on coast defense maneuvers. She was decommissioned on 1 July 1871, and laid up at the Philadelphia Navy Yard. After a thorough overhaul, Ajax was recommissioned on 13 January 1874, with Commander Joseph N. Miller, in command. The ship was assigned to the North Atlantic Squadron and was based at Key West, until she was decommissioned again on 27 July 1875, and laid up at Port Royal, South Carolina. Recommissioned on 5 November 1875, the ship remained at Port Royal, until moved to the James River. She was moored at Brandon and at City Point, Virginia, before being placed in ordinary at Richmond, on 30 June 1891.
On 26 September 1895, Ajax was loaned to the New Jersey Naval Militia and moored at Camden, New Jersey. She was recommissioned for local defense duties on 9 July 1898, during the Spanish–American War in response to pressure from local politicians. The ship was intended for service at Baltimore, but she was decommissioned on 1 September 1898, before the necessary refit had been completed. Ajax was sold at the Philadelphia Navy Yard on 10 October 1899.
Notes
References
External links
Canonicus-class monitors
Ships built in Pittsburgh
1864 ships
Spanish–American War monitors of the United States
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5383044
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe%20Laskari
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Zoe Laskari
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Zoe Laskari (, ; 12 December 1942 – 18 August 2017) was a Greek film and stage actress.
Life
Zoe Laskari was born Zoe Kouroukli in Thessaloniki, Greece, on 12 December 1942—not 1943 or 1944, as had been misreported during her lifetime and after her death—into a middle class family which had a long tradition of service to the Hellenic Army. Her father was murdered during the German occupation in late 1943 and her mother in 1949 during the civil war, both by Communists.
She was raised by her maternal grandparents. In 1959, she won the title of Star Hellas (Miss Greece) - in order to participate in the pageant she added two years to her age to be of age and went on to represent Greece at the Miss Universe pageant in Long Beach, California where she made it to the semifinals. However, while being in the United States, it was revealed that she was still legally a minor, having obscured her true age. She refused to return to Greece and stayed in New York City for about 18 months.
Marriages
In 1967, she married industrialist Petros Koutoumanos, by whom she had her first daughter, Martha Koutoumanou. Their marriage ended in 1971. In June 1976, she married criminologist Alexandros Lykourezos, by whom she had a second daughter, Maria-Eleni Lykourezou.
Career
Due to her success at the beauty pageant, director Giannis Dalianidis, offered her the starring role in O katiforos, a 1961 film, whose success gave her a rapid popularity and she shortly signed an exclusive contract with the biggest Greek film production company at the time, Finos Film. The films in which she appeared ranged from dramas to comedies and musicals. Some of her later movies were Stefania (1966) and Oi Thalassies oi Hadres (1967). Other Laskari film hits were Nomos 4000, Merikoi to protimoun kryo, Koritsia gia filima, Dakrya gia tin Ilektra, Mia kyria sta bouzoukia and Marihouana stop.
Her stage work included famous plays like Edward Albee's Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, the ancient Greek tragedy The Trojan Women by Euripides and Neil Simon's Barefoot in the Park. Her theatrical hits include the play Oi erastes tou Oneirou which was also her first play in Athens. Laskari's first television appearance was her leading role in the TV series Romaios kai Ioulieta in 1976.
Death
Laskari died on 18 August 2017 at Porto Rafti, from heart failure. She had two daughters, Martha Koutoumanou and Maria-Eleni Lykourezou.
Filmography
References
External links
Official website
1942 births
2017 deaths
Age controversies
20th-century Greek actresses
21st-century Greek actresses
Greek beauty pageant winners
Greek female models
Greek film actresses
Greek Macedonians
Greek stage actresses
Miss Universe 1959 contestants
Actors from Thessaloniki
Models from Thessaloniki
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5383048
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldby%20Park
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Aldby Park
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Aldby Park is a country estate in the village of Buttercrambe near the village of Stamford Bridge in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England.
The house, replacing the original Tudor one, was built around 1725 by Jane Darley but it occupies an ancient site believed to be where Edwin of Northumbria was crowned King in 625 AD.
Aldby Park is best known as being the ancestral home of the Darley family. This family's best known member is Thomas Darley, brother of Jane Darley, who owned the celebrated Darley Arabian horse which is widely recognised as being the earliest ancestor of most of the world's thoroughbred race horses. Most recently, it has been the home of Mark Winn, grandson of Rowland Winn, 1st Baron St Oswald, and his son, George Winn-Darley.
The three storey house is built of brick with ashlar dressing and a slate roof, with a nine bay frontage.
History
William Darley had bought Buttercrambe manor in 1557. Sir Richard Darley's son and heir, Henry Darley, was elected MP for Malton in 1645. It was Henry Darley's son Richard who asked his own son Thomas to send the Darley Arabian from Aleppo, where Thomas was a merchant. Richard died in 1706 and was succeeded by another son Henry, on whose death in 1720 the estate passed to his sister Jane, all her other brothers having also died. Jane had married John Brewster, who changed his name to Brewster-Darley and built the present house around 1725. Their grandson Henry Darley died in 1810. Henry's son Henry (1777–1846) was a Justice of the Peace and High Sheriff of Yorkshire in 1827. His son, Henry Brewster (1809–1860) and the latter's son, yet another Henry (1839–1904) also served as Tory justices. Cecil Geoffrey Darley of Aldby Hall was born in 1885.
The house was requisitioned by the army during the Second World War and suffered severely, but was renovated after the war by Mark Winn. He passed it on to his son George whilst continuing to live there. In 1999 the house suffered a serious fire.
References
External links
Some details
A description from Country Life, November 9th, 1935
Country houses in North Yorkshire
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3991399
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almu%C3%B1%C3%A9car
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Almuñécar
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Almuñécar () is a Spanish city and municipality located in the southwestern part of the comarca of the Costa Granadina, in the province of Granada. It is located on the shores of the Mediterranean sea and borders the Granadin municipalities of Otívar, Jete, Ítrabo and Salobreña, and with the Malagueño municipality of Nerja. The Verde river runs through its term. The municipality of sexitano includes the population centers of Almuñécar —municipal capital—, La Herradura, Velilla-Taramay, Torrecuevas, Río Seco, El Rescate and El Cerval.
Since 1975, the town has become one of the most important tourist towns in Granada province and on the Costa Granadina; it has good transport connections and a football (soccer) stadium.
Almuñécar is an important setting in Laurie Lee's account of the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in As I Walked Out One Midsummer Morning, and referred to as "Castillo" to disguise people's identities.
Almuñécar's coat of arms, which shows the turbaned heads of three Barbary pirates floating in the sea, was granted to the town by King Carlos I in 1526 for its having destroyed a Berber raiding force.
Politics
Trinidad Herrera is the first woman to be elected mayor of Almuñecar. The city council elected Herrera, local leader of the People's Party (Partido Popular), on 11 June 2011.
History
Almuñécar began as a Phoenician colony named Sexi, and even today, some of its inhabitants still call themselves Sexitanos. Under the Moors, Almuñécar blossomed as the fishing town of al-Munakkab () or Ḥiṣn-al-Munakkab (). Although the Phoenician and Roman history of the district was known from Greek and Roman sources it was not until the 1950s that significant archaeological evidence was discovered.
Antiquity
Phoenician
The Phoenicians first established a colony in Almuñécar in about 800 BC and this developed for six hundred years into an important port and town with the name of Ex or Sexi and with a large fish salting and curing industry that was a major supplier of Greece and Rome. They also supplied a prized fish paste called garum made from the intestines of small fishes by a process of fermentation. Archaeological evidence comes chiefly from Phoenician cemeteries, the earlier Laurita necropolis on the hillside at Cerro San Cristobal and the later necropolis at Punte de Noy. An extensive collection of Phoenician grave goods and other artifacts is on display in the town museum located at the Castle of San Miguel and in the 'Cueva de Siete Palacios'.
Roman
The Romans came to southern Spain at the time of the Second Punic War between Rome and Carthage in 218 BC as part of their campaign to subdue the Phoenician settlements along the coast. During 700 years of Roman colonial rule the town and its industry prospered, and in 49 BC the municipality (one of 20 cities in Spain honoured at that time) was given the title Firmium Julium Sexi in recognition of the town's loyalty to Rome.
Major evidence of the fish salting and curing industry was uncovered during excavations in the 1970s and 1980s in the extensive Majuelo Botanical Gardens. These revealed the great extent of the rebuilding and modernising of the industry under Roman influence. A segment of the site has been carefully conserved, giving some idea of the size of the industry. This industry required not only large quantities of fish and sea salt, produced in many places along the coast, but also a constant supply of fresh running water.
To meet this demand the Romans built in the 1st century AD four miles of water conduit in the valleys of the Rio Seco and the Rio Verde, including five significant aqueducts. All, remarkably, are still standing and four of them are still in use after 2,000 years – adapted by the Moors over the centuries to serve the needs of crop irrigation. The Roman water supply also served the town and recent excavations in the town centre have uncovered the fifth aqueduct and the Roman baths.
The Romans were probably the first to fortify the Castle of Saint Miguel, although frequent rebuilding has obliterated most of the very extensive Roman fortifications. These included a bridge from the castle to the 'Peñon del Santo' with a massive high arch that survived until at least 1800.
Just below the castle on the landward side is the 'Cueva de Siete Palacios', which translates as 'Cave of the Seven Palaces'. However, it is not actually a cave, rather it is the largest remnant of a Roman palace yet found in Almuñécar, having survived for hundreds of years as 'social housing' until the 'cave dwellers' were re-housed in the 1970s. Only then did its true origins become apparent. It now houses the town museum.
Other important Roman remains in the district include a Roman bridge at Cotobro and Roman tombs in several locations.
Middle Ages
Visigoths
With the decline of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, Germanic peoples, including the Visigoths, crossed the Pyrenees mountain range into the Iberian peninsula. By 456 the Visigoths emerged as the dominant power, and expanded their territory onto the southwestern Mediterranean coast. However, Hispania remained relatively Romanized under their rule. The Visigoths adopted Roman culture and language, and maintained many of the old Roman institutions, although much of the economic structure collapsed, and at Almuñécar the fish curing industry declined rapidly. The Catholic bishops were the rivals of Visigothic power and culture until the end of the 6th and beginning of the 7th century—the period of transition from Arianism to Catholicism in the Visigothic kingdom.
Muslims
In 755 Umayyad Abd ar-Rahman I of Damascus, the founder of the Emirate of Cordoba, arrived from North Africa to establish his kingdom. The castle remained the stronghold of the city and the seat of government and its walls were strengthened. Extensive dungeons were built for those out of favour with local rulers, but also baths for the use of the social elite during the al-Andalus centuries.
The cross on Peñon del Santo, the rock at the old harbour entrance, marks the defeat of the Arabs, their surrender at Almuñécar, and the annexation to the Kingdom of Castille in 1489. The Arabic name (al-Munakkab, surrounded by mountains) gave origin to present-day Almuñécar.
Modern Era and Present
Following the restoration of Christian rule, new architectural statements were made – for example the construction of a new church was started in 1557 and completed to the latest design in 1600, the first Baroque-style church in the province of Granada. The old town was also Christianised (or perhaps paganised – by the Goddess of fertility herself), as in the building of the water fountain on the Calle Real (Royal Street), dated to 1559 and with the royal cypher above, but at that time using the existing Roman water supply from Las Angosturas first installed 1500 years earlier.
The castle was again extensively rebuilt and placed under the patronage of San Miguel. It was rebuilt and heavily fortified by the Christian King Charles III and last defended (by the French) in the Napoleonic Wars. Just one tower was partly destroyed but also most of the internal buildings. This was the work of the crew of the British vessel, HMS Hyacinth, acting in collaboration with Spanish partisans from Nerja on 27 May 1812. They caused the French garrison to flee and then attempted to render the castle unusable but with little success – owing to the gunpowder being damp. However, the Castle was finished as a military stronghold and following a cholera outbreak in 1830 the castle became the town cemetery, from which use it was cleared in 1986, to permit the restoration which is still in progress.
In 1562, a Spanish fleet sank in a storm in La Herradura Bay.
At the beginning of the Spanish Civil War it was where English poet and writer Laurie Lee was rescued by the Royal Navy in the summer of 1936. The story featured in his book, As I Walked Out One Midsummer Morning
The town's economy benefited from the raise of national and international tourism since the 1970s as well as neighbour Motril.
Gastronomy
Almuñécar's gastronomy focuses mainly on fresh fish and subtropical fruit. Monkfish (rape), red sea bream (besugo), squids (calamares), grouper (mero), croaker (corvina), and shellfish paella are typical examples of local seafood. There are several restaurants next to the beach where meals featuring these can be eaten al fresco (at tables outside) in the sea breezes. Pub crawls with stops at several bars to try different tapas are also popular.
The soil in the area is very fertile, and due to the semi-tropical climate, tropical fruits can be grown here. The most notable are mangos, avocados, loquats, and cherimoyas, but it is also easy to find papayas, guavas, lychees, kiwis, figs and even prickly pears, the fruit of the Opuntia ficus-indica cactus, which are used to make ice cream and jams sold in several local coffee shops.
Until the 1960s, Almuñécar had an important role as a sugar cane producer.
Some typical dessert cakes still made locally include:
Cazuela Mohína: an almond-based cake made with brown sugar, sesame and aniseed.
Torta de Alhajú: an almond cake wrapped in wafers and honey.
Merengazo: a sponge cake topped with egg white meringue.
Gallery
International relations
Twin towns — Sister cities
Almuñécar is twinned with:
Citations
External links
Almuñécar Official Site
Official website of the tourist office of Almuñécar
Tourist & Expat Info in English for Almuñécar and La Herradura
Photographic Guide to Almuñécar
Initial information in this article is based on that in its German equivalent.
Olivier de Busschère; The Guide to Almuñécar and La Herradura, Costa XXI.
Archaeological sites in Spain
Roman sites in Spain
Phoenician colonies in Spain
Seaside resorts in Spain
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3991405
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyacheslav%20Ivanov%20%28philologist%29
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Vyacheslav Ivanov (philologist)
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Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov ( , 21 August 1929 – 7 October 2017) was a prominent Soviet/Russian philologist, semiotician and Indo-Europeanist probably best known for his glottalic theory of Indo-European consonantism and for placing the Indo-European urheimat in the area of the Armenian Highlands and Lake Urmia.
Early life
Vyacheslav Ivanov's father was Vsevolod Ivanov, one of the most prominent Soviet writers. His mother was an actress who worked in the theatre of Vsevolod Meyerhold. His childhood was clouded by disease and war, especially in Tashkent.
Ivanov was educated at Moscow University and worked there until 1958, when he was fired on account of his sympathy with Boris Pasternak and Roman Jakobson. By that time, he had made some important contributions to Indo-European studies and became one of the leading authorities on Hittite language.
Career
1959–1961 — head of the Research Group for Machine Translation at the Institute of Computer Technology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow
1963–1989 — head of the Structural Typology Sector of the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow
1989–1993 — director of the All-Union Library of Foreign Literature in Moscow (VGBIL)
1989–1995 — chair of the Department of Theory and History of World Culture of the Philosophical Faculty of Moscow State University
1992–2017 — founding director of Moscow State University's Institute of World Culture
2003–2017 — founding director of the Russian Anthropological School at the Russian State University for the Humanities in Moscow
from November 1991 — professor in the Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures and the Program of Indo-European Studies at University of California — Los Angeles; retired in 2015, distinguished research professor since then
The member of the academies of sciences and learned societies:
the Russian Academy of Sciences
the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
the British Academy
the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts
the Latvian Academy of Sciences
the Linguistic Society of America
the American Philosophical Society
He was elected a full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2000, and he has been a Foreign Fellow of the British Academy since 1977.
Also, in 1989 he was elected to the Supreme Soviet of Russia, but left for the United States soon thereafter.
Scholarly contribution
During the early 1960s, Ivanov was one of the first Soviet scholars to take a keen interest in the development of semiotics. He worked with Vladimir Toporov on several linguistic monographs, including an outline of Sanskrit. In 1962 he joined Toporov and Juri Lotman in establishing the Tartu-Moscow Semiotic School. During the 1970s Ivanov worked with Tamaz Gamkrelidze on a new theory about the Indo-European phonetic system: the famous Glottalic theory. These two academics worked together also on a new theory of Indo-European migrations, during the 1980s, which was most recently advocated by them in Indo-European and Indo-Europeans (1995).
Other interests
In 1965 Vyacheslav Ivanov edited, wrote extensive scholarly comments, and published the first Russian edition of previously unpublished "Psychology of Art" by Lev Vygotsky (the work written in the first half of the 1920s). The second, extended and corrected edition of the book came out in 1968 and included another Vygotsky's unpublished work, his treatise on Shakespeare's Hamlet (written in 1915-1916). The first edition of the book was subsequently translated into English by Scripta Technica Inc. and released by MIT Press in 1971.
Apart from his scholarly pursuits, Vyacheslav Ivanov wrote poetry. He also published several books of memoirs, including two on his acquaintances with Boris Pasternak and Anna Akhmatova.
Selected publications
Sanskrit. Moscow: Nauka Pub. House, Central Dept. of Oriental Literature, 1968.
Borozdy i mezhi. Letchworth: Bradda Books, 1971. 351 p.
with Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze, Indoevropjskij jazyk i indoevropejcy: Rekonstrukcija i istoriko-tipologieskij analiz prajazyka i protokultury. Tiflis: Tiflis University Press 1984. xcvi + 1328 p.
English translation: Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A reconstruction and historical analysis of a proto-language and a proto-culture. 2 vols. Trans. J. Nichols. Berlin–New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1: 1994, 2: 1995
with T. V. Gamkrelidze, “The ancient Near East and the Indo-European question: Temporal and territorial characteristics of Proto-Indo-European based on linguistic and historico-cultural data”, Journal of Indo-European Studies vol. 13, no. 1–2 (1985): 3–48.
with T. V. Gamkrelidze, “The migrations of tribes speaking Indo-European dialects from their original homeland in the Near East to their historical habitations in Eurasia”, Journal of Indo-European Studies vol. 13, no. 1–2 (1985): 9–91.
Vyacheslav V. Ivanov and Thomas Gamkrelidze, “The Early History of Indo-European Languages”, Scientific American vol. 262, no. 3 (March, 1990): 110-116.
The archives of the Russian Orthodox Church of Alaska, Aleutian and Kuril Islands (1794—1912): An attempt at a multisemiotic society. Washington, 1996.
The Russian orthodox church of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands and its relation to native American traditions — an attempt at a multicultural society, 1794—1912. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress; U.S. G.P.O., 1997.
(as editor) with Ilia Verkholantseva, eds., Speculum Slaviae Orientalis : Muscovy, Ruthenia and Lithuania in the late Middle Ages. Moscow: Novoe izdatel'stvo, 2005.
(as editor), Issledovaniia po tipologii slavianskikh, baltiĭskikh i balkanskikh iazykov: preimushchestvenno v svete iazykovykh kontaktov [= Studies in the typology of Slavic, Baltic and Balkan languages: with primary reference to language contact]. St. Petersburg: Aleteĭia, 2013.
with V. N. Toporov, Mifologiia: statʹi dlia mifologicheskikh ėntsiklopediĭ. Moscow: IASK, Iazyki slavianskikh kulʹtur, 2014.
Cultural-historical theory and semiotics. In A. Yasnitsky, R. Van der Veer & M. Ferrari (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of cultural-historical psychology (488-516). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
References
External links
Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov, Professor Emeritus. In memoriam
Biography
Biography
Velmezova, Ekaterina; Kull, Kalevi 2011. Interview with Vyacheslav V. Ivanov about semiotics, the languages of the brain and history of ideas. Sign Systems Studies 39(2/4): 290–313.
See also
Culturology
Alexander Dobrokhotov
Aron Gurevich
Mikhail Gasparov
1929 births
2017 deaths
Moscow State University alumni
Linguists from the Soviet Union
20th-century linguists
Russian philologists
Linguists from Russia
Writers from Moscow
Russian semioticians
Indo-Europeanists
Linguists of Indo-European languages
20th-century Russian historians
Russian orientalists
Hittitologists
Researchers of Slavic religion
Moscow State University faculty
Russian State University for the Humanities faculty
University of California faculty
Stanford University faculty
Yale University faculty
Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the British Academy
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Lenin Prize winners
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
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3991420
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20Itchen
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River Itchen
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The River Itchen may refer to:
River Itchen, Hampshire, England
River Itchen, Warwickshire, England
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3991452
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittaron%20%28planet%29
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Sagittaron (planet)
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|day = 15
|year = 2022
|time = 20:12
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REDIRECT Battlestar Galactica
}}
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3991453
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyuki%20Miura
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Miyuki Miura
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is a prominent Japanese master of karate, first practising Shotokan, then Kyokushin, then World Ōyama, and now operating independently.
Early life
Miura was born on October 3, 1949, in Kisarazu, Chiba, Japan, the son of a ship's engineer. He has one younger brother and one younger sister. Miura began training in Shotokan karate at the age of 13 years, and had been promoted to the rank of 2nd dan black belt by his 18th birthday. He also studied judo in his youth, achieving the rank of 1st dan in that art by the time he was 17. In 1967, aged 18, he began studying Kyokushin karate in a club at Josai International University. His teacher was Yoshiji Soeno at the university. Miura also studied this karate in summer vacation at the honbu dojo (headquarters training hall) of the Kyokushin in Tokyo.
Kyokushin karate
After graduating from the university, Miura became an uchi deshi (live-in student) at the honbu dojo for two years. When Miura was an uchi deshi (live-in student), he studied karate from Terutomo Yamazaki, for whom Miura has expressed much respect. Miura entered the Third All-Japan Full Contact Karate Championships (AJFCKC) tournament and placed 4th in 1971. He won 1st at the Fourth AJFCKC in 1972, defeating Howard Collins, Toshikazu Satō, and Jōkō Ninomiya along the way.
Soon after Miura became champion, Masutatsu Oyama (founder and director of Kyokushin karate) asked him to participate in the 100-man kumite. The 100-man kumite involves fighting 100 karate practitioners, with each full contact match following immediately after the other. Miura completed the test in a little over 3 hours on April 13, 1972. In an interview, he recalled, "Mas Oyama told some of the younger students that if they beat me they would receive instant promotion. That made them very eager" (p. 48). He has also related that his entire body was swollen for several hours afterwards and that wherever on his body he placed his thumb, the swelling would rise to the second knuckle, and that for two days he required assistance when going to the toilet, as he could not bend on his own. He reached the rank of 4th dan black belt on March 18, 1973, and his physique is , .
United States
After Miura completed the 100-man kumite, Oyama sent him to New York to study under Shigeru Oyama (a top Kyokushin instructor in America at the time), and from there he was sent to Chicago, Illinois, to run the Chicago Kyokushin dojo. In 1984, he began teaching as part of World Ōyama Karate, a new organization that had been founded by S. Ōyama. His Chicago dojo also served as the midwest headquarters for the organization.
In 2002, Miura parted company with S. Ōyama, and now no longer trains under the World Ōyama Karate organization. He operates independently as Miura Dojo in Oak Park, Illinois, and works with other full contact dojo internationally through his Global Budo Karate Alliance. Miura holds the rank of 8th dan.
References
External links
Miura Dojo – USA
Miura Dojo – Tokyo, Japan
Living people
1949 births
People from Kisarazu
Japanese emigrants to the United States
Japanese male karateka
Karate coaches
Martial arts school founders
People from Chiba (city)
Sportspeople from Chiba Prefecture
Sportspeople from Chicago
Kyokushin kaikan practitioners
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3991454
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillywhites
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Lillywhites
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Lillywhites is a sports retailer based at Piccadilly Circus, London, United Kingdom. It is a division of Frasers Group.
History
In the 19th century, several members of the Lillywhite family were leading cricketers; another, Fred Lillywhite, organised the first overseas tour by an England team to North America in 1859. In 1866, the Lillywhite "No. 5" football was chosen for a London v. Sheffield challenge match organised by The Football Association; the same model in the early years of the FA Cup and was the ancestor of the International Football Association Board's modern ball specifications. In 1886, the Ivy League chose the Lillywhite "No. J" as the standard for American college footballs.
The shop has been based at its current location of 25 Regent St. on Piccadilly Circus since 1925, catering to the London market with specialist departments for croquet and real tennis. In 1930, Messrs Lillywhite Ltd. supplied pilot Amy Johnson with her flying kit. Lillywhites' policy was to compete on quality products (which were charged at premium prices). For many years the company was owned by Forte Group. Until 2002, Lillywhites also had locations in other major cities in the United Kingdom including Leeds, Newcastle upon Tyne and Nottingham, with the Leeds store being a very large five storey building that opened in 1996 on The Headrow in the former Schofields department store. In the same year, Lillywhites was bought by the Portuguese company Jerónimo Martins. Lillywhites lost its Royal Warrant in 2003; see List of Royal Warrant holders of the British Royal Family.
Sports World
In the face of competition from other retailers offering more goods at lower prices, Lillywhites fell into financial difficulty. In 2002 Jerónimo Martins sold the company to Sports World International, the owner of the Sports World retail chain, and some of the outlying stores were rebranded as Sports World. A number of exceptions to this are the branches at Rotherham Retail Park, Lakeside Shopping Centre in West Thurrock, Essex, Dalton Park, Murton and Clarks Village, Street, Whiteley and The Glades, Bromley. The store in Leeds city centre was closed in 2004. The Lakeside branch was closed in 2010 and The Glades, Bromley store was closed in 2012.
References
External links
Official site
Shops in London
Retail companies established in 1925
Sporting goods retailers of the United Kingdom
1925 establishments in England
Sports Direct
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3991462
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittaron
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Sagittaron
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{{safesubst:#invoke:RfD|||month = April
|day = 15
|year = 2022
|time = 20:12
|timestamp = 20220415201244
|content=
REDIRECT Battlestar Galactica
}}
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3991484
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel%20M.%20Podolny
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Joel M. Podolny
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Joel Marc Podolny is an American sociologist. Formerly the dean of the Yale School of Management, he is currently an executive at Apple Inc. where he is the dean of Apple University (the in-house corporate training center for Apple employees) and as a vice president of the firm. Previously, he was vice president for human resources.
Education
Podolny is a 1982 graduate of St. Xavier High School in Cincinnati. He earned his B.A. (magna cum laude), M.A. and PhD degrees from Harvard University.
Career
Podolny was on the faculty of the Stanford Graduate School of Business for 11 years, as senior associate dean during the latter part of his tenure. He was later a professor and director of research at Harvard Business School, where he taught courses in business strategy, organizational behavior and global management. He also taught that the HBS only invited to speak hugely successful alumni, not those who simply managed their work-life balance.
Podolny arrived at the Yale School of Management in 2005. The next year, Podolny led a major restructuring of the Yale MBA curriculum in response to the increasingly complex and cross-functional global environment in which businesses and their executives operate.
On November 1, 2008, Podolny stepped down as dean to be replaced by Sharon Oster and, in early 2009, assumed the position of senior vice president of human resources, and dean of Apple Inc.'s new venture, Apple University. Subsequently, Podolny stepped down from this position but continues as dean of Apple University and as a vice president at the firm.
Research
Podolny has developed a sociological theory of market competition based on status dynamics. To do so, he has examined a variety of industries including venture capital, semiconductors, and investment banking. Podolny has also conducted research on the role of social networks in mobility and information transfer within organizations. He is the author of Status Signals: A Sociological Study of Market Competition and co-author (with Garth Saloner and Andrea Shepard) of the textbook Strategic Management.
References
External links
Dean profile: Joel Podolny of Yale (Source: Financial Times)
Apple Inc. executives
Yale School of Management faculty
Yale University faculty
American sociologists
Harvard Business School faculty
Harvard University alumni
Stanford University Graduate School of Business faculty
St. Xavier High School (Cincinnati) alumni
Living people
Scientists from Cincinnati
Year of birth missing (living people)
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3991487
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Rondelles
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The Rondelles
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The Rondelles were an American indie pop band, originally from Albuquerque, New Mexico. Their first album Fiction Romance Fast Machines, was released in 1998 by Sonic Youth drummer Steve Shelley's Smells Like Records.
History
The Rondelles three members were still in high school when they formed the band in the mid-1990s - Juliet Swango on guitar and vocals, Yukiko Moynihan on bass, and Oakley Munson on drums and keyboard. The band landed support slots for Sleater Kinney and Sonic Youth. At live shows, Munson showcased his signature method of playing a 3-piece drum set standing up, while playing the keyboard with his drum stick. This technique, combined with Swango's primitive guitar set-up (a bare-bones four-string guitar with Drop-D tuning) created a distinctive garage rock sound.
In Albuquerque, the Rondelles were part of a group of indiepop bands that often played together. Among these other bands were The Shins (and Shins precursor Flake Music), Scared of Chaka, The Drags, The Alarm Clocks, The Young Adults, and The Ponies. The three members of the Rondelles were also three-quarters of the final lineup of the Albuquerque sci-fi-themed pop-punk act, LuxoChamp, behind singer-guitarist Brad Beshaw. Oakley played a full drum kit in LuxoChamp, and Juliet played a Moog and a Realistic keyboard.
The band later moved to Washington, D.C., where they continued to perform and record nationally until late summer of 2001, when they disbanded after their first and only European tour. They recorded their second and final album, The Fox (Teen Beat), in 2000 with producer Trevor Kampmann in an apartment recording studio in the Logan Circle neighborhood of D.C. A 4-week summer tour with The Mooney Suzuki (supporting their People Get Ready album) followed its release, in addition to tours supporting Dead Meadow (Matador Records), Stereo Total, and others. Har Mar Superstar (Sean Tillmann) was a tour mate during this period as well, supporting the band on a U.S. tour in the summer of 2000. The band's final tour in the summer of 2001 hit Holland, Germany, Austria, Italy, and France; final European tour lineup included guitarist Corey Shane and bassist Darian Zahedi, after Yukiko's departure in 2000.
Post-break up
Juliet Swango started her second band, The Foxx, after returning to Albuquerque in 2002. In 2004, The Foxx released a self-titled album; in 2007, a second album, Lila, was released on Chicago's Vinyl Countdown Records. Lila was recorded by San Francisco's Birdman Records artist Greg Ashley, co-produced by Juliet and the Foxx. Now based in Brooklyn, lineup Juliet on guitar/keyboard, bassist/vocalist Erin Emslie (Hunx and His Punx, Time Flys), guitarist Toni Lynn, and drummer John Dougherty. The band released an untitled digital EP in 2013, and entered the studio in Spring 2013 to record upcoming releases.
Oakley Munson relocated in New York, forming the New York-based band The Witnesses in 2001 (disbanded 2006) and went on to form Puddin' Tang with Kristen Munchheimer. He is also played in the Los Angeles-based Old Testament, with Jason Simon of Dead Meadow (Matador Records). As of 2016, he plays with The Black Lips.
The Rondelles played reunion shows in 2007 and 2010.
Discography
Albums
Fiction Romance Fast Machines (Smells Like Records; CD/LP; 1998)
The Fox (TeenBeat Records; CD/LP; 1999)
Compilations
Shined Nickels and Loose Change (K Records; CD; 2001)
In Your Face (TeenBeat Records; CDR; 2008), a collection of early demos (1995-1996)
Good Enough For Gravy (TeenBeat Records; CDR; 2008), the final recordings (2000-2001)
EPs and singles
"He's Out of Sight" (Grist Milling Records; 7"; 1996)
"The Rondelles" (TeenBeat Records; 7"; 1997)
"Revenge" (K Records; 7"; 1998)
"TV Zombie" (K Records; 7"; 1999)
Compilation appearances
Battle of the Bands Comp (Super-8 Records; 7"; 1998)
In Their Eyes: 90's Teen Bands vs 80's Teen Movies (Rhino Records; CD; 1998) "I'll Melt With You"
TeenBeat 1998 Sampler (TeenBeat Records; CD; 1998) "Revenge"
New Wave Explosion (Super-8 Underground; CD; 1999) "Cafeteria Rock"
TeenBeat 1999 Sampler (TeenBeat Records; CD; 1999) "Like A Prayer"
TeenBeat 2000 Sampler (TeenBeat Records; CD; 2000) "The Fox"
TeenBeat 2001 Sampler (TeenBeat Records; CD; 2001) "Pls Shut Up"
References
External links
The Rondelles on TeenBeat
The Rondelles at Smells Like Records
The Foxx MySpace
Musical groups established in 1997
Indie pop groups from New Mexico
Indie pop groups from Washington, D.C.
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5383061
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Persian%20War
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Anglo-Persian War
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The Anglo-Persian War or the Anglo-Iranian War () lasted between 1 November 1856 and 4 April 1857, and was fought between the United Kingdom and Iran, which was ruled by the Qajar dynasty. The war had the British oppose an attempt by Iran to press its claim on the city of Herat. Though Herat had been part of Iran under the Qajar dynasty when the war broke out, it had declared itself independent under its own rebellious emir and placed itself under the protection of the British in India and in alliance with the Emirate of Kabul, the predecessor of the modern state of Afghanistan. The British campaign was successfully conducted under the leadership of Major General Sir James Outram in two theatres: on the southern coast of Persia near Bushehr and in southern Mesopotamia.
The war resulted in the Persians withdrawing from Herat and signing a new treaty to surrender its claims on the city and the British withdrawing from southern Iran.
Origins
In the context of The Great Game, the Anglo–Russian contest for influence in Central Asia, the British wished Afghanistan to remain an independent country with friendly relation as a buffer state against Russian expansion towards India. They opposed an extension of Persian influence in Afghanistan because of the perception that Persia was unduly influenced by Russia. The Persian influence on Central Asia had caused the creation of Greater Iran; although they knew of the influence, the British had never attacked Persia. Persia had over 12 foreign provinces under its imperial control. It made a fresh attempt in 1856 and succeeded in taking Herat on 25 October, in violation of an existing Anglo-Persian Treaty. In response, the British governor-general in India, acting on orders from London, declared war on 1 November.
Separate from and preceding the dispute over Herat, was an incident concerning Mirza Hashem Khan, whom the British ambassador had hoped to appoint as a secretary on the mission in Tehran. The Persians objected and created a dispute that escalated after rumours appeared that the British ambassador had improper relations with the man's wife, who was the sister of the Shah's main wife. The dispute escalated further when the Persians arrested the woman; the British ambassador broke relations when they refused to release her. Indeed, the initial mobilization of British forces began in response to the incident although it is unlikely that the British would have gone beyond the occupation of one or two islands in the Persian Gulf if the issue of Herat had not arisen.
1856
The Qajar military listed a total of 86,700 personnel on paper. However, Tehran was unable to mobilise more than 20,000 of those soldiers for battle. A sizeable portion of the Persian army was composed of regular regiments from Azerbaijan. The Azari division of the Persian artillery (Toop Khaneh) was the only one well-versed in long-range guns. Out 120 guns in total, six were composed of 12-pounder guns, while the remainder were of lower quality. The army train relied on mules, horses and camels for transportation, with carriages being limited in availability. With the exception of several Imperial Guard regiments, the Persian army's morale was extremely low. The annual salary of an average soldier was seven tomans, with a daily subsidy of one shahi for rations. However, soldiers were considered lucky if they were paid two out of the seven tomans due for their service.
The Persian army that fought against the British expeditionary force at the Battle of Khoshab was commanded by General (Amir-Nuyan) Mehr Ali Khan Nuri Shoja ol-Molk. In 1855, Mehr Ali Khan was promoted to the command of the Fars Army, which he held for four years. When the British invasion force landed in Iran, Shoja ol-Molk was temporarily promoted to commander-in-chief of the entire southern Persian army. Shoja ol-Molk was a grandson of Minister of the General Staff (Vazir-e Lashkar) Mirza Assadollah Khan and a nephew of the Chancellor (Sadr-e Azam) Mirza Nasrollah Khan Nuri E’temad ol-Dowleh. He was among the most revered Persian officers of the Qajar military at the time, and was known among the British rank and file.
The British government found itself in peculiar circumstances in the case of the war with Iran. This was a unique war in which the ultimate objective was to defeat the enemy but to ensure that its government and military would remain strong enough so as to remain stable and deter prospective advances by Russia. As such, several restrictions had been placed by the British cabinet concerning the expeditionary force's conduct:
No attempt shall be made to subvert the reigning Shah
His people shall not be instigated to rebellion
No Persian subjects shall be enrolled in the ranks of the British Army
Two courses of action were available to the British: an overland expedition into the Persian Empire via Afghanistan, or an attack via the Persian Gulf, the aim being both punitive, and to force the Shah to ask for terms. In the aftermath of the disastrous First Anglo-Afghan War, the British Government were reluctant to send a force overland to relieve Herat directly, and so decided instead to attack the Persian Gulf coast. They ordered the government in India to launch a maritime expeditionary force to attack the general area of Bushehr, the primary port of entry into Persia at the time.
Initially a division, under Major General Foster Stalker, was organised comprising 2,300 British soldiers and 3,400 Indian sepoys of the Bombay Presidency army which landed in Persia in early December 1856. This included two companies of the Bombay Sappers & Miners. These were:
The 2nd Company, under Captain C. T. Haig, (Bombay Engineers)
The 4th Company, under Captain J. Le Mesurier, (Bombay Engineers)
The two companies were accompanied by the headquarters of the Corps of Bombay Sappers and Miners, under Captain W. R. Dickinson, (Bombay Engineers). Major J. Hill, the erstwhile Commandant of the Bombay Sappers and Miners, who had handed the Corps over to Dickinson, was appointed as the Commanding Engineer for this expedition. After the expedition he resumed the post of Commandant of the Bombay Sappers once again. Artillery commanded by Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel Sinclair Trevelyan, Bombay Artillery
The 3rd troop Horse Brigade, commanded by Major Edward Blake, Bombay Artillery
The 1st company 1st battalion European Foot Artillery, (Organized for the expedition as the 3rd Light Field Battery), commanded by Captain William Hatch, Bombay Artillery
The 4th company 1st battalion European Foot Artillery, (Organized for the expedition as the 5th Light Field Battery), commanded by Captain Henry Gibbard, Bombay Artillery
Reserve Artillery, European Foot Artillery, Bombay Artillery commanded by Major of Brigade, Captain John Pottinger
Soon after the induction of the force, it was considered to be inadequate for the task and a second division under Brigadier General Henry Havelock was formed and the entire expedition placed under command of Major General Sir James Outram. This force inducted in January 1857.
During the hostilities, 'B' Company of the Madras Sappers & Miners under Brevet-Major A. M. Boileau, Madras Engineers, embarked at Coconada on 19 January and reached the force just in time to participate in operations in Southern Mesopotamia.
The first division under Stalker set sail from Bombay in November after the declaration of war, on a squadron or flotilla of seven steamships under Commodore Young, towing thirty sailing vessels. The British landed a force and captured the island of Kharag on 4 December and landed on 9 December on the coast a few miles south of Persia's primary port of Bushire.
Battle of Bushehr
The first division of the expedition disembarked in the neighbourhood of the major port city of Bushehr on 5 December 1856. They stormed the old fort at Reshire (also called Rishahr or Rashir) and after a short naval bombardment went on to capture the city on 10 December, ably assisted by the two companies of Bombay Sappers & Miners. There was then a delay as the British waited for reinforcements.
Reconnaissance inland revealed a Persian force of 4,000 troops at Shiraz and the first division was considered too weak to venture inland away from its maritime base of operations. This led to the formation and induction of a second division from India, which landed in Persia in late January and reached Bushehr, preceded by Outram on 20 January.
On 26 Rabi al-Thani 1273 (24 December 1856) the Persian government at Tehran issued an official proclamation outlining its pacifist approach to the “coolness” that had arisen between the British and Persian administrations. The Persian government claimed that its loyal determination to not violate the prior friendship between the British and Persian administrations had been made manifest to all levels of government and had been published in the Tehran Gazette. In hoping for a diplomatic solution by Farrokh Khan’s embassy at Constantinople, Nuri's government claimed to have directed all authorities on Iran's southern frontier to not make any preparation for war. The proclamation emphasized that this order had also been promulgated to Bushehr, where the garrison was limited to two regiments under Colonel Mohammad Ali Khan. Tehran expressed that the British declaration of war was delayed and not provided to the Persian government or the office of the Governor-General of Fars. Instead, this declaration was addressed to the port city of Bushehr and its neighboring ports. As such, the Persian government tried to explain the fall of Bushehr as a result of Britain's dubious declaration and Tehran's commitment to diplomacy. Following the British landing at Bushehr, the Persian government mobilised its regular infantry to occupy positions surrounding Mohammareh as an attack was expected there. However, the Al-Nawasir branch of the Chaab tribe, violently opposed the Qajar army's occupation of a Persian fort in their territory. The tribe inhabited the island of Menykh and Abadan, between the Arvand and Bahmanshir rivers. In a bid to show their neutrality to the British, the Al-Nawasir killed four Persian infantrymen. Upon visiting one of Al-Nawasir chiefs in Kuwait, Outram's Arabic interpreter Reverend Badger was notified of the tribe's stance in the war.
1857
Britain Mobilizes an Expeditionary Force
The British invasion force that was to be dispatched to the Persian Gulf in an effort to intimidate the Persian government from further pressing its claim to Herat was eventually divided into two divisions. Sir James Outram of the Bombay army was to lead the British operations in Iran. The first division, which has conducted the landing at Bushehr was led by Major-General Stalker and Brigadier Wilson. This division was granted her Majesty's 64th Regiment, the 4th Bombay Rifles, The second division was led by Brigadier-General Havelock and Major-General Sir James Outram K.C.B., who had arrived in India from England with instructions to take over the chief command and direct the British operations in Persia. The Bombay government granted Outram the 14th King's Light Dragoons, 78th Highlanders, 23rd Native Light Infantry, 26th Native Infantry, Jacob's Scinde Horse, one troop of horse artillery, two field-batteries, and a light battalion of ten companies assorted from different native infantry regiments. While employed to command this second division of the British forces in Persia, Outram was granted the temporary rank of lieutenant-general.
The British put their ships to sea on the afternoon of 19 January. The Precursor had in tow the Earl of Clare with the 26th Native Infantry Regiment, while the British Queen carried the artillery and stores. The Pottinger towed the Futteh Mombarrak with horses and forage and the Kingston sailed with the light company of the 78th Highlanders. By 27 January, the ships at reached the Strait of Hormuz with little disruptions.
By 28 January, the party was off Basaidu, on the island of Qeshm. Two days later, the French frigate Sibylle commanded by Captain Maisonneuve passed the British ships. The French ship had left Bombay eight days prior on a mission to the Persian Gulf to protect French interests there. On 30 January, the British squadron anchored off of Bushehr around 2:00 PM. The next morning, the British command gave orders to disembark and join the force already stationed at the encampment. With the arrival of the reinforcements, supplies were plentiful in the camp.
By 6:00 PM on the afternoon of 3 February, the entire force was raised outside of the entrenchments in two lines of contiguous quarter-distance columns. Led by Outram, the army marched through the night to the village of Chahkootah. A few hours before the British army arrived, a Qajar cavalry picket had stopped at the village before continuing their patrol. At 4:00 PM on 4 February, Outram resumed the march with arms loaded. By the morning of 5 February, the British army travelled towards Borazjan, where the Persian army had been entrenched with 18 guns. Charles Murray, the Minister Plenipotentiary to Persia, had given Outram the aid of Mirza Agha, the Persian Secretary of Her Majesty's Mission to Persia. Mirza Agha, who's appointment was the subject of dispute between the British Foreign Office and the Persian government, accompanied Outram on the expedition to Borazjan.
Capture of Borazjan
Shortly before 1:00 PM, the approaching British army saw the Persian garrison's vedettes and reconnoitering parties. By the time the British regiments had gotten into their positions, the Persian army decided to withdraw from Borazjan and avoid a direct confrontation there. The Persian army under command of Gen. (Amir-Nuyan) Mehr Ali Khan Shoja ol-Molk was misinformed by his reconnaissance units that the British were advancing with 13,000 infantry, 1,000 cavalry, and 28 guns. The Persian justification for the hasty withdrawal was to prevent high casualties from the overestimated size of the British forces and the expected explosion of the unsecured ammunition stored at Borazjan. To cover its retreat, the Persian army left behind a rear-guard, which confronted a few of the British cavalry. The hasty Persian withdrawal left great amounts of ammunition and grain in the hands of their enemy.
Southern Persian Army
In his dispatches, Outram had sized the Persian garrison in Borazjan at 8,450 regular infantry and cavalry, with 17 guns and a mortar. The general noted that Tehran had planned to extend its reinforcements to 12 regiments of regular infantry with 35 guns, while the provincial governors were preparing to conscript 4,000 irregular infantry from among the local tribes. Outram's sense of urgency in his letter to the Governor-General of India dated 14 February 1857 was visible through his concern for the prospective loss of Bushehr should Iran raise a larger than expected army.
Tahmasp Mirza Mo’ayed ol-Dowleh was the Governor-General (Nawab Vala) of the province of Fars during the Anglo-Persian War. By order of Tahmasp Mirza, the 1st Arab Regiment of Brig. Gen. (Sartip) Reza Qoli Khan Arab, stationed in Kazerun, was to join the other regional regiments raised under Shoja ol-Molk. For the duration of the war, Tahmasp Mirza granted Reza Qoli Khan control of the Inanlu and Baharlu regiments. On 14 Jumada l-Ula, Reza Qoli Khan left the Persian encampment with a contingent of 400 from the 1st Arab Regiment and 2 field guns to gather additional rations and supplies for the province's defense. During his sortie, Reza Qoli Khan was joined by 300 troops from the 1st Qashqai Regiment with one piece of artillery.
Shoja ol-Molk's garrison at Borazjan included the following regiments:
March Back to Bushehr and Qajar Ambush
The British army then commenced the march back to Bushehr at 8:00 PM on 7 February, after plundering the garrison's stores and taking the town's governor as prisoner. At 11:00 PM, the Qashqai cavalry contingent of 300 under command of Sohrab Khan Qashqai ambushed the British encampment. Shortly after midnight, Persian forces descended on the British rear-guard who returned musket fire and deployed two of their horse-artillery guns. The Persian cavalry contingent surrounded the British force on all sides and galloped around them. The Persian cavalrymen aimed to instill fear and cause confusion among the British rank and file by sounding English bugle-calls. Given that English officers were once employed by the Qajar military, the Persian army was well-versed in several standard bugle-calls that the British used. The buglers of the Qashqai cavalry sounded a “Cease Fire” and “Incline to the Left” order which had no effect on the Highlanders, but the 20th Native Infantry reportedly stopped firing, thinking that it was their own force firing on them. The Persian light skirmishers fired a salvo and then stopped firing in that direction. The Persian cavalry engaged the 78th Highlanders head on at various points during the skirmish. The British army adopted an oblong formation as the five heavy guns of the Persian artillery opened fire with round shots. While the Persian artillery had calculated the range very accurately, there were few casualties given the lengthy bombardment. However, one shot dealt considerable damage to the 64th Regiment and took off a foot from Lieutenant Greentree, while severely wounding Captain Mackler. During this engagement, Outram's horse fell and rolled over him, rendering the general incapacitated for the duration of the ambush. The Chief of his staff, Colonel Lugard took command of the British forces and quietly covered the mishap, ensuring few others knew of Outram's condition until the next morning.
Battle of Khoshab
The Persian guns continued to fire on British positions until dawn. The Persian army had gathered near the British encampment and prepared for a battle. Ravanji cites the Persian army as 7,000 troops in total while Sandes lists the Persian troops as being 8,000 strong, composed of 6,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry. On the morning of 8 February, the Persian army under Shoja ol-Molk drew up in line with the right flank of its infantry resting on the walled village of Khushab. The left flank of the Persian army was covered by a round fortalice tower. Shoja ol-Molk had ordered two rising mounds placed at the center of the Persian infantry. He ordered the bulk of the Persian guns placed at the center and had deep nullahs covering the right front and flank. The Qashqai cavalry was led by Sohrab Khan, the hereditary chief of the Qashqai peoples native to the region. As the morning mist cleared, the two sides began firing their cannons at each other's positions.
The British brigades began maneuvering into different positions, moving up as they deployed. The British army formed two lines, with the first consisting of the 78th Highlanders and a contingent of Indian sappers to their right, the rest included the 26th Regiment Native Infantry, the 2nd European Light Infantry, and the 4th Rifle Regiment at the far-left of the line. The second line included her Majesty's 64th Regiment to the right, the 20th Regiment Native Infantry, and the Belooch Battalion to the left. Outram placed the light infantry battalions to counter the Qajar centre, while a detachment of the 3rd Cavalry covered the Qashqai Cavalry. The Governor of Borazjan was present at the British rear but was forced off his horse to his knees when attempting to signal the Persian army to his presence.
The Persian rank and file included the 1st Qashqai Regiment, which took position on the left of the Persian line. Other native units included the Regiment of Bushehr, the Regiment of Kazerun, and the Qaragozlu regiments from Shiraz. Jahangir Khan and Lotfali Khan Qashqai were the commanding officers of the 1st Qashqai Regiment. Reza Qoli Khan Arab commanded the Inanlu, Baharlu and 1st Arab Regiment. The Qashqai Cavalry Regiment was divided into two detachments, with Sohrab Khan leading a contingent of 800 cavalrymen on the left flank. A division of 1,000 cavalry covered the right flank beside the defensive walls of Khoshab. Two artillery squadrons were positioned at the centre of the Persian army, while four other squadrons manned the 9-pounder brass guns on either flank each. The Persian army relied primarily on the Sarbaz from its reformed Nezam Regiments as opposed to the irregular infantry outside the auspices of the Qajar military. As such, Shoja ol-Molk refused to consider inviting the Tangestani Braves (Daliran-e Tangestan) to the defense of Borazjan.
As the British lines advanced, Hunt and Townsend cite few casualties among the Highlanders and 26th Native Infantry but note that the first brigade, first division fared worse against the Persian bombardment. The second brigade, first division is noted to have suffered equally with more dead among the 2nd European Light Infantry. The British artillery resumed the firing after advancing to closer action, which slackened the degree of the Persian bombardment. Sohrab Khan charged forward with the Qashqai cavalry on the Persian left flank which were met halfway by the squadrons of the 3rd Cavalry and Tapp's irregulars. The British cavalry were supported by horse-artillery. The British focus on the Persian left flank managed to push back the cavalry under Sohrab Khan, which eventually retired to the Haj Mollah Pass, 7 miles away from the battlefield.
The British infantry lines rapidly advanced to meet the Persian army in closer action. As the British cavalry advanced on the right, the 3rd Bombay Light Cavalry and the Poona Horse charged the Nezam Infantry Regiments on the left flank of the Persian line. Under musket and cannon fire, the 1st Qashqai Regiment of Fars entered an infantry square formation with kneeling ranks and sustained the charge of the 3rd Cavalry. The Persian infantry fired volleys at the charging British cavalrymen. In the close action, the Persian regiment's standard-bearer was shot, and the standard was taken by the 3rd Cavalry. The regimental flag of the 1st Qashqai was surmounted by a silver hand that signifies the Hand of Imam Ali. The standard, which has the phrase “God’s hand is above all things” (يد الله فوق عداهم) etched into it, now rests atop the Poona Horse Regiment's standard. For publicity, the English media capitalized on the action as the most gallant event of the war. Two Victoria Crosses were awarded to the Commander's Adjutant Lieutenant Arthur Thomas Moore for first breaking into the square, and Captain John Grant Malcolmson. Upon charging the 1st Qashqai's square, Moore's horse was shot and bayoneted, falling on its rider. The 21 one year old Malcolmson, a lieutenant of the 3rd Bombay Cavalry managed to extricate his comrade.
The infantry to the right of the Persian left flank began fleeing in a disorderly manner, despite no major altercation with the British lines in front. In contrast, Townshend and Hunt highlight that the Nezam Regiments protecting the Persian left flank soon retired with order. As the Persian line began to waver, the Poona Horse spiked the two guns on the Persian left. The Persian cavalry regiments remained on the battlefield, posing a threat to the British rear and the wounded. However, the long range of the new Enfield rifles hindered the Persian cavalry, which made off before 10:00 AM. The British record cited one officer and 18 men killed, with four officers and 60 wounded. Other records, however, cite 220 killed and 64 wounded. The British claimed the Persian casualties to be approximately 700, and considered the battle a British victory. Despite the victory, Outram decided not to advance further towards Shiraz. The British army was short on rations and could not withstand a mountain pursuit. The Persian government published a different version of Khoshab, considering the battle to be a Persian victory in which the British casualties amounted to 1,000 killed and wounded.
By 10:00 AM, the British army regrouped a short distance to the right of the battlefield before resuming the march back to Bushehr. Out of fear of the raids and ambushes by Tangestani guerilla fighters, the British army decided against taking the road from Chahkootah. Outram instead made his way to Shif and took the coastal passage back to Bushehr. Despite Outram's decision, the British expedition through Shif was still met by an ambush from the guerilla fighters of Ziarat. Shoja ol-Molk had retreated to Khesht and wrote despondently to the Shah that the Persian army was in dire need of reinforcements after the battle. By 14 February, Tehran had decided to relieve Shoja ol-Molk of his command due to the retreat at the Battle of Khoshab. Mirza Mohammad Khan Qajar-Dolu, Commandant of the Shah's Bodyguard was to assume command of the southern Persian army. Mirza Mohammad Khan set out to reorganize the Fars division with equipment costing 50,000 tomans, gold-mounted swords, and robes of honour. Mirza Mohammad Khan would later gain the title of generalissimo (Sepahsalar) and be elected as Iran's first minister of war. The commandant was accompanied by Hamzeh Mirza Qajar Heshmat ol-Dowleh, the Shah's uncle. Hamzeh Mirza had been the Governor-General of Khorasan, and had returned to Tehran after failing to quell the rebellion of Hasan Khan Salar. He would later become the minister of war in 1868, employing Kamran Mirza Nayeb ol-Saltaneh as his representative for the role instead. Hamzeh Mirza's royal presence granted the new leadership of the Persian army the full powers to negotiate with Outram. However, at this stage the Qajar court had not given any indications of a desire to communicate with the British expeditionary force.
The British army resumed its march back to Bushehr but in deplorable conditions; torrential rains created mud deep enough to pull a man's boots from his feet. The troops went through a harrowing ordeal but finally reached Bushire on 10 February:
Return to Bushehr
In deplorable conditions, the British army marched back to the encampment at Bushehr the entire night of the battle, halting for daylight at 4:00 AM. Pitiless rains and winds formed a swamp with knee-deep waters around the British battalions. The British troops reached the village of Choghadak between Chahkootah and Bushehr by 10:00 AM. On 9 February, the troops halted at the village's well until 2:00 PM amid heavy rainfall. The regiments reached the camp on the morning of 10 February. During the two or three days of rest, Brigadier-General Havelock took command of the second division and Brigadier Hamilton took control of the division's first brigade. The British army began constructing a sequence of redoubts and a Martello tower at the center of their entrenchment. During this time, heavy rain and damp weather persisted, making rest more difficult. Several companies of the light battalion and guns from the mountain train joined the British force during this period. The arrival of the 23rd Native Light Infantry and a troop of horse artillery contributed to motivation for contemplated attack on Mohammareh. In anticipation of a potential assault on Mohammareh, the Persian military focused its best available batteries there. Outram believed that the Persian government could not raise more troops beyond those stationed at Mohammareh and the army the British faced at Khushab. Outram did not expect the Shah to recall his expeditionary force under Soltan Morad Mirza Hesam ol-Saltaneh from Herat. The British believed that they could coerce the Shah into accepting their demands by employing the semi-autonomous demographic of Iran's northwest against the Persian government. Namely, Outram believed that the Chaab, Bakhtiari and Feyli were particularly resistant to Persian authority and considered negotiating an alliance with them. This idea made Mohammareh more strategically significant for the British army.
The Persian Army Under Mirza Mohammad Khan
By February 22, Persian troops encroached on the British encampment at Bushehr but did not engage. The British reported seeing the fires of the enemy on the hills surrounding their camp. In response, the Poona Horse expanded the range of its patrols, but did not report any confrontations. In his correspondence with Governor-General Canning, Outram reported that the total size of the new forces raised between Shiraz and Khesht for Mirza Mohammad Khan's army was 27,800 men with 85 guns. Of this army, 2,000 were attributed to cavalry, 3,000 Tofangchi Infantry (Musketeers), and 31 regiments of regular infantry at 800 each. This army was exclusive of the 10,000 to 13,000 troops and 16 guns estimated to be garrisoned at Mohammareh under Prince Khanlar Mirza. Governor-General Tahmasp Mirza commanding several regiments, advanced from Shiraz to Nanizak. He was to await the arrival of General Mirza Mohammad Khan Qajar-Dolu, at which point he would make over all of his troops and return to Shiraz. Jafar Qoli Khan Ilkhani was stationed at Shiraz with a cavalry detachment of 3,000. Mohammad Khan had made his way to Farashband with his troops and had ordered several contingents to rendezvous at Nanizak by 6 March to form a larger army fit to assault Bushehr. Brigadier-General Fuzl Ali Khan was stationed at Khesht with 10 guns, five regiments and 1,000 cavalry. Brigadier-General Mirza Ibrahim Khan was at Sarkoreh with his troops. The three contingents were to make their way to Nanizak through different roads so as to not exhaust the provisions on the route. The Persian general himself led a contingent of four regiments with eight guns and 1,500 cavalry. The British intelligence report from 27 February estimated that the southern Persian force was 24 regiments, 31 guns and 5,000 cavalry strong. The report further projected 4,000 tofangchis could be conscripted from among the local inhabitants.
Battle of Mohammareh
The British then shifted their focus north up the Persian Gulf, invading Southern Mesopotamia by advancing up the Shatt al-Arab waterway to Mohammerah at its junction with the Karun River, short of Basra. The force collected for the sortie consisted of 1,500 British and 2,400 Indian soldiers. The engineers grouped with the force included 2nd Company, Bombay Sappers & Miners (with 109 troops under Captain Haig) and B Company, Madras Sappers & Miners (with 124 troops under Brevet-Major Boileau). Outram decided that Major-General Stalker was to remain in command at Bushehr along with Brigadiers Wilson, Honnor, and Tapp. The troops that would stay in the encampment included two field batteries, the mountain-train, the entire cavalry of the first division, three companies from her Majesty's 64th and the 78th Highlanders, the 4th rifles, 20th Native Infantry, and the Belooch battalion. The force at Bushehr numbered around 3,000. This left just under 4,000 troops under the command of Outram.
By this point, the defence of Mohammareh was given to Prince Khanlar Mirza commanding seven regular regiments composed of 13,000 infantry and cavalry in total. The Persian army had undertaken an effort to develop extensive defensive infrastructure along the city's coastline and Khanlar Mirza now had 17 guns placed along the defenses in anticipation of the British attack. Khanlar Mirza Ehtesham-ed-Dowleh was the 17th son of the late Abbas Mirza and an uncle to Naser al-Din Shah. At the time of the Anglo-Persian War, Khanlar Mirza was the magistrate of Tabaristan and Khuzestan. The works of the fort at Mohammareh were 20 feet thick, and the Persian heavy guns were placed on the river face with a range of around 100 yards. The British army would counter the Persian bombardment with the broadsides of the Clive and Falkland sloops as well as the Ajdaha, Feroze, Semiramis, Victoria, and Assaye steamers. Besides its defences, Mohammerah was further protected by the political requirement of the British not violating Ottoman territory, as the city lay right on the border.
On 6 March, the Falkland sailed for the Euphrates, while the 64th regiment sailed on the Bride of the Sea. On the same day, the Feroze, Pottinger, and Pioneer steamers brought a troop of horse artillery and a contingent of the Scinde Horse, reinforcing Outram's confidence of an attack on Mohammareh. That afternoon, the Kingston and four other transports sailed towards Kharg island where a detachment of the 4th rifles had been left to secure a coaling station for the British navy. On the morning of 8 March, the Falkland reached the mouth of the Euphrates. As the other ships reached the anchorage in the river, Persian cavalry patrols took cite of the enemy. One of the superior officer's of Khanlar Mirza's army held a military inspection of 3,000 infantry in sight of the British ships near the coast as a show of force. The British troops were also made aware of a considerable detachment of irregular cavalry and infantry occupying the village of Mahamur, where pickets had been constructed along some ruined buildings. Upon his return from a visit to Mohammareh, Captain Maisonneuve have warned the British troops that the Persian defences were formidable and that Outram's forces could not easily take them. By 15 March, the Berenice steamer brought the headquarters of the Highlanders with Brigadier-General Havelock and the staff of the second division. Lieutenant Sinclair of the 78th Highlanders had died a few days prior to departure due to fever. By 17 March, as the Pioneer reached the anchorage, news spread that Major-General Foster Stalker had committed suicide in the night of 14 March. Hunt & Townshend and Ballard cite Stalker's main motive for suicide as a loss of mental balance and macular degeneration. However, Granny sees the suicide as arising out of disagreement with Outram's idea of pushing into Persia's interior. Watson likewise cites the suicide as stemming from the unbearable responsibility of defending Bushehr against the growing southern Persian army of Mirza Mohammad Khan. Consequently, Outram decided to remain in command at Bushehr and at first, left the execution of the British objectives in Mohammareh to Havelock. At this time, one troop of horse artillery returned to Bushehr as the prospect of a Persian attack became more imminent. Eventually, Outram himself joined the troops anchored near Mohammareh with a contingent of the Scinde Horse and dragoons. Outram left Colonel John Jacob in command of the garrison at Bushehr. In the night of 17 March, Commodore E. Ethersey, who Rear Admiral Henry Leeke had appointed in command of the British navy at Bushehr, also committed suicide.
The British force remained anchored until 23 March, with ships transporting troops and horses on an hourly basis throughout the day. By 24 March, the rendezvous point was set to three miles below the Persian fortifications. As some of the British forces disembarked and assembled, a considerably large party of Persian reconnoitrers sighted the enemy within firing range. However, the Persian troops did not engage the British. By the night of 25 March, several hundred Persian soldiers were seen throwing up an embankment to cover two of their field guns which were to be positioned towards the British positions. The Assaye was soon ordered to fire eight shells at the Persian positions, forcing the artillerymen to retreat. On the same night, the British placed two 8 and two 5-inch mortars northward behind a low swampy island facing the Persian army's most powerful battery. This endeavour was undertaken by the engineer officers that also conducted a reconnaissance of the Persian guns in a small canoe. They first planned to erect a battery on an island in the Arvand, but the island proved to be too swampy. They then towed the mortars on a raft and moored it behind the island from where fire support was provided.
At dawn on 26 March, the mortars from the raft placed by the swampy island, commanded by Captain Worgan, opened fire on into the centre of the Persian fortifications. The Persian soldiers were noted to have been mid-prayer for Fajr. The first shots wounded the Persian Brigadier commanding the northern battery. As such, it took Khanlar Mirza's artillerymen a few minutes to identify where the missiles came from. As the Persian batteries began to return fire by 6:00 AM, the British attack ships advanced and began to engage them. The Semiramis led the squadron and towed the Clive sloop and was followed by the Ajdaha, Feroze, Assaye and Victoria. The Victoria towed the Falkland sloop as she got into position. The Madras Sappers were also aboard the S.S. Hugh Lindsay to assist the 64th Regiment in firing the ship's carronades The Persian batteries opened fire along the entire line of defence, inflicting considerable damage on the hulls and rigging of the British ships. Arab inhabitants on the Turkish side of the border had gathered to watch the battle, but as some of the Persian shots ricocheted in their direction, they dispersed. By 7:45 AM, the British commodore ordered the ships to close in on the forts, all anchoring except for the Assaye. The British attack ships and the Persian batteries continued to fire on each other for three hours, while the British transports remained patiently at anchorage. At this point, Commodore Rennie hoisted the signal for the British flotilla carrying the troops. The Persian guns managed to cut the rigging and damage the hull of the Berenice, which carried Havelock and the 78th Highlanders, as she entered within 100 yards of the Persian battery. The transports disembarked about 100 yards above the Persian army's north battery. The disembarkation lasted an hour and went unopposed. As the Persian batteries fell silent, the brigadiers of their army, which was situated behind the fortifications, retreated while the British troops were called to halt to properly arrange their lines. The Persians effectively abandoned the city to a British force under Brigadier Henry Havelock, which captured it on 27 March. Khormuji sees the reason for the Persian retreat as resulting from confusion caused by an order from Tehran and the Persian border coast guard to avoid direct conflict the British navy due to their superior maritime prowess and their 66-pound cannons. The British reported losses of 41 men at the Battle of Mohammareh. A further five were wounded when two of their pickets accidentally fired on one another as the British troops attempted to chase down the retreating Persian army into the night. The Persian army of 13,000 made its way to Ahvaz along the Karun river.
Battle of Ahvaz
The sappers were now continually employed in destroying Persian batteries, making roads, landing stages and huts in the unhealthy climate and so could not be spared for the sortie to Ahvaz, where the Royal Navy and forces from the 64th Foot and 78th Highlanders attacked the Persian force. The town fell to the British on 1 April 1857.
Treaty of Paris (1857)
On returning to Muhammarah on 4 April, the force learned that a treaty had been signed in Paris on 4 March, and hostilities ceased. When news of peace arrived, Outram was planning an invasion into the Persian interior that likely would have significantly escalated the war. The expeditionary force had thus successfully carried out its purpose by capturing Bushire, defeating the Persians at Khoosh-Ab and capturing a foothold in southern Mesopotamia, thus forcing the Persians to sue for terms. Over the next few months, the force returned to India. In October, the British withdrew from Bushire. Most of the forces were soon inducted into operations in Central India to quell the Indian Mutiny in which both Havelock and Outram would distinguish themselves at the siege of Lucknow.
Diplomacy
Negotiations in Constantinople between Persian Ambassador Farrokh Khan and British Ambassador Stratford de Redcliffe ultimately broke down over British demands for the Persians replace their prime minister (Sadr-e Azam). News of the onset of fighting resulted in a formal rupture of talks, but discussions soon began again in Paris, and both sides signed a peace treaty on 4 March in which the Shah agreed to withdraw from Herat and to refrain from further interference in the affairs of Afghanistan. In the treaty, the Persians agreed to withdraw from Herat, to apologise to the British ambassador on his return, to sign a commercial treaty, and to co-operate in suppressing the slave trade in the Persian Gulf. The British agreed not to shelter opponents of the Shah in the embassy and abandoned the demand of replacing the prime minister and requiring territorial concessions to the Imam of Muscat, a British ally.
The Persians faithfully withdrew from Herat, which allowed the British to return their troops to India, where they were soon needed for combat in the Indian Mutiny. Herat returned to more direct Afghan control when it was retaken by Dost Mohammed Khan in 1863.
Gallantry awards
Three Victoria Crosses were awarded during the expedition to captain John Augustus Wood, captain John Grant Malcolmson and lieutenant Arthur Thomas Moore.
Battle honours
A total of four battle honours were awarded for this campaign, namely, 'Persia', 'Reshire', and 'Koosh-Ab' in 1858, and 'Bushire' in 1861.
Persia
The battle honour 'Persia' was awarded to all units that had participated in the campaign vide Gazette of the Governor General 1306 of 1858. The units were:
3rd Bombay Cavalry – currently Poona Horse
Poona Irregular Horse – currently Poona Horse
1st Scinde Irregular Horse – currently Scinde Horse
Madras Sappers & Miners – currently Madras Engineer Group
Bombay Sappers & Miners – currently Bombay Engineer Group
4th Bombay Infantry – Later 1st Battalion, the Rajputana Rifles, currently, the 3rd Battalion, Brigade of the Guards 1 RAJ RIF
20th Bombay Infantry – currently 2nd Battalion, the Rajputana Rifles
23rd Bombay Infantry – currently 4th Battalion, the Rajputana Rifles
26th Bombay Infantry – later the 2nd Battalion, the 10th Baluch Regiment
Reshire
The honour was awarded to the units which participated in the attack on the old Dutch redoubt of Reshire on 7 December 1856. the Governor surrendered the fortifications on 8 December. The division then waited for the arrival of the C-in-C with the remainder of the army. The battle honour was awarded vide GOGG 1306 of 1858 to the following:
3rd Bombay Cavalry
Bombay Sappers & Miners
4th Bombay Infantry
20th Bombay Infantry
26th Bombay Infantry
Bushire
The first division of the expedition disembarked in the neighbourhood of the city of Bushire on 5 December 1856. After a naval bombardment of the fortifications, Bushire was occupied unopposed. The honour was awarded by Bombay GO 191 of 1861, after India had passed under the Crown. Other honours for this campaign were awarded by the Company in 1858.
Poona Horse
Bombay Sappers & Miners
4th Bombay Infantry
20th Bombay Infantry
26th Bombay Infantry
3rd Regiment Local Contingent (disbanded)
Koosh-Ab
After the arrival of the C-in-C, the force advanced inland and defeated the Persian field army at Koosh-Ab on 8 February 1857. The Poona Horse carries a Standard surmounted by a silver hand and bearing a Persian inscription captured at Koosh-Ab, in commemoration of the brilliant charge of the 3rd Bombay Light Cavalry which broke into enemy infantry and decided the fate of the day. The honour was awarded vide GOGG 1306 of 1858 and spelling changed from Kooshab vide Gazette of India No 1079 of 1910.
3rd Bombay Cavalry
Poona Irregular Horse
Bombay Sappers and Miners
4th Bombay Infantry
20th Bombay Infantry
26th Bombay Infantry
2nd Baluch Battalion – later the 4th Battalion, the 10th Baluch Regiment (Pakistan)
See also
British Indian Army
East India Company
References
Notes
Bibliography
pp. 218–220
pp 33–49
Sandes, Lt Col E.W.C. The Indian Sappers and Miners (1948) The Institution of Royal Engineers, Chatham.
Further reading
English, Barbara. 1971. John Company's Last War. London: Collins.
Hunt, Capt. G. H. and George Townsend. 1858. Outram & Havelock's Persian Campaign. London: G. Routledge & Co.
Outram, Lieut. General Sir James. 1860. Lieut.-General Sir James Outram's Persian Campaign in 1857. London: Smith, Elder and Co.
Walpole, Sir Spencer. 1912. A History of England from the Conclusion of the Great War in 1815. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. (vol. VI, pp. 266–273)
External links
Persian War
Regiment Site
Conflicts in 1856
Conflicts in 1857
Wars involving Afghanistan
Wars involving British India
Resistance to the British Empire
19th-century military history of the United Kingdom
1856 in Asia
1857 in Asia
Battle honours of the Indian Army
Battle honours of the Bombay Sappers
Battle honours of the Madras Sappers
Overseas expeditions of the British Indian Army
History of the Bombay Sappers
History of the Madras Sappers
History of the Corps of Engineers (Indian Army)
Iran–United Kingdom military relations
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3991493
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%20MKZ
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Lincoln MKZ
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The Lincoln MKZ, is a four-door, five-passenger mid-size luxury sedan manufactured by Ford and marketed as the Zephyr (MY 2006) and as the MKZ (MY 2007–2020) by Ford's Lincoln brand across two generations in both gasoline and hybrid gas/electric models.
The MKZ was manufactured at Ford's Hermosillo Stamping & Assembly plant in Mexico. Production ended in 2020 to make way for new Ford vehicles.
First generation (2006–2012)
The 2006 Lincoln Zephyr was initially unveiled in concept form at the 2004 New York International Auto Show, previewing a new entry-level luxury sedan. The front featured Lincoln's signature waterfall grille and jeweled quad projector beam headlights (HID headlights were available). Chrome trim extends along the Zephyr's beltline while the car's rear fascia features LED taillights and dual chrome exhaust tips. All Zephyrs featured low-profile tires on 17x7.5-inch wheels with painted aluminum versions standard and chrome versions optional.
Lincoln officially revived the Zephyr name in the fall of 2005; the vehicles were based on the CD3 platform, which was derived from the Mazda 6. Lincoln had previously used the Zephyr name in the late 1930s for the smaller Lincoln-Zephyr line of mid-size vehicles. The "Zephyr" name had also previously been used by Mercury during the late 1970s and early 1980s, for several vehicles built on the Fox Platform.
The Zephyr's sole powertrain was a 3.0 L DOHC Duratec V6 mated to an Aisin 6-speed automatic transmission; identical to the V6 powertrain that was optional in the Fusion and Milan. The interior is largely unique to the Lincoln, along with different equipment packaging. The 2006 Zephyr started at a base MSRP of $28,995 USD, ranging up to $35,340 USD when fully optioned.
Though slightly smaller and front-wheel drive, the Zephyr was marketed as a replacement for Lincoln's previous entry level mid-size, the rear-wheel drive Lincoln LS. To facilitate a smooth transition, the Zephyr and LS were sold parallel to each other during the 2006 model year, the first model year of the Zephyr and the last for the LS. For 2007 the model was renamed MKZ, and took over the LS' market with sales beginning in September 2006. Lincoln's decision to resurrect the Zephyr name refers to the very early days of Lincoln before World War II. At that time, the only Lincoln manufactured was the Lincoln K-series which was a full-size sedan, and Lincoln, under the direction of Edsel Ford, Henry Ford's only son, hoped to introduce a smaller product to compete with the Packard One-Twenty, and the LaSalle, a smaller sibling offered at Cadillac dealerships.
The Zephyr featured a revised interior from the Fusion and Milan. The design featured shapes with real ebony or maple wood inserts (depending on desired trim) in metallic frames. These surfaces were contrasted with chrome-bezeled gauges, circular, chrome-finished vents and a metallic center stack where the radio and climate controls are housed. The Zephyr's steering wheel was leather-wrapped with real wood grips and satin-nickel audio, climate, and cruise control buttons. White LED backlighting was used for the Zephyr's controls and instrumentation. Leather seating surfaces were standard in all models.
Some of these standard features in the Zephyr included: cruise control, automatic headlights, fog lights, power door locks, "global" power windows (all windows can lower simultaneously at the push of a button), power adjustable and heated mirrors with puddle lamps, remote keyless entry, a tilt and telescoping steering wheel with redundant audio and climate controls, dual-zone automatic climate control, a universal garage door opener, 10-way power driver and front passenger seats, rear-seat reading lamps, and a six-speaker audio system with an AM/FM stereo radio and a six-disc, MP3-compatible CD changer. Optional in the Zephyr was a power moonroof, a DVD-based satellite navigation system, HID headlights, heated and cooled front seats, and an industry-first THX II-Certified audio system with a six-disc, MP3-compatible CD changer and ten speakers. Safety features included standard dual front-side airbags, front seat-deployed side airbags, and curtain airbags that extend from the front to rear seats.
Mechanically the Zephyr was closely related to the Fusion and Milan. As mentioned, all three cars were based on Ford's CD3 platform, which was in turn derived from the Mazda 6. Like these cars the Zephyr is natively front-wheel drive (FWD). The Zephyr uses a coil-over damper, short- and long-arm (SLA) front suspension with double-ball-joint control arms while the rear suspension is an independent multi-link design with lower control arms and a stabilizer bar. Spring rates, bushings, and dampers have been specially tuned for the Zephyr to provide excellent ride comfort without compromising handling. All Zephyrs feature standard four-wheel anti-lock disc brakes with traction control. The sole engine offered in the Zephyr was an all-aluminum 3.0 L DOHC Duratec V6 producing 221 hp (165 kW) at 6250 rpm and 205 lb·ft (278 N·m) of torque at 4800 rpm. This engine was mated to an Aisin 6-speed automatic transmission and had a final drive ratio of 3.46:1. This powertrain was identical to the V6 powertrain available in the Fusion and Milan from 2006 to 2009. With this powertrain the Zephyr could accelerate from zero to in 7.5 seconds. The FWD Zephyr came with a fuel tank and is rated to deliver in city driving and on the highway based on the revised 2008 EPA fuel efficiency measurement standards.
2007 revision
For 2007, the Zephyr was refreshed and renamed MKZ to follow a new nomenclature developed by Lincoln that mimics the alphanumeric naming schemes used by other luxury automakers like Mercedes-Benz. Management at Lincoln originally announced the MKZ with a "mark-zee" pronunciation during the 2006 auto show circuit, but eventually changed it to the phonetic "em-kay-zee" due to confusion observed among focus groups and dealership personnel.
The 2007 MKZ was first shown at the Chicago Auto Show in February 2006. In addition to its new name, the MKZ gained a number of changes over its predecessor. The standard and optional versions of the MKZ's 17 x 7.5-inch wheels were restyled. An intelligent all-wheel-drive system was now available, seamlessly distributing power to each wheel for optimum traction. Powering the MKZ, and taking a large step toward further differentiating the car from the Fusion and Milan, was Ford's new, all-aluminum 3.5-L DOHC Duratec 35 V6. The engine was tuned to produce 265 hp (196 kW) at 6250 rpm and 249 lb·ft (337 N·m) of torque at 4500 rpm. Significantly, the new engine needed only 87-octane regular-grade gasoline to achieve its output. Also, in spite of the MKZ's power advantage over the 3.0-L DOHC V6-equipped Zephyr, the fuel economy of the MKZ rivals that of the Zephyr at in city driving and on the highway in front-wheel-drive models. A road test by Motor Trend found that an MKZ equipped with all-wheel-drive could accelerate from zero to in 6.8 seconds and complete a quarter mile in 15.2 seconds at due to the more powerful engine and extra traction. One of the few other changes applied to the 2007 MKZ was a revision to the available THX II-certified audio system to increase speakers to 14 and its peak output to 600 watts. Beyond the MKZ's changes, the car remained positioned as an entry-level luxury sedan with base models still starting at just under US$30,000 and fully optioned models remaining below $40,000.
For 2008, the MKZ received new standard features as a part of Lincoln's continued effort to refine the car. Sirius satellite radio, perforated leather seats, a reverse sensing system, a tire pressure-monitoring system, and Lincoln SYNC (late availability) were all newly standard. For 2009, Ford's 'AdvanceTrac' stability control system became standard, while a special edition "Midnight Black" package was available, featuring black leather seating surfaces and panels contrasted with maple wood and satin nickel inserts.
2010 facelift
The 2010 MKZ was unveiled at the 2008 Los Angeles International Auto Show, revealing an extensive update with a revised interior and exterior in addition to new features. The MKZ's exterior featured revised front and rear fascias. The MKZ's headlights were new, while its fascia and split-wing grille closely resembled that of the Lincoln MKR concept. In the rear, the taillights have been revised to be longer and thinner, similar to the original Zephyr concept. The MKZ's standard and optional 17-inch wheels were restyled and featured an 18-inch wheel option. Inside, the MKZ's interior was revised, using real wood accents and metal surfaces. Bridge of Weir leather seating surfaces were standard. Other features new for 2010 included a reverse camera system, Sirius Travel Link, a DVD-based satellite navigation system updated to accept voice commands, rain-sensing windshield wipers, a cabin air filter, and adaptive HID headlights. Mechanically, the MKZ featured suspension revised to improve ride quality and handling and a new 'SelectShift' six-speed automatic transmission. The 2010 MKZ was released during the spring of 2009.
MKZ Hybrid (2011)
The 2011 MKZ Hybrid was unveiled at the 2010 New York International Auto Show, and sales began in September 2010. It is the first Lincoln hybrid electric vehicle and the first Lincoln model with a four-cylinder engine; it delivers an EPA city rating of and a highway rating of , which made it the most fuel-efficient luxury sedan in the U.S. until the release of the 2011 Lexus CT 200h in March 2011. The Lincoln MKZ Hybrid carries over the hybrid powertrain from the Ford Fusion and Mercury Milan hybrids, including the 2.5-L Duratec I4 with the electric motor producing a total of .
The Lincoln MKZ Hybrid has an EV mode that allows the car to travel short distances on electricity alone, at speeds up to . The MKZ Hybrid offers an improvement of Ford's Smart Gauge with EcoGuide, first introduced in the 2010 Fusion Hybrid. The MKZ Smart Gauge version offered a new "Flower" design compared to the "Leaf" design of the Fusion. In essence, the car rewards the driver with flower blossoms for economical driving/driving habits.
The Lincoln MKZ Hybrid is marketed by Ford as a competitor to the Lexus HS 250h and Lexus ES Hybrid. As of July 2011, the MKZ Hybrid was the only hybrid in the market with the same price as its conventional gasoline-engine version. Ford reported that until June 2011, about 20% of 2011 MKZ sales have been hybrids, and the market share is even higher in markets where hybrids in general sell well, such as the Los Angeles region, where sales of the hybrid model represent 44%, and the San Francisco area, with a market share of 66%. The MKZ Hybrid base price is , and with popular options including a sunroof, navigation system, blind spot monitors, a THX surround-sound stereo, and a backup camera, the price rises to .
A complete redesign of the Ford Fusion line-up was scheduled for the 2013 model year. Both the Lincoln MKZ and the Fusion Hybrid are expected to use a new compact lithium-ion battery pack and an updated powertrain that is expected to deliver a higher fuel economy up to 48 mpgUS (4.9 to 5.0 L/100 km; 56 to 58 mpgimp) highway. The next-generation Lincoln MKZ Hybrid was expected to be launched by mid-2012. The 2013 MKZ concept car was unveiled at the 2012 North American International Auto Show.
The MKZ Hybrid was one of the five finalists for the 2011 Green Car of the Year awarded by the Green Car Journal in November 2010, which was won by the Chevrolet Volt. In its 2011 Hybrid Scorecard, the Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) ranked the MKZ Hybrid, together with the Lexus CT200h, as the top luxury hybrid models in the scorecard's environmental improvement category, an achievement the UCS attributed to their relatively small gasoline engines. Nevertheless, the Lincoln MKZ Hybrid ranked higher than the Lexus on all factors: consumer value, hybrid technology, fuel efficiency, and pollution reduction. Also, the UCS praised the MKZ Hybrid, together with the Hyundai Sonata Hybrid, because both hybrids were available with few or no forced features that inflated the cost without adding to fuel savings or reducing emissions. The UCS's Hybrid Scorecard ratings for the MKZ Hybrid are higher than the nonluxury Toyota Prius for environmental performance, and hybrid value; both are rated the same for forced features; and the Prius scores higher in fuel economy.
Second generation (2013–2020)
Ford redesigned the Lincoln MKZ for the 2013 model year, sharing the company's CD4 platform with Fusion and Mondeo. The concept model debuted at the 2012 North American International Auto Show. The production version of the second-generation MKZ was unveiled at the 2012 New York Auto Show. It followed the general concept idea released in the model displayed at the 2012 Detroit Auto Show.
The MKZ was originally set to be released in November 2012, but this was set back to January after Fusion production was delayed, which is produced at the same plant. Its release date was again pushed back after Ford looked to iron out any possible quality issues. Some MKZs were even shipped from the Mexican facility to Ford's Flat Rock plant to be reassured and inspected that they were ready to be sent to dealerships. This was an unprecedented move for such a big product launch, but Ford felt it would be profitable in the long run. Cars finally started to reach dealerships in sufficient quantities by mid-March 2013.
Ford offered the 2013 MKZ with three powertrains: a 240-horsepower EcoBoost 2-liter four-cylinder (FWD or AWD), a 300-horsepower 3.7-liter V6 (FWD or AWD), and a hybrid system based on the 2-liter power plant. The hybrid, like the previous-generation MKZ Hybrid, was available for the same price as the non-hybrid model.
Given the model's significant redesign for 2013, changes to the 2014 MKZ were primarily limited to color choices. For 2015, automatic headlights, rear parking sensors and rear view camera became standard.
EPA ratings
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) rated the 2013 MKZ Hybrid at with the same rating for combined/city/highway cycles. The 2013 model year 2.0-liter, 4-cylinder FWD automatic MKZ rating is combined, in the city, and on the highway.
These ratings allowed the 2013 MKZ Hybrid to become the most fuel-efficient luxury vehicle in the U.S. and improve the fuel economy of the Lexus ES 300h hybrid by 5 mpg-US on the combined cycle. Despite sharing the same powertrain, the 2013 MKZ Hybrid rated 2 mpg-US combined less than its sibling, the second-generation Ford Fusion Hybrid at .
2017 facelift
The MKZ received a facelift for the 2017 model year. Revealed on November 18, 2015, at the LA Auto Show, the MKZ is the first to adopt Lincoln's new design language previewed earlier on the Lincoln Continental concept car, featuring redesigned front grille and headlights. The 3.7 L V6 will be dropped in favor of an all-new 3.0 L twin-turbo V6 engine unique to Lincoln, producing between 350 and 400 horsepower depending on the drive-train. Trim levels include the standard model, plus Premiere, Select, Reserve and top level Black Label, which is three special appearance packages, a tradition started with the Designer Editions in 1976. The MKZ offers the "Vineyard" (unique to the MKZ), "Chalet", and "Thoroughbred" theme appearance packages. In continuing with Lincoln tradition, Bridge of Weir "Deepsoft" leather is used for the Select and Reserve trim packages.
The transmission is no longer activated with a center console installed transmission selector; the computer controlled transmission uses buttons installed to the left of the MyLincoln Touch infotainment touch screen labeled "P, R, N, D, S", a revival of an approach used in the 1950s by the Chrysler push button PowerFlite and the Packard Touchbutton Ultramatic. The "S" transmission selection represents "Sport" mode, where the Continuously Controlled Damping suspension, electric power steering and transmission shift points take on a different posture.
The MKZ received no more major changes, with the new model years bringing new colors and a gradual diminishing of the lineup. For 2020, the car's final year on the market, only the Base and Reserve trims remained, with either Hybrid, Turbo, or V6 powertrains.
Sales
See also
Lincoln-Zephyr
Mercury Zephyr
References
External links
Official Lincoln MKZ Page
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Ford CD3 platform
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
MKZ
2010s cars
Cars introduced in 2005
Hybrid electric cars
Ford CD4 platform
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5383063
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar%20H.%20Gandy%20Jr.
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Oscar H. Gandy Jr.
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Oscar H. Gandy Jr., retired since 2006, is a scholar of the political economy of information who was the Herbert Schiller Professor of Communication studies at the Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania. His work spans many subjects, including privacy, race, information technology, media framing, media development, and educational subsidy.
Biography
Gandy received his associate degree from Nassau Community College (1965) and his bachelor's degree in sociology from the University of New Mexico (1967). From 1969 to 1971, he wrote and produced Right On!, a public affairs television series for WCAU-TV. During this period, he also received his master's degree in Communication Behavior from the University of Pennsylvania, where Gandy grew close to his mentor, George Gerbner.
In 1971, Gandy began lecturing at Third College (now the Thurgood Marshall College), University of California, San Diego. In 1973, he enrolled at Stanford University as a Ph.D. student in communication, where he was a Ford Foundation Fellow. Gandy earned his doctorate in public affairs communication in 1976.
From 1977 to 1987, Gandy was an assistant and then an associate professor of communication at Howard University. Gandy joined the faculty at Annenberg in 1987, where he taught until his retirement in the Spring semester of 2006.
Publications
Books (authored or co-authored):
Gandy, O.H. (2009). Coming to Terms With Chance: Engaging Rational Discrimination and Cumulative Disadvantage. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing.
Gandy, O.H. (1998). Communication and Race: A Structural Perspective. Edward Arnold and Oxford University Press.
Gandy, O.H. (1993). The Panoptic Sort: A Political Economy of Personal Information. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Gandy, O.H. (1982). Beyond Agenda Setting: Information Subsidies and Public Policy. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishers.
Gandy, O.H., Rivers, W.L., Miller, S., & Rivers, G. (1975). Government and Media: An Annotated Bibliography. Stanford, CA: Institute for Communications Research.
Books (edited or co-edited):
Reese S., Gandy, O.H., & Grant A. (Eds.). (2001). Framing Public Life. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Gandy, O.H. (Ed.). (1986). Communications: A Key to Economic and Political Change. Selected Proceedings from the 15th Annual Communications Conference. Washington, DC: Center for Communications Research, Howard University.
Gandy, O.H., Espinosa, P., & Ordover, J. (Eds). (1983). Proceedings from the Tenth Annual Telecommunications Policy Research Conference. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishers.
Scholarly journal articles (2001–present):
Gandy, O.H. (2010). Engaging rational discrimination: exploring reasons for placing regulatory constraints on decision support systems. Ethics and Information Technology, 12(1), pp. 29–42.
Halbert, C.H., Gandy, O.H., Collier, A., & Shaker, L. (2007). Beliefs about tobacco use in African Americans. Ethnicity & Disease, 17(1), pp. 92–98.
Gandy, O.H. & Baruh, L. (2006). Racial Profiling: They said it was against the law! University of Ottawa Law & Technology Journal, 6(3), pp. 297–327.
Herman, B. D., & Gandy, O.H. (2006). Catch 1201: A legislative history and content analysis of the DMCA Exemption Proceedings. Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal, 24(1), pp. 121–190.
Halbert, C.H., Armstrong, K., Gandy, O.H., & Shaker, L. (2006). Racial differences in trust in health care providers. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(8), pp. 896–901.
Halbert, C.H., Gandy, O.H. Jr., Collier, A., & Shaker, L. (2005). Intentions to participate in genetics research among African American smokers. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 15(1), pp. 150–153.
Gandy, O.H., & Li, Z. (2005). Framing comparative risk: A preliminary analysis. The Howard Journal of Communications, Vol. 16(2), pp. 71–86.
Wray, R.J., et al. (2004). Preventing domestic violence in the African American Community: Assessing the impact of a dramatic radio serial. Journal of Health Communication, 9(1), pp. 31–52.
Popescu, M., & Gandy, O.H. (2003). Whose environmental justice? Social identity and institutional rationality. Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation, 19(1), pp. 141–192.
Gandy, O.H. (2003). Media education comes of age. Television & New Media, 4(4), pp. 483–493.
Gandy, O.H. (2003) Public opinion surveys and the formation of privacy policy. Journal of Social Issues, 59(2), pp. 283–299.
Danna, A. & Gandy, O.H. (2002). All that glitters is not gold: Digging beneath the surface of data mining. Journal of Business Ethics, 40(4), pp. 373–388.
Gandy, O.H. (2001). Journalists and academics and the delivery of race statistics: Being a statistician means never having to say you're certain. Race and Society, 4(2), pp. 149–160.
Gandy, O.H. (2001). Racial identity, media use, and the social construction of risk among African Americans. Journal of Black Studies, 31(5), pp. 600–618.
Awards
Gandy received the “Outstanding Achievement Award” from the Surveillance Studies Network in 2016.
Sources
Ronald L. Jackson II and Sonja M. Brown Givens. Black Pioneers in Communication Research. Sage Publications, 2006.
References
External links
Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania
1945 births
Living people
American social sciences writers
American social scientists
Stanford University alumni
University of Pennsylvania faculty
Ford Foundation fellowships
Nassau Community College alumni
University of New Mexico alumni
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5383097
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest%20University%20of%20Jewish%20Studies
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Budapest University of Jewish Studies
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The Budapest University of Jewish Studies ( / Jewish Theological Seminary – University of Jewish Studies / ) is a university in Budapest, Hungary. It was opened in 1877, a few decades after the first European rabbinical seminaries had been built in Padua, Metz, Paris and Breslau. Still, it remains the oldest existing institution in the world where rabbis are graduated.
History
19th century
Orthodox Hungarian rabbis were very much against a rabbinical seminary. In order to prevent its establishment in Budapest, they sent a delegation to Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria in Vienna. However, the Emperor was favorable to the rabbinical school and even financed its construction, giving back to the Hungarian Jews the money they had had to pay 30 years before as a war tax after the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. The growing liberal segment in Hungarian Jewish society, known as Neologs, were interested in secularly-educated clergy and their leaders strove to have a modern seminary.
On October 4, 1877, the seminary was opened in József körút. Its first principal was Moses Löb Bloch, who was assisted by David Kaufmann and Wilhelm Bacher.
Second World War
On March 19, 1944 German troops marched into Budapest (Operation Margarethe). The next day, the rabbinical seminary was confiscated by the Schutzstaffel (SS) and turned into a prison. From there, Adolf Eichmann organized the deportation of thousands of Hungarian Jews and some political detainees into the concentration camps, mainly to Auschwitz.
Just in time before the German invasion, the most valuable manuscripts had been brought into an underground safe. Still, an important part of the library was seized by the Nazis. 3000 books were dispatched to Prague, where Eichmann planned the construction of a "Museum of an extinct race" in the former Jewish quarter. Only in the 1980s were the books discovered in the cellar of the Jewish Museum of Prague and brought back to Budapest in 1989. The library remains a source of pride for the university. It is considered one of the most important collection of Jewish theological literature outside Israel.
After the war, Communist era
Immediately after the defeat of the Nazis, the Rabbinical seminary resumed its activity and was reopened two months before the surrender of Germany. However, the number of students was not sufficient for keeping the gymnasium department. Instead, a pedagogical college was arranged for religion and Hebrew teachers to be graduated.
Despite the anti-religious policy of the Communist government, the rabbinical seminary in Budapest remained alive. It was the only one of its kind in Eastern Europe, but strongly dependent on national authorities. Religious life was regulated by the Ministry of Religion which was responsible for filling vacant rabbinical posts in Hungary.
Being the only place of its kind in the Eastern bloc, the Budapest seminary had a special mission. Students came from all countries of Eastern Europe, from the Soviet Union and even from Israel, to be graduated as a rabbi or cantor. They lived, partly with their families, in small simply furnished boarding rooms.
From 1950 until his death in 1985, Sándor Scheiber was director of the seminary who edited important publications on Jewish studies from the Middle Ages to the 20th century.
After 1989
After the end of communism, thanks to donations from abroad, the seminary building was renovated, the library modernized and some of the valuable old books were being restored.
Organization
The institute was under the supervision of the ministry of religion, which appointed the teachers upon nomination by the council (consisting of twelve clerical and twelve lay members), of which M. Schweiger was president and Dr. J. Simon secretary, ever since 1877. The course of study extended over ten years and was divided into two equal periods; one being devoted to the lower department, the other to the upper. The former corresponded to an "Obergymnasium"; and the requirement for admission was the possession of a diploma from an "Untergymnasium", or the passing of an entrance examination covering a certain amount of Hebrew and Talmudics in addition to secular studies. The diplomas from this department were recognized by the state, and commanded admittance into any department of the universities or schools of technology. After the completion of the courses offered by the upper department, including attendance under the faculty of philosophy at the university, a year of probation followed. This was concluded in February by an oral examination after the candidate had presented three written theses on Biblical, rabbinic-Talmudic, and historical or religious-philosophical subjects respectively. At graduation he received a rabbinical diploma, which was recognized by the state. To supplement the regular course of training there were students' societies in both departments.
The library of the institute contained about 25,000 volumes of manuscripts and printed works, which were accessible to all in the reading-room.
References
Moshe Carmilly-Weinberger: The Rabbinical Seminary of Budapest, 1877-1977: A centennial volume. Sepher-Hermon Press, New York 1986.
Bibliography (Jewish Encyclopedia)
József Bánóczi, Gesch. des Ersten Jahrzehnts der Landes-Rabbinerschule (Supplement to the Annual Report for 1887-88);
Ludwig Blau, Brill, Sámuel Löw, pp. 27–32, Budapest, 1902;
S. Schill, A Budapesti Országos Rabbiképzöintézet Története, Budapest, 1896;
Annual Reports (with literary supplements)
Jews and Judaism in Budapest
Jewish seminaries
Pest, Hungary
Universities in Budapest
Jewish Hungarian history
Jewish universities and colleges
Educational institutions established in 1877
Neolog Judaism synagogues
1877 establishments in Austria-Hungary
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3991517
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind%20Roosevelt%20Graves
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Blind Roosevelt Graves
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Le Moise Roosevelt Graves (December 9, 1909, Meridian, Mississippi – December 30, 1962, Gulfport, Mississippi), credited as Blind Roosevelt Graves, was an American blues guitarist and singer, who recorded both sacred and secular music in the 1920s and 1930s.
On all his recordings, he played with his brother Uaroy Graves (c.1912–c.1959), who was also nearly blind and played the tambourine. They were credited as "Blind Roosevelt Graves and Brother". Their first recordings were made in 1929 for Paramount Records. Theirs is the earliest version recorded of "Guitar Boogie", and they exemplified the best in gospel singing with "I'll Be Rested". Blues researcher Gayle Dean Wardlow has suggested that their 1929 recording "Crazy About My Baby" "could be considered the first rock 'n' roll recording."
In July 1936, they were located by the talent broker H. C. Speir, who arranged for them to record in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, according to some sources at the train station, although Speir later told Wardlow that the recordings took place in a temporary studio, in the Hotel Hattiesburg, at Mobile Street and Pine Street. For the session they were joined by the local piano player Cooney Vaughn, who performed weekly on radio station WCOC in Meridian prior to World War II. The trio were billed on record as the Mississippi Jook Band. In all, they recorded four tracks at Hattiesburg for the American Record Company - "Barbecue Bust", "Hittin' The Bottle Stomp", "Dangerous Woman" and "Skippy Whippy". According to the Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock and Roll, these "...featured fully formed rock & roll guitar riffs and a stomping rock & roll beat".
The Graves Brothers did not record again. After the war, Roosevelt Graves is thought to have moved to Gulfport, Mississippi.
For a number of years, the subject of Uaroy's identity was disputed. In several books, magazine articles, and album liner notes that mentioned the Graves brothers, the names "Aaron" or "Leroy" were substituted for Uaroy, on the assumption that the otherwise unknown name Uaroy must have arisen due to the poor penmanship of a recording company employee whose handwritten notes were misinterpreted. This controversy was put to rest in 2004, when photographic copies of the Paramount files were posted to the internet, and it could clearly be seen that the person who wrote up the recording session notes had written in a careful, almost printed hand, "Uaroy Graves."
In October 2008, the recordings by the Graves brothers and the Mississippi Jook Band, and others who recorded in Hattiesburg, were commemorated by a marker on the Mississippi Blues Trail, established to preserve the state's musical heritage.<ref>[http://www.visitmississippi.org/press_news/20081014-RootsRockRoll.pdf Press release - Roots of Rock and Roll to be honored with Blues Trail Marker]</ref>
References
External links
The Graves Brothers – The University of Southern Mississippi McCain Library and Archives
Chasin' That Devil Music
Blind Roosevelt Graves#Barrelhouse, Boogie & Bottlenecks: The Hattiesburg Blues Connection WDAM TV-7 documentary by Charles Herrington, aired October 21, 1995
Chapter "Juke Town" from All off for Gordon's Station: A History of the Early Hattiesburg, Mississippi Area''; By Andrew R. English, Gateway Press, Baltimore (2000)
1909 births
1962 deaths
American blues guitarists
American male guitarists
American blues singers
Blind musicians
American gospel singers
African-American guitarists
Musicians from Meridian, Mississippi
Blues musicians from Mississippi
Gospel blues musicians
Paramount Records artists
20th-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Mississippi
20th-century African-American male singers
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3991526
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar%20cycle%20%28calendar%29
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Solar cycle (calendar)
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The solar cycle is a 28-year cycle of the Julian calendar, and 400-year cycle of the Gregorian calendar with respect to the week. It occurs because leap years occur every 4 years and there are 7 possible days to start a leap year, making a 28-year sequence.
This cycle also occurs in the Gregorian calendar, but it is interrupted by years such as 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200, 2300 and 2500, which are divisible by four but which are common years. This interruption has the effect of skipping 16 years of the solar cycle between February 28 and March 1. Because the Gregorian cycle of 400 years has exactly 146,097 days, i.e. exactly 20,871 weeks, one can say that the Gregorian so-called solar cycle lasts 400 years.
Calendar years are usually marked by Dominical letters indicating the first Sunday in a new year, thus the term solar cycle can also refer to a repeating sequence of Dominical letters. Unless a year is not a leap year due to Gregorian exceptions, a sequence of calendars is reused every 28 years.
See also
Birkat Hachama
Dominical letter
Doomsday rule
Friday the 13th
References
Further reading
C. R. Cheney (rev. Michael Jones), 2012: Handbook of dates (2nd edition), CUP
External links
The ISO 8601 calendar using week numbers, explained using Dominical letters.
Calendars
Gregorian calendar
Julian calendar
Units of time
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5383118
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corson%27s%20Inlet%20State%20Park
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Corson's Inlet State Park
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Corson's Inlet State Park was established by the New Jersey Legislature in 1969 to protect and preserve one of the last undeveloped tracts of land along the state's oceanfront. The park borders Corson Inlet. The area's natural habitats are teeming with wildlife established in the numerous primary and secondary sand dune systems, shoreline overwash, marine estuaries, and upland areas. The park offers scenic beauty and opportunities for observing a multitude of migratory and residential wildlife species. The park itself is located in Cape May County, just south of Ocean City. The park is operated and maintained by the New Jersey Division of Parks and Forestry.
Location and description
The park is located in Cape May County, just south of Ocean City, adjacent to Corson's Inlet. Included in the park is Strathmere Natural Area, located north of Strathmere. The park consists of of undeveloped and undisturbed sand dunes that serves as a protected nesting site for the endangered piping plover, the least tern and black skimmers. Other shorebirds and waterfowl, such as the American oystercatcher, various species of sandpipers, gulls, herons, sanderlings and ducks also stop during the year.
There are two endangered species that inhabit the park – the piping plover, a bird; and the seabeach amaranth, a plant.
History
In 1969, the New Jersey Legislature established Corson's Inlet State Park to protect and preserve one of the last undeveloped areas of land along the New Jersey coastline. Since then, the park has been managed by Belleplain State Forest. In 2012, the park received a $5,850 federal grant to construct a boardwalk trail that would form a loop in the park. The grant would be matched by $3,700 from the New Jersey State Park Service. Local environmentalists protested the project, citing the disruption to the environment.
Recreation
Beaches are open during the summer months.
Boating is allowed (regulated by the New Jersey Boating Regulation and Marine Law). The boat ramp is open 24 hours day, seven days a week year round. The boat ramp has a launch fee from Memorial Day to Labor Day.
Corson's Inlet provides excellent opportunities to catch blue fish, kingfish, striped bass and weakfish. Fishing is regulated by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, as well. Fishermen are allowed to use four wheel drive vehicles (with permit) from September 16-May 14.
Pets are not permitted in the area during the nesting season.
See also
List of New Jersey state parks
References
Parks in Cape May County, New Jersey
State parks of New Jersey
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3991541
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw%20Tym
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Stanisław Tym
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Stanisław Tym (born 17 July 1937 in Małkinia) is a Polish, actor, comedian, journalist and satirist, as well as a film and theatre director and writer.
He coproduced and starred in many films of Stanisław Bareja, he gained much fame for his performance in the cult film of Marek Piwowski, Rejs (The Cruise). In 1990s he was a columnist of a popular Polish news magazine, Wprost, later for a newspaper Rzeczpospolita and since 2007 for Polityka.
Winner of many awards, among them Nagroda Kisiela for best columnist of 1998.
Works
Director
Rozmowy przy wycinaniu lasu (1998)
Dick (Ryś (Film), (2007)
Scripts
Brunet Will Call (Brunet wieczorową porą, 1976)
What Will You Do When You Catch Me? (Co mi zrobisz, jak mnie złapiesz?, 1978)
Teddy Bear (Miś, 1980)
Controlled Conversations (Rozmowy kontrolowane, 1991)
Rozmowy przy wycinaniu lasu (1998)
Dick (Ryś (Film), (2007)
Actor
Octopus Cafe (Cafe Pod Minogą, 1959) - Partisan
Nobody's Calling (Nikt nie woła, 1960)
Kwiecień (1961) - Medic
Penguin (Pingwin (Film), 1965) - Osetnik
Walkower (Walkower (Film), 1965)
Barrier (Bariera (Film), 1966) - Waiter
Paris - Warsaw without Passport (Paryż - Warszawa bez wizy (Film), 1967) - American Soldier
Hole in the Earth (Dziura w Ziemi (Film), 1970) - Member of Scientific Debate
The Cruise (Rejs (Film), 1970) - Stowaway/Political Cultural Attaché
Civil the Police Dog (Przygody psa Cywila (Film), 1971) - Thief
A Jungle Book of Regulations (Nie ma róży bez ognia, 1974) - Zenek
Czterdziestolatek (The Forty Year Old One) (Czterdziestolatek, 1974–1977) - Construction Worker
Niespotykanie spokojny człowiek (Incredibly peaceful man) (Niespotykanie spokojny człowiek (Film), 1975) - Captain
The Shadow Line (Smuga cienia (Film), 1976) - Jacobus
What Will You Do When You Catch Me? (Co mi zrobisz, jak mnie złapiesz?, 1978) - Dudała / Szymek
Teddy Bear (Miś, 1980) - Ryszard Ochódzki / Stanisław Paluch
The War of the Worlds: Next Century (Wojna światów - Następne stulecie, 1981) - Secret Agent
Controlled Conversations (Rozmowy kontrolowane, 1991) - Ryszard Ochódzki
Agata's Abduction (Uprowadzenie Agaty, 1993) - Homeless
Rozmowy przy wycinaniu lasu (1998)
Czy można się przysiąść (1999)
Baśń o ludziach stąd (2003)
The Incredibles (Iniemamocni, 2003) - Gilbert Huph (Polish Language Version)
Dick (Ryś (Film), 2007) - Ryszard Ochódzki
Niania (2008) - Czesław
Only Love (Tylko miłość, 2008) - Mr. Sztern
References
External links
About Stanisław Tym - Filmweb.pl
1937 births
Living people
Polish male film actors
Polish male writers
Polish television actors
Polish theatre directors
People from Ostrów Mazowiecka County
Recipients of the Order of Polonia Restituta
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5383125
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room%20V
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Room V
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Room V is the fifth album by the progressive metal group Shadow Gallery, released in 2005 (see 2005 in music). It continues the story started in Tyranny, picking up after Tyranny's Act II. It is the band's first album not featuring longtime keyboardist Chris Ingles, although he did have input in the album's writing process before his departure. It is also their last album to feature longtime lead vocalist Mike Baker, who died of a heart attack in 2008.
The cover art was done by Rainer Kalwitz, who also did the art for Tyranny.
Track listing
Act III:
1. "Manhunt" – 2:07
2. "Comfort Me" – 6:49
3. "The Andromeda Strain" – 6:44
4. "Vow" – 8:25
5. "Birth of a Daughter" – 2:38
6. "Death of a Mother" – 2:13
7. "Lamentia" – 1:02
Act IV:
8. "Seven Years" – 3:35
9. "Dark" – 1:01
10. "Torn" – 8:21
11. "The Archer of Ben Salem" – 7:26
12. "Encrypted" – 7:59
13. "Room V" – 7:42
14. "Rain" – 8:59
Plot
Manhunt
This is an instrumental track. The story begins where it was left off. Eight hours later, the Man is still running and hiding from the government and searching for his "lover".
This song is as fast as the song "Chased" from Tyranny. The fourth quarter of the song resurrects the piano melody from "Christmas Day", as the time is still Christmas. "Manhunt" ends with a calmed section like "Chased".
Comfort Me
At last, the Man joins his lover (portrayed, again, by Laura Jaeger). Both are tired of running and hiding, but they realize how comfortable and safe they feel when they're together, and believe their. So, they promise one another to be always together.
The Andromeda Strain
Her journal reveals her past. She was previously working on a cure for a weaponized version of smallpox. She used her own DNA to create a serum that can cure it. However, she stumbled on evidence that her employer wanted to cause a small outbreak of the disease to drive up demand for the serum before they release it. She stole the formula, sabotaged her work and ran away from them, putting her in the situation she was in at the start of Tyranny.
The title of this track is a clear reference to the book The Andromeda Strain, although it is not based on the book itself.
Vow
Soon the Man proposes to her, and the two get married, hoping to forget their past lives.
Birth of a Daughter
This is the second instrumental track and, as its title implies, the Woman has given birth to a daughter named Alaska. The song builds towards a brief moment of calm, happy ambience as Alaska is born.
Death of a Mother
This is the third instrumental, and the sequel to the previous track. It opens with a sudden mood change from happy to dark, and the sound of a heart monitor which soon flatlines, leading into a chaotic instrumental that ends with wrenching guitar solos. As its title points, the Woman has died in childbirth, leaving the Man alone with his daughter.
Lamentia
The Man is broken, as his wife promised she would never leave during "Comfort Me", but she left so soon. The vocal arrangement is identical to "Comfort Me" as the Man remembers this broken promise. He claims that she is in the hands of God, while he must live in this world.
Seven Years
This is the fourth instrumental, and as its title indicates, seven years have passed since the Woman's death. The Man's daughter has grown healthy. The mood is lush and innocent.
Dark
This is the fifth and final instrumental. The peaceful life of the Man changes as a shattering window and a very high pitched scream is heard. Beside the scream, it can be heard that the word "daddy" is shouted twice. The remainder of the piece is dark ambience.
Torn
The Man enters the room, only to find out that Alaska was kidnapped, and all of his emotions are let loose. He says he never heard the scream, and starts to curse the kidnappers. He wonders himself if he can ever escape from his past. Although he knows it is likely that the culprit is the New World Order, who would have staged the kidnapping to draw the Man out, his daughter is the only thing that matters in his life now.
The Archer of Ben Salem
In the early morning the Man heads out into the forest determined to bring Alaska back alive, but he sees a soldier with a crossbow aimed at him. The Archer (portrayed by Carl Cadden-James), from a special U.S. Special Forces segment fighting the New World Order (who chased the Man previously on Tyranny), has come with news.
He reveals that the smallpox virus is in the wrong hands, and that they have tried to recreate the serum, but they haven't achieved it. So the Archer reveals that he also carries the same rare blood his wife had, implying Alaska has this blood too, and that her blood is essential to create a vaccine.
The Archer also reveals that the Man's wife didn't die naturally, but she was killed by Mossad, the Intelligence from Israel, to steal blood from her (from the baby; they stole some blood from the Woman's womb). The Archer discloses that the New World Order organization is behind all this, and that U.S. Special Forces have a key mission for the Man to perform.
Encrypted
The Archer takes the Man to a well hidden town, to the back room of a library. Here the Man works on the serum, shaping encrypted lines, as the Archer stands guard. It is here that he discovers that the NWO is planning to unleash the plague, and sell the serums to those fortunate enough to pay the high fees for it. When the Man has finished, a scientist takes the disc and nods his head.
It is also revealed that the codeword and keyword for the serum are "Room V" and "Tyranny" respectively; the Man uses this information to organize a resistance.
Room V
The Man forms a band of six members, which are actually Shadow Gallery themselves (in an act of breaking the fourth wall), and it is implied that Mike Baker is equivalent to the Man. They write the serum key into Tyranny and Room V, knowing that because of Shadow Gallery's underground status, they can deliver the serum to the world without the New World Order knowing about it. A brief binary code is listed in the album booklet to the left of the song lyrics. The listeners are urged to join the resistance themselves by supporting Shadow Gallery. A five-minute jam session ends the song and fades into the sound of rain.
Rain
As the Man has finished his work with the U.S. Special Forces, he continues to search for his lost daughter within the woods of Alaska. His entire mission may have saved the world, but it also has destroyed everything he has ever lived for – hence the metaphor "Their antidote is poison". He is tired of this world and this life, and begs to his dead wife for her shelter. It is implied that the Man may have died at the end, but his ultimate fate and that of Alaska's is left open-ended.
Special edition
The limited edition set includes a second disc. In addition to a multimedia segment titled The Story of Room V that can be accessed on a computer's CD ROM are these tracks:
"Joe's Spotlight" – 3:06
"She Wants to Go Home" – 2:40
"Memories" (Demo) – 1:59
"Rain" (Acoustic Version) – 5:53
"Floydian Memories" – 24:36
Pigs on the Wing (Part I)
Fearless
Mother (The Post War Dream/Thin Ice)
Bike
Brain Damage
(Tienneman's Square/Goodbye Blue Sky)
Point Me at the Sky
Your Possible Pasts
Shining On (guitar solo by Arjen Anthony Lucassen)
One in the Crowd
Several Species of Small Furry Animals Gathered Together in a Cave and Grooving with a Pict (distant banter)
Baby Lemonade (with guitar riff from Another Brick in the Wall)
Welcome to the Machine (with interspersed vocalization from Wish You Were Here)
Summer of '68 (instrumental)
Sheep (sung by Arjen Anthony Lucassen)
Julia Dream
Comfortably Numb (guitar solo by Gary Wehrkamp)
Cymbaline
Corporal Clegg (with interspersed vocalization from The Great Gig in the Sky)
Mother Reprise
Wot's... Uh the Deal? (with Wish You Were Here segue)
The Fletcher Memorial Home (Paranoid Eyes/The Final Cut)
On the Turning Away
Pigs on the Wing (Part II)
The track "Joe's Spotlight" is a drum solo performed by Joe Nevolo.
The track "She Wants to Go Home" is an instrumental track.
The track "Floydian Memories" is a big medley composed by Pink Floyd songs extracts, though some parts are not:
The song segment named "Tienneman's Square" and the sung part "And I grief for my sister" fragment is from Roger Waters's solo album Amused to Death, track "Watching TV".
The section "Baby Lemonade" is a song composed by an ex-Pink Floyd member, Syd Barrett.
Personnel
Carl Cadden-James - Bass guitar, backing vocals, Archer on "The Archer of Ben Salem", flute
Brendt Allman - Acoustic and electric guitars, Vocals
Gary Wehrkamp - Guitars, keyboards, backing vocals
Joe Nevolo - Drums and percussion
Mike Baker - lead vocals
Additional musicians
Laura Jaeger - vocals on "Comfort Me"
Libby Molnar - part of Alaska on "Dark"
Mark Zonder - drums on "One in the Crowd" and a portion of "Floydian Memories"
Arjen Lucassen - vocals throughout "Floydian Memories"; guitar solo in "Seven Years" and in the extract "Shining On"
Jim Roberti - vocals throughout "Floydian Memories"
Joe Stone - first guitar solo on "The Archer of Ben Salem"
References
Shadow Gallery albums
2005 albums
Rock operas
Concept albums
Inside Out Music albums
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3991574
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigi%20D%27Alessio
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Gigi D'Alessio
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Luigi "Gigi" D'Alessio (born 24 February 1967) is an Italian popular singer and Neapolitan singer-songwriter. In his career, he has sold over 20 million records.
Career
D'Alessio was born in Naples. He was well known in Naples in the early 1990s and throughout Italy due to participation in the Sanremo Festival in 2000 and 2001. He has also made overseas appearances, the most recent was in Malta on 7 July 2012. He lives in Rome with the popular Italian singer Anna Tatangelo, who is two decades younger than him. Previously, he was married to Carmela Barbato, with whom he has three children, Claudio, Ilaria and Luca. He frequently writes and produces songs for Tatangelo, and some of the hits he had a hand in writing include "Quando due si lasciano" and "Ragazza di periferia". For Tatangelo's latest album, the couple penned the songs "Averti qui" and "Lo so che finirà" together. The couple have recorded two duets: "Un nuovo bacio" and "Il mondo è mio". They also toured the US and Canada together in October, featuring in successful concerts. He was the writer and composer of Tatangelo's song performed at Sanremo Music Festival 2008, "Il mio amico".
D'Alessio achieved international success with his single "Un cuore malato", a duet with Belgian-Sicilian singer Lara Fabian. He also released in 2007 a version of this song half in Italian, half in Portuguese, named "Um coração apaixonado", recorded with Brazilian pop singer Wanessa Camargo. The song was included in both D'Alessio's Made in Italy Brazilian edition (replacing "Un cuore malato" with Lara Fabian) and in Camargo's 2007 Total album.
In a late 2008 interview with Italian Vanity Fair, D'Alessio says that at the beginning of his career from 1992 to 1997 as his fame grew around Napoli, members of various Camorra clans would threaten him to sing at their parties and other festive gatherings. He would hear things like, "If you don't come and sing at my son's wedding reception, I'll cut your throat" and "If you don't sing your songs at my nephew's baptismal lunch, I'll bust your head." Some Camorra members preferred to make threats aimed at D'Alessio's nose, legs, tongue, and hands. At one point D'Alessio sang at 15 parties a day from lunch until dawn. After D'Alessio's 7 June 1997 concert at Napoli's San Paolo Stadium, he stopped singing at parties.
On 4 March 2010 he debuted as a run of a television program on Rai Uno presenting his first one-man show called "Gigi this is me". The first episode had an audience of 5.899 million viewers and a share of 25.04%. The sequel was released on 8 June to "6 come sei" simply titled "semplicemente sei" early in the radio single from Vita, dedicated to his son Claudio. It also contains the song "adesso basta" for the campaign against bullying promoted by the city of Rome, of which D'Alessio is testimonial. "Free" is the second single. The 10 December public with Anna Tatangelo and Valeria Marini album 3 x te, the proceeds from sales will be donated to charity. Consisting of 6 tracks, the album once again features 2 songs from D'Alessio, two of two songs sung by Tatangelo and Valeria Marini.
On 14 February 2011 he performed at Radio City Music Hall in New York, the show being aired on Rai Uno on 4 and 11 March. The concert also received the prize "United States – Italy Friendship Award" by the National Italian American Foundation.
In 2012 he participated in the Festival of Sanremo with the song Breathe sung in tandem with Loredana Bertè. On 15 February 2012 he released the new album Chiaro.
Personale life
Gigi D'Alessio was married from 1986 until 2006, to Carmela Barbato, by whom he had three children: Claudio (1986), Ilaria (1992) and Luca (2003).
In December 2006, his relationship with singer Anna Tatangelo, was publicly announced. The two have a son, Andrea, born on 31 March 2010. After a year-long break-up, in September 2018, the couple got back together, but on 3 March 2020, through his Instagram profile, the singer announced the end of their relationship.
The following year, his engagement to lawyer Denise Esposito, twenty-six years his junior, was announced. In August 2021, it was announced that the couple were expecting a child.
Discography
Albums
Lasciatemi cantare (1992)
Scivolando verso l'alto (1993)
Dove mi porta il cuore (1994)
Passo dopo passo (1995)
Fuori dalla mischia (1996)
È stato un piacere (1997)
Portami con te (1999)
Quando la mia vita cambierà (2000)
Il cammino dell'età (2001)
Uno come te (2002)
Quanti amori (2004) ( ITA # 1 – 4× platinum – 300,000+ )
Made in Italy (2006) ( 5× Platinum – 340,000+ ) ( Diamond – 500,000+ )
Superamore (2008) (unpublished)
Questo sono io (2008) ( 5× Platinum – 340,000+ )
Chiaro (2012)
Ora (2013)
Malaterra (2015)
24 febbraio 1967 (2017) (ITA No. 3)
Noi due (2019)
EP
Sei come sei (2009) ( Platinum – 95,000+ )
Semplicemente sei (2010) ( Platinum – 95,000+ )
Compilations
Buona vita (2003)
Mi faccio in quattro (2007) ( 2× Platinum – 180,000+ )
Live
Tutto in un concerto (1998)
Cuorincoro (2005)
Tu vuo' fa' l'americano – Live in New York (2011)
Ora dal Vivo LIVE (2014)
Other albums
El camino de la edad (2001)
Buona vita (Spanish Version) (2003)
Primera Fila (2013)
Films
Annaré (1998)
Cient'anne (1999)
References
External links
Official website
1967 births
Living people
Musicians from Naples
Italian male singers
Spanish-language singers of Italy
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5383138
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico%20Geymonat
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Ludovico Geymonat
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Ludovico Geymonat (May 11, 1908 – November 29, 1991) was an Italian mathematician, philosopher and historian of science. As a philosopher, he mainly dealt with philosophy of science, epistemology and Marxist philosophy, in which he gave an original turn to dialectical materialism.
Biography
Born in Turin, where Geymonat attended Liceo classico Cavour, he graduated in Philosophy in 1930 and in Mathematics in 1932.
Geymonat tried to break the wall between science and philosophy that characterised the idealistic culture fostered by Fascist intellectuals like Giovanni Gentile. In 1934 he went to Vienna, to delve into the neo-positivist philosophy of the Vienna Circle.
During the World War II he fought as a partisan. After the war, he became communist assessor in Milan, between 1946 and 1949, when he obtained a chair of Theoretical philosophy at the University of Cagliari.
Then he taught as professor of History of philosophy at the University of Pavia between 1952 and 1956, and as professor of philosophy of science in the University of Milan from 1956 to 1979.
Member of the Italian Communist Party (PCI), later he was a supporter of the Communist Refoundation Party founded when PCI turned into the Partito Democratico della Sinistra.
He died in Rho, Lombardy in 1991.
Notable students
Evandro Agazzi
Mario Capanna
Giulio Giorello
Mario Vegetti
Selected works
Il problema della conoscenza nel positivismo, Bocca, Torino 1931
La nuova filosofia della natura in Germania, Bocca, Torino 1934
Studi per un nuovo razionalismo, Chiantore, Torino 1945
Saggi di filosofia neorazionalistica, Einaudi, Torino 1953
Galileo Galilei, Einaudi, Torino 1957,
Filosofia e filosofia della scienza, Feltrinelli, Milano 1960
Filosofia e pedagogia nella storia della civiltà, with Renato Tisato, Garzanti, Milano 1965, 3 voll. , 1965
Attualità del materialismo dialettico, with Enrico Bellone, Giulio Giorello and Silvano Tagliagambe, Editori Riuniti, Roma 1974
Scienza e realismo, Feltrinelli, Milano 1977
Filosofia della probabilità, with Domenico Costantini, Feltrinelli, Milano 1982 ,
Riflessioni critiche su Kuhn e Popper, Dedalo, Bari 1983
Lineamenti di filosofia della scienza, Mondadori, Milano 1985, new edition by Utet, Torino 2006 ,
Le ragioni della scienza, with Giulio Giorello and Fabio Minazzi, Laterza, Roma-Bari 1986 ,
Storia del pensiero filosofico e scientifico, Garzanti, Milano 1970-1976, 7 voll. ,
La libertà, Rusconi, Milano 1988
La società come milizia, edited by Fabio Minazzi, Marcos y Marcos 1989 , new edition La civiltà come milizia, edited by Fabio Minazzi, La Città del Sole, Napoli 2008
I sentimenti, Rusconi, Milano 1989
Filosofia, scienza e verità, with Evandro Agazzi and Fabio Minazzi, Rusconi, Milano 1989 ,
La Vienna dei paradossi. Controversie filosofiche e scientifiche nel Wiener Kreis, edited by Mario Quaranta, il poligrafo, Padova 1991
Dialoghi sulla pace e la libertà, with Fabio Minazzi, Cuen, Napoli 1992
La ragione, with Fabio Minazzi and Carlo Sini, Piemme, Casale Monferrato 1994
Bibliographic works on Ludovico Geymonat
Mario Quaranta (a cura di), Ludovico Geymonat filosofo della contraddizione, Sapere, Padova, 1980
Corrado Mangione (a cura di), Scienza e filosofia. Saggi in onore di Ludovico Geymonat, Garzanti, Milano 1985
Mirella Pasini, Daniele Rolando (a cura di), Il neoilluminismo italiano. Cronache di filosofia (1953-1962), Il Saggiatore, Milano 1991
Fabio Minazzi, Scienza e filosofia in Italia negli anni Trenta: il contributo di Enrico Persico, Nicola Abbagnano e Ludovico Geymonat, in Il cono d'ombra. La crisi della cultura agli inizi del '900, Fabio Minazzi (edited by), Marcos y Marcos, Milano 1991, pp. 117–184
Norberto Bobbio, Ricordo di Ludovico Geymonat, "Rivista di Filosofia", LXXXIV, 1, 1993
Silvio Paolini Merlo, Consuntivo storico e filosofico sul "Centro di Studi Metodologici" di Torino (1940-1979), Pantograf (Cnr), Genova 1998
Fabio Minazzi, La passione della ragione. Studi sul pensiero di Ludovico Geymonat, Thélema Edizioni-Accademia di architettura, Università della Svizzera italiana, Milano-Mendrisio 2001
Mario Quaranta, Ludovico Geymonat. Una ragione inquieta, Seam, Formello 2001
Fabio Minazzi (edited by), Filosofia, scienza e vita civile nel pensiero di Ludovico Geymonat, La Città del Sole, Napoli 2003
Fabio Minazzi, Contestare e creare. La lezione epistemologico-civile di Ludovico Geymonat, La Città del Sole, Napoli 2004
Silvio Paolini Merlo, Nuove prospettive sul "Centro di Studi Metodologici" di Torino, in «Bollettino della Società Filosofica Italiana», n. 182, maggio/agosto 2004
Fabio Minazzi (a cura di), Ludovico Geymonat, un Maestro del Novecento. Il filosofo, il partigiano e il docente, Edizioni Unicopli, Milano 2009
Pietro Rossi, Avventure e disavventure della filosofia. Saggi sul pensiero italiano del Novecento, il Mulino, Bologna, 2009
Bruno Maiorca (a cura di), Ludovico Geymonat. Scritti sardi. Saggi, articoli e interviste, CUEC, Cagliari, 2008
Fabio Minazzi, Ludovico Geymonat epistemologo, Mimesis Edizioni, Milano 2010
1908 births
1991 deaths
Writers from Turin
Marxist theorists
20th-century Italian philosophers
Italian Communist Party politicians
20th-century Italian politicians
Italian newspaper editors
Italian male journalists
Italian philosophers
Politicians from Turin
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3991577
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutbaal
|
Mutbaal
|
Mutbaal (Akk. "man of Baal") was a Canaanite king of the Amarna Period. He is identified in the Amarna letters as a son of Labaya, the ruler of the hill country north of Jerusalem, including the territory in the vicinity of the city of Shachmu (biblical Shechem).
Mutbaal may be the son whose association with the Habiru raiders Labaya denounced in EA 254. He ruled in Pella on the eastern side of the Jordan river. After his father's death at the hands of the citizens of Gina, Mutbaal and his brother continued their assaults on other Canaanite rulers and their holdings, employing Habiru mercenaries. Eventually Biryawaza of Damascus was ordered by the Egyptian court to take armed action against the sons of Labaya. (EA 250)
List of Mutbaal's 2 letters to Pharaoh
EA 255
Mutbaal letter no. 1 of 2, title: "No destination too far"
Letter 255 by Mutbaal, about caravans, seems to imply that his location in western Jordan, (as "Mayor of Pihilu"-(modern Pella, Jordan)), was an important trade route to the east to Babylonia, or north to Mittani.
Say [t]o the king, [my] lord and my Sun: Thus Mut-Bahl[u], your servant, the dirt at your feet, the mire you tread on. I fall at the feet of the king, my lord, 7 times and 7 times. The king, my lord, sent Haaya to me to say, "A caravan to Hanagalbat-(Mitanni), is this (man) to send on, and (all of you) send it on!" Who am I that I would not send on a caravan of the king, my lord, seeing that [La]b 'ayu, my father, [used to ser]ve the king, his lord, [and] he [himself] used to send on [all the carav]ans [that] the king [would se]nd to Hanagalbat. Let the king, my lord, send a caravan even to Karaduniyaš. I will personally conduct it under very heavy guard. -EA 255, lines 1-25 (complete)
EA 256
EA 256; title: "Oaths and denials". EA 256 is about Mutbaal, and Pella-(Pihilu); a list of cities in the letter, in the Golan Heights=(Garu)—Udumu, Aduru, Araru, Mešta-(Meshta), Magdalu, Heni-anabi-(Kheni-anabi), Sarqu, Hayyunu, and Yabiluma. People mentioned in this letter include Dadua, Yishuya and Ayab, whom Rohl identifies with David, Jesse, and Joab.
Speculations
David Rohl identifies Mutbaal with Ishbaal or Ish-bosheth, the son of the Israelite King Saul, but the chronology that would make this identification feasible is not accepted by the majority of scholars. It cannot be denied that the names have exactly the same meaning, but two people may have the same name and still belong to different time-periods. But of both Mutbaal son of Labaya and of Ishbosheth son of Saul it can be said that, though his father ruled from Shechem, he himself ruled from Pella.
David Rohl believes that it would not have been Mutbaal, but Jonathan who displeased Labaya by associating with the Habiru. Mutbaal's brother in the post-Labaya period would be David, his brother-in-law.
References
Resources
Baikie, James. The Amarna Age: A Study of the Crisis of the Ancient World. University Press of the Pacific, 2004.
Cohen, Raymond and Raymond Westbrook (eds.). Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.
Moran, William L. (ed. and trans.) The Amarna Letters. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.
14th-century BC people
Habiru
Amarna letters writers
|
3991589
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.%20plantarum
|
L. plantarum
|
L. plantarum may refer to:
Lactobacillus plantarum
Lactococcus plantarum
|
5383163
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy%20Jones
|
Joy Jones
|
Joy Jones is a writer and educator in the United States, a magna cum laude graduate of the University of Detroit. She spent 12 years as a teacher, trainer, and administrator in the Washington D.C. public school system. She has written a children's book and her articles have been published by The Washington Post.
Books written
Between Black Women: Listening With The Third Ear (African American Images)
Tambourine Moon (Simon & Schuster)
Private Lessons: A Book Of Meditations For Teachers (Andrews McMeel)
Fearless Public Speaking (Sterling Publishing)
Jayla Jumps In (Albert Whitman & Co.)
External links
Official site
Share with Joy Jones' Blogger.com profile
Washington Post: "Marriage Is for White People"
University of Detroit Mercy alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
|
3991595
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.%20bovis
|
M. bovis
|
M. bovis may refer to:
Moraxella bovis, the pink eye, a Gram-negative, aerobic, oxidase-positive diplococcus bacterium species implicated in infectious keratoconjunctivitis in cattle
Mycobacterium bovis, a slow-growing, aerobic bacterium species causative of tuberculosis in cattle
Mycoplasma bovis, a bacterium associated with bovine respiratory disease
See also
Bovis (disambiguation)
|
5383168
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20and%20White%20Caf%C3%A9
|
Black and White Café
|
The Black and White Café was a cafe in St Pauls, Bristol in the United Kingdom, that opened in 1971. The Caribbean food café had a reputation as a drug den and was raided more times by the police than any other premises in the country.
Events during a 1980 police raid on the cafe were a catalyst for the St Pauls riot. The cafe remained a centre for drug dealing and violent turf wars through the 1990s, with a peak in the early 2000s, and raids also revealed weapons and illegal immigrants. The Guardian dubbed the cafe "Britain's most dangerous hard drug den".
The cafe closed in 2004 under legal action as a result of new anti-social behaviour legislation and was later demolished.
Bertram Wilks
Bertram Wilks is a well-known member of the Bristol community. Born in Clarendon, Jamaica, in 1938, Wilks moved to the UK in 1959. He opened the Black and White Café in the St Pauls district of Bristol in 1971. Wilks has been featured in the books Policing Notting Hill: Fifty Years of Turbulence, by Tony Moore, and Uprising! The Police, the People and the Riots in Britain's Cities by Martin Kettle and Lucy Hodges.
Wilks is the father of singer-songwriter and producer Emmanuel Anebsa (born Stephen Emmanuel Wilks).
References
St Pauls, Bristol
Illegal drug trade
Demolished buildings and structures in Bristol
|
3991616
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite%20Jeanne%20Carpentier
|
Marguerite Jeanne Carpentier
|
Marguerite Jeanne Carpentier (8 September 1886 – 7 November 1965) was a French painter and sculptor. She was born and died in Paris.
She had an artistic independence. She studied in the École des Beaux Arts (1903–1909) and met Auguste Rodin. Her work was part of the painting event in the art competition at the 1924 Summer Olympics. She wrote a Journal d’artiste (a diary), from 1930 to her death in 1965.
Her mother Madeleine Carpentier was also a painter.
References
Bibliography
Marion Boyer, Une École de Femmes au XXe siècle, Éditions Un, Deux… Quatre, 1999
Marion Boyer, Paris Trait pour Trait, Éditions Un, Deux… Quatre, 2001
Marion Boyer (dir.): Marguerite Jeanne Carpentier « La Refusée ». Livret rédigé à l'occasion d'une exposition en 2016 (online version, pdf)
External links
Le Delarge: Carpentier, Marguerite-Jeanne
OxfordArtOnline: Benezit Dictionary of Artists - Carpentier, Marguerite-Jeanne (subscription required)
Musée Elise Rieuf: Marguerite Jeanne Carpentier
1886 births
1965 deaths
French women painters
Painters from Paris
Alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts
Alumni of the Académie Julian
20th-century French painters
20th-century French women artists
19th-century French women artists
Olympic competitors in art competitions
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3991631
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.%20mirabilis
|
P. mirabilis
|
P. mirabilis may refer to:
Pisaura mirabilis, a spider species
Proteus mirabilis, a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacterium species
See also
Mirabilis (disambiguation)
|
5383175
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gino%20Iorgulescu
|
Gino Iorgulescu
|
George Iorgulescu (born 15 May 1956), widely known as Gino Iorgulescu, is a retired Romanian football defender. He is the current chairman of the Romanian Professional Football League.
Career
He was born in Giurgiu and debuted in Divizia A with Sportul Studenţesc in 1975. He played the majority of his career in this club, and won the league silver medal in 1986. He retired in 1990, having spent one season in Belgium.
Iorgulescu made his debut for Romania in 1981 against Switzerland, and represented his country at Euro 1984. He played his last international match in 1986, and got 48 caps and 3 goals in total.
Career statistics
Notes
References
External links
1956 births
Living people
People from Giurgiu
Romanian footballers
Olympic footballers of Romania
Liga I players
FC Sportul Studențesc București players
FC Progresul București players
K. Beerschot V.A.C. players
Romania international footballers
Expatriate footballers in Belgium
UEFA Euro 1984 players
Association football defenders
Romanian sports executives and administrators
|
3991632
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Wellman
|
Walter Wellman
|
Walter E. Wellman (November 3, 1858 – January 31, 1934) was an American journalist, explorer, and aëronaut.
Biographical background
Walter Wellman was born in Mentor, Ohio, in 1858. He was the sixth son of Alonzo Wellman and the fourth by his second wife Minerva Sibilla (Graves) Wellman. Walter's father, Alonzo, served three years in the American Civil War while Walter was young. He was initially with Company D of the 105th Ohio Infantry before becoming a ship-carpenter with the Mississippi River Squadron. When he returned from the war, he took his family west from Ohio to become pioneer settlers of York County, Nebraska.
At age 14 Walter established a weekly newspaper in Sutton, Nebraska. At age 21 Walter returned to Ohio to establish the Cincinnati Evening Post and married Laura McCann in Canton, Ohio on 24 December 1879. They had five daughters. In 1884 he became political and Washington DC correspondent for the Chicago Herald and Record-Herald.
Early exploration
San Salvador
For a news story, Wellman was asked by the Chicago Herald to visit and assess various candidates for the initial landing place of Christopher Columbus in the Americas. He marked the presumed location on San Salvador Island in the Bahamas with a monument in 1892.
Svalbard
In 1894, Wellman led a polar expedition. He chartered the Norwegian ice steamer Ragnvald Jarl from Ålesund and assembled a team of 14 expedition members, mostly from the US and Norway. After an easy passage to the north of Svalbard, the ship reached the ice pack at Waldenøya. With sledges and aluminium boats, the expedition made their way to Martensøya from where they intended to continue to the pole when the Ragnwald Jarl lying at Waldenøya was pierced by ice and sank. Wellman gave up his polar ambitions and instead explored the northeast of Svalbard, reaching a latitude of 81° N. The exploring party and the ship's crew then retreated to Lågøya, where they were found by the Norwegian seal-hunting ship Berntine. Wellman offered the captain 800 $ for taking the whole expedition back immediately.
Franz Josef Land
Wellman made another attempt on the North Pole in 1898. was his second-in-command. Two more Americans and five Norwegians, among them Paul Bjørvig and , completed the expedition.
They sailed from Tromsø in the chartered ice steamer Frithjof. After arriving at Cape Flora, they gathered supplies left by the Jackson-Harmsworth expedition, before sailing east, in an attempt to find a navigable path northward. Due to the extent of the ice, Wellman was finally forced to erect his base camp, "Harmsworth House", at Cape Tegetthoff on Hall Island. The ship then left the expedition, without Wellman having made any arrangements for a relief ship to bring them home again. He left that to his agent Andreas Aagaard in Tromsø.
On 5 August, he sent Baldwin and three Norwegians to establish an advance camp further north, preferably at Cape Fligely. With inadequate equipment and untrained dogs, the party made very slow progress, hauling and rowing much of the equipment by hand. They eventually reached Cape Heller on Wilczek Land where Baldwin had the Norwegians construct a hut he named "Fort McKinley". On 22 October Baldwin left Bjørvig and Bentsen for the winter to guard their northern outpost with minimal supplies. They were left with no medicine, were to use no fuel for heating and consume no food other than walrus and polar bears. Bentsen soon fell ill and became delirious. He died on 2 January 1899. Bjørvig continued to share his sleeping bag with Bentsen's corpse throughout the winter so as not to attract polar bears.
The other expedition members had been wintering in relative comfort at Harmsworth House. Wellman, who had fallen out with Baldwin over the bad leadership of the sledge expedition, made his way to Fort McKinley in February 1899 with the remaining three Norwegians. Together they buried Bentsen, before continuing north with their sledges. This effort was cut short when Wellman broke his leg after slipping on the ice on 21 March at 81°40' N. The next day, a storm broke up the piece of ice they were camping on. As a result, the expedition lost 14 dogs and nearly all of their provisions and equipment. The Norwegians managed to drag Wellman back to the safety of Harmsworth House on a sledge.
With Wellman himself out of action, he instructed Baldwin to return with the four Norwegians to the farily unexplored Wilczek Land, in the hopes of finding some new geographical features. The discovery of Graham Bell Island proved to be the expedition's greatest success. Wellman named the island after Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor and president of the National Geographical Society which had sponsored the expedition. He also named many bays, islets and other geographical features after prominent American figures.
The expedition was taken home on 27 July 1899 by the sealing ship Capella.
Airships
On December 31, 1905, Wellman announced he would make an attempt to reach the North Pole, but this time with an airship. His newspaper provided funds of US$250,000, and he had an airship built in Paris for the Wellman Chicago Record-Herald Polar Expedition. Wellman established expedition headquarters on Dane's Island, Svalbard, in the summer of 1906. The hangar was not completed until August 1906, and the airship's engines self-destructed when tested. Wellman rebuilt the airship in Paris that winter and attempted an aerial voyage to the North Pole in September, 1907. He made a second attempt without financial assistance in 1909, but mechanical failures forced him to turn back 60 miles (100 km.) north of Svalbard.
In the northern autumn of 1910, Wellman expanded his airship America to 345,000 cubic feet (9,760 cubic metres) and launched from Atlantic City, New Jersey on 15 October 1910. The engineer Melvin Vaniman sent one of the first aerial radio transmissions when he urged the launch boat to "come and get this goddam cat!" - the cat Kiddo who was (at first) not happy about being airborne. After 38 hours the engine failed and the airship drifted until they were rescued by the Royal Mail steamship Trent not far from Bermuda. A second airship, the Akron, was built the next year. It exploded during its first test flight. Killed were the crew of five, including its captain, the same Melvin Vaniman who was a survivor of the America. Almost a century later its submerged remains were located. These fragments, along with the airship's lifeboat, which Goodyear Tire and Rubber had stored since 1912, were then donated to the Smithsonian Institution.
Legacy
In 1902, Wellman wrote A Tragedy of the Far North published in The White World. Wellman's book The Aerial Age: A Thousand Miles by Airship over the Atlantic Ocean was published in 1911. The German Republic was published in 1916. The Force Supreme was published in 1918.
He spent his final years in New York City, where he died of liver cancer in 1934. The Liberty ship Walter Wellman was launched 29 September 1944 from Todd Houston Shipbuilding Corporation of Houston, Texas.
See also
R33-class airship
References
Publications
P.J. Capelotti, Herman Van Dyk & Jean-Claude Cailliez. 2007. “Strange interlude at Virgohamna, Danskøya, Svalbard, 1906: the merkelig mann, the engineer and the spy,” Polar Research 26 (2007): 64–75.
Cailliez, Jean-Claude. Première tentative d’atteindre le Pôle nord en dirigeable : l’expédition W.Wellman (1906-09) 2006-10-12. (French)
P.J. Capelotti. 2006. “E.B. Baldwin and the American-Norwegian discovery and exploration of Graham Bell Island, 1899,” Polar Research 25 (2): 155–171.
P.J. Capelotti. By Airship to the North Pole: An Archaeology of Human Exploration (Rutgers University Press, 1999)
P.J. Capelotti. 1997. "The Wellman Polar Airship Expeditions at Virgohamna, Danskøya, Svalbard." Oslo, Norway: Norsk Polarinstitutt, Meddelelser No. 145.
P.J. Capelotti. A Conceptual Model for Aerospace Archaeology: A Case Study from the Wellman Site, Virgohamna, Danskøya, Svalbard. (Ph.D. Dissertation, Rutgers University, 1996). University Microfilms #9633681.
P.J. Capelotti. 1994. “A Preliminary Archæological Survey of Camp Wellman at Virgohamn, Danskøya, Svalbard,” Polar Record 30 (175).
Michael Robinson, The Coldest Crucible: Arctic Exploration and American Culture (University of Chicago Press, 2006)
External links
Attempt to North Pole by airship (1906) (French)
Bjørn Fossli Johansen: Virgohamna Norsk Polarinstitutt February 2007 (Norwegian)
1858 births
1934 deaths
Airship aviators
American explorers
American male journalists
19th-century American newspaper publishers (people)
People from Mentor, Ohio
American newspaper founders
Journalists from Ohio
People from Sutton, Nebraska
|
3991633
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.%20vulgaris
|
P. vulgaris
|
P. vulgaris may refer to:
Paikiniana vulgaris, a spider species in the genus Paikiniana and the family Linyphiidae
Phaseolus vulgaris, an herbaceous annual plant species
Pinguicula vulgaris, a perennial insectivorous plant species
Primula vulgaris, a garden plant species
Proteus vulgaris, a rod-shaped Gram negative bacterium species
Prunella vulgaris, a wild flower species
Pulsatilla vulgaris, a buttercup species
See also
Vulgaris (disambiguation)
|
3991642
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.%20aureus
|
S. aureus
|
S. aureus may refer to:
Scleropages aureus, a proposed species of the Asian arowana, a fish species native to Southeast Asia
Senecio aureus, the golden ragwort, a perennial flowering plant species native to eastern North America
Sericulus aureus, the flame bowerbird, a bird species endemic to rainforests of New Guinea
Somatogyrus aureus, the golden pebblesnail, a minute freshwater snail species endemic to the United States
Staphylococcus aureus, a facultatively anaerobic, Gram-positive coccus species and the most common cause of staph infections
See also
Aureus (disambiguation)
|
3991670
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehive%20Forum
|
Beehive Forum
|
Beehive Forum is a free and open-source forum system using the PHP scripting language and MySQL database software.
The main difference between Beehive and most other forum software is its frame-based interface which lists discussion titles on the left and displays their contents on the right.
Features
Other features which differentiate Beehive from most forums include:
Targeted replies to specific users and/or posts.
Safe HTML posting (malicious code is stripped out), rather than BBCode, via WYSIWYG editor, helper toolbar, or manual typing.
A relationship system, allowing users to ignore users and/or signatures that they dislike.
Powerful forum-wide and per-user word filtering, including a regular expression option.
A flexible polling system, allowing public or private ballot, grouped answers, and different result modes.
A built-in "light mode" that allows basic forum access from PDAs and web-enabled mobilephones.
Beehive is used by the popular UK technology website The Inquirer on the Hermits Cave Message Board.
Security and vulnerabilities
In May 2007, Beehive Forum was selected as one of the most secure forums from a selection of 10 open-source software tested by Dragos Lungu Dot Com.
On 28 November 2007, Nick Bennet and Robert Brown of Symantec Corporation discovered a security flaw related to Beehive's database input handling. The vulnerability could "allow a remote user to execute SQL injection attacks". The flaw affected all versions of the software up to 0.7.1. The Beehive Forum team responded very rapidly with a fix released, in the form of version 0.8 of the software, later that day.
Reviews
Review of Beehive 0.5 by ExtremeTech
Review of Beehive 0.6.3 by Forum Software Reviews
See also
Comparison of Internet forum software
References
External links
Beehive Forum Help Wiki by ManicGeek Tech Portal
Beehive feature list on ForumMatrix.org comparison website
Free Internet forum software
Free software programmed in PHP
Free groupware
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5383182
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavan%20Levenson
|
Gavan Levenson
|
Gavan Neil Levenson (born 18 December 1953) is a South African professional golfer.
Levenson was born in Johannesburg. He represented South Africa in the 1976 Eisenhower Trophy and won several major amateur tournaments including the French and Rhodesian Open Amateur Championships in 1978. He turned professional later that year and joined the European Tour the following year, winning the Belgian Open and finishing in 29th place on the Order of Merit in his rookie season.
After two seasons in Europe, Levenson qualified for the United States-based PGA Tour. He spent four largely unsuccessful years on the tour, only recording one top ten finish when he tied for 4th place at the 1982 Greater Hartford Open. He returned to Europe in 1985, and although he consistently finished inside the top 100 on the Order of Merit, he did not win again on the European Tour until the 1991 Open de Baleares.
Levenson also played on the Southern Africa Tour (now the Sunshine Tour) during the northern hemisphere winters. He won five titles in South Africa, including one South African Open Championship and one South African PGA Championship, and topped the Order of Merit in 1983/84.
Since turning fifty, Levenson has played on the European Seniors Tour, where he has one victory, achieved in just his second tournament, the 2004 DGM Barbados Open.
Amateur wins (3)
1975 South African Amateur Stroke-Play Championship
1978 French Amateur Open Championship, Rhodesian Amateur Open Championship
Professional wins (8)
European Tour wins (2)
Sunshine Tour wins (5)
European Senior Tour wins (1)
Results in major championships
Note: Levenson never played in the Masters Tournament.
CUT = missed the half-way cut
"T" = tied
Team appearances
Amateur
Commonwealth Tournament (representing South Africa): 1975
Eisenhower Trophy (representing South Africa): 1976
See also
Spring 1981 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
1983 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
External links
South African male golfers
Sunshine Tour golfers
European Tour golfers
European Senior Tour golfers
PGA Tour golfers
Golfers from Johannesburg
1953 births
Living people
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3991685
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cream%20of%20the%20Crop
|
Cream of the Crop
|
Cream of the Crop is the eighteenth studio album released by Diana Ross & the Supremes for the Motown label. It was the final regular Supremes studio album to feature lead singer Diana Ross. The album was released in November 1969, after the release and rising success of the hit single "Someday We'll Be Together."
Background
"Someday" was originally to have been released as Ross' first solo single (Ross is backed on the recording by session singers Maxine and Julia Waters, not the Supremes). Motown chief Berry Gordy appended the Supremes billing to the single so as to create more publicity for Ross' exit from the group.
Another selection of note is "The Young Folks" the charting b-side of "No Matter What Sign You Are" from Let the Sunshine In, later covered by The Jackson 5. Cream of the Crop also includes covers of songs by The Beatles ("Hey Jude") and Bob Dylan ("Blowin' in the Wind", also covered by Stevie Wonder). Since another Ross-led Supremes single or album had not been planned, Cream of the Crop was made up mostly of vaulted material. However, many songs such as those mentioned and "Shadows of Society" portend to a much more serious image for the group. "Love Child", the album was originally slated to be even more of a concept album where songs like "Shadows of Society", "The Young Folks" and the Top 10 hit, "I'm Livin' in Shame" were examples of a new image turn for the group had Ross remained in the group.
The lead #1 single, "Someday We'll Be Together" proved to be a multi-format smash winning back their black fan base while not alienating their pop audience. The previous singles had much more of a pop sound. Along with their increasingly polished pop image, the group found themselves at odds with the new black pride sweeping across America. So it was a befitting finale for "Someday We'll Be Together" to reunite both of their audiences after The Supremes had originally been credited with leading the pop crossover for black acts in the 1960s. As the final #1 single of the exciting but turbulent 1960s,
"Someday We'll Be Together" would prove quite prophetic in many ways. Peddle forward to 1993, the Frankie Knuckles mix of "Someday We'll Be Together" would become the lead single from Diana's retrospective box set, Forever Diana: Musical Memoirs.
The album closer, "The Beginning of the End", features Motown artist Syreeta Wright alongside Ross and Supremes members Mary Wilson and Cindy Birdsong. Wright was Berry Gordy's original choice to replace Ross in the Supremes because she had a range and tone similar to Ross. However, Gordy and Supremes manager Shelly Berger decided instead to replace Ross with Jean Terrell, after seeing Terrell perform with her brother Ernie as part of their band, Ernie Terrell & the Heavyweights.
Reception
Its modest Billboard album chart ranking at #33, though the album went Gold, was as much a reflection on the company's forthcoming focus on Diana Ross' solo debut as it was on the album's content of "second tier" songwriters. Motown had flooded the market with at least 4 new albums in a twelve-month period.
Track listing
Side one
"Someday We'll Be Together" (Johnny Bristol, Harvey Fuqua, Jackey Beavers) - 3:15
"Can't You See It's Me" (Pam Sawyer, Ivy Jo Hunter, Jack Goga) - 2:33
"You Gave Me Love" (Bristol, Fuqua, Marv Johnson) - 2:40
"Hey Jude" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney) - 2:59
"The Young Folks" (Allen Story, George Gordy) - 3:13
"Shadows of Society" (Goga, Hunter, Walter Fields) - 2:59
Side two
"Loving You Is Better Than Ever" (Smokey Robinson) - 2:45
"When It's to the Top (Still I Won't Stop Giving You Love)" (Ronald Weatherspoon, James Dean, William Weatherspoon) - 2:56
"Till Johnny Comes" (Robinson) - 2:57
"Blowin' in the Wind" (Bob Dylan) - 2:57
"The Beginning of the End" (Margaret Johnson) - 2:33
Personnel
Diana Ross – lead vocals
Mary Wilson & Cindy Birdsong – background vocals
Florence Ballard – background vocals on "Blowin' In The Wind"
Syreeta Wright – background vocals on "The Beginning of the End"
Julia Waters, Maxine Waters, & Merry Clayton – background vocals on "Someday We'll Be Together"
Johnny Bristol – co-lead vocals on "Someday We'll Be Together''
The Andantes – background vocals
The Funk Brothers & various Los Angeles area session musicians – instrumentation
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
References
Chin, Brian and Nathan, David (2000). "Reflections Of..." The Supremes [CD Box Set]. New York: Motown Record Co./Universal Music.
Wilson, Mary and Romanowski, Patricia (1986, 1990, 2000). Dreamgirl & Supreme Faith: My Life as a Supreme. New York: Cooper Square Publishers. .
1969 albums
The Supremes albums
Albums produced by Berry Gordy
Albums produced by Johnny Bristol
Albums arranged by Paul Riser
Albums produced by Smokey Robinson
Albums arranged by Wade Marcus
Albums recorded at Hitsville U.S.A.
Motown albums
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5383190
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonios%20Keramopoulos
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Antonios Keramopoulos
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Antonios Keramopoulos (; Vlasti, 1870 – Athens, 13 May 1960) was a Greek archaeologist. He conducted numerous excavations studying Mycenean and classical Greek antiquities during the early 20th century, including excavations at the Agora of Athens, the palace of Mycenae and at Thebes. He also wrote studies about later Greek history. Among other things, he became known as a proponent of the theory of an autochthonous Greek origin of the Vlachs in Greece.
References
Keramopoulos, Antonios
Mycenaean archaeologists
Greek numismatists
1870 births
1960 deaths
People from Vlasti
Members of the Academy of Athens (modern)
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3991705
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koriki%20Choshu
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Koriki Choshu
|
(born , February 5, 1972 in the city of Nishi-Tokyo, Tokyo) is a Japanese comedian. He is most famous for his act in which he mocks a famous Japanese professional wrestler Riki Choshu due to his resemblance. Koriki is a wordplay on Riki's name, meaning something like "little Riki".
Unlike many Japanese comedians, he is not associated with any entertainment agency, though he belongs to a comedian "pro-wrestling" organization, .
On television, he is always seen wearing the same outfit, short bicycle shorts and a far too short T-shirt showing off his protruding belly. He speaks with a very strong lisp (much less so when not in character) and is prone to treating mundane objects (such as his microphone) as wrestling opponents.
As an acting pro wrestler, he uses appropriately strong language, though it is never taken seriously due to his strong lisp.
More recently, he has added Para Para (a Japanese dancing style) to his comedy routine, always to the tune of "Night of Fire", a popular Eurobeat track by Bratt Sinclaire. In 2005, riding the popularity of his act, Koriki was featured in a cover version of Niko's track with Para Para oriented Japanese idol group Hinoi Team, accompanying a video and CD release.
He also tried to add a partner that looked similar to Antonio Inoki, aptly named Antonio Koinoki, but the gimmick failed and his partner faded into obscurity.
He is said to enjoy surfing and billiards, and is known to have sent a resume to Johnny & Associates.
He has also performed as a competitor on Sasuke, having entered five tournaments (15th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 24th), but has never made it past the First Stage. Only in the 18th tournament did he ever manage to clear the first obstacle.
In the anime School Rumble, Choshu makes a cameo appearance in episode 17 doing the Para Para dance with Tsukamoto Tenma who is trying to scare away Harima Kenji.
On December 12, 2010, Choshu made an appearance for All Japan Pro Wrestling and teamed with Ryota Hama in a match, where they defeated Keiji Mutoh and comedian Kannazuki to win the F–1 (Fake–1 Gran Prix) Tag Team Championship. The title is a comedy title and is not officially recognized by the promotion. They lost the title to Manabu Soya and RG on December 11, 2011.
Championships and accomplishments
All Japan Pro Wrestling
F-1 Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Ryota Hama1
1Championship not officially recognized by All Japan Pro Wrestling.
References
External links
West Gate Wrestling Federation's profile
1972 births
Japanese comedians
Japanese impressionists (entertainers)
Living people
Comedians from Tokyo
People from Nishitōkyō, Tokyo
Sasuke (TV series) contestants
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3991708
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stringent%20response
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Stringent response
|
The stringent response, also called stringent control, is a stress response of bacteria and plant chloroplasts in reaction to amino-acid starvation, fatty acid limitation, iron limitation, heat shock and other stress conditions. The stringent response is signaled by the alarmone (p)ppGpp, and modulates transcription of up to 1/3 of all genes in the cell. This in turn causes the cell to divert resources away from growth and division and toward amino acid synthesis in order to promote survival until nutrient conditions improve.
Response
In Escherichia coli, (p)ppGpp production is mediated by the ribosomal protein L11 (rplK resp. relC) and the ribosome-associated (p)ppGpp synthetase I, RelA; deacylated tRNA bound in the ribosomal A-site is the primary induction signal. RelA converts GTP and ATP into pppGpp by adding the pyrophosphate from ATP onto the 3' carbon of the ribose in GTP, releasing AMP. pppGpp is converted to ppGpp by the gpp gene product, releasing Pi. ppGpp is converted to GDP by the spoT gene product, releasing pyrophosphate (PPi).
GDP is converted to GTP by the ndk gene product. Nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) provides the Pi, and is converted to Nucleoside diphosphate (NDP).
In other bacteria, the stringent response is mediated by a variety of RelA/SpoT Homologue (RSH) proteins, with some having only synthetic, or hydrolytic or both (Rel) activities.
During the stringent response, (p)ppGpp accumulation affects the resource-consuming cell processes replication, transcription, and translation. (p)ppGpp is thought to bind RNA polymerase and alter the transcriptional profile, decreasing the synthesis of translational machinery (such as rRNA and tRNA), and increasing the transcription of biosynthetic genes. Additionally, the initiation of new rounds of replication is inhibited and the cell cycle arrests until nutrient conditions improve. Translational GTPases involved in protein biosynthesis are also affected by ppGpp, with Initiation Factor 2 (IF2) being the main target.
Chemical reaction catalyzed by RelA:
ATP + GTP → AMP + pppGpp
Chemical reaction catalyzed by SpoT:
ppGpp → GDP + PPi
or
pppGpp -> GTP + PPi
References
Cellular processes
|
3991709
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shereen%20Nanjiani
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Shereen Nanjiani
|
Shereen Nanjiani (born 4 October 1961) is a Scottish radio presenter with BBC Radio Scotland.
Before launching her radio career in 2006, Nanjiani was the chief news anchor at STV Central, having presented the news programme, Scotland Today since 1987. She is the first Asian-Scots presenter in Scotland and the longest serving female news presenter at STV.
Early life
Nanjiani was born in Elderslie, Scotland. She is a second cousin of the Pakistani-American comedian Kumail Nanjiani.
Nanjiani worked on Hospital Radio Paisley for a short time in the late 1970s where she used to read some local news cuttings she had gathered during the week.
Career
STV
Nanjiani earned a job as a trainee journalist in 1983 with STV. She was called in to present her first bulletin in 1987, when Sheena McDonald was ill.
Nanjiani has hosted many programmes for STV, including religious affairs series Eikon and Secret Scotland in the late nineties. Nanjiani also hosted several editions of the Scottish Politician of the Year Awards on STV. On 16 February 2006, it was announced that Nanjiani, along with colleagues Jane Lewis and Sarah Heaney had accepted voluntary redundancy from STV.
Nanjiani left Scotland Today and STV on 5 May 2006. In interviews with the Scottish press, Nanjiani said that she was looking forward to other exciting projects away from live television.
On 28 August 2007, Shereen made her first STV Central appearance since her departure on the station's video blog, The Real MacKay.
BBC
On 20 June 2006, it was announced that Nanjiani was 'switching sides' to the BBC and she made her debut as a radio presenter on Friday 11 August as part of a set of changes to the presenting line-up of BBC Radio Scotland's news and current affairs programmes. Nanjiani started her radio career at BBC Scotland at the helm of lunchtime programme, Scotland Live, which she presented every Friday.
She now presents Shereen, a live topical news and current affairs programme broadcast on BBC Radio Scotland originally every Sunday morning.
She appeared as herself in an episode of BBC police spoof comedy Scot Squad.
Nanjiani was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2019 Birthday Honours for services to broadcasting in Scotland.
References
External links
Shereen Nanjiani at David John Associates
1961 births
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Living people
Scottish journalists
Scottish people of English descent
Scottish radio personalities
Scottish television presenters
STV News newsreaders and journalists
Scottish people of Sindhi descent
Members of the Order of the British Empire
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5383191
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20David%20%28actor%29
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Alan David (actor)
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Alan Davies (born 29 December 1941), known professionally as Alan David, is a Welsh actor, best known for his stage and television roles.
Life and career
David was born in Merthyr Tydfil, Glamorgan.
After working in repertory at the Belgrade Theatre, Coventry and the Victoria Theatre, Stoke, David was a regular performer with the Royal Shakespeare Company between 1970 and 2003, most notably as Touchstone in As You Like It (1977), various rôles in the 1986 revival of Nicholas Nickleby and Polonius in Hamlet (2001). His regular London appearances include parts at the National Theatre, Almeida Theatre and Royal Court Theatre.
He has had many television credits ranging from Coronation Street in 1973, The Sweeney (1975) through to Virtual Murder (1992), Honey for Tea and "The Unquiet Dead", an episode of Doctor Who in 2005. He also appeared as the 'rival' of Boycie as Llewellyn in The Green Green Grass. In 2007 he played Griff in the BBC series Gavin & Stacey.
Personal life
David is married with two sons and lives in London.
Filmography
References
External links
1941 births
Living people
People from Merthyr Tydfil
Royal Shakespeare Company members
Welsh male Shakespearean actors
Welsh male stage actors
Welsh male television actors
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5383193
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrawi
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Hadrawi
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Mohamed Ibrahim Warsame Hadrawi (born in 1943) (, ) is a prominent Somalilander poet and songwriter. He is considered by many to be the greatest living Somali poet, having written many notable protest works. Hadrawi has been likened by some to Shakespeare, and his poetry has been translated into various languages.
Biography
Hadrawi was born in Burco, situated in the Togdheer region of Somaliland. He hails from the Ahmed Farah sub-division of the Habar Jeclo clan of the Isaaq. His family was poor and consisted of one girl and eight boys. In 1953, at the age of nine, he went to live with an uncle in the Yemeni port city of Aden. There, Warsame began attending a local school where he received the nickname "Hadrawi" (Abu Hadra), a pseudonym by which he is now popularly known. In 1963, he became a primary school teacher.
Return to Somalia
After Somalia gained independence, Hadrawi relocated from Aden to Mogadishu, Somalia's capital, and began working for Radio Mogadiscio. In Mogadishu, he both attended and later taught at Lafoole (Afgooye) University. He also worked for the government's Department of Information.
In addition to love lyrics, he was a powerful commentator on the political situation and critic of the then military regime in Somalia. Imprisoned between 1973 and 1978.
In 1973, Hadrawi wrote the poem Siinley and the play Tawaawac ("Lament"), both of which were critical of the military government that was then in power. For this dissent, he was subsequently arrested and imprisoned in Qansax Dheere until April 1978.
Somali National Movement
Following his release from prison in 1978, Hadrawi became the director of the arts division of the Academy of Science, Arts, and Literature in Somalia. when he joined the opposition Somali National Movement based in Ethiopia. He was a very powerful voice in the ensuing years of civil war and the repressive military regime, and continues to be a very important poet commenting on the predicament the Somalis face.
Hadrawi relocated to Great Britain in 1991. During this period, he traveled frequently throughout Europe and North America to participate in folklore and poetry festivals.
In 1999, Hadrawi returned once more to his native Somaliland, this time settling in Hargeisa. The following year, the mayor of Chicago invited him to participate in the latter city's Millennium Festival.
Hadrawi now lives in Burco, and has reportedly made the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj).
Contributions to popular music
Besides volumes of poems and dozens of plays, Hadrawi has participated in numerous collaborations with popular vocal artists. His lyrical corpus includes:
Baladweyn - song performed by Hasan Adan Samatar in 1974
Saxarlaay ha Fududaan - sung by Mohamed Mooge Liibaan
Jacayl Dhiig ma Lagu Qoraa? - sung by Magool, and later translated by Hanna Barket as "Is Love Written in Blood?" or "Do You Write Love in Blood?". Another translation of the song by the British linguist and Somali Studies doyen Martin Orwin is "Has Love Been Blood-written?".
Awards
In 2012, Hadraawi was awarded the Prince Claus Award for his contributions to peace through his poetry.
Works
Hooya la'anta ("motherlessness")
Beled Wayn
Hablaha geeska
Gudgude
Siinley
Sirta nolosha
Tawaawac
Aqoon iyo afgarad
Deeley
Hawaale warran
Translations by Poetry Translation Centre
See also
Gaariye
Elmi Boodhari
Abdillahi Suldaan Mohammed Timacade
Salaan Carrabey
Kite Fiqi
References
Further reading
Maxamed Baashe X. Xasan (2018). Hal ka haleel : sooyaalka Hadraawi iyo suugaantiisa : daabacaaddii labaad iyo maansooyinkii dambe. [Place of publication not identified] : Garanuug. .
Jama Musse Jama (2013). Maxamed Ibraahin Warsame 'Hadraawi' : the man and the poet. Pisa, Italy : Ponte Invisibile, Redsea-online.com. .
1943 births
Living people
Ethnic Somali people
Somalian dramatists and playwrights
Somalian poets
Somali-language writers
People from Burao
Somalian Muslims
20th-century Somalian people
20th-century poets
21st-century Somalian people
21st-century poets
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3991712
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco%20del%20Mutuo%20Soccorso
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Banco del Mutuo Soccorso
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Banco del Mutuo Soccorso (English: Bank of Mutual Relief) is an Italian rock band. A popular progressive rock band in the 1970s, they continued making music in the 1980s and 1990s. Recently, they were still active, playing live in 2001 and 2008 at NEARfest. Their charismatic frontman, Francesco Di Giacomo, died in 2014.
History
Inspired by progressive rock acts from England, in particular Gentle Giant, Jethro Tull and Emerson, Lake & Palmer, keyboardists Vittorio Nocenzi and his brother Gianni founded Banco del Mutuo Soccorso in Rome, Italy. In 1972, together with other musicians from Rome progressive scene, they recorded their eponymous debut album which, with songs such as R.I.P. (Requiescant in pace), Il giardino del mago and Metamorfosi, immediately attracted the attention of the public of the nascent progressive rock scene in Italy. The graphic design of the cover is also very particular: shaped as a terracotta piggy bank. In the same year, the second album was released, Darwin!, the first concept album made by the group: the songs are all linked to the central theme of Charles Darwin's theory on the evolution of species.
In 1973 Io sono nato libero increased their notoriety thanks to the single "Non mi rompete", an acoustic ballad with poetic dreamy lyrics.
The most prominent features of their sound are the complex textures provided by the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers played by the Nocenzi brothers, along with the vocals of former frontman Francesco Di Giacomo. A careful balance of electronic and acoustic instruments, with the use of reeds (played by some of the members of the band, in addition to their usual instrument), made Banco's sound increasingly original and innovative, with a blend of rock, jazz and classical music which did not, however, forsake the Italian melodic tradition.
Proving popular in Italy and becoming known abroad, the band signed with Manticore Records together with the Premiata Forneria Marconi. In 1975 Banco was released, a collection of translated songs together with new material, targeting the international market. Come in un'ultima cena was also translated as As in a Last Supper. The late 1970s saw Banco del Mutuo Soccorso going in new directions, with a film soundtrack in 1976's Garofano rosso and recordings with an orchestra in 1978's ...di terra. They changed their name to the simplified Banco.
The 1980s saw Banco's musical direction change towards lighter pop and shorter songs, producing some hits. This is due to the limited success they had abroad with their albums with English lyrics (also due to the shutdown of Manticore in 1977), which led to the decision to exploit Di Giacomo's remarkable vocal gifts with more marketable songs. Gianni Nocenzi left the band for a solo career. Other members came and went.
In the 1990s and now back to using the longer name, they started playing their 1970s material again. They performed unplugged versions of their songs live and re-recorded their first albums. New material was also produced.
Today, the band continues to play live.
On 21 February 2014, Francesco di Giacomo died in a car accident, in Zagarolo, at the age of 67.
On 3 October 2015, the band guitarist Rodolfo Maltese died too after a long battle with cancer.
In September 2016 some Italian newspapers claimed that the band has taken on Tony D'Alessio, best known from the Italian edition of X-Factor, as the new lead singer.
On 13 January 2019, a press release announced that a new album called "Transiberiana" will be released in April. It will be their first new release after "Nudo", which was published on 1997.
Discography
Studio albums
Live albums
Other releases
Singles
1973 - Non mi rompete/La città sottile (Dischi Ricordi, SRL 10713)
1979 - Canto di primavera/Circobanda (Dischi Ricordi, SRL 10896)
1979 - Niente/Sono la bestia (Dischi Ricordi, SRL 10908)
1980 - Il ragno/Capolinea (Dischi Ricordi, SRL 10915)
1980 - Paolo Pà / Ma che idea
1980 - Dove sarà / Ma che idea
1980 - Il ragno / Rip
1981 - Baciami Alfredo / Buone notizie
1981 - Tommy/Mississippi (pubblicato come La banda di Tom)
1983 - Moby Dick / Velocità
1983 - Lontano da
1985 - Grande Joe / Allons enfant
1989 - Padre Francesco/Vedo il telefono/La mia libertà (Contempo, PT 42926 EP)
1994 - Brivido
1997 - Nudo
1997 - Ragno
2019 - I ruderi del gulag
Videos
Ciò che si vede è (1992, DVD release in 2004)
Live 1980 (2007)
See also
Balletto di Bronzo
I Cervello
La Locanda delle Fate
Le Orme
Osanna
Nova
Premiata Forneria Marconi
Il Rovescio della Medaglia
References
Italian progressive rock groups
Italian rock music groups
Musical groups established in 1969
Symphonic rock groups
Musical groups from Rome
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5383201
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra%20Ghana%20Temple
|
Accra Ghana Temple
|
The Accra Ghana Temple is the 117th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).
History
The building of the Accra Ghana Temple was announced on February 16, 1998. Years before the temple was announced, LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley had promised members in the area they would someday have a temple close by. When the temple was announced Hinckley also told those in attendance that the church had been trying to find a place to build a temple in Ghana for five years. The temple in Accra is the second of three temples built in Africa.
The first Mormon missionaries came to Ghana in 1978. Many of the people present at the announcement of the temple had been some of the first converts in Ghana.
A site dedication and groundbreaking ceremony was held on November 16, 2001. Russell M. Nelson, a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, led the ceremony. The vice president of Ghana, Aliu Mahama, as well as other officials, participated in the groundbreaking ceremony and a radio station and Ghana Television covered the event. The temple sits on on the main avenue that runs through the center of Accra. The exterior of the temple is made of Namibia Pearl Granite.
The temple was open to the public from December 3rd through 20th, 2003. During the tour, people were able to see the craftsmanship utilized in the interior of the temple. All of the materials used in the building of the temple were from the area. Moldings in the temple were made of native makore wood, skilled men in the area handcrafted the furniture and the art-glass windows reflect the culture. The vice president of Ghana as well as many other officials took tours through the temple.
Hinckley dedicated the Accra Ghana Temple on January 11, 2004. It has a total of , two ordinance rooms, and two sealing rooms.
There is a stake center and Missionary Training Center on the grounds. While all members of the church with a valid temple recommend are able to visit the temple, it primarily serves members in Benin, Ghana, the Ivory Coast, Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Togo.
In 2020, like all the church's other temples, the Accra Ghana Temple was closed in response to the coronavirus pandemic.
See also
Billy Johnson (Mormon)
Comparison of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by geographic region
Temple architecture (Latter-day Saints)
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ghana
References
External links
Official Accra Ghana Temple page
Accra Ghana Temple at ChurchofJesusChristTemples.org
21st-century Latter Day Saint temples
Buildings and structures in Accra
Religious buildings and structures completed in 2003
Temples (LDS Church) in Africa
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ghana
2004 establishments in Ghana
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5383202
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hague%20Netherlands%20Temple
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The Hague Netherlands Temple
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The Hague Netherlands Temple is the 114th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).
History
The building of an LDS temple in Zoetermeer, a satellite city of The Hague, was announced on August 16, 1999. This temple serves more than 13,000 members from the Netherlands, Belgium, and parts of France.
Orson Hyde, a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, first entered the Netherlands in 1841 to serve a church mission. On his way to Jerusalem, he stayed for a little more than a week preaching the gospel. It was not until twenty years later in 1861 that the first LDS missionaries were officially sent to the Netherlands. On October 1, 1861 near the village Broek bij Akkerwoude (now part of the Dantumadeel municipality) the first converts to the LDS Church in the Netherlands were baptized. People from the Netherlands joined the LDS Church by the thousands, but most emigrated to the United States to be in Utah near church headquarters. In more recent years church leadership has asked members to stay in their own lands and build up the church. The LDS Church has continued to steadily grow in the Netherlands and there are now three stakes and 7,800 members.
A groundbreaking ceremony and site dedication for The Hague Netherlands Temple was held on August 26, 2000. The site chosen for the temple is in a city park. Temple construction quickly began. Because the site bought by the church is only slightly larger than the area needed for the temple, a parking garage and temple clothing store were built underneath the temple.
An open house for the public was held August 17–31, 2002. LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley dedicated The Hague Netherlands Temple on September 8, 2002. The Hague Netherlands Temple has a total of , two ordinance rooms, and two sealing rooms.
In 2020, The Hague Netherlands Temple was closed in response to the coronavirus pandemic.
See also
Comparison of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by geographic region
Temple architecture (Latter-day Saints)
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Netherlands
References
External links
Official The Hague Netherlands Temple page
The Hague Netherlands Temple at ChurchofJesusChristTemples.org
2002 establishments in the Netherlands
21st-century Latter Day Saint temples
Buildings and structures in The Hague
Religious buildings and structures in the Netherlands
Temples (LDS Church) completed in 2002
Temples (LDS Church) in Europe
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Netherlands
The Hague Netherlands Temple
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3991713
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia%20of%20Afghan%20Jihad
|
Encyclopedia of Afghan Jihad
|
The Encyclopedia of the Afghan Jihad (Arabic: موسوعة الجهاد الأفغاني, tr: Mawsuat al-Jihad al-Afghani) is a multivolume encyclopedia describing diverse weapons in Arabic. It was first published in Pakistan in late 1992 or early 1993. The encyclopedia consists of more than 8,000 pages—an abridged version has been reduced to approximately 1,000 pages—and has been divided into 11 volumes.
An electronic version of the original, full-length encyclopedia was discovered in the possession of a group of Muslim militants in Belgium in the 1990s. Since then, several copies have been found; one was found in the possession of Abu Hamza al-Masri, a Muslim cleric who controlled the Finsbury Park Mosque in London, and another was recovered from Osama bin Laden's headquarters in Kandahar.
Outline
The first volume deals with explosives, the second with first aid, and the last volume teaches the use of small arms, including anti-aircraft guns, anti-tank arms, and artillery. such as:
Explosives
First aid
Pistols, revolvers
Bombs, mines
Security intelligence
Tactics practiced
Weapons
Tanks
Close fighting
Topography area survey
Armament
References
Works by al-Qaeda
Terrorism handbooks and manuals
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5383203
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleothyris
|
Paleothyris
|
Paleothyris was a small, agile, anapsid romeriidan reptile which lived in the Middle Pennsylvanian epoch in Nova Scotia (approximately 312 to 304 million years ago). Paleothyris had sharp teeth and large eyes, meaning that it was likely a nocturnal hunter. It was about a foot long. It probably fed on insects and other smaller animals found on the floor of its forest home. Paleothyris was an early sauropsid, yet it still had some features that were more primitive, more labyrinthodont-like than reptile-like, especially its skull, which lacked fenestrae, holes found in the skulls of most modern reptiles and mammals.
See also
Westlothiana, from 335 million years ago, either an early amniote or a sister group to the amniotes
Casineria, from 340 million years ago, a basal amniote.
Hylonomus, from 312 million years ago, another early anapsid reptile
Petrolacosaurus, from 302 million years ago, the first diapsid reptile
Archaeothyris, from 306 million years ago, an early synapsid (proto-mammal)
Carboniferous tetrapods
References
Arjan, Mann, et al. “Carbonodraco Lundi Gen Et Sp. Nov., the Oldest Parareptile, from Linton, Ohio, and New Insights into the Early Radiation of Reptiles.” Royal Society Open Science, 27 Nov. 2019, royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.191191.
Carboniferous reptiles of North America
Transitional fossils
Prehistoric romeriids
Prehistoric reptile genera
Fossil taxa described in 1969
Paleozoic life of Nova Scotia
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3991714
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B2B%20e-commerce
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B2B e-commerce
|
B2B e-commerce, short for business-to-business electronic commerce, is the sale of goods or services between businesses via an online sales portal. In general, it is used to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of a company's sales efforts. Instead of receiving orders using human assets (sales reps) manually – by telephone or e-mail – orders are received digitally, reducing overhead costs.
Definition
The differences between business-to-consumer (B2C) and business-to-business (B2B)
B2B and B2C e-commerce may look the same, they are quite different. Business buyers and retail consumers have different purchasing needs. The differences can be:
Buying Impulsively vs. Buying Rationally - B2C buyers will buy on impulse and make one-off purchases, B2B buyers plan for purchases and make recurring purchases
Single Decision Maker vs. Multiple Decision Makers - B2C purchases are decided upon by the buyer, B2B purchases often involve several layers of approval and may involve different departments
Short-term Customer Relationship vs. Long-term Customer Relationship - B2C purchases are often one-off purchases, B2B purchases are based on long-term and on-going relationships.
Set, Fixed Prices vs. Diverse Prices - B2C prices are generally not negotiable. B2B prices are usually negotiated individually.
Pre-Delivery Payment vs. Post-Delivery Payment - B2C e-Commerce is generally paid by credit card, debit card or PayPal before the goods are shipped in B2B payment is often on terms and may be 30 or more days after goods are shipped.
Deliveries focused on speed vs. Deliveries focused on punctuality - B2C buyers are looking for speed of delivery and B2B buyers want deliveries on a reliable schedule.
B2B buyer characteristics
Supply chains are more important to B2B transactions. Manufacturing companies obtain components or raw materials from other companies and then sell to a wholesaler, distributor, or retail customer. For example, an automobile manufacturer makes several B2B transactions such as buying tires, glass for windscreens, and rubber hoses for its vehicles. The final transaction, a finished vehicle sold to the consumer, is a single B2C transaction. Wholesalers and distributors still have a supply chain, but their chain consists of finished products.
Generally, B2B and B2C web stores both have search, navigation, detailed product information and personal account history pages. However, in some ways B2B greatly differs from B2C. Most B2B businesses have complex ordering processes, large collections of attributes and elaborate back-end systems. Moreover, in a B2B scenario, buying is part the customers’ job. He needs to make sure he buys all necessary products or components for keeping his company up and running. Thirdly, since organizations can be very large, they need a lot of products or components to keep their business going. Therefore, B2B buyers often place large orders. B2B purchases are also characterized by recurring orders instead of single purchases. Because of that, companies make deals based on their monthly or even yearly demand. They closely collaborate with each other, and each B2B customer can have its specific prices for certain products. Lastly, multiple people are involved in B2B purchases. For instance, a company can have multiple buyers or buying centers. They are responsible for finding the right products and making the right deal with resellers. Because multiple people are involved in a single deal, B2B is more fact based instead of based on emotions. It's not about the nicest packaging, but the best deal for the company. In general, ratio is leading.
The characteristics mentioned above can be summarized as follows:
The differences between B2B e-commerce and EDI
B2B transactions can be processed online in various ways, of which Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and B2B e-commerce are most often used. Although EDI and B2B e-commerce both have their own, distinctive features, they are frequently confused.
EDI is the electronic transfer of purchasing information between the buyer and seller. EDI transmits the information from the buyers purchase order to the seller's sales or customer service department for conversion to a sales order. EDI is well suited for placing large, recurring orders to supplying raw materials to manufacturers. For instance, following the example above, an automobile manufacturer regularly needs to order a specific brand and size of tires for a certain car model. When manufacturing a certain number of that type of car, the buyers can use EDI to place an order for the number of tires needed. So, the seller need not worry about providing product information – like a description, images or pricing –for reordering purposes.
Although, like EDI, sales orders are processed online, with B2B e-commerce it is possible for customers to order occasionally and in irregular order quantities. Also, B2B e-commerce enables the display of many different types of detailed figures and images. It is possible to exhibit a full range of products or parts. Therefore, a web store provides the opportunity to cross- and upsell.
Market development and trends
The B2B e-commerce market is changing fast. There is an increasing number of companies adding an online sales channel to their business. In 2014, 63% of industrial supplies buyers purchased their products online (UPC, 2014). It is expected that in the USA, the B2B e-commerce market will even grow from $780B in 2015 to $1.1T in 2020 it is an objective of European Union Enterprise policy to "enhance trust and confidence" in B2B electronic markets.
Integrated B2B e-commerce versus interfaced e-commerce
With integrated e-commerce, part of the software solution is installed inside the ERP back-end system. This means that the connection between the business logic and database of a back-end system is configured automatically. Information that is available in the back-end system, for example article numbers, prices and current stock availability of products, is leveraged, without being copied to another system, and displayed in the front/back end of the e-commerce system. An integrated e-commerce software solution thus does not require investments in recreating and maintaining a separate database or business logic. Instead, it re-uses those of the back-end system, so all data are stored in one, single place. This can prevent input redundancy, errors and synchronization time.
In most cases, integrated e-commerce is in one way or another acknowledged by the supplier of the back-end system, such as SAP ERP or Microsoft Dynamics.
Although many B2B e-commerce suppliers claim to be integrated, most web stores are interfaced. With interfaced e-commerce, the software solution is installed on top of the back-end system. This means that the connection between the business logic and database of a back-end system is set up manually. Information that is available in the back-end system is being duplicated into the e-commerce software. An interfaced e-commerce software product thus has their own database and business logic that are being synchronized constantly through a connection to a certain back-end system.
Mobile
The phrase mobile commerce was originally coined in 1997 by Kevin Duffey at the launch of the Global Mobile Commerce Forum, to mean "the delivery of electronic commerce capabilities directly into the consumer's hand, anywhere, via wireless technology." Mobile e-commerce for B2B is becoming increasingly popular. B2B has features different from mobile e-commerce for B2C. Whereas B2C is mostly classic catalogue browsing, mobile e-commerce for B2B requires specific features, which include:
Displayed prices that are customer specific;
Stock indication that is always up-to-date;
Discounts that are calculated real-time;
Orders can be placed quickly, for example with order histories or lists based on filtered product sets;
Sales agents should be able to represent their customers.
See also
E-commerce
Types of e-commerce
Online marketplace
References
E-commerce
Business-to-business
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5383204
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suva%20Fiji%20Temple
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Suva Fiji Temple
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The Suva Fiji Temple is the 91st operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).
The LDS Church in Fiji
The first missionaries visited Fiji in 1953. The first recorded meeting of the Church was held July 25, 1954, in the Matanisiga Hall in Toorak, Suva. After visiting the island in 1955, church president David O. McKay, opened the first LDS branch in Fiji, calling missionaries to increase outreach to Fijians and Indians. In 1975, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Fiji Technical College was opened. The first Stake in Fiji, the Suva Fiji Stake was organized 12 June 1983, with Inosi Naga as president. Stakes were created in Viti Levu and Districts in Vanua Levu and Taveuni due to congregation and membership expansion. The number of congregations increased rapidly in the 1990s form 19 to 41.
History
On May 7, 1998 the LDS Church First Presidency announced plans to build a temple in Suva, Fiji.
A ground-breaking ceremony were held for the Suva Fiji Temple on May 8, 1999. Earl M. Monson, a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy, presided at the ceremony. The site chosen for the Fiji temple was and is considered one of the most beautiful temple sites. The Pacific Ocean can be seen from three sides of the property on one of the tallest hills in the area, and the site is located just a few minutes away from downtown Suva. The exterior of the temple is finished with Snow-white granite from Campolonghi, Italy and the grounds are beautifully landscaped.
The temple was open for public tours from June 7 to 12, 2000. Just before the open house, starting on May 19, political unrest occurred in Fiji. A group of armed rebels held a group of government leaders hostage in Suva for weeks. Those held hostage included the Prime Minister of Fiji at the time, Mahendra Chaudhry. The situation was so intense that the church decided to send all of the Mormon missionaries in the area to the other side of the island to avoid any dangerous situations. Despite these problems and little media attention over 16,000 people toured the temple including 300 community leaders. Those who toured the temple were able to see the two ordinance rooms, two sealing rooms, Celestial room, baptistery, and learn more about Mormon beliefs associated with the temple.
The Suva Fiji Temple was dedicated on June 18, 2000 by LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley. Because of the 2000 Fijian coup d'état, which had been occurring since before the open house, it was decided that a small dedication service would be best and the normal four dedicatory services were abandoned. Sixty people attended the dedication, which was held in the Celestial room of the temple.
Renovations
The temple closed October 13, 2014 for renovations that included improving air conditioning and adding new finishes inside the building. After renovations were completed, a public open house was held from Monday, 25 January 2016, through Saturday, 6 February 2016, excluding Sunday, 31 January. The temple was rededicated by Henry B. Eyring on Sunday, February 21, 2016. The temple was rededicated the day after landfall of Cyclone Winston, the strongest tropical cyclone ever recorded in Fiji. The cyclone forced changes to the cultural celebration held the day prior to the rededication.
See also
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Fiji
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by geographic region
Temple architecture (LDS Church)
References
External links
Suva Fiji Temple Official site
Suva Fiji Temple at ChurchofJesusChristTemples.org
20th-century Latter Day Saint temples
Religious buildings and structures in Fiji
Temples (LDS Church) completed in 2000
Buildings and structures in Suva
Temples (LDS Church) in Oceania
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Fiji
2000 establishments in Fiji
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5383205
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abavornis
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Abavornis
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Abavornis is the name given to a genus of primitive birds from the Late Cretaceous, containing the single species A. bonaparti (named in honor of the Argentine paleontologist José Bonaparte). It was probably a member of the Enantiornithes, but as it is only known from a single broken coracoid (TsNIGRI 56/11915), which, however, looks typically enantiornithine, that assignment is tentative. The fossil is from Late Cretaceous Bissekty Formation (Coniacian, 89–86 MYA) in the Kyzylkum, Uzbekistan. Another partial coracoid (PO 4605) is very similar and is referred to as Abavornis sp.; it might belong to A. bonaparti and if so show some features which are damaged in the holotype.
References
Further reading
Euenantiornitheans
Prehistoric bird genera
Turonian life
Late Cretaceous birds of Asia
Fossils of Uzbekistan
Bissekty Formation
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5383206
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka%20Japan%20Temple
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Fukuoka Japan Temple
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The is the 88th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The temple serves more than 7,700 members in Kyūshū, Okinawa, Yamaguchi, Hiroshima and Shikoku
History
Plans to build a temple in Fukuoka were announced on May 7, 1998. It is the second temple in Japan, the first being dedicated in Tokyo in 1980. Its site in Chūō-ku is adjacent to the Fukuoka Municipal Zoo and Botanical Gardens, and is also the location of a mission home and offices for the LDS Church. The temple has a single-spire design and the exterior is finished with polished Empress White and Majestic Grey granite from China, very similar to the Snowflake Arizona Temple.
A site dedication and a groundbreaking ceremony for the Fukuoka Japan Temple were held on March 20, 1999. L. Lionel Kendrick, a member of the Seventy and president of the Asia North Area, presided at the ceremony. The temple was open to the public for tours from June 1–3, 2000. Those who toured the temple were able to see the Celestial room, two ordinance rooms, two sealing rooms and baptistery, and were able to learn more about Mormon beliefs. LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley dedicated the Fukuoka Japan Temple on June 11, 2000.
In 2020, the Fukuoka Japan Temple was closed temporarily during the year in response to the coronavirus pandemic.
See also
Comparison of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by geographic region
Temple architecture (LDS Church)
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Japan
References
Additional reading
External links
Fukuoka Japan Temple Official site
Fukuoka Japan Temple at ChurchofJesusChristTemples.org
Japan Fukuoka Temple Photos including construction, dedication and site
20th-century Latter Day Saint temples
Buildings and structures in Fukuoka
Temples (LDS Church) completed in 2000
Religious buildings and structures in Fukuoka Prefecture
Temples (LDS Church) in Japan
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Japan
2000 establishments in Japan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul%20Korea%20Temple
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Seoul Korea Temple
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The Seoul Korea Temple is the 37th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).
History
The first member of the church in South Korea was baptized in 1951. At that time Korea was in the midst of a war against Communist armies, with the UN intervening. Latter-day Saint servicemen from the United States were the first to bring the LDS Church's teachings to the area.
The first church's missionaries arrived in South Korea in 1954. Some years later, church apostle Boyd K. Packer was assigned to travel to South Korea and find a place in which to build a temple. After considering several locations, Packer eventually chose the property which the church had purchased almost two decades earlier. In 1981, the announcement was made for a temple in Seoul.
Gordon B. Hinckley, of the church's First Presidency, dedicated the Seoul Korea Temple on December 14, 1985. The temple's walls feature Korean granite with six white spires. A traditional, tiled "hundred-year roof" gives the temple a uniquely Korean appearance. Inside, the temple is decorated with delicate brush paintings, intricate wooden molding, silk wall coverings, gold leaf, dome chandeliers, and white lacquer furniture inlaid with mother of pearl.
After the temple was dedicated, a subway system was built in conjunction with the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. The system included a line that ended right at the base of the hill upon which the temple was built, making the temple even more accessible for church members.
The temple is located near what is today Sinchon Station on the Seoul Subway Line 2. This station is located near four major South Korean universities: Yonsei University, Hongik University, Ewha Womans University, and Sogang University.
The Seoul Korea Temple has a total of , four ordinance rooms, and three sealing rooms.
In 2020, like all the church's other temples, the Seoul Korea Temple was closed temporarily during the year in response to the coronavirus pandemic.
Presidents
Notable presidents of the temple include Spencer J. Palmer (1988–90) and Han In Sang (1996–2000). As of November 2019, the temple president is Chiwon Kim.
See also
Comparison of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by geographic region
Temple architecture (Latter-day Saints)
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Korea
References
External links
Seoul Korea Temple Official site
Seoul Korea Temple at ChurchofJesusChristTemples.org
20th-century Latter Day Saint temples
Religious buildings and structures in Seoul
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1985
Seodaemun District
Temples (LDS Church) in Asia
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Korea
1985 establishments in South Korea
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3991717
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Rest%20of%20New%20Order
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The Rest of New Order
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The Rest of New Order (stylised as (the rest of) NewOrder) is a remix album by English band New Order, released on 21 August 1995 by London Records.
Overview
New Order had been on hiatus as of late 1993 following the turbulent recording and touring of the successful Republic album. The individual members had returned to the side projects that had occupied them during the group's previous hiatus that lasted 1989 to 1992. Republic had been the first album that the group had released for London Records, and with the group announcing little intention of working together the label went ahead compiling The Best of New Order. This venture had proven popular, and sold very well in the competitive Christmas market. It neatly collected most of the band's hits into one package. The hits album was promoted by two singles, remixes of "True Faith" and "1963"; these too proved to be popular. Clearly there was still a market for New Order.
The Rest of New Order followed nine months later, this time the compilers brought together a selection of older remixes alongside new specially-commissioned remixes. The remixes of "Blue Monday", "Confusion", "Touched by the Hand of God", "Bizarre Love Triangle", "Age of Consent", "Temptation" and "Everything's Gone Green" were all new radical reinterpretations. The four singles from Republic are represented with remixes that had previously appeared as B-sides. The oldest mix included was Shep Pettibone's take on "True Faith" from 1987.
Release
The compilation was released on compact disc, cassette and double LP. Each version has a different track listing. Cassette editions include an additional mix of "Temptation", while limited editions of the CD and cassette came with an additional bonus disc/cassette of "Blue Monday" remixes. This version replaces the white background on the cover with a reflective brown/gold. The album reached number five on the UK Albums Chart and number 41 on the Swedish Albums Chart. To promote the album, "Blue Monday" was once again re-released. The single was backed with remixes that appear on the bonus disc of the limited edition CD. The version of "Blue Monday" released was the Hardfloor Mix, dubbed "Blue Monday-95", and reached number 17 in the United Kingdom, number 29 in Ireland, number 38 in Sweden and number 54 in Germany.
At the time of the release, the compact disc version was amongst the longest compact discs released, clocking in at 80:02 with the pregap included. Without the pregap, the compact disc would clock in at 80:00. Therefore, the original CD release is 2 seconds longer than the recognized official compact disc duration limit.
The unusual figure on the cover is a pink version of the blue stylized question mark featured on the cover of The Best of New Order. Sometimes in chart books, this album is listed as ? (The Rest of) New Order.
Track listing
1 Same version as CD1 and Cassette 1 track 2.
Personnel
New Order – production
Stephen Hague – production (CD tracks 1, 3, 7, 8 and 10)
Arthur Baker – production (CD track 4)
John Robie – production (CD track 4)
Martin Hannett – production (LP track 4)
Peter Saville – art direction
Howard Wakefield – design
Martin Orpen and Idea – digital imaging
Trevor Key – photography
Charts
References
1995 remix albums
London Records remix albums
New Order (band) remix albums
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3991721
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornton%20Fractional%20South%20High%20School
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Thornton Fractional South High School
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{{Infobox school
| name = Thornton Fractional SouthHigh School
| logo_size = 220
| image =
| motto =
| streetaddress = 18500 Burnham Avenue
| city = Lansing
| state = Illinois
| zipcode = 60438
| country = United States
| coordinates =
| schooltype = public secondary
| established =
| founded =
| opened = 1957
| status = Opened
| closed =
| district = Thornton Fractional Twp. HS 215
| superintendent = Dr. Sophia Jones-Redmond
| ceeb = 142547
| principal = Mr. Jake Gourley
| staff =
| faculty = 165
| teaching_staff =
| grades = 9–12
| gender = coed
| avg_class_size = 21.1
| slogan =
| song =
| fightsong =
| conference = South Suburban Conference
| mascot =
| team_name = Red Wolves
| rival = Thornton Fractional North High School
| accreditation = North Central Association of Colleges and Schools
| ACT = 18.0
| publication = Rebel Ana
| newspaper = Rebel Rouser"
| yearbook = Postscript | nobel_laureates =
| picture =
| campus size =
| campus type = suburban
| mascot image =
| colors = Red Gray
| enrollment = 1,740 (2016-17)
| free_label =
| free_text =
| free_label1 =
| free_text1 =
| free_label2 =
| free_text2 =
| free_label3 =
| free_text3 =
| free_label4 =
| free_text4 =
| free_label5 =
| free_text5 =
| homepage = http://TFD215.org/South/
}}
Thornton Fractional Township South High School (TF South, TFS) is a high school located in Suburban Cook County, Illinois, located from the city limits of Chicago. The school serves an area of approximately , & serves over 2,000 students in grades 9-12 who reside in the near South Suburban communities of Lansing and Lynwood.
Foundation
Thornton Fractional South High School opened in 1958 and Thornton Fractional High School in Calumet City, which opened in 1926, was renamed to Thornton Fractional North High School. The school flag, a replica of the flag of the Confederacy of the United States, was retired in 1993. The Thornton Fractional Vocational Center, later renamed the Center for Academics and Technology was later built between the two high schools in Calumet City and opened for T.F. South and T.F. North students and has served many purposes, from being a freshman academy, to hosting AP courses for students from both campuses, to housing programs such as CAD, nursing, and culinary arts.
Academics
In 2010, District 215, T.F. South, T.F. North, and CAT, combined had an average composite ACT score of 18.7. Also in 2010, the total enrollment at T.F. South was 2,014 and graduated 93% of its senior class. T.F. South has not made Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) on the Prairie State Achievement Examination, PSAE, a state test used in Illinois to fulfill the mandates of the federal No Child Left Behind Act. When comparing District 215's 2008–2009's PSAE scores to 2009–2010's scores, the scores have significantly gone down. Overall, the school has not met minimum expectations in mathematics and science. All three of the school's student subgroups failed to meet expectations in mathematics, and two of the three failed to meet expectations in reading.
Athletics
T.F. South competes as a member of the South Suburban Conference. The school is a member of the Illinois High School Association (IHSA), which governs most athletics and competitive activities in Illinois. Teams are called theT.F. South's teams are known as the Rebels.TF South's Athletics director is Marc Brewe.
The school sponsors interscholastic teams in Badminton, Baseball, Basketball, Bowling, Cheerleading, Cross Country, Dance, Football, Golf, Soccer, Softball, Swimming, Tennis, Track and Field, Volleyball, and Wrestling.
The following athletic teams have placed top 4 in their respective IHSA sponsored state tournament:
Football: Semi finalist (1994–95, 2002–03)
Badminton (Girls): IHSA state finals runner up (2010-2011), SSC Conference team Champions (2010-2011)
Cross-Country (Girls): Qualified for sectionals (2010-2011)
Notable alumni
Curtis Granderson - Major League Baseball player
Bruce Kingma - economist, professor, and former provost for entrepreneurship at Syracuse University; graduated from TFS in 1979
Demetra Plakas - drummer for all-girl punk band L7 (band), graduated in 1982
Harry Smith - television journalist, best known for CBS's The Early Show and hosting A&E program Biography (1997–2002), currently with NBC
Pierre Thomas - NFL player, New Orleans Saints
Tom Baldwin - NFL player, New York Jets
Ken Kremer - NFL player, Kansas City Chiefs
Jim O'Heir - actor best known for portraying Jerry Gergich in the television sitcom Parks and Recreation''
References
External links
Official website
Educational institutions established in 1957
Lansing, Illinois
Public high schools in Cook County, Illinois
1957 establishments in Illinois
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5383209
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunusstein
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Taunusstein
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Taunusstein () is the biggest town in the Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis in the Regierungsbezirk of Darmstadt in Hesse, Germany. It consists of more than 29,000 inhabitants.
Geography
Location
Taunusstein lies roughly 10 km northwest of Wiesbaden and about 10 km west of Idstein and the Autobahn A 3. It is part of the Untertaunus (lower Taunus) range.
Taunusstein itself is a rural area and is about 30 km from the river Rhine. The lowest point in Taunusstein is 310 m above sea level, and the highest 613.9 m.
Neighbouring communities
Taunusstein borders in the north on the communities of Hohenstein and Hünstetten and the town of Idstein, in the east on the community of Niedernhausen, in the south on the district-free city of Wiesbaden and in the west on the community of Schlangenbad and the town of Bad Schwalbach.
Constituent communities
Taunusstein is made up of ten Stadtteile:
History
The town of Taunusstein came into being on 1 October 1971 through the merger of the formerly self-governing communities of Bleidenstadt, Hahn, Neuhof, Seitzenhahn, Watzhahn and Wehen, whereupon Taunusstein was also given town rights. On 1 July 1972, the communities of Hambach, Niederlibbach, Orlen and Wingsbach were amalgamated into the town of Taunusstein.
In 1991, Dr.-Peter-Nikolaus-Platz, a square in the constituent community of Hahn, was dedicated and named after the longtime mayor of Taunusstein. Fronting onto it are the "Taunus" community centre, the Catholic church centre of St. Johannes Nepomuk and the New Town Hall, whose functions together make the square into the new town centre. The "Taunus" community centre was opened in 1989, the church centre in 1991, both designed by the Hamburg architect Bernhard Hirche, from whom also sprang the whole concept of planning the new town centre. It was not until 1998, on the other hand, that the Town Hall, designed by another architect, could be dedicated.
Population development
Each time at 31 December (counting only those with their main residences in the town)
Religion
There are several Lutheran and Catholic churches in almost every constituent community.
Baháʼí community in Hahn
New Apostolic church in Wehen
Kingdom Hall of Jehovah's Witnesses in Neuhof (Triebgewann industrial park)
Politics
Town council
The municipal election held on 27 March 2016 yielded the following results:
Mayor
Mayor Sandro Zehner (CDU), running unopposed, was elected to a second term on 26 May 2019 on the first vote with 79.1% of the vote. Voter turnout was 58.8%.
River Aar
The Aar (Lahn) has its source in the stadtteil Orlen 500 meters from the ruins of Roman Castle Zugmantel and the Bundesstraße 417 in the Orlen part of Taunusstein.
Limes
The north of Taunusstein is crossed by the Upper Germanic Limes, a line of frontier forts begun in AD 86 by the Romans which stretched from near Bonn on the Rhine to near Regensburg on the Danube. It divided the Roman Empire from the unconquered Germanic tribes. Close to Orlen and the Bundesstraße 417 is a replica of a Limes watchtower, right beside the remains of the castrum Zugmantel.
The Upper-Germanic-Rhaetian Limes (the Limes Germanicus) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Coat of arms
The town's arms might be described thus: Azure a lion rampant Or armed and langued gules, in his forepaws an escutcheon, argent a cross gules.
The golden lion recalls the centuries-long overlordship of the Counts and Princes of Nassau, and at the same time draws on the old arms borne by the Nassau Amt seat of Wehen and the communities of Hahn and Seitzenhahn, all of which were charged with a lion or a lion's head. The cross is an attribute of Saint Ferrutius, the Bleidenstadt Monastery's patron saint. This monastery was founded as early as the 8th century and earned much credit for bringing Christianity and culture into the region on the upper Aar. The former community of Bleidenstadt bore this cross in its former coat of arms.
The official blazon reads:
Economy and infrastructure
Transport
There are two railway stations (in Hahn and Bleidenstadt) which lie on the stretch of the Aartalbahn running through Taunusstein, however since 1983 the line was only used for steam tourist trips run by the Nassauische Touristik-Bahn (NTB). But since a truck damaged a bridge on the line in Wiesbaden-Dotzheim on 20 November 2009 then the line had to be closed completely. Despite promises from the city council of Wiesbaden money to replace the bridge has not been forthcoming, and the NTB are themselves facing financial problems due to not being able to run any trains on the line.
In 1998 it was proposed that the line be reopened to form part of a new light rail line into Wiesbaden Stadtbahn, this was however dropped in 2001. Although some plans for such a line have been revived since the 2011 election, these do not currently involve this section of the line.
The town is also linked to Wiesbaden over Bundesstraßen 417 (Neuhof/Wehen) and 54 (Hahn). The nearest Autobahn interchange is on the A 3 (Cologne–Frankfurt) in Idstein.
The nearest international airport is Frankfurt Airport, about 25 miles away. The smaller Mainz Finthen Airport, a regional public airfield, is about 15 miles away.
Established businesses
Institut Fresenius in Neuhof
Motorola Deutschland (German business headquarters, advertising and marketing) in Neuhof
Brita GmbH water filtration, international headquarters in Neuhof and Wiesbaden
Education
Silberbachschule, primary school in Wehen
Obere Aar integrated comprehensive school in Hahn
Regenbogenschule, primary school in Bleidenstadt
Gymnasium in Bleidenstadt
Sonnenschule primary school in Neuhof
Untertaunus vocational schools in Hahn
Europa-Schule Taunusstein - bilingual Realschule in Neuhof
Sport and leisure facilities
Stadion am Halberg in Wehen, former home stadium to SV Wehen Wiesbaden's first team
Outdoor swimming pool in Hahn
Silberbachhalle in Wehen
Aartalhalle in Neuhof
Sporting grounds in almost every centre
Sport and youth centre in Bleidenstadt
Culture and sightseeing
Museum
In 1995, the Museum of the Town of Taunusstein, with permanent rooms at the Wehen Castle, was established. Since then, there has been a thematic emphasis on more recent regional history as seen in a permanent exhibit featuring this, which lately has also presented information about Taunusstein's condition in, before and after the World War II. This it does mainly by exhibiting everyday culture in the first half of the 20th century. A second and equally valid pillar is the displays in the series Kunst im Schloss ("Art at the Palace") through which contemporary art – not only from the local region – is offered a forum in Taunusstein.
Buildings
Wehen Castle
Formerly used for, among other things, a widow's seat and a hunting palace, it now houses the Taunusstein Museum.
Wehen Evangelical church
This was built by using stones from the old town fortifications, with a black marble altar brought from the Idstein palace church in 1722 and furnishings from the secularized monasteries at Marienhausen and Eberbach. The historic Voigt organ is one of the few instruments by Wiesbaden organ builder Heinrich Voigt still preserved in its original state. It was built in 1890 for the Old Catholic congregation of Wiesbaden and acquired by the Wehen congregation in 1899. In October 1999 it was restored to its original condition.
Former Wehen school
Built about 1900, this building is transitional in design between the Gründerzeit and Art Nouveau.
Former monastery with church, Bleidenstadt
(Nowadays parish church of the Catholic parish of St. Ferrutius). Above the church's main door is the statue of Saint Ferrutius, the patron saint, from the 17th century. Inside the building are a wall tabernacle from High Gothic times, made of sandstone and built into the quire, a baptismal font from 1696, a Late Baroque Madonna and an organ remodelled in the Baroque style. In the belfry are two bells from 1309 and 1411.
Evangelical church, Bleidenstadt
(Formerly Catholic parish church of Saint Peter on the Mountain, after 1530 relinquished to the new Protestant community). The church has the constituent community's oldest stone memorial, a tomb slab commemorating the Minister Johannes von Spangenberg, who died in 1363. The lower part of the churchtower is of Romanesque Revival origin and built with a decorative rose window with sandstone ornamentation.
Jewish graveyard in Wehen
The Jewish graveyard in the constituent community of Wehen on the Halberg is roughly as old as the community itself.
In 1329, Count Gerlach of Nassau-Weilburg mandated the settlement of Jews. The gravestones from that time no longer exist. The oldest one still standing is from 1694. Today, 55 graves are still to be seen in the graveyard. Until 1749, Jews from Wiesbaden were also buried here. In 1726, the Jews applied for leave to build a wall around the graveyard; however, they were forbidden to do so, as it would not have done for the Jewish cemetery to look nicer than the Christian one. So, they simply dug a ditch. After 1933, when the Nazis had come to power, the graveyard was still used for burials; however, it was forbidden to put gravestones on these newer graves.
Regular events
Bleischter Kerb (kermis)
Orlener Markt (market)
Orlener Kerb (kermis)
Hahner Kerb (kermis)
Zentrumsfest ("Centre Festival")
Weher Markt (With this market it is a tradition for companies in Weher to take their employees for brunch at the market)
Weher Kerb (kermis)
Wingsbacher Kerb (kermis)
Neuhofer Kerb (kermis)
TIGA (Taunusstein industrial and business exhibition; in even-numbered years)
Waldweihnachtsmarkt Hahn ("Forest Christmas Market", at the Altenstein Forest House)
Sport
One of the local football clubs, located in Wehen, is called SV Wehen and in April 2007 they won promotion into the 2nd tier of the German Football League (Second Bundesliga). As such the local facilities that they had been using were no longer sufficient for professional football, prompting relocation to Wiesbaden, where they became known as SV Wehen-Wiesbaden. As of 2020–21 season, they however play in the 3rd tier.
The team is sponsored by one of the major companies of the area, Brita, with the founder of Brita, Heinz Hankammer, being a former chairman of the football club. During his time he made funds available which allowed the team it to outdo most teams at this level for many years, and gain promotion into the professional leagues.
Twin towns – sister cities
Taunusstein is twinned with:
Herblay-sur-Seine, France (1973)
Yeovil, England, United Kingdom (1987)
Caldes de Montbui, Spain (1989)
Wünschendorf/Elster, Germany (1991)
Toro, Italy (2016)
Notable people
Carl Friedrich Emil von Ibell (1780–1834), government president of the Duchy of Nassau/Hesse-Homburg
Emil Erlenmeyer (1825–1909), chemist
Horst Arndt (1934–2014), rower, Olympic medalist, died here
Johannes Hill (born 1988), baritone
References
External links
Official website
Taunusstein-Niederlibbach’s homepage
Taunusstein town centre at architect's site
Rheingau-Taunus website
Taunusstein-Wehen: history, photo gallery
Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis
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3991722
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster%20Volunteers
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Ulster Volunteers
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The Ulster Volunteers was a unionist, loyalist militia founded in 1912 to block domestic self-government ("Home Rule") for Ireland, which was then part of the United Kingdom. The Ulster Volunteers were based in the northern province of Ulster. Many Ulster Protestants and Irish unionists feared being governed by a nationalist Catholic-majority parliament in Dublin and losing their links with Great Britain. In 1913, the militias were organised into the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) and vowed to resist any attempts by the British Government to impose Home Rule on Ulster. Later that year, Irish nationalists formed a rival militia, the Irish Volunteers, to safeguard Home Rule. In April 1914, the UVF smuggled 25,000 rifles into Ulster from Imperial Germany. The Home Rule Crisis was interrupted by the First World War. Much of the UVF enlisted with the British Army's 36th (Ulster) Division and went to fight on the Western Front.
After the war, the British Government decided to partition Ireland into two self-governing regions: Northern Ireland (which overall had a Protestant/unionist majority) and Southern Ireland. However, by 1920 the Irish War of Independence was raging and the Irish Republican Army (IRA) was launching attacks on British forces in Ireland. In response, the UVF was revived. It was involved in some sectarian clashes and minor actions against the IRA. However, this revival was largely unsuccessful and the UVF was absorbed into the Ulster Special Constabulary (USC), the new reserve police force of Northern Ireland.
A loyalist paramilitary group calling itself the Ulster Volunteer Force was formed in 1966. It claims to be a direct descendant of the older organisation and uses the same logo, but there are no organisational links between the two.
Before World War I
By 1912, the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP), an Irish nationalist party which sought devolution (Home Rule) for Ireland, held the balance of power in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. In April 1912, Prime Minister H. H. Asquith introduced the third Home Rule Bill. Previous Home Rule Bills had fallen, the first rejected by the House of Commons, the second because of the veto power of the Tory-dominated House of Lords, however since the crisis caused by the Lords' rejection of the "People's Budget" of 1909 and the subsequent passing of the Parliament Act, the House of Lords had seen their powers to block legislation diminished and so it could be expected that this Bill would (eventually) become law. Home Rule was popular in all of Ireland apart from the northeast of Ulster. While Catholics were the majority in most of Ireland, Protestants were the majority in Ulster and in Great Britain. Many Ulster Protestants feared being governed by a Catholic-dominated parliament in Dublin and losing their local supremacy and strong links with Britain.
The two key figures in the creation of the Ulster Volunteers were Edward Carson (leader of the Irish Unionist Alliance) and James Craig, supported sub rosa by figures such as Henry Wilson, Director of Military Operations at the British War Office. At the start of 1912, leading unionists and members of the Orange Order (a Protestant fraternity) began forming small local militias and drilling. On 9 April Carson and Bonar Law, leader of the Conservative & Unionist Party, reviewed 100,000 Ulster Volunteers marching in columns. On 28 September, 218,206 men signed the Ulster Covenant, vowing to use "all means which may be found necessary to defeat the present conspiracy to set up a Home Rule Parliament in Ireland", with the support of 234,046 women.
In January 1913, the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) was formally established by the Ulster Unionist Council. Recruitment was to be limited to 100,000 men aged from 17 to 65 who had signed the Covenant, under the command of Lieutenant-General Sir George Richardson KCB. William Gibson was the first commander of the 3rd East Belfast Regiment of the Ulster Volunteers.
The Ulster Unionists enjoyed the wholehearted support of the British Conservative Party, even when threatening rebellion against the British government. On 23 September 1913, the 500 delegates of the Ulster Unionist Council met to discuss the practicalities of setting up a provisional government for Ulster, should Home Rule be implemented.
On 25 November 1913, partly in response to the formation of the UVF, Irish nationalists formed the Irish Volunteers – a militia whose role was to safeguard Home Rule.
In March 1914, the British Army's Commander-in-Chief in Ireland was ordered to move troops into Ulster to protect arms depots from the UVF. However, 57 of the 70 officers at the Army's headquarters in Ireland chose to resign rather than enforce Home Rule or take on the UVF. The following month, the UVF smuggled 20,000 German rifles with 3,000,000 rounds of ammunition into the port of Larne. This became known as the Larne gunrunning.
The Ulster Volunteers were a continuation of what has been described as the "Protestant volunteering tradition, in Ireland", which since 1666 spans the various Irish Protestant militias founded to defend Ireland from foreign threat. References to the most prominent of these militias, the Irish Volunteers, was frequently made, and there were also attempts to link the activities of the two.
World War I
The third Home Rule Bill was eventually passed despite the objections of the House of Lords, whose power of veto had been abolished under the Parliament Act 1911. While Carson had hoped to have the whole of Ulster excluded, he felt a good case could be made for the six Ulster counties with unionist, or only slight nationalist, majorities. However, in August 1914 the Home Rule issue was temporarily suspended by the outbreak of World War I and Ireland's involvement in it. Many UVF men enlisted in the British Army, mostly with the 36th (Ulster) Division of the 'New Army'. Others joined Irish regiments of the United Kingdom's 10th and 16th (Irish) Divisions. By the summer of 1916, only the Ulster and 16th divisions remained, the 10th amalgamated into both following severe losses in the Battle of Gallipoli. Both of the remaining divisions suffered heavy casualties in July 1916 during the Battle of the Somme and were largely wiped out in 1918 during the German spring offensive.
Although many UVF officers left to join the British Army during the war, the unionist leadership wanted to preserve the UVF as a viable force, aware that the issue of Home Rule and partition would be revisited when the war ended. There were also fears of a German naval raid on Ulster and so much of the UVF was recast as a home defence force.
World War I ended in November 1918. On 1 May 1919, the UVF was 'demobilised' when Richardson stood down as its General Officer Commanding. In Richardson's last orders to the UVF, he stated:Existing conditions call for the demobilisation of the Ulster Volunteers. The Force was organised, to protect the interests of the Province of Ulster, at a time when trouble threatened. The success of the organisation speaks for itself, as a page of history, in the records of Ulster that will never fade.
During Partition
In the December 1918 general election, Sinn Féin—an Irish republican party who sought full independence for Ireland—won an overwhelming majority of the seats in Ireland. Its members refused to take their seats in the British Parliament and instead set up their own parliament and declared independence for Ireland. The Irish Volunteers was obstensively reconstituted as the Irish Republican Army (IRA), the military of the self-declared Republic. The Irish War of Independence began, fought between the IRA and the forces of the Crown in Ireland (consisting of various forces including the British Army, the Auxiliaries, and the RIC). The Government of Ireland Act 1920 provided for two Home Rule parliaments: one for Northern Ireland and one for Southern Ireland. The unionist-dominated Parliament of Northern Ireland chose to remain a part of the United Kingdom.
As a response to IRA attacks within Ulster, the Ulster Unionist Council officially revived the UVF on 25 June 1920. Many Unionists felt that the RIC, being mostly Roman Catholic (though this was not the case with regards to Ulster) as a whole, would not adequately protect Protestant areas. In early July, the UUC appointed Lieutenant Colonel Wilfrid Spender as the UVF's Officer Commanding. At the same time, announcements were printed in unionist newspapers calling on all former UVF members to report for duty. However, this call met with limited success; for example, each Belfast battalion drew little more than 100 men each and they were left mostly unarmed. The UVF's revival also met with little backing from unionists in Great Britain.
During the conflict, loyalists set up small independent "vigilance groups" in many parts of Ulster. Most of these groups would patrol their areas and report anything untoward to the RIC. Some of them were armed with UVF rifles from 1914. There were also a number of small loyalist paramilitary groups, the most notable of which was the Ulster Imperial Guards, who may have overreached the UVF in terms of membership. Historian Peter Hart wrote the following of these groups:Also occasionally targeted [by the IRA] were Ulster Protestants who saw the republican guerrilla campaign as an invasion of their territory, where they formed the majority. Loyalist activists responded by forming vigilante groups, which soon acquired official status as part of the Ulster Special Constabulary. These men spearheaded the wave of anti-Catholic violence that began in July 1920 and continued for two years. This onslaught was part of an Ulster Unionist counter-revolution, whose gunmen operated almost exclusively as ethnic cleansers and avengers.
The UVF was involved in sectarian clashes in Derry in June 1920. Catholic homes were burned in the mainly-Protestant Waterside area, and UVF members fired on Catholics fleeing by boat across the River Foyle. UVF members fired from the Fountain neighbourhood into adjoining Catholic districts, and the IRA returned fire. Thirteen Catholics and five Protestants were killed in a week of violence. In August 1920, the UVF helped organise the mass burning of Catholic property in Lisburn. This was in response to the IRA assassinating an RIC Inspector in the town. That October, armed UVF members drove off an IRA unit that had attacked the RIC barracks in Tempo, County Fermanagh.
The sluggish recruitment to the UVF and its failure to stop IRA activities in Ulster prompted Sir James Craig to call for the formation of a new special constabulary. In October 1920, the Ulster Special Constabulary (USC) formed, intended to serve as an armed reserve force to bolster the RIC and fight the IRA. Spender encouraged UVF members to join it and many did , although the USC did not engulf the bulk of the UVF (and other loyalist paramilitary groups) until early 1922. Craig hoped to "neutralise" the loyalist paramilitaries by enrolling them in the C Division of the USC, a move that was backed by the British government. Historian Michael Hopkinson wrote that the USC, "amounted to an officially approved UVF". Unlike the RIC, the USC was almost wholly Protestant and was greatly mistrusted by Catholics and nationalists. Following IRA attacks, the USC often carried out revenge killings and reprisals against Catholic civilians.
In his book Carson's Army: the Ulster Volunteer Force 1910–22, Timothy Bowman gave the following as his last thought on the UVF during this period:It is questionable the extent to which the UVF did actually reform in 1920. Possibly the UVF proper amounted to little more than 3,000 men in this period and it is noticeable that the UVF never had a formal disbandment ... possibly so that attention would not be drawn to the extent to which the formation of 1920–22 was such a pale shadow of that of 1913–14.
See also
Young Citizen Volunteers (1912)
Irish Volunteers
National Volunteers
William McFadzean
Footnotes
Bibliography
Proclamation by the UVF in the Larne Times newspaper, January 1914 here.
Hopkinson, M, Green Against Green – The Irish Civil War: A History of the Irish Civil War
Hopkinson, M, Irish Revolution
Montgomery Hyde, H. Carson. Constable, London 1974. .
Details on UVF links to the 36th Ulster Division which fought at the Somme here.
Fisk, Robert In time of War: Ireland, Ulster, and the price of neutrality 1939 - 1945 (Gill & Macmillan) 1983 .
1912 establishments in the United Kingdom
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5383210
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom
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1905 in the United Kingdom
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Events from the year 1905 in the United Kingdom.
Incumbents
Monarch – Edward VII
Prime Minister
Arthur Balfour (Coalition) (until 5 December)
Henry Campbell-Bannerman (Liberal) (starting 5 December)
Parliament – 27th
Events
1 January – East Coast gales: Great Yarmouth flooded and pier at Scarborough washed away.
5 January – The play The Scarlet Pimpernel opens at the New Theatre in London and begins a run of 122 performances and numerous revivals.
16 February – At Haulbowline Base in Ireland, two explosions on board HM Submarine A5, due to gasoline fumes after refueling, kill six of the eleven crew.
February – Alf Common becomes the first £1,000 footballer in his transfer from Sheffield United to Middlesbrough.
10 March
An underground explosion at Cambrian Colliery in Clydach Vale kills 33.
Chelsea Football Club founded.
20 March – The title Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is officially recognised by Edward VII by a royal warrant.
29 March – Carmaker Vauxhall opens a factory at Luton, Bedfordshire, as its main manufacturing base following expansion from London.
6 May – The Naval, Shipping and Fisheries Exhibition opens in Earl's Court to mark 100 years since the Battle of Trafalgar
12 May – first public protest by suffragettes, led by Emmeline Pankhurst, at Westminster.
23 May – First performance of George Bernard Shaw's 1903 play Man and Superman at the Royal Court Theatre, London.
29 May – The recently formed Chelsea F.C. are elected to the Football League for the 1905–06 football season; on 2 September they play their first match, at the new Stamford Bridge stadium (which the existing Fulham F.C. have declined to become tenants of).
June – Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate bar first produced, in Bournville.
1 June – General Post Office London to Brighton horse-drawn parcel post coach makes its last run, being replaced by a motor lorry the following day.
9 June – Charlton Athletic F.C. is founded.
15 June – Princess Margaret of Connaught marries Gustaf, Crown Prince of Sweden.
29 June – the Automobile Association inaugurated.
July – British Red Cross Society formally inaugurated.
3 July – release of Cecil Hepworth's short silent drama film Rescued by Rover presenting a significant advance in film techniques.
11 July – National Colliery disaster at Wattstown in the Rhondda: an underground explosion kills 120, with just one survivor.
12 August – First running of the Shelsley Walsh Speed Hill Climb, the world's oldest motorsport event to have been staged continuously on its original course
25 August – 'Ancient Order of Druids' initiate neo-druidic rituals at Stonehenge.
26 September – Newbury Racecourse first used.
3 October – HMS Dreadnought is laid down, revolutionising battleship design and triggering an international naval arms race.
13 October – Annie Kenney and Christabel Pankhurst interrupt a Liberal Party rally at the Free Trade Hall in Manchester and choose imprisonment when convicted, the first militant action of the suffragette campaign.
18 October – London County Council's new street at Kingsway and redevelopment of Aldwych are opened.
21 October – Henry Wood first conducts a performance of his Fantasia on British Sea Songs at a Trafalgar Day concert in London.
26 October – Aspirin sold in the UK for the first time.
5 November – Edward VII declares his eldest daughter The Princess Louise, Duchess of Fife, the Princess Royal. He also orders that the daughters of Princess Louise, Lady Alexandra Duff and Lady Maud Duff are to be styled as Princesses of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland with the style Highness.
19 November – 39 men die in a fire at a model lodging house in Watson Street, Glasgow.
28 November – Irish nationalist Arthur Griffith founds Sinn Féin in Dublin as a political party whose goal is independence for all of Ireland.
4 December – Internal splits within the Conservative Party over tariff reform lead to the resignation of Balfour as Prime Minister. Campbell-Bannerman takes over for the Liberal Party, pending a general election in the new year.
6 December – ”Jacky" Fisher promoted to Admiral of the Fleet.
1905
Suicide rate of 303 per million, all-time UK peak year.
Local authority expenditure reaches an all-time peak as a proportion of all government expenditure of 51%.
Publications
E. Clerihew Bentley's first published collection of clerihews Biography for Beginners, illustrated by G. K. Chesterton.
Angela Brazil's first novel A Terrible Tomboy.
Arthur Conan Doyle's anthology The Return of Sherlock Holmes.
E. M. Forster's novel Where Angels Fear to Tread.
Robert Hichens' novel The Garden of Allah.
W. J. Locke's novel The Morals of Marcus Ordeyne.
H. E. Marshall's Our Island Story: A Child's History of England.
Baroness Orczy's historical novel The Scarlet Pimpernel.
H. A. Vachell's school story The Hill.
H. G. Wells' novel Kipps.
Births
2 January – Michael Tippett, composer (died 1998)
6 January – Idris Davies, Anglo-Welsh poet (died 1953)
1 February – Joan Morgan, actress (died 2004)
4 February – Hylda Baker, actress (died 1986)
10 February – Rachel Thomas, actress (died 1995)
16 February – Oliver Franks, public figure (died 1992)
18 February – Queenie Leonard, actress (died 2002)
26 February
Robert Byron, travel writer (died 1941)
Arthur Brough, actor (died 1978)
Kathleen Guthrie, artist (died 1981)
18 March – Robert Donat, actor (died 1958)
28 March – Audrey Withers, magazine editor (died 2001)
30 March – Albert Pierrepoint, hangman (died 1992)
3 May – Sebastian Shaw, actor (died 1994)
16 May – H. E. Bates, novelist (died 1974)
12 July – Prince John (died 1919)
17 July – Marjorie Reeves, historian and educationalist (died 2003)
25 July – Denys Watkins-Pitchford, writer (died 1990)
23 August – Constant Lambert, composer (died 1951)
4 September – Mary Renault, novelist (died 1983)
29 September – Marie Hartley, writer (died 2006)
4 October – Leslie Mitchell, announcer (died 1985)
15 October – C. P. Snow, novelist and physicist (died 1980)
29 October
Henry Green, novelist (died 1973)
Berthold Wolpe, calligrapher, typographer and illustrator (died 1989)
31 October – Elizabeth Jenkins, novelist (died 2010)
4 November – Frank Owen, journalist and politician (died 1979)
25 November – Patrick Devlin, judge (died 1992)
26 November – Emlyn Williams, dramatist and actor (died 1987)
4 December – Guy Mountfort, advertising executive and ornithologist (died 2003)
5 December – Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford, peer, politician and reformer (died 2001)
21 December – Anthony Powell, novelist (died 2000)
31 December – Jule Styne, songwriter (died 1994 in the United States)
Deaths
9 April – Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford, British general (born 1827)
5 May – Edwin Bibby, wrestler (born 1848)
3 June – Hudson Taylor, British missionary (born 1832)
25 July – Thomas Spencer, joint founder of retailer Marks & Spencer (born 1851)
14 August – Simeon Solomon, artist (born 1840)
18 September – George MacDonald, Scottish author and poet, Christian minister (born 1824)
19 September – Thomas John Barnardo, philanthropist (born 1845)
13 October – Sir Henry Irving, stage actor (born 1838)
14 October – John Thomas, Welsh photographer (born 1838)
6 November – George Williams, founder of the YMCA (born 1821)
10 November – Rowland Williams (Hwfa Môn), poet and archdruid (born 1823)
14 November – Robert Whitehead, marine engineer (born 1823)
5 December – Henry Eckford, British horticulturist (born 1823)
9 December – Sir Richard Claverhouse Jebb, British scholar and politician (born 1841)
17 December – Robert Jones Derfel, poet and dramatist (born 1824)
See also
List of British films before 1920
References
Years of the 20th century in the United Kingdom
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3991752
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking%20the%20Ethers
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Breaking the Ethers
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Breaking the Ethers is the debut album from collaborative group Tuatara. Released on Epic Records, it was an attempt by members of Luna, the Screaming Trees and R.E.M. to try their hand at experimental, multi-ethnic music.
Track listing and Personnel
"Breaking the Ethers/Serengeti" - (Justin Harwood, Barrett Martin, Skerik) - 6:25
Skerik - saxophone, didgeridoo, steel drums, temple gong, bombard, percussion
Justin Harwood - double bass
Barrett Martin - drums, percussion, marimba, tabla, congas, Tibetan horns, bullroarer, Taos thunder drum, steel drums, acoustic guitar
Elliot Haas - bullroarer
"Dark State of Mind" - (Harwood, Martin, Skerik) - 4:02
Skerik - saxophone
Justin Harwood - acoustic guitar, bowed bass, double bass
Barrett Martin - drums, percussion, vibraphone, marimba, cello
"Saturday Night Church" - (Harwood, Martin) - 4:26
Skerik - saxophone
Steve Berlin - bass penny whistle
Justin Harwood - acoustic guitar, piano, double bass
Peter Buck - electric six string bass
Barrett Martin - drums, percussion, vibraphone
"Dreamscape" - (Harwood, Martin) - 4:04
Justin Harwood - bowed bass
Peter Buck - electric six string bass
Barrett Martin - drums, marimba, bass marimba, steel drums
Skerik - vibraphone
"The Desert Sky" - (Peter Buck, Harwood, Martin, Skerik) - 5:35
Peter Buck - dulcimer
Justin Harwood - steel drums
Skerik - udu
Barrett Martin - percussion, taos thunder drum, tabla, bass marimba, sitar
"Goodnight la Habana" - (Harwood, Martin) - 4:49
Skerik - saxophone
Justin Harwood - Spanish guitar, double bass, percussion
Barrett Martin - drums, percussion, congas, timbales, marimba, piano
"Smoke Rings" - (Harwood, Martin) - 3:24
Skerik - saxophone
Justin Harwood - slide guitar, vibraphone
Barrett Martin - marimba, bass marimba, steel drums
"The Getaway" - (Harwood, Martin) - 5:04
Skerik - saxophone
Peter Buck - electric guitar
Mike McCready - electric guitar
Justin Harwood - double bass
Barrett Martin - drums, percussion, congas
"Eastern Star" - (Buck, Harwood, Martin) - 4:20
Skerik - saxophone
Peter Buck - dulcimer
Justin Harwood - bowed bass
Barrett Martin - percussion, udu, dumbeck, bass marimba
Scott McCaughey - steel drums
"Burning the Keys" - (Harwood, Martin, Skerik) - 6:34
Skerik - saxophone, piano
Peter Buck - electric six string bass
Justin Harwood - double bass, vibraphone
Barrett Martin - drums, congas, djembe, marimba, bass marimba
"Land of Apples" - (Buck, Harwood, Martin, Skerik) - 5:38
Skerik - harmonium
Justin Harwood - bowed bass, double bass
Peter Buck - slide guitar
Barrett Martin - congas, tabla, djembe, vibraphone, marimba, bass marimba, piano
"Breaking the Ethers/Serengeti (Reprise)" - (Harwood, Martin, Skerik) 1:42
References
1997 debut albums
Tuatara (band) albums
Epic Records albums
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3991775
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading%20with%20the%20Enemy
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Trading with the Enemy
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Trading with the Enemy is the second album by the collaborative band Tuatara, released in 1998. Steve Berlin and Scott McCaughey were among the new musicians who contributed to the album.
Critical reception
Guitar Player noted that "traces of jazz, afro-pop, and the Starsky & Hutch theme seep through the layers of guitars, saxophones, and vibraphones." The Windsor Star praised the "Ventures-influenced surf tune ('Afterburner'), a funky tribute to deceased Nigerian musician/activist Fela Kuti ('Fela the Conquerer') and an idyllic folk tune that is propelled by Buck's mandolin ('Angel and the Ass')."
Track listing
"The Streets of New Delhi" (Justin Harwood and Barrett Martin) - 5:05
"Smuggler's Cove" (Martin, Skerik, and Mike Stone) - 5:42
"Night in the Emerald City" (Harwood and Martin) - 7:32
"The Bender" (Harwood, Martin, and Skerik) - 5:13
"Negotiation" (Steve Berlin, Peter Buck, Harwood, Martin, Scott McCaughey, Skerik, and Stone) - 3:21
"Fela the Conqueror" (Harwood, Martin, and Skerik) - 6:11
"Wormwood" (Berlin, Harwood, Martin, and Skerik) - 5:34
"Koto Song (The Old Shinjuku Trail)" (Berlin, Martin, and McCaughey) - 6:34
"L' Espionnage Pomme de Terre Buck" (Buck, Harwood, Martin, McCaughey, and Skerik) - 6:26
"Angel and the Ass" (Buck, Harwood, and Martin) - 3:14
"P.C.H." (Buck, Harwood, and Martin) - 3:24
"Afterburner" (Harwood, Martin, and Skerik) - 7:49
Personnel
Steve Berlin
Peter Buck
Craig Flory
Justin Harwood
Barrett Martin
Scott McCaughey
Elizabeth Pupo-Walker
Skerik
Mike Stone
References
1998 albums
Epic Records albums
Tuatara (band) albums
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5383228
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Ant%20Bully%20%28video%20game%29
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The Ant Bully (video game)
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The Ant Bully is a video game based on the movie of the same name. It was released on July 24, 2006 alongside the theatrical release of the movie. The story and actions of the game correspond to that of the movie.
Gameplay
The game is broken down into missions, though the game follows a linear design. The game is a traditional action-adventure game, with players able to use different weapons to clear a mission and advance to the next level.
Plot
Players control the protagonist, Lucas Nickle, as he is shrunk to a miniature size and forced to work in an ant colony. He goes on many adventures throughout his backyard. From the Cactus Garden, to the Spiders lair, Lucas must overcome the challenges and become an ant. Getting in his way is the local wasp hive and the Exterminator. After overcoming many challenges, Lucas eventually has a mano-a-mano showdown. Lucas first must shoot the Exterminators ear with the Dart bow and avoid his hands and poison. Next, Lucas must blind the Exterminator with the Larva silk squirter. Eventually, Lucas and the wasps drive the Exterminator away after stinging him in the butt. Afterwards, Lucas collects the last of the Fire crystals and returns to normal size in 2006.
Reception
The Game Boy Advance, PlayStation 2 and GameCube versions received "mixed" reviews, while the PC and Wii versions received "generally unfavorable reviews" according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.
Detroit Free Press gave the PS2 version a score of three stars out of four and stated: "The best part of the game is Lucas' maneuverability in getting from Point A to Point B. In some instances, he must glide on a rose pedal. In others, he summons other ants through telepathy, and the group either flings Lucas through the air or operates as an impromptu ladder." The Times gave the same console version a score of three stars out of five and said, "This must be one of the first instances in which a video game actually seems like the natural format. But even here, as you acquire weapons, ride wasps and beat up tiny-huge creatures, it seems never to aspire to much beyond adequacy." However, The Sydney Morning Herald gave the PC and PS2 versions two stars out of five, saying, "The twitchy movement makes it unnecessarily difficult to target enemies with your primitive ant weapons (a lock-on button turns out to be little help) and it's all too easy to fall when carefully crawling up walls."
References
External links
Official website
2006 video games
PlayStation 2 games
GameCube games
Game Boy Advance games
Windows games
Wii games
Cancelled Xbox games
Cancelled PlayStation Portable games
Cancelled Nintendo DS games
Action-adventure games
Video games about insects
Video games based on films
Video games scored by Alexander Brandon
Video games developed in Canada
Behaviour Interactive games
Video games using Havok
Single-player video games
Midway video games
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5383230
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mararit%20people
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Mararit people
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The Mararit are an ethnic group of Chad and Darfur, Sudan. Most members of this ethnic group are Muslims. They speak the Mararit language, which is a Nilo-Saharan language. The population of the group is estimated at 32,000.
References
Ethnic groups in Sudan
Ethnic groups in Chad
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3991777
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Orme
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Le Orme
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Le Orme (Italian: "The Footprints") is an Italian progressive rock band formed in 1966 in Marghera, a frazione of Venice. The band was one of the major groups of the Italian progressive rock scene in the 1970s. They are one of few Italian rock bands to have success outside their own country, having played concerts across North America and Europe, and releasing an album in English at the height of their success.
History
Beginnings (1966–1970)
Le Orme was founded in 1966 in Venice by Aldo Tagliapietra (vocals, guitar), Marino Rebeschini (drums), Nino Smeraldi (lead guitar) and Claudio Galieti (bass guitar). Originally intending to name themselves Le Ombre, a literal translation of The Shadows, they ultimately decided on the similar-sounding Le Orme. The band's early work evoked a feel somewhere between beat and psychedelic rock, similar to what was coming out of the United Kingdom at the time. One of their first major performances was on 2 June 1966, when they and other local bands accompanied a British beat group, The Rokes, at the Teatre Corso in Mestre.
In 1967, the day after recording their first single, "Fiori e Colori", for Milan's CAR Juke Box label (having been rejected by EMI), Rebeschini left for the military. He was quickly replaced by Michi Dei Rossi of the dissolved Hopopi. The following year, their second single, "Senti l'estate che torna", was chosen to participate in Un disco per l'estate, a televised music competition organised by the Italian Phonographic Association and RAI. It was at this time that Tony Pagliuca (formerly of Hopopi and ) joined the group on keyboards. Later in the same year, the band began recording its first album, Ad gloriam, to be released in 1969. The title track, was sampled by Irish DJ David Holmes for his 2000 album Bow Down to the Exit Sign, under the name "69 Police". It was then re-used in the Oceans Eleven soundtrack, where it features prominently in the final scene.
Soon Galieti left for the military as well, leaving Tagliapietra to cover on bass guitar. Not long later Smeraldi left as well, leaving the trio that would be at the core of the band for its most successful era. An evolution in their sound towards more richness and complexity can already be heard in a non-album single the band would publish in 1970, "Il Profumo delle Viole / I Ricordi Più Belli".
Mainstream success (1970–1977)
In the spring of 1971 Le Orme recorded their second studio album, Collage. Thanks to its promotion through the RAI radio program Per voi giovani, the album was quickly successful, earning a top 10 placing in the Italian charts. This was followed up with Uomo di pezza in 1972, which topped the Italian charts. Uomo di pezza also generated a hit single, "Gioco di bimba", and the band toured Italy in December 1972 with Peter Hammill of Van der Graaf Generator (VdGG being on hiatus at the time). It was with their next album however, Felona e Sorona, considered to be one of the "finest examples of Italian progressive rock", that Le Orme truly gained prominence beyond their home country. At the request of Tony Stratton-Smith, Le Orme recorded an English version of Felona e Sorona for Charisma Records, with translation provided by Peter Hammill. The band toured the United Kingdom in support of the album, including dates at the Marquee Club and the Commonwealth Institute.
In January 1974, Le Orme recorded their first live album, In concerto at the Teatro Brancaccio in Rome. Later in the year a further studio album, Contrappunti, followed. It also was successful, charting in the top ten, but failed to reach the lofty heights achieved by Felona e Sorona. In 1975 Neil Kempfer-Stocker's Cosmos imprint issued Beyond Leng, a largely instrumental compilation to introduce the band to a wider American audience. The band then headed to Los Angeles to record their next album. At the same time, they hired a guitarist, Tolo Marton, bringing the group to four members. The resulting Smogmagica, boasting a cover by Paul Whitehead, was significantly more commercially oriented than their previous work, and was largely viewed as a disappointment by fans. Marton left soon after the album was completed, and Germano Serafin was recruited in his stead. The following album, however, Verita nascoste, was a return to form and would prove to be a high point as the band would soon suffer from the downturn in progressive rock's popularity.
Changes in direction (1977–1982)
Following the release of their eight studio album, Storia o leggenda, Le Orme retired from touring to focus on exploring new directions for their music. The result was 1979's Florian in which the band members traded in their electric instruments for classical ones, emerging with a sound more akin to chamber music than rock. The album was critically acclaimed, winning an Italian Music Critics' Award. They followed up with Piccola rapsodia dell'ape, which, although stylistically similar was not nearly as successful. Reverting to their classic trio formation, the band attempted to return to the mainstream with a straight-pop effort, Venerdi. This album was also unsuccessful, and the band split amiably following its release.
Reformation (1986–1992)
Le Orme would reform in 1986, intending to play concerts only. They were soon persuaded to enter a single, "Dimmi che cos'e", at the 37th annual Sanremo Music Festival, where it finished seventeenth. Though concentrating their efforts on concerts, the band released another studio album, titled simply Orme in 1990. Another pop effort, the disc went largely unnoticed. In 1992, Pagliuca ended more than two decades with the band to be replaced by Michele Bon. Later the same year the band added Francesco Sartori on piano.
Return to form (1992–2009)
Encouraged by the success of their concerts and strong sales of their 1970-1980 anthology, the band returned to the recording studio. The resulting product, 1995's Il fiume, a "triumphant return" to the sound that made them famous more than twenty years before. A string of concerts, culminating in appearances at progressive rock festivals in Los Angeles, Quebec City and Mexico City, followed. Two further albums were released, Elementi in 2001 and L'infinito in 2004, completing with Il fiume a trilogy around the concept of the "becoming" of the human being. Le Orme headlined NEARFest 2005, and later returned to a trio formation, playing concerts both inside and outside of Italy.
Post Tagliapietra (2009–)
At the end of 2009, Aldo Tagliapietra left the band. He was replaced as lead singer by Jimmy Spitaleri of fellow Italian progressive rock band Metamorfosi. In 2011 the group released La via della seta a concept album inspired by the Silk Road, with lyrics written by Maurizio Monti, former collaborator of Patty Pravo, Mina and Riccardo Cocciante. With the new organic, Le Orme started a tournée, sharing the stage with Banco del Mutuo Soccorso to promote the new album.
Member history
Discography
Studio and live
Ad gloriam (1969)
Collage (1971)
Uomo di pezza (1972)
Felona e Sorona (1973)Later re-recorded in English and released in the UK as Felona and Sorona.
(1974)
(1974, live)
(1975)
(1976)
(1977)
(1979)
(1980)
(1982)
(1990)
(1996)
Amico di ieri (1997)
(2001)
(2004)
(2011)
Compilations
Beyond Leng (1976)
See also
Other Italian progressive rock bands:
Il Balletto di Bronzo
Banco del Mutuo Soccorso
I Cervello
La Locanda delle Fate
Osanna
Nova
Premiata Forneria Marconi
Il Rovescio della Medaglia
References
External links
Le Orme on Prog Archives
Le Orme on Progboard
Tony Pagliuca official website
2010 interview with Aldo Tagliapietra on Prog Sphere
Italian musical groups
Italian progressive rock groups
Italian rock music groups
Musical groups established in 1966
Symphonic rock groups
1966 establishments in Italy
Philips Records artists
Musical groups from Veneto
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5383247
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina%20Medal
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Regina Medal
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The Regina Medal is a literary award conferred annually by the U.S.-based Catholic Library Association. It recognizes one living person for "continued, distinguished contribution to children's literature without regard to the nature of the contribution" and several recipients have been neither writers nor illustrators of children's books. It was inaugurated in 1959 and it is administered by Children's Library Services Section.
Regina Medal winners
1959 Eleanor Farjeon
1960 Anne Carroll Moore
1961 Padraic Colum
1962 Frederic G. Melcher
1963 Ann Nolan Clark
1964 May Hill Arbuthnot
1965 Ruth Sawyer
1966 Leo Politi
1967 Bertha Mahony Miller
1968 Marguerite de Angeli
1969 Lois Lenski
1970 Ingri and Edgar Parin d'Aulaire
1971 Tasha Tudor
1972 Meindert DeJong
1973 Frances Clarke Sayers
1974 Robert McCloskey
1975 May McNeer and Lynd Ward
1976 Virginia Haviland
1977 Marcia Brown
1978 Scott O'Dell
1979 Morton Schindel
1980 Beverly Cleary
1981 Augusta Baker
1982 Theodor Seuss Geisel
1983 Tomie dePaola
1984 Madeleine L'Engle
1985 Jean Fritz
1986 Lloyd Alexander
1987 Betsy Byars
1988 Katherine Paterson
1989 Steven Kellogg
1990 Virginia Hamilton
1991 Leonard Everett Fisher
1992 Jane Yolen
1993 Chris Van Allsburg
1994 Lois Lowry
1995 Gary Paulsen
1996 Russell Freedman
1997 Eve Bunting
1998 Patricia McKissack and Frederick McKissack
1999 Eric Carle
2000 Milton Meltzer
2001 E. L. Konigsburg
2002 Charlotte Zolotow
2003 Jean Craighead George
2004 Susan Hirschman
2005 Jerry Pinkney
2006 Paul Goble
2007 Margaret K. McElderry
2008 Vera B. Williams
2009 Lois Ehlert
2010 Gail Gibbons
2011 Ashley Bryan
2012 Patricia Polacco
2013 Kevin Henkes
2014 Patricia Reilly Giff
2015 Judy Blume
2016 Lee Bennett Hopkins
2017 David A. Adler
2018 Andrea Davis Pinkney and Brian Pinkney
2019 Kate DiCamillo
2020 Christopher Paul Curtis
2021 Jan Brett
2022 Sophie de Mullenheim
References
American children's literary awards
Awards established in 1959
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5383270
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonia-1%20Vermont%20Representative%20District%2C%202002%E2%80%932012
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Caledonia-1 Vermont Representative District, 2002–2012
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The Caledonia-1 Representative District is a one-member state Representative district in the U.S. state of Vermont. It is one of the 108 one or two member districts into which the state was divided by the redistricting and reapportionment plan developed by the Vermont General Assembly following the 2000 U.S. Census. The plan applies to legislatures elected in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. A new plan will be developed in 2012 following the 2010 U.S. Census.
The Caledonia-1 District includes all of the Caledonia County towns of Barnet, Ryegate, and Waterford.
As of the 2000 census, the state as a whole had a population of 608,827. As there are a total of 150 representatives, there were 4,059 residents per representative (or 8,118 residents per two representatives). The one member Caledonia-1 District had a population of 3,944 in that same census, 2.83% below the state average.
District Representative
Leigh Larocque, Republican
See also
Members of the Vermont House of Representatives, 2005-2006 session
Vermont Representative Districts, 2002-2012
External links
Vermont Statute defining legislative districts
Vermont House districts -- Statistics
Vermont House of Representatives districts, 2002–2012
Barnet, Vermont
Ryegate, Vermont
Waterford, Vermont
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3991781
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernist%20school%20%28criminology%29
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Postmodernist school (criminology)
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The postmodernist school in criminology applies postmodernism to the study of crime and criminals. It is based on an understanding of "criminality" as a product of the use of power to limit the behaviour of those individuals excluded from power, but who try to overcome social inequality and behave in ways which the power structure prohibits. It focuses on the identity of the human subject, multiculturalism, feminism, and human relationships to deal with the concepts of "difference" and "otherness" without essentialism or reductionism, but its contributions are not always appreciated (Carrington: 1998). Postmodernists shift attention from Marxist concerns of economic and social oppression to linguistic production, arguing that criminal law is a language to create dominance relationships. For example, the language of courts (the so-called "legalese") expresses and institutionalises the domination of the individual, whether accused or accuser, criminal or victim, by social institutions. According to postmodernist criminology, the discourse of criminal law is dominant, exclusive and rejecting, less diverse, and culturally not pluralistic, exaggerating narrowly defined rules for the exclusion of others.
Definitional issues
A crime might be defined on the basis that the behaviour represents a danger to society and it is designated as such in the penal code (nullum crimen sine lege the Latin presumption that there can be no crime without a law defining it as such). Human activity extends its range as society develops, and any of these activities (with or without reason) may be considered harmful for people and are therefore “extinguished” by society either through informal moral condemnation or by the state when formal legal restrictions are infringed. There are overlapping explanations of criminality:
There is nothing inherently "criminal" in any given act; crime and criminality are relative terms, social constructs reflecting diachronic social policies, e.g. one killing may be murder, another justifiable homicide.
Hess and Scheerer (1997) suggest that criminality is not so much an ontological phenomenon as a mental construct having an historical and protean character.
Society “constructs” its elements on the basis of ontological realities. Thus, in reality certain types of human activity are harmful and damaging, and are understood and judged so by others, by society as a whole. But it is also true that other forms of criminal behaviour do not harm others and are therefore criminalised without sufficient ontological grounds (see Public order crime).
Criminality is almost completely constructed by the controlling institutions which establish norms and attribute determinate meanings to certain acts; criminality is thus a social and linguistic construct.
This difficulty in defining the basic concept of criminality applies equally to questions concerning its causes; even in physical and biological systems it is difficult, although not impossible, to isolate the cause-effect link from its context of interrelationships. It is more difficult for social systems. Indeed, some argue that chaos theory may provide a more appropriate model for what is termed the "social sciences". Thus, for postmodernism, the key “criminogenic” factor is the change in society from hierarchical relationships to ones based on differentiation with the meta-codes for identity as the determinant for social inclusion/exclusion (Gilinskiy: 2001).
Theoretical concerns
Postmodernism is associated with the decline of the left's credibility, specifically in the failure of state socialism to offer an attractive and, later, even a viable alternative to Western capitalism. Both Marxism and socialism derived their philosophical foundation from the Enlightenment. Postmodernism is a critique of the Enlightenment and of scientific positivism which has argued that the world can be understood and both "truth" and "justice" can be discovered by applying the universal linear principle of reason (see Milovanovic, who describes the shift from Hegelian to Nietzschean and Lacanian thought). The idea that the application of scientific principles to social life will uncover the laws of society, making human life predictable and social engineering practical and possible, is discounted. Postmodernists argue that this claim for the universality of reason was ethnocentric in that it privileged one Western view of the world while discounting other views (Kiely, 1995: 153-154). and truth claims were part of a relationship of domination, a claim to power. Given the history of colonialism and globalisation in both the physical and the intellectual world, this critique asserts righteous indignation and moral superiority. In postmodernism, "truth" and "falsity" are purely relative; each culture has its own standard for judging truth that is not inherently superior to any other. Postmodernist analysis is a method to uncover how the world is made to appear real, "thereby questioning that it is real in truth or fact, or that there is any way of making such judgements". No truth claim, and certainly not Enlightenment scientism, rests on any more secure foundation than any other. No knowledge claim is privileged.
The main weakness of relativism is that it offers no basis for evaluation. Henry and Milovanovic (1996) posit that all claims are to be considered valid, all social practices merely cultural variations, neither inherently inferior nor superior to any other. This may be potentially progressive because it challenges the absolutist assumptions of the superiority of, for example, Western economics and capitalism. But it does not challenge the status quo. On the contrary, as Kiely (1995: 155) argues, appeals for tolerance and pluralism "at its worse . . . simply ignores, or even becomes an apology for, all kinds of oppressive practices" that violate any sense of human and social rights.
The human subject
The human subject is said to be one or a number of ideological constructions which are transient, multifaceted works-in-process. The discourse has the power to create a convincing truth claim about the reality of any subject that is historically conditioned, particularly when depicting human action. Subjects are continually recreating themselves while simultaneously continually recreating the social context that shapes their identity and potential for action as well as the identity and potential of others to act. Human agents are all "investors" in constructing their version of reality. Praxis is defined as purposive social activity born of human agents' consciousness of their world, and mediated through the social groups to which they belong". It assumes dualistic forms, such as negation/affirmation. Hierarchies are often reconstituted through negation; they are subject to deconstruction through affirmation.
Structure
The human subject is a "role-maker", an agent who can occupy situations and may act contingently in relation to others to affirm or negate their representations. Whereas early conceptions of structure posited an underlying "reality" which could be understood empirically, postmodernism, considers structural contexts to be constituted by the discourse to produce culturally and historically specific representations which are imbued with object-like reality and attain relative stability. In this process, other representations are silenced or denied and the human agency that constituted the contingent and transitory "reality" may be hidden. At any instance, however, certain depictions gain ascendancy and are strengthened by social action which is undertaken in relation to them. Social actors "invest" in these depictions; they organise action to defend specific representations, giving them the appearance of stability and producing the dynamics of subordination and oppression. Social change creates competing discourses and, for a time, alternative realities. When change begins, initial states are always uncertain and through iteration over time, produce outcomes. Inevitably, as change is occurring, cracks and slippage exist, providing the basis for strategic intervention. Action is then organised to defend or deny the representation. In the end, structures as well as subjects possess "relative autonomy" while being co-dependent.
Crime and harmfulness
Crime and the identification of harm are categories constituted by the discourse but they are, nevertheless, "real" in their consequences. There may be harms of reduction, which occur when a social agent experiences a loss of some quality, and harms of repression, which occur when a social agent experiences a restriction preventing the achievement of a desired end. Crime is the outcome of an agent's "investment" in constituting a difference which, through the exercise of "disrespecting" power over others, denies their full humanity and, thereby, renders them powerless to constitute their own differences. Far from being confined to "law", in this expanded view, the exercise of power is the genesis of harms of all types and, hence, of crime. Law merely legitimises existing social relations of power. Crime, then, is a contingent "universality": Victims are numerous but are constituted contingently, relative to historically specifiable relations of power. Power itself is produced and maintained through ideology, through discursive practices. While all humans invest in their respective constructions of reality, some become "excessive investors", conflating socially constructed differences with differential evaluations of worth, reinforcing a social hierarchy while suppressing others' co-production, rendering them silent.
References
Carrington, K. (1998). "Postmodernism and Feminist Criminologies: Fragmenting the Criminological Subject". in The New Criminology Revisited. Walton, P. & Young, J. (eds.). London: Macmillan.
Henry, Stuart & Milovanovic, Dragan. (1996). Constitutive Criminology: Beyond Postmodernism. London: Sage.
Gilinskiy, Y. (2001). "Concept of Criminality in Contemporary Criminology". Papers of St. Petersburg's Juridical Institute of the General Prosecutor's Office of Russian Federation. No 3. pp74-79.
Hess, H. & Scheerer, S. (1997) "Was ist Kriminalität?" Kriminologische Journal. Heft 2.
Kiely, Ray 1995 Sociology and Development: The Impasse and Beyond. London: UCL Press.
Milovanovic, Dragan. Dueling Paradigms: Modernist v Postmodernist Thought.
Thomson, Anthony. (1997). Post-Modernism and Social Justice. Acadia University. June.
Criminology
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3991798
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licia%20Maglietta
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Licia Maglietta
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Licia Maglietta (born 16 November 1954) is an Italian actress and stage director, known for her work with Italian director Silvio Soldini. Their collaborations include romances Bread and Tulips (2000) - for which Maglietta won multiple awards - and Agata and the Storm (2004). In 2002 she won her second Italian Golden Globe, for Mafia drama Red Moon.
Early career
Born in Naples, Licia Maglietta later studied theatre, dance and architecture. In 1981 she joined avant-garde stage company "Falso Movimento" (later renamed Teatri Uniti) where she worked with director Mario Martone. She also worked several times in a theatre company with actor Carlo Cecchi, and directed several stage plays.
Maglietta began her screen career in the mid 1980s via a run of television roles, including playing Desdemona in a 1985 telemovie based on Shakespeare's Othello. After working with Mario Martone on 1985 short film Nella citta Barocca, she later acted in Martone's first full-length feature, Death of a Neapolitan Mathematician (1992).
Work with Silvio Soldini
Maglietta starred in three films for Italian writer/director Silvio Soldini. She won multiple awards for their second collaboration, Bread and Tulips. Maglietta and Soldini first worked together on the drama Le acrobate (1997). Maglietta co-stars as a divorced woman who befriends a woman from elsewhere in Italy. Le Acrobate was invited to the 1997 Cannes Film Festival, in the Directors' Fortnight section.
Maglietta's breakout role was in the 2000 romance Bread and Tulips (Italian title Pane e Tulipani). She played accident-prone housewife Rosalba Barletta, who is left behind on a bus tour and finds herself in Venice, where she gets a job and finds accommodation with a mysterious but helpful maître d' (played by Bruno Ganz). The film won more than 30 awards, and Maglietta took away at least five of them, including a David di Donatello, a Nastro d'Argento, and a Ciak d'oro.
Maglietta's final collaboration with Silvio Soldini was the 2004 romantic comedy Agata and the Storm (aka Agatha and the Storm and Agata e la tempesta). She again co-starred; this time she played a woman running a bookshop in the Italian port city of Genoa, who romances a younger man.
Later career
Since 2004 Maglietta's screen roles have mainly involved television, including Italian series In Treatment (as supervisor to the main character, a psychologist) and Una Pallottola nel Cuore (aka Bulletproof Heart).
Selected filmography
Death of a Neapolitan Mathematician (1992)
Nasty Love (1995)
Le acrobate (1997)
Bread and Tulips (2000)
Red Moon (2001)
Agtha and the Storm (2004)
Paul VI: The Pope in the Tempest (2008)
Sisi (2009)
In Treatment (2013)
Una Pallottola nel Cuore (2014)
References
External links
Living people
1954 births
David di Donatello winners
Nastro d'Argento winners
Theatre people from Naples
Actresses from Naples
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3991802
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardtack%20Teak
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Hardtack Teak
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HARDTACK-Teak was an exoatmospheric high altitude nuclear weapon test performed during Operation Newsreel. It was launched from Johnston Atoll on a Redstone missile. On 1 August 1958, the shot detonated at an altitude of .
Along with HARDTACK-Orange it was one of the two largest high-altitude nuclear explosions.
Planning
The 3.8-megaton detonation was planned to occur at an altitude of above a point approximately south of Johnston Island. However, due to a programming failure, it burst directly above the island at the desired altitude, making the island the effective ground zero. This brought the explosion nearer the launch site control and analysis crews than intended.
The Teak test was originally planned to be launched from Bikini Atoll, but Lewis Strauss, chairman of the United States Atomic Energy Commission opposed the test because of fears that the flash from the nighttime detonation might blind Islanders who were living on nearby atolls. He finally agreed to approve the high-altitude test on the condition that the launch point be moved from Bikini Atoll to the more remote site at Johnston Island.
According to the United States Defense Nuclear Agency report (DNA6038F) on Operation Hardtack I:
Effects
When the warhead burst at directly above Johnston Island, the flash effectively turned night into day, as shown in the image to the right. The initial glow faded over a period of about 30 seconds. The thermal radiation output of the explosion was such that observers were forced to take cover in the "shade" for the first few moments, as can be seen in film footage of the test.
Teak caused communications impairment over a widespread area in the Pacific basin. This was due to the injection of a large quantity of fission debris into the ionosphere. The debris prevented normal ionospheric reflection of high-frequency (HF) radio waves back towards Earth, which disrupted most long-distance HF radio communications. The nuclear detonation occurred at 10:50 UTC on 1 August 1958 (which was 11:50 p.m., Johnston Island local time, on 31 July 1958).
According to the book Defense's Nuclear Agency 1947–1997, when the Teak detonation occurred:
The Apia Observatory in Western Samoa approximately 2,000 miles to the south described the ". . . violent magnetic disturbance," which heralded ". . . the most brilliant manifestation of the Aurora Australis [Southern Lights] ever seen in Samoa." The resulting persistent ionization of the low-density atmosphere cut high frequency radio communications with New Zealand for six hours.
In Hawaii, where there had been no announcement of the test, the TEAK fireball turned from light yellow to dark yellow to orange to red. . . . The red glow remained clearly visible in the southwestern sky for half an hour. In Honolulu, military and civilian air traffic communications were interrupted for several hours. At the AFSWP’s Armed Forces Special Weapons Project offices in the Pentagon, Admiral Parker grew concerned for the personnel on Johnston Island as hour after hour passed with no word regarding the test. Finally, some eight hours after TEAK had occurred, the word that all was well came from Alvin Luedecke, the commander of Joint Task Force 7 and soon to be General Manager of the AEC. The communications blackout worried others as well. Later AFSWP learned that one of the first radio messages received at Johnston Island once communications were restored was: "Are you still there?"
According to page 269 of the Defense Nuclear Agency report on Operation Hardtack:
The detonation spread a layer of fission debris in the upper atmosphere and destroyed the ability of the normally ionized layers of the upper atmosphere to bend radio waves back to the Earth, thus cutting many trans-Pacific high-frequency communications circuits. This blackout lasted 9 hours in Australia and at least 2 hours in Hawaii. Honolulu telephone service was apparently not affected; the Honolulu police registered over 1,000 extra calls that night as startled residents asked for information on what they had seen.
According to civilian observer reports contained in the official United States Defense Nuclear Agency report on Operation Hardtack I:
A Honolulu resident described the burst in a page-1 story in the 1 August Honolulu Star-Bulletin:
I stepped out on the lanai and saw what must have been the reflection of the fireball. It turned from light yellow to dark yellow and from orange to red.
The red spread in a semi-circular manner until it seemed to engulf a large part of the horizon.
A cloud rose in the center of the circle. It was quite large and clearly visible. It remained visible for about a half-hour.
It looked much closer than Johnston Island. The elevation of the circle was perhaps 20° above the horizon.
Other descriptions in the same issue emphasized the red feature that appeared. From Mt. Haleakala on Maui, observers reported that this red shell appeared to pass overhead about 40 minutes after the detonation.
References
Johnston Atoll American nuclear explosive tests
Exoatmospheric nuclear weapons testing
Explosions in 1958
1958 in military history
August 1958 events in the United States
1958 in the United States
1958 in Oceania
August 1958 events in Oceania
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5383282
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val%20James
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Val James
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Valmore Curtis James (born February 14, 1957) is an American-born former ice hockey player who played 11 games in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Buffalo Sabres and Toronto Maple Leafs between 1981 and 1986. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1978 to 1988, was spent in various minor leagues. James was the first African American to play in the NHL.
Early life
James was born in Ocala, Florida and raised in Hauppauge, New York. He was one of six children. James began skating and playing ice hockey in Commack, New York where his father was employed as the manager of an ice rink.
Playing career
James was drafted by the Detroit Red Wings in the 16th round, 184th overall in the 1977 NHL Entry Draft after playing two seasons in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) for the Quebec Remparts, although he never played in any regulation games for the Red Wings. He also played several seasons, in the late 1970s, for the Erie Blades, in the Eastern Hockey League (EHL). James's propensity for using hip checks garnered notoriety in the Erie County Field House, home of the Blades. He signed with the Buffalo Sabres on July 22, 1981. James made his NHL debut for the Sabres during the 1981–82 NHL season, playing seven games. James became the first Black American to play in the NHL when he debuted with the Sabres. He was not the first Black American to be exclusively trained in the country; that milestone did not occur until 1996, when Mike Grier made his NHL debut. James was the first native-born Floridian to play in the NHL.
In 1983, while playing in the American Hockey League (AHL), under the direction of rookie coach Mike Keenan, James scored the winning goal for the Rochester Americans in the Calder Cup.
James' next NHL stint came in the 1986–87 NHL season with the Toronto Maple Leafs, playing four games. As an African-American, James often faced situations at all levels of his career where he was the victim of incidents of racial prejudice from opposing fans, and, sometimes, opposing players.
On the ice, James became revered for his fighting ability. Spirited bouts and victories over noted enforcers Terry O'Reilly and John Kordic were part of his record. One of the NHL's all-time top enforcers, Dave Brown, singled out James as one of the hardest punching players, and toughest opponents, he had ever fought. After 14 professional NHL hockey games, a shoulder injury forced James to retire from the sport in 1988. After retirement, he taught hockey for 10 years.
Post-hockey life
After retiring, James settled in the Niagara Region with his wife. His autobiography Black Ice: The Val James Story was released by ECW Press for worldwide distribution in February 2015, coinciding with Black History Month. In January 2017 ECW Press re-released the book in paperback format, again coinciding with Black History Month.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
See also
Willie O'Ree, first Black Canadian player in the NHL
References
External links
1957 births
Living people
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American people
African-American ice hockey players
American men's ice hockey left wingers
Buffalo Sabres players
Detroit Red Wings draft picks
Erie Blades players
Flint Spirits players
Ice hockey people from Florida
Ice hockey players from New York (state)
Newmarket Saints players
People from Long Island
Quebec Remparts players
St. Catharines Saints players
Sportspeople from Ocala, Florida
Toronto Maple Leafs players
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5383283
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy%20%28Shadow%20Gallery%20album%29
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Legacy (Shadow Gallery album)
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Legacy is the fourth album by progressive metal group Shadow Gallery, released in 2001.
Track listing
Personnel
Carl Cadden-James - Bass guitar, Vocals, Flute
Brendt Allman - Acoustic, Electric guitars, Vocals, Keyboards
Chris Ingles - Keyboards and Synthesizer
Gary Wehrkamp - Piano, Guitars, Synthesizer, Vocals, Bass, Sound effects
Joe Nevolo - Drums and percussion
Mike Baker - Lead Vocals
References
Shadow Gallery albums
2001 albums
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5383292
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas%20Wish%20%28EP%29
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Christmas Wish (EP)
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Christmas Wish is a Christmas EP by Stacie Orrico released on October 9, 2001. It was re-issued in Japan on December 3, 2003.
Track listing
"Love Came Down" (Christina Rossetti) – 3:29
"Christmas Wish" (Bob Farrell) – 3:56
"O Holy Night" (Adolphe Adam; Placide Cappeau) – 5:02
"What Child Is This" (William Chatterton Dix) – 4:22
"O Come All Ye Faithful" (Traditional) – 3:58
"White Christmas" (Irving Berlin) – 3:39
"The Christmas Song" (Robert Wells; Mel Tormé) – 3:14 (Japanese bonus track)
"What Are You Doing New Year's Eve?" (Frank Loesser) – 3:59 (Japanese bonus track)
Notes
The two Japanese bonus tracks were available in the US in December 2003 on an exclusive Target single titled For Christmas.
References
2001 Christmas albums
2001 debut EPs
Albums produced by the Underdogs (production team)
Christmas albums by American artists
Christmas EPs
ForeFront Records EPs
Stacie Orrico albums
Pop Christmas albums
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5383297
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvin%20State%20Park
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Parvin State Park
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Parvin State Park is a state park located in the southwestern part of New Jersey. Situated around Parvin Lake on the edge of the Pine Barrens, the park includes pine forests, hardwood forests, and swamps. The park is located near Pittsgrove Township in Salem County, and is operated and maintained by the New Jersey Division of Parks and Forestry.
Geography
Parvin State Park is in Pittsgrove Township, Salem County, New Jersey, 5 miles west of Vineland, in an agricultural area. The largest lake in the park is Parvin Lake, which occupies much of the eastern corner of the park and into which flows a stream, the Muddy Run; there is a smaller lake, Thundergust Lake, to the south of Parvin Lake.
About of the park are designated as the Parvin Natural Area.
Ecology
Parvin State Park is in an area of transition between the Pine Barrens and hardwood forest and includes a variety of terrain; its ecology is therefore unusually diverse, including areas of hardwood and white cedar swamp, lowland pine forest, and upland pine and oak forest. The park's at least 50 species of trees include white cedar, pitch pine, red maple, several species of oak, black cherry, and winterberry holly. Common types of bushes in the park include greenbrier, wild azaleas, mountain laurel, and sweet pepperbush. The endangered swamp pink grows in the park.
The park has at least 180 species of birds. The wild turkey, barred owl, yellow-billed cuckoo, and many species of warblers live in the park's forests. The lakes and Muddy Run are habitats of the prothonotary warbler, the great blue and green heron, the great egret, and more than a dozen species of ducks; black-crowned night herons, pied-billed grebes, and ospreys are also seen on the lakes occasionally.
History
There are remains of Lenape encampments near the park. The first recorded European settlement in the area was in 1742. In 1796, Lemuel Parvin settled in what is now the park and dammed the Muddy Run stream to power a sawmill, thus creating Parvin Lake.
In 1930, the state of New Jersey bought 918 acres of land in what is now the park, and from 1933 to 1941 the Civilian Conservation Corps developed the park. The park was used in 1943 as a summer camp for the children of interned Japanese Americans, in 1944 as a prisoner of war camp for German soldiers from the Afrika Korps, and in 1952 as temporary housing for Kalmyk Americans who fled their homelands in the USSR.
Camping
Campsites: 56 tent and trailer sites with fire rings, picnic tables, lantern hooks and a playground available. Six people and two vehicles per site. Flush toilets, showers, and laundry facilities are within walking distance. Facilities available for people with disabilities. Trailer sanitary station. Located on the south shore of Parvin Lake. Open year-round. $20 per night.
Group campsites: Four group sites; 25 people per site; total capacity: 100. Flush toilets, water, fire rings, picnic tables, one shelter. Located on south shore of Parvin Lake. Open April 1 through October 31. $3 per person per night, based on site capacity.
Cabins: 16 cabins each with furnished living room with fireplace or woodburning stove; two rooms with either two or three bunks in each; kitchen with running water, electric stove, refrigerator; bathroom with sink, toilet, and shower; electricity; brick patio with table and grill. Each accommodates 4 people. Two additional 6-bunk cabin are accessible for people with disabilities. Playground available. Cabins are on the north shore of Thundergust Lake. Open April 1 through October 31.
Four-bunk cabins:$55 per night, $385 per week.
Six-bunk cabins: $75 per night, $525 per week.
Swimming
A lifeguard staffed swimming beach is provided at Parvin Grove, which is located on Parvin Lake. Swimming is available from Memorial Day to Labor Day.
Picnicking
There are several picnic areas with grills and tables. For large groups, a reservation fee is applied.
References
External links
Official website
Civilian Conservation Corps in New Jersey
Kalmyk diaspora
Parks in Salem County, New Jersey
Protected areas of the Pine Barrens (New Jersey)
State parks of New Jersey
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5383300
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keliko%20people
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Keliko people
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Keliko or Kaliko is an ethnic group from South Sudan, bordering Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Uganda. Most members of this ethnic group are Christians. They speak the Keliko language, which is a Nilo-Saharan language. The population of this group likely exceeds 10,000.
The Keliko people are found in Lujule west and Wudabi payams in Morobo County, Central Equatoria State (CES) and in Ombachi in Yei County, CES, South Sudan. Some are also in the DR Congo and Uganda but do not speak exactly the Keliko slang in South Sudan.
The Wycliffe Bible Translators, in the Fall of 2018, gave to the Keliko People a translation of the New Testament in their own language. There were 1000 translated New Testaments distributed.
References
Joshua Project
Ethnic groups in South Sudan
Ethnic groups in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
In DRC, they are called kaliko umi, more especially from Laibo, Mado, awubha awuzi and so on. There is a slight pronousation between Kaliko people in South Sudan and the in DRC.
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5383318
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Verrey
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David Verrey
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David Verrey is a British television, film and stage actor.
Television
His best known roles were those of Serge Starr in more than 200 episodes of the soap Family Affairs, Golgarach and McGrew in the children's adventure game series Knightmare and the shape shifting alien villain Joseph Green in the Doctor Who episodes "Aliens of London" (for which he also contributed an episode commentary to the Doctor Who: Complete Series One DVD boxset) and "World War Three". He has also guest starred in The Game, Musketeers, Game Of Thrones, Masterworks, The Bill, Judge John Deed, Agatha Christie's Poirot, Birds of a Feather, Red Dwarf, Lexx, "Law & Order UK", and Dream Team, amongst many other TV appearances.
Film
He has appeared in featured roles in the Britcoms Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason and Sixty Six, and in 2006 co-starred with Gabriel Byrne and Mira Sorvino in Alexander Buravsky's Russian-set World War II epic Attack on Leningrad.
Theatre
David Verrey's theatre appearances are numerous, including seasons with the:
Royal National Theatre
England People Very Nice
The Coast of Utopia
The Madness of George III (as Charles James Fox)
The Recruiting Officer
Royal Shakespeare Company
The Comedy of Errors
English Shakespeare Company
Hamlet (as Claudius)
The Merchant of Venice (as Shylock)
Romeo and Juliet (as Mercutio)
External links
British male film actors
British male stage actors
British male television actors
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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5383325
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gru%C5%BEa%20%28river%29
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Gruža (river)
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The Gruža (Serbian Cyrillic: Гружа, ) is a river in central Serbia. The river is a 62 km long left tributary to the Zapadna Morava.
The Gruža originates in the central part of the Rudnik mountain, right under the mountain's main settlement, the village of Rudnik, northeast of the town of Gornji Milanovac, central Serbia. The river flows south next to the village of Majdan, around the Rudnik mountain into the Takovo region and at the village of Nevade, just few kilometers away from Gornji Milanovac, makes a sharp turn to the east.
After the villages of Vraćevšnica and Ljuljaci, the Gruža turns south into the Gruža region, a direction it will generally follow for the rest of its course. After the villages of Oplanić and Dragušnica, the river enters the depression of Gruža, a main part of its valley, situated between the mountains of Kotlenik (on the west) and Gledićke planine (on the east). Near the Gruža village, the river is dammed, creating artificial Gruža Lake, with a bridge over the middle of the reservoir.
The Gruža receives the left tributary of Kotlenjača and continues to the south next to the villages of Balosave, Guberevac, Itkovac, Milavčić and Vitanovac, before it enters the West Pomoravlje region and empties into the Zapadna Morava near the village of Čukojevac.
The Gruža drains and area of 617 km2, belongs to the Black Sea drainage basin and it is not navigable.
References
Mala Prosvetina Enciklopedija, Third edition (1985); Prosveta;
Jovan Đ. Marković (1990): Enciklopedijski geografski leksikon Jugoslavije; Svjetlost-Sarajevo;
Rivers of Serbia
Šumadija
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5383350
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae%20Ungureanu
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Nicolae Ungureanu
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Nicolae Ungureanu (born 11 October 1956) is a retired Romanian football defender.
Career
He was born in Craiova and debuted in Divizia A with Universitatea Craiova in 1977. He spent ten seasons with Universitatea, winning the league titles in 1980 and 1981. In 1987, he was transferred to Steaua București, where he helped win the league in 1988 and 1989. He played in the 1988/89 European Cup Final against AC Milan, when Steaua lost 4–0. His last Divizia A match came for Rapid București in 1993. The game ended in a 0–5 loss against Universitatea Craiova.
Ungureanu got 56 caps and scored 1 goal for the Romanian national team, and represented his country at Euro 1984. He played in 71 European Cup matches, scoring one goal.
Honours
Player
Universitatea Craiova
Divizia A (2): 1979–80, 1980–81
Romanian Cup (4): 1977–78, 1980–81, 1982–83, 1992–93
Steaua București
Divizia A (1): 1987–88, 1988–89
Romanian Cup (1): 1988–89
European Cup runner-up: 1988–89
Notes
References
External links
Nicolae Ungureanu profile
1956 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Craiova
Romanian footballers
Olympic footballers of Romania
Liga I players
Liga II players
CS Universitatea Craiova players
FC Steaua București players
FC Rapid București players
CS Pandurii Târgu Jiu managers
Romania international footballers
UEFA Euro 1984 players
University of Craiova alumni
Association football defenders
Romanian football managers
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5383352
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring-tailed%20vontsira
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Ring-tailed vontsira
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The ring-tailed vontsira, locally still known as the ring-tailed mongoose (Galidia elegans) is a euplerid in the subfamily Galidiinae, a carnivoran native to Madagascar.
Classification and etymology
There is much disagreement about the placement of Madagascar's carnivores, including the ring-tailed vontsira, within the phylogenetic tree. A 2003 study reported evidence that the Malagasy Carnivora evolved from a single herpestid ancestor.
A monotypic genus, Galidia literally means "little weasel", being a diminutive form of (, "weasel" in ancient Greek).
Its local common name is vontsira mena, ‘red vontsira’ in Malagasy.
Description
The ring-tailed vontsira is relatively small but is the largest member of the subfamily Galidiinae. It is usually long and weighs only . Its body is long and slender, and the rounded head has a pointed snout. The body is a dark red color and the feet are black. As the name implies, its bushy tail is covered with black and red rings and is similar to the red panda.
Ring-tailed vontsira are very agile, and good climbers. They are quite playful and are active during the day. Their habitat consists of humid forests. Their diet is mostly of small mammals, invertebrates, fish, reptiles and eggs, but they occasionally eat insects and fruit.
The population of ring-tailed vontsira has decreased by 20% during the period 1989-1999 due to habitat loss. Another problem is competition with the small Indian civet (Viverricula indica).
References
External links
Animal Diversity Web Ring-tailed mongoose
Malagasy ring-tailed mongoose (Galidia elegans) - ARKive.org
Euplerids
Endemic fauna of Madagascar
Mongoose, Ring-tailed
Mammals described in 1837
Taxa named by Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire
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5383363
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspen%20Knolls
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Aspen Knolls
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Aspen Knolls Estates is a private community in Staten Island, New York City. It contains 944 single-family town homes and is located in the neighborhood of Arden Heights on the island's south shore, near the intersection of Arthur Kill and Woodrow Road. The development of the community was originally for Navy Housing.
Plans for this community began in the mid 1980s following the closing of the Saint Michael's orphanage (1982) with some of the land set aside for a church. The church also maintained a convent for the Presentation Sisters on the east side of the property. The church, now closed, and its grounds are surrounded on three sides by the Aspen Knolls Estates community, and by Arthur Kill Rd. on its fourth side. The Aspen Knolls Estates community was originally meant for housing of Navy families. However, due to Base Realignment and Closure, the housing contract was terminated in November 1994 after the closure of the Staten Island Homeport in Stapleton. With the community already planned, its builders decided to go through with construction and sell the homes to regular citizens. Construction began in 1995 and was finished in early 2006. During this time period, people moved into the community as each house was finished being built.
The community today has over 4,000 residents.
Surrounding two sides of this development (alongside the rear of homes lining Ilyssa Way from Arthur Kill Road to Woodrow Avenue.) is Arden Woods, with almost 200 undeveloped acres of forest and wetland, including some hiking trails.
References
External links
Neighborhoods in Staten Island
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5383364
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva%20International%20Centre%20for%20Humanitarian%20Demining
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Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining
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The Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD; ) is an international organisation working in mine action and explosive ordnance risk reduction, with a focus on landmines, cluster munitions and ammunition stockpiles. Based in the Maison de la paix in Geneva, it is legally a non-profit foundation in Switzerland.
It was established by Switzerland and several other countries in April 1998. In March 2003, the GICHD concluded a status agreement with the Swiss Government guaranteeing its independence and freedom of action. The Centre has over 60 staff members and is financially supported by more than 30 governments and organisations.
Mission
The GICHD enables its partners to reduce risks to communities from explosive ordnance by furthering knowledge, promoting norms and standards, developing capacities, and facilitating dialogue and cooperation.
Competence
The GICHD is an international centre of expertise and knowledge, operating in line with humanitarian principles, supporting approximately 40 affected states and territories every year. Its work focuses on four main areas: facilitating dialogue and cooperation, providing technical support and training, advancing research on mine action and ammunition management and supporting the development and implementation of international norms and standards.
The Centre's areas of competence include anti-personnel mines, all other types of mines and explosive ordnance in a broad sense of the term, including all forms of mines, booby traps, unexploded ordnance (UXO) including cluster munitions, and abandoned ordnance (AXO). The GICHD responds across the full spectrum of emergency, reconstruction, peace-keeping, disarmament, reconstruction and development. It does so by respecting the primary responsibility of affected states for mine action, and by placing emphasis on local ownership and capacity building.
Partners
The Centre’s main partners are national governments, international and regional organisations, local and international non-governmental organisations, research centres and commercial companies working in the area of mine action and explosive ordnance. Its sister organisations are the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces and the Geneva Centre for Security Policy.
Activities
The GICHD, in partnership with others, strives to provide capacity development support, undertake applied research and develop standards, all aimed at increasing the performance and professionalism of mine action. In addition, the GICHD supports the implementation of relevant instruments of international law.:
Operational assistance
The Centre’s main operational assistance activities are:
Strategic management: The Centre supports national authorities to develop and implement their mine action strategies and plans, including priority-setting mechanisms, quality management, coordination activities, legislation, mine risk education, gender-sensitive programming and linking mine action and development, including the Millennium Development Goals. Special attention is paid to assisting national authorities to comply with their obligations and commitments stemming from the Ottawa Treaty and other relevant instruments of international law.
Land release: The Centre develops and implements safe and cost-effective land release methods for mine action, to be used by countries and programmes in the field. Examples of these are land release concepts that are tailored toward individual countries and that address a requirement for national policy, as well as operational concepts. The Centre also assists countries and organisations in the implementation of new and more efficient land release concepts.
Information management: Mine action relies on evidence. For effective and efficient decision-making and priority setting in mine clearance operations it is crucial to collect accurate and timely data, compile and analyse that data, and provide quality information to support evidence-based planning. This requires a strong and reliable information management system. To this end, the GICHD developed the Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA). IMSMA enables partners to leverage quality information for efficient, evidence-based decision making and reporting. IMSMA offers a series of integrated tools, such as mobile data collection, a database that adheres to International Mine Action Standards, and data analytic tools for mapping and reporting. GICHD constantly adapts IMSMA to the latest technology improvements. To support mine action actors at all levels of critical decisions the latest generation of IMSMA (IMSMA CORE) is built by configuring geographic information systems (GIS) tools primarily from Esri. IMSMA Core is a system of tools and processes that can be configured to fit national programmes’ specific operational and reporting requirements, which provide access to information to a wide range of stakeholders, foster information sharing and provide real time maps and reports on the extent of contamination. IMSMA Core is extremely powerful for advanced analytics, workflows, image processing, artificial intelligence and more. IMSMA Core offers all the key benefits of web GIS, while being specifically tailored to mine action and its workflows.
Technical methods: The Centre provides mine action operators with technical advice and assistance, particularly in technical survey methodologies and management and use of clearance assets such as manual demining, machines and dogs.
Knowledge management and dissemination
Applied research: The Centre conducts applied research in cooperation with research organisations and field actors, generating valid and credible findings though studies on how different mine action programmes have addressed common problems and, if appropriate, proposing improved methods.
Information exchange: The Centre identifies current and emerging topics of importance and improves effective exchange of information in mine action. Opportunities are created for mine action field managers, researchers and other stakeholders to actively participate in both regular and ad hoc fora, including the annual meetings of mine action programme directors, advisors and virtual networks.
Evaluations: The Centre undertakes evaluations to document the relevance, impact, effectiveness, efficiency and sustainability of mine action programmes, providing appropriate recommendations for performance improvements, and generating lessons-learnt for future guidance. The GICHD maintains an evaluation and best practice data-base.
Standards
The International Mine Action Standards (IMAS) are standards issued by the United Nations to guide the planning, implementation and management of mine action programmes. They have been developed to improve safety and efficiency in mine action by providing guidance, establishing principles and, in some cases, by defining international requirements and specifications. They provide a frame that encourages the sponsors and managers of mine action programmes and projects to achieve and demonstrate agreed levels of effectiveness and safety. The IMAS are a framework for the development of national mine action standards (NMAS), which can more accurately reflect specific local realities and circumstances in a given country. The GICHD manages the development and review of the IMAS on behalf of the United Nations Mine Action Service.
Support of relevant instruments of international law
The Centre supports the development and implementation of instruments of international law that address landmines and explosive remnants of war.
Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention
The Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and on their Destruction, also known as the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention, is central to the efforts aimed at ending the suffering and casualties caused by anti-personnel mines. The Convention includes a comprehensive ban on anti-personnel mines, a framework of action to address the humanitarian impact of mines, and mechanisms to facilitate cooperation in implementing the Convention. The Convention was concluded on 18 September 1997 and it entered into force on 1 March 1999. As of 1 February 2011, 156 states had joined the Convention. The GICHD has observer status at the States Parties meetings of the Convention.
Since 1999, the GICHD has supported the implementation of the Convention, primarily by hosting meetings of the Standing Committees established by the Convention’s States Parties. In September 2001, the States Parties mandated the GICHD to provide enhanced support to their efforts through the establishment of an Implementation Support Unit (ISU). The ISU's duties include providing support and advice to the Presidency of the Meetings of the State Parties and to Standing Committee Co-chairs, communicating information about the Convention and its implementation, and developing and maintaining a Documentation Centre. On behalf of a group of donors, the GICHD administers its sponsorship programme. In addition, on an ongoing basis, the GICHD provides expert advice to the States Parties on mine clearance, mine risk education, and stockpile destruction.
Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons
The Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, also known as the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW), was adopted on 10 October 1980, and entered into force on 2 December 1983.
The CCW is a framework convention with five protocols, which ban or restrict the use of various types of weapons that are deemed to cause unnecessary suffering, or affect either soldiers or civilians indiscriminately. The weapons covered include: weapons that leave undetectable fragments in the body (Protocol I - 1980); mines, booby-traps and other devices (Protocol II - 1980, amended in 1996); incendiary weapons (Protocol III - 1980); blinding laser weapons (Protocol IV - 1995); and explosive remnants of war (Protocol V - 2003). As of 1 February 2011, 113 States had joined the Convention. The GICHD has observer status at the High Contracting Parties meetings taking place in the framework of the CCW.
The Centre has an observer status and assists High Contracting Parties, at their request, in their efforts to minimise human suffering caused by landmines, booby traps and other devices, explosive remnants of war and cluster munitions, which are covered by the ongoing work of the CCW and its Group of Governmental Experts. Since 1999, the GICHD has supported the CCW, primarily by providing expert advice in order to promote the development of, and compliance with, the obligations contained in CCW. In addition, the GICHD is administering the CCW Sponsorship Programme, as mandated by the High Contracting Parties at the CCW Third Review Conference in November 2006.
Convention on Cluster Munitions
The Convention on Cluster Munitions (CCM) entered into force on 1 August 2010. As of 1 February 2011, 51 States joined the CCM. The Convention prohibits the use, production, stockpiling and transfer of cluster munitions. The GICHD supports the States Parties and other stakeholders with its knowledge and experience in implementing the CCM.
Location
GICHD's headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland in the maison de la paix building (the house of peace), which is owned by the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies. It shares the building with the Graduate Institute, the Geneva Centre for Security Policy (GCSP), and the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF). It is the main element of the campus de la paix (the campus of peace).
See also
Mine clearance agencies
Gender mainstreaming in mine action
References
External links
International Relations and Security network GICHD entry.
Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention
Think tanks based in Switzerland
Maison de la Paix
Mine action organizations
Standards organisations in Switzerland
International organisations based in Switzerland
Organisations based in Geneva
Organizations established in 1998
1998 establishments in Switzerland
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5383388
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus%20%28moon%29
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Linus (moon)
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(22) Kalliope I Linus is an asteroid moon that orbits the large M-type asteroid 22 Kalliope. It was discovered on August 29, 2001, by astronomers Jean-Luc Margot and Michael E. Brown with the Keck telescope, in Hawaii. Another team also detected the moon with the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope on September 2, 2001. Both telescopes are on Mauna Kea. It received the provisional designation S/2001 (22) 1, until it was named. The naming proposal appeared in the discovery paper and was approved by the International Astronomical Union in July 2003. Although the naming proposal referred to the mythological Linus, son of the muse Calliope and the inventor of melody and rhythm, the name was also meant to honor Linus Torvalds, inventor of the Linux operating system kernel, and Linus van Pelt, a character in the Peanuts comic strip.
With an estimated (17 ± 1 mi) diameter, Linus is very large compared to most asteroid moons, and would be a sizable asteroid by itself. The only known larger moons in the main belt are the smaller components of the double asteroids 617 Patroclus and 90 Antiope.
It has been estimated that Linus' orbit precesses at quite a rapid rate, making one cycle in several years. This is attributed primarily to the non-spherical shape of Kalliope. Linus's brightness has varied appreciably between observations, which may indicate that its shape is elongated.
Linus may have formed out of impact ejecta from a collision with Kalliope, or a fragment captured after disruption of a parent asteroid (a proto-Kalliope).
References
External links
IAUC 7703: S/2001 (22) 1, announcing Linus' discovery (2001 September 3)
IAUC 8177: Sats of (22); Sats of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, announcing Linus' naming (2003 August 8)
Link to the Linus discovery paper , "A Low-Density M-type Asteroid in the Main Belt"
Kalliope and Linus very well resolved with the 8m VLT
orbit diagram for Linus
Information on Kalliope, Linus' orbit and several images
A different VLT image of Kalliope and Linus
another image of Kalliope and Linus
Asteroid satellites
Discoveries by Michael E. Brown
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5383401
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20Winston
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Nick Winston
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Nick Winston is an internationally renowned English director and choreographer working in theatre, opera and film.
Nick's directional debut feature film, Tomorrow Morning, stars Samantha Barks, Ramin Karimloo, Joan Collins, Omid Djalili and Fleur East is distributed by Kaleidoscope Pictures
For television Nick was Stage Director & Choreographer for The Royal Variety Performance at The London Palladium (ITV); choreographer for Miranda Hart: My Such Fun Celebration at The London Palladium (BBC); Sondheim at 80, starring Judi Dench at the Royal Albert Hall (BBC); Shakespeare Live, From The RSC, which received a BAFTA nomination for Live Entertainment (BBC)
Nick was movement director for Theatre Druid's award-winning production of Waiting For Godot which toured the United States and played at the Lincoln Center in New York.
In the West End Nick Winston has directed and choreographed the Bonnie & Clyde (musical) (Arts Theatre); the critically acclaimed 30th Anniversary production of Fame starring Mica Paris and was Artistic Director for Flashmob starring Kevin Clifton. He choreographed Annie starring Miranda Hart at the Piccadilly Theatre; Loserville at the Garrick Theatre, which received an Olivier Award nomination for Best New Musical and Horrid Henry: Live and Horrid at the Trafalgar Studios.
Other credits as Director & Choreographer include Chess starring Samantha Barks and Ramin Karimloo in Tokyo for which Nick received the Outstanding Choreography Award; Mame starring Tracie Bennett at the Hope Mill Theatre, which received 7 Whatsonstage Award nominations including Best Revival and Best Choreographer; The first original U.K. revival of Andrew Lloyd Webber's Cats at Kilworth House Theatre, for which he received a Broadway World Award nomination for Best Director; An American in Paris at the National Theatre, Linz, which received 8 Broadway World Award nominations including Best Director, Best Choreographer and Best Musical; Guys & Dolls at Kilworth House; the U.K. tour of The Wedding Singer which also played The Troubadour Theatre in London and South Korea, winning the DIMF Award for Best Musical; The World Premier of Club Tropicana for which he also wrote additional material and the highly successful UK tour of Rock of Ages. Winston adapted and directed Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream at Curve Theatre where he also directed and choreographed Bugsy Malone receiving Broadway World Award nominations for Best Director and Best Choreographer. Winston directed the South African production of Annie, which received 4 Naledi Awards including Best Musical Production and the Broadway World Award for Best Musical Revival.
Other international credits include Kiss Me, Kate at Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris; Sweeney Todd at Palais de la Monnaie in Brussels; Chess in Copenhagen; Flashdance in Switzerland and The Pajama Game in Tokyo.
Winston's work in opera includes Il Turco In Italia for Garsington Opera; Fortunio for Grange Park Opera; Benzin for Chemnitz Opera and the World Premiere of Jonathan Dove's The Adventures of Pinocchio for Opera North and Sadler's Wells.
Winston trained at the Royal Academy of Dance and Laine Theatre Arts. He appeared in the musicals Cats; Beauty & The Beast; Chicago; Fosse; West Side Story; The Boyfriend and Kiss Me, Kate''.
In 2016 Winston was appointed as Associate Artist of Curve Theatre, Leicester. He was nominated for the 2017 Carl Alan Award for his work in Theatre.
Productions
Director and choreographer
Choreographer / Movement Director
Opera
Television and film
Corporate work
External links
NickWinston.com
Twitter:
https://www.thestage.co.uk/opinion/2016/mark-shenton-10-best-uk-choreographers-right-now/
http://thetheatricals.blogspot.com/2017/07/an-interview-with-nick-winston.html
Musical Theatre Interview:
Broadway World Interview:
IMDB
English choreographers
British theatre directors
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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5383402
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledonia-2%20Vermont%20Representative%20District%2C%202002%E2%80%932012
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Caledonia-2 Vermont Representative District, 2002–2012
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The Caledonia-2 Representative District is a one-member state Representative district in the U.S. state of Vermont. It is one of the 108 one or two member districts into which the state was divided by the redistricting and reapportionment plan developed by the Vermont General Assembly following the 2000 U.S. Census. The plan applies to legislatures elected in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. A new plan will be developed in 2012 following the 2010 U.S. Census.
The Caledonia-2 District includes all of the Caledonia County towns of Hardwick, Stannard, and Walden.
As of the 2000 census, the state as a whole had a population of 608,827. As there are a total of 150 representatives, there were 4,059 residents per representative (or 8,118 residents per two representatives). The one member Caledonia-2 District had a population of 4,141 in that same census, 2.02% above the state average.
District Representative
Lucy Leriche, Democrat
See also
Members of the Vermont House of Representatives, 2005-2006 session
Vermont Representative Districts, 2002-2012
External links
Vermont Statute defining legislative districts
Vermont House districts – Statistics
Vermont House of Representatives districts, 2002–2012
Hardwick, Vermont
Stannard, Vermont
Walden, Vermont
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5383410
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liesborn%20Abbey
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Liesborn Abbey
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Liesborn Abbey () was a Benedictine monastery (originally for nuns or women's collegiate foundation) in Liesborn, in what was originally the Dreingau, now a part of Wadersloh in the district of Warendorf in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
History
The foundation of the monastery was traditionally ascribed to Charlemagne in 785. More probable however is a later date of 815, with two founders named Bozo and Bardo. At first Liesborn was a monastery of nuns or a women's collegiate foundation, but by the 12th century the community had grown so worldly that in 1131 Egbert, Bishop of Münster, expelled them, and replaced them by Benedictine monks.
The abbey was several times besieged by enemies. From the 13th century ascetic life steadily declined as the abbey increased in wealth, and the monastery, like very many other religious houses in Germany, became a secular college for the nobility. In 1298 the property of the abbey was divided unto separate prebends, twenty-two of them full prebends, and six for boys.
However, in 1465 the abbey joined the reformist Bursfelde Congregation, which succeeded in restoring spiritual discipline and a more properly monastic way of life. Thanks to this influence, Liesborn was in a very healthy condition by the time of the distinguished abbots Heinrich of Cleves (1464–90) and Johann Smalebecker (1490–1522), who restored the buildings and greatly improved the economic state of the abbey. The zeal of Liesborn influenced other Benedictine abbeys, and it succeeded in re-establishing discipline and spiritual observance in several nunneries.
Also at this time the humanist Bernhard Witte was a monk here (from 1490 to about 1534) and wrote a history of Westphalia and a chronicle of the abbey.
The period of prosperity, however, did not last long. Abbot Anton Kalthoff (1522–32) adopted the doctrines of the Anabaptists and was deposed. Gerlach Westhof (1554–82) favoured the Protestants and involved the monastery heavily in debt. Conditions worsened during the wars of the 17th century. The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 brought a temporary improvement, but Liesborn suffered further during the wars of the 18th century, and by the time of the suppression was thousands of thalers in debt. The abbey was dissolved during secularisation on 2 May 1803 and was declared the property of the Prussian Crown.
The Gothic church, rebuilt between 1499 and 1506, and several of the monastic buildings, are still standing.
Master of Liesborn
The beautiful paintings of the altar-piece by an unknown artist with which Abbot Heinrich adorned the church became famous, as the works of the Master of Liesborn, but under French administration in 1807 they were sold for almost nothing. The best of them are now in the National Gallery, London.
Benedictine monasteries in Germany
Monasteries in North Rhine-Westphalia
1st-millennium establishments in Europe
Benedictine nunneries in Germany
Buildings and structures in Warendorf (district)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry%20%28botany%29
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Berry (botany)
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In botany, a berry is a fleshy fruit without a stone (pit) produced from a single flower containing one ovary. Berries so defined include grapes, currants, and tomatoes, as well as cucumbers, eggplants (aubergines) and bananas, but exclude certain fruits that meet the culinary definition of berries, such as strawberries and raspberries. The berry is the most common type of fleshy fruit in which the entire outer layer of the ovary wall ripens into a potentially edible "pericarp". Berries may be formed from one or more carpels from the same flower (i.e. from a simple or a compound ovary). The seeds are usually embedded in the fleshy interior of the ovary, but there are some non-fleshy exceptions, such as peppers, with air rather than pulp around their seeds.
Many berries are edible, but others, such as the fruits of the potato and the deadly nightshade, are poisonous to humans.
A plant that bears berries is said to be bacciferous or baccate (a fruit that resembles a berry, whether it actually is a berry or not, can also be called "baccate").
In everyday English, a "berry" is any small edible fruit. Berries are usually juicy, round, brightly coloured, sweet or sour, and do not have a stone or pit, although many small seeds may be present.
Botanical berries
In botanical language, a berry is a simple fruit having seeds and fleshy pulp (the pericarp) produced from the ovary of a single flower. The ovary can be inferior or superior. It is indehiscent, i.e. it does not have a special "line of weakness" along which it splits to release the seeds when ripe. The pericarp is divided into three layers. The outer layer is called the "exocarp" or "epicarp"; the middle layer, the "mesocarp" or "sarcocarp"; the inner layer, the "endocarp". Botanists have not applied these terms consistently. Exocarp and endocarp may be restricted to more-or-less single-layered "skins", or may include tissues adjacent to them; thus on one view, the exocarp extends inwards to the layer of vascular bundles ("veins"). The inconsistency in usage has been described as "a source of confusion".
The nature of the endocarp distinguishes a berry from a drupe, which has a hardened or stony endocarp (see also below). The two kinds of fruit intergrade, depending on the state of the endocarp. Some sources have attempted to quantify the difference, e.g. requiring the endocarp to be less than 2 mm thick in a berry.
Examples of botanical berries include:
Avocado contains a single large seed surrounded by an imperceptible endocarp. Avocados are however also sometimes classified as drupes.
Banana
Barberry (Berberis), Oregon-grape (Mahonia aquifolium) and mayapple (Podophyllum spp.) (Berberidaceae)
Strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo) (not to be confused with the strawberry (Fragaria), which is an accessory fruit), bearberry (Arctostaphylos spp.), bilberry, blueberry, cranberry, lingonberry/cowberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), crowberry (Empetrum spp.) (family Ericaceae)
Coffee berries (Rubiaceae) (also described as drupes)
Gooseberry and currant (Ribes spp.; Grossulariaceae), red, black, and white types
Aubergine/Eggplant, tomato, goji berries (wolfberry) and other species of the family Solanaceae
Elderberry (Sambucus niger; Adoxaceae)
Indian gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica) (Phyllanthaceae)
Garcinia gummi-gutta, Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) and Garcinia indica in the family Clusiaceae
Sapodilla (Manilkara zapota), Sapotaceae
Grape, Vitis vinifera in the family Vitaceae
Honeysuckle: the berries of some species are edible and are called honeyberries, but others are poisonous (Lonicera spp.; Caprifoliaceae)
Persimmon (Ebenaceae)
Pumpkin, cucumber and watermelon in the family Cucurbitaceae
Modified berries
"True berries", or "baccae", may also be required to have a thin outer skin, not self-supporting when removed from the berry. This distinguishes, for example, a Vaccinium or Solanum berry from an Adansonia (baobab) amphisarca, which has a dry, more rigid and self-supporting skin. The fruit of citrus, such as the orange, kumquat and lemon, is a berry with a thick rind and a very juicy interior divided into segments by septa, that is given the special name "hesperidium". A specialized term, pepo, is also used for fruits of the gourd family, Cucurbitaceae, which are modified to have a hard outer rind, but are not internally divided by septae. The fruits of Passiflora (passion fruit) and Carica (papaya) are sometimes also considered pepos.
Berries that develop from an inferior ovary are sometimes termed epigynous berries or false berries, as opposed to true berries, which develop from a superior ovary. In epigynous berries, the berry includes tissue derived from parts of the flower besides the ovary. The floral tube, formed from the basal part of the sepals, petals and stamens can become fleshy at maturity and is united with the ovary to form the fruit. Common fruits that are sometimes classified as epigynous berries include bananas, coffee, members of the genus Vaccinium (e.g., cranberries and blueberries), and members of the family Cucurbitaceae (gourds, cucumbers, melons and squash).
Berry-like fruits
Many fruits commonly referred to as berries are not actual berries by the scientific definition, but fall into one of the following categories:
Drupes
Drupes are varyingly distinguished from botanical berries. Drupes are fleshy fruits produced from a (usually) single-seeded ovary with a hard woody layer (called the endocarp) surrounding the seed. Familiar examples include the stonefruits of the genus Prunus (peaches, plums and cherries), olives, coconut, dates, bayberry and Persea species. Some definitions make the mere presence of an internally differentiated endocarp the defining feature of a drupe; others qualify the nature of the endocarp required in a drupe, e.g. defining berries to have endocarp less than 2 mm thick. The term "drupaceous" is used of fruits that have the general structure and texture of a drupe, without necessarily meeting the full definition. Other drupe-like fruits with a single seed that lack the stony endocarp include sea-buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides, Elaeagnaceae), which is an achene, surrounded by a swollen hypanthium that provides the fleshy layer. Fruits of Coffea species are described as either drupes or berries.
Pomes
The pome fruits produced by plants in subtribe Pyrinae of family Rosaceae, such as apples and pears, have a structure (the core) in which tough tissue clearly separates the seeds from the outer softer pericarp. Pomes are not berries. However, some of the smaller pomes are sometimes referred to as berries. Amelanchier pomes become so soft at maturity that they resemble a blueberry and are known as Juneberries, serviceberries or Saskatoon berries.
Aggregate fruits
Aggregate or compound fruits contain seeds from different ovaries of a single flower, with the individual "fruitlets" joined at maturity to form the complete fruit. Examples of aggregate fruits commonly called "berries" include members of the genus Rubus, such as blackberry and raspberry. Botanically, these are not berries. Other large aggregate fruits, such as soursop (Annona muricata), are not usually called "berries", although some sources do use this term.
Multiple fruits
Multiple fruits are not botanical berries. Multiple fruits are the fruits of two or more multiple flowers that are merged or packed closely together. The mulberry is a berry-like example of a multiple fruit; it develops from a cluster of tiny separate flowers that become compressed as they develop into fruit.
Accessory fruits
Accessory fruits are not botanical berries. In accessory fruits, the edible part is not generated by the ovary. Berry-like examples include:
Strawberry – the non-fleshy aggregate of seed-like achenes on its exterior is actually the "fruit", derived from an aggregate of ovaries; the fleshy part develops instead from the receptacle.
Mock strawberry (Duchesnea indica) – structured just like a strawberry.
Sea grape (Coccoloba uvifera; Polygonaceae) – the fruit is a dry capsule surrounded by fleshy calyx.
Berry-like conifer seed cones
The female seed cones of some conifers have fleshy and merged scales, giving them a berry-like appearance. Juniper "berries" (family Cupressaceae), in particular those of Juniperus communis, are used to flavour gin. The seed cones of species in the families Podocarpaceae and Taxaceae have a bright colour when fully developed, increasing the resemblance to true berries. The "berries" of yews (Taxus species) consist of a female seed cone with which develops a fleshy red aril partially enclosing the poisonous seed.
History of terminology
The Latin word or (plural ) was originally used for "any small round fruit". Andrea Caesalpinus (1519–1603) classified plants into trees and herbs, further dividing them by properties of their flowers and fruit. He did not make the modern distinction between "fruits" and "seeds", calling hard structures like nuts or seeds. A fleshy fruit was called a . For Caesalpinus, a true or berry was a derived from a flower with a superior ovary; one derived from a flower with an inferior ovary was called a .
In 1751, Carl Linnaeus wrote Philosophia Botanica, considered to be the first textbook of descriptive systematic botany. He used eight different terms for fruits, one of which was or berry, distinguished from other types of fruit such as (drupe) and (pome). A was defined as "", meaning "unvalved solid pericarp, containing otherwise naked seeds". The adjective "" here has the sense of "solid with tissue softer than the outside; stuffed". A berry or was distinguished from a drupe and a pome, both of which also had an unvalved solid pericarp; a drupe also contained a nut () and a pome a capsule (), rather than the berry's naked seeds. Linnaeus' use of and was thus significantly different from that of Caesalpinus. Botanists continue to differ on how fruit should be classified.
Joseph Gaertner published a two-volume work, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum (on the fruits and seeds of plants) between 1788 and 1792. In addition to Linnaeus' eight terms, he introduced seven more, including for the berry-like fruits of cucurbits. A pepo was distinguished by being a fleshy berry with the seeds distant from the axis, and so nearer the fruit wall (i.e. by having "parietal placentation" in modern terminology). Nicaise Auguste Desvaux in 1813 used the terms and as further subdivisions of berries. A hesperidium, called by others (berry with a cortex), had separate internal compartments ("" in the original French) and a separable membraneous epicarp or skin. An amphisarca was described as woody on the outside and fleshy on the inside. "Hesperidium" remains in general use, but "amphisarca" is rarely used.
There remains no universally agreed system of classification for fruits, and there continues to be "confusion over classification of fruit types and the definitions given to fruit terms".
Evolution and phylogenetic significance
By definition, berries have a fleshy, indehiscent pericarp, as opposed to a dry, dehiscent pericarp. Fossils show that early flowering plants had dry fruits; fleshy fruits, such as berries or drupes, appeared only towards the end of the Cretaceous Period or the beginning of the Paleogene Period, about . The increasing importance of seed dispersal by fruit-eating vertebrates, both mammals and birds, may have driven the evolution of fleshy fruits. Alternatively, the causal direction may be the other way round. Large fleshy fruits are associated with moist habitats with closed tree canopies, where wind dispersal of dry fruits is less effective. Such habitats were increasingly common in the Paleogene and the associated change in fruit type may have led to the evolution of fruit eating in mammals and birds.
Fruit type has been considered to be a useful character in classification and in understanding the phylogeny of plants. The evolution of fruits with a berry-like pericarp has been studied in a wide range of flowering plant families. Repeated transitions between fleshy and dry pericarps have been demonstrated regularly. One well-studied family is the Solanaceae, because of the commercial importance of fruit such as tomatoes, bell peppers, and eggplants or aubergines. Capsules, which are dry dehiscent fruits, appear to be the original form of the fruit in the earliest diverging members of the family. Berries have then evolved at least three times: in Cestrum, Duboisia, and in the subfamily Solanoideae. Detailed anatomical and developmental studies have shown that the berries of Cestrum and those of the Solanoideae are significantly different; for example, expansion of the fruit during development involves cell divisions in the mesocarp in Solanoideae berries, but not in Cestrum berries.
When fruits described as berries were studied in the family Melastomaceae, they were found to be highly variable in structure, some being soft with an endocarp that soon broke down, others having a hard, persistent endocarp, even woody in some species. Fruits classified as berries are thus not necessarily homologous, with the fleshy part being derived from different parts of the ovary, and with other structural and developmental differences. The presence or absence of berries is not a reliable guide to phylogeny. Indeed, fruit type in general has proved to be an unreliable guide to flowering plant relationships.
Uses
Culinary
Berries, defined loosely, have been valuable as a food source to humans since prior to the start of agriculture, and remain among the primary food sources of other primates. Botanically defined berries with culinary uses include:
Berries in the strictest sense: including bananas and plantains, blueberries, cranberries, coffee berries, gooseberries, red-, black- and white currants, tomatoes, grapes and peppers (Capsicum fruits)
Hesperidia: citrus fruits, including oranges, lemons and limes
Pepos: cucurbits, including squashes, cucumbers, melons and watermelons
Some berries are brightly coloured, due to plant pigments such as anthocyanins and other flavonoids. These pigments are localized mainly in the outer surface and the seeds. Such pigments have antioxidant properties in vitro, but there is no reliable evidence that they have antioxidant or any other useful functions within the human body. Consequently, it is not permitted to claim that foods containing plant pigments have antioxidant health value on product labels in the United States or Europe.
Some spices are prepared from berries. Allspice is made from the dried berries of Pimenta dioica. The fruits (berries) of different cultivars of Capsicum annuum are used to make paprika (mildly hot), chili pepper (hot) and cayenne pepper (very hot).
Others
Pepos, characterized by a hard outer rind, have also been used as containers by removing the inner flesh and seeds and then drying the remaining exocarp. The English name of Lagenaria siceraria, "bottle gourd", reflects its use as a liquid container.
Some true berries have also been used as a source of dyes. In Hawaii, these included berries from a species of Dianella, used to produce blue, and berries from black nightshade (Solanum americanum), used to produce green.
History
Cucurbit berries or pepos, particularly from Cucurbita and Lagenaria, are the earliest plants known to be domesticated – before 9,000–10,000 BP in the Americas, and probably by 12,000–13,000 BP in Asia. Peppers were domesticated in Mesoamerica by 8,000 BP. Many other early cultivated plants were also berries by the strict botanical definition, including grapes, domesticated by 8,000 BP and known to have been used in wine production by 6,000 BP.
Bananas were first domesticated in Papua New Guinea and Southeast Asia. Archaeological and palaeoenvironmental evidence at Kuk Swamp in the Western Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea suggests that banana cultivation there goes back to at least 7,000 BP, and possibly to 10,000 BP.
The history of cultivated citrus fruit remains unclear, although some recent research suggests a possible origin in Papuasia rather than continental southeast Asia. Chinese documents show that mandarins and pomelos were established in cultivation there by around 4,200 BP.
Commercial production
According to FAOSTAT data, in 2013 four of the five top fruit crops in terms of world production by weight were botanical berries. The other was a pome (apples).
According to FAOSTAT, in 2001, bananas (including plantains) and citrus comprised over 25% by value of the world's exported fruits and vegetables, citrus fruits being more valuable than bananas. Export quantities of fruit are not entirely comparable with production quantities, since slightly different categories are used. The top five fruit exports by weight in 2012 are shown in the table below. The top two places are again occupied by bananas and citrus.
See also
List of culinary fruits
List of inedible fruits
Notes
References
External links
Fruit morphology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted%20Donato
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Ted Donato
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Edward Paul Donato (born April 28, 1969) is an American former ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League (NHL), and is currently the head coach at Harvard University. Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Donato grew up in Dedham, a suburb to the southwest. His son Ryan was selected by the Boston Bruins in the 2014 NHL Entry Draft and currently plays with the expansion Seattle Kraken of the NHL.
Playing career
Donato was selected 98th overall in the 1987 NHL Entry Draft by the Boston Bruins. He played his high school hockey at Catholic Memorial, college hockey at Harvard University, and then moved up to the NHL for the 1991–92 season. Donato played 796 career NHL games, scoring 150 goals and 197 assists for 347 points. During his career, Donato played for the Bruins, New York Islanders, Ottawa Senators, Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, Dallas Stars, Los Angeles Kings, St. Louis Blues, and New York Rangers.
He played his youth hockey for the Hyde Park Eagles, a Boston neighborhood organization, where a banner still hangs honoring his time playing for Hyde Park Youth Hockey.
Donato is the second professional hockey player to appear on the show The Price Is Right (winning his way on-stage and making it to the Showcase Showdown), the first player in the NHL to appear.
Donato is currently the head coach of his alma mater, Harvard University.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
Head coaching record
Awards and honors
References
External links
1969 births
American men's ice hockey left wingers
Boston Bruins draft picks
Boston Bruins players
Bridgeport Sound Tigers players
Dallas Stars players
Hartford Wolf Pack players
Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey coaches
Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey players
Ice hockey players from Boston
Ice hockey players at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
Manchester Monarchs (AHL) players
Mighty Ducks of Anaheim players
New York Islanders players
New York Rangers players
Olympic ice hockey players of the United States
Ottawa Senators players
Sportspeople from Dedham, Massachusetts
Providence Bruins players
St. Louis Blues players
TuTo players
NCAA men's ice hockey national champions
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